Compounds > furosemide
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furosemide

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Description

Furosemide is a loop diuretic that is used to treat edema (swelling) caused by a variety of conditions, including heart failure, liver disease, and kidney disease. It works by blocking the reabsorption of sodium and chloride in the loop of Henle in the kidneys. This leads to increased excretion of water, sodium, and chloride in the urine, which helps to reduce fluid buildup in the body. Furosemide is synthesized from the 4-chloro-2-sulfamoylaniline and furfuryl alcohol. Furosemide is a highly effective diuretic, but it can also have some side effects, including dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and hearing loss. It is often used in combination with other medications, such as ACE inhibitors or beta-blockers, to treat heart failure. Furosemide is also used to treat high blood pressure, and it can be administered intravenously, orally, or intramuscularly. Furosemide has been studied extensively, and its safety and effectiveness have been well-established. Research on furosemide continues to focus on optimizing its use and minimizing side effects. It is also studied in the context of various conditions, including heart failure, kidney failure, and hypertension. Furosemide is an important medication for the treatment of a variety of conditions, and its use is likely to continue to be widespread.'

Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

FloraRankFlora DefinitionFamilyFamily Definition
SalixgenusA plant genus of the family Salicaceae. Members contain salicin, which yields SALICYLIC ACID.[MeSH]SalicaceaeA plant family of the order MALPIGHIALES, superorder ROSANAE, class MAGNOLIOPSIDA. The leaves are alternate and simple, and staminate (male) flowers consist of one to several stamens; pistillate (female) flowers consist of a single-chambered ovary with several ovules that produce silky seeds.[MeSH]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID3440
CHEMBL ID35
CHEBI ID47426
SCHEMBL ID9811
MeSH IDM0008900

Synonyms (366)

Synonym
smr000058202
MLS001066374
BIDD:GT0139
AB00052001-11
BRD-K78010432-001-05-8
nicorol
chlor-n-(2-furylmethyl)-5-sulfamylanthranilsaeure
fursemide
lazix
2-furfurylamino-4-chloro-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid
eutensin
4-chloro-n-(2-furylmethyl)-5-sulfamoylanthranilic acid
wln: t5oj b1mr cg fvq dszw
frusetic
fursemid
nci-c55936
lb-502
nsc-269420
4-chloro-n-furfuryl-5-sulfamoylanthranilic acid
promedes
nsc269420
anthranilic acid, 4-chloro-n-furfuryl-5-sulfamoyl-
frusid
DIVK1C_000575
KBIO1_000575
5-(aminosulfonyl)-4-chloro-2-[(2-furylmethyl)amino]benzoic acid
diumide-k
FUN ,
hoe-058a
5-(aminosulfonyl)-4-chloro-2-[(furan-2-ylmethyl)amino]benzoic acid
SPECTRUM_001100
IDI1_000575
PRESTWICK3_000341
PRESTWICK_752
cas-54-31-9
NCGC00016241-01
PRESTWICK2_000341
BPBIO1_000443
BSPBIO_000401
OPREA1_667724
SPECTRUM5_000744
furosemide, 4
chembl35 ,
4-chloro-2-[(furan-2-ylmethyl)amino]-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid
bdbm25902
frusemin
lb 502
macasirool
furanthril
urex
katlex
lasex
lasilix
furanthryl
seguril
trofurit
beronald
fuluvamide
aisemide
4-chloro-2-(2-furylmethylamino)-5-sulfamoyl-benzoic acid
5-(aminosulfonyl)-4-chloro-2-[(2-furanylmethyl)amino]benzoic acid
fusid
frusemide
furesis
prefemin
radonna
lowpstron
salix
fulsix
lasix
furantril
errolon
transit
furosemid
benzoic acid, 5-(aminosulfonyl)-4-chloro-2-[(2-furanylmethyl)amino]-
desdemin
rosemide
NCGC00090893-01
UPCMLD-DP022:001
AB00052001
uridon
liside
furosifar
mirfat
aquarid
golan
nadis
durafurid
zafimida
furorese
dirine
puresis
furosan
bioretic
fuluvamine
lasix retard
nephron
edemid
furmid
furo-puren
depix
kolkin
furex
fursemida
furosemidu [polish]
salinex
logirene
luscek
lasemid
furosemide ''mita''
diurin
uresix
jenafusid
kofuzon
kutrix
ccris 1951
furosemix
hydrex
diurapid
urian
fursol
franyl
nelsix
anfuramaide
furosedon
furocot
endural
odemex
radouna
furix
aluzine
protargen
furovite
spirofur
frusedan
dranex
furosemide mita
frumex
salurid
urex-m
nsc 269420
lowpston
furosemida [inn-spanish]
furanturil
furosix
aquasin
lasiletten
furosemidum
furoter
hydro
retep
frumide
yidoli
farsix
rusyde
uremide
diuzol
rosis
furetic
dryptal
aldic
salurex
furomex
eliur
furo-basan
disemide
apo-furosemide
vesix
profemin
hydroled
diusemide
neo-renal
diusil
apo-frusemide
furfan
odemase
less diur
laxur
furoside
cetasix
mita
radisemide
furomen
frusema
arasemide
furodiurol
frusenex
furodrix
disal
brn 0840915
hissuflux
diurolasa
furobeta
marsemide
oedemex
discoid
frusemid
fluss
impugan
chlor-n-(2-furylmethyl)-5-sulfamylanthranilsaeure [german]
benzoic acid, 5-(aminosulfonyl)-4-chloro-2-((2-furanylmethyl)amino)-
promide
5-(aminosulfonyl)-4-chloro-2-((2-furanylmethyl)amino)benzoic acid
sigasalur
selectofur
urosemide
desal
moilarorin
novosemide
furose
furosemidum [inn-latin]
edenol
hsdb 3086
diural
einecs 200-203-6
fluidrol
aldalix
hydro-rapid
synephron
uritol
C07017
furosemide
54-31-9
DB00695
UPCMLD-DP022
D00331
lasix (tn)
furosemide (jp17/usp/inn)
4-chloro-2-{[(furan-2-yl)methyl]amino}-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid
NCGC00090893-02
NCGC00090893-03
4-chloro-5-sulfamoyl-n-furfuryl-anthranilic acid
NCGC00090893-06
CHEBI:47426 ,
NCGC00090893-05
STK177334
KBIO2_001580
KBIOSS_001580
KBIOGR_001259
KBIO3_001274
KBIO2_004148
KBIO2_006716
PRESTWICK0_000341
NINDS_000575
SPECTRUM3_000437
PRESTWICK1_000341
SPECTRUM2_001005
SPBIO_001129
SPBIO_002322
SPECTRUM4_000560
SPECTRUM1500310
BSPBIO_002054
SMP1_000129
MLS001306403
HMS2091H05
AC-11067
HMS2090K06
AKOS000266625
HMS501M17
F0182 ,
HMS1569E03
HMS1920B03
4-chloro-2-(furan-2-ylmethylamino)-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid
NCGC00016241-06
HMS3259M03
HMS2096E03
4-chloro-2-[(2-furylmethyl)amino]-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid
dtxsid6020648 ,
dtxcid80648
tox21_302971
NCGC00256523-01
tox21_202213
NCGC00259762-01
4-chloranyl-2-(furan-2-ylmethylamino)-5-sulfamoyl-benzoic acid
4-chloro-2-(2-furanylmethylamino)-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid
A830094
nsc-757039
pharmakon1600-01500310
MLS002548896
nsc757039
tox21_110322
HMS2233H03
CCG-40223
NCGC00016241-02
NCGC00016241-04
NCGC00016241-08
NCGC00016241-05
NCGC00016241-03
NCGC00016241-07
BCP9000708
sal diureticum
furosemide [usan:usp:inn:ban:jan]
5-18-09-00555 (beilstein handbook reference)
unii-7lxu5n7zo5
furosemida
furosemidu
7lxu5n7zo5 ,
furomide m.d.
furosemide oral
BP-13261
furosemidum [who-ip latin]
5-(aminosulfonyl)-4-chloro-2-((2-furylmethyl)amino)benzoic acid
furosemide [hsdb]
furosemide [usan]
furosemide [mart.]
furosemide [jan]
furosemide [vandf]
furosemide [who-dd]
furosemide [who-ip]
furosemide [green book]
furoscix
furosemide [iarc]
furosemide [orange book]
furosemide [ep monograph]
furosemide [inn]
furosemide [usp-rs]
furosemide [mi]
furosemide [usp monograph]
1Z9Y
NCGC00016241-11
gtpl4839
HMS3370J22
HY-B0135
CS-1915
NC00453
BBL027780
SCHEMBL9811
tox21_110322_1
NCGC00016241-10
KS-1226
AB00052001-10
neosemid
5-(aminosulfamyl)-4-chloro-2-[(2-furanylmethyl)amino]benzoic acid
zafurida
5-(aminosulfonyl)-4-chloro-2-[(2-furylmethyl)amino]benzoic acid #
frumil (salt/mix)
urex m
5-(aminosulfonyl)-4-chloro-2-([2-furanylmethyl]amino)benzoic acid
furosemide, british pharmacopoeia (bp) reference standard
4-chloro-2-((furan-2-ylmethyl)amino)-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid
AB00052001_12
AB00052001_13
mfcd00010549
SR-01000765380-3
SR-01000765380-2
SR-01000765380-7
sr-01000765380
furosemide, united states pharmacopeia (usp) reference standard
furosemide, european pharmacopoeia (ep) reference standard
HMS3655E09
furosemide, pharmaceutical secondary standard; certified reference material
furosemide for peak identification, european pharmacopoeia (ep) reference standard
SBI-0051389.P003
furosemide 1.0 mg/ml in methanol
HMS3713E03
Z275128584
4-chloro-n-furfuryl-5-sulfamoylanthranilic acid pound>>furosemide
SW196894-3
furosemide (lasix)
Q388801
BRD-K78010432-001-10-8
HMS3874G03
D87719
4-chloro-n-furfuryl-5-sulfamoylanthranilic acid furosemide
EN300-126738
BF166384

Research Excerpts

Overview

Furosemide is a diuretic drug used to increase urine flow in order to reduce the amount of salt and water in the body. It is a mainstay of treatment in congestive heart failure (CHF) and is widely prescribed to dogs and cats by several formulations.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Furosemide is a diuretic drug used to increase urine flow in order to reduce the amount of salt and water in the body. "( Development, validation, and implementation of an UHPLC-MS/MS method for the quantitation of furosemide in infant urine samples.
Bamat, NA; Moorthy, GS; Reilly, ME; Vedar, C; Zuppa, AF, 2022)		2.38
"Furosemide is a potent diuretic drug widely used to treat congestive heart failure in dogs and cats, but it shows remarkable variability in bioavailability and efficacy when administered orally. "( Dosage variability of veterinary drug products, containing furosemide, linked to tablet splitting.
Friuli, V; Maggi, L; Musitelli, G; Perugini, P; Venco, L, )		1.82
"Furosemide is a widely used loop diuretic in the treatment of congestive heart failure and edema. "( Isolation and Characterization of an Unknown Process-Related Impurity in Furosemide and Validation of a New HPLC Method.
Chen, H; Chen, Y; Jin, J; Li, J; Wang, Z; Xu, A; Xue, Y; Zeng, Y; Zhou, H; Zhuang, T, 2023)		2.58
"Furosemide is a diuretic and is used for the treatment of patients with heart failure (HF). "( Il-6 and UGT1A1 variations may related to furosemide resistance in heart failure patients.
Guctekin, T; Guney, AI; Kirac, D; Koç, G; Koprululu Kucuk, G; Sunbul, M, 2023)		2.62
"Furosemide is a mainstay of treatment in congestive heart failure (CHF) and is widely prescribed to dogs and cats by several formulations, including the subcutaneous one. "( Dermatologic adverse effect of subcutaneous furosemide administration in a cat.
Aspidi, F; Mazzoldi, C; Romito, G, 2023)		2.61
"Furosemide is a loop diuretic widely used in clinical practice for the treatment of oedema and hypertension. "( Physiological and Transcriptomic Changes in the Hypothalamic-Neurohypophysial System after 24 h of Furosemide-Induced Sodium Depletion.
Amaral, LS; Antunes-Rodrigues, J; Colombari, DSA; Colombari, E; Dutra, SGV; Elias, LLK; Greenwood, MP; Hindmarch, CCT; Mecawi, AS; Melo, MR; Monteiro, LRN; Murphy, D; Paterson, A; Reis, LC, 2021)		2.28
"Furosemide is a "repurpose-able" small molecule therapeutics, that is safe, easily synthesized, handled, and stored, and is available in reasonable quantities worldwide."( Is Inhaled Furosemide a Potential Therapeutic for COVID-19?
Barden, C; Brennecke, A; Doyle, LM; Meek, A; Reed, M; Villar, L; Wang, Z; Weaver, DF, 2020)		1.67
"Furosemide (FSM) is a biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) class IV drug, being a potent loop diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure and edema. "( Enhancing the solubility and permeability of the diuretic drug furosemide via multicomponent crystal forms.
Bomfim Filho, LFO; Carvalho, PS; de Souza Filho, JD; Diniz, LF; Diniz, R; Fernandes, C; Franco, CHJ; Gonçalves, JE; Pena, SAC; Souza, MAC, 2020)		2.24
"Furosemide is an off-label drug, frequently used as a diuretic in neonates with oliguria and/or edema. "( Furosemide clearance in very preterm neonates early in life: A pilot study using scavenged samples.
Fukuoka, N; Itoh, S; Kondo, M; Kuboi, T; Kusaka, T; Okazaki, K; Unemoto, J, 2022)		3.61
"Furosemide is a doping agent that is mainly relevant for sports with weight categories."( [Can furosemide mask the use of performance-enhancing drugs?]
Brinkman, DJ; Tichelaar, J; Van Agtmael, MA, 2021)		1.86
"Furosemide is a loop diuretic drug frequently indicated in hypertension and fluid overload conditions such as congestive heart failure and hepatic cirrhosis."( Population pharmacokinetic modeling of furosemide in patients with hypertension and fluid overload conditions.
Kodati, D; Yellu, N, 2017)		2.17
"- Furosemide is a widely used short-acting diuretic with a steep dose-response curve.- Furosemide is commonly prescribed once daily, but because of its short-acting nature it is questionable if a once-daily regiment is effective.- Different physiological and pathophysiological principles influence the effect and period of efficacy of furosemide.- Studies in both healthy subjects and different patient categories do demonstrate efficacy of furosemide once daily, but also that furosemide prescribed twice daily is more effective.- It is advised to combine furosemide treatment with a sodium-restricted diet, because this enhances the effects of the diuretic treatment."( [Is a once-daily dose of furosemide effective? Literature study into rational for dosing of short-acting diuretic].
Boerma, EC; Navis, GJ; van IJzendoorn, MM, 2017)		1.48
"Furosemide is a diuretic agent used commonly in racehorses to attenuate the bleeding associated with exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH). "( Pharmacokinetics of furosemide administered 4 and 24 hours prior to high-speed exercise in horses.
Arthur, RM; Jones, JH; Kass, PH; Knych, HK; Vale, A; Wilson, WD, 2018)		2.25
"Furosemide is a potent diuretic agent used to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension. "( Enhanced Both in vitro and in vivo Kinetics by SLNs Induced Transdermal System of Furosemide: A Novel Approach.
Mannam, R; Yallamalli, IM, 2017)		2.12
"Furosemide is a loop diuretic frequently used to treat fluid overload conditions such as hepatic cirrhosis and congestive heart failure (CHF). "( Population-based meta-analysis of furosemide pharmacokinetics.
Mager, DE; Mallikaarjun, S; Shoaf, SE; Van Wart, SA, 2014)		2.12
"Furosemide is an anionic molecule and has very low absorption in gastro intestinal tract."( Effect of anionic macromolecules on intestinal permeability of furosemide.
Fahimfar, H; Ghanbarzadeh, S; Islambulchilar, Z; Valizadeh, H; Zakeri-Milani, P, 2015)		2.1
"Furosemide is a weakly acidic diuretic indicated for treatment of edema and hypertension. "( Nanoprecipitation with sonication for enhancement of oral bioavailability of furosemide.
Das, MK; Sahu, BP, )		1.8
"Furosemide is a diuretic drug, but its reactive intermediates lead to acute liver injury in mice. "( Nrf2 protects against furosemide-induced hepatotoxicity.
Klaassen, CD; Liu, J; Qu, Q; Zhou, HH, 2014)		2.16
"Furosemide is an anthranilic acid derivative used in paediatric practice to treat cardiac and pulmonary disorders in premature infants and neonates."( Permeation studies through porcine small intestine of furosemide solutions for personalised paediatric administration.
Calpena, AC; Clares, B; Egea, MA; Mallandrich, M; Provenza, N; Sánchez, A, 2014)		1.37
"Furosemide is a loop diuretic used in states of volume overload. "( [Optimal way of administration of high dose intravenous furosemide - continuous infusion or bolus?].
Cerný, D; Gallusová, J; Halačová, M, 2014)		2.09
"Furosemide is a widely used, potent natriuretic drug, which inhibits the Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl(-) cotransporter (NKCC)-2 in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle applied to reduce extracellular fluid volume expansion in heart and kidney disease. "( Everything we always wanted to know about furosemide but were afraid to ask.
Braam, B; Dorhout Mees, E; Hamza, S; Huang, X; Vos, P, 2016)		2.14
"Furosemide is a loop diuretic. "( Impact of the induced organic anion transporter 1 (Oat1) renal expression by furosemide on the pharmacokinetics of organic anions.
Brandoni, A; Bulacio, RP; Hazelhoff, MH; Mamprin, ME; Severin, MJ; Torres, AM, 2017)		2.13
"Furosemide test is a simple and useful test of renal physiology used to evaluate the capability of the collecting ducts to secrete potassium under the effect of serum aldosterone. "( Fractional excretion of K, Na and Cl following furosemide infusion in healthy, young and very old people.
Algranati, L; De Miguel, R; Imperiali, N; Musso, CG; Reynaldi, J; Vilas, M, 2010)		2.06
"Furosemide is a solution with no buffer capacity that is easily precipitated."( [Physical compatibility of furosemide in intravenous mixtures for continuous perfusion].
Amorós Cerdá, SM; Arévalo Rubert, M; Maqueda Palau, M; Pérez Juan, E; Ribas Nicolau, B, )		1.15
"Furosemide (FS) is a potent loop diuretic widely used in the management of fluid retention associated with cardiac, renal, and hepatic failure as well as for the treatment of hypertension. "( Furosemide-induced genotoxicity and cytotoxicity in the hepatocytes, but weak genotoxicity in the bone marrow cells of mice.
Jena, GB; Mondal, SC; Ramarao, P; Tripathi, DN; Vikram, A, 2012)		3.26
"Furosemide is a loop diuretic widely used by patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) to rid excess body water, reducing blood pressure, and mobilizing edemas. "( Diuretic bioactivity optimization of furosemide in rats.
Laulicht, B; Mathiowitz, E; Tripathi, A, 2011)		2.08
"Furosemide is a potent loop diuretic that is widely used in the management of heart failure. "( Continuous infusion of furosemide combined with low-dose dopamine compared to intermittent boluses in acutely decompensated heart failure is less nephrotoxic and carries a lower readmission at thirty days.
Alviar, CL; Aziz, EF; Bastawrose, JH; Cordova, JP; Herzog, E; Kukin, M; Musat, D; Pamidimukala, CK; Park, TS; Tojino, A, )		1.88
"Furosemide (FURO) is a drug labeled in class IV of the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) as it is both poor soluble and poor permeable. "( New oral solid dosage form for furosemide oral administration.
D'Alba, G; Pagano, C; Perioli, L, 2012)		2.11
"Furosemide (FURO) is a BCS class IV drug preferentially absorbed in the gastric environment. "( Influence of the nanocomposite MgAl-HTlc on gastric absorption of drugs: in vitro and ex vivo studies.
Mutascio, P; Pagano, C; Perioli, L, 2013)		1.83
"Furosemide test is a simple and useful test of renal physiology usually used for evaluating the capability of the collecting ducts to secrete potassium under the effect of this drug. "( Furosemide test in stage III-chronic kidney disease and kidney transplant patients on tacrolimus.
De Miguel, R; Giordani, C; Groppa, R; Imperiali, N; Martinez, B; Mombelli, C; Musso, CG; Navarro, M, 2013)		3.28
"Furosemide is a diuretic which has been shown to decrease recombinant GABA(A) receptor (GABA(A)R)-mediated currents and also to block epileptiform discharges. "( Furosemide modulation of GABA(A) receptors in dopaminergic neurones of the rat substantia nigra.
Cathala, L; Eugène, D; Guyon, A; Paupardin-Tritsch, D, 2002)		3.2
"Furosemide (Furo) is a potent natriuretic drug that is often used experimentally to investigate the brain mechanisms underlying salt appetite. "( Furosemide-induced food avoidance: evidence for a conditioned response.
Bradley, C; Caloiero, V; Liang, NC; Lundy, RF; Norgren, R, 2004)		3.21
"Furosemide is a potent loop diuretic used for the prevention of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in horses. "( Detection, quantification, and pharmacokinetics of furosemide and its effects on urinary specific gravity following IV administration to horses.
Bosken, JM; Boyles, J; Camargo, FC; Dirikolu, L; Fisher, M; Harkins, JD; Hughes, C; Karpiesiuk, W; Lehner, AF; Tobin, T; Troppmann, A; Woods, WE, 2003)		2.01
"Furosemide is a potent diuretic that affects water transfer across the respiratory epithelium, which is closely related to the transepithelial potential difference (PD). "( Effects of acute hypovolaemia by furosemide on tracheal transepithelial potential difference and mucus in dogs.
Auler-Júnior, JO; Donato-Júnior, F; King, M; Kondo, CS; Lorenzi-Filho, G; Nakagawa, NK; Saldiva, PH, 2004)		2.05
"Furosemide is a diuretic which reduces hyperreactivity in lower airways, but the mode of its action is not yet fully understood."( The effect of levocabastine and furosemide pretreatment on hyperreactive response after nasal provocation with hypotonic aerosol in subjects with allergic rhinitis.
Anzic, SA; Dzepina, D; Kalogjera, L, 2007)		1.34
"Furosemide is a loop diuretic agent that has been used to treat hypercalcemia because it increases renal calcium excretion. "( Effects of furosemide on renal calcium handling.
Chen, HC; Lai, LW; Lee, CT; Lien, YH; Yong, KC, 2007)		2.17
"Furosemide is a commonly used loop diuretic in neonatal intensive care. "( Furosemide and acute kidney injury in neonates.
Moghal, NE; Shenoy, M, 2008)		3.23
"Furosemide is an acidic drug that binds tightly to anionic binding sites on albumin, but has negligible binding to tissue proteins. "( Role of binding in distribution of furosemide: where is nonrenal clearance?
Branch, RA, 1983)		1.99
"Furosemide is a very commonly used loop diuretic in current clinical practice. "( Pathophysiology of furosemide ototoxicity.
Rybak, LP, 1982)		2.04
"Furosemide is a known stimulant of the renal release of prostaglandin E2, a potent dilator of the ductus arteriosus. "( Furosemide use in premature infants and appearance of patent ductus arteriosus.
Green, TP; Johnson, D; Lock, JE; Thompson, TR, 1981)		3.15
"Furosemide is an ototoxic loop diuretic which is highly bound to serum albumin. "( Dose-response relationships for furosemide ototoxicity in rat.
Morris, C; Rybak, LP; Scott, V; Whitworth, C, 1993)		2.01
"Furosemide is a problematic drug in a prolonged-release product because its absorption is site specific, taking place mainly in the upper parts of the alimentary tract. "( Prolonged-release hydroxypropyl methylcellulose matrix tablets of furosemide for administration to dogs.
Happonen, I; Liljequist, C; Marvola, M; Smal, J, 1996)		1.97
"Furosemide test (FT) is a clinical method for the diagnosis of endolymphatic hydrops (EH). "( [Furosemide test for diagnosis of endolymphatic hydrops: a clinical exploration].
He, D; Xu, W; Zhou, D, 1996)		2.65
"Furosemide is a diuretic agent which is often given in high concentration intravenously. "( No influence of furosemide on human erythrocyte shape and volume and blood viscosity in vitro.
Hasler, CR; Reinhart, WH, 1998)		2.09
"Furosemide (frusemide) is a weakly acidic diuretic drug. "( Improvement in site-specific intestinal absorption of furosemide by Eudragit L100-55.
Matsuda, K; Shouji, H; Terao, T, 2001)		2
"Furosemide (FURO) is a diuretic and a putative pulmonary vasodilator that, when added to broiler diets, previously has been shown to reduce the cumulative pulmonary hypertension syndrome (PHS) mortality induced by cold temperatures. "( Furosemide does not facilitate pulmonary vasodilation in broilers during chronic or acute unilateral pulmonary arterial occlusion.
Forman, MF; Wideman, RF, 2001)		3.2
"Furosemide is an effective diuretic, the onset of pharmacologic action was within one hour, the peak action was sustained for three hours, and the duration of action was six hours."( The pharmacologic effects of furosemide therapy in the low-birth-weight infant.
Oh, W; Pollak, A; Ross, BS, 1978)		1.27
"Furosemide is a wellknown hepatotoxic agent in rodents. "( [Hepatinecrosis caused by furosemide. Special lesions of various species?].
Buenrrostro, C; Castañeda, J; Lagarriga, J; Rodríguez, P, )		1.87
"Furosemide is a loop diuretic which is ototoxic. "( Effects of organic acids on the edema of the stria vascularis induced by furosemide.
Rybak, LP; Scott, V; Weberg, A; Whitworth, C, 1992)		1.96
"Furosemide (FD: Lasix) is a loop diuretic which strongly increases both urine flow and electrolyte urinary excretion. "( Rapid high-performance liquid chromatographic determination with fluorescence detection of furosemide in human body fluids and its confirmation by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
Meuwly, P; Munafo, A; Rivier, L; Saugy, M, 1991)		1.94
"Furosemide (frusemide) is a potent loop diuretic used in the treatment of oedematous states associated with cardiac, renal and hepatic failure, and for the treatment of hypertension. "( Furosemide (frusemide). A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic review (Part I).
Ponto, LL; Schoenwald, RD, 1990)		3.16
"Furosemide is a very active drug with an excellent saluretic effect, but it dissolves in water only with difficulty. "( Production and investigating of tablets containing furosemide and beta-cyclodextrin.
Haragh, L; Kata, M; Pintye-Hódi, K, 1990)		1.97
"Furosemide is an effective diuretic that initiates a rapid diuresis and peripheral vasodilatation through renal adenylate cyclase inhibition and prostaglandin synthesis. "( Negative inotropic effects of furosemide in the isolated rabbit heart: a prostaglandin-mediated event.
Baughman, KL; Feldman, AM; Gerstenblith, G; Kaufman, KD; Levine, MA, 1987)		2
"Furosemide is a surface-active anion and it tends to displace lipid monolayers from the surface at positive polarizations lowering their potential stability range. "( Penetration of furosemide into phospholipid monolayers.
Miller, IR, 1988)		2.07
"Furosemide is a particular problem since its use requires a pre-race detention barn."( Non-isotopic immunoassay drug tests in racing horses: a review of their application to pre- and post-race testing, drug quantitation, and human drug testing.
Blake, JW; Kwiatkowski, S; McDonald, J; Prange, CA; Tai, HH; Tobin, T; Watt, DS; Wie, S, 1988)		1
"Furosemide is a potent vasodilator of the systemic arterial and venous systems. "( Effect of cyclooxygenase inhibition on the pulmonary vasodilator response to furosemide.
Fitzpatrick, TM; Kot, PA; Lundergan, CF; Ramwell, PW; Rose, JC, 1988)		1.95
"Furosemide-sonography is a new, non-invasive method demonstrating functional subpelvic obstruction."( [Stress sonography of the lower urinary tract].
Harzmann, R; Weckermann, D, 1987)		0.99
"Furosemide is a potent and widely used diuretic."( Bioavailability of seven furosemide tablets in man.
Meyer, MC; Raghow, G; Straughn, AB; Wood, GC, )		1.16
"Furosemide is a loop diuretic which has been found to be ototoxic in humans and experimental animals. "( An experimental study using sodium salicylate to reduce cochlear changes induced by furosemide.
Rybak, LP; Santiago, W; Whitworth, C, 1986)		1.94
"Furosemide is an ototoxic diuretic. "( Furosemide ototoxicity: clinical and experimental aspects.
Rybak, LP, 1985)		3.15

Effects

Furosemide has the potential to noninvasively resolve the inherent (18)F-FDG contrast handicap in the lower urinary tract. The drug has shown significantly better protective effect on nasal resistance increase in patients with positive eosinophils nasal smears.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Furosemide has an acute antihypertensive action in Dahl salt-sensitive rats fed a 4% NaCl diet that is related to renal sodium and volume losses whereas the long-term antihypertensive effect is independent of changes in extracellular fluid volume, total body water, sodium and potassium."( Antihypertensive action of non-natriuretic doses of furosemide in Dahl salt-sensitive rats.
Christensen, S; Haugan, K; Petersen, JS; Shalmi, M; Spannow, J, 1997)		1.99
"Furosemide abuse has to be considered even in underweight individuals, especially if they have a psychiatric instability or work in health care institutions."( Furosemide-induced severe hypokalemia with rhabdomyolysis without cardiac arrest.
Finsterer, J; Ruisz, W; Stöllberger, C; Weidinger, F, 2013)		3.28
"Furosemide has historically been the primary loop diuretic in heart failure patients despite data suggesting potential advantages with torsemide. "( Torsemide versus furosemide in heart failure patients: insights from Duke University Hospital.
Anstrom, KJ; Buggey, J; DeVore, AD; Eisenstein, EL; Ersbøll, MK; Fiuzat, M; Mentz, RJ; OʼConnor, CM; Schulte, PJ; Velazquez, EJ, 2015)		2.2
"The furosemide stress test has been demonstrated to be a useful clinical tool to ascertain tubular integrity in the setting of acute kidney injury."( Use of stress tests in evaluating kidney disease.
Chawla, LS; Koyner, JL, 2017)		0.94
"Furosemide has multiple mechanisms of action."( Lung epithelial permeability and inhaled furosemide: added dimensions in asthmatics.
Bhatt, BM; Bhure, SU; Bhure, UN; Chari, VV; Desai, SA; Joshi, JM; Mistry, S; Paidhungat, AJ; Pednekar, SJ, 2009)		1.34
"If furosemide has similar effects in human preterm neonates, caution may be warranted in its use in the treatment of infants with PDA."( In vivo dilatation of the ductus arteriosus induced by furosemide in the rat.
Momma, K; Nakanishi, T; Toyoshima, K, 2010)		1.12
"Furosemide has no effect on both FENa and FE UN."( The fractional excretion of urea in the differential diagnosis of prerenal failure and acute tubular necrosis in neonates.
Jungthirapanich, J; Khositseth, S; Srithipsukho, P; Techasatid, W, 2010)		1.08
"Furosemide has been shown to improve pulmonary gas exchange and intrapulmonary shunt by a nondiuretic mechanism in animal models of acute respiratory distress syndrome."( The effect of furosemide infusion on serum epidermal growth factor concentration after acute lung injury.
Abdollahi, M; Khalilzadeh, A; Mojtahedzadeh, M; Najafi, A; Vazin, A, )		1.21
"Furosemide challenge has the potential to noninvasively resolve the inherent (18)F-FDG contrast handicap in the lower urinary tract."( Forced diuresis improves the diagnostic accuracy of 18F-FDG PET in abdominopelvic malignancies.
Castaldo, S; Delaloye, AB; Delaloye, JF; Jichlinski, P; Kamel, EM; Leisinger, HJ; Malterre, J; Meuwly, JY; Prior, JO; Vaucher, L, 2006)		1.78
"Furosemide has shown significantly better protective effect on nasal resistance increase in patients with positive eosinophils nasal smears."( The effect of levocabastine and furosemide pretreatment on hyperreactive response after nasal provocation with hypotonic aerosol in subjects with allergic rhinitis.
Anzic, SA; Dzepina, D; Kalogjera, L, 2007)		1.34
"Furosemide has no effect on cyclic AMP levels in the presence or absence of epinephrine."( Further studies of hormone-sensitive sodium and potassium transport in red cells from developing chick embryos.
Sha'afi, RI; Shanbaky, NM; Wacholtz, MC, 1981)		0.98
"Furosemide has been extensively used in the treatment of heart failure and its effect on cardiovascular dynamics are well established. "( Electrophysiologic properties of furosemide in man.
Chokshi, AB; Gomes, GI; Gould, L; Patel, S, 1983)		1.99
"Furosemide has been shown to be another factor that can alter STC.U"( Effect of intravenous furosemide on serum theophylline concentration.
Conlon, PF; Grambau, GR; Johnson, CE; Weg, JG, 1981)		1.3
"Furosemide has no effect on net K+ transport and pump flux."( Characterization of the concanavalin A-induced increase in lymphocyte cell membrane permeability by furosemide.
Averdunk, R; Günther, T, 1980)		1.2
"Furosemide has recently been shown to be effective in inhibiting various indirect challenges in asthmatic patients, but its mode of action is not yet clear. "( Furosemide and bumetanide, but not nedocromil sodium, modulate nonadrenergic relaxation in guinea pig trachea in vitro.
Demedts, MG; Pype, JL; Verleden, GM, 1994)		3.17
"Furosemide has been reported to produce disproportional changes in blood flow in cortical zones and to inhibit tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF), suggesting that furosemide might alter the intracortical distribution of glomerular filtrate. "( Effect of furosemide on local and zonal glomerular filtration rate in the rat kidney.
Tenstad, O; Williamson, HE, 1995)		2.14
"Furosemide has been used in the diuretic renography and diuretic radionuclide scan to evaluate the severity of hydroureter and hydronephrosis. "( Influence of furosemide on the ureteric damage in a rat model of obstructive uropathy.
Chen, SS; Chuang, WL; Chuang, YH; Huang, CH; Huang, SP; Liu, KM, 1997)		2.11
"Furosemide has an acute antihypertensive action in Dahl salt-sensitive rats fed a 4% NaCl diet that is related to renal sodium and volume losses whereas the long-term antihypertensive effect is independent of changes in extracellular fluid volume, total body water, sodium and potassium."( Antihypertensive action of non-natriuretic doses of furosemide in Dahl salt-sensitive rats.
Christensen, S; Haugan, K; Petersen, JS; Shalmi, M; Spannow, J, 1997)		1.99
"Furosemide has been used empirically and has been legally approved for many years by the US racing industry for the control of exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) or bleeding. "( Review of furosemide in horse racing: its effects and regulation.
Soma, LR; Uboh, CE, 1998)		2.15
"Furosemide has been shown to improve pulmonary gas exchange and intrapulmonary shunt in animal models of ARDS by preferential perfusion of nonedematous lung units."( Continuous dose furosemide as a therapeutic approach to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
Chendrasekhar, A; Moorman, DW; Paradise, NF; Reising, CA; Timberlake, GA; Wall, PL, 1999)		1.37
"Furosemide has been reported to cause pathological changes in the intestines as a consequence of the decrease in splanchnic blood flow that it produces. "( Effect of furosemide on canine splenic arterial blood flow.
Gaffney, GR; Williamson, HE, 1979)		2.1
"Furosemide has been shown recently to protect asthmatic patients against certain bronchoconstrictor challenges. "( The effect of anion transport inhibitors and extracellular Cl- concentration on eosinophil respiratory burst activity.
Barnes, PJ; Chung, KF; Dent, G; Perkins, RS, 1992)		1.73
"Furosemide has two documented metabolites--furosemide gluc"( Furosemide (frusemide). A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic review (Part I).
Ponto, LL; Schoenwald, RD, 1990)		2.44
"Furosemide has the potential to cause problems that are more than fluid and electrolyte imbalances."( Furosemide: update on a commonly used drug.
DePew, CL; Grow, GW; Hodge, NS; Smith, ME, 1989)		2.44
"Furosemide has been reported to have a suppressive effect on ADH-, PTH- and adrenaline-stimulated adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) production, but the effect on adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) action has not yet been elucidated. "( The effects of furosemide on adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate, guanosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate and corticosterone production stimulated by adrenocorticotropin in monolayer cultured rat adrenal cells.
Matsui, N; Ogawa, K, 1986)		2.07

Actions

Furosemide is a drug that promotes urine excretion. It is used in the pharmacotherapy of various diseases and is considered as a doping agent in sports. Furo Semide did not inhibit dry air-induced mucosal injury or bronchovascular hyperpermeability.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Furosemide is known to increase renal prostaglandin synthesis. "( Effect of furosemide on ductal closure and renal function in indomethacin-treated preterm infants during the early neonatal period.
Byun, SY; Chang, JY; Chung, ML; Kim, EA; Kim, HY; Kim, KS; Lee, BS; Pi, SY, 2010)		2.21
"Furosemide did not cause an additional elevation of the threshold of the auditory nerve brainstem evoked response (ABR) over that induced by the salicylic acid injection."( How are the inner hair cells and auditory nerve fibers activated without the mediation of the outer hair cells and the cochlear amplifier?
Adelman, C; Sohmer, H; Weinberger, JM, 2010)		1.08
"The furosemide group had a lower body weight (-6%, p=0.028) at the end of the study and a higher sclerosis index of the glomeruli (+9%, p=0.026) than the placebo group."( Furosemide induces mortality in a rat model of chronic heart failure.
Anker, SD; Bauersachs, J; Bockmeyer, B; Doehner, W; Hocher, B; Rokutan, H; Springer, J; Strassburg, S; Suckow, C; von Haehling, S; von Websky, K; Waller, C, 2012)		2.3
"Furosemide, because of its actions on the ubiquitous Na(+) -K(+) -2Cl(-) isoform cotransporter and its promotion of prostanoid production and release, also has non-diuretic effects on vascular smooth muscle, airways, the ductus arteriosus and theoretically the gastrointestinal tract."( Unexpected extra-renal effects of loop diuretics in the preterm neonate.
Cotton, R; Reese, J; Suarez, S, 2012)		1.1
"The furosemide-induced increase in plasma renin concentration was significantly decreased in EP4-/- mice and to a lesser degree also in IP-/- mice."( Dominant role of prostaglandin E2 EP4 receptor in furosemide-induced salt-losing tubulopathy: a model for hyperprostaglandin E syndrome/antenatal Bartter syndrome.
Bek, M; Jensen, B; Narumiya, S; Nüsing, RM; Seyberth, HW; Treude, A; Wagner, C; Weissenberger, C, 2005)		1.06
"A furosemide-induced increase in renal medullary tissue Po(2) significantly decreased PHD levels in renal medulla, whereas hypoxia significantly increased mRNA levels of PHDs in cultured renal medullary interstitial cells, indicating that O(2) regulates PHDs."( Expression and actions of HIF prolyl-4-hydroxylase in the rat kidneys.
Chen, L; Donley, DK; Hilliker, ML; Li, N; Li, PL; Muldoon, DB; Sundy, CM; Yi, F, 2007)		0.9
"The furosemide-induced increase in urinary PGE(2) excretion that was seen in wild-type mice was attenuated in mPGES1-deficient mice."( Role of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase 1 in the kidney.
Audoly, L; Coffman, T; Facemire, C; Francois, H; Koller, B; Kumar, A, 2007)		0.82
"Furosemide was chosen because of its wide use in various human pathologies."( Accumulation of methylguanidine and changes in guanidino compound levels in plasma, urine, and kidneys of furosemide-treated rats.
De Deyn, PP; Levillain, O; Marescau, B; Possemiers, I, 2008)		1.28
"If furosemide can inhibit tubuloglomerular feedback as well as cause vasodilation, then glomerular filtration rate (GFR) should increase through alterations in the dynamics of glomerular ultrafiltration."( Effect of furosemide administration on glomerular and tubular dynamics in the rat.
Blantz, RC; Tucker, BJ, 1984)		1.18
"The furosemide-induced increase in protein excretion, and its relations to 1) the size of protein molecules as reflected by three enzymes, and 2) glomerular filtration rate (GFR), plasma renin activity (PRA) and prostaglandin (PG) E2 and F2 alpha excretions were studied in 14 outpatients with normal renal function and 13 healthy males. "( Increased urinary protein excretion after intravenous injection of furosemide in man.
Kallio, S; Metsä-Ketelä, T; Pasternack, A; Vänttinen, T; Ylitalo, P, 1980)		1.06
"furosemide, the increase in PRA was dependent on the doses used per body weight, and was significantly correlated with the cumulative sodium excretion by itself, or the cumulative sodium excretion adjusted by either the leanness index or the body surface area."( Renin response to furosemide differs with the routes of administration in health men.
Eto, T; Fukiyama, K; Kawasaki, T; Kumamoto, K; Noda, Y; Omae, T; Takishita, S, 1982)		1.32
"The furosemide-induced increase in urinary calcium excretion did not diminish with time."( The effect of chronic furosemide administration on urinary calcium excretion and calcium balance in growing rats.
Anand, SK; Kerian, A; Lieberman, E; Warshaw, BL, 1980)		1.06
"Furosemide was chosen because of its wide use in the management of heart failure in dogs."( Prolonged-release hard gelatin capsules of furosemide for the treatment of dogs.
Haapala, O; Happonen, I; Kuusela, S; Marvola, M; Smal, J, 1995)		1.28
"The furosemide-induced increase in efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity was abolished in rats with bilateral nephrectomy but it was not affected by intravenous or intracerebroventricular losartan blockade."( Furosemide elicits immediate sympathoexcitation via a renal mechanism independent of angiotensin II.
DiBona, GF; Petersen, JS, 1995)		2.21
"Furosemide did not inhibit dry air-induced mucosal injury or bronchovascular hyperpermeability and in fact tended to increase airway damage and vascular leakage."( Effect of furosemide on hyperpnea-induced airway obstruction, injury, and microvascular leakage.
Freed, AN; Omori, C; Schofield, B; Taskar, V, 1996)		1.42
"Furosemide prevents this increase in [Na+]i and hence the elevation of [Ca2+]i."( Evidence for Na+/Ca2+ exchange in the rectal gland of Squalus acanthias.
Bleich, M; Greger, R; Heitzmann, D; Hug, MJ; Warth, R, 1999)		1.02
"Furosemide, a drug that promotes urine excretion, is used in the pharmacotherapy of various diseases and is considered as a doping agent in sports. "( Rapid analysis of furosemide in human urine by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence and electrospray ionization-ion trap mass spectrometric detection.
Caslavska, J; Thormann, W, 2002)		2.09
"Furosemide is known to increase total renal blood flow. "( Effect of furosemide on renal hilar lymph flow.
Hook, JB; Stowe, NT, 1976)		2.1
"Furosemide causes an increase of scc, whereas a significant change of [Na], [Na] and [K] could not be detected."( Effects of furosemide on sodium content and transport pool in frog skin (Rana esculenta): comparison with vasopressin and ouabain.
Axmann, G; Fülgraff, G, 1975)		1.37
"Furosemide-induced increase of potential differences could be reversed by nystatine which increased the ionic permeability."( [Hyperpolarization of frog skin exposed to furosemide].
Natochin, IuV, 1975)		1.24
"5) furosemide failed to lower urine pH below 6 and net acid excretion persisted low: 47.9 +/- 6.1 microEq/min/1.73 m2."( [Urinary acidification by furosemide test].
Alvarado, LC; Bortolazzo, G; Costa, MA; Voyer, LE, 1991)		1.1
"Furosemide caused an increase in creatinine clearance in 15 patients (group A: 99 +/- 7 vs."( Renal prostacyclin influences renal function in non-azotemic cirrhotic patients treated with furosemide.
Labarga, P; Milazzo, A; Prieto, J; Quiroga, J; Rodríguez-Ortigosa, CM; Zozaya, JM, 1991)		1.22
"Furosemide may enhance gentamicin nephrotoxicity by potentiating the inhibitory effect of gentamicin on brush-border membrane PI degradation."( Enhancement of gentamicin-induced inhibition of phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis in rabbit renal proximal tubular brush-border membrane by furosemide.
Fukuhara, Y; Kakihara, M; Kamada, T; Moriyama, T; Nakahama, H; Orita, Y; Shin, S, 1989)		1.2
"Furosemide did not inhibit the adenylate cyclase activity of hippocampal synaptic membrane fractions."( Mechanism of excitatory amino acid-induced accumulation of cyclic AMP in hippocampal slices: role of extracellular chloride.
Baba, A; Iwata, H; Nishiuchi, Y; Uemura, A, 1988)		1
"Furosemide did not inhibit PAH secretion when infused into the left renal artery at a rate 5000 times higher than PAH."( Competition of organic anions for furosemide and p-aminohippurate secretion in the rabbit.
Bidiville, J; Roch-Ramel, F, 1986)		1.27
"Furosemide alone did not increase diuresis."( Acute oliguria in preterm infants with hyaline membrane disease: interaction of dopamine and furosemide.
Seri, I; Tulassay, T, 1986)		1.21
"Furosemide caused an increase in urine flow, but did not affect the excretion of cyclic AMP or phosphate."( Effects of acetazolamide on the urinary excretion of cyclic AMP and on the activity of renal adenyl cyclase.
Klahr, S; Rodriguez, HJ; Walls, J; Yates, J, 1974)		0.97

Treatment

Furosemide treatment on admission was well tolerated, and was not associated with serious adverse events. Furosemid had no effect on survival, and had a deleterious effect on PaO2: FiO2 ratio between 19 and 24 hours.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Furosemide treatment acutely increases urinary sodium and water excretion. "( Physiological and Transcriptomic Changes in the Hypothalamic-Neurohypophysial System after 24 h of Furosemide-Induced Sodium Depletion.
Amaral, LS; Antunes-Rodrigues, J; Colombari, DSA; Colombari, E; Dutra, SGV; Elias, LLK; Greenwood, MP; Hindmarch, CCT; Mecawi, AS; Melo, MR; Monteiro, LRN; Murphy, D; Paterson, A; Reis, LC, 2021)		2.28
"Furosemide treatment on admission was well tolerated, and was not associated with serious adverse events."( Diuretics versus volume expansion in acute submassive pulmonary embolism.
Bouvier, P; Cerboni, P; Chiche, O; Doyen, D; Ferrari, E; Moceri, P; Schouver, ED, 2017)		1.18
"Furosemide treatment dramatically decreased RNF183 expression in the renal medulla, consistent with the decrease in NFAT5 protein and target gene mRNA expression."( Renal medullary tonicity regulates RNF183 expression in the collecting ducts via NFAT5.
Asada, R; Imaizumi, K; Kaneko, M; Maeoka, Y; Masaki, T; Matsuhisa, K; Okamoto, T; Saito, A; Takada, S; Terao, M; Wu, Y, 2019)		1.24
"Furosemide treatment significantly increased the urinary protein excretion when compared with the normal rats."( Comparative evaluation of torasemide and furosemide on rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy.
Afrin, R; Arumugam, S; Giridharan, VV; Harima, M; Karuppagounder, V; Miyashita, S; Pitchaimani, V; Sreedhar, R; Suzuki, K; Thandavarayan, RA; Watanabe, K, 2014)		1.39
"Furosemide treatment increased the urine excretion of sodium and chloride in cGKIα-rescue mice compared to that in wt mice."( Regulation of the Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl(-) cotransporter by cGMP/cGMP-dependent protein kinase I after furosemide administration.
Castrop, H; Hofmann, F; Limmer, F; Schinner, E; Schlossmann, J; Vitzthum, H, 2015)		1.36
"Furosemide pretreatment increased both the expression of Oat1 and Mrp2. "( Impact of the induced organic anion transporter 1 (Oat1) renal expression by furosemide on the pharmacokinetics of organic anions.
Brandoni, A; Bulacio, RP; Hazelhoff, MH; Mamprin, ME; Severin, MJ; Torres, AM, 2017)		2.13
"Furosemide pretreatment caused a significant decrease of PAH renal elimination, despite Oat1 and Mrp2 augmented renal expression. "( Impact of the induced organic anion transporter 1 (Oat1) renal expression by furosemide on the pharmacokinetics of organic anions.
Brandoni, A; Bulacio, RP; Hazelhoff, MH; Mamprin, ME; Severin, MJ; Torres, AM, 2017)		2.13
"Furosemide treatment had no effect on survival, and had a deleterious effect on PaO2: FiO2 ratio between 19 and 24 hours. "( Furosemide in the treatment of phosgene induced acute lung injury.
Fairhall, SJ; Grainge, C; Jenner, J; Jugg, BJ; Mann, T; Millar, T; Perrott, R; Rice, P; Smith, AJ, 2010)		3.25
"Furosemide treatment reduced the Slope·R(RS) in both naïve and OVA-exposed mice by about 50%."( Effects of furosemide on allergic asthmatic responses in mice.
Ellis, R; Feng, M; Inman, MD; Lu, WY; Wang, S; Wattie, J; Xiang, YY, 2011)		1.48
"In furosemide-treated rats ClC-K1 mRNA decreased to half in the inner medulla."( Parallel down-regulation of chloride channel CLC-K1 and barttin mRNA in the thin ascending limb of the rat nephron by furosemide.
Bergler, T; Castrop, H; Krämer, BK; Kurtz, A; Meier-Meitinger, M; Riegger, GA; Vitzthum, H; Wolf, K, 2003)		1.04
"Furosemide treatment was associated with a reduction in the population of GAD67-containing neurons in the periphery of the SFO and dorsal part of the MnPO."( Characterization of the neurochemical content of neuronal populations of the lamina terminalis activated by acute hydromineral challenge.
Drolet, G; Grob, M; Mouginot, D; Trottier, JF, 2003)		1.04
"furosemide-treated patients."( Torasemide vs. furosemide in primary care patients with chronic heart failure NYHA II to IV--efficacy and quality of life.
Gamba, G; Hess, B; Jaquet, F; Müller, K, 2003)		1.39
"Furosemide treatment induced a substantial increase in kidney calcium content (1819 +/- 664 microg/g dry weight vs."( Effect of the calcimimetic NPS R-467 on furosemide-induced nephrocalcinosis in the young rat.
Alon, US; Fox, J; Pattaragarn, A, 2004)		1.31
"Furosemide treatment increased U-AQP2 (202%), urine volume (214%), and FENa by a factor of 11, (p < 0.001 for all), whereas CH2O and GFR were unchanged. "( Urinary excretion of aquaporin-2 after furosemide and felodipine in healthy humans.
Bech, JN; Pedersen, EB; Starklint, J, 2005)		2.04
"Furosemide treatment increased U-AQP2, AVP, and the activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. "( Urinary excretion of aquaporin-2 after furosemide and felodipine in healthy humans.
Bech, JN; Pedersen, EB; Starklint, J, 2005)		2.04
"Furosemide treatment did not affect inflammatory cells count significantly, but it has significantly reduced oedema in previously unoperated patients."( Topical furosemide versus oral steroid in preoperative management of nasal polyposis.
Baudoin, T; Coer, A; Kalogjera, L; Kroflic, B, 2006)		1.49
"Furosemide treatment produced a clear hypokalaemia, which was associated with an increase in QT and corrected QT intervals (QTc) duration."( Quantitative relationship between plasma potassium levels and QT interval in beagle dogs.
Doubovetzky, M; Hanton, G; Provost, JP; Racaud, A; Yvon, A, 2007)		1.06
"Furosemide pretreatment produced a statistically significant increase in spot size and was found to enhance chromatogram quality."( Furosemide, Patella vulgata beta-glucuronidase and drug analysis: conditions for enhancement of the TLC detection of apomorphine, butorphanol, hydromorphone, nalbuphine, oxymorphone and pentazocine in equine urine.
Blake, JW; Combie, J; Nugent, TE; Tobin, T, 1982)		2.43
"Furosemide pretreatment increased PRA and aldosterone concentration and blunted the aldosterone response to haloperidol."( The effect of metoclopramide and haloperidol on plasma renin activity and aldosterone levels in rats.
Jungmann, E; Schöffling, K; Schwedes, U; Usadel, KH; Wächtler, M, 1983)		0.99
"Furosemide-treated control animals showed complete inhibition of chloride, sodium, and water reabsorption in the inner medullary collecting duct."( Furosemide action on collecting ducts: effect of prostaglandin synthesis inhibition.
Honrath, U; Sonnenberg, H; Wilson, DR, 1983)		2.43
"Furosemide-treated rats manifested increased adrenal and kidney weights along with an increase in blood pressure; rats with pre-existing arteriosclerosis showed considerable reduction in heart and body weights."( Furosemide-induced hyperuricemia, hyperglycemia, hypertension and arterial lesions in nonarteriosclerotic and arteriosclerotic rats.
Wexler, BC, 1981)		2.43
"Furosemide treatment prevented much of this increased fluid and protein flux by an undefined mechanism."( Increased pulmonary vascular permeability following acid aspiration.
Grimbert, FA; Parker, JC; Taylor, AE, 1981)		0.98
"Furosemide-treated rats maintained a higher mean arterial pressure (MAP) than controls (70 +/- 10 vs 34 +/- 9 mm Hg) when rotated to a 90 degrees head-up position for 20 s."( Preconditioning with sodium deficits to improve orthostatic tolerance in rats.
Gotshall, RW; Marley, WS; Wilke, WL, 1995)		1.01
"In furosemide-treated animals, plasma aldosterone concentrations correlated positively with PRA (r = 0.85; n = 64; P < 0.01) and negatively with plasma sodium concentrations (r = -0.80; n = 64; P < 0.01), suggesting that in sodium-depleted camels the nexus between the renin-angiotensin system and aldosterone was restored."( Renin-aldosterone axis and arginine-vasopressin responses to sodium depletion in camels.
Barlet, JP; Ben Goumi, M; Davicco, MJ; Giry, J; Riad, F; Safwate, A, 1994)		0.8
"2) Furosemide-treated rabbits consumed and excreted three times more fluid than did the controls."( The effect of furosemide-induced diuresis on rabbit micturition and bladder contractile function.
Levin, RM; Longhurst, PA; Tammela, TL; Wein, AJ, 1993)		1.16
"Furosemide treatment resulted in decreases in serum sodium and serum chloride concentrations and in RBC chloride and potassium concentrations."( Effects of echinocytosis on hemorrheologic values and exercise performance in horses.
Geor, RJ; Smith, CM; Weiss, DJ, 1994)		1.01
"Furosemide treatment caused significantly (P < 0.001) greater weight loss than did saline administration; mean +/- SEM weight loss (exclusive of fecal loss) was 1.6, 8.8, and 10.2 kg (SEM = 2.0) for C, FL, and FU trials, respectively."( Effect of furosemide and weight carriage on energetic responses of horses to incremental exertion.
Hinchcliff, KW; McKeever, KH; Muir, WW; Sams, R, 1993)		1.41
"Furosemide treatment resulted in a marked increase of both NOS and renin levels compared with controls (P < 0.05)."( Parallel regulation of constitutive NO synthase and renin at JGA of rat kidney under various stimuli.
Bachmann, S; Böhm, R; Bosse, HM; Resch, S, 1995)		1.01
"Furosemide treatment attenuated the exercise-associated changes in RBC size, serum sodium concentration, serum potassium concentration, RBC potassium and chloride concentrations, and RBC density; exacerbated exercise-associated increases in whole blood viscosity; and had no effect on RBC filterability."( Effects of furosemide on hemorheologic alterations induced by incremental treadmill exercise in thoroughbreds.
Burger, K; Geor, RJ; Weiss, DJ, 1996)		1.41
"Furosemide treatment increased urine output by 7.5 +/- 0.7 ml/kg per hour in healthy control subjects but only by 4.4 +/- 1.2 ml/kg per hour (p < 0.5) in children with HPS."( Impaired response to furosemide in hyperprostaglandin E syndrome: evidence for a tubular defect in the loop of Henle.
Köckerling, A; Reinalter, SC; Seyberth, HW, 1996)		1.33
"Furosemide treatment in the human neonate is associated with sodium depletion, growth retardation, hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis. "( Salt supplementation, growth, and nephrocalcinosis in the furosemide-treated weanling rat.
Alon, US; Gratny, LL; Hall, RT; Ringer, K, 1997)		1.98
"Then furosemide treatment was stopped and the rat food was changed to 1% NaCl diet."( Effects of renal papillary-medullary lesion on the antihypertensive effect of furosemide and development of salt-sensitive hypertension in Dahl-S rats.
Christensen, S; Haugan, K; Marcussen, N; Petersen, JS; Shalmi, M; Spannow, J, 1997)		0.98
"Furosemide pretreatment greatly reduces the severity of an asthmatic response to several types of bronchoconstrictor challenge. "( Dilatory effect of furosemide on rat tracheal arterioles and venules.
Ballard, ST; Corboz, MR; Inglis, SK; Taylor, AE, 1997)		2.07
"In furosemide-treated dogs, orally given SK-1080 produced a dose-dependent and long-lasting (>8 h) antihypertensive effect with a rapid onset of action (time to Emax, 1-1.5 h) and 10-fold greater potency than losartan (ED20, 0.72 and 8.13 mg/kg, respectively)."( In vivo pharmacologic profile of SK-1080, an orally active nonpeptide AT1-receptor antagonist.
Kwon, KJ; Lee, BH; Seo, HW; Shin, HS; Yoo, SE, 1999)		0.82
"Furosemide treatment produces glomerular hypertrophy and augments glomerular capillary hydraulic pressure in the normal rat. "( Long-term furosemide treatment in the normal rat: dissociation of glomerular hypertrophy and glomerulosclerosis.
Lane, PH, 1999)		2.15
"Furosemide treatment significantly increased mass-specific VO2max (5.3%), but absolute VO2max was not significantly altered. "( Effect of intravenous administration of furosemide on mass-specific maximal oxygen consumption and breathing mechanics in exercising horses.
Bayly, WM; Hodgson, DR; Schott, HC; Slocombe, RF, 1999)		2.01
"Furosemide-treated animals responded to acute furosemide challenge on day 7 with attenuation of natriuresis and diuresis, and augmentation of kaliuresis compared with responses on day 1."( Chronic furosemide treatment alters renal responses to furosemide in conscious lambs.
Hyland, P; Sener, A; Smith, FG, 2000)		1.46
"Furosemide treatment and assisted ventilation remained the risk factors associated with renal abnormalities in general-that is, functional and/or structural abnormal findings."( Renal follow up of premature infants with and without perinatal indomethacin exposure.
Ahonen, S; Ala-Houhala, M; Harmoinen, A; Ikonen, S; Ojala, R; Tammela, O; Turjanmaa, V, 2001)		1.03
"furosemide treatment, were included in an open study."( Continuous intravenous furosemide in haemodynamically unstable children after cardiac surgery.
Burggraaf, J; Cohen, AF; den Hartigh, J; Kist-van Holthe, JE; Ruys-Dudok van Heel, I; Schoemaker, RC; van der Vorst, MM, 2001)		1.34
"Furosemide pretreatment to reduce the imbalance between oxygen supply and demand markedly attenuated the basal-medullary hypoxia produced in the presence of indomethacin and RSR13 (P < 0.01)."( Effects of enhanced oxygen release from hemoglobin by RSR13 in an acute renal failure model.
Burke, TJ; Malhotra, D; Shapiro, JI, 2001)		1.03
"Furosemide treatment significantly decreased plasma Cl concentration and significantly increased plasma renin activity and aldosterone concentration. "( Additive effects of a sodium chloride restricted diet and furosemide administration in healthy dogs.
Lee, JC; Lovern, CS; Moon, ML; Swecker, WS, 2001)		2
"Furosemide-treated guinea pigs also showed a marked decrease in toxic dose of ouabain."( [Effect of furosemide on ouabain toxicity in guinea pigs (author's transl)].
Kanamori, K; Kobayashi, T; Minami, M; Miyamoto, A; Otani, T; Saito, H; Sakurai, M; Togashi, H; Yasuda, H, 1978)		1.37
"The furosemide-pretreated group tended to succumb at a lower serum potassium concentration (12.2 vs 13.8 mMol/I, P less than 0.05) and developed earlier onset (44 vs 54 min, P less than 0.05) of cardiac standstill or ventricular fibrillation following intravenous KCl at 3.2 mMol/kg/hr."( Acute intravenous administration of potassium chloride to furosemide pretreated dogs.
Hodges, MR; Kawamura, R; Sullivan, SP; Wong, KC, 1977)		0.98
"Furosemide treatment, however, does not interfere with monitoring by plasma level determinations."( Drug interactions in the horse: effect of furosemide on plasma and urinary levels of phenylbutazone.
Blake, JW; Roberts, BL; Tobin, T, 1976)		1.24
"Furosemide treatment had no significant effect on A.F."( Furosemide action on the creatinine concentration of amniotic fluid.
Alvarez, OH; Parada, OH; Pastori, AA; Tomassinni, TL; Votta, RA; Winograd, RH, 1975)		2.42
"3. Furosemide treatment did not affect calcium concentrations in plasma or shell gland fluid but did cause a significant increase in the calcium concentration in shell gland mucosa."( Furosemide decreases eggshell thickness and inhibits 45Ca2+ uptake by a subcellular fraction of eggshell gland mucosa of the domestic fowl.
Bartonek, M; Lundholm, CE, 1992)		2.24
"In furosemide-treated conscious dogs with high renin, DuP 753 and EXP3714, but not PD123177, were as effective as captopril in lowering blood pressure."( Nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Studies with DuP 753 and EXP3174 in dogs.
Duncia, JV; Hart, SD; Timmermans, PB; Wong, PC, 1991)		0.8
"The furosemide-treated horses consumed 126 +/- 14.8 g salt, significantly more than when they were given the control injection (94.5 +/- 9.8 g; t = 2.22, P = 0.05)."( Thirst and salt appetite in horses treated with furosemide.
Houpt, KA; Houpt, TR; Northrup, N; Wheatley, T, 1991)		1.02
"All furosemide-treated patients had high levels of urinary calcium (12.1 +/- 2.2 mg/kg per day), phosphate (19.1 +/- 2.7 mg/kg per day), and cyclic 3'5'-adenosine monophosphate (76.8 +/- 6.7 nmol/kg per day) excretion, independent of their phosphorus intake."( Furosemide effect on mineral status of parenterally nourished premature neonates with chronic lung disease.
Vileisis, RA, 1990)		2.2
"Furosemide treatment was performed in 26 HC patients."( [Effect of furosemide on the renal prostaglandin system in liver cirrhosis with ascites].
Dustov, AD; Mansurov, KhKh, 1989)		1.39
"Furosemide-treated infants received 166 +/- 37 mg/kg/day and retained 80 +/- 34 mg/kg/day of calcium, and 87 +/- 19 mg/kg/day and retained 52 +/- 14 mg/kg/day of phosphorus."( Effect of high calcium and phosphorus intake on mineral retention in very low birth weight infants chronically treated with furosemide.
Adams, ND; Carey, DE; Goetz, CA; Horak, E; Rowe, JC, 1989)		1.21
"Furosemide-treated animals were offered saline as drinking fluid to replace urinary losses."( Adaptation of the distal convoluted tubule of the rat. Structural and functional effects of dietary salt intake and chronic diuretic infusion.
Ellison, DH; Velázquez, H; Wright, FS, 1989)		1
"In furosemide-treated rats, GFR rose from 0.61 +/- 0.03 (mean +/- SD) to 0.83 +/- 0.06 ml/min (P less than 0.01), UNaV rose from 904 +/- 71 to 1,402 +/- 85 mueq/day (P less than 0.001), and net NAR rose from 87.5 +/- 3.7 to 116.7 +/- 9.0 mueq/min (P less than 0.01)."( Enhanced glomerular filtration and Na+-K+-ATPase with furosemide administration.
Popovtzer, MM; Scherzer, P; Wald, H, 1987)		1.04
"Furosemide treatment was associated with an increase in epithelial volume of DCT cells, CNT cells, and principal cells and an increase in the basolateral membrane area and mitochondrial volume of each cell type."( Adaptation of distal tubule and collecting duct to increased sodium delivery. I. Ultrastructure.
Kaissling, B; Stanton, BA, 1988)		1
"Furosemide treatment resulted in decreases in urine pH, specific gravity, osmolality, and potassium and calcium concentrations and increases in urine volume and total urine sodium, chloride, and calcium excretion."( Influence of furosemide treatment on fluid and electrolyte balance in horses.
Carlson, GP; Church, G; Freestone, JF; Harrold, DR, 1988)		1.37
"In furosemide-treated marmosets, CGP 29 287 lowered blood pressure and inhibited plasma renin activity during intravenous infusion and after intravenous bolus injection."( Effects of a specific and long-acting renin inhibitor in the marmoset.
Forgiarini, P; Fuhrer, W; Gulati, N; Hofbauer, KG; Wood, JM, )		0.65
"Furosemide-treated pups demonstrated a dose-dependent growth delay, decreased total bone (tibiae) Ca and Mg, increased urine Ca and Mg concentration, and a significant inverse correlation between bone Ca and urine Ca concentration."( Growth failure and decreased bone mineral of newborn rats with chronic furosemide therapy.
Guan, ZP; Koo, WW; Laskarzewski, P; Neumann, V; Tsang, RC, 1986)		1.23
"Treatment with furosemide or HCTZ did not have relevant effects on measured parameters. "( The Effects of Early Postnatal Diuretics Treatment on Kidney Development and Long-Term Kidney Function in Wistar Rats.
Bueters, RR; Florquin, S; Jeronimus-Klaasen, A; Maicas, N; Schreuder, MF; van den Heuvel, LP, 2016)		0.79
"Treatment with furosemide did not change, whereas NaHCO3 and NH4Cl decreased the exosomal release of AQP1."( Acetazolamide enhances the release of urinary exosomal aquaporin-1.
Abdeen, A; Hoshino, Y; Ikeda, M; Kondo, H; Oshikawa, S; Sonoda, H, 2016)		0.77
"Treatment with furosemide initially reduced ascites, but the clinical condition worsened weeks later and enalapril, pimobendan, and sildenafil were added to the medical therapy."( Right Heart Failure in an African Penguin ( Spheniscus demersus ).
Bossart, G; Camus, A; Clauss, T; Cusack, L; Field, C; McDermott, A; Pogue, B, 2016)		0.77
"Oral treatment with furosemide (20 mg/kg) and/or captopril (0.05 mg/kg) was given twice daily for 5 weeks."( Myocardial calcification and hypertension following chronic renal failure and ameliorative effects of furosemide and captopril.
Kang, HS; Kim, JS; Kim, SJ; Kim, SZ; Lee, YU; Rahman, M, 2010)		0.89
"Treatment with furosemide prior to administration of RI increases the uptake of RI by the thyroid more effectively than does low-iodine diet."( Effects of diuretics on iodine uptake in non-toxic goitre: comparison with low-iodine diet.
Ayvaz, G; Azizoglu, F; Kapucu, LO; Karakoc, A, 2003)		0.66
"Treatment with furosemide was used to study HIF expression under conditions of ameliorated tissue injury."( Up-regulation of HIF in experimental acute renal failure: evidence for a protective transcriptional response to hypoxia.
Bachmann, S; Eckardt, KU; Frei, U; Goldfarb, M; Griethe, W; Heyman, SN; Reinke, P; Rosen, S; Rosenberger, C; Shina, A, 2005)		0.67
"Treatment with furosemide significantly (p < 0.001) reduced I/R-induced apoptosis in both the cortex and medulla and attenuated the expression of 72 I/R-induced apoptosis-related genes."( Furosemide prevents apoptosis and associated gene expression in a rat model of surgical ischemic acute renal failure.
Aravindan, N; Aravindan, S; Riedel, BJ; Shaw, AD; Weng, HR, 2007)		2.12
"Treatment with furosemide is necessary to promote natriuresis and correction of hyponatremia in patients with severe heart failure treated with captopril; the renal vascular action of captopril enhances the effectiveness of furosemide."( Renal response to captopril in severe heart failure: role of furosemide in natriuresis and reversal of hyponatremia.
Dzau, VJ; Hollenberg, NK, 1984)		0.85
"Treatment with furosemide alone prevented the increase in lung lymph flow induced by acid injury, whereas albumin alone did not."( Increased pulmonary vascular permeability following acid aspiration.
Grimbert, FA; Parker, JC; Taylor, AE, 1981)		0.6
"Treatment with furosemide plus low-dose captopril increased plasma vasopressin but not plasma oxytocin."( Endocrine changes associated with a rapidly developing sodium appetite in rats.
Johnson, AK; Morris, M; Thunhorst, RL, 1994)		0.63
"Treatment with furosemide over 1 mo did not improve bronchial hyperresponsiveness in subjects with mild asthma."( Effect of acute and chronic inhaled furosemide on bronchial hyperresponsiveness in mild asthma.
Aikman, S; Barnes, PJ; Chung, KF; O'Connor, BJ; Worsdell, M; Yates, DH; Yilmaz, G, 1995)		0.91
"Treatment with furosemide without sodium supplementation (group B) resulted in decreased weight gain compared with group A (137.5 +/- 12.9 vs 154.0 +/- 10.6 g; p < 0.05), hypokalemia (3.7 +/- 0.1 vs. "( Salt supplementation, growth, and nephrocalcinosis in the furosemide-treated weanling rat.
Alon, US; Gratny, LL; Hall, RT; Ringer, K, 1997)		0.89
"Pretreatment with furosemide diminished relaxation response to salbutamol [87 +/- 3% (n = 11) vs."( Cross-desensitization to furosemide and salbutamol in isolated neonatal guinea pig airways.
Christ, MJ; Fujiwara, N; Gelber, RP; Iwamoto, LM; Marinkovich, GA; Nakamura, KT, 1999)		0.93
"Rats treated with furosemide plus phenobarbital, exhibited extensive mediozonal necrosis; when those without pretreatment, showed less extensive necrosis of liver cells, erratic in distribution."( [Hepatinecrosis caused by furosemide. Special lesions of various species?].
Buenrrostro, C; Castañeda, J; Lagarriga, J; Rodríguez, P, )		0.75
"Treatment with furosemide reduced the pressor response induced by carbachol, norepinephrine and ANGII i.c.v., but no change was observed in the pressor response to i.c.v."( Effect of furosemide treatment on the central and peripheral pressor responses to cholinergic and adrenergic agonists, angiotensin II, hypertonic solution and vasopressin.
Camargo, LA; Colombari, DS; Colombari, E; De Luca Júnior, LA; Menani, JV; Renzi, A; Saad, WA, 1992)		1.03
"Treatment with furosemide was associated with increases in mean RBC hemoglobin concentration and blood viscosity."( Effects of furosemide and pentoxifylline on blood flow properties in horses.
Burris, SM; Geor, RJ; Smith, CM; Weiss, DJ, 1992)		1.01
"Treatment with furosemide and hemodialysis over the next two weeks failed to produce improvement in renal function."( Teicoplanin nephrotoxicity: first case report.
Dretler, RH; Frye, RF; Job, ML; Rosenbaum, BJ, 1992)		0.62
"Treatment with furosemide and/or normal saline prevented both the decline in renal function and mTAL injury."( Protective role of furosemide and saline in radiocontrast-induced acute renal failure in the rat.
Brezis, M; Greenfeld, Z; Heyman, SN; Rosen, S, 1989)		0.95

Toxicity

ClorOTIC is the first large-scale trial to evaluate whether the addition of a thiazide diuretic (hydrochlorothiazide) to a loop diureic (furosemide) is a safe and effective strategy for improving congestive symptoms resulting from HF. Adverse reactions were attributed to furosemides in 239 patients.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Using traditional toxicologic methods, four species were studied for their qualitative and quantitative predictiveness of the toxic effects of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) in man."( Platinate toxicity: past, present, and prospects.
Arnold, ST; Davis, RD; Guarino, AM; Litterst, CL; Miller, DS; Miller, TJ; Pritchard, JB; Urbanek, MA, )		0.13
" To develop an effective but safe regimen for treatment of cirrhotic ascites, a two-part crossover study was done."( An optimal diuretic regimen for cirrhotic ascites. A controlled trial evaluating safety and efficacy of spironolactone and furosemide.
Fuller, RK; Gobezie, GC; Khambatta, PB, 1977)		0.46
"An attempt was made to study the effect of furosemide on the toxic and lethal dose (LD) of ouabain."( [Effect of furosemide on ouabain toxicity in guinea pigs (author's transl)].
Kanamori, K; Kobayashi, T; Minami, M; Miyamoto, A; Otani, T; Saito, H; Sakurai, M; Togashi, H; Yasuda, H, 1978)		0.91
" Adverse reactions were attributed to furosemide in 239 patients (10."( Clinical toxicity of furosemide in hospitalized patients. A report from the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program.
Allen, MD; Duhme, DW; Greenblatt, DJ; Koch-Weser, J, 1977)		0.85
" There was a positive correlation between the amount of gamma-aminobutyric acid release and the extent of tissue swelling, suggesting that release may be secondary to toxic cellular events."( Excitatory amino acid-induced toxicity in chick retina: amino acid release, histology, and effects of chloride channel blockers.
Hyndman, AG; Nicklas, WJ; Zeevalk, GD, 1989)		0.28
" The minimising action of penicillamine as a chelating agent and/or lasix as a diuretic on the toxic side-effect of cisplatin was also studied."( Histopathological study into side-effect toxicity of some drugs used in treatment of cancer.
Afify, MM; el-Dieb, MK; el-Shazly, MO, 1989)		0.28
" Unlike those reported in younger patients, all but one of the adverse drug reactions occurred 8 h or more after the first dose."( Evaluation of the safety of enalapril in the treatment of heart failure in the very old.
Bowes, SG; Denham, MJ; Dobbs, RJ; Dobbs, SM; Hunt, WB; O'Neill, CJ; Royston, JP; Sullens, CM, 1988)		0.27
"Nephrotoxicity of cefodizime sodium (THR-221), a new cephem antibiotic, was studied in rats by comparing its toxic effect with those of other cephem antibiotics including cephaloridine (CER), cefazolin (CEZ) and cefmetazol (CMZ)."( [Nephrotoxicity of cefodizime sodium in rats--single and 14-day repeated intravenous administration].
Hayashi, T; Irimura, K; Kuwata, M; Maruden, A; Morita, K, 1988)		0.27
" Although many treatment regimens have been described over the years, their application has presented problems of adverse effects and all have required detailed and intensive supervision of patients."( Parenteral chlorpromazine and frusemide: safe and effective treatment for hypertensive emergencies.
Lawson, AA; Nimmo, GR, 1986)		0.27
" The method is based on the determination of the toxic dose (TD50) which causes a defined hearing loss in 50% of the animals tested."( Quantitative evaluation of ototoxic side effects of furosemide, piretanide, bumetanide, azosemide and ozolinone in the cat--a new approach to the problem of ototoxicity.
Göttl, KH; Klinke, R; Roesch, A, 1985)		0.52
" It was concluded that frusemide is a safe diuretic to administer to patients receiving lithium therapy."( Frusemide: a safe diuretic during lithium therapy?
Coppen, A; Saffer, D, 1983)		0.27
"The dose-limiting toxic effect of high-dose (100 mg/m2) cisplatin is renal insufficiency."( High-dose cisplatin therapy using mannitol versus furosemide diuresis: comparative pharmacokinetics and toxicity.
Aisner, J; Bachur, NR; Chang, P; Egorin, MJ; Hahn, D; LeRoy, A; Markus, S; Ostrow, S; Wiernik, PH, )		0.38
" Ototoxicity is a significant side effect which may be transient or permanent."( Pathophysiology of furosemide ototoxicity.
Rybak, LP, 1982)		0.59
"Common safe physiological agents such as diuretics, hormones, and oral lipids can increase differences in NMR parameters between uninvolved breast tissue in tumor bearing animals and mammary carcinomas."( Improved NMR contrast for mouse mammary cancer by safe physiological agents.
Beall, PT, 1982)		0.26
" There were no untoward adverse reactions with torasemide, and no significant changes in serum electrolytes, liver, renal, or haematological variables."( Liver cirrhosis with ascites: pathogenesis of resistance to diuretics and long-term efficacy and safety of torasemide.
Knauf, H; Mutschler, E, 1994)		0.29
"Cisplatin is a nephrotoxic drug; however, agents that may make cisplatin therapy more safe and rewarding will be available in the near future."( Newer insights into cisplatin nephrotoxicity.
Anand, AJ; Bashey, B, 1993)		0.29
" However, after what appeared to be possible adverse effects accompanying its use in field cases of heartwater, the effects of this drug on certain blood and urine parameters were investigated in normal sheep at the same dose rates."( Treatment of heartwater: potential adverse effects of furosemide administration on certain homeostatic parameters in normal sheep.
Reyers, F; Shakespeare, AS; Swan, GE; van Amstel, SR; van den Berg, JS, 1998)		0.55
" Adverse effects were more likely to occur in MB cases and were more frequent during the first 6 doses of intermittent regimens."( Serious side effects of rifampin on the course of WHO/MDT: a case report.
Namisato, M; Ogawa, H, 2000)		0.31
" Poly I:Poly C itself had no toxic effect on renal tissue, while Poly I:Poly C followed 24 h later by gentamicin indicated a protective effect from the gentamicin nephrotoxicity as the functional and histological investigations indicated."( Protective effect of poly I:poly C from gentamicin nephrotoxicity in guinea pigs.
Gourgiotis, D; Karpathios, T; Kavazarakis, E; Moustaki, M; Nakopoulou, L; Zeis, MP; Zeis, PM, 2001)		0.31
"A persistent, chronic dry cough is the most common adverse effect of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors therapy."( The influence of inhaled furosemide on adverse effects of ACE-inhibitors in airways.
Franova, S, 2001)		0.61
"The results showed the protective effect of inhaled furosemide against the respiratory adverse effects induced by ACE-inhibitors administration."( The influence of inhaled furosemide on adverse effects of ACE-inhibitors in airways.
Franova, S, 2001)		0.86
" Adverse events occurred in 12 (26."( Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of telmisartan and enalapril, with the potential addition of frusemide, in moderate-renal failure patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension.
Baumelou, B; Chanard, J; Hannedouche, T, 2001)		0.31
"In the treatment of moderate ascites, spironolactone alone seems to be as safe and effective as spironolactone associated with furosemide."( Spironolactone alone or in combination with furosemide in the treatment of moderate ascites in nonazotemic cirrhosis. A randomized comparative study of efficacy and safety.
Cabré, E; Durández, R; Gassull, MA; Granada, ML; Jiménez, JA; Morillas, RM; Pardo, A; Planas, R; Quintero, E; Santos, J, 2003)		0.79
"In contrast to other organisms, TBTCl and TBTH were less toxic to higher plants."( Toxicity of tributyltin to willow trees.
Ciucani, G; Sismilich, M; Trapp, S, 2004)		0.32
" It is an extremely toxic compound, so that problems and catastrophic accidents have recently occurred all around the globe."( Phytotoxicity of cyanide to weeping willow trees.
Trapp, S; Yu, X; Zhou, P, 2005)		0.33
" Weeping willows grown in sandy soils survived the entire period (216 hours) without any toxic effect when irrigated with low doses of cyanide (3."( Phytotoxicity of cyanide to weeping willow trees.
Trapp, S; Yu, X; Zhou, P, 2005)		0.33
"Chemicals taken up into plants may be accumulated so leading to toxic effects."( Uptake, metabolism, accumulation and toxicity of cyanide in Willow trees.
Larsen, M; Trapp, S; Ucisik, AS, 2005)		0.33
" The pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and risk factors and risk minimisation strategies regarding the ototoxicity associated with these drugs are presented in order to highlight this problem and reduce the incidence of adverse outcomes."( Systemic ototoxicity: a review.
Coates, H; Shine, NP, 2005)		0.33
"5 million adverse drug reaction (ADR) reports for 8620 drugs/biologics that are listed for 1191 Coding Symbols for Thesaurus of Adverse Reaction (COSTAR) terms of adverse effects."( Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
Benz, RD; Contrera, JF; Kruhlak, NL; Matthews, EJ; Weaver, JL, 2004)		0.32
"A continuous infusion of furosemide is an effective and safe method of diuresis in patients undergoing cardiac surgery."( Efficacy and safety of a furosemide continuous infusion following cardiac surgery.
Gulbis, BE; Spencer, AP, 2006)		0.94
" The change on water transpiration of the trees was used to determine toxic effects."( Uptake, removal, accumulation, and phytotoxicity of phenol in willow trees (Salix viminalis).
Trapp, S; Ucisik, AS, 2006)		0.33
" The immune system can be a target for many chemicals including environmental contaminants and drugs with potential adverse effects on human health."( In vitro tests to evaluate immunotoxicity: a preliminary study.
Carfi', M; Corsini, E; Gennari, A; Gribaldo, L; Hartung, T; Malerba, I; Pallardy, M; Pieters, R; Van Loveren, H; Vohr, HW, 2007)		0.34
" The regimen did not result in toxic serum concentrations and was haemodynamically well tolerated."( Absence of tolerance and toxicity to high-dose continuous intravenous furosemide in haemodynamically unstable infants after cardiac surgery.
Burggraaf, J; Cohen, AF; den Hartigh, J; Kist-van Holthe, JE; van der Heijden, AJ; van der Vorst, MM, 2007)		0.57
"High-dose continuous furosemide infusion for 72 h in haemodynamically unstable infants after cardiac surgery appears to be a safe and effective treatment for volume overload."( Absence of tolerance and toxicity to high-dose continuous intravenous furosemide in haemodynamically unstable infants after cardiac surgery.
Burggraaf, J; Cohen, AF; den Hartigh, J; Kist-van Holthe, JE; van der Heijden, AJ; van der Vorst, MM, 2007)		0.89
" To define the nature of the toxic metabolite, we examined the relationship between furosemide metabolism in CD-1 mice and Wistar rats."( The metabolism and toxicity of furosemide in the Wistar rat and CD-1 mouse: a chemical and biochemical definition of the toxicophore.
Antoine, DJ; Blagg, J; Butler, PJ; Gardner, I; Howard, M; Jones, R; Park, BK; Payne, A; Randle, L; Williams, DP, 2007)		0.85
"Cisplatin, a standard component of combination chemotherapy for several tumors, presents important anti-tumor properties but also several toxic effects."( Short hydration regimen and nephrotoxicity of intermediate to high-dose cisplatin-based chemotherapy for outpatient treatment in lung cancer and mesothelioma.
Ardizzoni, A; Bruzzi, P; De Marinis, F; Di Salvia, R; Mancuso, A; Martelli, O; Sormani, MP; Tiseo, M, )		0.13
" The transpiration of the trees was used to determine toxic effects."( Uptake, accumulation, phytotoxicity, and removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol in willow trees.
Kusk, KO; Trapp, S; Ucisik, AS, 2007)		0.34
" The transpiration of the trees was used to determine toxic effects."( Uptake, removal, accumulation, and phytotoxicity of 4-chlorophenol in willow trees.
Trapp, S; Ucisik, AS, 2008)		0.35
" In spite of a wide security, there are several adverse events that should be known, in order to be early recognised as soon as they appear."( [Loop diuretics and ototoxicity].
Bellido Peti, J; García Lorenzo, J; Gómez Ruiz, JJ; Martínez-Rodríguez, R; Palou Redorta, J; Villavicencio Mavrich, H, )		0.13
"Many observational studies in the general population have demonstrated an increased risk of adverse events associated with NSAIDs, including gastrointestinal bleeds, congestive heart failure, acute renal failure, hypertension and acute myocardial infarction."( Differential impact of NSAIDs on rate of adverse events that require hospitalization in high-risk and general veteran populations: a retrospective cohort study.
Gilbert, AL; Pratt, N; Roughead, EE; Ryan, P, 2010)		0.36
"To determine the rate of adverse events requiring hospitalization that are associated with NSAIDs in two high-risk veteran populations and the general veteran population."( Differential impact of NSAIDs on rate of adverse events that require hospitalization in high-risk and general veteran populations: a retrospective cohort study.
Gilbert, AL; Pratt, N; Roughead, EE; Ryan, P, 2010)		0.36
" Toxic effects of leachate on the plants should be avoided in the initial period of growth and phytotoxicological testing may be helpful to select appropriate leachate dose rates."( Phytotoxicity of landfill leachate on willow--Salix amygdalina L.
Bialowiec, A; Randerson, PF, )		0.13
" An understanding of structure-activity relationships (SARs) of chemicals can make a significant contribution to the identification of potential toxic effects early in the drug development process and aid in avoiding such problems."( Developing structure-activity relationships for the prediction of hepatotoxicity.
Fisk, L; Greene, N; Naven, RT; Note, RR; Patel, ML; Pelletier, DJ, 2010)		0.36
" The results clearly demonstrate that FS produced toxic responses in the hepatocytes as evident from increased ALT/AST level, DNA damage, TUNEL positive cells and increased DNA fragmentation in mice in vivo."( Furosemide-induced genotoxicity and cytotoxicity in the hepatocytes, but weak genotoxicity in the bone marrow cells of mice.
Jena, GB; Mondal, SC; Ramarao, P; Tripathi, DN; Vikram, A, 2012)		1.82
" This diuretic approach appeared to be similarly effective and safe in patients with preserved LVEF."( Clinical experience with low-dose continuous infusion of furosemide in acute heart failure: assessment of efficacy and safety.
Chan, CY; Elkayam, U; Hshieh, S; Ng, TM, 2012)		0.62
" However, these massage oils may be toxic when taken orally."( Salicylate toxicity from ingestion of traditional massage oil.
Muniandy, RK; Sinnathamby, V, 2012)		0.38
"Drug-induced ototoxicity, particularly those involving phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) inhibitors, is considered to be rare and to our knowledge such an adverse effect has not been reported in Canada."( Sildenafil and furosemide associated ototoxicity: consideration of drug-drug interactions, synergy, and broader clinical relevance.
Farquhar, D; Kim, RB; Mehta, S; Skeith, L; Yamashita, C, 2013)		0.74
"Dogs with cardiac disease treated with spironolactone, in addition to conventional therapy, are not at higher risk for adverse events (AEs) than those receiving solely conventional therapy."( Safety of spironolactone in dogs with chronic heart failure because of degenerative valvular disease: a population-based, longitudinal study.
Atkins, CE; Baduel, L; Combes, B; Concordet, D; Kaltsatos, V; Lefebvre, HP; Ollivier, E, )		0.13
" No significant differences in adverse events were noted."( Efficacy and safety of high dose versus low dose furosemide with or without dopamine infusion: the Dopamine in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure II (DAD-HF II) trial.
Antoniou, CK; Butler, J; Chrysohoou, C; Filippatos, G; Giamouzis, G; Giannakoulas, G; Kalogeropoulos, AP; Karayannis, G; Karvounis, H; Koutrakis, K; Mantziari, L; Nastas, J; Parisis, C; Parissis, J; Pitsavos, C; Rovithis, D; Skoularigis, J; Starling, RC; Stefanadis, C; Triposkiadis, FK; Tsaknakis, T; Wolski, K, 2014)		0.66
" A variety of adverse events (AEs) of varying severity have been noted during HPC infusions."( Infusion technique of hematopoietic progenitor cells and related adverse events (CME).
Bryant, SC; Gastineau, DA; Greiner, CW; Hogan, WJ; Jacob, EK; Lingineni, RK; Mohr, A; Mulay, SB; Padley, D, 2014)		0.4
"Aminoglycoside antibiotics are highly effective agents against gram-negative bacterial infections, but they cause adverse effects on hearing and balance dysfunction as a result of toxicity to hair cells of the cochlea and vestibular organs."( Systemic lipopolysaccharide induces cochlear inflammation and exacerbates the synergistic ototoxicity of kanamycin and furosemide.
Hirose, K; Li, SZ; Ohlemiller, KK; Ransohoff, RM, 2014)		0.61
" A drug that could be a safe and effective treatment in humans could cause toxicity in animals, preventing it from being used in humans."( Humanized thymidine kinase-NOG mice can be used to identify drugs that cause animal-specific hepatotoxicity: a case study with furosemide.
Michie, SA; Peltz, G; Takeda, S; Wu, M; Xu, D; Zheng, M, 2015)		0.62
" Coadministration of tolvaptan, a selective vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist, can ameliorate such adverse events by reducing the required dose of loop diuretics; however, the safety of tolvaptan in patients with reduced renal function is not known."( Safety of add-on tolvaptan in patients with furosemide-resistant congestive heart failure complicated by advanced chronic kidney disease: a sub-analysis of a pharmacokinetics/ pharmacodynamics study.
Akashi, YJ; Kida, K; Kimura, K; Matsumoto, N; Miyake, F; Shibagaki, Y; Tominaga, N, 2015)		0.68
"In this short-term pilot study, coadministration of tolvaptan and furosemide appears to be safe in patients with heart failure and CKD."( Safety of add-on tolvaptan in patients with furosemide-resistant congestive heart failure complicated by advanced chronic kidney disease: a sub-analysis of a pharmacokinetics/ pharmacodynamics study.
Akashi, YJ; Kida, K; Kimura, K; Matsumoto, N; Miyake, F; Shibagaki, Y; Tominaga, N, 2015)		0.92
" Adverse effects appear to be minimal as compared to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs including aspirin."( Efficacy and Safety of White Willow Bark (Salix alba) Extracts.
Shara, M; Stohs, SJ, 2015)		0.42
"Continuous infusion of 3% hypertonic saline + furosemide is effective and safe for intracranial pressure control."( Efficacy and Safety of Continuous Micro-Pump Infusion of 3% Hypertonic Saline combined with Furosemide to Control Elevated Intracranial Pressure.
Cheng, H; Fang, W; Gao, G; Gao, L; Li, L; Li, M; Li, Y; Li, Z; Wang, B; Yang, Y; Zhang, X; Zhao, B, 2015)		0.9
" In two demonstrative investigations, it is concluded that nitrobenzenes for which the expected nitrosyl metabolite is likely to react with adjacent groups are less toxic than what is rationally expected, and that among aryl amine drugs allowing for the immediate quenching of the corresponding N-aryl hydroxylamine metabolite, the typical erythrocyte toxicity often seen with aryl amines is absent."( The role of intramolecular self-destruction of reactive metabolic intermediates in determining toxicity.
Svennebring, A, 2016)		0.43
"CLOROTIC is the first large-scale trial to evaluate whether the addition of a thiazide diuretic (hydrochlorothiazide) to a loop diuretic (furosemide) is a safe and effective strategy for improving congestive symptoms resulting from HF."( Rationale and Design of the "Safety and Efficacy of the Combination of Loop with Thiazide-type Diuretics in Patients with Decompensated Heart Failure (CLOROTIC) Trial:" A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study to Determine the Effect of Combin
Casado, J; Formiga, F; Freitas Ramírez, A; Manzano, L; Morales-Rull, JL; Trullàs, JC, 2016)		0.64
"Many adverse drug reactions are caused by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-dependent activation of drugs into reactive metabolites."( Development of a cell viability assay to assess drug metabolite structure-toxicity relationships.
Jones, LH; Nadanaciva, S; Rana, P; Will, Y, 2016)		0.43
" These findings were confirmed with the histopathological observations, where SFEE was capable of reversing the toxic effects of CCl4 on liver cells compared to that observed in CCl4-intoxicated animals."( Hepatoprotective activity of ethanolic extract of Salix subserrata against CCl4-induced chronic hepatotoxicity in rats.
Abouzied, MM; Eltahir, HM; Hamed, AN; Wahid, A, 2016)		0.43
"Nephrotoxicity is a recognized side effect of cisplatin chemotherapy."( A retrospective evaluation of furosemide and mannitol for prevention of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity.
Anderson, ML; Kha, C; Ludwig, M; Mach, CM; Meaders, KM; Nguyen, D; Shumway, J; Williams-Brown, MY, 2017)		0.74
" However, choice of diuretic with pretreatment hydration had no significant impact on the severity of this adverse effect."( A retrospective evaluation of furosemide and mannitol for prevention of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity.
Anderson, ML; Kha, C; Ludwig, M; Mach, CM; Meaders, KM; Nguyen, D; Shumway, J; Williams-Brown, MY, 2017)		0.74
"The concomitant use of TLV and conventional diuretics is safe and effective for fluid management after TAR using cardiopulmonary bypass, selective cerebral perfusion, and hypothermic circulatory arrest."( Safety and Effectiveness of Tolvaptan Administration after Total Arch Replacement.
Iida, Y; Shimizu, H; Yoshitake, A, 2019)		0.51
"Tolvaptan exerts, a strong diuretic effect compared with conventional diuretics (furosemide and spironolactone) during the postoperative period after an operation using cardiopulmonary bypass without adverse effects on electrolyte balance and renal function."( Efficacy and Safety Evaluation of Tolvaptan on Management of Fluid Balance after Cardiovascular Surgery Using Cardiopulmonary Bypass.
Hirai, H; Hosono, M; Kaku, D; Kubota, Y; Nakahira, A; Sasaki, Y; Shibata, T; Suehiro, S; Suehiro, Y, 2016)		0.66
"Chronic hypertension is associated with adverse perinatal outcomes, although the optimal treatment is unclear."( Comparative efficacy and safety of oral antihypertensive agents in pregnant women with chronic hypertension: a network metaanalysis.
Bellos, I; Daskalakis, G; Loutradis, D; Papapanagiotou, A; Pergialiotis, V, 2020)		0.56
" Essential formulation criteria included the use of excipients that are regarded as safe for children, the ease of manufacturing, a high dose flexibility, fast disintegration, a robust drug release and a good acceptability."( Safe, swallowable and palatable paediatric mini-tablet formulations for a WHO model list of essential medicines for children compound - A promising starting point for future PUMA applications.
Freerks, L; Klein, S; Löper, PC; Sommerfeldt, J, 2020)		0.56
" SCF was an effective and safe diuretic strategy for outpatient congestion management."( Efficacy and Safety of Subcutaneous Infusion of Non-formulated Furosemide in Patients with Worsening Heart Failure: a Real-World Study.
Civera, J; Conesa, A; de la Espriella, R; Heredia, R; Martínez, A; Miñana, G; Mollar, A; Núñez, J; Santas, E; Sastre, C; Villaescusa, A, 2022)		0.96
" Therefore, a reproducible and safe model for hearing-impaired animals is essential."( The ototoxic effect of locally applied kanamycin and furosemide in guinea pigs.
Bako, P; Gerlinger, I; Löwenheim, H; Müller, M; Wolpert, S, 2022)		0.97
"Co-pyrolysis of sewage sludge (SL) with plant biomass gains attention as a way to minimize SL-derived biochar drawbacks, such as high amount of toxic substances, low specific surface area and carbon content."( Ecotoxicity of sewage sludge- or sewage sludge/willow-derived biochar-amended soil.
Godlewska, P; Jośko, I; Oleszczuk, P, 2022)		0.72
" Arsenic (As) is an environmental pollutant with a major health concern due to its toxic effects on multiple body organs, including the brain."( Salix subserrata Bark Extract-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles Attenuate Neurotoxicity Induced by Sodium Arsenate in Rats in Relation with HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS Profile.
Bakr, AF; El-Shazly, AM; El-Shiekh, RA; Farrag, N; Hamdan, DI; Khalil, HMA; Mahmoud, MY; Tawfeek, N; Wink, M; Zaafar, D, 2022)		0.72
"Cadmium (Cd), a ubiquitous and highly toxic heavy metal pollutant, is toxic to animals and plants."( Ca alleviated Cd-induced toxicity in Salix matsudana by affecting Cd absorption, translocation, subcellular distribution, and chemical forms.
Shang, X; Wang, S; Wang, Y; Zou, J, 2023)		0.91
" In canine and human medicine, dermatologic adverse effects of subcutaneous furosemide (SF) have been documented; conversely, no prior case has been published describing skin reactions to this therapeutic protocol in cats."( Dermatologic adverse effect of subcutaneous furosemide administration in a cat.
Aspidi, F; Mazzoldi, C; Romito, G, 2023)		1.4
" After ruling out several differential diagnoses for these lesions, a rare side effect of furosemide, not yet described in cats but already known in canine and human medicine, was strongly suspected as the possible cause."( Dermatologic adverse effect of subcutaneous furosemide administration in a cat.
Aspidi, F; Mazzoldi, C; Romito, G, 2023)		1.39
"Although SF is sometimes prescribed in small animal practice, it should be noticed that this may lead to dermatologic adverse reactions in the cat."( Dermatologic adverse effect of subcutaneous furosemide administration in a cat.
Aspidi, F; Mazzoldi, C; Romito, G, 2023)		1.17
" However, their uptake, translocation, and toxic effects on plants in cooccurrence environments remain largely unexplored."( The combined contamination of nano-polystyrene and nanoAg: Uptake, translocation and ecotoxicity effects on willow saplings.
Dong, J; He, F; Qin, G; Shi, J; Wang, H; Wu, Y; Yang, B, 2023)		0.91

Pharmacokinetics

The objectives of this study were to evaluate pharmacodynamic markers of furosemide-induced diuresis and to investigate mechanisms of diuretic braking in dogs receiving constant rate infusion. The method was used to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of fursemide in equine serum samples.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The average serum half-life was prolonged from 37 hours in the control period to 86 hours in the furosemide period."( Effect of furosemide on serum clearance and renal excretion of digoxin.
Fujiki, H; Fukushima, H; Takeda, H; Tsutsumi, E, 1979)		0.88
"Since patients vary in their response to furosemide, a pharmacokinetic study of this drug was undertaken in 7 patients with severe congestive heart failure."( Pharmacokinetics of furosemide in patients with congestive heart failure.
Benet, LZ; Cohn, K; Edelen, JS; Goldman, S; Greither, A, 1979)		0.85
"A pharmacokinetic study of an intentional pentachlorophenol ingestion by an elderly human has been undertaken."( A pharmacokinetic study of pentachlorophenol poisoning and the effect of forced diuresis.
Haley, TJ; Young, JF, 1978)		0.26
" In the nephrotic syndrome alone, the rate of renal excretion was increased (increased slope of the pharmacokinetic curve, decreased t 1/2), which may be due to a decrease in the fraction bound to plasma albumin."( [Pharmacokinetic study of intravenous furosemide in nephrotic syndrome in children].
Dreuz, C; Halter, D; Lenoir, G; Seligman, R, 1978)		0.53
"Using a one-compartment model, the pharmacokinetic disposition of furosemide was studied in eight premature and term neonates with fluid overload."( Pharmacokinetic disposition and protein binding of furosemide in newborn infants.
Aranda, JV; Collinage, J; Duffy, B; Dupont, C; Perez, J; Portuguez-Malavasi, A; Sitar, DS, 1978)		0.75
" The pharmacokinetic profile was investigated using a gas-liquid chromatographic technique."( Pharmacokinetics of furosemide in gestosis of pregnancy.
Bottino, S; Farina, P; Orrico, C; Pardi, G; Riva, E; Tognoni, G, 1978)		0.58
"A pharmacokinetic study with high doses of frusemide has been performed in nine patients with acute tubulopathy, treated by hemodialysis."( [Pharmacokinetic characteristics of a massive dose of furosemide in acute kidney failure].
Le Gall, JR; Lucas, A; Meignan, M; Rapin, M; Tillement, JP, 1976)		0.5
" A significant difference in the tmax values indicates sustained release of furosemide from one of the formulations."( Bioequivalence between two furosemide-spironolactone formulations: a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic approach.
Blöchl-Daum, B; Eichler, HG; Freissmuth, M; Loew, D; Schütz, W; Tuisl, E, 1991)		0.81
"The effects of pretreatment with the enzyme inducers phenobarbital (PB) and 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters of furosemide were examined in rats."( Effects of phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene pretreatment on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of furosemide in rats.
Choi, YM; Kim, SH; Lee, MG, 1991)		0.69
" The pharmacokinetic behaviour of furosemide is marked by a large degree of variability, derived from differences within and between both subjects and study protocols."( Furosemide (frusemide). A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic review (Part I).
Ponto, LL; Schoenwald, RD, 1990)		2
" The pharmacokinetic values obtained from the HPLC data and the pharmacokinetic values obtained previously from the gas chromatographic data were comparable."( Evaluation of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and particle concentration fluorescence immunoassay (PCFIA) methods for the screening, quantitation and pharmacokinetic study of furosemide in horses.
Ashraf, M; Gordon, B; Granley, K; McArdle, C; Mishra, U; Singh, AK, 1990)		0.46
" The terminal plasma half-life (t1/2) on day 29 was 22 hours and systemic clearance was 490 mL/min on day 1 and 434 mL/min on day 29 (NS)."( Acute and steady-state pharmacokinetics and antihypertensive effects of felodipine in patients with normal and impaired renal function.
Aberg, J; Gelin, A; Karlberg, BE; Larsson, R; Regårdh, CG, 1990)		0.28
" The accumulation half-life averages 12."( Pharmacokinetics of lisinopril.
Beermann, B, 1988)		0.27
"The pharmacokinetic interaction between pentopril (250 mg) and furosemide (40 mg) was studied in 12 normal healthy volunteers after oral administration of each drug alone and in combination."( Inhibition of renal clearance of furosemide by pentopril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor.
Hurley, ME; Kochak, GM; Rakhit, A; Tipnis, V, 1987)		0.79
" Both patients who had undergone renal transplant and control subjects displayed similar pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic behavior, as assessed by drug delivery to the urine and sodium excretion, respectively."( Furosemide pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in renal transplantation.
Brater, C; Davis, J; Fakhry, I; Gehr, TW; Sica, DA, 1988)		1.72
" This was in accordance with the pharmacokinetic behaviour of torasemide and furosemide."( Comparison of diuretic effects and pharmacokinetics of torasemide and furosemide after a single oral dose in patients with hydropically decompensated cirrhosis of the liver.
Brunner, G; Häcker, W; von Bergmann, K; von Möllendorff, E, 1988)		0.74
" Dexamethasone is rapidly eliminated, the short half-life (about 3 hours) indicating that dosage intervals should be kept small."( Clinical pharmacokinetic considerations in the treatment of increased intracranial pressure.
Heinemeyer, G, 1987)		0.27
" Serial determinations of furosemide pharmacokinetic parameters were performed during 2 weeks to 3 months of long-term therapy."( Furosemide pharmacokinetics in very low birth weight infants.
Chapron, DJ; Kramer, PA; Miceli, JJ; Mirochnick, MH; Raye, JR, 1988)		2.02
"The pharmacodynamic effects and the pharmacokinetic parameters of torasemide (1-isopropyl-3- ([4-(3-methyl-phenylamino)pyridine]-3-sulfonyl)urea) 20 mg and furosemide 40 mg were compared after oral and intravenous administration in 6 healthy volunteers."( Comparison of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of torasemide and furosemide in healthy volunteers.
Lesne, M, 1988)		0.7
" Unpredictability in the diuretic effect following oral doses has been attributed to variable and incomplete absorption and to variability in the pharmacodynamic response to furosemide."( Steady state absorption kinetics and pharmacodynamics of furosemide in congestive heart failure.
Chaturvedi, PR; Gwilt, PR; Nicholas, JM; O'Donnell, JP; Shoenthal, DR; Waters, DH, 1987)		0.71
" Furosemide half-life was prolonged two-fold in the elderly patients compared with a control group of younger adults."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of furosemide in geriatric patients.
Mühlberg, W; Neubig, E; Platt, D, 1986)		1.45
" Most pharmacokinetic parameters, such as plasma clearance, steady-state volume of distribution, mean residence time, and terminal half-life, were essentially the same in all four treatments."( Effects of the rate and composition of fluid replacement on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous furosemide.
Chiou, WL; Lee, MG; Li, T, 1986)		0.48
" The pharmacokinetic parameters such as per cent of the dose excreted in urine, total body and renal clearances, and terminal half-life were not significantly different with four different infusion times."( Effect of intravenous infusion time on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the same total dose of furosemide.
Chiou, WL; Lee, MG; Li, T, )		0.34
" The elimination half-life (t1/2 less than 80 min) allows autologous bone marrow transplantation 24 h after the drug administration."( Pharmacokinetics of high-dose melphalan in children and adults.
Gouyette, A; Hartmann, O; Pico, JL, 1986)		0.27
" This variability reflects differences in the relationship between the amounts of furosemide reaching active sites and the pharmacodynamic effect of the drug."( Pharmacodynamic determinants of furosemide diuretic effect in children.
Prandota, J, 1986)		0.78
" According to the increased urinary excretion of unchanged furosemide in patients with cirrhosis of the liver, the pharmacodynamic effect of the drug is enhanced: In the first 4-h-collecting period the excretion of water, chloride and sodium is significantly more increased than in the control group."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of furosemide in patients with liver cirrhosis.
Häntze, R; Jorke, D; Keil, E; Krombholz, B; Penzlin, M; Reinhardt, M; Traeger, A, 1985)		0.77
" These results suggest the need for cautious interpretation of some venous pharmacokinetic data."( Instantaneous input hypothesis in pharmacokinetic studies.
Chen, ML; Chiou, WL; Lam, G; Lee, MG, 1981)		0.26
"6 micrograms/ml in the rhesus monkey, cynomolgus monkey and baboon respectively, and concentrations declined with a half-life of about 20 min."( Comparative pharmacokinetics of frusemide in female rhesus monkeys, cynomolgus monkeys and baboons.
Chasseaud, LF; Doyle, E; Miller, JN, 1982)		0.26
" The pharmacodynamic response was a dose-related fall in the systemic arterial pressure, both supine and standing; dose-response effects were most evident in the upright posture."( The pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and haemodynamic effects of acute and chronic alpha-adrenoceptor blockade in chronic heart failure.
Silke, B; Taylor, SH, 1981)		0.26
" Analyses indicated that the pharmacokinetic parameters were dose independent and best described by a three-compartment open model."( The pharmacology of furosemide in the horse. V. Pharmacokinetics and blood levels of furosemide after intravenous administration.
Blake, JW; Chay, S; Nugent, TE; Rowse, K; Tobin, T; Woods, WE, )		0.45
"This article attempts to help in the understanding of the mechanisms responsible for a modified drug pharmacokinetic profile in disease states."( Disease-induced modifications of drug pharmacokinetics.
Barre, J; Bree, F; Brunner, F; Houin, G; Tillement, JP, 1983)		0.27
" Moreover, urinary excretion of water, electrolytes, creatinine and urea nitrogen were estimated in order to check the pharmacodynamic effect of the drug."( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of furosemide in patients with impaired renal function.
Keil, E; Sperschneider, H; Stein, G; Traeger, A, 1984)		0.52
" Furosemide half-life was prolonged twofold in the elderly patients compared with a control group of younger adults."( [Furosemide--pharmacokinetics in geriatric patients with multimorbidity].
Mühlberg, W; Neubig, E; Platt, D, )		1.95
"The pharmacokinetic disposition of furosemide has been investigated in seven children with nephrotic syndrome and in eight control children."( Clinical pharmacokinetics of furosemide in children with nephrotic syndrome.
Arancibia, A; Bravo, I; González-Martín, G; Ibarra, N, 1983)		0.83
"A slow-release formulation of 40 mg furosemide as capsules (Eutensin) was investigated for its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties in comparison with conventional tablets containing 40 mg furosemide (Lasix) in a single-blind clinical pharmacological trial in 6 healthy subjects."( Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic study of a slow-release formulation of furosemide in man.
Ebihara, A; Oka, T; Tawara, K, 1983)		0.77
" Therefore the use of rats with renal insufficiency might be of value to design the safest protocol which has to be used for the pharmacokinetic study of drugs with low therapeutic index in patients with renal diseases."( [Pharmacokinetics of 35S-furosemide in experimental kidney failure in the rat].
Legheand, J; Mansouri, M; Sassard, J, )		0.43
" The concentration of drug in serum and urine was measured during treatment, and pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated on the second and last days; the parameters obtained on the 2 days did not differ significantly."( Pharmacokinetics and clinical effects of cefuroxime in patients with severe renal insufficiency.
Berg, KJ; Nilsen, OG; Walstad, RA, 1983)		0.27
" for therapeutic reasons, the elimination kinetics appeared to follow a two-compartment open model, with a significant difference in the therminal plasma half-life between premature (26."( Pharmacokinetics of furosemide in neonates.
Broquaire, M; Legagneur, M; Morselli, PL; Vert, P, 1982)		0.59
" The mean half-life in cirrhotic patients was significantly greater than in healthy volunteers."( Pharmacokinetics of furosemide in patients with hepatic cirrhosis.
Antezana, C; Arancibia, A; Caro, P; González, G; Rivas, MI, 1982)		0.59
" The terminal half-life of furosemide was found to change from 29 min for the 10 mg kg-1 dose to 49 min for the 40 mg kg-1 dose."( Dose-dependent pharmacokinetics of furosemide in the rat.
Hammarlund, MM; Paalzow, LK, )		0.71
" We have evaluated the effect on derived pharmacokinetic parameters of furosemide of using different weighting factors or fewer data points to fit the same set of data to an exponential equation, or using noncompartmental analysis."( Variability in derived parameters of furosemide pharmacokinetics.
Brater, DC; Chennavasin, P; Johnson, RA, 1981)		0.77
"The article deals with the shortcomings of pharmacokinetic models in predicting tissue-concentrations of drugs."( [Pharmacokinetic problems in surgery].
Fabian, W; Fellmann, E; Hropot, M; Muschaweck, R; Sörgel, F, 1980)		0.26
" Pharmacokinetic studies and the requisite pharmacologic evaluation on diuretics such as hydrochlorothiazide, spironolactone, ethacrynic acid and others should be done."( Pharmacokinetics of diuretics and methylxanthines in the neonate.
Aranda, JV; Sasyniuk, BI; Turmen, T, 1980)		0.26
" A possible mechanism of this effect of indomethacin, independent of prostaglandin synthetase inhibition, is a pharmacokinetic drug interaction in which indomethacin affects access of furosemide to its intratubular site of action."( Pharmacokinetic-dynamic analysis of the indomethacin-furosemide interaction in man.
Brater, DC; Chennavasin, P; Seiwell, R, 1980)		0.7
"Many aspects of drug/drug interaction studies, including aspects of the design, choice of pharmacokinetic characteristics, and statistical analysis can be adapted from bioequivalence studies [Steinijans et al."( Pharmacokinetic characteristics for extent of absorption and clearance in drug/drug interaction studies.
Hundt, HK; Luus, HG; Schall, R, 1994)		0.29
" A pharmacokinetic profile of furosemide is shown, and some preliminary pharmacokinetic parameters of furosemide obtained from one human volunteer are given."( Determination of furosemide with its acyl glucuronide in human plasma and urine by means of direct gradient high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis with fluorescence detection. Preliminary pharmacokinetics and effect of probenecid.
van den Biggelaar-Martea, M; Verwey-van Wissen, CP; Vree, TB, 1994)		0.92
" It is not clear whether this pharmacokinetic interaction might be clinically important."( Renal clearance of lomefloxacin is decreased by furosemide.
Ebihara, A; Fujimura, A; Harada, K; Ohashi, K; Sasaki, M; Shiga, T; Sudoh, T; Tateishi, T, 1994)		0.54
" Pharmacokinetic parameters of azosemide were not significantly different between the two groups of rats except t(1/2), MRT, and V(ss)."( Effect of a hepatoprotective agent, YH-439, on the pharmacokinetics of furosemide and azosemide in rats.
Kim, ND; Kim, SH; Lee, JW; Lee, MG; Park, KJ; Yoon, WH, 1996)		0.53
"The plasma concentration time profiles and the pharmacokinetic parameters estimated for these drugs were in the expected range, except for furosemide, whose bioavailability was lower than reported in the literature."( Effect of the lipase inhibitor orlistat on the pharmacokinetics of four different antihypertensive drugs in healthy volunteers.
Jonkmann, JH; Schmidtke-Schrezenmeier, G; Tam, YK; van Brummelen, P; Weber, C, 1996)		0.5
" Torasemide reached a lower maximum plasma concentration than furosemide, but the former drug had a longer apparent terminal half-life and lower renal and non-renal clearances."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of torasemide and furosemide in patients with diuretic resistant ascites.
Bernareggi, A; Buzzelli, G; Carloni, V; Chibbaro, G; Cotrozzi, G; Foschi, M; Gentilini, P; La Villa, G; Laffi, G; Marra, F; Melani, L; Quartini, M; Simoni, A; Tommasi, AC, 1996)		0.78
"Retrospective population pharmacokinetic analysis."( Pharmacometric analysis of the effect of furosemide on suramin pharmacokinetics.
Figg, WD; Forrest, A; Lush, RM; Piscitelli, SC; Ryan, N; Whitfield, LR, )		0.4
"Optimum suramin regimens were achieved by adaptive feedback control, and pharmacokinetic data were collected both in the presence and absence of furosemide."( Pharmacometric analysis of the effect of furosemide on suramin pharmacokinetics.
Figg, WD; Forrest, A; Lush, RM; Piscitelli, SC; Ryan, N; Whitfield, LR, )		0.6
" The reported methods were applied to pharmacokinetic investigations of the two compounds taken in form of a drug combination."( Determination and pharmacokinetics of a furosemide-amiloride drug combination.
Jankowski, A; Lamparczyk, H; Skorek-Jankowska, A, 1997)		0.56
"Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between single oral doses of valsartan (160 mg) and furosemide (40 mg) were investigated in an open, randomized, three-period crossover study in twelve healthy male subjects."( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction of single oral doses of valsartan and furosemide.
Bindschedler, M; de Gasparo, M; Degen, P; Flesch, G; Preiswerk, G, 1997)		0.74
" Pharmacokinetic measurements included plasma concentrations of valsartan and furosemide, and urinary excretion of the latter."( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction of single oral doses of valsartan and furosemide.
Bindschedler, M; de Gasparo, M; Degen, P; Flesch, G; Preiswerk, G, 1997)		0.75
" Inter- and intra-individual variability of the pharmacokinetic variables was high for both furosemide and valsartan."( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction of single oral doses of valsartan and furosemide.
Bindschedler, M; de Gasparo, M; Degen, P; Flesch, G; Preiswerk, G, 1997)		0.74
" Furosemide was absorbed quickly after a direct administration of Lasix into the duodenum; the peak plasma concentration of furosemide was reached within 1 h in both routes of administration, and the peak concentration was higher in all four subjects after a direct administration into the duodenum than after an oral administration."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of furosemide after direct administration into the stomach or duodenum.
Lee, MG; Lee, WI; Shin, WG; Song, IS; Yoon, WH, 1997)		1.47
" Diuresis and natriuresis were modelled for all three doses simultaneously, applying both an indirect-response model and an effect-compartment model with the frusemide excretion rate as the pharmacokinetic input."( The time of maximum effect for model selection in pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis applied to frusemide.
Alván, G; Paintaud, G; Wakelkamp, M, 1998)		0.3
" Plasma furosemide concentration-time plots indicated multi-compartment disposition, and there was considerable intersubject variability in the pharmacokinetic parameters."( Plasma pharmacokinetics of intravenous and intramuscular furosemide in the camel (Camelus dromedarius).
Alhadrami, GA; Ali, BH; Bashir, AK; Charles, BG; Wong, YC, )		0.81
" A pharmacokinetic study with a cross over design was performed on 7 patients, and suggests that the first day Pt kinetics are not affected by the hydration scheme used, although a significantly lower Pt urinary concentration was found in the forced diuresis group."( Hydration regimen and hematological toxicity of a cisplatin-based chemotherapy regimen. Clinical observations and pharmacokinetic analysis.
Benasso, M; Esposito, M; Merlano, M; Numico, G; Rosso, R; Vannozzi, MO; Viale, M, )		0.13
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were assessed before and after diuresis."( The effects of diuresis on the pharmacokinetics of the loop diuretics furosemide and torsemide in patients with heart failure.
Fisher, ML; Gottlieb, SS; Khatta, M; Kramer, WG; Roffman, D; Wentworth, D, 1998)		0.53
" The pharmacodynamic model for efficiency is derived from the sigmoid Emax model and is dependent on the same parameters."( The efficiency concept in pharmacodynamics.
Alván, G; Paintaud, G; Wakelkamp, M, 1999)		0.3
"The object of the work was comparative study of the special features of the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of the diuretics furosemide and furesis in an ambulant regimen with the subject lying in an antiorthostatic position."( [The pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic characteristics of furosemide and furesis].
Goncharov, IB; Kodratenko, SN; Kovachevich, IV; Noskov, VB; Sokolova, EV; Starodubtsev, AK, )		0.58
" Information on the cellular and molecular processes involved in the generation of abstinence, dependence, and tolerance will undoubtedly result in the development of pharmacodynamic models allowing a satisfactory explanation of drug effects modulated by these phenomena."( Considerations on pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics: can everything be explained by the extent of drug binding to its receptor?
Castañeda-Hernández, G; Granados-Soto, V, 2000)		0.31
" The selected concentration range corresponds well with the plasma concentrations of furosemide for pharmacokinetic study."( High-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis of furosemide in plasma and its use in pharmacokinetic studies.
Abdel-Hamid, ME, )		0.59
"71 ml/min/kg)], terminal half-life (9."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous bumetanide in mutant Nagase analbuminemic rats: importance of globulin binding for the pharmacodynamic effects.
Kim, EJ; Lee, MG, 2001)		0.31
" The pharmacokinetic parameters AUC0-infinity, Cmax and Cmax/AUC0-infinity were tested for bioequivalence after ln-transformation of data and ratios of tmax were evaluated nonparametrically."( In vivo pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship and in vitro equivalence of two oral furosemide tablet formulations.
Castilla, AM; Cuadrado, A; de la Maza, A; Hernández, RM; López de Ocáriz, A; Pedraz, JL; Rodríguez Gascón, A; Solinís, MA; Yánez, C, 2003)		0.54
"The objective of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of furosemide following gastroretentive dosage from (GRDF) administration."( Furosemide pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics following gastroretentive dosage form administration to healthy volunteers.
Barta, M; Cserepes, E; Friedman, M; Hoffman, A; Klausner, EA; Lavy, E; Stepensky, D, 2003)		1.98
" The method was used to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of furosemide in equine serum samples and its effects on urinary SG after IV administration (250 mg) to 10 horses."( Detection, quantification, and pharmacokinetics of furosemide and its effects on urinary specific gravity following IV administration to horses.
Bosken, JM; Boyles, J; Camargo, FC; Dirikolu, L; Fisher, M; Harkins, JD; Hughes, C; Karpiesiuk, W; Lehner, AF; Tobin, T; Troppmann, A; Woods, WE, 2003)		0.81
"Our results are in accordance with the most recent pharmacokinetic studies on furosemide in which a terminal half-life of approximately 20-30 h was reported."( Effects of high altitude exposure on the pharmacokinetics of furosemide in healthy volunteers.
Angel, N; Arancibia, A; Chávez, J; Nella Gai, M; Paulos, C; Pinilla, E; Ritschel, WA, 2004)		0.79
"Human pharmacokinetic parameters are often predicted prior to clinical study from in vivo preclinical pharmacokinetic data."( Extrapolation of human pharmacokinetic parameters from rat, dog, and monkey data: Molecular properties associated with extrapolative success or failure.
Jolivette, LJ; Ward, KW, 2005)		0.33
" We identify compounds with significantly improved bioactivity (approximately 40-fold) against replication of the infectious prion isoform (PrPSc) and suitable pharmacokinetic profiles to warrant evaluation in animal models of prion disease."( Structure-activity relationship study of prion inhibition by 2-aminopyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile-based compounds: parallel synthesis, bioactivity, and in vitro pharmacokinetics.
Cohen, FE; Legname, G; May, BC; Prusiner, SB; Sherrill, J; Wallace, AC; Witkop, J; Zorn, JA, 2007)		0.34
"To compare the performance of the standard lag time model (LAG model) with the performance of an analytical solution of the transit compartment model (TRANSIT model) in the evaluation of four pharmacokinetic studies with four different compounds."( Implementation of a transit compartment model for describing drug absorption in pharmacokinetic studies.
Jonker, DM; Karlsson, MO; Kerbusch, T; Savic, RM, 2007)		0.34
"The population pharmacokinetic analyses were performed using NONMEM on concentration-time data of glibenclamide, furosemide, amiloride, and moxonidine."( Implementation of a transit compartment model for describing drug absorption in pharmacokinetic studies.
Jonker, DM; Karlsson, MO; Kerbusch, T; Savic, RM, 2007)		0.55
" The parameter estimates related to the absorption differed between the two models while the estimates of the pharmacokinetic disposition parameters were similar."( Implementation of a transit compartment model for describing drug absorption in pharmacokinetic studies.
Jonker, DM; Karlsson, MO; Kerbusch, T; Savic, RM, 2007)		0.34
"The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between tolvaptan and furosemide or hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) were determined in a single-center, randomized, open-label, parallel-arm, 3-period crossover study conducted in healthy white (Caucasian) men."( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction between tolvaptan, a non-peptide AVP antagonist, and furosemide or hydrochlorothiazide.
Bramer, SL; Bricmont, P; Shoaf, SE; Zimmer, CA, 2007)		0.79
" pharmacokinetic data on 670 drugs representing, to our knowledge, the largest publicly available set of human clinical pharmacokinetic data."( Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
Lombardo, F; Obach, RS; Waters, NJ, 2008)		0.35
" Pharmacokinetic assessments were taken at regular intervals over 24 h after dosing on the last day of each treatment period."( Pharmacokinetic interaction of the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren with furosemide and extended-release isosorbide-5-mononitrate in healthy subjects.
Antunes, A; Bartlett, M; Dieterich, HA; Dole, WP; Howard, D; Vaidyanathan, S; Yeh, CM, 2008)		0.58
"These findings could help explain possible pharmacokinetic changes of furosemide in various rat disease models (where CYP2C11, 2E1, 3A1 and/or CYP3A2 are altered) and drug-drug interactions between furosemide and other drugs (mainly metabolized via CYP2C11, 2E1, 3A1 and/or 3A2)."( Effects of cytochrome P450 inducers and inhibitors on the pharmacokinetics of intravenous furosemide in rats: involvement of CYP2C11, 2E1, 3A1 and 3A2 in furosemide metabolism.
Choi, YH; Lee, JH; Lee, MG; Lee, U; Yang, KH, 2009)		0.81
" The pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using previously developed barrier-limited and space-distributed models."( Liver fibrosis impairs hepatic pharmacokinetics of liver transplant drugs in the rat model.
Asadian, P; Crawford, DH; Fletcher, LM; Khlentzos, AM; Li, P; Liu, X; Roberts, MS; Robertson, TA; Thorling, CA; Zou, YH, 2010)		0.36
"This study sought to determine the pharmacodynamic effect of modulation of volume status by withdrawal and reinstitution of diuretic treatment on markers of renal and tubular function."( Volume status and diuretic therapy in systolic heart failure and the detection of early abnormalities in renal and tubular function.
Collinson, PO; Damman, K; Gaze, D; Hillege, HL; Lip, GY; MacFadyen, RJ; Ng Kam Chuen, MJ; van Oeveren, W; van Veldhuisen, DJ; Voors, AA, 2011)		0.37
" Oral and topical diclofenac had no pharmacokinetic effects on furosemide."( Randomized, open-label, 5-way crossover study to evaluate the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic interaction between furosemide and the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs diclofenac and ibuprofen in healthy volunteers.
Jacobs, D; McGuinness, N; Paterson, CA; Rasmussen, S; Youngberg, SP, 2011)		0.82
" Furosemide also affected plasma and urine pharmacokinetic profiles."( Randomized, open-label, 5-way crossover study to evaluate the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic interaction between furosemide and the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs diclofenac and ibuprofen in healthy volunteers.
Jacobs, D; McGuinness, N; Paterson, CA; Rasmussen, S; Youngberg, SP, 2011)		1.49
" The elimination clearance and the half-life of the infused fluid were calculated based on blood hemoglobin over 120 minutes."( Detection of dehydration by using volume kinetics.
Hahn, RG; Li, Y; Zdolsek, J, 2012)		0.38
"Dehydration amounting to 2% of the body weight could be detected from the elimination clearance and the half-life of an infusion of 5 mL/kg Ringer's solution."( Detection of dehydration by using volume kinetics.
Hahn, RG; Li, Y; Zdolsek, J, 2012)		0.38
"We conducted a pharmacokinetic (PK) study and a pharmacodynamic (PD) study to assess whether Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery is associated with significant changes to PK and PD of oral medications."( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic alterations in the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass recipients.
Chalasani, N; Hall, SD; Jones, DR; Mattar, S; Tandra, S; Vuppalanchi, R, 2013)		0.39
" Compared with controls, the RYGB group had brisk natriuresis, with significantly lower tmax for urine sodium (1."( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic alterations in the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass recipients.
Chalasani, N; Hall, SD; Jones, DR; Mattar, S; Tandra, S; Vuppalanchi, R, 2013)		0.39
"RYGB recipients have significantly shorter tmax for the studied orally administered medications, but otherwise no other significant changes in PK were reported."( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic alterations in the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass recipients.
Chalasani, N; Hall, SD; Jones, DR; Mattar, S; Tandra, S; Vuppalanchi, R, 2013)		0.39
"0 software to get the related pharmacokinetic parameters."( [Effects on the pharmacokinetics of furosemide after acute exposure to high altitude at 4010 meters in rats].
Jia, ZP; Li, WB; Wang, R; Wu, XY; Xie, H; Xie, XH; Zhang, JH, 2012)		0.65
" The amorphous salt exhibited a significantly faster Tmax compared to the solution and amorphous and crystalline free acid."( Preparation of an amorphous sodium furosemide salt improves solubility and dissolution rate and leads to a faster Tmax after oral dosing to rats.
Gordon, S; Holm, R; Müllertz, A; Nielsen, LH; Rades, T; Selen, A, 2013)		0.67
"73 m(2)) by conducting a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study in these patients."( Efficacy of tolvaptan added to furosemide in heart failure patients with advanced kidney dysfunction: a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study.
Akashi, YJ; Kida, K; Kimura, K; Matsumoto, N; Miyake, F; Shibagaki, Y; Tominaga, N, 2015)		0.7
"To develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for furosemide immediate release (IR) tablets and modified release (MR) capsules by coupling biorelevant dissolution testing results with pharmacokinetic (PK) and physiologic parameters, and to investigate the key factors influencing furosemide absorption using simulation approaches and the PBPK model."( Prediction of in-vivo pharmacokinetic profile for immediate and modified release oral dosage forms of furosemide using an in-vitro-in-silico-in-vivo approach.
Dressman, J; Otsuka, K; Selen, A; Wagner, C, 2015)		0.87
" The excellent selectivity for ROMK inhibition over related ion channels and pharmacokinetic properties across preclinical species support further preclinical evaluation of 28 as a new mechanism diuretic."( Discovery of a Potent and Selective ROMK Inhibitor with Pharmacokinetic Properties Suitable for Preclinical Evaluation.
Alonso-Galicia, M; Bailey, T; Bentley, R; Brochu, RM; Chen, J; Corona, A; Felix, JP; Forrest, M; Frie, J; Garcia, ML; Ha, S; Hampton, C; Hernandez, M; Kaczorowski, GJ; Liu, J; Margulis, M; Metzger, J; Owens, K; Pai, LY; Parmee, E; Pasternak, A; Priest, BT; Roy, S; Shah, K; Shahripour, A; Sullivan, K; Swensen, AM; Tang, H; Teumelsan, N; Thomas-Fowlkes, B; Tong, V; Visconti, R; Walsh, SP; Weinglass, A; Yang, L; Zhou, X; Zhu, Y, 2015)		0.42
" Further studies are necessary to evaluate potential pharmacodynamic differences between torasemide formulations and to assess its impact on clinical therapeutics."( Randomized, open-label, blinded-endpoint, crossover, single-dose study to compare the pharmacodynamics of torasemide-PR 10 mg, torasemide-IR 10 mg, and furosemide-IR 40 mg, in patients with chronic heart failure.
Antonijoan, RM; Ballester, MR; Delgadillo, J; Gich, I; Puntes, M; Roig, E; Santos, B, 2015)		0.62
" The effects of the high-fat diet trended in the opposite direction to that of IUGR, with increased drug exposure due to decreases in both clearance (31% males, 46% females) and volume of distribution (24% males, 44% females), with a 10% longer half-life in both genders."( Furosemide Pharmacokinetics in Adult Rats become Abnormal with an Adverse Intrauterine Environment and Modulated by a Post-Weaning High-Fat Diet.
Cherala, G; DuBois, BN; Mahmood, T; Pearson, J; Thornburg, K, 2016)		1.88
" However, when administered as a cocktail the Cmax of furosemide was 19."( Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of a Drug Transporter Cocktail Consisting of Digoxin, Furosemide, Metformin, and Rosuvastatin.
Ebner, T; Gansser, D; Giessmann, T; Hohl, K; Ishiguro, N; Müller, F; Sharma, A; Stopfer, P; Taub, ME; Wein, M; Zimdahl-Gelling, H, 2016)		0.91
" Consequently, a knowledge gap exists with regard to pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) responses in elderly subjects, leaving the safety and efficacy of medicines for this population unclear."( Development of a Whole-Body Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Approach to Assess the Pharmacokinetics of Drugs in Elderly Individuals.
Eissing, T; Jaehde, U; Krauss, M; Meyer, M; Schlender, JF; Thelen, K; Willmann, S, 2016)		0.43
"The goal of this study was to extend a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for adults to encompass the full course of healthy aging through to the age of 100 years, to support dose selection and improve pharmacotherapy for the elderly age group."( Development of a Whole-Body Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Approach to Assess the Pharmacokinetics of Drugs in Elderly Individuals.
Eissing, T; Jaehde, U; Krauss, M; Meyer, M; Schlender, JF; Thelen, K; Willmann, S, 2016)		0.43
"The aim of this study was (1) to determine how closely physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models can predict oral bioavailability using a priori knowledge of drug-specific properties and (2) to examine the influence of the biopharmaceutics classification system class on the simulation success."( Forecasting oral absorption across biopharmaceutics classification system classes with physiologically based pharmacokinetic models.
Aarons, L; Darwich, A; Dressman, J; Hansmann, S; Margolskee, A, 2016)		0.43
" Further efforts in this series led to the discovery of analogs with improved pharmacokinetic profiles."( Discovery of a potent and selective ROMK inhibitor with improved pharmacokinetic properties based on an octahydropyrazino[2,1-c][1,4]oxazine scaffold.
Alonso-Galicia, M; Bailey, T; Brochu, RM; de Jesus, RK; Ding, FX; Ehrhart, J; Felix, JP; Garcia, ML; Gu, X; Ha, S; Hampton, C; Hernandez, M; Jiang, J; Kaczorowski, GJ; Owens, K; Pai, LY; Parmee, ER; Pasternak, A; Pio, B; Priest, BT; Roy, S; Shahripour, A; Sullivan, K; Swensen, AM; Tang, H; Teumelsan, N; Thomas-Fowlkes, B; Walsh, SP; Yang, L; Zhou, X; Zhu, Y, 2016)		0.43
"The purpose of the study was to establish a population pharmacokinetic model for furosemide in Indian hypertensive and fluid overload patients, and to evaluate effects of covariates on the volume of distribution (V/F) and oral clearance (CL/F) of furosemide."( Population pharmacokinetic modeling of furosemide in patients with hypertension and fluid overload conditions.
Kodati, D; Yellu, N, 2017)		0.95
"The pharmacokinetic data of furosemide was adequately explained by a two-compartment linear pharmacokinetic model with first-order absorption and an absorption lag-time."( Population pharmacokinetic modeling of furosemide in patients with hypertension and fluid overload conditions.
Kodati, D; Yellu, N, 2017)		1.02
"The final population pharmacokinetic model was demonstrated to be appropriate and effective and it can be used to assess the pharmacokinetic parameters of furosemide in Indian patients with hypertension and fluid overload conditions."( Population pharmacokinetic modeling of furosemide in patients with hypertension and fluid overload conditions.
Kodati, D; Yellu, N, 2017)		0.92
" The point estimates and the associated 90% confidence intervals for pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated."( Effect of the angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor sacubitril/valsartan on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a single dose of furosemide.
Ayalasomayajula, S; Chen, F; Langenickel, TH; Pal, P; Schuehly, U; Sunkara, G; Zhou, W, 2018)		0.68
" The objectives of this study were to evaluate pharmacodynamic markers of furosemide-induced diuresis and to investigate mechanisms of diuretic braking in dogs receiving constant rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide."( Pharmacodynamic assessment of diuretic efficacy and braking in a furosemide continuous infusion model.
Adin, D; Atkins, C; Papich, MG, 2018)		0.95
" Pharmacokinetic studies in rats indicated that the dendrimer complexes markedly improved in the bioavailability of the drug compared to the unformulated drug."( All-atomistic molecular dynamics (AA-MD) studies and pharmacokinetic performance of PAMAM-dendrimer-furosemide delivery systems.
de Villiers, MM; Otto, DP, 2018)		0.7
"To provide whole-body physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models of the potent clinical organic anion transporter (OAT) inhibitor probenecid and the clinical OAT victim drug furosemide for their application in transporter-based drug-drug interaction (DDI) modeling."( Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Models of Probenecid and Furosemide to Predict Transporter Mediated Drug-Drug Interactions.
Britz, H; Fernandez, É; Hanke, N; Lehr, T; Nock, V; Prasad, B; Stopfer, P; Taub, ME; Wang, T, 2020)		0.99
" Six clinically healthy goats received furosemide by each route in a three-way crossover pharmacokinetic design with a 15-day washout period between administrations."( Pharmacokinetics of furosemide in goats following intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous administrations.
Atik, O; Cetin, G; Corum, O; Durna Corum, D; Tekeli, IO; Turk, E; Uney, K, 2021)		1.21
" The objective of this study was to research the pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles and diuretic effect of furosemide after intravenous (IV), orally uncoated tablet (OUT), and newly developed ODF administration in healthy beagle dogs."( Pharmacokinetics and diuretic effect of furosemide after single intravenous, oral tablet, and newly developed oral disintegrating film administration in healthy beagle dogs.
Cho, KH; Choi, SI; Jeong, JW; Kim, RM; Koh, SK; Koo, TS; Seo, KW, 2021)		1.1
"To assess pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters of torasemide in healthy cats, and to investigate the effects of a single administration of torasemide on indicators of diuresis, plasma creatinine concentration, blood pressure, electrolyte concentrations and markers of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)."( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of orally administered torasemide in healthy cats.
Broeckx, BJG; de Salazar Alcala, AG; Devreese, M; Hellemans, A; Paepe, D; Roche-Catholy, M; Schneider, M; Smets, P; Woehrlé, F, 2022)		0.72
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained using a noncompartmental analysis, and the clinically effective dose was assessed using a Hill model."( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of orally administered torasemide in healthy cats.
Broeckx, BJG; de Salazar Alcala, AG; Devreese, M; Hellemans, A; Paepe, D; Roche-Catholy, M; Schneider, M; Smets, P; Woehrlé, F, 2022)		0.72
"64 mL/h/kg and mean terminal half-life was 12."( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of orally administered torasemide in healthy cats.
Broeckx, BJG; de Salazar Alcala, AG; Devreese, M; Hellemans, A; Paepe, D; Roche-Catholy, M; Schneider, M; Smets, P; Woehrlé, F, 2022)		0.72

Compound-Compound Interactions

Indapamide in combination with furosemide was well tolerated, and no significant changes in serum levels of creatinine and potassium were observed. The efficacy of indapamide which has a thiazide-like effect on distal convoluted tubules was evaluated in eight patients with massive edema, in regard to both Na+ excretion and diuresis.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"This pilot study investigated epidemiologically the potential for clinically significant drug-drug interactions, a subclass of adverse drug responses, in two homes for the elderly."( Drug-drug interactions among residents in homes for the elderly: a pilot study.
Boosinger, JK; Brown, MM; Henderson, M; Rife, SS; Rustia, JK; Taylor, O; Young, WW, )		0.13
" Levodopa treatment, alone or in combination with two different dopa-decarboxylase inhibitors, benserazide and carbidopa, does not modify the renin response to posture or to frusemide."( Effects of levodopa alone and in combination with dopa-decarboxylase inhibitors on plasma renin activity in patients with Parkinson's disease.
Dessi'-Fulgheri, P; Glorioso, N; Monaco, F; Rappelli, A; Tedde, R, 1978)		0.26
"A cytological analysis of proliferating neoplasic and intestinal epithelium tissues of rats under the effect of cyclophosphane, 6-mercaptopurine, furosemide, diacarbum and of their combination with course-wise introduction was effected."( [Effect of diacarb and furosemide in combination with cytostatics on the mitotic activity of tumor and intestines of rats with sarcoma 45].
Aref'eva, AK; Pashinskiĭ, VG, )		0.64
"In a multicenter study in general practice, the tolerability and safety of ramipril alone and in combination with a low dose of furosemide were assessed in moderate hypertension."( [Tolerance to Triatec in monotherapy and in combination with Lasilix in a French multicenter study].
Elmalem, J, 1990)		0.48
"In a study of cross-over randomized design in 12 healthy volunteers we compared the effect on magnesium excretion after administration of single oral doses of frusemide 40 mg (F) and of frusemide 40 mg in combination with a single dose of triamterene 50 mg (F+T)."( Absence of magnesium sparing effect of a single dose of triamterene in combination with frusemide in healthy male adults.
Gribnau, FW; Smits, P; van Meyel, JJ, 1990)		0.28
" The purpose of the present study was to examine whether long-term therapy with ramipril (RA, and ACE inhibitor) would lower blood pressure more effectively and without adverse reactions in combination with the loop diuretics piretanide (PI) or furosemide (FU)."( Loop diuretics combined with an ACE inhibitor for treatment of hypertension: a study with furosemide, piretanide, and ramipril in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
Baldes, L; Becker, RH; Treudler, M, 1989)		0.68
"14 patients with refractory hypertension did not respond either to captopril, an angiotensin II converting enzyme inhibitor, combined with a diuretic, a beta-blocker and hydralazine or minoxidil, a potent vasodilator, but they did respond to the combination of captopril, minoxidil, furosemide and a beta-blocker."( Captopril combined with minoxidil, beta-blocker and furosemide in the treatment of refractory hypertension.
Rawat, R; Seedat, YK, 1983)		0.69
"Propranolol is widely used in clinical practice and is frequently administered along with other drugs."( Pharmacokinetic drug interactions with propranolol.
Feely, J; Wood, AJ, )		0.13
"This study was performed to compare the acute-renal toxicity of azosemide (SK-110) or furosemide (FM) treatment in combination with cephaloridine (CER)."( [Effect of diuretic, azosemide (SK-110), in combination with antibiotic, cephaloridine, on kidney].
Asaeda, N; Ikawa, E; Iwai, H; Koide, M; Nagai, N; Shinoda, M; Tagawa, Y; Tamano, S; Yoshiyasu, T, 1984)		0.49
" Brief information on the following reports of drug-drug interactions is given in this article with the intention of giving these reports wider publicity and, possibly, encouraging further observation and research to establish or disprove their validity in a larger and wider range of patients or volunteer subjects."( Early reports on drug interactions.
D'Arcy, PF, 1983)		0.27
" These results suggest that caution should be exercised when nimesulide is used in combination with drugs that are known to adversely affect renal haemodynamics."( Drug interactions with nimesulide.
Perucca, E, 1993)		0.29
"2 years, 1,594 (31%) had at least one interacting drug combination according to the Swedish National Formulary."( Potential drug--drug interactions in 5,125 mostly elderly out-patients in Gothenburg, Sweden.
Bergendal, L; Friberg, A; Schaffrath, A, 1995)		0.29
" However, when FRU was combined with NIM the gain obtained (209%) appeared superior to that reached when FRU was combined with ASA (180%) or INDO (126%)."( Protective effect of furosemide combined with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs administered by inhalation route on guinea-pigs anaphylaxis model.
Berti, F; Mandelli, V; Robuschi, M; Rossoni, G, 1995)		0.61
"In experiment A, craniectomy was performed in combination with durotomy, diuretic administration, methylprednisolone sodium succinate administration, and hyperventilation, and effect of these manipulations on ICP was determined."( Effect of craniectomy/durotomy alone and in combination with hyperventilation, diuretics, and corticosteroids on intracranial pressure in clinically normal dogs.
Bagley, RS; Gavin, PR; Greene, SA; Harrington, ML; Keegan, RD; Moore, MP; Pluhar, GE, 1996)		0.29
" The nephrotoxicity was enhanced by combination with furosemide."( [Nephrotoxicity of piperacillin combined with furosemide in rats].
Aramata, Y; Hori, R; Kizawa, K; Minami, S; Nozawa, I; Shimakura, M; Takahata, M, 2000)		0.81
"The effectiveness of dopamine alone or in combination with mannitol or furosemide in preventing postoperative renal dysfunction in patients with obstructive jaundice was assessed in this study."( Perioperative renal protection in patients with obstructive jaundice using drug combinations.
Atallah, MM; el-Enin, AA; el-Hefny, MO; el-Kharbotly, W; Wafa, EM; Wahbah, AM; Zaglol, A, )		0.36
" Administration of dopamine alone or in combination with mannitol or furosemide did not confer more renal protection."( Perioperative renal protection in patients with obstructive jaundice using drug combinations.
Atallah, MM; el-Enin, AA; el-Hefny, MO; el-Kharbotly, W; Wafa, EM; Wahbah, AM; Zaglol, A, )		0.37
"kg-1) combination with a sham infusion, (b) FU (1 mg."( [Effect of dextran combination with flurosemide on nephrotic syndrome].
Chen, X; Liu, H; Ma, ZH, 2001)		0.31
"MDC of HF remains cost-beneficial when combined with optimal, medical care."( Is multidisciplinary care of heart failure cost-beneficial when combined with optimal medical care?
Barry, M; Cahill, J; Ledwidge, M; Maurer, B; McDonald, K; Ryan, E; Ryder, M; Timmons, L; Travers, B, 2003)		0.32
"The most rational treatment of moderate ascites is spironolactone alone or in combination with furosemide."( Spironolactone alone or in combination with furosemide in the treatment of moderate ascites in nonazotemic cirrhosis. A randomized comparative study of efficacy and safety.
Cabré, E; Durández, R; Gassull, MA; Granada, ML; Jiménez, JA; Morillas, RM; Pardo, A; Planas, R; Quintero, E; Santos, J, 2003)		0.8
"To estimate the rate of potential drug-drug interactions in outpatients of a typical Thai university hospital, and to identify risk factors for such interactions in Thai patients."( Pharmacoepidemiologic study of potential drug interactions in outpatients of a university hospital in Thailand.
Chongsuvivatwong, V; Janchawee, B; Owatranporn, T; Wongpoowarak, W, 2005)		0.33
"The efficacy of indapamide which has a thiazide-like effect on distal convoluted tubules in combination with furosemide, was evaluated in eight patients with massive edema, in regard to both Na+ excretion and diuresis."( The Na+-excreting efficacy of indapamide in combination with furosemide in massive edema.
Fukatsu, A; Kimura, T; Muso, E; Nogaki, F; Nomura, K; Oida, E; Ono, T; Tanaka, M; Uemura, K; Yashiro, M, 2005)		0.78
" Indapamide in combination with furosemide was well tolerated, and no significant changes in serum levels of creatinine and potassium were observed."( The Na+-excreting efficacy of indapamide in combination with furosemide in massive edema.
Fukatsu, A; Kimura, T; Muso, E; Nogaki, F; Nomura, K; Oida, E; Ono, T; Tanaka, M; Uemura, K; Yashiro, M, 2005)		0.85
"We describe drug-drug interactions (DDIs) encountered with antifungals in clinical practice."( Drug-drug interactions with systemic antifungals in clinical practice.
Abouelfath, A; Depont, F; Dupon, M; Dutronc, H; Galpérine, T; Giauque, E; Hébert, G; Moore, N; Ragnaud, JM; Valentino, R; Vargas, F, 2007)		0.34
" All treatment episodes with antifungal agent were examined and all prescribed concomitant medication identified for potential drug-drug interactions (PDDI)-serious events occurring during treatment were adjudicated for clinical DDI."( Drug-drug interactions with systemic antifungals in clinical practice.
Abouelfath, A; Depont, F; Dupon, M; Dutronc, H; Galpérine, T; Giauque, E; Hébert, G; Moore, N; Ragnaud, JM; Valentino, R; Vargas, F, 2007)		0.34
" A few potent chalcones were selected for their antimalarial interaction in combination with artemisinin in vitro."( Antimalarial pharmacodynamics of chalcone derivatives in combination with artemisinin against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro.
Awasthi, SK; Bhasin, VK; Bhattacharya, A; Mishra, LC; Sharma, M, 2009)		0.35
" Drug-drug interactions were investigated when nebivolol was coadministered to subjects classified as poor CYP2D6 metabolizers and extensive CYP2D6 metabolizers who were receiving other drugs commonly administered to patients with hypertension or compounds metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6."( Effects of commonly administered agents and genetics on nebivolol pharmacokinetics: drug-drug interaction studies.
Gorski, JC; Lindamood, C; Ortiz, S; Rackley, R; Shaw, A, 2011)		0.37
" Group A patients received furosemide by continuous infusion combined with low-dose dopamine infusion."( Continuous infusion of furosemide combined with low-dose dopamine compared to intermittent boluses in acutely decompensated heart failure is less nephrotoxic and carries a lower readmission at thirty days.
Alviar, CL; Aziz, EF; Bastawrose, JH; Cordova, JP; Herzog, E; Kukin, M; Musat, D; Pamidimukala, CK; Park, TS; Tojino, A, )		0.74
"The hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) influence the pharmacokinetics of several drug classes and are involved in many clinical drug-drug interactions."( Classification of inhibitors of hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs): influence of protein expression on drug-drug interactions.
Artursson, P; Haglund, U; Karlgren, M; Kimoto, E; Lai, Y; Norinder, U; Vildhede, A; Wisniewski, JR, 2012)		0.38
"5; and metal immobilization combined with soil acidification."( Sulfur-aided phytoextraction of Cd and Zn by Salix smithiana combined with in situ metal immobilization by gravel sludge and red mud.
Iqbal, M; Oburger, E; Puschenreiter, M; Santner, J; Wenzel, WW, 2012)		0.38
" In the present study, using guinea pigs we compared cochlear lesions induced by cisplatin administered in two regimens: consecutive application alone and in combination with furosemide."( Comparison of cochlear cell death caused by cisplatin, alone and in combination with furosemide.
Chen, Z; Su, K; Wang, J; Xia, L; Yin, S, 2014)		0.82
"We investigated the effects of low-dose furosemide, administered with adequate hydration on contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN)."( Low-dose furosemide administered with adequate hydration reduces contrast-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing coronary angiography.
Chen, XF; Cui, W; Gu, GQ; Jia, WM; Liu, F; Lu, R; Yang, XH; Zhang, Y, 2013)		1.07
" We outline the likely interplay of patient characteristics, drug synergy and drug-drug interactions in the development of his ototoxicity."( Sildenafil and furosemide associated ototoxicity: consideration of drug-drug interactions, synergy, and broader clinical relevance.
Farquhar, D; Kim, RB; Mehta, S; Skeith, L; Yamashita, C, 2013)		0.74
" RE was also used to interact with FS in rats and results showed that AUC₀-t of FS was increased by 32% and by 52% when coadministrated with single-dose or multiple-dose of RE, respectively."( Interaction of five anthraquinones from rhubarb with human organic anion transporter 1 (SLC22A6) and 3 (SLC22A8) and drug-drug interaction in rats.
Bian, Y; Hu, H; Jiang, H; Ma, L; Qin, Y; Yu, L; Zeng, S; Zhao, L; Zhou, H, 2014)		0.4
" Furthermore, rhein or RE, might cause drug-drug interaction when coadministrated with substrates of OAT1 or OAT3 in vivo."( Interaction of five anthraquinones from rhubarb with human organic anion transporter 1 (SLC22A6) and 3 (SLC22A8) and drug-drug interaction in rats.
Bian, Y; Hu, H; Jiang, H; Ma, L; Qin, Y; Yu, L; Zeng, S; Zhao, L; Zhou, H, 2014)		0.4
" Therefore, the potential pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions between sucroferric oxyhydroxide and selected drugs commonly taken by dialysis patients were investigated."( Drug-drug interactions between sucroferric oxyhydroxide and losartan, furosemide, omeprazole, digoxin and warfarin in healthy subjects.
Chong, E; Kalia, V; Willsie, S; Winkle, P, 2014)		0.64
"Systemic exposure based on AUC0-∞ for all drugs, and AUC0-24 for all drugs except omeprazole (for which AUC 0-8 h was measured), was unaffected to a clinically significant extent by the presence of sucroferric oxyhydroxide, irrespective of whether sucroferric oxyhydroxide was administered with the drug or 2 h earlier."( Drug-drug interactions between sucroferric oxyhydroxide and losartan, furosemide, omeprazole, digoxin and warfarin in healthy subjects.
Chong, E; Kalia, V; Willsie, S; Winkle, P, 2014)		0.64
"There is a low risk of drug-drug interactions between sucroferric oxyhydroxide and losartan, furosemide, digoxin and warfarin."( Drug-drug interactions between sucroferric oxyhydroxide and losartan, furosemide, omeprazole, digoxin and warfarin in healthy subjects.
Chong, E; Kalia, V; Willsie, S; Winkle, P, 2014)		0.86
" Therefore, prediction and evaluation of drug-drug interaction potential is important in the clinic and in the drug development process."( Evaluation of the transporter-mediated herb-drug interaction potential of DA-9801, a standardized dioscorea extract for diabetic neuropathy, in human in vitro and rat in vivo.
Choi, SZ; Jeong, HU; Kang, HE; Kim, EN; Kong, TY; Kwon, SS; Lee, HS; Son, M; Song, IS, 2014)		0.4
" Probenecid alone or in combination with furosemide reduced XO protein expression significantly."( Molecular mechanism of an adverse drug-drug interaction of allopurinol and furosemide in gout treatment.
Bahn, A; Knake, C; Stamp, L, 2014)		0.9
"Probe drug cocktails are used clinically to assess the potential for drug-drug interactions (DDIs), and in particular, DDIs resulting from coadministration of substrates and inhibitors of cytochrome P450 enzymes."( The Use of Transporter Probe Drug Cocktails for the Assessment of Transporter-Based Drug-Drug Interactions in a Clinical Setting-Proposal of a Four Component Transporter Cocktail.
Ebner, T; Ishiguro, N; Taub, ME, 2015)		0.42
" The study aimed to explore the effects of continuous micro-pump infusions of 3% hypertonic saline combined with furosemide on intracranial pressure control."( Efficacy and Safety of Continuous Micro-Pump Infusion of 3% Hypertonic Saline combined with Furosemide to Control Elevated Intracranial Pressure.
Cheng, H; Fang, W; Gao, G; Gao, L; Li, L; Li, M; Li, Y; Li, Z; Wang, B; Yang, Y; Zhang, X; Zhao, B, 2015)		0.85
" The drug-drug molecular salt may have some bearing on the treatment of patient suffering from anticancer and hypertension."( Drug-Drug Molecular Salt Hydrate of an Anticancer Drug Gefitinib and a Loop Diuretic Drug Furosemide: An Alternative for Multidrug Treatment.
Badiger, MV; Gonnade, RG; Patwadkar, MV; Sahu, SK; Thorat, SH, 2015)		0.64
" To our knowledge, we report the first case using an MTX serum assay as a surrogate for PDX concentrations to avoid a potential drug-drug interaction with pralatrexate."( Pralatrexate Monitoring Using a Commercially Available Methotrexate Assay to Avoid Potential Drug Interactions.
Gilreath, JA; Halwani, AS; McPherson, JP; Sedillo, C; Vrontikis, A, 2016)		0.43
" The aim of this study was to assess in vivo drug-drug interaction (DDI) potential of cefiderocol using probe substrates for these transporters."( Drug-drug interaction of cefiderocol, a siderophore cephalosporin, via human drug transporters.
Hernandez-Illas, M; Katsube, T; Miyazaki, S; Narukawa, Y; Wajima, T, 2018)		0.48
" In this trial, the doses of metformin and furosemide as putative perpetrators were reduced to eliminate their drug-drug interaction (DDI) with rosuvastatin."( Optimization of a drug transporter probe cocktail: potential screening tool for transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions.
Ebner, T; Gansser, D; Giessmann, T; Hohl, K; Hutzel, S; Ishiguro, N; Müller, F; Schmidt, S; Sharma, A; Stopfer, P; Taub, ME, 2018)		0.74
" This prospective study investigated the value of hs-CRP combined with procalcitonin for predicting CIN after PCI."( Elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein combined with procalcitonin predicts high risk of contrast-induced nephropathy after percutaneous coronary intervention.
Cui, W; Gu, G; Liu, D; Yuan, X; Zhou, Y, 2019)		0.51
"To provide whole-body physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models of the potent clinical organic anion transporter (OAT) inhibitor probenecid and the clinical OAT victim drug furosemide for their application in transporter-based drug-drug interaction (DDI) modeling."( Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Models of Probenecid and Furosemide to Predict Transporter Mediated Drug-Drug Interactions.
Britz, H; Fernandez, É; Hanke, N; Lehr, T; Nock, V; Prasad, B; Stopfer, P; Taub, ME; Wang, T, 2020)		0.99
" Therefore, the purpose of this randomized controlled trial is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Shenfu injection combined with furosemide in the treatment of chronic heart failure in patients with coronary heart disease."( Shenfu injection combined with furosemide in the treatment of chronic heart failure in patients with coronary heart disease: A protocol of randomized controlled trial.
Gao, Y; Tan, X; Zhu, R, 2021)		1.11
"This is a prospective randomized controlled trial to study the efficacy and safety of Shenfu injection combined with furosemide in the treatment of coronary heart disease and chronic heart failure."( Shenfu injection combined with furosemide in the treatment of chronic heart failure in patients with coronary heart disease: A protocol of randomized controlled trial.
Gao, Y; Tan, X; Zhu, R, 2021)		1.12
"This study will evaluate the efficacy and safety of Shenfu injection combined with furosemide in the treatment of coronary heart disease with chronic heart failure."( Shenfu injection combined with furosemide in the treatment of chronic heart failure in patients with coronary heart disease: A protocol of randomized controlled trial.
Gao, Y; Tan, X; Zhu, R, 2021)		1.13
"In comparison with reference methods, the attained results demonstrated that SBME combined with HPLC-DAD was proved to be simple, inexpensive, and promising analytical technology for the simultaneous determination of furosemide and spironolactone in urine and plasma samples."( Solvent Bar Microextraction Combined with HPLC-DAD for Simultaneous Determination of Diuretics in Human Urine and Plasma Samples.
Al-Hashimi, NN; Alruwad, MI; El-Sheikh, AH; Odeh, MM, 2022)		0.91
" Veverimer is not systemically absorbed, so potential drug-drug interactions (DDIs) are limited to effects on the absorption of other oral drugs through binding to veverimer in the gastrointestinal tract or increases in gastric pH caused by veverimer binding to hydrochloric acid."( Assessment of the Potential for Veverimer Drug-Drug Interactions.
Biyani, K; Guttendorf, R; Klaerner, G; Lee, A; Li, E; Mathur, V; Parsell, D; Shao, J; Stasiv, Y; Tabakman, S; Tsao, L; Wu, YS, 2021)		0.62
"A meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of furosemide combined with hydration therapy on the incidence and prognosis of contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) in patients after coronary intervention."( Meta-analysis of the effects of furosemide combined with hydration therapy on contrast-induced acute kidney injury after coronary intervention.
Gong, JB; Hu, MJ; Luo, EF; Tang, CC; Wang, L; Zhang, QG, 2021)		1.15
"Furosemide combined with hydration therapy has no significant effect on the incidence of CI-AKI in patients after coronary intervention but can reduce the incidence of MACEs and mortality, thereby providing clinical benefits."( Meta-analysis of the effects of furosemide combined with hydration therapy on contrast-induced acute kidney injury after coronary intervention.
Gong, JB; Hu, MJ; Luo, EF; Tang, CC; Wang, L; Zhang, QG, 2021)		2.35
" The drugs affected by hypokalemia and having the potential of inducing ototoxicity could interact with loop diuretics pharmacodynamically."( A Comprehensive Review of the Pharmacologic Perspective on Loop Diuretic Drug Interactions with Therapeutically Used Drugs.
Balasubramanian, R; Maideen, NMP; Muthusamy, S, 2022)		0.72
"The efficacy of hypertonic saline solution (HSS) combined with furosemide in treating acute heart failure is controversial."( Effect of Hypertonic Saline Solution Combined with Furosemide on Acute Heart Failure: A Meta-Analysis.
Li, H; Li, Z; Liu, N; Wang, Z, 2022)		1.21
"This study aimed to estimate how prevalent potential drug-drug interactions (pDDIs) were in patients with cardiovascular diseases who were hospitalized for more than 24 hours, and to determine the risk factors associated with these pDDIs."( Detection and analysis of potential drug-drug interactions among patients admitted to the cardiac care unit in a tertiary care hospital.
Almaghaslah, D; Khaled, A; Makki, S; Nagib, R; Siddiqua, A, 2023)		0.91

Bioavailability

Furosemide bioavailability may be limited by an intestinal transporter. After oral administration of furosemid solution, the drug was rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract with a first-order absorption rate constant ka of 2.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The bioavailability of 500-mg tablets of furosemide in the renal failure patients was 43."( Furosemide kinetics in renal failure.
Fine, A; Tilstone, WJ, 1978)		1.97
" In the present study a plethysmographic technique was utilized to record the rate of absorption of fluid from the peritoneal cavity of anesthetized cats."( Control of ascites absorption in anesthetized cats: effects of intraperitoneal pressure, protein, and furosemide diuresis.
Greenway, CV; Zink, J, 1977)		0.47
" 2 The abosrption of aqueous frusemide was 57 +/- 20 percent (SD) and the bioavailability of 500 mg tablets was 42 +/- 12 percent, this differnece not assuming significance."( Pharmacokinetics of frusemide in chronic renal failure.
Fine, A; Kennedy, AC; Tilstone, WJ, 1976)		0.26
"Contrary to the almost water insoluble crystalline beta-escinic acid, the water soluble forms of escin -- such as alpha-escinic acid or its salts, Na-b-escinate and the amorphous beta-escinic acid -- are so well absorbed by the gastro-intestinal tract that the effects after oral application could be compared with those of the reference substances furosemide, hydrocortisone, acetylsalicylic acid, azapropazone and phenylbutazone."( [On the pharmacodynamics of alpha- and beta-escin after oral application (author's transl)].
Eisenburger, R; Hofrichter, G; Liehn, HD; Ludwig, E, 1976)		0.43
" The bioavailability studies were assayed over two groups of eight male Wistar rats as a randomized two-way crossover and balanced design: group 1) a solution of P1 in propylenglycol/ethyl acetate vs an aqueous solution of F, and group 2) P1 vs."( Bioavailability study of furosemide prodrugs in rats.
Dominguez Llera, L; Fagiolino, P; Manta, E; Prandi, C, 1992)		0.59
" We found that salicylic acid absorption from this solution was delayed but complete whereas the absorption of atenolol, cimetidine, frusemide and hydrochlorothiazide was four- to five-fold lower than expected from oral bioavailability studies."( Absorption of polar drugs following caecal instillation in healthy volunteers.
Kim, M; Riley, SA; Rowland, M; Sutcliffe, F; Turnberg, LA, 1992)		0.28
" A bioavailability study carried out with 8 male Wistar rats with one of the synthesized prodrug (acetyloxymethyl 4-chloro-N-furfuryl-5-sulfamoylanthranilate) showed a greater absorption in relation to Furosemide."( Development of absorption furosemide prodrugs: synthesis, in vitro and in vivo evaluation.
Aiache, JM; Couquelet, J; Fagiolino, P; Llera, LD; Manta, E; Prandi, C, 1992)		0.77
" The rate of absorption (tmax = 3 h) and the bioavailability of the two diuretics were not significantly modified by their combination."( Combination of long-acting furosemide and instant-acting amiloride: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in human subjects.
Alexandre, JA; Flouvat, B; Leneveu, A; Prinseau, J; Roux, A, 1991)		0.58
"An attempt was made to evaluate some of the criteria for developing a modified release peroral dosage form for furosemide which has a poor bioavailability when given in the conventional peroral dosage forms."( Biopharmaceutic evaluation of furosemide as a potential candidate for a modified release peroral dosage form.
Menon, A; Ritschel, WA; Sakr, A, 1991)		0.78
"Two different single dose cross-over bioavailability studies were performed comparing a new oral furosemide preparation (test preparation = preparation A) with a marketed standard with a marketed standard preparation (reference preparation = preparation B)."( Multiple peaks and low bioavailability of furosemide correlate with the volume of fluid ingested.
Dilger, C; Jaeger, H; Molz, KH; Pabst, G; Renner, P; Weber, W, 1991)		0.76
" Bioavailability of 58% +/- 17% (range, 37% to 82%) was comparable to that of previous studies, and there was no difference between patients with mild and those with severe cirrhosis."( Furosemide absorption in patients with cirrhosis.
Brater, DC; Fredrick, MJ; Hall, SD; Pound, DC, 1991)		1.72
" The bioavailability of furosemide, its mean absorption rate and the mean plasma and urinary elimination half-lives both of the oral and the intravenous drug were similar to those reported in normal subjects."( Diuretic effect and disposition of furosemide in cystic fibrosis.
Hilman, BC; Prandota, J; Smith, IJ; Wilson, JT, 1991)		0.87
" The bioavailability of furosemide from oral dosage forms is highly variable."( Furosemide (frusemide). A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic review (Part I).
Ponto, LL; Schoenwald, RD, 1990)		2.03
" The bioavailability of the oral dose on day 1 and day 29 was 13% and 12."( Acute and steady-state pharmacokinetics and antihypertensive effects of felodipine in patients with normal and impaired renal function.
Aberg, J; Gelin, A; Karlberg, BE; Larsson, R; Regårdh, CG, 1990)		0.28
" The original brand (brand A) and the three local brands (brand B, C and D) with differences in dissolution characteristics were selected for bioavailability study."( Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of furosemide marketed in Thailand.
Kaojarern, S; Kositchaiwat, U; Poobrasert, O; Utiswannakul, A, 1990)		0.55
" In a human bioavailability study, the X-ray amorphous frusemide-PVP solid dispersion exhibited a significant reduction in the time for maximum effect in comparison to crystalline frusemide and a semi-crystalline solid dispersion."( The in-vitro pH-dissolution dependence and in-vivo bioavailability of frusemide-PVP solid dispersions.
Doherty, C; York, P, 1989)		0.28
" Inter- and intraindividual variations in bioavailability are discussed, as are data on the metabolism of furosemide to its glucuronide conjugate."( Furosemide pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in health and disease--an update.
Benet, LZ; Hammarlund-Udenaes, M, 1989)		1.93
"A gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GLC-MS) method for the determination of clopamide (1) in human plasma was developed to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of 1 in humans."( Gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy determination of clopamide in plasma.
Blume, H; Sörgel, F; Stenzhorn, G; Stüber, W, 1989)		0.28
"The angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, lisinopril, has an oral bioavailability of 25 percent +/- 4 percent, which is unaffected by food."( Pharmacokinetics of lisinopril.
Beermann, B, 1988)		0.27
" Systemic bioavailability of furosemide appears to be unchanged in the presence of pentopril (0."( Inhibition of renal clearance of furosemide by pentopril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor.
Hurley, ME; Kochak, GM; Rakhit, A; Tipnis, V, 1987)		0.85
" The bioavailability was reduced by colestipol 80%, by cholestyramine 95% and by activated charcoal 99."( Effects of resins and activated charcoal on the absorption of digoxin, carbamazepine and frusemide.
Hirvisalo, EL; Kivistö, K; Neuvonen, PJ, 1988)		0.27
"5 h in the rat and bioavailability was nearly complete."( Chemistry and pharmacological properties of the pyridine-3-sulfonylurea derivative torasemide.
Delarge, J, 1988)		0.27
"8 h, its bioavailability after oral administration was 91%, about 25% of the total body clearance was due to renal excretion both after iv."( Comparison of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of torasemide and furosemide in healthy volunteers.
Lesne, M, 1988)		0.51
"Furosemide tablets, with markedly different dissolution characteristics, and solution were orally administered to 21 healthy adult males to determine the effect of in vitro dissolution rate on in vivo bioavailability profiles."( Comparative bioavailability of furosemide from solution and 40 mg tablets with different dissolution characteristics following oral administration in normal men.
Bauza, MT; Crismon, ML; Doluisio, JT; Smith, RV; Waller, ES, )		1.86
" In contrast, the bioavailability of this diuretic decreased with increasing doses."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of high dose furosemide in patients with chronic renal failure or nephrotic syndrome.
Günther, K; Hoffmann-Traeger, A; Kühnel, HJ; Stein, G, 1987)		0.52
"In order to evaluate the in vitro dissolution and in vivo bioavailability relationship for furosemide, a bioequivalence study was carried out."( Influence of tablet dissolution on furosemide bioavailability: a bioequivalence study.
Craig, WA; Digenis, GA; Foster, TS; McNamara, PJ; Patel, RB; Prasad, VK; Rapaka, RS; Shah, VP; Welling, PG, 1987)		0.77
" Plasma furosemide concentration-time data were fit to a two-compartment model with either two consecutive, discontinuous first order absorption rate constants or with a single monoexponential input; the former absorption model describing the data better than the latter."( Steady state absorption kinetics and pharmacodynamics of furosemide in congestive heart failure.
Chaturvedi, PR; Gwilt, PR; Nicholas, JM; O'Donnell, JP; Shoenthal, DR; Waters, DH, 1987)		0.95
"A seven-way crossover study was conducted in 14 healthy male volunteers to evaluate the relative bioavailability of seven different marketed 40 mg furosemide tablets."( Bioavailability of seven furosemide tablets in man.
Meyer, MC; Raghow, G; Straughn, AB; Wood, GC, )		0.63
" The meal reduced the peak level of furosemide and decreased its bioavailability by approximately 30%."( Reduced bioavailability and effect of furosemide given with food.
Beermann, B; Midskov, C, 1986)		0.82
" The bioavailability of furosemide tablets manufactured in the USSR and that of "Polfa" production tablets studied on rats (5 and 25 mg/kg) and dogs (40 mg) appeared to be identical."( [Determination of the specific activity and biological availability of Soviet-made furosemide].
Lebedev, AA; Matveeva, AK; Munina, II; Pleshakov, MG, )		0.66
"In a recent report, it was shown that the loop diuretic piretanide is rapidly absorbed after placement of a piretanide solution in the duodenum, while the rate of absorption is definitely slower when the drug is instilled into the ascending colon (5)."( Kinetics of piretanide absorption from the gastrointestinal tract.
Brockmeier, D; Grigoleit, HG; Heptner, H; Meyer, BH, 1986)		0.27
"The bioavailability and diuretic effect of furosemide 40 mg administered orally for at least 6 months have been compared in patients with chronic respiratory failure and in healthy controls."( Bioavailability and diuretic effect of furosemide during long-term treatment of chronic respiratory failure.
Haga, T; Kawatsu, Y; Machida, K; Maruyama, Y; Ogata, H, 1985)		0.8
"In a pharmacokinetic study on 18 healthy male volunteers the bioavailability and elimination kinetics of furosemide-retard and the combination furosemide-retard/triamterene were investigated and compared with the non-retarded form and another retard form of furosemide."( Bioavailability and elimination kinetics of the combination furosemide-retard/triamterene.
Knoell, HE; Loew, D; Schuster, O, )		0.59
" Torasemide was practically fully absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract, its bioavailability by oral route ranged from 80 to 100%."( Pharmacological properties of the new potent diuretic torasemide in rats and dogs.
de Suray, JM; Delarge, J; Denef, J; Georges, A; Gerin, M; Ghys, A; Willems, J, 1985)		0.27
"The objectives of this study were to qualitatively and quantitatively compare the metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and bioavailability of furosemide in healthy volunteers after intravenous and oral administration."( Absorption and disposition of furosemide in healthy volunteers, measured with a metabolite-specific assay.
Benet, LZ; Lin, ET; Smith, DE, )		0.62
" There is a linear relationship between the percentage dissolution in 30 min and the bioavailability relative to an oral solution of frusemide over the bioavailability range 76-97%."( An in-vivo-in-vitro correlation for the bioavailability of frusemide tablets.
Eggers, NJ; Kingsford, M; Maling, TJ; Shirkey, RJ; Soteros, G, 1984)		0.27
" The ratio of AUCs of the combination tablet to the reference drugs approached a limiting value many hours prior to complete elimination of the drug and hence reliable bioavailability comparisons were possible with blood sampling up to 24 hours post-dose."( Pharmacokinetics of an oral frusemide/amiloride combination tablet.
Brooks, SG; Christie, RB; Fairhead, AP; Muirhead, D; Roche, J; Shaw, HL; Townsend, HA, 1984)		0.27
"Intrasubject variation in bioavailability (rate and extent) and disposition of furosemide 40 mg was investigated using a repeated, randomized, double-blind cross-over study in 8 healthy subjects."( Implications of intraindividual variability in bioavailability studies of furosemide.
Grahnén, A; Hammarlund, M; Lundqvist, T, 1984)		0.73
", 11-79%) bioavailability of furosemide in humans were investigated."( Evaluation of potential causes for the incomplete bioavailability of furosemide: gastric first-pass metabolism.
Chiou, WL; Lee, MG, 1983)		0.79
"The relative bioavailability and diuretic effect of 2 commercially available tablet preparations of furosemide 40 mg was examined in 10 healthy male volunteers."( Bioavailability of two preparations of furosemide and their pharmacological activity in normal volunteers.
Ejima, A; Kawatsu, Y; Ogata, H; Zugarni, S, 1983)		0.75
" Bioavailability of F in the nephrotic children averaged 58."( Pharmacokinetics of furosemide urinary elimination by nephrotic children.
Prandota, J, 1983)		0.59
" Consequently, bumetanide has an estimated bioavailability of 80% (approximately 40% for furosemide)."( Bumetanide and furosemide.
Anderson, S; Brater, DC; Burdette, A; Chennavasin, P; Day, B, 1983)		0.84
" The addition of SITS, DIDS, or furosemide to the luminal perfusion solution resulted in a decreased rate of absorption of water and 2-14C-urate."( Effect of anion exchange inhibitors and para-aminohippurate on the transport of urate in the rat proximal tubule.
Bennett, S; Kahn, AM; Sansom, SC; Weinman, EJ, 1983)		0.55
" Additionally they were found to differ significantly in their bioavailability with respect to the maximal plasma concentrations attained after oral administration to healthy volunteers."( The pharmaceutical and biological availability of commercial preparations of furosemide.
Mutschler, E; Steinbach, D; Stüber, W, 1982)		0.49
" It is concluded that a hydrolysis of frusemide in the stomach prior to absorption cannot explain the relatively low bioavailability of the drug observed after oral intake."( In vitro studies on the hydrolysis of frusemide in gastrointestinal juices.
Andreasen, F; Bøtker, HE; Lorentzen, K, 1982)		0.26
" Total diuretic and saluretic effects did not differ between the two preparations, despite the lower bioavailability of FR."( Kinetics and dynamics of furosemide and slow-acting furosemide.
Beermann, B, 1982)		0.57
" A difference was not found in the bioavailability of forosemide in patients with CHF compared to normal volunteers, 31 +/- 12 vs."( Absorption and disposition of furosemide in congestive heart failure.
Anderson, S; Brater, DC; Burdette, A; Chennavasin, P; Dehmer, GJ; Seiwell, R, 1982)		0.55
" The mean absolute bioavailability determined by ratio of areas under the plasma-time curves was 64 and 71% for the solution and tablet, respectively."( Disposition and absolute bioavailability of furosemide in healthy males.
Doluisio, JT; Hamilton, SF; Massarella, JW; Sharanevych, MA; Smith, RV; Waller, ES; Yakatan, GJ, 1982)		0.53
" The results show that the presence of both diuretics increased the intestinal absorption rate constant and the percentage diffused of propranolol hydrochloride."( In vitro detection of possible in vivo drug interactions. Part 1. The effect of hydrochlorothiazide and frusemide on the in vitro absorption characteristics of propranolol hydrochloride.
Al-Janabi, II; Anber, SA; Mustafa, RM; Razzo, FN, 1981)		0.26
" Furosemide bioavailability was the same in cirrhotic subjects and controls."( Furosemide disposition in cirrhotic patients.
Blaschke, TF; Gregory, PB; Sawhney, VK; Swezey, SE, 1981)		2.62
" The bioavailability of oral furosemide in infants appeared to be low."( Pharmacology of furosemide in the premature newborn infant.
Brooks, JG; Levine, RL; Peterson, RG; Rumack, BH; Simmons, MA, 1980)		0.9
" With regard to absorption, there is some evidence that nimesulide may decrease the oral bioavailability of furosemide (frusemide)."( Drug interactions with nimesulide.
Perucca, E, 1993)		0.5
" Impaired bioavailability is most likely related to pharmacodynamic and especially to pharmacokinetic reasons."( [Outpatient diuretic treatment of terminal heart failure by a completely implantable venous infusion system].
Carnarius, H; Kuck, KH; Langes, K; Nienaber, CA; Siebels, J; Weiss, C, 1993)		0.29
" The bioavailability of torsemide is approximately 80%, with little first-pass metabolism, and torsemide can be given without regard to meals."( Torsemide: a pyridine-sulfonylurea loop diuretic.
Adams, KF; Blose, JS; Patterson, JH, 1995)		0.29
" Torsemide is characterized by good bioavailability and once-daily dosing and, compared with furosemide, provides generally equivalent therapeutic efficacy."( Torsemide: a pyridine-sulfonylurea loop diuretic.
Adams, KF; Blose, JS; Patterson, JH, 1995)		0.51
" The diverging effects on steady-state bioavailability (Fss) are simulated for changes in maximal metabolic capacity (Vm), volume of distribution (Vd), Michaelis constant (Km), steady-state plasma concentration (Css), repetitively administered drug dose (Dss), dosage interval (Tau), liver plasma flow (Ql), absorption rate constant (Ka), and free plasma fraction (fp), where (Cssf = fp Css = const."( Saturable first-pass kinetics, plasma protein binding, and the furosemide intricacies.
Keller, F, 1995)		0.53
" The bioavailability of furosemide is low and variable."( Determinants of furosemide delivery to its site of action.
Kron, BG; Odlind, BG; Sjöström, PA, 1995)		0.94
" Bioavailability of torsemide was also greater and less variable than that of furosemide."( Bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of torsemide and furosemide in patients with congestive heart failure.
Black, PK; Brater, DC; Kramer, WG; Serpas, T; Smith, WB; Vargo, DL, 1995)		0.75
"Differences in the urinary excretion rate of furosemide may explain discrepancies observed between the bioavailability and the total diuretic effect of different formulations of this drug."( The influence of food intake on the effect of two controlled release formulations of furosemide.
Alván, G; Eckernäs, SA; Grahnén, A; Paintaud, G; Wakelkamp, M, 1995)		0.77
"Zankiren HCl (A-72517) is a potent renin inhibitor shown to have substantial bioavailability in several animal species and to produce dose-related reductions in blood pressure, plasma renin activity, and angiotensin II (Ang II) in salt-depleted dogs."( Dose-dependent effects of the renin inhibitor zankiren HCl after a single oral dose in mildly sodium-depleted normotensive subjects.
Boger, RS; Glassman, HN; Guyene, TT; Kleinert, HD; Ménard, J; Moyse, DM, 1995)		0.29
" The absorption rate of furosemide was smaller after intake of the charcoal formulations that after intake of the reference formulation."( Desorption of furosemide from charcoal in vitro and in man.
Kivistö, KT; Neuvonen, PJ; Roivas, L, 1994)		0.96
"The poor bioavailability of orally dosed furosemide (60%), a weakly acidic drug, is due to the presence of a biological window comprised of the upper gastrointestinal tract."( Development and evaluation of a monolithic floating dosage form for furosemide.
Menon, A; Ritschel, WA; Sakr, A, 1994)		0.79
" In congestive heart failure, the difference is greater between oral and intravenous doses than apparent from the bioavailability of the drugs."( [Loop diuretics. Rational pharmacotherapy].
Bülow, HH; Ladefoged, SD, 1993)		0.29
" Bioavailability after oral administration was 21."( Pharmacokinetics of digoxin administered to horses with congestive heart failure.
Reef, VB; Reimer, JM; Sweeney, RW, 1993)		0.29
" After oral administration, the extent of bioavailability increased considerably from 27."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of furosemide in protein-calorie malnutrition.
Choi, YM; Kim, SH; Lee, MG, 1993)		0.55
" Torasemide is a new loop diuretic that has a high bioavailability of 90% and a plasma half-life of 3-5 hours, which remains unchanged in chronic renal failure."( Torasemide in advanced renal failure.
Kindler, J, 1993)		0.29
" Estimates of the apparent oral clearance, volume of distribution, and absorption rate constant for furosemide were generated from 198 serum furosemide concentrations using nonlinear mixed effects modeling (NONMEM)."( The effects of epoprostenol on drug disposition. II: A pilot study of the pharmacokinetics of furosemide with and without epoprostenol in patients with congestive heart failure.
Carlton, LD; Mattson, CN; Patterson, JH; Schmith, VD, 1996)		0.73
" The absolute bioavailability of frusemide during hypoxaemia (0."( The effect of hypoxaemia on drug disposition in chronic respiratory failure.
Hayball, PJ; Henderson, G; Latimer, K; May, F; Rowett, D; Ruffin, RE; Sansom, LN, 1996)		0.29
"The plasma concentration time profiles and the pharmacokinetic parameters estimated for these drugs were in the expected range, except for furosemide, whose bioavailability was lower than reported in the literature."( Effect of the lipase inhibitor orlistat on the pharmacokinetics of four different antihypertensive drugs in healthy volunteers.
Jonkmann, JH; Schmidtke-Schrezenmeier, G; Tam, YK; van Brummelen, P; Weber, C, 1996)		0.5
" The oral bioavailability of frusemide was significantly reduced by approximately 30% (75."( Effect of food on the absorption of frusemide and bumetanide in man.
Barron, W; Li Kam Wa, TC; McCrindle, JL; Prescott, LF, 1996)		0.29
" Evaluation was based on dissolution studies, on in vivo disintegration studies in the canine stomach and on bioavailability studies in Beagle dogs."( Prolonged-release hydroxypropyl methylcellulose matrix tablets of furosemide for administration to dogs.
Happonen, I; Liljequist, C; Marvola, M; Smal, J, 1996)		0.53
"To determine the between- and within-patient variability of furosemide bioavailability and natriuretic response, and whether four marketed products differ in bioavailability and response."( Variable furosemide absorption and poor predictability of response in elderly patients.
Black, PK; Brater, DC; Haag, KM; Hall, SD; Murray, MD, )		0.79
"Measurements included absolute bioavailability using cumulative amounts of urinary furosemide collected over 8 hours after oral versus intravenous dosing, and cumulative amounts of urinary sodium."( Variable furosemide absorption and poor predictability of response in elderly patients.
Black, PK; Brater, DC; Haag, KM; Hall, SD; Murray, MD, )		0.77
"Although furosemide concentration in urinary and natriuretic responses showed good correlation, variability in bioavailability considerably affects the drug's excretion into urine."( Variable furosemide absorption and poor predictability of response in elderly patients.
Black, PK; Brater, DC; Haag, KM; Hall, SD; Murray, MD, )		0.97
" The diuretic effect of furosemide, as assessed by urinary water and electrolyte excretion, was unchanged after co-administration of valsartan, despite the lower bioavailability of furosemide after the combined treatment."( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction of single oral doses of valsartan and furosemide.
Bindschedler, M; de Gasparo, M; Degen, P; Flesch, G; Preiswerk, G, 1997)		0.83
" dosing was 33 (62) minutes, while the absolute bioavailability was 71 (20) per cent."( Plasma pharmacokinetics of intravenous and intramuscular furosemide in the camel (Camelus dromedarius).
Alhadrami, GA; Ali, BH; Bashir, AK; Charles, BG; Wong, YC, )		0.38
"The following possible explanations for the significant increases in the oral bioavailability and the diuretic and natriuretic effects of orally administered furosemide observed when ascorbic acid was coadministered to dogs were investigated: ascorbic acid might enhance the gastrointestinal (GI) absorption of furosemide, might inhibit GI wall metabolism of furosemide, might enhance the reabsorption of furosemide from the renal tubules, and might increase the unionized fraction of furosemide at the receptor sites."( Mechanism of ascorbic acid enhancement of the bioavailability and diuretic effect of furosemide.
Chiou, WL; Lee, MG, 1998)		0.72
" The properties of the products were initially tested via dissolution studies at different pHs, then via bioavailability studies in healthy volunteers."( Enteric polymers as binders and coating materials in multiple-unit site-specific drug delivery systems.
Autere, A; Isonen, N; Marvola, M; Nykänen, P; Rautio, S, 1999)		0.3
" Although apparently there is a very wide spread in dissolution characteristics of the products tested, the analyses of variance did not detect differences among the products tested and, to this extent, would not indicate differences in bioavailability characteristics for most of these products."( Assessment of pharmaceutical quality of furosemide tablets from multinational markets.
McGilveray, IJ; Qureshi, SA, 1998)		0.57
"06 mg/kg), thus indicating a poor oral bioavailability in rats."( In vivo pharmacologic profile of SK-1080, an orally active nonpeptide AT1-receptor antagonist.
Kwon, KJ; Lee, BH; Seo, HW; Shin, HS; Yoo, SE, 1999)		0.3
"To determine if intestinal secretion occurs for the poorly bioavailable diuretic, furosemide."( Net secretion of furosemide is subject to indomethacin inhibition, as observed in Caco-2 monolayers and excised rat jejunum.
Benet, LZ; Flanagan, SD, 1999)		0.87
" These preliminary results indicate that furosemide bioavailability may be limited by an intestinal transporter."( Net secretion of furosemide is subject to indomethacin inhibition, as observed in Caco-2 monolayers and excised rat jejunum.
Benet, LZ; Flanagan, SD, 1999)		0.91
"The effect of inclusion complexation of furosemide in cyclodextrins (CyD) on the bioavailability of the drug was studied on normal human volunteers."( Inclusion complexation of furosemide in cyclodextrins. Part 2: Implication on bioavailability.
Ammar, HO; el-Nahhas, SA; Emara, LH; Ghorab, M; Makram, TS, 1999)		0.87
"The poor bioavailability of orally dosed furosemide (FUR) is due to the presence of a biological window in the upper gastrointestinal tract."( PVP solid dispersions for the controlled release of furosemide from a floating multiple-unit system.
Bernabei, MT; Coppi, G; Fontana, F; Iannuccelli, V; Leo, E, 2000)		0.82
"The quantitative structure-bioavailability relationship of 232 structurally diverse drugs was studied to evaluate the feasibility of constructing a predictive model for the human oral bioavailability of prospective new medicinal agents."( QSAR model for drug human oral bioavailability.
Topliss, JG; Yoshida, F, 2000)		0.31
"For the purpose of enhancement the bioavailability of furosemide (FR), a floating dosage form with controlled release of FR was designed in this study."( Studies of floating dosage forms of furosemide: in vitro and in vivo evaluations of bilayer tablet formulations.
Ordu, S; Ozdemir, N; Ozkan, Y, 2000)		0.83
" The absolute bioavailability of furosemide was 28."( Gastrointestinal first-pass effect of furosemide in rats.
Han, KS; Kim, EJ; Lee, MG, 2000)		0.86
" Theophylline and frusemide were both well absorbed following Intelisite activation in the small intestine, whereas complete colonic absorption was only observed in 1/7 subjects for theophylline, and 0/7 subjects for frusemide."( Evaluation of the Intelisite capsule to deliver theophylline and frusemide tablets to the small intestine and colon.
Anziano, RJ; Clear, NJ; Henry, BT; Humphrey, M; Milton, A; Nichols, DJ; Wilding, I; Wulff, M, 2001)		0.31
" Torasemide also has a high bioavailability and is only slightly influenced by meals in humans."( [Torasemide (LUPRAC): a review of its pharmacological and clinical profile].
Kido, H; Ohtaki, Y, 2001)		0.31
"Because the bioavailability of oral furosemide is erratic and often incomplete, we tested the hypothesis that patients with heart failure who were treated with torsemide, a predictably absorbed diuretic, would have more favorable clinical outcomes than would those treated with furosemide."( Open-label randomized trial of torsemide compared with furosemide therapy for patients with heart failure.
Adams, LD; Bennett, SJ; Brater, DC; Deer, MM; Dexter, PR; Ferguson, JA; Lane, KA; Murray, MD; Perkins, SM; Smith, FE; Tierney, WM, 2001)		0.83
" The aim was to develop a formula, which has both bioadhesive and sustained release properties of the resultant cubic phase, so that increasing gastric residence time to improve bioavailability of the drug and at the same time obtaining a sustained action."( Formulation of an oral dosage form utilizing the properties of cubic liquid crystalline phases of glyceryl monooleate.
Freij, I; Ibrahim, H; Khalil, E; Sallam, AS, 2002)		0.31
"Torasemide with its more complete and less variable bioavailability offers potential clinical and economic advantages over furosemide in the long-term treatment in patients with CHF."( [Long-term diuretic treatment in heart failure: are there differences between furosemide and torasemide?].
Falkenstein, P; Follath, F; Gutzwiller, F; Müller, K; Reitberger, U; Spannheimer, A, 2002)		0.75
" This indicated a lower bioavailability of U than the cocontaminant Ni."( Bioavailability and trophic transfer of sediment-bound Ni and U in a southeastern wetland system.
Gaines, KF; Jenkins, RA; Punshon, T, 2003)		0.32
" In the study reported, the biopharmaceutical properties of granules containing microcrystalline chitosan (MCCh; molecular weight 150 kDa, degree of deacetylation 75%) were evaluated via bioavailability tests in human volunteers."( In vivo evaluation of matrix granules containing microcrystalline chitosan as a gel-forming excipient.
Jürjenson, H; Linna, A; Marvola, M; Ojala, S; Säkkinen, M; Veski, P, 2003)		0.32
" No marked changes in the in vivo absorption rate (t(max)) were noted, but the amounts of furosemide absorbed (AUC(0- infinity ) and C(max)) decreased as the in vitro release rate decreased, although this was not statistically significant in the case of AUC."( Evaluation of microcrystalline chitosans for gastro-retentive drug delivery.
Jürjenson, H; Marvola, M; Säkkinen, M; Tuononen, T; Veski, P, 2003)		0.54
" cinerea, soil chemistry was reflected in foliar concentrations, while foliar Cd concentrations and bioavailability were found to be independent of the thickness of the polluted horizon."( Foliar concentrations of volunteer willows growing on polluted sediment-derived sites versus sites with baseline contamination levels.
De Vos, B; Muys, B; Quataert, P; Tack, FM; Vandecasteele, B, 2004)		0.32
" Bioavailability of Cd, Mn and Zn in a contaminated dredged sediment-derived soil under different hydrological regimes was determined by measuring metal uptake by the wetland plant species Salix cinerea, both in field circumstances and in a greenhouse experiment."( The effect of hydrological regime on the metal bioavailability for the wetland plant species Salix cinerea.
Quataert, P; Tack, FM; Vandecasteele, B, 2005)		0.33
"Several authors suggest that a hydrological regime aiming at wetland creation is a potential management option that favours reducing bioavailability for metal-contaminated sites."( Differences in Cd and Zn bioaccumulation for the flood-tolerant Salix cinerea rooting in seasonally flooded contaminated sediments.
Laing, GD; Quataert, P; Tack, FM; Vandecasteele, B, 2005)		0.33
"Low bioavailability of mercury (Hg) in soil is a restricting factor in phytoextraction of Hg-contaminated soil."( Use of iodide to enhance the phytoextraction of mercury-contaminated soil.
Greger, M; Wang, Y, 2006)		0.33
"Rapid passage through the proximal intestine can result in the low bioavailability of a drug substance with site-specific absorption characteristics in the upper gastrointestinal tract."( Are chitosan formulations mucoadhesive in the human small intestine? An evaluation based on gamma scintigraphy.
Ahonen, A; Kanerva, H; Lindevall, K; Marvola, J; Marvola, M; Säkkinen, M, 2006)		0.33
" However, for 137Cs phytoremediation investigations into the appropriate use of soil amendments for increasing bioavailability are required."( Assessing the potential of short rotation coppice (SRC) for cleanup of radionuclide-contaminated sites.
Dutton, MV; Humphreys, PN, 2005)		0.33
"Vegetation that develops spontaneously on metal-contaminated soils presents an opportunity to evaluate both metal bioavailability and the risks posed to biota."( Cadmium and zinc in vegetation and litter of a voluntary woodland that has developed on contaminated sediment-derived soil.
Lepp, NW; Madejón, P, )		0.13
"9), an 28% higher AUC (difference 328 ng h(-1) ml(-1), 95% CI 24, 632) and a higher bioavailability of furosemide (59 vs."( Sublingual administration of furosemide: new application of an old drug.
Brunner-La Rocca, HP; Drewe, J; Haegeli, L; Krähenbühl, S; Pfisterer, M; Wenk, M, 2007)		0.85
" Topotecan, an anti-cancer drug widely used in metastatic carcinoma, is a P-glycoprotein substrate having oral bioavailability of 30% with large inter-patient variability."( Concurrent determination of topotecan and model permeability markers (atenolol, antipyrine, propranolol and furosemide) by reversed phase liquid chromatography: utility in Caco-2 intestinal absorption studies.
Bansal, T; Jaggi, M; Khar, RK; Mishra, G; Mukherjee, R; Singh, M; Talegaonkar, S, 2007)		0.55
" Torasemide has been developed as a newer type of loop diuretic with a longer half-life, longer duration of action, and higher bioavailability compared to the most commonly used loop diuretic, furosemide."( Torasemide for the treatment of heart failure.
Ishido, H; Senzaki, H, 2008)		0.54
" Different approaches for the evaluation of average bioequivalence were applied to the results of a bioavailability trial on the diuretic drug Furosemide."( Evaluating average bioequivalence using methods for high variability drugs: a case study.
Carrasco, JL; Godoy, CG; Godoy, R; Gomez, C; Ocana, J; Reinbach, R; Sanchez, MP; von Plessing, C, 2008)		0.55
"5 and effectively reduced bioavailability of most heavy metals below phytotoxic levels."( Establishment and growth of two willow species in a riparian zone impacted by mine tailings.
Bourret, MM; Brummer, JE; Leininger, WC, )		0.13
"Oral bioavailability (F) is a product of fraction absorbed (Fa), fraction escaping gut-wall elimination (Fg), and fraction escaping hepatic elimination (Fh)."( Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
Chang, G; El-Kattan, A; Miller, HR; Obach, RS; Rotter, C; Steyn, SJ; Troutman, MD; Varma, MV, 2010)		0.36
"Soil amendments previously shown to be effective in reducing metal bioavailability and/or mobility in calcareous metal-polluted soils were tested on a calcareous dredged sediment-derived soil with 26 mg Cd/kg dry soil, 2200 mg Cr/kg dry soil, 220 mg Pb/kg dry soil, and 3000 mg Zn/kg dry soil."( Influence of flooding and metal immobilising soil amendments on availability of metals for willows and earthworms in calcareous dredged sediment-derived soils.
Du Laing, G; Jordaens, K; Lettens, S; Tack, FM; Vandecasteele, B, 2010)		0.36
" viminalis or the surfactant enhanced PAH degradation, primarily by a rhizosphere effect on the microbial activity in the former case and by increased bioavailability in the latter case."( Degradation of PAH in a creosote-contaminated soil. A comparison between the effects of willows (Salix viminalis), wheat straw and a nonionic surfactant.
Castillo, Mdel P; Granhall, U; Hultgren, J; Pizzul, L, 2010)		0.36
" To show the importance of physicochemical properties, the classic QSAR and CoMFA of neonicotinoids and prediction of bioavailability of pesticides in terms of membrane permeability in comparison with drugs are described."( Importance of physicochemical properties for the design of new pesticides.
Akamatsu, M, 2011)		0.37
" It is a high-ceiling diuretic that has a longer half-life, longer duration of action and higher bioavailability compared to furosemide."( [Update: prolonged-release torasemide].
Acuña, C, 2010)		0.57
" Obtained results suggest that prepared formulations have potential to be used as carriers of poorly soluble drugs and they may improve their bioavailability after oral administration."( Chitosan coated furosemide liposomes for improved bioavailability.
Olmez, SS; Sarisozen, C; Vural, I, 2011)		0.72
" We conclude that biodegradable microparticles are a promising strategy to increase the bioavailability of drugs and have advantages compared to P-gp inhibitors with pharmacological and severe side effects at doses required for efflux pump inhibition."( The effects of PLGA microparticles on intestinal absorption of p-glycoprotein substrate using the everted rat intestinal sac model.
Derakhshandeh, K; Hosseinalizadeh, A; Nikmohammadi, M, 2011)		0.37
" Results indicate that the addition of carboxylic acids enhanced DDTs bioavailability which further increases plant uptake and translocation."( Effects of amendments on soil availability and phytoremediation potential of aged p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDD residues by willow plants (Salix sp.).
Gonzalez, M; Miglioranza, KS; Mitton, FM; Peña, A, 2012)		0.38
" In the present study we report upon the in vitro bioavailability improvement of Furosemide through particle size reduction as well as formation of solid dispersions (SDs) using the hydrophilic polymer Crospovidone."( Applications of supercritical fluids to enhance the dissolution behaviors of Furosemide by generation of microparticles and solid dispersions.
Bolger, MB; De Zordi, N; Del Rio Castillo, AE; Grassi, M; Kikic, I; Moneghini, M; Solinas, D, 2012)		0.83
" In fact FURO is a drug labeled in class IV of the Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) characterized by low and variable bioavailability due to both low solubility and low permeability and because of its weakly acid nature is preferentially absorbed in the stomach whereas its solubility is hampered."( Use of SBA-15 for furosemide oral delivery enhancement.
Ambrogi, V; Marmottini, F; Pagano, C; Perioli, L; Ricci, M; Rossi, C; Sagnella, A, 2012)		0.71
" These findings attest to better bioavailability of Mg complex with L-stereoisomer of aspartate in comparison with DL and D-stereoisomers and stereoisomers of Mg glutamate."( Correction of furosemide-induced magnesium deficiency with different stereoisomers of organic magnesium salts: a comparative study.
Iezhitsa, IN; Kharitonova, MV; Kravchenko, MS; Ozerov, AA; Spasov, AA; Zheltova, AA, 2011)		0.73
"As phytoextraction implementation may be limited by metal toxicity and leaching, we investigated the idea of in situ metal immobilization in bulk soil, while increasing metal bioavailability in the rhizosphere."( Sulfur-aided phytoextraction of Cd and Zn by Salix smithiana combined with in situ metal immobilization by gravel sludge and red mud.
Iqbal, M; Oburger, E; Puschenreiter, M; Santner, J; Wenzel, WW, 2012)		0.38
" The presence of plants increased the potential bioavailability of these metals, as assessed by an increase in the ratio of metal measured by DGT and metals in the solution."( Effect of plants on the bioavailability of metals and other chemical properties of biosolids in a column study.
Baker, AJ; Huynh, TT; Laidlaw, WS; Singh, B; Zhang, H, 2012)		0.38
" However, maximum plasma concentration, half-life, area under the curve, and oral bioavailability were not different."( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic alterations in the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass recipients.
Chalasani, N; Hall, SD; Jones, DR; Mattar, S; Tandra, S; Vuppalanchi, R, 2013)		0.39
"We present new supramolecular complexes of two different solid forms of furosemide (I or II) with maltodextrin, in order to explore their application as delivery systems improving the bioavailability of the drug."( Supramolecular complexes of maltodextrin and furosemide polymorphs: a new approach for delivery systems.
Chattah, AK; Garnero, C; Longhi, M, 2013)		0.88
" However the use of a physical mixture of drug, polymer and surfactant, to increase drug bioavailability cannot be generalized to all drugs."( Development and evaluation of novel solid nanodispersion system for oral delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs.
Antipas, A; El-Kattan, A; Litchfield, J; Lu, Y; Nkansah, P; Rago, B; Rotter, C; Rubio, M; Taylor, G; Varma, M, 2013)		0.39
" Oral bioavailability was 59."( Population-based meta-analysis of furosemide pharmacokinetics.
Mager, DE; Mallikaarjun, S; Shoaf, SE; Van Wart, SA, 2014)		0.68
" In particular, it was observed that the binary complex significantly increased the solubility of furosemide form I in the gastric simulated fluid, which resulted in a rise in the bioavailability of this formulation after oral administration."( Improving furosemide polymorphs properties through supramolecular complexes of β-cyclodextrin.
Chattah, AK; Garnero, C; Longhi, M, 2014)		1.02
" Moreover, ex vivo studies were performed to evaluate the permeation behaviour of developed solutions through porcine small intestine to evaluate the potential paediatric biological parameters influencing the bioavailability and efficacy."( Permeation studies through porcine small intestine of furosemide solutions for personalised paediatric administration.
Calpena, AC; Clares, B; Egea, MA; Mallandrich, M; Provenza, N; Sánchez, A, 2014)		0.65
" Sensitivity analysis of the IR tablet model indicated that both the gastric emptying and absorption rate have an influence on the plasma profile."( Prediction of in-vivo pharmacokinetic profile for immediate and modified release oral dosage forms of furosemide using an in-vitro-in-silico-in-vivo approach.
Dressman, J; Otsuka, K; Selen, A; Wagner, C, 2015)		0.63
" The implications of these results might partly explain the high variability in bioavailability in vivo, assuming that most of the observed variability is due to the absorption, and not the elimination, process."( Inter-subject variability in intestinal drug solubility.
Basit, AW; Flanagan, T; Martin, PD; Rabbie, SC, 2015)		0.42
" The stabilising effect of PVP on ASSF, led to improved relative oral bioavailability in rats of 263%, when compared to the pure ASSF."( Stabilisation of amorphous furosemide increases the oral drug bioavailability in rats.
Müllertz, A; Nielsen, LH; Rades, T, 2015)		0.71
" Due to their chemical similarities, PO4(3-) and glyphosate compete for soil adsorbing sites, with PO4(3-) fertilization increasing glyphosate bioavailability in the soil solution."( Consequences of phosphate application on glyphosate uptake by roots: Impacts for environmental management practices.
Gomes, MP; Juneau, P; Labrecque, M; Lucotte, M; Maccario, S, 2015)		0.42
" Instead of binding to iron, the willow leaf extracts reduced iron from the ferric to ferrous form, which may have prooxidative effects and increase the bioavailability of iron depending on animal species, gastrointestinal conditions, and whole animal processes."( Nutrient and plant secondary compound composition and iron-binding capacity in leaves and green stems of commonly used plant browse (Carolina willow; Salix caroliniana) fed to zoo-managed browsing herbivores.
Lavin, SR; Robinson, R; Russell, S; Singh, S; Stone, K; Sullivan, KE; Valdes, EV; Wooley, SC, 2015)		0.42
" furosemide and bumetanide) and more reliable bioavailability (vs."( Loop Diuretics in the Treatment of Hypertension.
Malha, L; Mann, SJ, 2016)		1.34
" The absorption rate constant of ASSF confined in microcontainers is found to be significantly different from the solution, and by light microscopy, it is observed that the microcontainers are engulfed by the intestinal mucus."( Polymeric microcontainers improve oral bioavailability of furosemide.
Boisen, A; Garrigues, T; Jacobsen, J; Keller, SS; Melero, A; Müllertz, A; Nielsen, LH; Rades, T, 2016)		0.68
"The aim of this study was (1) to determine how closely physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models can predict oral bioavailability using a priori knowledge of drug-specific properties and (2) to examine the influence of the biopharmaceutics classification system class on the simulation success."( Forecasting oral absorption across biopharmaceutics classification system classes with physiologically based pharmacokinetic models.
Aarons, L; Darwich, A; Dressman, J; Hansmann, S; Margolskee, A, 2016)		0.43
"Recently, several approaches have been reported to improve the dissolution rate and bioavailability of furosemide, a class IV drug."( Physical-chemical properties of furosemide nanocrystals developed using rotation revolution mixer.
Araújo, GL; Barbosa, SF; Bou-Chacra, NA; Löbenberg, R; Takatsuka, T; Tavares, GD; Vehring, R; Wang, H, 2016)		0.93
") biochars, produced using either fast- or slow-pyrolysis, on the bioavailability of metsulfuron and sulfentrazone herbicides in soil."( Bioavailability of Metsulfuron and Sulfentrazone Herbicides in Soil as Affected by Amendment with Two Contrasting Willow Biochars.
Hangs, RD; Schoenau, JJ; Szmigielski, AM, 2018)		0.48
" The hypothesis of this study was that degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is enhanced if heavy metals in soil are immobilized and their bioavailability reduced."( Investigations of microbial degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons based on
Friesl-Hanl, W; Jäger, A; Puschenreiter, M; Reichenauer, T; Soja, G; Watzinger, A; Wawra, A, 2018)		0.48
" Pharmacokinetic studies in rats indicated that the dendrimer complexes markedly improved in the bioavailability of the drug compared to the unformulated drug."( All-atomistic molecular dynamics (AA-MD) studies and pharmacokinetic performance of PAMAM-dendrimer-furosemide delivery systems.
de Villiers, MM; Otto, DP, 2018)		0.7
"7%) and bioavailability was 48."( Pharmacokinetics of furosemide after intravenous, oral and transdermal administration to cats.
Fitzgerald, C; O'Donnell, P; Papich, MG; Sleeper, MM, 2019)		0.84
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)		0.51
" In this study, uptake and accumulation of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and their bioavailability in the rhizosphere across the Salix clones under flooded versus non-flooded (control) conditions were investigated using a pot experiment."( Differences in uptake and accumulation of copper and zinc by Salix clones under flooded versus non-flooded conditions.
Ding, Z; Wang, Y; Yang, W; Yang, X; Zhao, F; Zhu, Z, 2020)		0.56
" Furosemide, due to its poor water solubility and low bioavailability after oral administration of conventional dosage form, is categorized as class IV in the biopharmaceutical classification system."( Utilization of a Single Experimental Design for the Optimization of Furosemide Modified-Release Tablet Formulations.
Dotsikas, Y; Siamidi, A; Vlachou, M, 2019)		1.66
"The knowledge on human serum albumin (HSA) binding is of utmost importance as it affects pharmacokinetic behavior and bioavailability of drugs."( Human Serum Albumin Binding in a Vial: A Novel UV-pH Titration Method To Assist Drug Design.
Bajusz, D; Balogh, GT; Dargó, G; Müller, J; Simon, K, 2020)		0.56
"Novel ternary systems with β-cyclodextrin or maltodextrin and triethanolamine as the third component were developed with the aim of improving the oral bioavailability of furosemide."( Evaluating ternary systems with oligosaccharides as a strategy to improve the biopharmaceutical properties of furosemide.
Abraham-Miranda, J; Ayala, AP; Chattah, AK; Garnero, C; Longhi, MR; Santiago de Oliveira, Y; Sterren, VB; Zoppi, A, 2020)		0.96
"The poor solubility and related low bioavailability are a major concern for a large number of small molecule drugs, both on the market and in development."( Use of Spray Flash Evaporation (SFE) technology to improve dissolution of poorly soluble drugs: Case study on furosemide nanocrystals.
Coty, JB; Martin, C; Spitzer, D; Telò, I, 2020)		0.77
" Although it is the most popular, this route also has absorption, and consequently, bioavailability limitations."( Enhancing the Furosemide Permeability by Papain Minitablets Through a Triple Co-culture In Vitro Intestinal Cell Model.
Andréo-Filho, N; Calixto, LA; Corazza, FG; Ernesto, JV; Leite-Silva, VR; Lopes, PS; Nambu, FAN; Varca, GHC; Vieira, DP, 2020)		0.92
" However, its pharmacokinetics and bioavailability have not been reported yet in this species."( Pharmacokinetics of furosemide in goats following intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous administrations.
Atik, O; Cetin, G; Corum, O; Durna Corum, D; Tekeli, IO; Turk, E; Uney, K, 2021)		0.94
"Furosemide is a potent diuretic drug widely used to treat congestive heart failure in dogs and cats, but it shows remarkable variability in bioavailability and efficacy when administered orally."( Dosage variability of veterinary drug products, containing furosemide, linked to tablet splitting.
Friuli, V; Maggi, L; Musitelli, G; Perugini, P; Venco, L, )		1.82
" In this study, Polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 (PVP-K30), mesoporous (Syloid 244FP, Syloid XDP 3050), and non-mesoporous (Aeroperl 300, Aerosil 200) silica were chosen as combined carrier to develop novel amorphous solid dispersions of furosemide, and then its dissolution and bioavailability were evaluated."( Preparation and Characterization of Furosemide Solid Dispersion with Enhanced Solubility and Bioavailability.
Jiang, H; Jin, Q; Mao, J; Tian, G; Zhang, F, 2022)		1.18
"To study the pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of drugs of different chemical structure and pharmacological action under conditions simulating the effects of some factors of spaceflight, as well as the peculiarities of the pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen under long-term spaceflight conditions."( Study of the pharmacokinetics of various drugs under conditions of antiorthostatic hypokinesia and the pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen under long-term spaceflight conditions.
Badriddinova, LY; Kondratenko, SN; Kovachevich, IV; Polyakov, AV; Repenkova, LG; Savelyeva, MI; Shikh, EV; Svistunov, AA, 2021)		0.62
"Mean absolute bioavailability was estimated at 88."( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of orally administered torasemide in healthy cats.
Broeckx, BJG; de Salazar Alcala, AG; Devreese, M; Hellemans, A; Paepe, D; Roche-Catholy, M; Schneider, M; Smets, P; Woehrlé, F, 2022)		0.72
", catheter obstruction and embolism), and enhancing in vivo bioavailability and efficacy."( Effective loading of incompatible drugs into nanosized vesicles: a strategy to allow concurrent administration of furosemide and midazolam in simulated clinical settings.
El Gazayerly, ON; El-Badry, M; Elsabahy, M; Fathi, HA; Yousry, C, 2023)		1.12

Dosage Studied

Furosemide has a steep dose-response curve for its effect on plasma volume and PRA. The relation is somewhat less steep for the diuretic action. However, as the effects of furo Semide are dependent on renal function, it can be hypothesised that the dosing schedule may be optimised.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" The different influence of 10 mg propranolol and 20 mg practolol on the stimulating effect of 40 mg furosemide on the PRA can be interpreted as a dosage problem."( [Cyclic AMP and plasma renin activity in renal vein blood after amitryptiline, theophylline, furosemide and beta adrenergic blocking substances (author's transl)].
Klaus, D; Klumpp, F; Lemke, R; Zehner, J, 1976)		0.69
"35S-Furosemide was administered to beagle dogs and rhesus monkeys as an oral solution on a single and a 20 repeated 5 mg/kg/day dosing regimen."( Plasma and tissue levels of furosemide in dogs and monkeys following single and multiple oral doses.
Doluisio, JT; Johnston, JT; Maness, DD; Novick, WJ; Scholler, J; Yakatan, GJ, 1979)		1.11
"Peripheral beta-adrenergic receptor sensitivity was characterized in 24 patients with essential hypertension and in 13 age-matched normotensive subjects using an isoproterenol hydrochloride bolus dose-response technique."( Peripheral beta-receptor responsiveness in patients with essential hypertension.
Dominic, JA; Guthrie, GP; Kotchen, TA; Love, DW; McAllister, RG, 1979)		0.26
" Since calculation of the uncatalyzed hydration of CO2 or dehydration of HCO3-in tissues involves some uncertainty, these rates are generally best defined by studying the dose-response curves of inhibitors and observing the residual activity after full inhibition."( Use of inhibitors in physiological studies of carbonic anhydrase.
Maren, TH, 1977)		0.26
" Furosemide had a similar effect on CI transport, but the dose-response curves of the two drugs were not parallel."( The mode of action of bumetanide: inhibition of chloride transport across the amphibian cornea.
Bentley, PJ; McGahan, MC; Yorio, T, 1977)		1.17
" Frusemide dosage was increased and the alpha adrenoreceptor blocking drug prazosin hydrochloride was added to the therapeutic regime."( The use of alpha blockade in the treatment of congestive heart failure associated with dirofilariasis and mitral valvular incompetence.
Atwell, RB, 1979)		0.26
" This article attempts to critically review these studies under seven different sections: furosemide pharmacokinetics in normal volunteers, furosemide pharmacokinetics in patients with decreased renal function, furosemide pharmacokinetics in patients with congestive heart failure, furosemide metabolism and assay methods, furosemide bioavailability, dose-response relationships, and the role of inhibitors and mediators on furosemide effects."( Pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of furosemide in man: a review.
Benet, LZ, 1979)		0.75
" Nevertheless, in view of the potential seriousness of volume depletion, dosage should probably begin at 20 rather than 40 mg daily."( Adverse reactions to frusemide in hospital inpatients.
Gray, J; Henry, DA; Lawson, DH; Lowe, J, 1979)		0.26
" Urinary flow rates 1--2 h following dosing were significantly less after oral than intravenous dosing, but flow rates over 4, 8 or 24 h after dosing were similar for both routes of administration."( Pharmacokinetics of furosemide in patients with congestive heart failure.
Benet, LZ; Cohn, K; Edelen, JS; Goldman, S; Greither, A, 1979)		0.58
"Furosemide (20 mg) was administered intravenously to 7 healthy volunteers, before and after 4 days of oral administration of aspirin in uricosuric dosage (1 g daily)."( Effect of combined administration of furosemide and aspirin on urinary urate excretion in man.
Komninos, Z; Mayopoulou-Symvoulidou, D; Mountokalakis, T; Rallis, D, 1979)		1.98
" Extrapolation of the observed log dose-response curves provides one possible explanation for the relative potency (bumetanide: frusemide) of 20:1 reported when the drugs are used at high dosage in patients with renal failure."( Bumetanide and frusemide: a comparison of dose-response curves in healthy men.
Hettiarachchi, J; McInnes, GT; Ramsay, LE; Scott, P; Shelton, J, 1978)		0.26
" This method was used to study furosemide stability in various aqueous solutions and dosage forms."( Stability of furosemide in aqueous systems.
Das Gupta, V; Ghanekar, AG; Gibbs, CW, 1978)		0.91
" The dosage of furosemide did not account for the increased frequency of ARs in patients with hepatic disease."( Furosemide-induced adverse reactions during hospitalization.
Busto, U; Cassis, L; Naranjo, CA, 1978)		2.05
" The maximum depression of the EP (reduction to -30 to -40 mV) was obtained at a dosage of 30 mg/kg."( Reduction of the endocochlear potential by the new "loop" diuretic, bumetanide.
Ise, I; Kambayashi, J; Kawamoto, K; Kusakari, J, )		0.13
" Although the range of mean timolol concentrations at steady state varies to a certain extent among different patients, the dosage regimens for patients who will receive treatment for certain chronic disease states (e."( Clinical pharmacologic observations on timolol. II. Antihypertensive effect and kinetic disposition on twice-daily dosing in patients with mild or moderate hypertension.
Ishizaki, T; Nakaya, H; Oyama, Y; Tawara, K, )		0.13
" When administered intravenously, Ple 1053 was approximately 5 times more potent on a weight basis than furosemide, its dose-response relationship was closer and the slope was steeper."( Clinical and pharmacological investigations of the new saluretic azosemid.
Bablok, W; Besenfelder, E; Betzien, G; Kaufmann, B; Krück, F, 1978)		0.47
" [des-Asp1]AII stimulated aldosterone in four of the five sodium-depleted dogs but no steepening of the [des-Asp1]AII/aldosterone dose-response curves was apparent."( [des-Asp1]angiotensin II in the dog: blood levels and effect on aldosterone.
Fraser, R; Nicholls, MG; Semple, PF; Tree, M, 1978)		0.26
" Higher dosage of indomethacin (5 mg/kg), on the contrary, markedly reduced the urinary kallikrein excretion."( The renal kallikrein-kinin system in various types of diuresis and under the effects of inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis in rats.
Nekrasova, AA; Shkhvatsabaya, IK; Zharova, EA, 1978)		0.26
" During another two-week period, a 50 mg/day dosage of hydrochlorothiazide did cause a significant rise in serum lithium levels."( Serum lithium levels and long-term diuretic use.
Jefferson, JW; Kalin, NH, 1979)		0.26
" We believe that repeated renograms, a reduction in azathioprine dosage and careful dialysis is the only treatment necessary."( Etiology and prognosis in acute post-transplant renal failure.
Buselmeier, TJ; Casali, RE; Kjellstrand, CM; Najarian, JS; Shideman, JR; Simmons, RL, 1976)		0.26
" When dosage was reduced to 20 mg per day, five of the ten patients were controlled for an additional four weeks or longer, and five required higher doses of furosemide."( Diuretic and clinical effects of low-dose furosemide in congestive heart failure patients.
Bacchus, R; Mahabir, RN, 1976)		0.72
"In a random crossover study in general practice, sixty patients with heart failure were given one week's maintenance treatment with the recommended dosage of Burinex K or Lasix+K."( Patient acceptability of two diuretic/potassium supplement preparations.
Bennion-Pedley, J; Donald, JF; Gould, CH; Lomas, DM; Postlethwaite, DL; Rivlin, R, 1976)		0.26
"35S-Furosemide was administered to beagle dogs and rhesus monkeys in an oral solution on a single and a 20 repeated 5-mg/kg/day dosing regimen."( Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of furosemide in dogs and monkeys I: analytical methodology, metabolism, and urinary excretion.
Doluisio, JT; Maness, DD; Novick, WJ; Scholler, J; Yakatan, GJ, 1976)		1.06
" Furosemide and ethacrynic acid, when used at the recommended dosage (1 mg/kg), would probably not produce a significant increase in free bilirubin in most infants."( Displacement of bilirubin from human albumin by three diuretics.
Ahlfors, CE; Rasmussen, F; Wennberg, RP, 1977)		1.17
" The dose-response analysis disclosed that bumetanide was 14 times as potent as furosemide."( Effect of bumetanide and furosemide on the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop of rabbits and rats perfused in vitro.
Imai, M, 1977)		0.79
"Thirteen male patients were treated with furosemide at a dosage of 40 mg by mouth daily for three weeks."( Increased serum calcium levels induced by furosemide.
Chandler, PT; Chandler, SA, 1977)		0.79
" Probenecid failed to displace the dose-response curve for bumetanide."( Hemodynamic and natriuretic effects of bumetanide and furosemide in the cat.
Friedman, PA; Roch-Ramel, F, 1977)		0.51
"Intravenous dose-response data obtained from renal clearance studies in anesthetized dogs indicated that bumetanide was approximately 30-fold more potent than furosemide in enhancing sodium excretion."( A comparative diuretic and tissue distribution study of bumetanide and furosemide in the dog.
Cohen, MR; Hinsch, E; Kolis, SJ; Ryan, J; Schwartz, MA; Vergona, R, 1976)		0.69
" In the final phase, dosage was lowered to 20 mg per day and 24 of the 39 patients, (62%), were successfully controlled for four weeks, while 14, (36%), were controlled for eight weeks."( Dosage titration with furosemide in congestive heart failure patients.
Exaire, JE; Figueroa, G; Hamdan, G; Villalpando, J, 1975)		0.57
"We have examined the differences in urinary excretion of water, sodium, potassium, chloride, urea, and creatinine produced by different dosage regimens offurosemide in normal volunteers."( Effect of dosage regimen on natriuretic response to furosemide.
Falk, KJ; Labelle, JL; Nguyen, KB; Wilson, TW, 1975)		0.7
" In dose-response studies (sodium excretion as a function of dose) in rats the maximal or ceiling effect of cis-3-amino-2-benzhydrylquinuclidine was considerably greater than that of hydroflumethiazide but less than that of furosemide."( Quinuclidine chemistry. 4. Diuretic properties of cis-3-amino-2-benzhydrylquinuclidine.
Mueller, NJ; Warawa, EJ, 1975)		0.44
" The dosage range for furosemide was 50 mg/kg for a just-detectable effect to 100 mg/kg for a very severe effect."( Cochlear damage resulting from kanamycin and furosemide.
Brown, R; Brummett, RE; Himes, D; Traynor, J, )		0.71
" Its effect is dosage dependent."( [Pharmacological and toxicological properties of the saluretic xipamide (4-chloro-5-sulfamoyl-2',6'-salicyloxylidide)].
Bahrmann, H; Leuschner, F; Neumann, W, 1975)		0.25
"750 mg/kg body weight the dose-response curve of orally administered xipamide for the increase of excretion of urine, sodium and potassium ion and chloride during 24 h is described."( [The saluretic effect of xipamide (4-chloro-5-sulfamoyl-2',6'-salicyloxylilide) in normal subjects].
Hempelmann, FW; Leuschner, F; Liebenow, W, 1975)		0.25
" Furosemide in high dosage in over-hydrated patients is an effective diuretic even in advanced renal failure."( [Investigations into urea elimination in patients with advanced chronic renal failure during forced diuresis].
Kluthe, R; Quirin, H; Schaeffer, G, 1976)		1.17
" The incidence of cough appeared to be related both to the dosage of ramipril given and to outbreaks of influenza syndrome."( The French multicentre study of ramipril in ambulatory patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension.
Carré, A; Vasmant, D; Zannad, F, 1992)		0.28
"5 mg) or saline placebo were administered by nebuliser in a double-blind fashion, prior to construction of a dose-response curve to metabisulphite (2."( Inhibition of inhaled metabisulphite-induced bronchoconstriction by inhaled frusemide and ipratropium bromide.
Bellingan, GJ; Dixon, CM; Ind, PW, 1992)		0.28
" -SP depends on the ion transportation, the polarity can be inversed while large dosage of furosemide was used."( [Effects of furosemide on endocochlear potentials, auditory action potentials and summating potentials and the changes of inner ear pathology].
Wang, L, 1992)		0.88
" The relationships between the diuretic response and the plasma concentration or the urinary excretion rate of furosemide was depicted by sigmoidal dose-response curves in both cases."( The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of furosemide in the anaesthetized dog.
Hirai, J; Miyazaki, H; Taneike, T, 1992)		0.75
" Neither in epithelium-on nor in epithelium-off tissues was the ACh dose-response curve affected by the administration of furosemide."( The inhibitory effect of furosemide on the contractile response of equine trachealis to cholinergic nerve stimulation.
Derksen, FJ; Robinson, NE; Wang, Z; Yu, M, 1992)		0.79
" The timing of diuretic administration, state of hydration, and furosemide dosage appear to be the key methodologic variables."( Diuretic renography: concepts and controversies.
Sarkar, SD, 1992)		0.52
" There were no significant differences in the dosage of furosemide, gestational age, placement of umbilical venous catheters, or amount of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) between subjects with and without gallstones."( Cholelithiasis in infants receiving furosemide: a prospective study of the incidence and one-year follow-up.
Molteni, RA; Randall, LH; Reid, BS; Shaddy, RE; Sturtevant, JE, 1992)		0.8
" Furosemide at dosage of 2 mg/kg reduced resting right atrial pressure (RAP) 4 hours after furosemide injection."( Influence of furosemide on hemodynamic responses during exercise in horses.
Coyne, CP; Erickson, HH; Lowe, BS; Olsen, SC; Pelletier, N; Raub, EM, 1992)		1.56
"The aim of this double blind placebo-controlled cross-over study was to evaluate the effects of fadrozole, a new oral nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor, on basal and stimulated cortisol and aldosterone secretion at a daily dosage of 4 mg given for 14 days to eight healthy men."( The effects of fadrozole hydrochloride on aldosterone secretion in healthy male subjects.
Aupetit, B; Bhatnagar, AS; Ezzet, F; Girard, F; Menard, J; Mueller, P; Trunet, PF; Zognbi, F, 1992)		0.28
"The excretions of urinary sodium, potassium, magnesium, urate, and water after dosing with diuretics or the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor perindopril are reported, as well as the results of other recent studies."( Effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on urinary excretions: interactions with diuretics.
Leary, WP; Reyes, AJ; Van der Byl, K, 1992)		0.28
" This suggests that blood pressure is not the important factor mediating the divergent renal responses to furosemide of the two captopril dosage regimens."( Furosemide-induced natriuresis is augmented by ultra-low-dose captopril but not by standard doses of captopril in chronic heart failure.
Fenwick, MK; Morton, JJ; Motwani, JG; Struthers, AD, 1992)		1.94
" An increased dosage of loop diuretic potentiates the haemodynamic effects of captopril in patients with cardiac failure."( The relationship between diuretic dose, and the haemodynamic response to captopril in patients with cardiac failure.
Davies, E; Edwards, CR; Flapan, AD; Shaw, TR; Williams, BC, 1992)		0.28
" At this dosage similar increases in renal excretion were obtained with either drug."( Tissue electrical admittance (electrolyte concentration) in rat renal medulla: effects of furosemide and acetazolamide.
Badzyńska, B; Kompanowska-Jezierska, E; Sadowski, J, 1990)		0.5
"An attempt was made to evaluate some of the criteria for developing a modified release peroral dosage form for furosemide which has a poor bioavailability when given in the conventional peroral dosage forms."( Biopharmaceutic evaluation of furosemide as a potential candidate for a modified release peroral dosage form.
Menon, A; Ritschel, WA; Sakr, A, 1991)		0.78
" The oral dosage required to produce a clinically optimal furosemide excretion rate in cardiac patients without liver disease was dose (mg) = 42."( Multiple linear regression modeling of furosemide renal clearance and urinary excretion rate.
Ponto, LL; Schoenwald, RD, 1991)		0.79
" Oral medication and water intake were standardized; furosemide dosage was adjusted on a daly basis, allowing the study of this drug's requirements in each group."( [Diet with usual quantity of salt in hospital treatment of congestive heart insufficiency].
Alonso, RR; Barretto, AC; Bellotti, G; Ciscato, CM; Pileggi, F; Velloso, LG, 1991)		0.53
"0%), cumulative furosemide dosage (568 x 599 mg), mean daily furosemide dosage per kilogram of lean weight (1."( [Diet with usual quantity of salt in hospital treatment of congestive heart insufficiency].
Alonso, RR; Barretto, AC; Bellotti, G; Ciscato, CM; Pileggi, F; Velloso, LG, 1991)		0.63
" Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors cause an acute fall in creatinine clearance which may reduce the effects of loop diuretics and attention must be paid to diuretic dosage when initiating angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors for the treatment of cardiac failure."( Acute administration of captopril lowers the natriuretic and diuretic response to a loop diuretic in patients with chronic cardiac failure.
Davies, E; Edwards, CR; Flapan, AD; Shaw, TR; Waugh, C; Williams, BC, 1991)		0.28
" The provocative concentration causing a 20% fall in FEV1 (logPC20) was calculated by linear interpolation of log dose-response curves."( Effect of inhaled furosemide and bumetanide on adenosine 5'-monophosphate- and sodium metabisulfite-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic subjects.
Barnes, PJ; Chen-Worsdell, YM; Chung, KF; Fuller, RW; O'Connor, BJ, 1991)		0.62
" In the next stage of the therapy they additionally received a 200 mg intravenous dosage of pentoxifylline and continued to take pentoxifylline orally for the period of at least 14 days."( [The effect of combined treatment in chronic congestive heart failure with digoxin, furosemide and pentoxifylline upon blood viscosity].
Kochmański, M; Zochowski, RJ, 1990)		0.5
" Dose-response studies of these two drugs suggested that azosemide was about 5 times as potent as furosemide."( Effect of azosemide on the in vitro perfused thick ascending limb of Henle's loop from the mouse.
Marumo, F; Sasaki, S; Tsuchiya, K, 1990)		0.5
"The study has been performed in an attempt to provide further data on the supposed direct action of insulin on the kidney, based on the assumption that any effect of insulin on sodium reabsorption via co-transport should shift the dose-response curve to the furosemide administration."( Renal response to furosemide in normal subjects during hyperinsulinaemic clamp.
Melis, A; Sechi, LA; Tedde, R, 1990)		0.79
" With the dosage used, enoximone appeared to be at least as effective as conventional therapy in acute pulmonary oedema."( Acute pulmonary oedema: preliminary results of a randomized trial of the intravenous phosphodiesterase inhibitor, enoximone, vs conventional therapy.
Chassing, A; Flammang, D; Tarral, A; Waynberger, M, 1990)		0.28
" After frusemide there was a small transient increase in excretion of active kallikrein 1-2 h after dosing which coincided with the maximum diuresis and natriuresis."( Active and inactive urinary kallikrein in man: effects of diuresis and antidiuresis.
Albano, JD; Bhatia, SS; Campbell, SK; Millar, JG; Waller, DG, 1990)		0.28
" The response to a given dosage is modulated by the fluid and electrolyte balance of the individual."( Furosemide (frusemide). A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic review (Part I).
Ponto, LL; Schoenwald, RD, 1990)		1.72
" PC20MBS and PC20MC, the concentration of each agent needed to lower FEV1 by 20%, were calculated by linear interpolation of the log dose-response curves."( Effect of inhaled furosemide on metabisulfite- and methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction and nasal potential difference in asthmatic subjects.
Alton, EW; Barnes, PJ; Chung, KF; Geddes, DM; Nichol, GM; Nix, A, 1990)		0.61
" Linear dose-response relationships were found between the logarithm of the urinary furosemide excretion rate and diuretic/natriuretic response (urine output and urinary sodium excretion rate)."( Renal response to furosemide in very low birth weight infants during chronic administration.
Chapron, DJ; Kramer, PA; Miceli, JJ; Mirochnick, MH; Raye, JR, 1990)		0.84
" No dosage adjustment of felodipine seems to be necessary in patients with hypertension and renal impairment."( Acute and steady-state pharmacokinetics and antihypertensive effects of felodipine in patients with normal and impaired renal function.
Aberg, J; Gelin, A; Karlberg, BE; Larsson, R; Regårdh, CG, 1990)		0.28
" Survival of dosed and control rats of both sexes and male mice was similar; survival of high-dose female mice was lower than controls."( Toxicology and carcinogenicity studies of diuretics in F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice. 2. Furosemide.
Bucher, JR; Davis, WE; Eustis, SL; Haseman, JK; Huff, J; Meierhenry, EF, 1990)		0.5
" Water and food intakes were measured, and urine was collected for 24 hours following the final dosage in each group."( Chronopharmacological study of furosemide; (VII). Influence of repeated administration on biochemical parameters in blood.
Ebihara, A; Fujimura, A; Ohashi, K, 1990)		0.57
" After 2 weeks of treatment with furosemide, the high dosage (10 or 20 mg/kg/day) caused a significant increase in [Ca2+]i."( Furosemide increases total calcium in kidney and cytoplasmic free calcium in blood mononuclear cells of guinea pigs.
Klip, A; Radde, IC; Tsao, PW, 1990)		2
" Venous blood was taken before and 6 and 24 h after dosing and the serum was analysed for the same solutes as urine."( Renal excretory actions of furosemide, of hydrochlorothiazide and of the vasodilator flosequinan in healthy subjects.
Leary, WP; Reyes, AJ; van der Byl, K; Wynne, RD, )		0.43
" Plasma level-diuretic response relationship was extensively shifted to the right in HgCl2-treated dogs, while urinary dose-response relationship did not change significantly between two groups."( The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of furosemide in anesthetized dogs with normal and experimentally decreased renal function.
Hirai, J; Miyazaki, H; Taneike, T, 1990)		0.54
" Diuretic agents allow dosing rate flexibilities because the temporal profile of diuretic action can vary considerably as long as the total diuretic effect per day is the same."( Optimization of the therapeutic index by adjustment of the rate of drug administration or use of drug combinations: exploratory studies of diuretics.
Levy, G; Zhi, J, 1990)		0.28
" The low solubility of furosemide in lipid makes it probable that aggravated drug toxicity in obese rats dosed to total body mass resulted in part from elevated furosemide concentrations in lean body mass."( Obesity as a risk factor in drug-induced organ injury. III. Increased liver and kidney injury by furosemide in the obese overfed rat.
Chan, HH; Corcoran, GB; Salazar, DE, 1989)		0.81
" Thus, combined treatment with low doses of loop diuretics and ACE inhibitors that permit partial recovery of serum ACE activity during the 24 h after dosing synergistically lowers blood pressure without adverse reactions associated with larger doses of either therapy alone."( Loop diuretics combined with an ACE inhibitor for treatment of hypertension: a study with furosemide, piretanide, and ramipril in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
Baldes, L; Becker, RH; Treudler, M, 1989)		0.5
" Within this dosage range, bopindolol itself had no significant effect on PRA."( Effect of bopindolol on renin secretion and renal excretory function in rats.
Anderson, LA; Barrett, RJ; Proakis, AG; Taylor, DR; Wright, KF, 1989)		0.28
"Nifedipine, in a slow release preparation, was given at a mean daily dosage of 47 +/- 4 mg to 12 patients with severe hypertension in whom arterial pressure was not satisfactorily controlled (mean arterial pressure 132 +/- 4 4 mm Hg) by the combination of a converting enzyme inhibitor and a diuretic."( Effect of chronic nifedipine in patients inadequately controlled by a converting enzyme inhibitor and a diuretic.
Mimran, A; Ribstein, J, 1985)		0.27
" In elderly patients reduction or correction of the dosage seems to be necessary for all three diuretics investigated in our studies."( Pharmacokinetics of diuretics in geriatric patients.
Mühlberg, W, )		0.13
" The results obtained indicated that if anything, the once daily dosing produced marginally better blood pressure values."( Is captopril effective in controlling blood pressure when administered once daily? An assessment using 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring.
Buik, C; Frewin, DB; Rennie, G, 1989)		0.28
" Furosemide given intravenously at the dosage of 200 mg 6 hourly for a period of 4 days did not alter the clinical course of renal failure."( Furosemide and dopamine in malarial acute renal failure.
Keoplung, M; Lumlertgul, D; Moollaor, P; Sitprija, V; Suwangool, P, 1989)		2.63
" We conclude that low dose captopril with a variable frusemide dosage represents a simple and effective treatment for moderate to severe hypertension."( Low dose, twice daily captopril and frusemide: a safe, effective and flexible third line treatment regimen for hypertension.
Corrie, J; Flapan, AD; Lindsay, BA; Padfield, PL; Rademaker, M, 1989)		0.28
" However, the dose-response relationships for Ca++ and Na+ excretion differed slightly among these drugs."( Effect of S-8666 on urinary Ca++ excretion in rats.
Miyata, K; Nakamura, M; Shimizu, T, 1989)		0.28
" The method has been successfully used in a pharmacokinetic study with po dosing of 5 mg of 1 to eight healthy volunteers."( Gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy determination of clopamide in plasma.
Blume, H; Sörgel, F; Stenzhorn, G; Stüber, W, 1989)		0.28
" Thus, when verapamil is introduced or discontinued in patients on ciclosporin, close monitoring of ciclosporin levels and dosage adjustment are necessary."( [Effect of enalapril, furosemide and verapamil on cyclosporin concentration in whole blood].
Angermann, CE; Anthuber, M; Kemkes, BM; Spes, CH; Theisen, K, 1988)		0.59
" In rats, continuous infusion of ANF resulted in a bell-shaped dose-response relationship."( The character of the atrial natriuretic response: pressure and volume effects.
Blaine, EH; Heinel, LA; Marsh, EA; Schorn, TW; Whinnery, MA, 1986)		0.27
" Infusion of furosemide in Group 2 rats at a dosage which reproduced the increase in urine flow in Group 1 was associated with small and equivalent increases in both vascular and tubule elements, indicating that the differential pressure response observed in Group 1 was not due to increased tubule fluid flow rates, but was rather a specific ANP-induced vascular effect."( Atrial natriuretic peptide and furosemide effects on hydraulic pressure in the renal papilla.
Brenner, BM; Dunn, BR; Méndez, RE; Troy, JL, 1988)		0.93
"Nifedipine, in a slow release preparation, was given at a mean daily dosage of 47 +/- 4 mg to 12 patients with severe hypertension in whom arterial pressure was not satisfactorily controlled (mean blood pressure, 172 +/- 6/111 +/- 4 mmHg) by the association of a converting enzyme inhibitor and a diuretic."( Effect of nifedipine in hypertension not controlled by converting enzyme inhibitor and diuretic.
Mimran, A; Ribstein, J, 1986)		0.27
" Because of unchanged pharmacodynamic effect, such pharmacokinetic interaction may not require any dosage adjustment for furosemide on pentopril coadministration."( Inhibition of renal clearance of furosemide by pentopril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor.
Hurley, ME; Kochak, GM; Rakhit, A; Tipnis, V, 1987)		0.76
" Of these, three patients who had started taking frusemide because of hypertension and one whose dosage of a reserpine combination drug had been increased experienced an appreciable decrease in blood pressure immediately after the stroke; they also showed signs of haemoconcentration."( Contribution of inappropriate treatment for hypertension to pathogenesis of stroke in the elderly.
Gribnau, FW; Jansen, PA; Poels, EF; Schulte, BP, 1986)		0.27
"A dose-response relationship was involved after an intravenous bolus of a human antirenin monoclonal antibody (4G1D8), in sodium depleted marmosets."( [Hypotensive effect of a human anti-renin monoclonal antibody (4G1D8) in the sodium-depleted alert marmoset].
Carlet, C; Cazaubon, C; Corvol, P; Gagnol, JP; Nisato, D; Richaud, JP, 1986)		0.27
" Thus, these experiments suggest that thromboxane synthetase inhibition, within a narrow dosage range, potentiates furosemide-induced renin release while cyclooxygenase inhibition suppresses it."( Effect of cyclooxygenase and thromboxane synthetase inhibition on furosemide-stimulated plasma renin activity.
Datar, S; McCauley, FA; Wilson, TW, 1987)		0.72
" Each drug was administered single and consecutive 14-day dosage with its alone or in combination with either furosemide or gentamicin."( [Nephrotoxicity of cefodizime sodium in rats--single and 14-day repeated intravenous administration].
Hayashi, T; Irimura, K; Kuwata, M; Maruden, A; Morita, K, 1988)		0.49
" In comparative studies, the piretanide dose-response curve was found to be parallel to that of frusemide over the dose range studied."( Acute and long-term renal and metabolic effects of piretanide in congestive cardiac failure.
Lant, AF; McNabb, WR; Noormohamed, FH, 1988)		0.27
" Dexamethasone is rapidly eliminated, the short half-life (about 3 hours) indicating that dosage intervals should be kept small."( Clinical pharmacokinetic considerations in the treatment of increased intracranial pressure.
Heinemeyer, G, 1987)		0.27
" The mean supine BP 24 hours post dosing were 177/110 mmHg (placebo), 173/109 mmHg (propranolol) and 164/100 mmHg (atenolol)."( Atenolol or propranolol in hypertensive patients poorly controlled on captopril and frusemide.
Lovell, HG; Petrie, JC; Robb, OJ; Webster, J; Witte, K, 1987)		0.27
" All infants less than 29 weeks postconceptional age whose dosing schedule was once every 12 hours accumulated furosemide to potentially ototoxic levels."( Furosemide pharmacokinetics in very low birth weight infants.
Chapron, DJ; Kramer, PA; Miceli, JJ; Mirochnick, MH; Raye, JR, 1988)		1.93
" In the controls the average plasma concentration of triamterene during a dosage interval was 45 +/- 8 ng/ml and that of hydroxy-triamterene sulfate, an active metabolite of triamterene, was 967 +/- 177 ng/ml."( Kinetics and dynamics of triamterene at steady-state in patients with cirrhosis.
Dao, MT; Villeneuve, JP, 1988)		0.27
" Patients were assigned at random to receive one or other combination for 8 weeks, dosage being determined by the severity of the individual patient's condition (range 1 to 3 tablets frusemide/amiloride; 2 to 6 tablets bumetanide/potassium chloride)."( An open comparative study of two diuretic combinations, frusemide/amiloride ('Frumil') and bumetanide/potassium chloride ('Burinex' K), in the treatment of congestive cardiac failure in hospital out-patients.
Allman, S; Bailey, R; Crawford, RJ; Martin, A; Ramsay, F, 1988)		0.27
" Patients either remained on this regimen for a further 8 weeks or, if their blood pressure was not controlled, dosage was increased to 2 tablets daily."( An open study to compare the efficacy and tolerability of two diuretic combinations, frusemide plus amiloride and hydrochlorothiazide plus amiloride, in patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension.
Allman, S; Backhouse, CI; Crawford, RJ; Platt, J, 1988)		0.27
"The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of repeated oral administration of furosemide were studied in patients with chronic renal failure or nephrotic syndrome using three different dosage regimens (4 x 40, 4 x 80 and 4 x 250 mg/d)."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of high dose furosemide in patients with chronic renal failure or nephrotic syndrome.
Günther, K; Hoffmann-Traeger, A; Kühnel, HJ; Stein, G, 1987)		0.75
" The drugs were dosed for 2 weeks; CyA 12."( Effects of cyclosporin A, gentamicin and furosemide on rat renal function: a lithium clearance study.
Dieperink, H; Kemp, E; Leyssac, PP; Starklint, H, )		0.4
" The urinary excretion profile of furosemide was not significantly changed by concurrent dosing of tenoxicam."( Study on the possible interaction between tenoxicam and furosemide.
Hartmann, D; Kleinbloesem, CH; Lücker, PW; Vetter, G, 1987)		0.8
"01) were lower 15 hours after dosing during chronic prazosin therapy than before treatment, but changes after tilt and frusemide were not attenuated during treatment."( The effect of chronic prazosin therapy on the response of the renin-angiotensin system in patients with essential hypertension.
Fulton, JD; Leckie, BJ; Malatino, LS; McAreavey, D; Morton, JJ; Murray, GD; Robertson, JI; Webb, DJ, 1987)		0.27
" It is concluded that a gradual fall in BP can be obtained after fractionated dosage of diazoxide (i."( Severe hypertension with cerebral symptoms treated with furosemide, fractionated diazoxide or dihydralazine. Danish Multicenter Study.
Hilden, T; Krogsgaard, AR; McNair, A; Nielsen, PE, 1986)		0.52
" In examining the effects of diuretics on Mg and K metabolism, the following factors should be taken into account: site of action and duration of action of diuretics, duration of treatment and dosage used, concurrent drug therapy, underlying disease conditions and dietary intake of Mg."( Magnesium and potassium-sparing diuretics.
Ryan, MP, 1986)		0.27
" The systemic and local applications of aminoglycosides and the high dosage of furosemide were the probable ototoxic agents."( [Hearing loss, a complication of antibiotic therapy in severely burned patients].
Balogh, D; Bauer, M; Rauchegger, H; Zanon, E, 1987)		0.5
" Urinary dose-response curves showed torasemide to be five times as potent as furosemide."( Clinical pharmacology of torasemide, a new loop diuretic.
Anderson, SA; Brater, DC; Leinfelder, J, 1987)		0.5
" A transient decrease in total T4, elevation in the T3 resin uptake and consequent increase in the free T4 index (FT4I) were seen 2-5 h after ingestion of frusemide at a chronic morning dosage of 80, 120 or 250 mg."( Effect of oral frusemide on diagnostic indices of thyroid function.
Hamblin, PS; Lim, CF; Long, F; Newnham, HH; Stockigt, JR; Topliss, DJ, 1987)		0.27
" We tested the hypotheses that remaining nephrons respond normally to amounts of diuretic reaching them, and that more limited doses than are commonly used are sufficient to reach effective portions of the dose-response curve."( Response to furosemide in chronic renal insufficiency: rationale for limited doses.
Anderson, SA; Brater, DC; Brown-Cartwright, D, 1986)		0.65
" H2O the excretion of isotope from the contralateral kidney varied from two to 26% of the dosage given."( 125I-hippuran absorption from the human renal pelvis.
Bratt, CG; Granerus, G, 1986)		0.27
" Repeated oral dosing with frusemide 40 mg/day for 3 weeks produced an improvement in cardiac hemodynamics particularly during the first 2 weeks of treatment."( Echocardiographic determination of left ventricular haemodynamics following acute and chronic administration of frusemide (Lasix) to patients with heart failure.
Maass, L; Stefan, G, 1986)		0.27
" Some implications for the kinetic/dynamic relationship or modeling, in the clinical use, and in the bioequivalence evaluation of dosage forms are discussed."( Effects of the rate and composition of fluid replacement on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous furosemide.
Chiou, WL; Lee, MG; Li, T, 1986)		0.48
" Piretanide and furosemide both induced a short-term increase in plasma renin activity with a maximum about 4 hours after dosing which returned to initial levels after approximately 12 hours regardless of whether a single or twice daily dose had been given."( The effects of piretanide on catecholamine metabolism, plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone: a double-blind study versus furosemide in healthy volunteers.
Heintz, B; Kirsten, R; Nelson, K; Verho, M, 1985)		0.82
" A statistically significant positive linear relationship was found in these groups between the furosemide urinary excretion rate and urine flow rate, but log dose-response curves to furosemide were found to vary between the groups of patients studied."( Pharmacodynamic determinants of furosemide diuretic effect in children.
Prandota, J, 1986)		0.77
" M at a lower dosage than F has demonstrated an effective diuretic response irrespective the degree of renal impairment."( Step-dose of muzolimine at different stages of chronic renal failure: comparison with furosemide.
Bazzato, G; Coli, U; Fracasso, A; Landini, S; Morachiello, P; Righetto, F; Scanferla, F, 1985)		0.49
" This is further supported by the fact that at the maximum of the dose-response curves for muzolimine and furosemide in rats, a combination of maximal oral doses still results in significantly higher sodium excretion."( Beneficial effect of muzolimine in postischemic acute renal failure in rats.
Garthoff, B, 1985)		0.48
" The pharmacokinetics of furosemide are linear over the dosage range studied."( Pharmacokinetics of furosemide after three different single oral doses.
Doluisio, JT; Massarella, JW; Smith, RV; Tomkiw, MS; Waller, ES, )		0.76
" Nevertheless, dose-response analyses, in which the response was represented by sodium excretion rate and the dose by urinary excretion rate of unbound drug, demonstrated that nephrotic patients were less responsive to equivalent amounts of unbound diuretic as compared to healthy subjects."( Urinary protein binding, kinetics, and dynamics of furosemide in nephrotic patients.
Berardi, RR; Hyneck, ML; Port, FK; Smith, DE, 1985)		0.52
" Urinary Hg excretion was variable during the first 24 h after HgCl2 injection and tended to be higher with higher dosage unless the animals became anuric early on."( Renal mercury content in HgCl2-induced acute renal failure in furosemide/saline-protected and nonprotected rats.
Brunner, FP; de Rougemont, D; Robbiani, M; Seiler, H; Thiel, G, 1985)		0.51
" The combination of furosemide and triamterene brought about a 'softer' diuresis, no hypokalaemia and the advantage of dosage as only one tablet, thus eliminating the need for taking two separate drugs."( Comparison of the efficacy of furosemide with two furosemide-triamterene combinations in the treatment of cardiac insufficiency.
Ojasalo, T; Saarimaa, H, 1985)		0.88
"Cumulative dose-response curves were obtained for contractions induced by fluoride in bovine facial veins and arteries in the presence and absence of external Ca (Cao)."( Effects of vasoactive drugs on fluoride-induced contractions of vascular smooth muscle in calcium-free solution.
Nguyen-Duong, H, 1985)		0.27
" The effects of furosemide on ATPase and on Na flux were dissociable on a dose-response curve."( Ouabain-uninhibited sodium transport in human erythrocytes. Evidence against a second pump.
Dunn, MJ, 1973)		0.6
" In a controlled study in oedematous patients it was equipotent with frusemide at one-fortieth the molar dosage and did not differ from frusemide with regard to its pattern of electrolyte excretion."( Bumetanide: potent new "loop" diuretic.
Asbury, MJ; Bourke, E; Gatenby, PB; O'Sullivan, S, 1972)		0.25
" Only minimal adjustments of insulin dosage were required."( Successful use of oral diazoxide in the treatment of severe toxaemia of pregnancy.
Davis, D; Morgan, MY; Pohl, JE; Thurston, H, 1972)		0.25
" The pharmacodynamic response was a dose-related fall in the systemic arterial pressure, both supine and standing; dose-response effects were most evident in the upright posture."( The pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and haemodynamic effects of acute and chronic alpha-adrenoceptor blockade in chronic heart failure.
Silke, B; Taylor, SH, 1981)		0.26
" Particular attention has been paid to peripheral plasma concentrations of angiotensin II in different circumstances; angiotensin II infusion has been combined with radioimmunoassay to construct angiotensin II/blood pressure dose-response curves."( Angiotensin II and renal hypertension in dog, rat and man: effect of converting enzyme inhibition.
Atkinson, AB; Brown, JJ; Fraser, R; Lever, AF; Morton, JJ; Riegger, AJ; Robertson, JI, 1980)		0.26
" When ethacrynic acid was applied intravenously at a dosage of 50 mg/kg, and the endolymphatic potential allowed to decline to -10mV, no significant changes in cyclic AMP and ATP were seen."( Arguments against a mediating role of the adenylate cyclase--cyclic AMP system in the ototoxic action of loop diuretics.
Kobayashi, T; Thalmann, I; Thalmann, R, 1982)		0.26
" A dose-response relationship has been established for the effect of amiloride in reducing fractional excretion of magnesium and potassium during frusemide diuresis in rats."( Effects of diuretics on the renal handling of magnesium.
Counihan, TB; Devane, J; Ryan, MF; Ryan, MP, 1984)		0.27
" In the controlled double-blind oral study bumetanide was equipotent with furosemide at one fortieth the molar dosage and did not differ from furosemide with regards to its pattern of water and electrolyte excretion."( A comparative randomized double-blind clinical trial of bumetanide and furosemide in congestive cardiac failure and other edema states.
Sagar, S; Sharma, BK; Sharma, PL; Wahi, PL, 1984)		0.73
" The study was of 3-months' duration and patients received a dosage of 1 to 2 tablets once daily."( Frusemide/amiloride combination ('Frumil') in heart failure: an open, multi-centre study in general practice.
Eason, CT; Richards, HH; Townsend, HA; Waddy, AL, 1984)		0.27
" Although slight elevation of BUN and creatinine in plasma and hyaline casts in lumen of the distal tubules were observed in animals receiving 2,000 mg/kg of LMOX or CET when dosed with FUR, no histological changes were found in renal tissues."( [Comparative nephrotoxicity of latamoxef and other cephalosporins in rabbits. Combined administration with furosemide or tobramycin. (author's transl)].
Harada, Y; Okamoto, T; Teshima, K, 1981)		0.48
" A single dose of each compound was administered orally, or intraperitoneally, while multiple oral dosing was carried out once daily for a week."( [Effect of azosemide (SK-110) and its metabolites on mouse liver].
Asaeda, N; Haruyama, K; Ikawa, E; Koide, M; Shinoda, M; Tagawa, Y; Tamano, S, 1984)		0.27
" The variability (error variance) within the dosage forms was as large as that between the two generics."( Implications of intraindividual variability in bioavailability studies of furosemide.
Grahnén, A; Hammarlund, M; Lundqvist, T, 1984)		0.5
" Dose-response curves to noradrenaline administered as bolus doses or frequency-response curves from transmural arterial electrical stimulation were obtained."( Effect of bumetanide, frusemide and prostaglandin E2 on the isolated perfused kidney of rat and rabbit.
Foy, JM; Nuhu, SZ, 1984)		0.27
" Clinical pharmacokinetics and diuretic effect of furosemide after oral administration of two dosage forms were also studied with 3 normal subjects and 3 cirrhotic patients."( Clinical pharmacokinetics and diuretic effect of furosemide in plain tablet and retard capsule with normal subjects and cirrhotic patients.
Amano, J; Isozaki, S; Nakagawa, F; Oka, H; Saitoh, Y; Tamura, Z; Tanaka, N; Uchino, K, 1983)		0.77
" No differences between the dose-response curves of furosemide, bumetanide, or piretanide could be demonstrated."( Effect of diuretics on the tubuloglomerular feedback response.
Brunkhorst, R; Franke, H; Gutsche, HU; Müller-Ott, K; Niedermayer, W, 1984)		0.52
" A booster dosage of 5 to 20 mg of minoxidil was given at four hours if the diastolic BP exceeded 100 mm Hg."( Rapid control of severe hypertension with minoxidil.
Alpert, MA; Bauer, JH, 1982)		0.26
" It has been presumed that this paradox is accounted for by differences in rate of delivery of furosemide to the active site such that after an oral dose or after pretreatment with probenecid, amounts of drug are at the "steep" portion of the dose-response curve for longer periods of time."( Determinants of the overall response to furosemide: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
Brater, DC, 1983)		0.75
" These results indicate that furosemide has a steep dose-response curve for its effect on plasma volume and PRA; the relation is somewhat less steep for the diuretic action."( Diuretic and cardiovascular effects of furosemide in rats.
Leenen, FH, 1981)		0.82
" The data do not suggest any need to modify the present dosage schedule despite the 4-5 fold increase in the half-life of furosemide."( Kinetics of furosemide in children with chronic renal failure undergoing regular haemodialysis.
Bettinelli, A; Fossali, E; Riva, E, 1982)		0.85
"0 g cimetidine/day in divided doses before dosing with 40 mg furosemide produced no significant effects on furosemide plasma levels or in its effects on urinary water and electrolyte excretion."( Effect of cimetidine on the absorption and efficacy of orally administered furosemide.
Bradbrook, ID; House, FR; Morrison, P; Rogers, HJ, 1982)		0.74
" The furosemide dosage was decreased and eventually discontinued as clinical improvement occurred."( Medical management of congestive heart failure in a horse.
Brumbaugh, GW; Hodge, TG; Thomas, WP, 1982)		0.78
" It has been presumed that this paradox is accounted for by differences in rate of delivery of furosemide to the active site such that after an oral dose, or after pretreatment with probenecid, amounts of drug are for longer periods of time at the "steep" portion of the dose-response curve."( The time course of delivery of furosemide into urine: an independent determinant of overall response.
Brater, DC; Day, B; Kaojarern, S, 1982)		0.77
" dosing in the coadministered group were significantly increased as compared with those in the group received warfarin alone."( Effect of furosemide on plasma clearance, anticoagulant effect and protein binding of warfarin in rats.
Iwaki, M; Konishi, Y; Ogiso, T, 1982)		0.67
" However, azosemide appeared to be more effective than furosemide in those patients in whom a dose-response curve was established."( Comparison of azosemide and furosemide in ascitic patients without and during administration of spironolactone.
Gercsák, G; Hartai, A; Molnár, Z; Radó, JP, 1982)		0.81
" Severe leukopenia (WBC < 2000/cu mm) and thrombocytopenia (< 100,000/cu mm) occurred in 25% and 45% of evaluable courses, respectively and necessitated dosage reduction in all and delay of therapy in some patients."( Cis-Dichlorodiammine platinum and adriamycin therapy for advanced gynecological and genitourinary neoplasms.
Bachur, NR; Chang, P; Egorin, MJ; Hahn, D; Klein, M; Leroy, A; Markus, S; Ostrow, S; Wiernik, PH, 1980)		0.26
" However, a higher proportion of patients achieved satisfactory control (BP less than 160/95 mm Hg) on FUR than on HCT and, in addition, there was a more marked dose-response effect with FUR."( Controlled comparison of the effects of furosemide and hydrochlorothiazide added to propranolol in the treatment of hypertension.
Dombey, SL; Lawrence, J; Vander Elst, E; Vlassak, W, 1981)		0.53
" Patients stabilized on a theophylline dosage regimen should be monitored closely during the addition or discontinuation of furosemide therapy."( Effect of intravenous furosemide on serum theophylline concentration.
Conlon, PF; Grambau, GR; Johnson, CE; Weg, JG, 1981)		0.78
" The dose-response relationships of the N1 depressions to bumetanide and furosemide are parallel; those of the CM depressions are also parallel but have a much shallower slope than those of the N1 depressions."( Comparative acute cochlear toxicity of intravenous bumetanide and furosemide in the purebred beagle.
Brown, RD, )		0.6
" The dosage of the drugs administered daily for three days was 1 to 2 mg bumetanide or 80 mg furosemide."( Clinical use of diuretics in congestive heart failure.
Hutcheon, D; Sandhu, RS; Vincent, ME, )		0.35
" However, analysis of the time course of natriuresis showed a pattern similar to that of the urinary furosemide excretion rate, whereas the plasma concentration was poorly correlated over the entire dose-response curve."( Preliminary evaluation of furosemide-probenecid interaction in humans.
Benet, LZ; Brater, DC; Gee, WL; Lin, ET; Smith, DE, 1980)		0.78
" A Hill plot of the dose-response curve yielding a slope of unity suggested one furosemide molecule combines with one chloride transport site."( Mode of action of furosemide on the chloride-dependent short-circuit current across the ciliary body epithelium of toad eyes.
Horiuchi, K; Itoi, K; Saito, Y; Watanabe, T, 1980)		0.82
" There was a preference for initiating treatment with a diuretic rather than digoxin and for commencing digoxin in daily maintenance dosage rather than with a loading dose."( Survey of cardiac failure therapy in Australian medical practice: dependence on digoxin level for diagnosis of toxicity.
Read, TR; Schapel, GJ, 1980)		0.26
" Indomethacin significantly altered dose-response curves of furosemide."( Pharmacokinetic-dynamic analysis of the indomethacin-furosemide interaction in man.
Brater, DC; Chennavasin, P; Seiwell, R, 1980)		0.75
" In 18 patients with values of serum creatinine between 2-20 mg/100 ml also with a dosage up to 500 mg furosemide within 24 hours the Na+-concentration in the urine did not exceed a value of 90 mval/l."( [The kidney and diuretics].
Koall, W; Luci, V; Mampel, E, 1980)		0.48
" The EC50 obtained from the dose-response curves for GABA in eliciting a maximal response was comparable in neurons maintained in high K+ or in low K+ and treated with a single dose of NMDA, but that it increased significantly in cells maintained in low K+."( NMDA-mediated modulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor function in cerebellar granule neurons.
Grayson, DR; Harris, BT; Vicini, S; Zhu, WJ, 1995)		0.29
" The daily dosage of enalapril was increased, if required, from 10 to 20 to 40 mg and that of nifedipine from 40 to 60 to 80 mg at 4-week intervals during the 12-week titration period."( Factors determining the blood pressure response to enalapril and nifedipine in hypertension associated with NIDDM.
Chan, JC; Cheung, CK; Cockram, CS; Law, LK; Nicholls, MG; Swaminathan, R, 1995)		0.29
" This effect of meloxicam on furosemide dynamics is small, and is probably not clinically relevant in healthy volunteers under the dosing regime studied."( Influence of meloxicam on furosemide pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in healthy volunteers.
de Vaal, AC; Groenewoud, G; Hundt, HK; Middle, MV; Müller, FO; Schall, R, 1995)		0.88
" In this protocol after salt depletion, losartan caused a transient increase in urea and creatinine (143 +/- 40 microML) 8 h after dosing as compared with placebo (105 +/- 13 microM)."( Haemodynamic and renal responses to oral losartan potassium during salt depletion or salt repletion in normal human volunteers.
Doig, JK; MacFadyen, RJ; Reid, JL; Sweet, CS, 1995)		0.29
" Depending on the indication, the recommended initial adult dosage of torsemide is between 5 and 20 mg once daily orally or intravenously."( Torsemide: a pyridine-sulfonylurea loop diuretic.
Adams, KF; Blose, JS; Patterson, JH, 1995)		0.29
" Torsemide is characterized by good bioavailability and once-daily dosing and, compared with furosemide, provides generally equivalent therapeutic efficacy."( Torsemide: a pyridine-sulfonylurea loop diuretic.
Adams, KF; Blose, JS; Patterson, JH, 1995)		0.51
" On long term evaluation in an open design (Phase II), wherein Phase I participants continued Terminalia Arjuna in fixed dosage (500 mg 8-hourly) in addition to flexible diuretic, vasodilator and digitalis dosage for 20-28 months (mean 24 months) on outpatient basis, patients showed continued improvement in symptoms, signs, effort tolerance and NYHA Class, with improvement in quality of life."( Salutary effect of Terminalia Arjuna in patients with severe refractory heart failure.
Bharani, A; Bhargava, KD; Ganguly, A, 1995)		0.29
" Our results indicate a BP and plasma renin dose-response relation for the orally active angiotensin II (AII) receptor blocker losartan in normotensive subjects with an activated RAS."( Dose-ranging study of the angiotensin type I receptor antagonist losartan (DuP753/MK954), in salt-deplete normal man.
Doig, JK; Lees, KR; MacFadyen, RJ; Reid, JL; Sweet, CS, 1993)		0.29
" All patients received three dosing regimens administered in random order: (a) intravenous frusemide: 40 mg bolus then 40 mg h-1 for 3 h, (b) captopril: two 12."( The renin angiotensin aldosterone system and frusemide response in congestive heart failure.
Cerimele, B; Greene, P; Reed, S; Ryan, T; Schwertschlag, U; Voelker, J; Weinberger, M, 1995)		0.29
" The diverging effects on steady-state bioavailability (Fss) are simulated for changes in maximal metabolic capacity (Vm), volume of distribution (Vd), Michaelis constant (Km), steady-state plasma concentration (Css), repetitively administered drug dose (Dss), dosage interval (Tau), liver plasma flow (Ql), absorption rate constant (Ka), and free plasma fraction (fp), where (Cssf = fp Css = const."( Saturable first-pass kinetics, plasma protein binding, and the furosemide intricacies.
Keller, F, 1995)		0.53
"02) and effective renal plasma flow rose during the first (198 +/- 76 versus 231 +/- 49 mL/min) and second hours after dosing (185 +/- 69 versus 247 +/- 74 mL/min, P < ."( Effect of intense angiotensin II suppression on the diuretic response to furosemide during chronic ACE inhibition.
Brady, AJ; Cleland, JG; Good, JM; Noormohamed, FH; Oakley, CM, 1994)		0.52
"In a double-blind dose-response study, 49 patients with New York Heart Association functional class III or IV heart failure were randomized to receive a single intravenous dose of 5, 10, or 20 mg torsemide or 40 mg furosemide."( Dose-response study of intravenous torsemide in congestive heart failure.
Bremner, S; Hariman, RJ; Jones, JP; Kostis, JB; Louie, EK; Nocero, MA; Rogers, WJ, 1994)		0.47
" It is obvious that increasing dosage of furosemide would induce more calcium excretion than magnesium excretion among students of the three age groups."( [Effect of furosemide on renal magnesium and calcium excretion of different ages (II)].
Chen, CH; Chen, YH; Chu, ML; Lee, AJ, )		0.79
" Despite few, well-designed studies using this method of administration in clinical practice, pharmacodynamic concepts support continuous infusion over bolus administration, including decreased dosage requirements, improved diuretic response and few adverse effects."( Continuous infusion of loop diuretics in the critically ill: a review of the literature.
Danziger, LH; Martin, SJ, 1994)		0.29
" For all of the substrates tested the order of potency of these three inhibitors was the same (NPPB > furosemide > niflumate) and dose-response curves for the effect of these inhibitors on malaria-induced choline transport were similar to those for malaria-induced thymidine transport."( Transport of diverse substrates into malaria-infected erythrocytes via a pathway showing functional characteristics of a chloride channel.
Elford, BC; Ellory, JC; Horner, HA; Kirk, K; Newbold, CI, 1994)		0.5
" The present study was designed to compare the dose-response relationships for furosemide ototoxicity in rats with normal serum albumin concentration to rats without albumin in their serum."( Dose-response relationships for furosemide ototoxicity in rat.
Morris, C; Rybak, LP; Scott, V; Whitworth, C, 1993)		0.8
"Open uncontrolled dose-response study."( Continuous infusion of furosemide in the treatment of patients with congestive heart failure and diuretic resistance.
Dormans, T; Gerlag, PG; Gribnau, FW; Russel, FG; Smits, P; van Meyel, JJ, 1994)		0.6
" Dose-response curves were analysed by a four-parameter sigmoid curve-fitting program to determine competitor potency."( Drug competition for intracellular triiodothyronine-binding sites.
Barlow, JW; Curtis, AJ; Loidl, NM; Raggatt, LE; Stockigt, JR; Topliss, DJ, 1994)		0.29
"The poor bioavailability of orally dosed furosemide (60%), a weakly acidic drug, is due to the presence of a biological window comprised of the upper gastrointestinal tract."( Development and evaluation of a monolithic floating dosage form for furosemide.
Menon, A; Ritschel, WA; Sakr, A, 1994)		0.79
"In the past 20 years, cyclodextrin (CD) research has achieved considerable results, as indicated by the large number of publications and patents, the six international symposia on CDs, the new dosage forms of medicines prepared with CDs, etc."( Conditions of cyclodextrin complexation.
Giordano, F; Hadi, IA; Kata, M; Selmeczi, B, 1993)		0.29
" Thirty minutes after completing control exercise measurements, furosemide was administered IV at a dosage of 1 mg/kg of body weight, and resting, as well as exercise, measurements were repeated 4 hours later."( Furosemide attenuates the exercise-induced increase in pulmonary artery wedge pressure in horses.
Manohar, M, 1993)		1.97
" In a randomized, single-blind dose-response study, each subject performed an UNW test immediately after nebulization of different doses of piretanide between 12 and 48 mg or placebo."( Protective effect of inhaled piretanide on the bronchial obstructive response to ultrasonically nebulized H2O. A dose-response study.
Bianco, S; Pieroni, MG; Robuschi, M; Sestini, P; Vaghi, A, 1993)		0.29
"In order to clarify debated issues of the medical treatment of ascites in cirrhosis--the usefulness of a low sodium diet and washout period preceding diuretic administration, maximal dosage of antimineralocorticoid to be reached before the addition of a loop diuretic, identifications of factors influencing treatment efficacy--115 hospitalized patients with non-azotemic cirrhosis and ascites were recruited and randomized to receive a diet providing either 40 or 120 mmol of sodium daily."( Efficacy and safety of the stepped care medical treatment of ascites in liver cirrhosis: a randomized controlled clinical trial comparing two diets with different sodium content.
Azzena, G; Bernardi, M; Bonato, S; Gasbarrini, G; Gentilini, P; Laffi, G; Marra, F; Naccarato, R; Salvagnini, M; Trevisani, F, 1993)		0.29
"5 after oral dosing and 1:1 after intravenous administration."( Torasemide in advanced renal failure.
Kindler, J, 1993)		0.29
" The dose-response curves for HCTZ and FU were both relatively flat: doubling the dose of each produced statistically insignificant increases in sodium excretion."( Diuretic effectiveness of hydrochlorothiazide and furosemide alone and in combination in chronic renal failure.
Knauf, H; Mutschler, E, 1995)		0.54
" The aim of this study was to investigate the development of tolerance after multiple intravenous dosing of furosemide in healthy volunteers."( Pharmacodynamic modeling of furosemide tolerance after multiple intravenous administration.
Alván, G; Gabrielsson, J; Paintaud, G; Wakelkamp, M, 1996)		0.8
" This model gave an accurate description of the diuretic and natriuretic data after multiple dosing of furosemide and enabled the estimation of a lag-time for tolerance and a rate constant for tolerance development."( Pharmacodynamic modeling of furosemide tolerance after multiple intravenous administration.
Alván, G; Gabrielsson, J; Paintaud, G; Wakelkamp, M, 1996)		0.8
" Compared with control or mismatched ODN-treated cell cultures, treatment of granule neurons with alpha 6 antisense ODNs caused a decrease in GABA-induced maximal current density and increased the half-maximal concentration derived from GABA dose-response curves."( Alpha 6 and gamma 2 subunit antisense oligodeoxynucleotides alter gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor pharmacology in cerebellar granule neurons.
Grayson, DR; Vicini, S; Wang, JF; Zhu, WJ, 1996)		0.29
"In a randomized crossover study we compared the efficacy of a continuous infusion of high dose furosemide (mean daily dosage 690 mg, range 250 to 2,000) versus a single bolus injection of an equal dose in 20 patients with severe heart failure."( Diuretic efficacy of high dose furosemide in severe heart failure: bolus injection versus continuous infusion.
Dormans, TP; Gerlag, PG; Russel, FG; Smits, P; Tan, Y; van Meyel, JJ, 1996)		0.8
" Current dosing guidelines for continuous infusion loop diuretics have not been established, but a summary of previously studied doses is provided."( The role of continuous infusion loop diuretics.
Gaylor, MA; Murray, KM; Yelton, SL, 1995)		0.29
" This form of administration has provided more consistent urine flow, fewer alterations in fluid balances, fewer urinary losses of electrolytes as well as decreased dosage of the diuretic requirements."( The role of continuous infusion loop diuretics.
Gaylor, MA; Murray, KM; Yelton, SL, 1995)		0.29
"Two kinds of dosage forms (tablets and retarded capsules) of furosemide (F) were compared in vitro dissolution profile and in vivo absorption studies."( Bioavailability and diuretic effect of furosemide following administration of tablets and retarded capsules to human subjects.
Kenmotsu, H; Kiuchi, T; Satoh, H; Sekikawa, H; Takada, M; Terashima, Y; Yagi, N, 1996)		0.8
" The dosage of cation exchange resins was decreased, oral fluids were tolerated, and the patient's general condition improved."( Effect of hydrochlorothiazide in pseudohypoaldosteronism with hypercalciuria and severe hyperkalemia.
Rosa, FC; Stone, RC; Vale, P, 1996)		0.29
" After a single intravenous injection of furosemide, the minimum effective dosage levels, at which each peak of the ABR disappeared, were 53."( Auditory brainstem response (ABR) and effects of furosemide on ABR in conscious F344 rats.
Ando, T; Horinouchi, A; Kurata, K; Ozaki, H, 1996)		0.81
"The final document was produced and addressed: objectives, equipment, data acquisition, choice of radiopharmaceutical, patient preparation, position, dosage of furosemide, timing of furosemide, role of bladder catheter, duration of study, pediatric considerations, evaluation of the furosemide response, interpretation, and conclusion."( Consensus on diuresis renography for investigating the dilated upper urinary tract. Radionuclides in Nephrourology Group. Consensus Committee on Diuresis Renography.
Aurell, M; Britton, K; Kletter, K; O'Reilly, P; Rosenthal, L; Testa, T, 1996)		0.49
" However, the dose-response curves were not different."( The influence of moderate hypoalbuminaemia on the renal metabolism and dynamics of furosemide in the rabbit.
du Souich, P; Geadah, D; Pichette, V, 1996)		0.52
" The initiation of furosemide dosing in a patient receiving a stable dose of warfarin was associated with an 28% decrease in the international normalized ration (INR)."( Decreased hypoprothrombinemic effect of warfarin associated with furosemide.
Cyr, M; Laizure, SC; Madlock, L; Self, T, 1997)		0.86
" Theophylline, an antagonist of P1 adenosine receptor, completely reversed the effect of adenosine on the furosemide-sensitive ATPase activity in a dose-response manner."( Effect of adenosine on the ouabain-insensitive Na+-ATPase activity from basolateral membrane of the proximal tubule.
Caruso-Neves, C; Chagas, C; Francisco-Pedro, LG; Lopes, AG; Souza, LP, 1997)		0.51
"Protocol-guided diuretic management, with individualized titration of dosage to defined physiologic endpoints can be readily and safely implemented in the ICU."( Protocol-guided diuretic management: comparison of furosemide by continuous infusion and intermittent bolus.
Fine, D; Lynch, JP; Schuller, D, 1997)		0.55
" Furosemide at a concentration of 1 mM depressed the maximal peak amplitude of the dose-response curve for either GABA or glycine to about 70% of control."( Action of furosemide on GABA- and glycine currents in rat septal cholinergic neurons in culture.
Kumamoto, E; Murata, Y, 1997)		1.61
" dosing was 33 (62) minutes, while the absolute bioavailability was 71 (20) per cent."( Plasma pharmacokinetics of intravenous and intramuscular furosemide in the camel (Camelus dromedarius).
Alhadrami, GA; Ali, BH; Bashir, AK; Charles, BG; Wong, YC, )		0.38
" Meticulous attention to proper patient preparation, radiopharmaceutical selection, furosemide dosage and administration, and image interpretation and an awareness of potential pitfalls are essential for accurate diagnosis."( Provocative imaging. Diuretic renography.
Roarke, MC; Sandler, CM, 1998)		0.52
") increased Na+ excretion and reduced renal venous PRA independent of hemodynamics, whereas half this dosage selectively reduced renal venous PRA and renin release, independent of hemodynamics and natriuresis."( K-ATP-blocking diuretic PNU-37883A reduces plasma renin activity in dogs.
Humphrey, SJ; Ludens, JH, 1998)		0.3
"These results suggest that, in contrast to cimetidine, the inhibitory effect of omeprazole on AII-stimulated aldosterone production following dosing with furosemide is negligible."( Effect of omeprazole and cimetidine on plasma aldosterone response to angiotensin II.
Fujimura, A; Maeda, A; Sasaki, M, 1998)		0.5
" Important pharmacokinetic differences between adults and infants include a reduced clearance and prolonged half-life, that may cause accumulation of these agents to potentially toxic levels if dosing intervals are not adjusted."( The clinical pharmacology of loop diuretics in the pediatric patient.
Christensen, ML; Eades, SK, 1998)		0.3
" It is concluded that in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, continuous intravenous infusion of furosemide is superior to the conventional intermittent bolus injection, especially if it is administered at the very beginning of the hospital treatment, and presumably is even better with higher dosage and longer infusion time span."( Diuretic effects of furosemide infusion versus bolus injection in congestive heart failure.
Bagatin, J; Capkun, V; Ljutić, D; Naranca, M; Pivac, N; Polić, S; Rumboldt, Z; Sardelić, S, 1998)		0.83
" On repeated dosing for 21 days in SHRs, SK-1080 significantly reduced blood pressure without inducing tachycardia and tolerance throughout the dosing period."( In vivo pharmacologic profile of SK-1080, an orally active nonpeptide AT1-receptor antagonist.
Kwon, KJ; Lee, BH; Seo, HW; Shin, HS; Yoo, SE, 1999)		0.3
" After each dosage of furosemide, there is first a short stimulation of urine flow (4 h), which is followed by a 3-day recovery period of the body."( Clinical consequences of the biphasic elimination kinetics for the diuretic effect of furosemide and its acyl glucuronide in humans.
van der Ven, AJ; Vree, TB, 1999)		0.84
" The efficiency of a drug dosage may also be influenced by tolerance and counter-regulation produced by the drug."( The efficiency concept in pharmacodynamics.
Alván, G; Paintaud, G; Wakelkamp, M, 1999)		0.3
" A dose-response curve to Ang II was plotted for cumulative concentrations (from 10(-9) to 10(-6) mol/L) in endothelium-denuded aortic rings (pD(2)=7."( Torasemide inhibits angiotensin II-induced vasoconstriction and intracellular calcium increase in the aorta of spontaneously hypertensive rats.
Díez, J; Fortuño, A; Fortuño, MA; Muñiz, P; Ravassa, S; Rodriguez, JA; Zalba, G, 1999)		0.3
" Generally, the brain tumor responses were considered equivocal, because the characteristics of potential neurocarcinogenic agents (such as statistically significant increased incidences, decreased latency and/or survival, and demonstration of dose-response relationships) were not observed."( Examination of low-incidence brain tumor responses in F344 rats following chemical exposures in National Toxicology Program carcinogenicity studies.
Boorman, GA; Hailey, JR; Haseman, JK; Melnick, RL; Neal, J; Sills, RC, )		0.13
"Mini-dose aspirin, even at a dosage of 75 mg/day, caused significant changes in renal function and UA handling within 1 week in a group of elderly inpatients, mainly in those with preexisting hypoalbuminemia."( The effect of mini-dose aspirin on renal function and uric acid handling in elderly patients.
Caspi, D; Graff, E; Habot, B; Lubart, E; Segal, R; Yaron, M, 2000)		0.31
"The aim of this study was to evaluate retrospectively the importance of a Bayesian pharmacokinetic approach for predicting vancomycin concentrations to individualize its dosing regimen in 18 critically ill patients admitted to intensive care units following cardiothoracic surgery."( High vancomycin dosage regimens required by intensive care unit patients cotreated with drugs to improve haemodynamics following cardiac surgical procedures.
Baraldo, M; Furlanut, M; Pea, F; Porreca, L, 2000)		0.31
" In the second experiment, furosemide injection was preceded by treatment with a higher dose of CAP; this dosage blocks the peripheral and central formation of angiotensin II."( Activation of renal afferent pathways following furosemide treatment. II. Effect Of angiotensin blockade.
Fitch, GK; Weiss, ML, 2000)		0.86
" Intervention-group physicians received academic detailing on the use and dosage of ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II-receptor inhibitors for CHF."( Community pharmacist outreach program directed at physicians treating congestive heart failure.
Brown, A; Miller, R; Parfrey, P; Ryan, K; Turner, CJ, 2000)		0.31
"The poor bioavailability of orally dosed furosemide (FUR) is due to the presence of a biological window in the upper gastrointestinal tract."( PVP solid dispersions for the controlled release of furosemide from a floating multiple-unit system.
Bernabei, MT; Coppi, G; Fontana, F; Iannuccelli, V; Leo, E, 2000)		0.82
"For the purpose of enhancement the bioavailability of furosemide (FR), a floating dosage form with controlled release of FR was designed in this study."( Studies of floating dosage forms of furosemide: in vitro and in vivo evaluations of bilayer tablet formulations.
Ordu, S; Ozdemir, N; Ozkan, Y, 2000)		0.83
"Inhaled furosemide may be effective, but studies are needed to determine the optimal dosage regimen and long-term risks and benefits of its use in these patients."( Aerosolized furosemide in the treatment of acute respiratory distress and possible bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm neonates.
Nahata, MC; Pai, VB, 2000)		1.12
"06 M SDS-8%, propanol was preferred to assay furosemide in several dosage forms (tablets, capsules, injectables and drops)."( Furosemide assay in pharmaceuticals by Micellar liquid chromatography: study of the stability of the drug.
Carda-Broch, S; Esteve-Romero, J; García-Alvarez-Coque, MC, 2000)		2.01
" However this increased prescribing was not specific to any particular class of antidepressant or individual drug, and there was no evidence of a dose-response relationship between exposure to amitriptyline (the most commonly prescribed antidepressant) and disease."( Exposure to antidepressants and the risk of cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis: a case-control study.
Britton, J; Hubbard, R; Venn, A, 2000)		0.31
" Identification of patients who will not respond to diuretic therapy usually requires several weeks of observation during which a trial of diuretics is instituted using stepwise increases in dosage in order to classify ascites as refractory."( Furosemide-induced natriuresis as a test to identify cirrhotic patients with refractory ascites.
Pomier-Layrargues, G; Spahr, L; Tran, HK; Villeneuve, JP, 2001)		1.75
") furosemide dosing schedule after cardiac surgery in children is largely empirical and may not be optimal."( Continuous intravenous furosemide in haemodynamically unstable children after cardiac surgery.
Burggraaf, J; Cohen, AF; den Hartigh, J; Kist-van Holthe, JE; Ruys-Dudok van Heel, I; Schoemaker, RC; van der Vorst, MM, 2001)		1.34
" However, as the effects of furosemide are dependent on renal function, it can be hypothesised that the dosing schedule may be optimised."( Continuous intravenous furosemide in haemodynamically unstable children after cardiac surgery.
Burggraaf, J; Cohen, AF; den Hartigh, J; Kist-van Holthe, JE; Ruys-Dudok van Heel, I; Schoemaker, RC; van der Vorst, MM, 2001)		0.92
" In children with different diseases who received orally or intravenously 1 to 2 mg/kg doses of furosemide, a statistically significant positive linear relationship was found between the drug urinary excretion rate and the urine flow rate, but log dose-response curves to the drug were found to vary depending on the disease and the route of the drug administration."( Clinical pharmacology of furosemide in children: a supplement.
Prandota, J, )		0.65
" The anti-bursting activity of carbenoxolone showed dose-response dependence in the concentration range 50-400 microM."( Can gap-junction blockade preferentially inhibit neuronal hypersynchrony vs. excitability?
Klitgaard, H; Margineanu, DG, 2001)		0.31
" Chlorthiazide's toxic dose for 50% of animals tested (TD50) could not be achieved even with dosing as high as 1,500 mg/kg for furosemide; TD50 was 549 mg/kg."( Are certain diuretics also anticonvulsants?
Annegers, JF; Cascino, G; Hauser, WA; Hesdorffer, DC; Stables, JP, 2001)		0.52
" The unique properties of the cubic liquid crystalline phase that result upon the presence of excess body fluids at body temperature were utilized to formulate an oral dosage form containing furosemide as the model drug."( Formulation of an oral dosage form utilizing the properties of cubic liquid crystalline phases of glyceryl monooleate.
Freij, I; Ibrahim, H; Khalil, E; Sallam, AS, 2002)		0.5
" Pharmacopeia (USP) apparatus 3 can be used as an alternative to USP apparatus 2 for dissolution testing of immediate-release (IR) dosage forms."( Evaluation of USP apparatus 3 for dissolution testing of immediate-release products.
Hussain, AS; Wang, JT; Yu, LX, 2002)		0.31
" Our results suggest that furosemide does not play a significant role in 11 beta-OHSD modulation in humans, at least at the dosage used in clinical practice."( Furosemide and 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity, in man.
Armanini, D; Cossu, M; Delitala, G; Palermo, M; Roitman, E; Scaroni, C; Shackleton, CH; Sorba, G, 2002)		2.06
"The optimal dosing strategy for continuous intravenous furosemide infusion is unknown in pediatric patients."( Development of an optimal furosemide infusion strategy in infants with modeling and simulation.
Burggraaf, J; Cohen, AF; Schoemaker, RC; van dDer Vorst, MM; van Heel, IR, 2002)		0.86
" The modified dosing schedule was prospectively tested in a subsequent population of 18 pediatric patients after cardiac surgery."( Development of an optimal furosemide infusion strategy in infants with modeling and simulation.
Burggraaf, J; Cohen, AF; Schoemaker, RC; van dDer Vorst, MM; van Heel, IR, 2002)		0.61
" With furosemide, the most marked difference between a conventional dosage form and granules containing 40% MCCh was a marked lag time (0."( In vivo evaluation of matrix granules containing microcrystalline chitosan as a gel-forming excipient.
Jürjenson, H; Linna, A; Marvola, M; Ojala, S; Säkkinen, M; Veski, P, 2003)		0.8
" Optimal control of BP remains elusive because of issues relating to drug dosage and proper choice of therapeutic agents, including questions regarding the role of diuretics."( Effectiveness of furosemide in uncontrolled hypertension in the elderly: role of renin profiling.
Michelis, MF; Panagopoulos, G; Vlase, HL, 2003)		0.66
"The objective of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of furosemide following gastroretentive dosage from (GRDF) administration."( Furosemide pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics following gastroretentive dosage form administration to healthy volunteers.
Barta, M; Cserepes, E; Friedman, M; Hoffman, A; Klausner, EA; Lavy, E; Stepensky, D, 2003)		1.98
" In cases with an excessive response, the dosage of diuretics was reduced."( Spironolactone alone or in combination with furosemide in the treatment of moderate ascites in nonazotemic cirrhosis. A randomized comparative study of efficacy and safety.
Cabré, E; Durández, R; Gassull, MA; Granada, ML; Jiménez, JA; Morillas, RM; Pardo, A; Planas, R; Quintero, E; Santos, J, 2003)		0.58
" The need to reduce the diuretic dosage was significantly higher in Group 1 than Group 2 (68% vs."( Spironolactone alone or in combination with furosemide in the treatment of moderate ascites in nonazotemic cirrhosis. A randomized comparative study of efficacy and safety.
Cabré, E; Durández, R; Gassull, MA; Granada, ML; Jiménez, JA; Morillas, RM; Pardo, A; Planas, R; Quintero, E; Santos, J, 2003)		0.58
"The objective of this study was to evaluate near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopic imaging as a tool to assess a pharmaceutical quality assurance problem--blend uniformity in the final dosage product."( Near-infrared spectral imaging for quality assurance of pharmaceutical products: analysis of tablets to assess powder blend homogeneity.
Hussain, AS; Jefferson, EH; Lee, E; Lester, DS; Lewis, EN; Lyon, RC; Yu, LX, 2002)		0.31
" The photoreactivity of the drugs was exploited to develop an HPLC method involving a post-column on-line photochemical derivatization useful to confirm the analyte identity in a commercial dosage form (tablets)."( Photostability studies on the furosemide-triamterene drug association.
Andrisano, V; Ballardini, R; Cavrini, V; Fiori, J, 2003)		0.61
" The treatment for acidosis and hyperkalaemia should be started as soon as RTA is diagnosed, and the dosage of FK506 should also be reduced if possible."( Renal tubular acidosis secondary to FK506 in living donor liver transplantation: a case report.
Maehara, Y; Ogita, K; Shimada, M; Soejima, Y; Suehiro, T; Suita, S; Taguchi, T; Takada, N, 2003)		0.32
" Moreover, for large-scale applications, agricultural measures as placement of agents, dosage splitting, the kind and amount of agents applied, and the soil properties are important factors governing plant growth, heavy metal concentrations, and leaching rates."( Enhancing phytoextraction: the effect of chemical soil manipulation on mobility, plant accumulation, and leaching of heavy metals.
Schmidt, U, )		0.13
" The definition of refractory ascites has already been established, but using the dosage of diuretics that correlates with the definition of refractory ascites in an out-patient department will lower the compliance of the patient, as well as causing serious complications, such as hepatic encephalopathy and hyponatremia, as the dosage of diuretics is increased."( [The significance of urine sodium measurement after furosemide administration in diuretics-unresponsive patients with liver cirrhosis].
Cho, HS; Choi, HS; Hahm, JS; Kim, JB; Kim, YH; Lee, MH; Lee, OY; Park, GT; Shim, SG, 2003)		0.57
" Sodium alginate had a less pronounced sustained release effect compared with Carbopol (ie, in 8 hours all 3 sodium alginate dosage forms displayed complete release of furosemide, while only 30% of the drug was released from Carbopol dosage forms)."( Development and evaluation of oral multiple-unit and single-unit hydrophilic controlled-release systems.
Efentakis, M; Koutlis, A; Vlachou, M, 2000)		0.5
" Failed furosemide adherence (defined as < 10% of a dose excreted in 24 h urine where normal average excretion = 50% of an oral dose) during static prescribed dosing was infrequent relative to all days of therapy; yet was equally common across all outcome groups."( Furosemide responsiveness, non-adherence and resistance during the chronic treatment of heart failure: a longitudinal study.
Brater, DC; Gorski, JC; MacFadyen, RJ; Struthers, AD, 2004)		2.2
"The frusemide dose-response for attenuation of exercise-induced pulmonary capillary hypertension was studied in 7 healthy, exercise-conditioned Thoroughbred horses using previously described haemodynamic procedures."( Pulmonary vascular pressures of strenuously exercising Thoroughbreds after administration of varying doses of frusemide.
Goetz, TE; Griffin, R; Manohar, M; Sullivan, E, 1997)		0.3
"008) and furosemide dosage >/=80 mg (P=0."( Sex-related bedside clinical variables associated with survival of older inpatients with heart failure.
Almoznino-Sarafian, D; Alon, I; Chachashvily, S; Cohen, N; Gorelik, O; Ilgiyaev, E; Modai, D; Shteinshnaider, M, 2004)		0.74
"We consider renal rescue protocol as an effective method in the treatment for acute renal injury/failure syndrome in early phase of severe sepsis, when it is instituted very early with low/moderate dosage of noradrenaline and furosemide."( Renal rescue therapy in early stage of severe sepsis: a case study approach.
Belovicova, C; Blaskova, A; Cintula, D; Setvak, D; Zahorec, R, 2004)		0.51
" Urine samples were collected 24 hours before dosing and between 0 - 1, 1 - 2, 2 - 3, 3 - 4, 4 - 6, 6 - 8, 8 - 12, and 12 - 24 hours post-dosing."( Attenuation of the kaluretic properties of furosemide by triamterene (Dyrenium) in healthy volunteers.
Levinson, B; Shenouda, M; Stypinski, D, 2005)		0.59
"Since blood pressure (BP) might be an important determinant of sodium excretion, we searched for an association between BP and diuretic dosage in severe CHF."( Hypotension is associated with diuretic resistance in severe chronic heart failure, independent of renal function.
Arnolda, LF; De Pasquale, CG; Dunne, JS; Minson, RB, 2005)		0.33
" The 54-patient cohort was divided on the basis of frusemide dosage (high-dose > or = 250 mg daily, n=26)."( Hypotension is associated with diuretic resistance in severe chronic heart failure, independent of renal function.
Arnolda, LF; De Pasquale, CG; Dunne, JS; Minson, RB, 2005)		0.33
" Dosages of 29 (0-160) mg torsemide and a dosage of 60 (0-240) mg furosemide were given every 6 h in each group, respectively."( Torsemide versus furosemide after continuous renal replacement therapy due to acute renal failure in cardiac surgery patients.
Martin, M; Morgera, S; Spies, C; Staegemann, M; Vargas Hein, O; von Heymann, C; Wagner, D, 2005)		0.91
"5 to 200 mg), leaving no clear dosing recommendation."( Combination therapy with metolazone and loop diuretics in outpatients with refractory heart failure: an observational study and review of the literature.
Galatius, S; Gustafsson, F; Hildebrandt, PR; Rosenberg, J, 2005)		0.33
" Dosage or duration of aminoglycosides use did not relate to SNHL."( Ototoxic drugs and sensorineural hearing loss following severe neonatal respiratory failure.
Cheung, PY; Etches, PC; Peliowski, A; Robertson, CM; Tyebkhan, JM, 2006)		0.33
" Animals were divided into four groups (n = 6 each): (1) sham-operated group infused with saline; (2) sham-operated group infused with 30 microg/kg/hr furosemide (equivalent to a human dosage of 2 mg/hr); (3) unilateral renal ischemia (1 hr, left renal artery cross-clamping) followed by 6 hr of reperfusion; and (4) renal ischemia/ reperfusion (I/R) with furosemide."( Effect of furosemide infusion on renal hemodynamics and angiogenesis gene expression in acute renal ischemia/reperfusion.
Aravindan, N; Shaw, A, 2006)		0.94
" We hypothesized that a period of timed semirecumbency (vis-à-vis upright posture) would enhance the natriuresis that accompanies oral furosemide dosing in patients with compensated cardiac failure."( Effect of timed semirecumbency and furosemide dosing on urinary sodium excretion in patients with compensated heart failure.
Khouzam, RN; Klemis, JE; Mangold, TA; Nelson, MD; Wall, BM; Weber, KT, 2006)		0.81
" Protocol 2 was similar, with the exception that furosemide dosing was given after upright activity and immediately prior to the second period of bedrest."( Effect of timed semirecumbency and furosemide dosing on urinary sodium excretion in patients with compensated heart failure.
Khouzam, RN; Klemis, JE; Mangold, TA; Nelson, MD; Wall, BM; Weber, KT, 2006)		0.87
"With each patient serving as his or her own control, both urine flow rate and urinary Na excretion rate were markedly increased when furosemide was given prior to bedrest as compared to its dosing prior to upright activity."( Effect of timed semirecumbency and furosemide dosing on urinary sodium excretion in patients with compensated heart failure.
Khouzam, RN; Klemis, JE; Mangold, TA; Nelson, MD; Wall, BM; Weber, KT, 2006)		0.81
"In patients with compensated chronic cardiac failure, the natriuresis that accompanies oral furosemide dosing is enhanced when given just prior to a period of timed semirecumbency."( Effect of timed semirecumbency and furosemide dosing on urinary sodium excretion in patients with compensated heart failure.
Khouzam, RN; Klemis, JE; Mangold, TA; Nelson, MD; Wall, BM; Weber, KT, 2006)		0.83
" Furosemide dosing regimens should be developed for neonates treated with ECMO."( Evaluation of furosemide regimens in neonates treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
Burggraaf, J; Gischler, SJ; Houmes, RJ; Kist-van Holthe, JE; Tibboel, D; van der Heijden, AJ; van der Vorst, MM; Wildschut, E, 2006)		1.6
" In bioreactors dosed with both NDMA (0."( Uptake of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) from water by phreatophytes in the absence and presence of perchlorate as a co-contaminant.
Nzengung, VA; Yifru, DD, 2006)		0.33
"Furosemide and torasemide induce a similar dose-response curve venodilation, but they have no effect on the arterial bed."( Vasodilatory action of loop diuretics: a plethysmography study of endothelial function in forearm arteries and dorsal hand veins in hypertensive patients and controls.
de Berrazueta, JR; de Mier, I; García-Unzueta, MT; González, JP; Poveda, JJ, 2007)		1.78
"Our results show that the Karavi Panchaka decoction significantly increases urine and potassium ion excretion in rats, but has no effect on sodium ion excretion at the dosage used."( Comparison of the diuretic effects of frusemide and the Karavi Panchaka Ayurveda decoction.
Ariyawansa, HA; Welihinda, J; Wickramasinghe, R, 2006)		0.33
" This case highlights an unpredictable dose-response relationship of furosemide."( Encephalopathy after furosemide use in nephrotic syndrome.
Grimmer, J; Sharma, AP, 2007)		0.89
" While treatment with a low dosage of furosemide had no effect on PPL, the multiple administration of GL and furosemide markedly decreased PPL compared to the effect of administering GL alone."( A possible involvement of 3-monoglucuronyl-glycyrrhetinic acid, a metabolite of glycyrrhizin (GL), in GL-induced pseudoaldosteronism.
Kase, Y; Kido, A; Kubota, K; Morita, T; Ohtake, N; Takeda, S; Tsuchiya, N, 2007)		0.61
"9%) and by bolus dosing (43."( Diuretics in the management of acute kidney injury: a multinational survey.
Bagshaw, SM; Bellomo, R; Delaney, A; Jones, D; Ronco, C, 2007)		0.34
" Furosemide-glutathione conjugate was not observed in bile from mice dosed with [(14)C]furosemide."( The metabolism and toxicity of furosemide in the Wistar rat and CD-1 mouse: a chemical and biochemical definition of the toxicophore.
Antoine, DJ; Blagg, J; Butler, PJ; Gardner, I; Howard, M; Jones, R; Park, BK; Payne, A; Randle, L; Williams, DP, 2007)		1.54
" Optimal dosing of opioids is being refined."( Pharmacological management of dyspnoea.
Abernethy, AP; Currow, DC, 2007)		0.34
" This treatment has to be continued for at least several months and decreasing the dosage must be progressive."( [Benign intracranial hypertension: the role of medical treatment].
Defoort, S; Dhellemmes, P; Vinchon, M, 2008)		0.35
" Pharmacokinetic assessments were taken at regular intervals over 24 h after dosing on the last day of each treatment period."( Pharmacokinetic interaction of the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren with furosemide and extended-release isosorbide-5-mononitrate in healthy subjects.
Antunes, A; Bartlett, M; Dieterich, HA; Dole, WP; Howard, D; Vaidyanathan, S; Yeh, CM, 2008)		0.58
"A simple chemometric approach to differentiate among the three crystalline polymorphs of the model drug Furosemide (FUR) in a pharmaceutical dosage form is presented."( PCA-CR analysis of dissolution profiles. A chemometric approach to probe the polymorphic form of the active pharmaceutical ingredient in a drug product.
Castellano, PM; Kaufman, TS; Maggio, RM, 2009)		0.57
"Literature and new experimental data relevant to the decision to allow a waiver of in vivo bioequivalence (BE) testing for the approval of immediate release (IR) solid oral dosage forms containing furosemide are reviewed."( Biowaiver monographs for immediate release solid oral dosage forms: furosemide.
Barends, DM; Dressman, JB; Granero, GE; Junginger, HE; Longhi, MR; Midha, KK; Mora, MJ; Shah, VP; Stavchansky, S, 2010)		0.78
" Although loop diuretics are used in nearly all patients with ADHF to relieve congestive symptoms, optimal dosing strategies remain poorly defined."( Continuous versus intermittent infusion of furosemide in acute decompensated heart failure.
Dunn, SP; Hollis, IB; Nappi, JM; Rodgers, JE; Thomson, MR; Van Bakel, AB, 2010)		0.62
" Dose-response curves of wild-type and chimeric KCCs revealed that the LEL contributes to the different sensitivity to loop diuretics; a KCC2 chimera containing the KCC4 LEL displayed an IC(50) of 396."( Differences in the large extracellular loop between the K(+)-Cl(-) cotransporters KCC2 and KCC4.
Friauf, E; Hartmann, AM; Mercado, A; Mount, DB; Nothwang, HG; Störger, C; Wenz, M, 2010)		0.36
" However, the limited clinical data comparing dosing schemes are confounded."( Continuous versus bolus dosing of Furosemide for patients hospitalized for heart failure.
Allen, LA; Cotter, G; Dewald, T; O'Connor, CM; Stough, WG; Turer, AT, 2010)		0.64
" Related to the salicin content of the willow bark extract, a higher dosage of ASA was needed."( In vitro anti-proliferative effects of the willow bark extract STW 33-I.
Bonaterra, GA; Kelber, O; Kinscherf, R; Metz, J; Weiser, D, 2010)		0.36
" Recent studies in large animals using both realistic time frames and dosing regimens have improved our knowledge, but clinical guidance remains based on incomplete data."( Management of phosgene-induced acute lung injury.
Grainge, C; Rice, P, 2010)		0.36
" Future experimental work should ensure that potential treatments are tested in a large animal model using realistic dosing regimens and clinically relevant timings, such as those that might be found in a mass casualty situation."( Management of phosgene-induced acute lung injury.
Grainge, C; Rice, P, 2010)		0.36
"LAP was decreased in proportion to the dosage of furosemide, which did not significantly differ between IV and PO of the same dosages."( The effect of furosemide on left atrial pressure in dogs with mitral valve regurgitation.
Aytemiz, D; Fukushima, R; Hamabe, L; Huai-Che, H; Ishikawa, T; Machida, N; Suzuki, S; Tanaka, R, )		0.75
" Dosing of diuretics is difficult in these patients."( Management of diuretic treatment: a challenge in the obese patient.
Jespersen, B; Lassen, CK, 2011)		0.37
" A dose-response study identified 200 mg/kg of furosemide as the optimal dose for disrupting the stria vascularis and opening the blood-ear barrier."( Co-administration of cisplatin and furosemide causes rapid and massive loss of cochlear hair cells in mice.
Ding, D; Fu, Y; Jiang, H; Li, Y; Salvi, R, 2011)		0.9
" We proposed a systematic classification scheme using FDA-approved drug labeling to assess the DILI potential of drugs, which yielded a benchmark dataset with 287 drugs representing a wide range of therapeutic categories and daily dosage amounts."( FDA-approved drug labeling for the study of drug-induced liver injury.
Chen, M; Fang, H; Liu, Z; Shi, Q; Tong, W; Vijay, V, 2011)		0.37
" A post-hoc analysis was performed to determine if there was an interaction between intravenous (iv) bolus diuretic dosing and outcomes."( Impact of diuretic dosing on mortality in acute heart failure using a propensity-matched analysis.
Follath, F; Gayat, E; Laribi, S; Lassus, J; Mebazaa, A; Nikolaou, M; Parissis, J; Peacock, WF; Salem, R; Yilmaz, MB, 2011)		0.37
" In this study, we evaluated the dose-response effects of tolvaptan on weight loss, urine volume and electrolyte excretion in furosemide-treated Japanese HF patients exhibiting volume overload."( Effects of tolvaptan on volume overload in Japanese patients with heart failure: results of a phase II, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study.
Asanoi, H; Hori, M; Izumi, T; Matsuzaki, M; Tsutamoto, T, 2011)		0.58
"To evaluate the effect of administration of the labeled dosage of pimobendan to dogs with furosemide-induced activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)."( Effects of furosemide and the combination of furosemide and the labeled dosage of pimobendan on the circulating renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in clinically normal dogs.
Atkins, CE; DeFrancesco, TC; Keene, BW; Lantis, AC; Werre, SR, 2011)		0.98
" Administration of pimobendan at a standard dosage did not enhance or suppress furosemide-induced RAAS activation."( Effects of furosemide and the combination of furosemide and the labeled dosage of pimobendan on the circulating renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in clinically normal dogs.
Atkins, CE; DeFrancesco, TC; Keene, BW; Lantis, AC; Werre, SR, 2011)		0.99
" The aim of this work was to improve FURO biopharmaceutical properties by its formulation in a new solid oral dosage form."( New oral solid dosage form for furosemide oral administration.
D'Alba, G; Pagano, C; Perioli, L, 2012)		0.66
"The objective of this research was to realize a new oral solid dosage form in order to improve the release of furosemide (FURO) in its preferential absorption region."( Use of SBA-15 for furosemide oral delivery enhancement.
Ambrogi, V; Marmottini, F; Pagano, C; Perioli, L; Ricci, M; Rossi, C; Sagnella, A, 2012)		0.92
"The objective of the current study was to develop and validate a simple, precise and accurate isocratic stability-indicating reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) assay method for the determination of spironolactone and furosemide in solid pharmaceutical dosage forms."( Development and validation of a stability-indicating HPLC assay method for simultaneous determination of spironolactone and furosemide in tablet formulation.
Dave, PN; Joshi, HS; Ram, VR, 2012)		0.77
" Despite being available for decades, few randomized trials exist to guide dosing and administration of these drugs."( Diuretic dosing in acute decompensated heart failure: lessons from DOSE.
Campbell, PT; Ryan, J, 2012)		0.38
"To determine the effect of chitosan, starch powder, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), Avicel PH 101 powder, Avicel PH 102 granules as a function of different concentrations on the solubility, disintegration and hence dissolution of furosemide from immediate release tablet dosage forms."( Impact of chitosan as a disintegrant on the bioavailability of furosemide tablets: in vitro evaluation and in vivo simulation of novel formulations.
Fahmy, SA; Galeel, OW; Rasool, BK, 2012)		0.8
" Subcutaneous dosing of furosemide has been explored as a potential alternative for management of CHF symptoms."( Intermittent subcutaneous furosemide: parenteral diuretic rescue for hospice patients with congestive heart failure resistant to oral diuretic.
Bailey, FA; Farless, LB; Steil, N; Williams, BR, 2013)		1
"Results from the DOSE-AHF study suggest that an initial continuous infusion of loop diuretics is not superior to bolus dosing with regard to clinical endpoints in acute heart failure."( Effect of admission oral diuretic dose on response to continuous versus bolus intravenous diuretics in acute heart failure: an analysis from diuretic optimization strategies in acute heart failure.
Braunwald, E; Felker, GM; Givertz, MM; McNulty, S; O'Connor, CM; Shah, RV, 2012)		0.38
"Despite the widespread use of loop diuretics to treat acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF), robust data supporting their role and optimal dosing strategies are scarce."( A diuretic protocol increases volume removal and reduces readmissions among hospitalized patients with acute decompensated heart failure.
Barsuk, JH; Cohen, ER; Cotts, WG; Gordon, RA; Malkenson, D; Williams, MV; Yancy, CW, )		0.13
"Continuous infusion of loop diuretics preceded by a loading dose results in greater diuresis in hospitalized adults with extracellular fluid volume expansion compared with intermittent dosing regimens."( A meta-analysis of continuous vs intermittent infusion of loop diuretics in hospitalized patients.
Alqahtani, F; Dahal, K; Jaber, BL; Koulouridis, I; Susantitaphong, P, 2014)		0.4
" Therefore this observational study over 6 months should evaluate patterns of treatments like mono- or combinations therapy, dosage and safety during long-term treatment under pragmatic conditions with the aqueous willow bark extract STW 33-I, (Proaktiv(®); drug-extract-ratio 16-23:1)."( Willow bark extract STW 33-I in the long-term treatment of outpatients with rheumatic pain mainly osteoarthritis or back pain.
Kelber, O; Melzer, J; Müller, J; Stange, R; Uehleke, B, 2013)		0.39
"To determine whether a high dosage of pimobendan, when administered concurrently with moderate-dosage furosemide to healthy dogs, would activate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) more than furosemide alone."( Effect of furosemide and high-dosage pimobendan administration on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in dogs.
Ames, MK; Atkins, CE; Lantis, AC; Werre, SR, 2013)		1.01
"This study reveals that the potential of a single dose of the mathematically optimized micro pellets of frusemide formulation is sufficient in the management of peripheral edema and ascites in congestive heart failure and as well in the treatment of chronic hypertension, leading to better patient compliance, and can be produced with minimum experimentation and time, proving far more cost-effective formulation than the conventional methods of formulating dosage forms."( Formulation and mathematical optimization of controlled release calcium alginate micro pellets of frusemide.
Chakraborty, P; Ghosh, A, 2013)		0.39
"Market weight barrows were dosed with furosemide IM or orally, and urine (5 barrows) and blood (1 barrow) samples were collected."( Analytical evaluation of urinary excretion of furosemide in barrows.
LaRue, DC; Ray, AC; Reagor, JC; Tanksley, TD, 1984)		0.8
" The promising properties of the amorphous salt in vitro were further evaluated in an in vivo study, where solid dosage forms of the amorphous salt, amorphous and crystalline free acid and a solution of furosemide were administered orally to rats."( Preparation of an amorphous sodium furosemide salt improves solubility and dissolution rate and leads to a faster Tmax after oral dosing to rats.
Gordon, S; Holm, R; Müllertz, A; Nielsen, LH; Rades, T; Selen, A, 2013)		0.85
" A PC-VPC and other model diagnostics demonstrated that the population PK model can reasonably predict the rate of urinary furosemide excretion over time using dosing history and commonly available demographic data, allowing for convenient assessment of PK-PD relationships for furosemide when given alone or in combination with other agents used to treat fluid overload conditions."( Population-based meta-analysis of furosemide pharmacokinetics.
Mager, DE; Mallikaarjun, S; Shoaf, SE; Van Wart, SA, 2014)		0.89
"01), hydrochlorothiazide dosing did not significantly change over the study period."( Initial experience using aminophylline to improve renal dysfunction in the pediatric cardiovascular ICU.
Anglemyer, AT; Axelrod, DM; Grimm, PC; Roth, SJ; Sherman-Levine, SF; Sutherland, SM; Zhu, A, 2014)		0.4
" Thus, patients who are chronically administered loop diuretics may need a different dosing strategy to accurately detect changes in renal oxygenation with BOLD MR in response to a furosemide stimulus."( Chronic diuretic therapy attenuates renal BOLD magnetic resonance response to an acute furosemide stimulus.
Edwards, MS; Hall, ME; Hamilton, CA; Hundley, WG; Hurie, JB; Jordan, JH; Morgan, TM; Rocco, MV, 2014)		0.82
" The proposed metric-weight loss indexed to diuretic dose-better captures a dose-response relationship."( Diuretic response in acute heart failure: clinical characteristics and prognostic significance.
Bloomfield, DM; Cleland, JG; Cotter, G; Damman, K; Davison, B; Dittrich, HC; Fiuzat, M; Givertz, MM; Hillege, HL; Massie, BM; Metra, M; O'Connor, CM; Ponikowski, P; Teerlink, JR; Valente, MA; Van Veldhuisen, DJ; Voors, AA, 2014)		0.4
" Therefore, sucroferric oxyhydroxide may be administered concomitantly without the need to adjust the dosage regimens of these drugs."( Drug-drug interactions between sucroferric oxyhydroxide and losartan, furosemide, omeprazole, digoxin and warfarin in healthy subjects.
Chong, E; Kalia, V; Willsie, S; Winkle, P, 2014)		0.64
"Concomitant food intake can diminish oral absorption of drugs with limited permeability and an absorption window in the proximal intestine, due to viscosity-mediated decrease in dosage form disintegration time and drug dissolution rate."( Viscosity-mediated negative food effect on oral absorption of poorly-permeable drugs with an absorption window in the proximal intestine: In vitro experimental simulation and computational verification.
Cvijić, S; Langguth, P; Parojčić, J, 2014)		0.4
" Dosing with dexamethasone following ototoxic insult shows promising yet variable response in hair cell survival."( Development of an ototoxicity model in the adult CBA/CaJ mouse and determination of a golden window of corticosteroid intervention for otoprotection.
Fernandes, VT; Lin, VY, 2014)		0.4
" Thus, most exigent phase of drug development practice particularly for oral dosage forms is the enhancement of drug solubility."( Comparative evaluation of various solubility enhancement strategies for furosemide.
Hussain, I; Khan, SA; Murtaza, G; Najam-ul-Haq, M, 2014)		0.63
"Intravenous loop diuretics are still the cornerstone of therapy in acute decompensated heart failure, however, the optimal dosage and administration strategies remain poorly defined particularly in patients with an associated renal dysfunction."( Short and long-term effects of continuous versus intermittent loop diuretics treatment in acute heart failure with renal dysfunction.
Angelini, GD; Beltrami, M; Franci, B; Gonnelli, S; Nuti, R; Palazzuoli, A; Pellegrini, M; Ruocco, G, 2015)		0.42
" However, it is not commercialized in suitable dosage forms for paediatrics."( Permeation studies through porcine small intestine of furosemide solutions for personalised paediatric administration.
Calpena, AC; Clares, B; Egea, MA; Mallandrich, M; Provenza, N; Sánchez, A, 2014)		0.65
" This is useful to maintain the therapeutic concentrations for a long time, in comparison to conventional dosage forms, thanking to the enhancement of formulation residence time in the stomach."( Gastroretentive inorganic-organic hybrids to improve class IV drug absorption.
Pagano, C; Perioli, L, 2014)		0.4
" This study also suggests that in these patients 15 mg/day of tolvaptan should be sufficient, and increasing the dose or the frequency of dosing to overcome diuretic resistance should not be necessary, and consideration should be given to using a lower dose and/or prolonging the dosing interval."( Efficacy of tolvaptan added to furosemide in heart failure patients with advanced kidney dysfunction: a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study.
Akashi, YJ; Kida, K; Kimura, K; Matsumoto, N; Miyake, F; Shibagaki, Y; Tominaga, N, 2015)		0.7
"The criterion to discontinue the iv diuretic or to reduce its dosage in the presence of WRF-Cr for patients with ADHF or resistance to oral diuretic should be joined with the useful notion that this finding indicates a significant reduction of eGFR only for values of serum creatinine in the normal or near-normal ranges."( Poor concordance between different definitions of worsening renal function in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic heart failure: a retrospective study.
Baldi, C; De Vecchis, R; Di Biase, G, 2016)		0.43
" All patients in treatment group received anisodamine in small dosage 2 hours before extubation."( [Investigation of adjuvant treatment for difficult weaning from mechanical ventilation].
Bai, Y; Jia, L; Li, H; Zhu, X, 2014)		0.4
" During the treatment all patients, except for those who were assigned to the control group, received Loop Diuretic Furosemide dosed at 20-30 mg per day and Solifenacin dosed at 5 mg per day (First comparison group) and 10 mg per day (Second comparison group)."( Decrease of risk of developing symptoms of OAB in elderly men and women treated with loop diuretic for hypertensive disease using solifenacin.
Ivanovskaya, MA; Kosilov, KV; Kosilova, LV; Loparev, SA, 2014)		0.61
"2%), group of the patients treated with Furosemide and standard- dosed (11."( Decrease of risk of developing symptoms of OAB in elderly men and women treated with loop diuretic for hypertensive disease using solifenacin.
Ivanovskaya, MA; Kosilov, KV; Kosilova, LV; Loparev, SA, 2014)		0.67
" Administration of low dosed Solifenacin is sufficient for significant decrease in risk of developing symptoms of overactive bladder."( Decrease of risk of developing symptoms of OAB in elderly men and women treated with loop diuretic for hypertensive disease using solifenacin.
Ivanovskaya, MA; Kosilov, KV; Kosilova, LV; Loparev, SA, 2014)		0.4
"A predictive model to describe both IR and MR dosage forms containing furosemide was attained."( Prediction of in-vivo pharmacokinetic profile for immediate and modified release oral dosage forms of furosemide using an in-vitro-in-silico-in-vivo approach.
Dressman, J; Otsuka, K; Selen, A; Wagner, C, 2015)		0.87
" It was investigated if PVP was able to stabilise ASSF during storage and dissolution and whether this influenced the in vivo performance of the glass solution after oral dosing to rats."( Stabilisation of amorphous furosemide increases the oral drug bioavailability in rats.
Müllertz, A; Nielsen, LH; Rades, T, 2015)		0.71
"The significant increase in urine volume 24 h after treatment followed a dose-response pattern."( Evaluation of the diuretic effects of crude stem bark extraction of Zanthoxylum heitzii (Rutaceae) in Wistar rats.
Abakar, D; Dimo, T; Fokam, MA; Kakesse, M; Ntchapda, F; Pancha, OM, 2015)		0.42
"0 as suitable excipient for gastroretentive oral delivery dosage forms."( Carboxymethyl starch mucoadhesive microspheres as gastroretentive dosage form.
Gosselin, P; Lemieux, M; Mateescu, MA, 2015)		0.42
" These findings were translated in an improvement in the furosemide dose-response curves in these patients."( Hypertonic Saline in Conjunction with High-Dose Furosemide Improves Dose-Response Curves in Worsening Refractory Congestive Heart Failure.
Balistreri, F; Butler, J; Cuttitta, F; Di Gaudio, F; di Pasquale, P; Greco, M; Indelicato, S; La Rocca, V; Lupo, U; Parrinello, G; Paterna, S; Rizzo, G; Torres, D, 2015)		0.92
" Moreover, we strongly suggest an up-to-date revision of the ACE-inhibitor dosing guidelines in pediatric patients to define unambiguously the safe upper limits of this class of drugs."( Enalapril Associated with Furosemide Induced Acute Kidney Injury in an Infant with Heart Failure. A Case Report, a Revision of the Literature and a Pharmacovigilance Database Analysis.
Carnovale, C; Clementi, E; Fabiano, V; Gentili, M; Mameli, C; Perrotta, C; Radice, S; Zuccotti, GV, 2016)		0.73
" Diuretic dosing was derived from the maintenance oral loop diuretic dose with a standardized conversion algorithm."( Intravenous Diuretic Therapy for the Management of Heart Failure and Volume Overload in a Multidisciplinary Outpatient Unit.
Belenkiy, RM; Buckley, LF; Burpee, LJ; Carter, DM; Cheng, JW; Desai, AS; Matta, L; Smallwood, JA; Stevens, C; Stevenson, LW; Weiffenbach, CS; Young, MA, 2016)		0.43
" Torsemide offers advantages of longer duration of action and once daily dosing (vs."( Loop Diuretics in the Treatment of Hypertension.
Malha, L; Mann, SJ, 2016)		0.43
" Here, we determine blood ethanol and acetaldehyde concentrations in 49 preterm infants (median birth weight = 1190 g) dosed with iron or furosemide, medicines that contain different amounts of ethanol, and in 11 control group infants (median birth weight = 1920 g) who were not on any medications."( Essential medicines containing ethanol elevate blood acetaldehyde concentrations in neonates.
Cordell, RL; Hubbard, M; McElnay, JC; Monks, PS; Mulla, H; Nunn, AJ; Pandya, HC; Turner, MA; Yakkundi, S, 2016)		0.64
"Although infants dosed with iron or furosemide had low blood ethanol concentrations, blood acetaldehyde concentrations were consistent with moderate alcohol exposure."( Essential medicines containing ethanol elevate blood acetaldehyde concentrations in neonates.
Cordell, RL; Hubbard, M; McElnay, JC; Monks, PS; Mulla, H; Nunn, AJ; Pandya, HC; Turner, MA; Yakkundi, S, 2016)		0.71
" Data on demographic, clinical, fluid intake/output, and furosemide and chlorothiazide dosing were collected."( Efficacy of sequential nephron blockade with intravenous chlorothiazide to promote diuresis in cardiac intensive care infants.
Akcan-Arikan, A; Bronicki, RA; Checchia, PA; Kennedy, C; Moffett, BS; Tsang, R, 2017)		0.7
" Secondary objectives include monitoring of: changes in signs and symptoms of heart failure, NYHA functional class, quality of life, dosage changes, rate of readmissions and mortality."( The impact of torasemide on haemodynamic and neurohormonal stress, and cardiac remodelling in heart failure - TORNADO: a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.
Bakuła, E; Balsam, P; Cacko, A; Filipiak, KJ; Fojt, A; Grabowski, M; Główczyńska, R; Huczek, Z; Kowalik, R; Markulis, M; Opolski, G; Ozierański, K; Peller, M; Sieradzki, B; Tymińska, A, 2017)		0.46
" Diuresis using furosemide is effective in canines when maximally tolerated dosed cyclophosphamide is administered."( Furosemide for prevention of cyclophosphamide-associated sterile haemorrhagic cystitis in dogs receiving metronomic low-dose oral cyclophosphamide.
Bunn, T; Ma, M; Setyo, L; Wang, P; Wyatt, K, 2017)		2.24
"Continuous versus bolus dosing of furosemide has been a longstanding debate for clinicians treating patients with acute decompensated heart failure."( Which dosing of furosemide is better in acute decompensated heart failure?
Budavari, AI; Jalaba, S; Palermo, J, 2017)		1.08
"- Furosemide is a widely used short-acting diuretic with a steep dose-response curve."( [Is a once-daily dose of furosemide effective? Literature study into rational for dosing of short-acting diuretic].
Boerma, EC; Navis, GJ; van IJzendoorn, MM, 2017)		1.48
" presence of food (food-effect), effect of digestion (tested with and without addition of digestive enzymes), and properties of the dosage form, it was possible to estimate the importance of these factors in vivo."( Studying furosemide solubilization using an in vitro model simulating gastrointestinal digestion and drug solubilization in neonates and young infants.
Berthelsen, R; Klitgaard, M; Müllertz, A; Sassene, PJ; Selen, A, 2017)		0.87
" The properties of the dosage form (immediate release tablets) did not affect the drug solubilization as compared to administration of the pure drug powder."( Studying furosemide solubilization using an in vitro model simulating gastrointestinal digestion and drug solubilization in neonates and young infants.
Berthelsen, R; Klitgaard, M; Müllertz, A; Sassene, PJ; Selen, A, 2017)		0.87
" Commercially available tablet sizes in North America limit dosing precision, indicating a need to evaluate its strength and stability in suspension."( Long-term Stability of a Compounded Suspension of Torsemide (5 mg/mL) for Oral Administration.
Adin, D; Johnson, PR; Kim, CH; Nguyenba, T; Rosen, S, 2017)		0.46
" Variable dosage regimen and poor pharmacokinetic parameters have led to the development of transdermal drug delivery system."( Enhanced Both in vitro and in vivo Kinetics by SLNs Induced Transdermal System of Furosemide: A Novel Approach.
Mannam, R; Yallamalli, IM, 2017)		0.68
" For the clinical study, 26 patients with NS, all prescribed the recommended dosage of prednisone (1 mg/kg/day), were randomly assigned to two groups."( Massive Proteinuria-Induced Injury of Tubular Epithelial Cells in Nephrotic Syndrome is Not Exacerbated by Furosemide.
Jing, KP; Li, JJ; Liu, HF; Liu, WJ; Pan, Q; Tang, HX; Wang, S; Wu, HL; Xu, C; Ye, L; Zou, T, 2018)		0.69
"The great number of drug substances currently used in solid oral dosage forms is characterized by poor water solubility."( OPTIMIZATION OF FUROSEMIDE LIQUISOLID TABLETS PREPARATION PROCESS LEADING TO THEIR MASS AND SIZE REDUCTION.
Jachowicz, R; Khalid, MH; Kurek, M; Woyna-Orlewicz, K, 2016)		0.78
"This study used six healthy adult cats in a three-phase design to compare plasma furosemide concentrations in cats that received one IV 2 mg/kg dose of furosemide, one oral 2 mg/kg dose of furosemide and 3 days of q12h dosing with 2 mg/kg furosemide transdermally applied to the ear pinna."( Pharmacokinetics of furosemide after intravenous, oral and transdermal administration to cats.
Fitzgerald, C; O'Donnell, P; Papich, MG; Sleeper, MM, 2019)		1.06
"8% of participants were taking any diuretics (n = 6290 for loop diuretics, n = 496 for other diuretics); of those, recorded dosage data for loop diuretics were available on 5487 participants."( Reduced loop diuretic use in patients taking sacubitril/valsartan compared with enalapril: the PARADIGM-HF trial.
Claggett, B; Desai, AS; Kachadourian, J; Lefkowitz, M; McMurray, JJV; Packer, M; Rouleau, J; Shi, V; Solomon, SD; Swedberg, K; Vardeny, O; Zile, MR, 2019)		0.51
" The lower Na and SBP in this instance should not lead to withholding or minimising diuretic dosage which should rather be dictated by volume status."( Higher Diuretic Requirements in Acute Heart Failure With Admission Hyponatraemia Versus Normonatraemia.
Guglin, M; Omar, HR, 2020)		0.56
" Even if the diuretic response to furosemide is expressed by a steep dose-response curve positively correlated with renal function, pharmacodynamic limitations occur when creatinine clearance is < 20 ml/min or urine output is < 500 ml/12 h."( Furosemide as a functional marker of acute kidney injury in ICU patients: a new role for an old drug.
Biancone, L; Mariano, F; Mella, A; Vincenti, M, 2019)		2.24
" We also investigated two possible quality improvement targets: furosemide dosing in renal impairment and inclusion of an initial bolus with continuous furosemide infusions."( Patterns of diuretic use in the intensive care unit.
Chang, TI; Chertow, GM; McCoy, IE, 2019)		0.75
" Diuretic dosing strategies may be suboptimal."( Patterns of diuretic use in the intensive care unit.
Chang, TI; Chertow, GM; McCoy, IE, 2019)		0.51
"Individualized medicines for pediatrics are a useful alternative if there is no correct dosage marketed for this segment (easy to swallow, adequate volume and content, correct composition for pediatrics, good organoleptic properties, etc."( A High-Demanding Strategy to Ensure the Highest Quality Standards of Oral Liquid Individualized Medicines for Pediatric Use.
Armijo-Ruíz, S; Castillo, A; Fariña, JB; Santoveña-Estévez, A; Suárez-González, J, 2019)		0.51
" The conventional therapy group continued with the original dosage regimens."( Furosemide Dose Changes Associated with Furosemide/Tolvaptan Combination Therapy in Patients with Cirrhosis.
Hidaka, H; Kako, M; Koizumi, W; Kubota, K; Nakazawa, T; Shibuya, A; Sung, JH; Tanaka, Y; Uojima, H; Wada, N, 2020)		2
" Secondary objectives were to assess a dose-response relationship between bumetanide infusion rate and occurrence of myalgia and to investigate potential risk factors associated with bumetanide-induced myalgia."( Evaluation of Severe Myalgia Induced by Continuous-Infusion Bumetanide in Patients with Acute Heart Failure.
Chinaeke, EE; Cox, ZL; Lenihan, DJ; Lu, K; Merritt, TE; Xiong, L, 2019)		0.51
" The whole procedure summarizes the results obtained for over a thousand different dosage forms of tablets."( Detection of counterfeit and substandard tablets using non-invasive NIR and chemometrics - A conceptual framework for a big screening system.
Balyklova, KS; Pomerantsev, AL; Rodionova, OY; Titova, AV, 2019)		0.51
" A significant negative correlation was observed between the dosage of furosemide and ΔSMI (%) (P = 0."( Management of refractory ascites attenuates muscle mass reduction and improves survival in patients with decompensated cirrhosis.
Aikata, H; Chayama, K; Fujino, H; Hiramatsu, A; Imamura, M; Kawaoka, T; Kodama, K; Morio, K; Murakami, E; Nakahara, T; Namba, M; Ohya, K; Tsuge, M; Uchikawa, S; Yamauchi, M, 2020)		0.79
" In our study, dehydration duration and the iohexol dosage were found to be the two most important factors to develop a rat CIN model."( A novel rat model of contrast-induced nephropathy based on dehydration.
Chen, LH; Cheng, WJ; Hu, C; Li, DY; Liu, K; Wang, JL; Xie, YL; Yin, WJ; Zhou, G; Zhou, LY; Zuo, SR; Zuo, XC, 2019)		0.51
" Furosemide, due to its poor water solubility and low bioavailability after oral administration of conventional dosage form, is categorized as class IV in the biopharmaceutical classification system."( Utilization of a Single Experimental Design for the Optimization of Furosemide Modified-Release Tablet Formulations.
Dotsikas, Y; Siamidi, A; Vlachou, M, 2019)		1.66
" The long-term cumulative survival rates in patients who received a mean dosage of spironolactone < 23 mg/day during tolvaptan treatment were significantly higher than those receiving a mean dosage of ≥ 23 mg/day (P = 0."( Analysis of factors associated with the prognosis of cirrhotic patients who were treated with tolvaptan for hepatic edema.
Abe, H; Arai, T; Atsukawa, M; Chuma, M; Fukunishi, S; Hattori, N; Hiraoka, A; Iio, E; Ikegami, T; Itokawa, N; Iwakiri, K; Iwasa, M; Kato, K; Kondo, C; Kumada, T; Michitaka, K; Nakagawa-Iwashita, A; Nozaki, A; Okubo, H; Okubo, T; Senoh, T; Tada, T; Takaguchi, K; Takei, Y; Tanaka, Y; Tani, J; Toyoda, H; Tsubota, A; Tsutsui, A; Uojima, H; Watanabe, T; Yokohama, K; Yoshida, Y, 2020)		0.56
" Biorelevant in vitro dissolution experiments mimicking different modes (with water or dosing vehicles) of administering age-appropriate furosemide doses to children of different age groups indicated a fast and robust drug release."( Safe, swallowable and palatable paediatric mini-tablet formulations for a WHO model list of essential medicines for children compound - A promising starting point for future PUMA applications.
Freerks, L; Klein, S; Löper, PC; Sommerfeldt, J, 2020)		0.76
" Bolus dosing of diuretics has its own limitations due to pre-existing hypotension, post diuretic sodium retention and braking phenomenon."( Comparative Study of Slow Infusion versus Bolus Doses of Albumin and Furosemide Infusion to Mobilize Refractory Ascites in Decompensated Chronic Liver Disease.
Jha, A; Kafle, B; Khadga, P; Pathak, R; Thapaliya, S; Yadav, AK, 2020)		0.79
" The second part demonstrated concentrations ranging from 5 to 1110 pg/mg with no correlation between dosage and hair concentrations."( Identification of furosemide in hair in a post-mortem case by UHPLC-MS/MS with guidance on interpretation.
Batt, MO; Gheddar, L; Kintz, P; Raul, JS, 2021)		0.96
"Furosemide is commonly used off-label in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), but current dosing practices vary widely."( Pharmacoepidemiology of Furosemide in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.
Benjamin, DK; Clark, RH; Greenberg, RG; Hornik, CP; Kumar, KR; Laughon, M; Smith, PB; Thompson, EJ; Zimmerman, KO, 2020)		2.31
"To describe dosing practices including route, dose, and duration of exposure to furosemide in a large number of community and tertiary NICUs across North America."( Pharmacoepidemiology of Furosemide in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.
Benjamin, DK; Clark, RH; Greenberg, RG; Hornik, CP; Kumar, KR; Laughon, M; Smith, PB; Thompson, EJ; Zimmerman, KO, 2020)		1.09
" We excluded infants with incomplete dosing data."( Pharmacoepidemiology of Furosemide in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.
Benjamin, DK; Clark, RH; Greenberg, RG; Hornik, CP; Kumar, KR; Laughon, M; Smith, PB; Thompson, EJ; Zimmerman, KO, 2020)		0.87
"A total of 18,572 infants had complete dosing data."( Pharmacoepidemiology of Furosemide in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.
Benjamin, DK; Clark, RH; Greenberg, RG; Hornik, CP; Kumar, KR; Laughon, M; Smith, PB; Thompson, EJ; Zimmerman, KO, 2020)		0.87
"Most infants received short courses of furosemide within the labeled dosing parameters."( Pharmacoepidemiology of Furosemide in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.
Benjamin, DK; Clark, RH; Greenberg, RG; Hornik, CP; Kumar, KR; Laughon, M; Smith, PB; Thompson, EJ; Zimmerman, KO, 2020)		1.13
"Although proximal tubular secretion is the primary mechanism of kidney drug elimination, current kidney drug dosing strategies are on the basis of eGFR."( Prediction of Kidney Drug Clearance: A Comparison of Tubular Secretory Clearance and Glomerular Filtration Rate.
Brauchla, CC; Chen, Y; de Boer, I; Heckbert, SR; Himmelfarb, J; Hoofnagle, AN; Kestenbaum, BR; Manahan, L; Phillips, B; Shireman, LM; Yeung, CK; Zelnick, LR, 2021)		0.62
" Dosing regimens of frusemide, and acetaminophen, and the sizes of ductus arteriosus following treatment, were evaluated."( Intravenous frusemide does not interact pharmacodynamically with acetaminophen in critically ill preterm neonates with patent ductus arteriosus.
Al Ansari, E; Al Jufairi, M; Al Madhoob, A; Al Marzooq, R; Sridharan, K, 2021)		0.62
" The SCr level was the sole parameter influencing furosemide CL and might serve as a good index for furosemide dosing in VP neonates."( Furosemide clearance in very preterm neonates early in life: A pilot study using scavenged samples.
Fukuoka, N; Itoh, S; Kondo, M; Kuboi, T; Kusaka, T; Okazaki, K; Unemoto, J, 2022)		2.42
" This patient's case highlights the need of further studies evaluating efficacy of repeated dosing of CCP."( Sequential dosing of convalescent COVID-19 plasma with significant temporal clinical improvements in a persistently SARS-COV-2 positive patient.
Bloch, EM; Chua, F; Goel, R; Katz, LM; Mirihagalle, N; Parajuli, P; Prakash, V; Saha, D; Shah, A; Sundareshan, V; Tobian, AAR; Waqar, S, 2021)		0.62
"More than 50 years ago, the first gastroretentive dosage forms came up."( Development of a furosemide-containing expandable system for gastric retention.
Anschütz, M; Brätter, C; Donath, F; Franke, H; Hanke, U; Heimhardt, C; Knopke, C; Koziolek, M; Neumann, M; Schiller, C; Schneider, F; Schug, B; Seidlitz, K; Thoma, R; Weitschies, W, 2021)		0.96
"This study examined the combined effect of diuretic dosage and UNa concentration in chronic HF."( The ratio of furosemide dosage to urinary sodium concentration predicts mortality in patients with chronic stable heart failure.
Amorim, M; Araújo, JP; Bettencourt, P; Elias, C; Lourenço, P; Oliveira, D; Soares-Carreira, M, 2021)		0.99
" The association between the ratio of furosemide dosage to UNa concentration and 5‑year mortality was studied using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve."( The ratio of furosemide dosage to urinary sodium concentration predicts mortality in patients with chronic stable heart failure.
Amorim, M; Araújo, JP; Bettencourt, P; Elias, C; Lourenço, P; Oliveira, D; Soares-Carreira, M, 2021)		1.26
" The median furosemide dosage was 80 mg/day and the mean UNa concentration was 85 mEq/l."( The ratio of furosemide dosage to urinary sodium concentration predicts mortality in patients with chronic stable heart failure.
Amorim, M; Araújo, JP; Bettencourt, P; Elias, C; Lourenço, P; Oliveira, D; Soares-Carreira, M, 2021)		1.37
"Combining the diuretic dosage and measurement of UNa excretion can be used to refine risk stratification in chronic HF."( The ratio of furosemide dosage to urinary sodium concentration predicts mortality in patients with chronic stable heart failure.
Amorim, M; Araújo, JP; Bettencourt, P; Elias, C; Lourenço, P; Oliveira, D; Soares-Carreira, M, 2021)		0.99
" However, in contemporary US outpatient practice, the degree to which diuretic dosing changes over time and the associations with clinical outcomes and health care resource utilization are unknown."( Diuretic Changes, Health Care Resource Utilization, and Clinical Outcomes for Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction: From the Change the Management of Patients With Heart Failure Registry.
Albert, NM; Butler, J; DeVore, AD; Fonarow, GC; Greene, SJ; Hellkamp, AS; Hernandez, AF; Khan, MS; Patterson, JH; Shen, X; Spertus, JA; Thomas, LE; Williams, FB, 2021)		0.62
"Although acute heart failure (AHF) with volume overload is treated with loop diuretics, their dosing and type of administration are mainly based upon expert opinion."( Rationale and Design of the Efficacy of a Standardized Diuretic Protocol in Acute Heart Failure Study.
Al Balbissi, K; Alhaddad, IA; Barge-Caballero, G; Barker, D; Benkouar, R; Borbély, A; Bovolo, V; Bruckers, L; Cobo-Marcos, M; Dauw, J; de la Espriella, R; Doghmi, N; Fialho, I; Findeisen, H; Frea, S; George, V; Ghazi, AM; Klincheva, M; Knappe, D; Lekhakul, A; Lelonek, M; Martens, P; Miró, Ò; Mullens, W; Nasr, S; Paredes-Paucar, CP; Ross, NT; Shchekochikhin, D; Singh, JS; van den Heuvel, M; Zara, C; Zegri-Reiriz, I, 2021)		0.62
"The possibility of tablets splitting allows considerable dosage flexibility, but a non-uniform break of the tablets to obtain the dosage suitable for the pet's weight, can cause dangerous over-or sub-dosing condition, especially in critical pathologies and in small breed pets."( Dosage variability of veterinary drug products, containing furosemide, linked to tablet splitting.
Friuli, V; Maggi, L; Musitelli, G; Perugini, P; Venco, L, )		0.37
"Furosemide dosing practices in the NICU are similar across PMA groups, despite maturational changes in drug disposition."( Association between postmenstrual age and furosemide dosing practices in very preterm infants.
Bamat, NA; Clark, RH; Eichenwald, EC; Greenberg, RG; Hornik, CP; Lang, JE; Laughon, MM; Lorch, SA; Smith, PB; Thompson, EJ; Tolia, VN; Zuppa, AF, 2022)		2.43
" In addition, there was a global dosage effect of parent alleles in triploid hybrids, with expression proportional to copy number variation."( Nonadditive gene expression is correlated with nonadditive phenotypic expression in interspecific triploid hybrids of willow (Salix spp.).
Carlson, CH; Chan, AP; Choi, Y; Smart, LB; Town, CD, 2022)		0.72
" Older age and dose of furosemide greater >40 mg were significantly associated with suboptimal dosing of ACEIs."( Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor Dose Optimization and Its Associated Factors at Felege Hiwot Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
Baffa, LD; Gelaye, AT; Seid, MA, 2022)		1.03
"To compare the effects of different dosing schemes of furosemide on acute heart failure (AHF)."( Comparison of Different Furosemide Regimens in the Treatment of Acute Heart Failure: A Meta-Analysis.
Chen, D; Guo, F; Huang, J; Huang, Y; Lin, H, 2022)		1.28
" Furosemide dosage administered between timepoints was calculated."( Retrospective evaluation of risk factors for development of kidney injury after parenteral furosemide treatment of left-sided congestive heart failure in dogs.
Adin, DB; Giorgi, ME; Mochel, JP; Ward, JL; Yuan, L, 2022)		1.85
"Background and Objectives: The aim of this paper is to evaluate the impact of humoral substance mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin (MR-proADM) on the two-year survival of patients with chronic heart failure and relate it to the dosage of furosemide."( Relation between Mid-Regional Pro-Adrenomedullin in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure and the Dose of Diuretics in 2-Year Follow-Up-Data from FAR NHL Registry.
Benešová, K; Goldbergová-Pávková, M; Jarkovský, J; Krejčí, J; Lábr, K; Ludka, O; Málek, F; Ošťádal, P; Pařenica, J; Špinar, J; Špinarová, L; Špinarová, M, 2022)		0.9
" In this study, we compared the effectiveness and safety of a continuous infusion with that of a bolus injection when an increased loop diuretic dosage is required in intensive care unit (ICU) patients."( Comparative effectiveness and safety of bolus vs. continuous infusion of loop diuretics: Results from the MIMIC-III Database.
Chen, Q; Feng, P; He, C; Huo, Y; Jiang, J; Li, J; Li, Y; Nie, X; Sun, W; Weng, H; Zhang, Y; Zhao, F, 2023)		0.91
"Our results indicate that a continuous infusion of loop diuretics may be more effective than a bolus injection and does not increase the risk of acute kidney injury in patients who need an increased diuretic dosage in the ICU."( Comparative effectiveness and safety of bolus vs. continuous infusion of loop diuretics: Results from the MIMIC-III Database.
Chen, Q; Feng, P; He, C; Huo, Y; Jiang, J; Li, J; Li, Y; Nie, X; Sun, W; Weng, H; Zhang, Y; Zhao, F, 2023)		0.91
"We analyzed the prescription and dosage of essential pharmacotherapy in chronic heart failure (HF) at the time of discharge from the hospitalization for cardiac decompensation and how it may have influenced the prognosis of the patients."( Dosing of basic pharmacotherapy and its effect on the prognosis of patients hospitalized for heart failure.
Bílková, S; Bruthans, J; Jirák, J; Krynský, T; Mayer, O, 2023)		0.91
"The prescription and dosage of essential pharmacotherapy are far from optimal, and in the case of RAS blockers, this affected the patient's prognosis as well."( Dosing of basic pharmacotherapy and its effect on the prognosis of patients hospitalized for heart failure.
Bílková, S; Bruthans, J; Jirák, J; Krynský, T; Mayer, O, 2023)		0.91
"There is substantial variability amongst physicians and between cardiologists and non-cardiologists in the management of patients with ADHF, with regard to clinical parameters used to tailor treatment, treatment goals, diuretic dosing and escalation strategies."( Decongestion strategies in patients presenting with acutely decompensated heart failure: A worldwide survey among physicians.
Agaoglu, E; Chioncel, O; Coats, AJS; Filippatos, G; Kapelios, CJ; Lopatin, Y; Metra, M; Mullens, W; Rosano, G; Seferovic, P; Vazir, A, 2023)		0.91
" Based on the outcomes of the acute toxicity evaluation, we opted for three dosage levels: a high dose (1000 mg/kg), a medium dose (500 mg/kg), and a low dose (250 mg/kg)."( Diuretic activity evaluation and chemical composition analysis of Hedyotis scandens extract from Mizoram, India, in rat models.
Lalbiaknii, PC; Lalnunmawia, F; Mehta, SK; Ngamlai, EV; Pradhan, RB; Ralte, V; Vanlalhluna, PC, 2024)		1.44
" This is the first report on applying fusion laser cutting to produce bespoke furosemide solid dosage forms based on pharmaceutical-grade polymeric carriers."( Laser-cutting: A novel alternative approach for point-of-care manufacturing of bespoke tablets.
Abdillah Akbar, BVEB; Alhnan, MA; Cao, Z; Hawcutt, DB; Isreb, A; Jones, SA; Liu, Y; M Leonova, A; Royall, PG, 2023)		1.14
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (3)

RoleDescription
xenobioticA xenobiotic (Greek, xenos "foreign"; bios "life") is a compound that is foreign to a living organism. Principal xenobiotics include: drugs, carcinogens and various compounds that have been introduced into the environment by artificial means.
environmental contaminantAny minor or unwanted substance introduced into the environment that can have undesired effects.
loop diureticA diuretic that acts on the ascending loop of Henle in the kidney.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (3)

ClassDescription
sulfonamideAn amide of a sulfonic acid RS(=O)2NR'2.
chlorobenzoic acidAny member of the class of benzoic acids in which the benzene ring is substituted by at least one chloro group.
furansCompounds containing at least one furan ring.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathways (1)

PathwayProteinsCompounds
Furosemide Action Pathway319

Protein Targets (49)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
RAR-related orphan receptor gammaMus musculus (house mouse)Potency33.49150.006038.004119,952.5996AID1159521
AR proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency26.83250.000221.22318,912.5098AID743035; AID743063
aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1Homo sapiens (human)Potency39.81070.011212.4002100.0000AID1030
estrogen receptor 2 (ER beta)Homo sapiens (human)Potency26.60320.000657.913322,387.1992AID1259377
cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A polypeptide 4Homo sapiens (human)Potency0.00390.01237.983543.2770AID1645841
EWS/FLI fusion proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency0.00260.001310.157742.8575AID1259256
retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency19.40980.003041.611522,387.1992AID1159552
farnesoid X nuclear receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency0.22390.375827.485161.6524AID588526
estrogen nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency8.45490.000229.305416,493.5996AID743069; AID743079
aryl hydrocarbon receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency33.49150.000723.06741,258.9301AID743085
thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency0.05860.154917.870243.6557AID1346877
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform 2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency17.78010.000323.4451159.6830AID743067
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency74.97800.000627.21521,122.0200AID651741
gemininHomo sapiens (human)Potency8.46120.004611.374133.4983AID624296; AID624297
Spike glycoproteinSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirusPotency25.11890.009610.525035.4813AID1479145
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)133.00000.63154.45319.3000AID1473740
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)133.00000.20005.677410.0000AID1473741
Solute carrier family 22 member 6Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki9.50001.60005.744010.0000AID681388
Carbonic anhydrase 12Homo sapiens (human)Ki56.22640.00021.10439.9000AID1798598; AID1803141; AID367617
Bile salt export pumpRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)1,000.00000.40002.75008.6000AID1209456
Bile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)646.56000.11007.190310.0000AID1209455; AID1443980; AID1443988; AID1449628; AID1473738
Carbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)Ki56.20430.00001.372610.0000AID1798598; AID1803141; AID367608
Carbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)Ki56.20460.00000.72369.9200AID1798598; AID1803141; AID367609
Carbonic anhydrase 3Homo sapiens (human)Ki471.68240.00022.010210.0000AID1798598; AID367610
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseHomo sapiens (human)Ki187.40001.19105.12919.9410AID1802951
Cytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)50.00000.00002.800510.0000AID1210069
Carbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)Ki14.62010.00021.97209.9200AID1798598; AID367611
Carbonic anhydrase 6Homo sapiens (human)Ki14.57450.00011.47109.9200AID1798598; AID367614
Serum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1Homo sapiens (human)Ki702.00009.00009.00009.0000AID1799602
Corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 1Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)3.76000.00411.066710.0000AID352313
Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)Ki14.61080.00001.27259.9000AID1798598; AID367612
Carbonic anhydrase 7Homo sapiens (human)Ki14.61280.00021.37379.9000AID1798598; AID367615
Adenosine receptor A1Cavia porcellus (domestic guinea pig)Ki100.00000.00030.45466.9000AID32292
Corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 1Mus musculus (house mouse)IC50 (µMol)3.76000.00200.24103.7600AID352314
Cytochrome P450 2J2Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)50.00000.01202.53129.4700AID1210069
6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, decarboxylatingHomo sapiens (human)Ki127.00000.01002.74508.3000AID1802944
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2A1Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki47.00000.03821.41225.8000AID679000
Sodium/bile acid cotransporterHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)15.00001.00005.92679.6000AID681378
Carbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)Ki56.24410.00010.78749.9000AID1798598; AID1803141; AID367616
Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)133.00002.41006.343310.0000AID1473739
Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)500.00000.01002.765610.0000AID721754
Carbonic anhydrase 13Mus musculus (house mouse)Ki14.61810.00021.39749.9000AID1798598; AID367618
G-protein coupled receptor 35Homo sapiens (human)Ki3.27000.01152.44679.8600AID769725
CDGSH iron-sulfur domain-containing protein 1Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)53.46000.73103.79949.0780AID1323834
CDGSH iron-sulfur domain-containing protein 1Homo sapiens (human)Ki2.28500.03101.20547.2910AID1323835
Carbonic anhydrase 14Homo sapiens (human)Ki14.54690.00021.50999.9000AID1798598; AID367619
Broad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)3.20000.00401.966610.0000AID1873192
Carbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)Ki14.58550.00001.34129.9700AID1798598; AID367613
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Activation Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
G-protein coupled receptor 35Homo sapiens (human)EC50 (µMol)8.70000.00202.50079.8000AID769723; AID769740
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Other Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Carbonic anhydrase 12Homo sapiens (human)Kinact0.26100.00300.66749.6000AID328983
Carbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)Kinact0.06200.01000.93878.6000AID328974
Carbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)Kinact0.06500.00300.794610.0000AID328975
Carbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)Kinact0.56400.07402.39348.5900AID328977
Carbonic anhydrase 6Homo sapiens (human)Kinact0.24500.00090.72615.3000AID328980
Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)Kinact0.49900.02000.85809.4000AID328978
Carbonic anhydrase 7Homo sapiens (human)Kinact0.51300.00020.28525.7300AID328981
Carbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)Kinact0.42000.00500.31976.6700AID328982
Carbonic anhydrase 13Mus musculus (house mouse)Kinact0.55000.01300.56698.2300AID328984
Carbonic anhydrase 14Homo sapiens (human)Kinact0.05200.00021.44958.5900AID328985
Carbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)Kinact0.32200.00900.92319.0400AID328979
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (147)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
xenobiotic metabolic processATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
glucuronoside transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
leukotriene transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic anion transmembrane transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrierATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin secretionMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
cilium assemblyMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
platelet degranulationMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
urate transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
glutathione transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
cAMP transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
leukotriene transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic anion transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
export across plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrierMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
guanine nucleotide transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
estrous cycleCarbonic anhydrase 12Homo sapiens (human)
chloride ion homeostasisCarbonic anhydrase 12Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic processCarbonic anhydrase 12Homo sapiens (human)
fatty acid metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid biosynthetic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to oxidative stressBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to organic cyclic compoundBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
canalicular bile acid transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
protein ubiquitinationBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidationBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
carbohydrate transmembrane transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid signaling pathwayBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
cholesterol homeostasisBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to estrogenBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to ethanolBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic export from cellBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
lipid homeostasisBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipid homeostasisBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of bile acid secretionBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of bile acid metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic processCarbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)
morphogenesis of an epitheliumCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergicCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cellular pH reductionCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
angiotensin-activated signaling pathwayCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of monoatomic anion transportCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
secretionCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of intracellular pHCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
neuron cellular homeostasisCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of dipeptide transmembrane transportCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of chloride transportCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
carbon dioxide transportCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic processCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to starvationAlbuminHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of mitochondrial depolarizationAlbuminHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to calcium ion starvationAlbuminHomo sapiens (human)
cellular oxidant detoxificationAlbuminHomo sapiens (human)
transportAlbuminHomo sapiens (human)
response to bacteriumCarbonic anhydrase 3Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic processCarbonic anhydrase 3Homo sapiens (human)
pentose-phosphate shuntGlucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseHomo sapiens (human)
lipid metabolic processGlucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseHomo sapiens (human)
cholesterol biosynthetic processGlucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseHomo sapiens (human)
NADP metabolic processGlucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseHomo sapiens (human)
NADPH regenerationGlucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseHomo sapiens (human)
glutathione metabolic processGlucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseHomo sapiens (human)
pentose-phosphate shunt, oxidative branchGlucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseHomo sapiens (human)
response to iron(III) ionGlucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of protein glutathionylationGlucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseHomo sapiens (human)
response to organic cyclic compoundGlucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseHomo sapiens (human)
pentose biosynthetic processGlucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseHomo sapiens (human)
substantia nigra developmentGlucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseHomo sapiens (human)
response to foodGlucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to oxidative stressGlucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseHomo sapiens (human)
erythrocyte maturationGlucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of neuron apoptotic processGlucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseHomo sapiens (human)
response to ethanolGlucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseHomo sapiens (human)
ribose phosphate biosynthetic processGlucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseHomo sapiens (human)
glucose 6-phosphate metabolic processGlucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell growth involved in cardiac muscle cell developmentGlucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transport via high voltage-gated calcium channelGlucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic processGlucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseHomo sapiens (human)
glucose metabolic processGlucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseHomo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
steroid metabolic processCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
cholesterol metabolic processCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
estrogen metabolic processCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
monoterpenoid metabolic processCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
epoxygenase P450 pathwayCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
urea metabolic processCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
monocarboxylic acid metabolic processCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic catabolic processCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
long-chain fatty acid biosynthetic processCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
amide metabolic processCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
icosanoid biosynthetic processCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
oxidative demethylationCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
omega-hydroxylase P450 pathwayCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
bicarbonate transportCarbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic processCarbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)
detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of bitter tasteCarbonic anhydrase 6Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic processCarbonic anhydrase 6Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of plasma lipoprotein oxidationSerum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1Homo sapiens (human)
cholesterol metabolic processSerum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1Homo sapiens (human)
response to toxic substanceSerum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cholesterol effluxSerum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1Homo sapiens (human)
carboxylic acid catabolic processSerum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1Homo sapiens (human)
organophosphate catabolic processSerum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1Homo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylcholine metabolic processSerum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1Homo sapiens (human)
lactone catabolic processSerum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1Homo sapiens (human)
lung developmentCorticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 1Homo sapiens (human)
steroid catabolic processCorticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 1Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic processCarbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergicCarbonic anhydrase 7Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cellular pH reductionCarbonic anhydrase 7Homo sapiens (human)
neuron cellular homeostasisCarbonic anhydrase 7Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of chloride transportCarbonic anhydrase 7Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of intracellular pHCarbonic anhydrase 7Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic processCarbonic anhydrase 7Homo sapiens (human)
fatty acid metabolic processCytochrome P450 2J2Homo sapiens (human)
icosanoid metabolic processCytochrome P450 2J2Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processCytochrome P450 2J2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of heart contractionCytochrome P450 2J2Homo sapiens (human)
epoxygenase P450 pathwayCytochrome P450 2J2Homo sapiens (human)
linoleic acid metabolic processCytochrome P450 2J2Homo sapiens (human)
organic acid metabolic processCytochrome P450 2J2Homo sapiens (human)
pentose-phosphate shunt6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, decarboxylatingHomo sapiens (human)
pentose-phosphate shunt, oxidative branch6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, decarboxylatingHomo sapiens (human)
pentose biosynthetic process6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, decarboxylatingHomo sapiens (human)
D-gluconate catabolic process6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, decarboxylatingHomo sapiens (human)
sodium ion transportSodium/bile acid cotransporterHomo sapiens (human)
response to organic cyclic compoundSodium/bile acid cotransporterHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transportSodium/bile acid cotransporterHomo sapiens (human)
response to nutrient levelsSodium/bile acid cotransporterHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid signaling pathwaySodium/bile acid cotransporterHomo sapiens (human)
response to estrogenSodium/bile acid cotransporterHomo sapiens (human)
response to ethanolSodium/bile acid cotransporterHomo sapiens (human)
symbiont entry into host cellSodium/bile acid cotransporterHomo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportSodium/bile acid cotransporterHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to xenobiotic stimulusSodium/bile acid cotransporterHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of bile acid secretionSodium/bile acid cotransporterHomo sapiens (human)
response to hypoxiaCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
morphogenesis of an epitheliumCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulusCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
response to testosteroneCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
secretionCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic processCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of gene expressionCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
bilirubin transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
heme catabolic processCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic export from cellCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
transepithelial transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
leukotriene transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic anion transmembrane transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrierCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transport across blood-brain barrierCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transportMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
organic cation transportMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
putrescine transportMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transportMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
thiamine transmembrane transportMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
amino acid import across plasma membraneMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
L-arginine import across plasma membraneMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
L-alpha-amino acid transmembrane transportMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
proton transmembrane transportMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
L-arginine transmembrane transportMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic detoxification by transmembrane export across the plasma membraneMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
cytoskeleton organizationG-protein coupled receptor 35Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayG-protein coupled receptor 35Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentrationG-protein coupled receptor 35Homo sapiens (human)
chemokine-mediated signaling pathwayG-protein coupled receptor 35Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of voltage-gated calcium channel activityG-protein coupled receptor 35Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of neuronal action potentialG-protein coupled receptor 35Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of Rho protein signal transductionG-protein coupled receptor 35Homo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayG-protein coupled receptor 35Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of autophagyCDGSH iron-sulfur domain-containing protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cellular respirationCDGSH iron-sulfur domain-containing protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein maturation by [2Fe-2S] cluster transferCDGSH iron-sulfur domain-containing protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic processCarbonic anhydrase 14Homo sapiens (human)
lipid transportBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
organic anion transportBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
urate transportBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
biotin transportBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
sphingolipid biosynthetic processBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
riboflavin transportBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
urate metabolic processBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
transepithelial transportBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
renal urate salt excretionBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
export across plasma membraneBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrierBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
cellular detoxificationBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transport across blood-brain barrierBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
response to bacteriumCarbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic processCarbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (91)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
ATP bindingATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
glucuronoside transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type glutathione S-conjugate transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type bile acid transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled inorganic anion transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
icosanoid transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
guanine nucleotide transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
urate transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
purine nucleotide transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type glutathione S-conjugate transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type bile acid transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
efflux transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD+) activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
glutathione transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled inorganic anion transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingCarbonic anhydrase 12Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activityCarbonic anhydrase 12Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid transmembrane transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
canalicular bile acid transmembrane transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
carbohydrate transmembrane transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ABC-type bile acid transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
arylesterase activityCarbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activityCarbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingCarbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingCarbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)
hydro-lyase activityCarbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)
cyanamide hydratase activityCarbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)
arylesterase activityCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activityCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
cyanamide hydratase activityCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
oxygen bindingAlbuminHomo sapiens (human)
DNA bindingAlbuminHomo sapiens (human)
fatty acid bindingAlbuminHomo sapiens (human)
copper ion bindingAlbuminHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingAlbuminHomo sapiens (human)
toxic substance bindingAlbuminHomo sapiens (human)
antioxidant activityAlbuminHomo sapiens (human)
pyridoxal phosphate bindingAlbuminHomo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingAlbuminHomo sapiens (human)
protein-folding chaperone bindingAlbuminHomo sapiens (human)
exogenous protein bindingAlbuminHomo sapiens (human)
enterobactin bindingAlbuminHomo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activityCarbonic anhydrase 3Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingCarbonic anhydrase 3Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingCarbonic anhydrase 3Homo sapiens (human)
nickel cation bindingCarbonic anhydrase 3Homo sapiens (human)
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activityGlucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingGlucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseHomo sapiens (human)
glucose bindingGlucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseHomo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingGlucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseHomo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activityGlucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseHomo sapiens (human)
NADP bindingGlucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseHomo sapiens (human)
monooxygenase activityCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
iron ion bindingCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
arachidonic acid epoxygenase activityCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
steroid hydroxylase activityCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
arachidonic acid 14,15-epoxygenase activityCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
arachidonic acid 11,12-epoxygenase activityCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
oxidoreductase activityCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
(S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase activityCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
(S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase activityCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
caffeine oxidase activityCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
(R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase activityCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
aromatase activityCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
heme bindingCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygenCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingCarbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingCarbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activityCarbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingCarbonic anhydrase 6Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activityCarbonic anhydrase 6Homo sapiens (human)
aryldialkylphosphatase activitySerum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1Homo sapiens (human)
arylesterase activitySerum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1Homo sapiens (human)
calcium ion bindingSerum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1Homo sapiens (human)
phospholipid bindingSerum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activitySerum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1Homo sapiens (human)
acyl-L-homoserine-lactone lactonohydrolase activitySerum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activityCorticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 1Homo sapiens (human)
7-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (NADP+) activityCorticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 1Homo sapiens (human)
NADP bindingCorticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 1Homo sapiens (human)
11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (NADP+) activityCorticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 1Homo sapiens (human)
cortisol dehydrogenase activityCorticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 1Homo sapiens (human)
steroid bindingCorticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 1Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activityCarbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingCarbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingCarbonic anhydrase 7Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activityCarbonic anhydrase 7Homo sapiens (human)
monooxygenase activityCytochrome P450 2J2Homo sapiens (human)
iron ion bindingCytochrome P450 2J2Homo sapiens (human)
arachidonic acid epoxygenase activityCytochrome P450 2J2Homo sapiens (human)
arachidonic acid 14,15-epoxygenase activityCytochrome P450 2J2Homo sapiens (human)
arachidonic acid 11,12-epoxygenase activityCytochrome P450 2J2Homo sapiens (human)
isomerase activityCytochrome P450 2J2Homo sapiens (human)
linoleic acid epoxygenase activityCytochrome P450 2J2Homo sapiens (human)
hydroperoxy icosatetraenoate isomerase activityCytochrome P450 2J2Homo sapiens (human)
arachidonic acid 5,6-epoxygenase activityCytochrome P450 2J2Homo sapiens (human)
heme bindingCytochrome P450 2J2Homo sapiens (human)
oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygenCytochrome P450 2J2Homo sapiens (human)
phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) activity6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, decarboxylatingHomo sapiens (human)
NADP binding6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, decarboxylatingHomo sapiens (human)
virus receptor activitySodium/bile acid cotransporterHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingSodium/bile acid cotransporterHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid:sodium symporter activitySodium/bile acid cotransporterHomo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activityCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
molecular function activator activityCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
organic anion transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
bilirubin transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type glutathione S-conjugate transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled inorganic anion transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
organic cation transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
L-amino acid transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
thiamine transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
antiporter activityMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
putrescine transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
L-arginine transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
polyspecific organic cation:proton antiporter activityMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
C-X-C chemokine receptor activityG-protein coupled receptor 35Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor activityG-protein coupled receptor 35Homo sapiens (human)
C-X-C chemokine receptor activityG-protein coupled receptor 35Homo sapiens (human)
pyridoxal phosphate bindingCDGSH iron-sulfur domain-containing protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingCDGSH iron-sulfur domain-containing protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activityCDGSH iron-sulfur domain-containing protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
metal ion bindingCDGSH iron-sulfur domain-containing protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
L-cysteine transaminase activityCDGSH iron-sulfur domain-containing protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
2 iron, 2 sulfur cluster bindingCDGSH iron-sulfur domain-containing protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingCarbonic anhydrase 14Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activityCarbonic anhydrase 14Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
organic anion transmembrane transporter activityBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activityBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
urate transmembrane transporter activityBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
biotin transmembrane transporter activityBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
efflux transmembrane transporter activityBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
riboflavin transmembrane transporter activityBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activityBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activityBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activityBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
sphingolipid transporter activityBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activityCarbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingCarbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (51)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
plasma membraneATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
basal plasma membraneATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
membraneATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
nucleolusMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatusMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
platelet dense granule membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
external side of apical plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 12Homo sapiens (human)
membraneCarbonic anhydrase 12Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 12Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 12Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 12Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
Golgi membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
endosomeBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
intercellular canaliculusBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular canaliculusBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
recycling endosomeBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
recycling endosome membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolCarbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeCarbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
myelin sheathCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
apical part of cellCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
apical part of cellCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular regionAlbuminHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceAlbuminHomo sapiens (human)
nucleusAlbuminHomo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulumAlbuminHomo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum lumenAlbuminHomo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatusAlbuminHomo sapiens (human)
platelet alpha granule lumenAlbuminHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeAlbuminHomo sapiens (human)
blood microparticleAlbuminHomo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complexAlbuminHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmAlbuminHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolCarbonic anhydrase 3Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolCarbonic anhydrase 3Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmCarbonic anhydrase 3Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmGlucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolGlucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmic side of plasma membraneGlucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseHomo sapiens (human)
membraneGlucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseHomo sapiens (human)
centriolar satelliteGlucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelleGlucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeGlucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolGlucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseHomo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelleCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelleCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)
rough endoplasmic reticulumCarbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartmentCarbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatusCarbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)
trans-Golgi networkCarbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)
external side of plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceCarbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)
membraneCarbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)
transport vesicle membraneCarbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)
secretory granule membraneCarbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)
brush border membraneCarbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasmCarbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeCarbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular regionCarbonic anhydrase 6Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceCarbonic anhydrase 6Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolCarbonic anhydrase 6Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeCarbonic anhydrase 6Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceCarbonic anhydrase 6Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular regionSerum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceSerum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneSerum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeSerum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1Homo sapiens (human)
blood microparticleSerum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1Homo sapiens (human)
high-density lipoprotein particleSerum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1Homo sapiens (human)
spherical high-density lipoprotein particleSerum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceSerum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneCorticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 1Homo sapiens (human)
membraneCorticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 1Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneCorticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 1Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelleCorticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 1Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial matrixCarbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
mitochondrionCarbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmCarbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
mitochondrionCarbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolCarbonic anhydrase 7Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmCarbonic anhydrase 7Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneCytochrome P450 2J2Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeCytochrome P450 2J2Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmCytochrome P450 2J2Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelleCytochrome P450 2J2Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, decarboxylatingHomo sapiens (human)
cytosol6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, decarboxylatingHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosome6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, decarboxylatingHomo sapiens (human)
cytosol6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, decarboxylatingHomo sapiens (human)
virion membraneSpike glycoproteinSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
plasma membraneSodium/bile acid cotransporterHomo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneSodium/bile acid cotransporterHomo sapiens (human)
nucleolusCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
membraneCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
microvillus membraneCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
intercellular canaliculusCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
membraneMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneG-protein coupled receptor 35Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneG-protein coupled receptor 35Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrionCDGSH iron-sulfur domain-containing protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial outer membraneCDGSH iron-sulfur domain-containing protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 14Homo sapiens (human)
membraneCarbonic anhydrase 14Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 14Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 14Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 14Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
brush border membraneBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial membraneBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
membrane raftBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
external side of apical plasma membraneBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrionCarbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial matrixCarbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
mitochondrionCarbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmCarbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (814)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1745845Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID651635Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID588501High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set2010Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588501High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set2006Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5
Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588501High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set2010Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1
High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588499High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set2010Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588499High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set2006Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5
Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588499High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set2010Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1
High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588497High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set2010Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588497High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set2006Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5
Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588497High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set2010Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1
High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID1347108qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh41 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347100qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for LAN-5 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347103qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for OHS-50 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347101qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-12 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1296008Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening2020SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1347104qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for RD cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347093qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-MC cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347092qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for A673 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID686947qHTS for small molecule inhibitors of Yes1 kinase: Primary Screen2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-01, Volume: 23, Issue:15
Identification of potent Yes1 kinase inhibitors using a library screening approach.
AID1508630Primary qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay2021Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4
A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID1347107qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh30 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1346986P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1347105qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for MG 63 (6-TG R) cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347083qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347098qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-SH cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347090qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for DAOY cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347154Primary screen GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347082qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347086qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1346987P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1347097qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Saos-2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347089qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for TC32 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347094qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-37 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347095qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB-EBc1 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347099qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB1643 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347091qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SJ-GBM2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347102qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh18 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347106qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for control Hh wild type fibroblast cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347096qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for U-2 OS cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID496820Antimicrobial activity against Trypanosoma brucei2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID582095Inhibition of PSAC-mediated sorbitol uptake in erythrocytes infected with leupeptin resistant-Plasmodium falciparum HB3-leuR1 by osmotic lysis half-time determination assay2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
Changes in the plasmodial surface anion channel reduce leupeptin uptake and can confer drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes.
AID588220Literature-mined public compounds from Kruhlak et al phospholipidosis modelling dataset2008Toxicology mechanisms and methods, , Volume: 18, Issue:2-3
Development of a phospholipidosis database and predictive quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models.
AID1244082Half life in human2015ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-09, Volume: 6, Issue:7
Discovery of a Potent and Selective ROMK Inhibitor with Pharmacokinetic Properties Suitable for Preclinical Evaluation.
AID624647Inhibition of AZT glucuronidation by human UGT enzymes from liver microsomes2005Pharmacology & therapeutics, Apr, Volume: 106, Issue:1
UDP-glucuronosyltransferases and clinical drug-drug interactions.
AID230248Ratio of Na+ to K+ excretion at dose1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 35, Issue:22
N-substituted pyrazino[2,3-c][1,2,6]thiadiazine 2,2-dioxides. A new class of diuretics.
AID190622Post dosing time interval of maximum activity1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 35, Issue:22
N-substituted pyrazino[2,3-c][1,2,6]thiadiazine 2,2-dioxides. A new class of diuretics.
AID187642Relative salidiuretic efficacy was scored in Rat; very marked1982Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 25, Issue:5
Agents for the treatment of brain injury. 1. (Aryloxy)alkanoic acids.
AID17298Mean sodium excretion in rats when compound administered at 160 mg/kg po and vehicle dosed at 483.72 umol/kg1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 35, Issue:22
N-substituted pyrazino[2,3-c][1,2,6]thiadiazine 2,2-dioxides. A new class of diuretics.
AID186701Blood pressure change in rats after oral administration of 50 mg/kg dose after 4 hours1986Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 29, Issue:8
Pyrimidinones. 3. N-substituted 6-phenylpyrimidinones and pyrimidinediones with diuretic/hypotensive and antiinflammatory activity.
AID311367Permeability coefficient in human skin2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 15, Issue:22
Transdermal penetration behaviour of drugs: CART-clustering, QSPR and selection of model compounds.
AID1221971Apparent permeability from apical to basolateral side of human Caco2 cells at 10 uM up to 120 mins by HPLC-MC analysis in presence of 10 uM of MRP2 inhibitor MK5712011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Feb, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Attenuation of intestinal absorption by major efflux transporters: quantitative tools and strategies using a Caco-2 model.
AID189937Ratio of urinary excretion value (urinary volume) in treated rats to that in control rats, at a peroral dose of 25 mg/Kg1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-07, Volume: 35, Issue:16
Adenosine A1 antagonists. 2. Structure-activity relationships on diuretic activities and protective effects against acute renal failure.
AID190286Saluretic activity in rats after 0-5 hours, as chloride ion concentration in urine1986Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 29, Issue:6
Synthesis, saludiuretic, and antihypertensive activity of 6,7-disubstituted 1(2H)- and 3,4-dihydro-1(2H)-phthalazinones.
AID51904Compound was tested for natriuretic activity in chimpanzee at 5 mg/kg dose activity is measured as microequivalent of Na+/minute; muequiv of Na+/min1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 24, Issue:7
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 3. 2,3-Dihydro-5-acyl-2-benzofurancarboxylic acids, a new class of uricosuric diuretics.
AID15928Mean Chlorine excretion in rats when compound administered at 0 mg/kg po and vehicle dosed at 0 umol/kg1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 35, Issue:22
N-substituted pyrazino[2,3-c][1,2,6]thiadiazine 2,2-dioxides. A new class of diuretics.
AID190284Saluretic activity in rats after 0-24 hours, as potassium ion concentration in urine1986Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 29, Issue:6
Synthesis, saludiuretic, and antihypertensive activity of 6,7-disubstituted 1(2H)- and 3,4-dihydro-1(2H)-phthalazinones.
AID275286Solubility in phosphate buffer at pH 6.5 at 500 uM2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-11, Volume: 50, Issue:1
Structure-activity relationship study of prion inhibition by 2-aminopyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile-based compounds: parallel synthesis, bioactivity, and in vitro pharmacokinetics.
AID588208Literature-mined public compounds from Lowe et al phospholipidosis modelling dataset2010Molecular pharmaceutics, Oct-04, Volume: 7, Issue:5
Predicting phospholipidosis using machine learning.
AID540215Volume of distribution at steady state in rat after iv administration2005Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, Jul, Volume: 94, Issue:7
Extrapolation of human pharmacokinetic parameters from rat, dog, and monkey data: Molecular properties associated with extrapolative success or failure.
AID19878Mean excretion of sodium in conscious rats at a dose of 30 mg/kg given orally1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
1-(2-aminoethyl)-6-aryl-4H- [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepines with diuretic and natriuretic activity.
AID1132620Diuretic activity in dog assessed as sodium level in urine per min at 1 mg/kg, iv relative to control1978Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 21, Issue:5
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 2. (2-Alkyl-2-aryl-1-oxo-5-indanyloxy)acetic acids.
AID1145365Diuretic activity in mongrel dog assessed as urine volume per 6 hrs at 1 mg/kg, po (Rvb = 180 ml)1976Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 19, Issue:4
(Vinylaryloxy)acetic acids. A new class of diuretic agents. 2. (4-(3-Oxo-1-alkenyl)phenoxy)acetic acids.
AID169988Compound was evaluated for diuretic activity administered orally in female rats measured as milliequivalents of K+x 100 / cage at 9 mg/kg1984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 27, Issue:7
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 5. [(2-Alkyl- and 2,2-disubstituted-1,3-dioxo-5-indanyl)oxy]acetic acids.
AID195377Reduction of Astrocyte intracellular chloride concentration at 1 mM.1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 30, Issue:10
Effects of [(N-alkyl-1,3-dioxo-1H,3H-isoindolin-5-yl)oxy]alkanoic acids, [(N-alkyl-1-oxo-1H,3H-isoindolin-5-yl)oxy]butanoic acids, and related derivatives on chloride influx in primary astroglial cultures.
AID188266Sodium salt excretion in conscious rat at the dose of 100 mg/kg expressed as urinary excretion in treated rats/urinary excretion in control rats1986Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 29, Issue:8
Pyrimidinones. 3. N-substituted 6-phenylpyrimidinones and pyrimidinediones with diuretic/hypotensive and antiinflammatory activity.
AID1079948Times to onset, minimal and maximal, observed in the indexed observations. [column 'DELAI' in source]
AID588212Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in rodents2010Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1
Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID60419The diuretic activity of compound was measured after oral administration in conscious water loaded dogs at 5 mg/kg after 6 h; Micro equiv of Na+/kg1982Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 25, Issue:1
[(3-aryl-1,2-benzisoxazol-6-yl)oxy]acetic acids. A new diuretic series.
AID1473740Inhibition of human MRP3 overexpressed in Sf9 insect cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-estradiol-17beta-D-glucuronide in presence of ATP and GSH measured after 10 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay2013Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1
A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID173965Dose required to produce increase in 200 % in urine production vs control groups1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 35, Issue:22
N-substituted pyrazino[2,3-c][1,2,6]thiadiazine 2,2-dioxides. A new class of diuretics.
AID1149927Natriuretic activity in chimpanzee assessed as change sodium level in urine measured per min at 5 mg/kg, po1977Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 20, Issue:11
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 1. (2-Alkyl- and 2,2-dialkyl-1-oxo-5-indanyloxy)acetic acids.
AID62065Sailuric activity in the dog measured as concentration of Cl - in urinary excretion (2 animals/dose) at (dose 0.78 mg/Kg, po)1983Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 26, Issue:8
5-sulfamoylorthanilic acids, a sulfonamide series with salidiuretic activity.
AID1079939Cirrhosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CIRRH' in source]
AID21811Mean urinary output in rats when compound administered at 2.5 mg/kg po and vehicle dosed at 7.56 umol/kg1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 35, Issue:22
N-substituted pyrazino[2,3-c][1,2,6]thiadiazine 2,2-dioxides. A new class of diuretics.
AID497005Antimicrobial activity against Pneumocystis carinii2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID233748Compound was tested for natriuretic activity in chimpanzee at 5 mg/kg dose activity is measured as ratio of clearance of urate / insulin; Curate/Cinulin1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 24, Issue:7
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 3. 2,3-Dihydro-5-acyl-2-benzofurancarboxylic acids, a new class of uricosuric diuretics.
AID62699Compound was tested for diuretic activity in dogs at 5 mg/kg dose after intravenous administration measured as microequivalent of Na+/minute; 29/960 (Control/Drug treated)1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 24, Issue:7
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 3. 2,3-Dihydro-5-acyl-2-benzofurancarboxylic acids, a new class of uricosuric diuretics.
AID604742Displacement of radiolabeled dansylsarcosine from fatty acid-free human serum albumin site 2 in phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 at 12 uM by fluorescence spectroscopy2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 18, Issue:21
A combined spectroscopic and crystallographic approach to probing drug-human serum albumin interactions.
AID540221Volume of distribution at steady state in human after iv administration2005Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, Jul, Volume: 94, Issue:7
Extrapolation of human pharmacokinetic parameters from rat, dog, and monkey data: Molecular properties associated with extrapolative success or failure.
AID13801Oral diuretic activity was evaluated by measuring K+ excretion in dog at 1 mg/kg after ip administration (0-6 hr)1980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12
2-(Aminomethyl)phenols, a new class of saluretic agents. 1. Effects of nuclear substitution.
AID599064Plasma protein binding in human2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 21, Issue:12
Lipophilicity of acidic compounds: impact of ion pair partitioning on drug design.
AID1079944Benign tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.BEN' in source]
AID1765377Ratio of drug concentration in brain to plasma of CD-1 mouse at 5 mg/kg, po after 0.5 hrs2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-15, Volume: 222Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of furosemide analogs as therapeutics for the proteopathy and immunopathy of Alzheimer's disease.
AID625285Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic necrosis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1150368Diuretic activity in po dosed albino Wistar-TNO rat assessed as 100% increase in urinary volume measured for 5 hrs1976Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 19, Issue:7
A new class of diuretics with the 1,4-dioxino(2,3-g)quinolone structure.
AID5985271-Octanol-sodium citrate buffer distribution coefficient, log D of the compound at pH 5.5 by shake-flask method2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 21, Issue:12
Lipophilicity of acidic compounds: impact of ion pair partitioning on drug design.
AID444050Fraction unbound in human plasma2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID1123565Diuretic activity in Wistar rat assessed as volume of excreted urine at 50 mg/kg, po measured after 5 to 24 hrs relative to urea-treated control1979Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 22, Issue:1
Synthesis and evaluation for diuretic activity of 1-substituted 6-chloro-5-sulfamylindolines.
AID1132628Diuretic activity in dog assessed as chloride level in urine volume at 1 mg/kg, iv relative to control1978Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 21, Issue:5
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 2. (2-Alkyl-2-aryl-1-oxo-5-indanyloxy)acetic acids.
AID275285Cytotoxicity against ScN2a cells2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-11, Volume: 50, Issue:1
Structure-activity relationship study of prion inhibition by 2-aminopyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile-based compounds: parallel synthesis, bioactivity, and in vitro pharmacokinetics.
AID192672Percent inhibition of serum creatinine by the compound given as ratio of Cr value in treated to vehicle treated ones after intraperitoneal administration of 10 mg/kg of compound to rats(vehicle 3.22+/-0.35)1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-07, Volume: 35, Issue:16
Adenosine A1 antagonists. 2. Structure-activity relationships on diuretic activities and protective effects against acute renal failure.
AID17153Total electrolytic excretion of chlorine in urine of rats after peroral administration of 90.6 uM/Kg of drug1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-28, Volume: 37, Issue:22
Synthesis and diuretic activity of alkyl- and arylguanidine analogs of N,N'-dicyclohexyl-4-morpholinecarboxamidine in rats and dogs.
AID169991Compound was evaluated for diuretic activity administered orally in female rats measured as milliequivalents of Na+x 100 / cage at 81 mg/kg1984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 27, Issue:7
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 5. [(2-Alkyl- and 2,2-disubstituted-1,3-dioxo-5-indanyl)oxy]acetic acids.
AID1221977Transporter substrate index of efflux ratio in human Caco2 cells at 10 uM up to 120 mins by HPLC-MC analysis in presence of 1 uM of BCRP inhibitor Ko1432011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Feb, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Attenuation of intestinal absorption by major efflux transporters: quantitative tools and strategies using a Caco-2 model.
AID367614Inhibition of human recombinant full length CA6 by stopped-flow CO2 hydration method2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-22, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Comparison of chlorthalidone and indapamide X-ray crystal structures in adducts with isozyme II: when three water molecules and the keto-enol tautomerism make the difference.
AID367614Inhibition of human recombinant full length CA6 by stopped-flow CO2 hydration method2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 17, Issue:3
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Comparison of chlorthalidone, indapamide, trichloromethiazide, and furosemide X-ray crystal structures in adducts with isozyme II, when several water molecules make the difference.
AID352313Inhibition of human 11beta-HSD1 expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as conversion of [3H]cortisone to [3H]cortisol by scintillation proximity assay in presence of NADPH2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 44, Issue:3
Structure-based virtual screening for identification of novel 11beta-HSD1 inhibitors.
AID354123Effect on acute renal function in rat assessed as change in urine protein level per 100 gm body weight at 30 mg/kg, po (RVb= 11.4+/-1.7 mg/dl)2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-14, Volume: 52, Issue:9
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 8-(pyrid-3-yl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]-1,3,5-triazines: potent, orally bioavailable corticotropin releasing factor receptor-1 (CRF1) antagonists.
AID1703582Permeability of the compound at pH 7.4 measured after 6 hrs by PAMPA method2020European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 203Discovery of novel berberine derivatives with balanced cholinesterase and prolyl oligopeptidase inhibition profile.
AID59303ED5(natriuretic potency) is the oral dose(mg/kg) required to produce an excretion of 5 milliequivalents of Na+per kilogram during 0-6 hr in female dogs (Highest dose tested was 30 mg/kg)1984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 27, Issue:8
Substituted 5,6-dihydrofuro[3,2-f]-1,2-benzisoxazole-6-carboxylic acids: high-ceiling diuretics with uricosuric activity.
AID21775volume of urine at 9 mg/kg1984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 27, Issue:7
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 5. [(2-Alkyl- and 2,2-disubstituted-1,3-dioxo-5-indanyl)oxy]acetic acids.
AID1220794Plasma clearance in human2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 39, Issue:5
Human pharmacokinetic prediction of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase substrates with an animal scale-up approach.
AID1220791Ratio of drug level in blood to plasma in monkey2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 39, Issue:5
Human pharmacokinetic prediction of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase substrates with an animal scale-up approach.
AID1211793Lipophilicity, log P of the compound2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1
Comparison of cryopreserved HepaRG cells with cryopreserved human hepatocytes for prediction of clearance for 26 drugs.
AID1079931Moderate liver toxicity, defined via clinical-chemistry results: ALT or AST serum activity 6 times the normal upper limit (N) or alkaline phosphatase serum activity of 1.7 N. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'BIOL' in source]
AID1529184Protein binding in immobilized human serum albumin by HPLC analysis2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-27, Volume: 63, Issue:4
Human Serum Albumin Binding in a Vial: A Novel UV-pH Titration Method To Assist Drug Design.
AID169985Compound was evaluated for diuretic activity administered orally in female rats measured as milliequivalents of K+x 100 / cage at 27 mg/kg1984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 27, Issue:7
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 5. [(2-Alkyl- and 2,2-disubstituted-1,3-dioxo-5-indanyl)oxy]acetic acids.
AID386623Inhibition of 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-N-methylpyridinium uptake at human OCT1 expressed in HEK293 cells at 100 uM by confocal microscopy2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-09, Volume: 51, Issue:19
Structural requirements for drug inhibition of the liver specific human organic cation transport protein 1.
AID288185Permeability coefficient through artificial membrane in presence of stirred water layer2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 15, Issue:11
QSAR study on permeability of hydrophobic compounds with artificial membranes.
AID17549Total electrolytic excretion of sodium in urine of dogs after peroral administration of 9.060 uM/Kg of drug1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-28, Volume: 37, Issue:22
Synthesis and diuretic activity of alkyl- and arylguanidine analogs of N,N'-dicyclohexyl-4-morpholinecarboxamidine in rats and dogs.
AID51596Compound was evaluated for diuretic activity in chimpanzee measured as increase in the number of microequivalents of Cl- electrolyte/min at 1 mg/kg1984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 27, Issue:7
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 5. [(2-Alkyl- and 2,2-disubstituted-1,3-dioxo-5-indanyl)oxy]acetic acids.
AID28924Effective permeability (Pe) across a hexadecane membrane (pH 6.8)2001Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 44, Issue:6
High-throughput permeability pH profile and high-throughput alkane/water log P with artificial membranes.
AID186699Blood pressure change in rats after oral administration of 50 mg/kg dose after 24 hours1986Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 29, Issue:8
Pyrimidinones. 3. N-substituted 6-phenylpyrimidinones and pyrimidinediones with diuretic/hypotensive and antiinflammatory activity.
AID1209457Unbound Cmax in human plasma2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1
In vitro inhibition of the bile salt export pump correlates with risk of cholestatic drug-induced liver injury in humans.
AID232282Saluretic activity in rats after 0-24 hours, as ratio of Na+/K+ ion concentration in urine1986Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 29, Issue:6
Synthesis, saludiuretic, and antihypertensive activity of 6,7-disubstituted 1(2H)- and 3,4-dihydro-1(2H)-phthalazinones.
AID195375Reduction of Astrocyte intracellular chloride concentration at 0.05 mM; No data.1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 30, Issue:10
Effects of [(N-alkyl-1,3-dioxo-1H,3H-isoindolin-5-yl)oxy]alkanoic acids, [(N-alkyl-1-oxo-1H,3H-isoindolin-5-yl)oxy]butanoic acids, and related derivatives on chloride influx in primary astroglial cultures.
AID21603Volume of urine 6 hr after the compound was administered 84 mg/kg po in rat1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 35, Issue:22
N-substituted pyrazino[2,3-c][1,2,6]thiadiazine 2,2-dioxides. A new class of diuretics.
AID444051Total clearance in human2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID19876Mean excretion of sodium in conscious rats at a dose of 100 mg/kg given orally1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
1-(2-aminoethyl)-6-aryl-4H- [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepines with diuretic and natriuretic activity.
AID328979Inhibition of human full length carbonic anhydrase 5B2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 18, Issue:8
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Interaction of indapamide and related diuretics with 12 mammalian isozymes and X-ray crystallographic studies for the indapamide-isozyme II adduct.
AID1660401Diuretic activity in normotensive Wistar rat assessed as urine pH at 20 mg/kg, po administered via gavage after 8 hrs (Rvb = 6.14 to 6.21 No_unit)2020Journal of natural products, 06-26, Volume: 83, Issue:6
Diuretic and Renal Protective Effect of Kaempferol 3-
AID16080Mean Chlorine excretion in rats when compound administered at 80 mg/kg po and vehicle dosed at 241.86 umol/kg1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 35, Issue:22
N-substituted pyrazino[2,3-c][1,2,6]thiadiazine 2,2-dioxides. A new class of diuretics.
AID59305Natriuretic potency was evaluated as oral dose required to produce an excretion of 2 mequiv of Na+/Kg of dog body weight, ED5 value based on N=2 dogs/dose1985Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 28, Issue:5
[(Aminomethyl)aryloxy]acetic acid esters. A new class of high-ceiling diuretics. 4. Substituted 6,7-dichloro-2,3-dihydrobenzofurans derived by ring annelation.
AID404304Effect on human MRP2-mediated estradiol-17-beta-glucuronide transport in Sf9 cells inverted membrane vesicles relative to control2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-12, Volume: 51, Issue:11
Prediction and identification of drug interactions with the human ATP-binding cassette transporter multidrug-resistance associated protein 2 (MRP2; ABCC2).
AID588215FDA HLAED, alkaline phosphatase increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID13974Oral diuretic activity was evaluated by measuring Na+ excretion in Rat at 9 mg/kg after ip administration (0-5 hr)1980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12
2-(Aminomethyl)phenols, a new class of saluretic agents. 1. Effects of nuclear substitution.
AID21591Volume of urine 1 hr after the compound was administered 84 mg/kg po in rat1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 35, Issue:22
N-substituted pyrazino[2,3-c][1,2,6]thiadiazine 2,2-dioxides. A new class of diuretics.
AID19874Mean excretion of sodium in conscious rats at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg given orally1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
1-(2-aminoethyl)-6-aryl-4H- [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepines with diuretic and natriuretic activity.
AID175817Diuretic activity in rats at time intervals of 0-24 hours1986Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 29, Issue:6
Synthesis, saludiuretic, and antihypertensive activity of 6,7-disubstituted 1(2H)- and 3,4-dihydro-1(2H)-phthalazinones.
AID176936Dose required to produce increase in 50 % in urine production vs control groups1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 35, Issue:22
N-substituted pyrazino[2,3-c][1,2,6]thiadiazine 2,2-dioxides. A new class of diuretics.
AID173783Natriuretic potency was evaluated as oral dose required to produce an excretion of 2 mequiv of Na+/Kg of rat body weight, ED2 value based on N=4 rats/dose1985Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 28, Issue:5
[(Aminomethyl)aryloxy]acetic acid esters. A new class of high-ceiling diuretics. 4. Substituted 6,7-dichloro-2,3-dihydrobenzofurans derived by ring annelation.
AID16938Mean urine volume excretion in conscious rats at a dose of 30 mg/kg given orally1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
1-(2-aminoethyl)-6-aryl-4H- [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepines with diuretic and natriuretic activity.
AID699539Inhibition of human liver OATP1B1 expressed in HEK293 Flp-In cells assessed as reduction in E17-betaG uptake at 20 uM by scintillation counting2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-24, Volume: 55, Issue:10
Classification of inhibitors of hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs): influence of protein expression on drug-drug interactions.
AID1211791Fraction unbound in human hepatocytes2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1
Comparison of cryopreserved HepaRG cells with cryopreserved human hepatocytes for prediction of clearance for 26 drugs.
AID682311TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of Carnitine uptake (Carnitine: 0.010? uM, Furosemide: 500 uM) in OCTN2-expressing HEK293 cells1999The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, Nov, Volume: 291, Issue:2
Na(+)-dependent carnitine transport by organic cation transporter (OCTN2): its pharmacological and toxicological relevance.
AID190287Saluretic activity in rats after 0-5 hours, as potassium ion concentration in urine1986Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 29, Issue:6
Synthesis, saludiuretic, and antihypertensive activity of 6,7-disubstituted 1(2H)- and 3,4-dihydro-1(2H)-phthalazinones.
AID604741Displacement of radiolabeled warfarin from fatty acid-free human serum albumin site 1 in phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 at 12 uM by fluorescence spectroscopy2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 18, Issue:21
A combined spectroscopic and crystallographic approach to probing drug-human serum albumin interactions.
AID524796Antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum W2 after 72 hrs by SYBR green assay2009Nature chemical biology, Oct, Volume: 5, Issue:10
Genetic mapping of targets mediating differential chemical phenotypes in Plasmodium falciparum.
AID328974Inhibition of human full length carbonic anhydrase 12008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 18, Issue:8
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Interaction of indapamide and related diuretics with 12 mammalian isozymes and X-ray crystallographic studies for the indapamide-isozyme II adduct.
AID16943Total electrolytic excretion of chlorine in urine of dogs after peroral administration of 9.06 uM/Kg of drug1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-28, Volume: 37, Issue:22
Synthesis and diuretic activity of alkyl- and arylguanidine analogs of N,N'-dicyclohexyl-4-morpholinecarboxamidine in rats and dogs.
AID328980Inhibition of human full length carbonic anhydrase 62008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 18, Issue:8
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Interaction of indapamide and related diuretics with 12 mammalian isozymes and X-ray crystallographic studies for the indapamide-isozyme II adduct.
AID1079938Chronic liver disease either proven histopathologically, or through a chonic elevation of serum amino-transferase activity after 6 months. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHRON' in source]
AID13764Oral diuretic activity was evaluated by measuring Cl- excretion in dog at 5 mg/kg after ip administration (0-6 hr)1980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12
2-(Aminomethyl)phenols, a new class of saluretic agents. 1. Effects of nuclear substitution.
AID588218FDA HLAED, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID57179Compound was evaluated for diuretic activity, administered orally in female mongrel dogs (5 mg/kg) measured as milliequivalents of Cl-1984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 27, Issue:7
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 5. [(2-Alkyl- and 2,2-disubstituted-1,3-dioxo-5-indanyl)oxy]acetic acids.
AID232283Saluretic activity in rats after 0-5 hours, as ratio of Na+/K+ ion concentration in urine1986Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 29, Issue:6
Synthesis, saludiuretic, and antihypertensive activity of 6,7-disubstituted 1(2H)- and 3,4-dihydro-1(2H)-phthalazinones.
AID681378TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of Taurocholate uptake in NTCP-expressing HeLa cells1999The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, Dec, Volume: 291, Issue:3
Modulation by drugs of human hepatic sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide) activity.
AID1220788Fraction unbound in human plasma by ultracentrifugation method2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 39, Issue:5
Human pharmacokinetic prediction of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase substrates with an animal scale-up approach.
AID588214FDA HLAED, liver enzyme composite activity2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID174282Compound was tested for antihypertensive activity in rat after 24 hr postdose1986Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 29, Issue:6
Synthesis, saludiuretic, and antihypertensive activity of 6,7-disubstituted 1(2H)- and 3,4-dihydro-1(2H)-phthalazinones.
AID1221959Efflux ratio of permeability from apical to basolateral over basolateral to apical side of MDCK cells expressing MDR12011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Feb, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Attenuation of intestinal absorption by major efflux transporters: quantitative tools and strategies using a Caco-2 model.
AID135327BBB penetration classification2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 43, Issue:11
Predicting blood-brain barrier permeation from three-dimensional molecular structure.
AID540212Mean residence time in human after iv administration2008Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7
Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID1211792Hepatic clearance in human2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1
Comparison of cryopreserved HepaRG cells with cryopreserved human hepatocytes for prediction of clearance for 26 drugs.
AID453203Lipophilicity, log D of the compound2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-01, Volume: 20, Issue:1
Development of an in silico model for human skin permeation based on a Franz cell skin permeability assay.
AID188265Sodium salt excretion in conscious rat at the dose of 10 mg/kg expressed as urinary excretion in treated rats/urinary excretion in control rats1986Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 29, Issue:8
Pyrimidinones. 3. N-substituted 6-phenylpyrimidinones and pyrimidinediones with diuretic/hypotensive and antiinflammatory activity.
AID1221960Apparent permeability from apical to basolateral side of human Caco2 cells at 10 uM up to 120 mins by HPLC-MC analysis in presence of 1 uM of P-gp inhibitor LY3359792011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Feb, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Attenuation of intestinal absorption by major efflux transporters: quantitative tools and strategies using a Caco-2 model.
AID515780Intrinsic solubility of the compound in water2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 18, Issue:19
QSAR-based solubility model for drug-like compounds.
AID625283Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for elevated liver function tests2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID17382Total electrolytic excretion of potassium in urine of rats after peroral administration of 90.6 uM/Kg of drug1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-28, Volume: 37, Issue:22
Synthesis and diuretic activity of alkyl- and arylguanidine analogs of N,N'-dicyclohexyl-4-morpholinecarboxamidine in rats and dogs.
AID1529187Binding affinity to human serum albumin assessed as change in dissociation constant pKa2 of compound in aqueous medium to presence of human serum albumin by UV-pH titration based spectrophotometric analysis2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-27, Volume: 63, Issue:4
Human Serum Albumin Binding in a Vial: A Novel UV-pH Titration Method To Assist Drug Design.
AID1221972Apparent permeability from basolateral to apical side of human Caco2 cells at 10 uM up to 120 mins by HPLC-MC analysis in presence of 10 uM of MRP2 inhibitor MK5712011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Feb, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Attenuation of intestinal absorption by major efflux transporters: quantitative tools and strategies using a Caco-2 model.
AID977599Inhibition of sodium fluorescein uptake in OATP1B1-transfected CHO cells at an equimolar substrate-inhibitor concentration of 10 uM2013Molecular pharmacology, Jun, Volume: 83, Issue:6
Structure-based identification of OATP1B1/3 inhibitors.
AID1217727Intrinsic clearance for reactive metabolites formation per mg of protein in human liver microsomes based on [3H]GSH adduct formation rate at 100 uM by [3H]GSH trapping assay2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:7
Combination of GSH trapping and time-dependent inhibition assays as a predictive method of drugs generating highly reactive metabolites.
AID1221956Apparent permeability from apical to basolateral side of human Caco2 cells at 10 uM up to 120 mins by HPLC-MC analysis2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Feb, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Attenuation of intestinal absorption by major efflux transporters: quantitative tools and strategies using a Caco-2 model.
AID60418The diuretic activity of compound was measured after oral administration in conscious water loaded dogs at 5 mg/kg after 5h; Micro equiv of Na+/kg1982Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 25, Issue:1
[(3-aryl-1,2-benzisoxazol-6-yl)oxy]acetic acids. A new diuretic series.
AID1660409Diuretic activity in normotensive Wistar rat assessed as urine conductivity at 20 mg/kg, po administered via gavage after 8 hrs (Rvb = 19.54 +/- 0.98 mS/cm)2020Journal of natural products, 06-26, Volume: 83, Issue:6
Diuretic and Renal Protective Effect of Kaempferol 3-
AID51741Compound was evaluated for diuretic activity in chimpanzee measured as increase in volume of urine at 1 mg/kg1984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 27, Issue:7
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 5. [(2-Alkyl- and 2,2-disubstituted-1,3-dioxo-5-indanyl)oxy]acetic acids.
AID186860Maximum fall in mean arterial blood pressure was measured in SH rats when compound was administered at 30 mg/kg perorally1980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12
2-(Aminomethyl)phenols, a new class of saluretic agents. 1. Effects of nuclear substitution.
AID328983Inhibition of human catalytic domain carbonic anhydrase 122008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 18, Issue:8
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Interaction of indapamide and related diuretics with 12 mammalian isozymes and X-ray crystallographic studies for the indapamide-isozyme II adduct.
AID51599Compound was evaluated for diuretic activity in chimpanzee measured as increase in the number of microequivalents of Cl- electrolyte/min at 1 mg/kg1984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 27, Issue:7
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 5. [(2-Alkyl- and 2,2-disubstituted-1,3-dioxo-5-indanyl)oxy]acetic acids.
AID243230Binding affinity towards human serum albumin2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-07, Volume: 48, Issue:7
Predicting human serum albumin affinity of interleukin-8 (CXCL8) inhibitors by 3D-QSPR approach.
AID1765375Drug concentration in CD-1 mouse brain at 5 mg/kg, po measured after 0.5 hrs by LC-MS/MS analysis2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-15, Volume: 222Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of furosemide analogs as therapeutics for the proteopathy and immunopathy of Alzheimer's disease.
AID496817Antimicrobial activity against Trypanosoma cruzi2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID57318Compound was evaluated for diuretic activity, in female mongrel dogs by measuring amount of K+ in urine after iv administration of 5 mg/kg (control/compound treatment results) Control = 181984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 27, Issue:7
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 5. [(2-Alkyl- and 2,2-disubstituted-1,3-dioxo-5-indanyl)oxy]acetic acids.
AID467612Fraction unbound in human plasma2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 44, Issue:11
Prediction of volume of distribution values in human using immobilized artificial membrane partitioning coefficients, the fraction of compound ionized and plasma protein binding data.
AID16064Mean Chlorine excretion in rats when compound administered at 2.5 mg/kg po and vehicle dosed at 7.56 umol/kg1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 35, Issue:22
N-substituted pyrazino[2,3-c][1,2,6]thiadiazine 2,2-dioxides. A new class of diuretics.
AID1132621Natriuretic activity in chimpanzee assessed as per min at 5 mg/kg, po1978Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 21, Issue:5
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 2. (2-Alkyl-2-aryl-1-oxo-5-indanyloxy)acetic acids.
AID1150383Diuretic activity in po dosed albino Wistar-TNO rat assessed as increase in urinary volume measured for 5 hrs1976Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 19, Issue:7
A new class of diuretics with the 1,4-dioxino(2,3-g)quinolone structure.
AID24421Partition coefficient (logD)1998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-03, Volume: 41, Issue:25
Correlation of human jejunal permeability (in vivo) of drugs with experimentally and theoretically derived parameters. A multivariate data analysis approach.
AID444054Oral bioavailability in human2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID681057TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of E1S uptake (E1S: 0.05 uM, Furosemide: 5 uM) in Xenopus laevis oocytes2001Molecular pharmacology, May, Volume: 59, Issue:5
Identification and characterization of human organic anion transporter 3 expressing predominantly in the kidney.
AID1217729Intrinsic clearance for reactive metabolites formation assessed as summation of [3H]GSH adduct formation rate-based reactive metabolites formation and cytochrome P450 (unknown origin) inactivation rate-based reactive metabolites formation2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:7
Combination of GSH trapping and time-dependent inhibition assays as a predictive method of drugs generating highly reactive metabolites.
AID367615Inhibition of human recombinant full length CA7 by stopped-flow CO2 hydration method2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-22, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Comparison of chlorthalidone and indapamide X-ray crystal structures in adducts with isozyme II: when three water molecules and the keto-enol tautomerism make the difference.
AID367615Inhibition of human recombinant full length CA7 by stopped-flow CO2 hydration method2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 17, Issue:3
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Comparison of chlorthalidone, indapamide, trichloromethiazide, and furosemide X-ray crystal structures in adducts with isozyme II, when several water molecules make the difference.
AID481444Octanol-water partition coefficient, log P of the compound2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-13, Volume: 53, Issue:9
How well can the Caco-2/Madin-Darby canine kidney models predict effective human jejunal permeability?
AID16577Oral diuretic activity was evaluated by measuring Cl- excretion in Rat at 81 mg/kg after ip administration (0-5 hr)1980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12
2-(Aminomethyl)phenols, a new class of saluretic agents. 1. Effects of nuclear substitution.
AID1473739Inhibition of human MRP2 overexpressed in Sf9 cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-estradiol-17beta-D-glucuronide in presence of ATP and GSH measured after 20 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay2013Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1
A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID19873Mean excretion of sodium in conscious rats at a dose of 0.3 mg/kg given orally1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
1-(2-aminoethyl)-6-aryl-4H- [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepines with diuretic and natriuretic activity.
AID1220797Volume of distribution at steady state in human2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 39, Issue:5
Human pharmacokinetic prediction of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase substrates with an animal scale-up approach.
AID19867Mean excretion of potassium in conscious rats at a dose of 0.3 mg/kg given orally1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
1-(2-aminoethyl)-6-aryl-4H- [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepines with diuretic and natriuretic activity.
AID190290Saluretic activity in rats after 5-24 hours, as potassium ion concentration in urine1986Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 29, Issue:6
Synthesis, saludiuretic, and antihypertensive activity of 6,7-disubstituted 1(2H)- and 3,4-dihydro-1(2H)-phthalazinones.
AID220707Compound was tested for diuretic activity in dogs at 5 mg/kg dose after oral administration measured as microequivalent of K+/minute1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 24, Issue:7
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 3. 2,3-Dihydro-5-acyl-2-benzofurancarboxylic acids, a new class of uricosuric diuretics.
AID43581Inhibition of beta-lactamase at 100 uM2003Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-09, Volume: 46, Issue:21
Identification and prediction of promiscuous aggregating inhibitors among known drugs.
AID1883092Apparent permeability of the compound in phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 measured after 24 hrs by PAMPA assay2022Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-08, Volume: 65, Issue:17
Turning Nonselective Inhibitors of Type I Protein Arginine Methyltransferases into Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 4 through a Deconstruction-Reconstruction and Fragment-Growing Approach.
AID1473738Inhibition of human BSEP overexpressed in Sf9 cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-taurocholate in presence of ATP measured after 15 to 20 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay2013Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1
A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID189925Ratio of urinary excretion value (Na+ concentration) in treated rats to that in control rats, at a peroral dose of 25 mg/Kg1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-07, Volume: 35, Issue:16
Adenosine A1 antagonists. 2. Structure-activity relationships on diuretic activities and protective effects against acute renal failure.
AID455986Permeability across human Caco-2 cells2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 17, Issue:19
Computational modeling of novel inhibitors targeting the Akt pleckstrin homology domain.
AID17171Total electrolytic excretion of potassium in urine of rats after peroral administration of 0 uM/Kg of drug1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-28, Volume: 37, Issue:22
Synthesis and diuretic activity of alkyl- and arylguanidine analogs of N,N'-dicyclohexyl-4-morpholinecarboxamidine in rats and dogs.
AID190283Saluretic activity in rats after 0-24 hours, as chloride ion concentration in urine1986Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 29, Issue:6
Synthesis, saludiuretic, and antihypertensive activity of 6,7-disubstituted 1(2H)- and 3,4-dihydro-1(2H)-phthalazinones.
AID17552Total electrolytic excretion of sodium in urine of rats after peroral administration of 0 uM/Kg of drug1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-28, Volume: 37, Issue:22
Synthesis and diuretic activity of alkyl- and arylguanidine analogs of N,N'-dicyclohexyl-4-morpholinecarboxamidine in rats and dogs.
AID175823Diuretic effect was evaluated in the conscious female rat by natriuretic assay involving metabolic caging at dose 30 mg/kg1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 39, Issue:6
Endogenous natriuretic factors. 5. Synthesis and biological activity of a natriuretic metabolite of diltiazem and its derivatives.
AID188282Ratio of sodium ion/potassium ion concentration in treated rats to that in control rats, at a peroral dose of 25 mg/Kg1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-07, Volume: 35, Issue:16
Adenosine A1 antagonists. 2. Structure-activity relationships on diuretic activities and protective effects against acute renal failure.
AID625292Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) combined score2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID540220Clearance in human after iv administration2005Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, Jul, Volume: 94, Issue:7
Extrapolation of human pharmacokinetic parameters from rat, dog, and monkey data: Molecular properties associated with extrapolative success or failure.
AID425653Renal clearance in human2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 52, Issue:15
Physicochemical determinants of human renal clearance.
AID681818TP_TRANSPORTER: Western in vivo, SD rat, kidney2003Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association, Aug, Volume: 18, Issue:8
Up-regulation of organic anion transporter 1 protein is induced by chronic furosemide or hydrochlorothiazide infusion in rat kidney.
AID588219FDA HLAED, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID16694Mean potassium excretion in rats when compound administered at 160 mg/kg po and vehicle dosed at 483.72 umol/kg1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 35, Issue:22
N-substituted pyrazino[2,3-c][1,2,6]thiadiazine 2,2-dioxides. A new class of diuretics.
AID186829Potassium salt excretion in conscious rat at the dose of 0.3 mg/kg expressed as urinary excretion in treated rats/urinary excretion in control rats1986Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 29, Issue:8
Pyrimidinones. 3. N-substituted 6-phenylpyrimidinones and pyrimidinediones with diuretic/hypotensive and antiinflammatory activity.
AID220700Compound was tested for diuretic activity in dogs at 5 mg/kg dose after intravenous administration measured as microequivalent of K+/minute; 18/141 (Control/Drug treated)1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 24, Issue:7
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 3. 2,3-Dihydro-5-acyl-2-benzofurancarboxylic acids, a new class of uricosuric diuretics.
AID190185Urea nitrogen concentration measured after intraperitoneal administration of 10 mg/kg of compound to rats(vehicle 110.7+/-9.4)1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-07, Volume: 35, Issue:16
Adenosine A1 antagonists. 2. Structure-activity relationships on diuretic activities and protective effects against acute renal failure.
AID475128Intrinsic clearance in rat microsomes assessed per mg of protein2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 20, Issue:8
Benzyl prolinate derivatives as novel selective KCC2 blockers.
AID1132617Natriuretic activity in rat assessed as per cage at 9 mg/kg, po1978Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 21, Issue:5
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 2. (2-Alkyl-2-aryl-1-oxo-5-indanyloxy)acetic acids.
AID1145361Diuretic activity in mongrel dog assessed as excretion of potassium ion per 6 hrs at 1 mg/kg, po (Rvb = 1 mequiv/min)1976Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 19, Issue:4
(Vinylaryloxy)acetic acids. A new class of diuretic agents. 2. (4-(3-Oxo-1-alkenyl)phenoxy)acetic acids.
AID328982Inhibition of human catalytic domain carbonic anhydrase 92008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 18, Issue:8
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Interaction of indapamide and related diuretics with 12 mammalian isozymes and X-ray crystallographic studies for the indapamide-isozyme II adduct.
AID24132urate excreted in female dogs during 0-6 hr1984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 27, Issue:8
Substituted 5,6-dihydrofuro[3,2-f]-1,2-benzisoxazole-6-carboxylic acids: high-ceiling diuretics with uricosuric activity.
AID1221961Apparent permeability from basolateral to apical side of human Caco2 cells at 10 uM up to 120 mins by HPLC-MC analysis in presence of 1 uM of P-gp inhibitor LY3359792011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Feb, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Attenuation of intestinal absorption by major efflux transporters: quantitative tools and strategies using a Caco-2 model.
AID679000TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of PGF2alpha uptake in PGT-expressing HeLa cells1995Science (New York, N.Y.), May-12, Volume: 268, Issue:5212
Identification and characterization of a prostaglandin transporter.
AID194796Percent inhibition of Urea nitrogen by the compound given as ratio of UN value in treated to vehicle treated ones after intraperitoneal administration of 10 mg/kg of compound to rats(vehicle 110.7+/-9.4)1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-07, Volume: 35, Issue:16
Adenosine A1 antagonists. 2. Structure-activity relationships on diuretic activities and protective effects against acute renal failure.
AID62352Saluretic property in average of two anesthetized dogs after 1 mg/kg intravenous administration1983Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 26, Issue:4
2-(Aminomethyl)phenols, a new class of saluretic agents. 5. Fused-ring analogues.
AID1211797Intrinsic clearance in cryopreserved human hepatocytes cells assessed per 10'6 cells by LC-MS/MS method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1
Comparison of cryopreserved HepaRG cells with cryopreserved human hepatocytes for prediction of clearance for 26 drugs.
AID1636357Drug activation in human Hep3B cells assessed as human CYP3A4-mediated drug metabolism-induced cytotoxicity measured as decrease in cell viability at 300 uM pre-incubated with BSO for 18 hrs followed by incubation with compound for 3 hrs in presence of NA2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-15, Volume: 26, Issue:16
Development of a cell viability assay to assess drug metabolite structure-toxicity relationships.
AID540218Clearance in monkey after iv administration2005Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, Jul, Volume: 94, Issue:7
Extrapolation of human pharmacokinetic parameters from rat, dog, and monkey data: Molecular properties associated with extrapolative success or failure.
AID51737Compound was evaluated for diuretic activity in chimpanzee measured as increase in the number of microequivalents of Na+ /min at 1 mg/kg1984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 27, Issue:7
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 5. [(2-Alkyl- and 2,2-disubstituted-1,3-dioxo-5-indanyl)oxy]acetic acids.
AID699540Inhibition of human liver OATP1B3 expressed in HEK293 Flp-In cells assessed as reduction in [3H]E17-betaG uptake at 20 uM incubated for 5 mins by scintillation counting2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-24, Volume: 55, Issue:10
Classification of inhibitors of hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs): influence of protein expression on drug-drug interactions.
AID1123563Diuretic activity in Wistar rat assessed as sodium level in excreted urine at 50 mg/kg, po measured after 0 to 5 hrs by flame photometric analysis relative to urea-treated control1979Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 22, Issue:1
Synthesis and evaluation for diuretic activity of 1-substituted 6-chloro-5-sulfamylindolines.
AID175816Diuretic activity in rats1986Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 29, Issue:8
Pyrimidinones. 3. N-substituted 6-phenylpyrimidinones and pyrimidinediones with diuretic/hypotensive and antiinflammatory activity.
AID188280Ratio of sodium ion/potassium ion concentration in treated rats to that in control rats, at a peroral dose of 1.6 mg/Kg1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-07, Volume: 35, Issue:16
Adenosine A1 antagonists. 2. Structure-activity relationships on diuretic activities and protective effects against acute renal failure.
AID230658Ratio of Total electrolytic excretion of sodium and potassium in urine of rats after peroral administration of 90.6 uM/Kg of drug1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-28, Volume: 37, Issue:22
Synthesis and diuretic activity of alkyl- and arylguanidine analogs of N,N'-dicyclohexyl-4-morpholinecarboxamidine in rats and dogs.
AID189927Ratio of urinary excretion value (Na+ concentration) in treated rats to that in control rats, at a peroral dose of 6.25 mg/Kg1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-07, Volume: 35, Issue:16
Adenosine A1 antagonists. 2. Structure-activity relationships on diuretic activities and protective effects against acute renal failure.
AID232279Compound was tested for the ratio of clearance of urate to clearance of inulin levels at 5 mg/kg in Chimpanzee1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 24, Issue:7
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 4. Indeno[5,4-b]furan-2-carboxylic acids.
AID1091956Apparent hydrophobicity, log D of the compound in Octanol-buffer2011Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Apr-13, Volume: 59, Issue:7
Importance of physicochemical properties for the design of new pesticides.
AID524792Antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum D10 after 72 hrs by SYBR green assay2009Nature chemical biology, Oct, Volume: 5, Issue:10
Genetic mapping of targets mediating differential chemical phenotypes in Plasmodium falciparum.
AID367616Inhibition of human recombinant CA9 catalytic domain by stopped-flow CO2 hydration method2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-22, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Comparison of chlorthalidone and indapamide X-ray crystal structures in adducts with isozyme II: when three water molecules and the keto-enol tautomerism make the difference.
AID367616Inhibition of human recombinant CA9 catalytic domain by stopped-flow CO2 hydration method2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 17, Issue:3
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Comparison of chlorthalidone, indapamide, trichloromethiazide, and furosemide X-ray crystal structures in adducts with isozyme II, when several water molecules make the difference.
AID781325pKa (acid-base dissociation constant) as determined by Liao ref: J Chem Info Model 20092014Pharmaceutical research, Apr, Volume: 31, Issue:4
Comparison of the accuracy of experimental and predicted pKa values of basic and acidic compounds.
AID588965Substrates of transporters of clinical importance in the absorption and disposition of drugs, OAT32010Nature reviews. Drug discovery, Mar, Volume: 9, Issue:3
Membrane transporters in drug development.
AID22233Tested for the diuretic activity by measuring the urinary volume after peroral administering 9.06 uM/Kg of drug in dogs1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-28, Volume: 37, Issue:22
Synthesis and diuretic activity of alkyl- and arylguanidine analogs of N,N'-dicyclohexyl-4-morpholinecarboxamidine in rats and dogs.
AID328977Inhibition of human full length carbonic anhydrase 42008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 18, Issue:8
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Interaction of indapamide and related diuretics with 12 mammalian isozymes and X-ray crystallographic studies for the indapamide-isozyme II adduct.
AID185745Mean arterial pressure was measured in hypertensive rat at dose of 20 mg/kg, po1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 24, Issue:1
2-(Aminomethyl)phenols, a new class of saluretic agents. 2. Synthesis and pharmacological properties of the 5-aza isostere of 2-(aminomethyl)-4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-6-iodophenol.
AID19872Mean excretion of potassium in conscious rats at a dose of 30 mg/kg given orally1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
1-(2-aminoethyl)-6-aryl-4H- [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepines with diuretic and natriuretic activity.
AID188268Sodium salt excretion in conscious rat at the dose of 30 mg/kg expressed as urinary excretion in treated rats/urinary excretion in control rats1986Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 29, Issue:8
Pyrimidinones. 3. N-substituted 6-phenylpyrimidinones and pyrimidinediones with diuretic/hypotensive and antiinflammatory activity.
AID26400pKa value of the compound. (extrapolated value)1998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-03, Volume: 41, Issue:25
Correlation of human jejunal permeability (in vivo) of drugs with experimentally and theoretically derived parameters. A multivariate data analysis approach.
AID1443980Inhibition of human BSEP expressed in fall armyworm sf9 cell plasma membrane vesicles assessed as reduction in vesicle-associated [3H]-taurocholate transport preincubated for 10 mins prior to ATP addition measured after 15 mins in presence of [3H]-tauroch2010Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Dec, Volume: 118, Issue:2
Interference with bile salt export pump function is a susceptibility factor for human liver injury in drug development.
AID496832Antimicrobial activity against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID1149925Natriuretic activity in Charles River rat assessed as sodium level in urine per cage collected 0.5 hrs interval at 27 mg/kg, po1977Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 20, Issue:11
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 1. (2-Alkyl- and 2,2-dialkyl-1-oxo-5-indanyloxy)acetic acids.
AID1217710Covalent binding in human liver microsomes measured per mg of protein using radiolabelled compound at 10 uM after 1 hr incubation by liquid scintillation counting2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:7
Combination of GSH trapping and time-dependent inhibition assays as a predictive method of drugs generating highly reactive metabolites.
AID24420Partition coefficient (logP)1998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-03, Volume: 41, Issue:25
Correlation of human jejunal permeability (in vivo) of drugs with experimentally and theoretically derived parameters. A multivariate data analysis approach.
AID354129Effect on acute renal function in rat assessed as change in urine volume at 30 mg/kg, po (RVb= 1.9+/-0.1 ml/100g)2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-14, Volume: 52, Issue:9
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 8-(pyrid-3-yl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]-1,3,5-triazines: potent, orally bioavailable corticotropin releasing factor receptor-1 (CRF1) antagonists.
AID28679Partition coefficient (logD6.8)2001Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 44, Issue:6
High-throughput permeability pH profile and high-throughput alkane/water log P with artificial membranes.
AID19861Mean excretion of chloride in conscious rats at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg given orally1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
1-(2-aminoethyl)-6-aryl-4H- [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepines with diuretic and natriuretic activity.
AID232284Saluretic activity in rats after 5-24 hours, as ratio of Na+/K+ ion concentration in urine1986Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 29, Issue:6
Synthesis, saludiuretic, and antihypertensive activity of 6,7-disubstituted 1(2H)- and 3,4-dihydro-1(2H)-phthalazinones.
AID169982Compound was evaluated for diuretic activity administered orally in female rats measured as milliequivalents of Cl-x 100 / cage at 3 mg/kg1984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 27, Issue:7
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 5. [(2-Alkyl- and 2,2-disubstituted-1,3-dioxo-5-indanyl)oxy]acetic acids.
AID432063Apparent permeability at pH 7.4 after 24 hrs by PAMPA method2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 44, Issue:9
Determination of permeability and lipophilicity of pyrazolo-pyrimidine tyrosine kinase inhibitors and correlation with biological data.
AID169984Compound was evaluated for diuretic activity administered orally in female rats measured as milliequivalents of Cl-x 100 / cage at 9 mg/kg1984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 27, Issue:7
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 5. [(2-Alkyl- and 2,2-disubstituted-1,3-dioxo-5-indanyl)oxy]acetic acids.
AID521220Inhibition of neurosphere proliferation of mouse neural precursor cells by MTT assay2007Nature chemical biology, May, Volume: 3, Issue:5
Chemical genetics reveals a complex functional ground state of neural stem cells.
AID354345Effect on acute renal function in rat assessed as change in urine potassium level per 100 gm body weight at 30 mg/kg, po (RVb= 59.2+/-3.1 mg/dl)2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-14, Volume: 52, Issue:9
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 8-(pyrid-3-yl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]-1,3,5-triazines: potent, orally bioavailable corticotropin releasing factor receptor-1 (CRF1) antagonists.
AID1217712Time dependent inhibition of CYP2C8 (unknown origin) at 100 uM by LC/MS system2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:7
Combination of GSH trapping and time-dependent inhibition assays as a predictive method of drugs generating highly reactive metabolites.
AID16583Oral diuretic activity was evaluated by measuring Cl- excretion in Rat at 9 mg/kg after ip administration (0-5 hr)1980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12
2-(Aminomethyl)phenols, a new class of saluretic agents. 1. Effects of nuclear substitution.
AID354128Effect on acute renal function in rat assessed as change in osmolality in urine per 100 gm body weight at 30 mg/kg, po (RVb= 372+/-25 mg/dl)2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-14, Volume: 52, Issue:9
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 8-(pyrid-3-yl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]-1,3,5-triazines: potent, orally bioavailable corticotropin releasing factor receptor-1 (CRF1) antagonists.
AID1220783Drug metabolism in human assessed as glucuronide concentration in bile and urine2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 39, Issue:5
Human pharmacokinetic prediction of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase substrates with an animal scale-up approach.
AID1602439Apparent permeability of the compound after 24 hrs by BBB-PAMPA2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 03-14, Volume: 62, Issue:5
Discovery of a Novel Chemotype of Histone Lysine Methyltransferase EHMT1/2 (GLP/G9a) Inhibitors: Rational Design, Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Co-crystal Structure.
AID1221968Apparent permeability from apical to basolateral side of human Caco2 cells at 10 uM up to 120 mins by HPLC-MC analysis in presence of 1 uM of BCRP inhibitor Ko1432011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Feb, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Attenuation of intestinal absorption by major efflux transporters: quantitative tools and strategies using a Caco-2 model.
AID60415The diuretic activity of compound was measured after oral administration in conscious water loaded dogs at 5 mg/kg after 2 hr; Micro equiv of Na+/kg1982Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 25, Issue:1
[(3-aryl-1,2-benzisoxazol-6-yl)oxy]acetic acids. A new diuretic series.
AID444058Volume of distribution at steady state in human2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID190850Compound was evaluated for Urea Nitrogen concentration in glycerol injected rats treated with 10 mg/kg administered intraperitoneally.1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 34, Issue:1
8-(Dicyclopropylmethyl)-1,3-dipropylxanthine: a potent and selective adenosine A1 antagonist with renal protective and diuretic activities.
AID624613Specific activity of expressed human recombinant UGT1A102000Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology, , Volume: 40Human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases: metabolism, expression, and disease.
AID328976Inhibition of human full length carbonic anhydrase 32008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 18, Issue:8
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Interaction of indapamide and related diuretics with 12 mammalian isozymes and X-ray crystallographic studies for the indapamide-isozyme II adduct.
AID257101Inhibitory activity against Bacillus subtilis AcpS by HTRF assay2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 48, Issue:25
Use of structure-based drug design approaches to obtain novel anthranilic acid acyl carrier protein synthase inhibitors.
AID117497The diuretic activity was measured after oral administration in saline loaded mice at 4 mg/kg after 5 hr1982Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 25, Issue:1
[(3-aryl-1,2-benzisoxazol-6-yl)oxy]acetic acids. A new diuretic series.
AID63429Effect on Urine flow in dogs was evaluated1983Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 26, Issue:8
5-sulfamoylorthanilic acids, a sulfonamide series with salidiuretic activity.
AID191283Compound was evaluated for Serum creatinine concentration in glycerol injected rats treated with 10 mg/kg administered intraperitoneally.1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 34, Issue:1
8-(Dicyclopropylmethyl)-1,3-dipropylxanthine: a potent and selective adenosine A1 antagonist with renal protective and diuretic activities.
AID16856Mean potassium excretion in rats when compound administered at 80 mg/kg po and vehicle dosed at 241.86 umol/kg1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 35, Issue:22
N-substituted pyrazino[2,3-c][1,2,6]thiadiazine 2,2-dioxides. A new class of diuretics.
AID481440Dissociation constant, pKa of the compound2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-13, Volume: 53, Issue:9
How well can the Caco-2/Madin-Darby canine kidney models predict effective human jejunal permeability?
AID436208Antiplasmodial activity against chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 infected in type B+ human erythrocytes assessed as reduction of hemozoin formation at IC50 after 48 hrs relative to control2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 44, Issue:9
Antimalarial pharmacodynamics of chalcone derivatives in combination with artemisinin against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro.
AID588217FDA HLAED, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID176000The saluretic (Na+) effect of compound was measured in rats after oral administration at 9 mg/kg dose; Na+ mequiv*100/cage1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 24, Issue:1
2-(Aminomethyl)phenols, a new class of saluretic agents. 2. Synthesis and pharmacological properties of the 5-aza isostere of 2-(aminomethyl)-4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-6-iodophenol.
AID22236Tested for the diuretic activity by measuring the urinary volume after peroral administering 90.6 uM/Kg of drug in rats1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-28, Volume: 37, Issue:22
Synthesis and diuretic activity of alkyl- and arylguanidine analogs of N,N'-dicyclohexyl-4-morpholinecarboxamidine in rats and dogs.
AID367618Inhibition of mouse recombinant full length CA13 by stopped-flow CO2 hydration method2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-22, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Comparison of chlorthalidone and indapamide X-ray crystal structures in adducts with isozyme II: when three water molecules and the keto-enol tautomerism make the difference.
AID367618Inhibition of mouse recombinant full length CA13 by stopped-flow CO2 hydration method2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 17, Issue:3
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Comparison of chlorthalidone, indapamide, trichloromethiazide, and furosemide X-ray crystal structures in adducts with isozyme II, when several water molecules make the difference.
AID496823Antimicrobial activity against Trichomonas vaginalis2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID678716Inhibition of human CYP3A4 assessed as ratio of IC50 in absence of NADPH to IC50 for presence of NADPH using diethoxyfluorescein as substrate after 30 mins2012Chemical research in toxicology, Oct-15, Volume: 25, Issue:10
Preclinical strategy to reduce clinical hepatotoxicity using in vitro bioactivation data for >200 compounds.
AID1678497Permeability of the compound on PBS buffer pH 7.4 at 100 uM by PAMPA-BBB assay2020ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-10, Volume: 11, Issue:12
α-Linolenic Acid-Valproic Acid Conjugates: Toward Single-Molecule Polypharmacology for Multiple Sclerosis.
AID17170Total electrolytic excretion of potassium in urine of dogs after peroral administration of 9.6 uM/Kg of drug1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-28, Volume: 37, Issue:22
Synthesis and diuretic activity of alkyl- and arylguanidine analogs of N,N'-dicyclohexyl-4-morpholinecarboxamidine in rats and dogs.
AID1079940Granulomatous liver disease, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'GRAN' in source]
AID19871Mean excretion of potassium in conscious rats at a dose of 3.0 mg/kg given orally1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
1-(2-aminoethyl)-6-aryl-4H- [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepines with diuretic and natriuretic activity.
AID354346Effect on acute renal function in rat assessed as change in urine chloride level per 100 gm body weight at 30 mg/kg, po (RVb= 89.6+/-5.7 mg/dl)2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-14, Volume: 52, Issue:9
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 8-(pyrid-3-yl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]-1,3,5-triazines: potent, orally bioavailable corticotropin releasing factor receptor-1 (CRF1) antagonists.
AID51760Compound was evaluated for diuretic activity in chimpanzee measured as increase in the number of microequivalents of K+ /min at 1 mg/kg1984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 27, Issue:7
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 5. [(2-Alkyl- and 2,2-disubstituted-1,3-dioxo-5-indanyl)oxy]acetic acids.
AID22234Tested for the diuretic activity by measuring the urinary volume after peroral administering 9.06 uM/Kg of drug in rats1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-28, Volume: 37, Issue:22
Synthesis and diuretic activity of alkyl- and arylguanidine analogs of N,N'-dicyclohexyl-4-morpholinecarboxamidine in rats and dogs.
AID60417The diuretic activity of compound was measured after oral administration in conscious water loaded dogs at 5 mg/kg after 4 hr; Micro equiv of Na+/kg1982Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 25, Issue:1
[(3-aryl-1,2-benzisoxazol-6-yl)oxy]acetic acids. A new diuretic series.
AID58442Diuretic activity in the dog (2 animals/dose) at (dose 0.78 mg/Kg), when administered perorally1983Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 26, Issue:8
5-sulfamoylorthanilic acids, a sulfonamide series with salidiuretic activity.
AID16690Mean potassium excretion in rats when compound administered at 10 mg/kg po and vehicle dosed at 30.23 umol/kg1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 35, Issue:22
N-substituted pyrazino[2,3-c][1,2,6]thiadiazine 2,2-dioxides. A new class of diuretics.
AID48338In vitro inhibition of HCO3- stimulated swelling in cat cerebrocortical tissue slice1982Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 25, Issue:5
Agents for the treatment of brain injury. 1. (Aryloxy)alkanoic acids.
AID1221957Apparent permeability from basolateral to apical side of human Caco2 cells at 10 uM up to 120 mins by HPLC-MC analysis2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Feb, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Attenuation of intestinal absorption by major efflux transporters: quantitative tools and strategies using a Caco-2 model.
AID16978Total electrolytic excretion of chlorine in urine of rats after peroral administration of 302 uM/Kg of drug1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-28, Volume: 37, Issue:22
Synthesis and diuretic activity of alkyl- and arylguanidine analogs of N,N'-dicyclohexyl-4-morpholinecarboxamidine in rats and dogs.
AID1221964Transporter substrate index ratio of permeability from basolateral to apical side in human Caco2 cells at 10 uM up to 120 mins by HPLC-MC analysis in presence of 1 uM of P-gp inhibitor LY3359792011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Feb, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Attenuation of intestinal absorption by major efflux transporters: quantitative tools and strategies using a Caco-2 model.
AID625288Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for jaundice2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID496829Antimicrobial activity against Leishmania infantum2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID19862Mean excretion of chloride in conscious rats at a dose of 10 mg/kg given orally1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
1-(2-aminoethyl)-6-aryl-4H- [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepines with diuretic and natriuretic activity.
AID624612Specific activity of expressed human recombinant UGT1A92000Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology, , Volume: 40Human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases: metabolism, expression, and disease.
AID190418Saluretic activity in the rat measured as concentration of chloride in urine1983Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 26, Issue:8
5-sulfamoylorthanilic acids, a sulfonamide series with salidiuretic activity.
AID190864Compound was tested for urinary volume excretion in conscious rat at the dose of 1.0 mg/kg expressed as urinary excretion in treated rats/urinary excretion in control rats1986Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 29, Issue:8
Pyrimidinones. 3. N-substituted 6-phenylpyrimidinones and pyrimidinediones with diuretic/hypotensive and antiinflammatory activity.
AID16072Mean Chlorine excretion in rats when compound administered at 40 mg/kg po and vehicle dosed at 120.93 umol/kg1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 35, Issue:22
N-substituted pyrazino[2,3-c][1,2,6]thiadiazine 2,2-dioxides. A new class of diuretics.
AID1123567Diuretic activity in Wistar rat assessed as potassium level in excreted urine at 50 mg/kg, po measured after 5 to 24 hrs by flame photometric analysis relative to urea-treated control1979Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 22, Issue:1
Synthesis and evaluation for diuretic activity of 1-substituted 6-chloro-5-sulfamylindolines.
AID444052Hepatic clearance in human2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID175818Diuretic activity in rats at time intervals of 0-5 hours1986Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 29, Issue:6
Synthesis, saludiuretic, and antihypertensive activity of 6,7-disubstituted 1(2H)- and 3,4-dihydro-1(2H)-phthalazinones.
AID176009The saluretic(Cl-) effect of compound was measured in rats after oral administration at 9 mg/kg dose; Cl-mequiv*100/cage=141981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 24, Issue:1
2-(Aminomethyl)phenols, a new class of saluretic agents. 2. Synthesis and pharmacological properties of the 5-aza isostere of 2-(aminomethyl)-4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-6-iodophenol.
AID17740Total electrolytic excretion of sodium in urine of rats after peroral administration of 302 uM/Kg of drug1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-28, Volume: 37, Issue:22
Synthesis and diuretic activity of alkyl- and arylguanidine analogs of N,N'-dicyclohexyl-4-morpholinecarboxamidine in rats and dogs.
AID237474Percentage of drug bound in bovine plasma albumin2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-29, Volume: 47, Issue:16
Contribution of ionization and lipophilicity to drug binding to albumin: a preliminary step toward biodistribution prediction.
AID678722Covalent binding affinity to human liver microsomes assessed per mg of protein at 10 uM after 60 mins presence of NADPH2012Chemical research in toxicology, Oct-15, Volume: 25, Issue:10
Preclinical strategy to reduce clinical hepatotoxicity using in vitro bioactivation data for >200 compounds.
AID1443988Inhibition of recombinant human BSEP expressed in baculovirus infected sf21 cell plasma membrane vesicles assessed as reduction in ATP-dependent [3H]-taurocholate uptake in to vesicles after 5 mins by microbeta filtration method2014Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), Sep, Volume: 60, Issue:3
Human drug-induced liver injury severity is highly associated with dual inhibition of liver mitochondrial function and bile salt export pump.
AID1636356Drug activation in human Hep3B cells assessed as human CYP2C9-mediated drug metabolism-induced cytotoxicity measured as decrease in cell viability at 300 uM pre-incubated with BSO for 18 hrs followed by incubation with compound for 3 hrs in presence of NA2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-15, Volume: 26, Issue:16
Development of a cell viability assay to assess drug metabolite structure-toxicity relationships.
AID19870Mean excretion of potassium in conscious rats at a dose of 100 mg/kg given orally1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
1-(2-aminoethyl)-6-aryl-4H- [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepines with diuretic and natriuretic activity.
AID1765378Ratio of drug concentration in brain to plasma of CD-1 mouse at 5 mg/kg, po after 2.5 hrs2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-15, Volume: 222Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of furosemide analogs as therapeutics for the proteopathy and immunopathy of Alzheimer's disease.
AID496827Antimicrobial activity against Leishmania amazonensis2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID1765373Drug concentration in CD-1 mouse plasma at 5 mg/kg, po measured after 0.5 hrs by LC-MS/MS analysis2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-15, Volume: 222Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of furosemide analogs as therapeutics for the proteopathy and immunopathy of Alzheimer's disease.
AID367611Inhibition of human recombinant full length CA4 by stopped-flow CO2 hydration method2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-22, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Comparison of chlorthalidone and indapamide X-ray crystal structures in adducts with isozyme II: when three water molecules and the keto-enol tautomerism make the difference.
AID367611Inhibition of human recombinant full length CA4 by stopped-flow CO2 hydration method2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 17, Issue:3
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Comparison of chlorthalidone, indapamide, trichloromethiazide, and furosemide X-ray crystal structures in adducts with isozyme II, when several water molecules make the difference.
AID13957Oral diuretic activity was evaluated by measuring Na+ excretion in Rat at 27 mg/kg after ip administration (0-5 hr)1980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12
2-(Aminomethyl)phenols, a new class of saluretic agents. 1. Effects of nuclear substitution.
AID28681Partition coefficient (logD6.5)2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-29, Volume: 43, Issue:13
QSAR model for drug human oral bioavailability.
AID58597The saluretic(Na+) effect of compound was measured in dogs after iv administration at 2 mg/kg dose; Na+ mequiv/min=2791981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 24, Issue:1
2-(Aminomethyl)phenols, a new class of saluretic agents. 2. Synthesis and pharmacological properties of the 5-aza isostere of 2-(aminomethyl)-4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-6-iodophenol.
AID173381The saluretic(K+) effect of compound was measured in rats after oral administration at 9 mg/kg dose; K+mequiv*100/cage=141981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 24, Issue:1
2-(Aminomethyl)phenols, a new class of saluretic agents. 2. Synthesis and pharmacological properties of the 5-aza isostere of 2-(aminomethyl)-4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-6-iodophenol.
AID588213Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in non-rodents2010Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1
Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID13797Oral diuretic activity was evaluated by measuring K+ excretion in dog at 10 mg/kg after ip administration (0-6 hr)1980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12
2-(Aminomethyl)phenols, a new class of saluretic agents. 1. Effects of nuclear substitution.
AID236919Apparent permeability of the compound was determined inCaco-2 (human colon carcinoma) cells; Activity = Papp 10e-6 (ND =Not determined)2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-10, Volume: 48, Issue:3
In silico prediction of membrane permeability from calculated molecular parameters.
AID16934Mean urine volume excretion in conscious rats at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg given orally1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
1-(2-aminoethyl)-6-aryl-4H- [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepines with diuretic and natriuretic activity.
AID781329pKa (acid-base dissociation constant) as determined by other workers2014Pharmaceutical research, Apr, Volume: 31, Issue:4
Comparison of the accuracy of experimental and predicted pKa values of basic and acidic compounds.
AID1220798Half life in human2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 39, Issue:5
Human pharmacokinetic prediction of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase substrates with an animal scale-up approach.
AID604744Displacement of radiolabeled dansylsarcosine from fatty acid containing human serum albumin site 2 in phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 at 12 uM by fluorescence spectroscopy2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 18, Issue:21
A combined spectroscopic and crystallographic approach to probing drug-human serum albumin interactions.
AID1633503Permeability of the compound in pH 7.4 at 250 uM incubated for 24 hrs by UV spectroscopic assay based PAMPA2019ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-11, Volume: 10, Issue:4
Investigation around the Oxadiazole Core in the Discovery of a New Chemotype of Potent and Selective FXR Antagonists.
AID540231Dose normalised AUC in dog after po administration2005Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems, Feb, Volume: 35, Issue:2
Comparative evaluation of oral systemic exposure of 56 xenobiotics in rat, dog, monkey and human.
AID1149936Diuretic activity in dog assessed as potassium level in urine collected for 2 hrs at 1.5 mg/kg, iv over a period of 5 mins (Rvb = 18 microEq)1977Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 20, Issue:11
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 1. (2-Alkyl- and 2,2-dialkyl-1-oxo-5-indanyloxy)acetic acids.
AID16977Total electrolytic excretion of chlorine in urine of rats after peroral administration of 30.2 uM/Kg of drug1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-28, Volume: 37, Issue:22
Synthesis and diuretic activity of alkyl- and arylguanidine analogs of N,N'-dicyclohexyl-4-morpholinecarboxamidine in rats and dogs.
AID1217708Time dependent inhibition of CYP2D6 (unknown origin) at 100 uM by LC/MS system2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:7
Combination of GSH trapping and time-dependent inhibition assays as a predictive method of drugs generating highly reactive metabolites.
AID230657Ratio of Total electrolytic excretion of sodium and potassium in urine of rats after peroral administration of 9.06 uM/Kg of drug1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-28, Volume: 37, Issue:22
Synthesis and diuretic activity of alkyl- and arylguanidine analogs of N,N'-dicyclohexyl-4-morpholinecarboxamidine in rats and dogs.
AID1329981Half life in po dosed human2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 12-01, Volume: 26, Issue:23
Discovery of a potent and selective ROMK inhibitor with improved pharmacokinetic properties based on an octahydropyrazino[2,1-c][1,4]oxazine scaffold.
AID699541Inhibition of human liver OATP2B1 expressed in HEK293 Flp-In cells assessed as reduction in [3H]E3S uptake at 20 uM incubated for 5 mins by scintillation counting2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-24, Volume: 55, Issue:10
Classification of inhibitors of hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs): influence of protein expression on drug-drug interactions.
AID190428Evaluated for the saluretic property in rats after oral administration; score represents micro equivalents of Na+ excreted at a given mg/kg dose1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 24, Issue:9
2-(Aminomethyl)phenols, a new class of saluretic agents. 3. Effects of functional group reorientation and modification.
AID1602438Apparent permeability of the compound after 24 hrs by PAMPA2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 03-14, Volume: 62, Issue:5
Discovery of a Novel Chemotype of Histone Lysine Methyltransferase EHMT1/2 (GLP/G9a) Inhibitors: Rational Design, Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Co-crystal Structure.
AID195372Reduction of Astrocyte intracellular chloride concentration at 0.1 mM.1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 30, Issue:10
Effects of [(N-alkyl-1,3-dioxo-1H,3H-isoindolin-5-yl)oxy]alkanoic acids, [(N-alkyl-1-oxo-1H,3H-isoindolin-5-yl)oxy]butanoic acids, and related derivatives on chloride influx in primary astroglial cultures.
AID51591Compound was tested for the oral natriuretic activity in chimpanzee at 5 mg/kg by observing the excretion rates of sodium; mequiv of Na+/min1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 24, Issue:7
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 4. Indeno[5,4-b]furan-2-carboxylic acids.
AID1053269Inhibition of COX-1 (unknown origin) using arachidonic acid as substrate assessed as formation of prostanoid products at 500 uM preincubated for 10 mins prior to substrate addition measured after 2 mins by Ellman's method relative to control2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-14, Volume: 56, Issue:21
Experimental confirmation of new drug-target interactions predicted by Drug Profile Matching.
AID127482Ability to bind to monoclonal antibody IgE (Lb4), expressed as association constant (LogKA)1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-27, Volume: 39, Issue:20
Comparative molecular field analysis of haptens docked to the multispecific antibody IgE(Lb4)
AID1079936Choleostatic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is < 2 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHOLE' in source]
AID1221963Transporter substrate index ratio of permeability from apical to basolateral side in human Caco2 cells at 10 uM up to 120 mins by HPLC-MC analysis in presence of 1 uM of P-gp inhibitor LY3359792011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Feb, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Attenuation of intestinal absorption by major efflux transporters: quantitative tools and strategies using a Caco-2 model.
AID1220795Plasma clearance in po dosed human2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 39, Issue:5
Human pharmacokinetic prediction of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase substrates with an animal scale-up approach.
AID367612Inhibition of human recombinant full length CA5A by stopped-flow CO2 hydration method2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-22, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Comparison of chlorthalidone and indapamide X-ray crystal structures in adducts with isozyme II: when three water molecules and the keto-enol tautomerism make the difference.
AID367612Inhibition of human recombinant full length CA5A by stopped-flow CO2 hydration method2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 17, Issue:3
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Comparison of chlorthalidone, indapamide, trichloromethiazide, and furosemide X-ray crystal structures in adducts with isozyme II, when several water molecules make the difference.
AID20710Compound administered at a dose of 6.25 mg/25 mL/kg orally to rats, urine collected for 6 hr and measured for Na+ excretion.1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 34, Issue:1
8-(Dicyclopropylmethyl)-1,3-dipropylxanthine: a potent and selective adenosine A1 antagonist with renal protective and diuretic activities.
AID1169140Retention time of the compound by EPSA supercritical fluid chromatography2014ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-09, Volume: 5, Issue:10
EPSA: A Novel Supercritical Fluid Chromatography Technique Enabling the Design of Permeable Cyclic Peptides.
AID346025Binding affinity to beta cyclodextrin2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 17, Issue:2
Convenient QSAR model for predicting the complexation of structurally diverse compounds with beta-cyclodextrins.
AID21576Urinary sodium 2 hr after the compound was administered 84 mg/kg po in rat1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 35, Issue:22
N-substituted pyrazino[2,3-c][1,2,6]thiadiazine 2,2-dioxides. A new class of diuretics.
AID1765366Inhibition of human amyloid beta (1 to 42) fibrillization at 100 uM measured every 15 mins by Thioflavin-T fluorescence assay relative to control2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-15, Volume: 222Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of furosemide analogs as therapeutics for the proteopathy and immunopathy of Alzheimer's disease.
AID1221958Efflux ratio of permeability from apical to basolateral side over basolateral to apical side of human Caco2 cells at 10 uM up to 120 mins by HPLC-MC analysis2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Feb, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Attenuation of intestinal absorption by major efflux transporters: quantitative tools and strategies using a Caco-2 model.
AID230280Ratio of Total electrolytic excretion of sodium and potassium in urine of dogs after peroral administration of 9.06 uM/Kg of drug1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-28, Volume: 37, Issue:22
Synthesis and diuretic activity of alkyl- and arylguanidine analogs of N,N'-dicyclohexyl-4-morpholinecarboxamidine in rats and dogs.
AID21166Compound administered at a dose of 6.25 mg/25 mL/kg orally to rats, urine collected for 6 hr and measured for urine volume.1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 34, Issue:1
8-(Dicyclopropylmethyl)-1,3-dipropylxanthine: a potent and selective adenosine A1 antagonist with renal protective and diuretic activities.
AID169989Compound was evaluated for diuretic activity administered orally in female rats measured as milliequivalents of Na+x 100 / cage at 27 mg/kg1984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 27, Issue:7
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 5. [(2-Alkyl- and 2,2-disubstituted-1,3-dioxo-5-indanyl)oxy]acetic acids.
AID1528955Apparent permeability across absorptive direction in Sprague-Dawley rat ileum at 50 uM measured after 20 mins LC-MS/MS analysis
AID1889700Permeability of compound at pH 7.4 by PAMPA assay2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 232Novel D
AID25051Dissociation constant, pK1 was determined using potassium salt1983Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 26, Issue:8
5-sulfamoylorthanilic acids, a sulfonamide series with salidiuretic activity.
AID1765365Inhibition of human biotinylated amyloid beta (1 to 42) oligomerization measured after 1 hr by ELISA2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-15, Volume: 222Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of furosemide analogs as therapeutics for the proteopathy and immunopathy of Alzheimer's disease.
AID51751Compound was evaluated for diuretic activity in chimpanzee measured as clearance of insulin and urate after intra venous administration of 1 mg/kg. 1984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 27, Issue:7
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 5. [(2-Alkyl- and 2,2-disubstituted-1,3-dioxo-5-indanyl)oxy]acetic acids.
AID1529182Protein binding in plasma (unknown origin)2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-27, Volume: 63, Issue:4
Human Serum Albumin Binding in a Vial: A Novel UV-pH Titration Method To Assist Drug Design.
AID275287Permeability across DOPC lipid membrane by PAMPA2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-11, Volume: 50, Issue:1
Structure-activity relationship study of prion inhibition by 2-aminopyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile-based compounds: parallel synthesis, bioactivity, and in vitro pharmacokinetics.
AID29813Oral bioavailability in human2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-29, Volume: 43, Issue:13
QSAR model for drug human oral bioavailability.
AID15233Distribution coefficient (D %) between octanol and buffer of pH 7.41982Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 25, Issue:5
Agents for the treatment of brain injury. 1. (Aryloxy)alkanoic acids.
AID62233Compound was tested for the saluretic property in dogs after intravenous administration of 1 mg/kg; >900 micro equivalents of Na+ excreted per minute1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 24, Issue:9
2-(Aminomethyl)phenols, a new class of saluretic agents. 3. Effects of functional group reorientation and modification.
AID17302Mean sodium excretion in rats when compound administered at 2.5 mg/kg po and vehicle dosed at 7.56 umol/kg1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 35, Issue:22
N-substituted pyrazino[2,3-c][1,2,6]thiadiazine 2,2-dioxides. A new class of diuretics.
AID21573Urinary sodium 1 hr after the compound was administered 84 mg/kg po in rat1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 35, Issue:22
N-substituted pyrazino[2,3-c][1,2,6]thiadiazine 2,2-dioxides. A new class of diuretics.
AID176003The saluretic(Cl-) effect of compound was measured in rats after oral administration at 27 mg/kg dose; Cl-mequiv*100/cage=141981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 24, Issue:1
2-(Aminomethyl)phenols, a new class of saluretic agents. 2. Synthesis and pharmacological properties of the 5-aza isostere of 2-(aminomethyl)-4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-6-iodophenol.
AID16852Mean potassium excretion in rats when compound administered at 5 mg/kg po and vehicle dosed at 15.12 umol/kg1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 35, Issue:22
N-substituted pyrazino[2,3-c][1,2,6]thiadiazine 2,2-dioxides. A new class of diuretics.
AID1529186Binding affinity to human serum albumin assessed as change in dissociation constant pKa1 of compound in aqueous medium to presence of human serum albumin by UV-pH titration based spectrophotometric analysis2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-27, Volume: 63, Issue:4
Human Serum Albumin Binding in a Vial: A Novel UV-pH Titration Method To Assist Drug Design.
AID191185Oral diuretic activity was measured after oral administration of 1.6 mg/kg to rats(control volume is 0.85+/-0.10)1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-07, Volume: 35, Issue:16
Adenosine A1 antagonists. 2. Structure-activity relationships on diuretic activities and protective effects against acute renal failure.
AID1149938Diuretic activity in dog assessed as urine volume collected for 2 hrs at 1.5 mg/kg, iv over a period of 5 mins (Rvb = 1 mL)1977Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 20, Issue:11
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 1. (2-Alkyl- and 2,2-dialkyl-1-oxo-5-indanyloxy)acetic acids.
AID367608Inhibition of human recombinant full length CA1 by stopped-flow CO2 hydration method2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-22, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Comparison of chlorthalidone and indapamide X-ray crystal structures in adducts with isozyme II: when three water molecules and the keto-enol tautomerism make the difference.
AID367608Inhibition of human recombinant full length CA1 by stopped-flow CO2 hydration method2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 17, Issue:3
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Comparison of chlorthalidone, indapamide, trichloromethiazide, and furosemide X-ray crystal structures in adducts with isozyme II, when several water molecules make the difference.
AID496819Antimicrobial activity against Plasmodium falciparum2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID373867Hepatic clearance in human hepatocytes in absence of fetal calf serum2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 44, Issue:4
First-principle, structure-based prediction of hepatic metabolic clearance values in human.
AID1209456Inhibition of Sprague-Dawley rat Bsep expressed in plasma membrane vesicles of Sf21 cells assessed as inhibition of ATP-dependent [3H]taurocholate uptake2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1
In vitro inhibition of the bile salt export pump correlates with risk of cholestatic drug-induced liver injury in humans.
AID679532TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of PAH uptake (Furosemide: 200 uM) in OAT1-expressing HeLa cells1999The American journal of physiology, 02, Volume: 276, Issue:2
Cloning of the human kidney PAH transporter: narrow substrate specificity and regulation by protein kinase C.
AID1473741Inhibition of human MRP4 overexpressed in Sf9 cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-estradiol-17beta-D-glucuronide in presence of ATP and GSH measured after 20 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay2013Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1
A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID1765376Drug concentration in CD-1 mouse brain at 5 mg/kg, po measured after 2.5 hrs by LC-MS/MS analysis2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-15, Volume: 222Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of furosemide analogs as therapeutics for the proteopathy and immunopathy of Alzheimer's disease.
AID625289Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver disease2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1209455Inhibition of human BSEP expressed in plasma membrane vesicles of Sf21 cells assessed as inhibition of ATP-dependent [3H]taurocholate uptake2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1
In vitro inhibition of the bile salt export pump correlates with risk of cholestatic drug-induced liver injury in humans.
AID678715Inhibition of human CYP2D6 assessed as ratio of IC50 in absence of NADPH to IC50 for presence of NADPH using 4-methylaminoethyl-7-methoxycoumarin as substrate after 30 mins2012Chemical research in toxicology, Oct-15, Volume: 25, Issue:10
Preclinical strategy to reduce clinical hepatotoxicity using in vitro bioactivation data for >200 compounds.
AID540210Clearance in human after iv administration2008Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7
Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID1124840Apparent permeability coefficient in Sprague-Dawley rat jejunum2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 22, Issue:7
Decreasing acidity in a series of aldose reductase inhibitors: 2-Fluoro-4-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl)phenol as a scaffold for improved membrane permeation.
AID625290Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver fatty2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID51746Compound was evaluated for diuretic activity in chimpanzee measured as increase in volume of urine at 1 mg/kg1984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 27, Issue:7
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 5. [(2-Alkyl- and 2,2-disubstituted-1,3-dioxo-5-indanyl)oxy]acetic acids.
AID769725Displacement of [3H]PSB-13253 from human recombinant GPR35 exprssed in CHO cells by liquid scintillation counting analysis2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-12, Volume: 56, Issue:17
6-Bromo-8-(4-[(3)H]methoxybenzamido)-4-oxo-4H-chromene-2-carboxylic Acid: a powerful tool for studying orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR35.
AID1132625Diuretic activity in dog assessed as potassium level in urine per min at 1 mg/kg, iv relative to control1978Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 21, Issue:5
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 2. (2-Alkyl-2-aryl-1-oxo-5-indanyloxy)acetic acids.
AID17314Mean sodium excretion in rats when compound administered at 5 mg/kg po and vehicle dosed at 15.12 umol/kg1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 35, Issue:22
N-substituted pyrazino[2,3-c][1,2,6]thiadiazine 2,2-dioxides. A new class of diuretics.
AID588209Literature-mined public compounds from Greene et al multi-species hepatotoxicity modelling dataset2010Chemical research in toxicology, Jul-19, Volume: 23, Issue:7
Developing structure-activity relationships for the prediction of hepatotoxicity.
AID481441Aqueous diffusivity at 37C2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-13, Volume: 53, Issue:9
How well can the Caco-2/Madin-Darby canine kidney models predict effective human jejunal permeability?
AID436212Antiplasmodial activity against chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 infected in type B+ human erythrocytes assessed as inhibition of sorbitol-induced hemolysis at 10 uM after 15 min by spectrophotometry2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 44, Issue:9
Antimalarial pharmacodynamics of chalcone derivatives in combination with artemisinin against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro.
AID467613Volume of distribution at steady state in human2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 44, Issue:11
Prediction of volume of distribution values in human using immobilized artificial membrane partitioning coefficients, the fraction of compound ionized and plasma protein binding data.
AID1149926Natriuretic activity in Charles River rat assessed as sodium level in urine per cage collected 0.5 hrs interval at 81 mg/kg, po1977Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 20, Issue:11
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 1. (2-Alkyl- and 2,2-dialkyl-1-oxo-5-indanyloxy)acetic acids.
AID328975Inhibition of human full length carbonic anhydrase 22008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 18, Issue:8
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Interaction of indapamide and related diuretics with 12 mammalian isozymes and X-ray crystallographic studies for the indapamide-isozyme II adduct.
AID1323835Displacement of [3H]rosiglitazone from recombinant human C-terminal His-tagged MitoNEET cytosolic domain (32 to 108 residues) expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 by Cheng-Prusoff analysis2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-01, Volume: 26, Issue:21
Identification of small molecules that bind to the mitochondrial protein mitoNEET.
AID62066Sailuric activity in the dog measured as concentration of Cl - in urinary excretion (2 animals/dose) at (dose 6.25 mg/Kg, po)1983Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 26, Issue:8
5-sulfamoylorthanilic acids, a sulfonamide series with salidiuretic activity.
AID678712Inhibition of human CYP1A2 assessed as ratio of IC50 in absence of NADPH to IC50 for presence of NADPH using ethoxyresorufin as substrate after 30 mins2012Chemical research in toxicology, Oct-15, Volume: 25, Issue:10
Preclinical strategy to reduce clinical hepatotoxicity using in vitro bioactivation data for >200 compounds.
AID1217705Time dependent inhibition of CYP2B6 (unknown origin) at 100 uM by LC/MS system2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:7
Combination of GSH trapping and time-dependent inhibition assays as a predictive method of drugs generating highly reactive metabolites.
AID625280Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholecystitis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID13788Oral diuretic activity was evaluated by measuring K+ excretion in Rat at 9 mg/kg after ip administration (0-5 hr)1980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12
2-(Aminomethyl)phenols, a new class of saluretic agents. 1. Effects of nuclear substitution.
AID220705Compound was tested for diuretic activity in dogs at 5 mg/kg dose after intravenous administration, activity is expressed as urine volume; 1/31981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 24, Issue:7
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 3. 2,3-Dihydro-5-acyl-2-benzofurancarboxylic acids, a new class of uricosuric diuretics.
AID354124Effect on acute renal function in rat assessed as change in urine phosphate level per 100 gm body weight at 30 mg/kg, po (RVb= 11.7+/-3.3 mg/dl)2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-14, Volume: 52, Issue:9
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 8-(pyrid-3-yl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]-1,3,5-triazines: potent, orally bioavailable corticotropin releasing factor receptor-1 (CRF1) antagonists.
AID496821Antimicrobial activity against Leishmania2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID17327Na+ excretion mequiv /kg in saline-loaded mice administered at a dose 50 ml/kg perorally1984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 27, Issue:8
Substituted 5,6-dihydrofuro[3,2-f]-1,2-benzisoxazole-6-carboxylic acids: high-ceiling diuretics with uricosuric activity.
AID354126Effect on acute renal function in rat assessed as change in urine urea level per 100 gm body weight at 30 mg/kg, po (RVb= 347+/-27 mg/dl)2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-14, Volume: 52, Issue:9
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 8-(pyrid-3-yl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]-1,3,5-triazines: potent, orally bioavailable corticotropin releasing factor receptor-1 (CRF1) antagonists.
AID186833Potassium salt excretion in conscious rat at the dose of 3.0 mg/kg expressed as urinary excretion in treated rats/urinary excretion in control rats1986Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 29, Issue:8
Pyrimidinones. 3. N-substituted 6-phenylpyrimidinones and pyrimidinediones with diuretic/hypotensive and antiinflammatory activity.
AID588216FDA HLAED, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID275284Reduction of PrPSC accumulation in ScN2a cells2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-11, Volume: 50, Issue:1
Structure-activity relationship study of prion inhibition by 2-aminopyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile-based compounds: parallel synthesis, bioactivity, and in vitro pharmacokinetics.
AID21802Mean urinary output in rats when compound administered at 0 mg/kg po and vehicle dosed at 0 umol/kg1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 35, Issue:22
N-substituted pyrazino[2,3-c][1,2,6]thiadiazine 2,2-dioxides. A new class of diuretics.
AID186985Kaliuretic effect was evaluated in the conscious female rat by natriuretic assay involving metabolic caging at dose 20 mg/kg1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 39, Issue:6
Endogenous natriuretic factors. 5. Synthesis and biological activity of a natriuretic metabolite of diltiazem and its derivatives.
AID62068Sailuric activity in the dog measured as concentration of K+ in urinary excretion (2 animals/dose) at (dose 6.25 mg/Kg, po)1983Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 26, Issue:8
5-sulfamoylorthanilic acids, a sulfonamide series with salidiuretic activity.
AID17310Mean sodium excretion in rats when compound administered at 40 mg/kg po and vehicle dosed at 120.93 umol/kg1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 35, Issue:22
N-substituted pyrazino[2,3-c][1,2,6]thiadiazine 2,2-dioxides. A new class of diuretics.
AID1443991Induction of mitochondrial dysfunction in Sprague-Dawley rat liver mitochondria assessed as inhibition of mitochondrial respiration per mg mitochondrial protein measured for 20 mins by A65N-1 oxygen probe based fluorescence assay2014Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), Sep, Volume: 60, Issue:3
Human drug-induced liver injury severity is highly associated with dual inhibition of liver mitochondrial function and bile salt export pump.
AID1149937Diuretic activity in dog assessed as chloride level in urine collected for 2 hrs at 1.5 mg/kg, iv over a period of 5 mins (Rvb = 1 microEq)1977Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 20, Issue:11
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 1. (2-Alkyl- and 2,2-dialkyl-1-oxo-5-indanyloxy)acetic acids.
AID1221978Transporter substrate index ratio of permeability from apical to basolateral side in human Caco2 cells at 10 uM up to 120 mins by HPLC-MC analysis in presence of 10 uM of MRP2 inhibitor MK5712011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Feb, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Attenuation of intestinal absorption by major efflux transporters: quantitative tools and strategies using a Caco-2 model.
AID15711Calculated partition coefficient (clogP)1998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-03, Volume: 41, Issue:25
Correlation of human jejunal permeability (in vivo) of drugs with experimentally and theoretically derived parameters. A multivariate data analysis approach.
AID1660417Diuretic activity in normotensive Wistar rat assessed as urinary sodium excretion at 20 mg/kg, po administered via gavage after 8 hrs (Rvb = 61.82 to 80.81 mmol/L)2020Journal of natural products, 06-26, Volume: 83, Issue:6
Diuretic and Renal Protective Effect of Kaempferol 3-
AID476929Human intestinal absorption in po dosed human2010European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 45, Issue:3
Neural computational prediction of oral drug absorption based on CODES 2D descriptors.
AID367613Inhibition of human recombinant full length CA5B by stopped-flow CO2 hydration method2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-22, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Comparison of chlorthalidone and indapamide X-ray crystal structures in adducts with isozyme II: when three water molecules and the keto-enol tautomerism make the difference.
AID367613Inhibition of human recombinant full length CA5B by stopped-flow CO2 hydration method2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 17, Issue:3
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Comparison of chlorthalidone, indapamide, trichloromethiazide, and furosemide X-ray crystal structures in adducts with isozyme II, when several water molecules make the difference.
AID16932Mean urine volume excretion in conscious rats at a dose of 0.3 mg/kg given orally1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
1-(2-aminoethyl)-6-aryl-4H- [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepines with diuretic and natriuretic activity.
AID16848Mean potassium excretion in rats when compound administered at 40 mg/kg po and vehicle dosed at 120.93 umol/kg1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 35, Issue:22
N-substituted pyrazino[2,3-c][1,2,6]thiadiazine 2,2-dioxides. A new class of diuretics.
AID1220796Drug metabolism in bile duct-cannulated rat assessed as glucuronide concentration in bile and urine at 0.2 mg/kg, iv up to 24 hrs by LC/MS/MS analysis2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 39, Issue:5
Human pharmacokinetic prediction of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase substrates with an animal scale-up approach.
AID681388TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of PAH uptake in Xenopus laevis oocytes2000The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, Oct, Volume: 295, Issue:1
Interaction and transport of thiazide diuretics, loop diuretics, and acetazolamide via rat renal organic anion transporter rOAT1.
AID188112Effect on urinary excretion potassium and sodium after oral administration of 25 mg/kg to rats(potassium and sodium excretion in control rat is 0.180+/-0.015)1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-07, Volume: 35, Issue:16
Adenosine A1 antagonists. 2. Structure-activity relationships on diuretic activities and protective effects against acute renal failure.
AID24128urate excreted in 4 Cebus monkey''s during 0-6 hr1984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 27, Issue:8
Substituted 5,6-dihydrofuro[3,2-f]-1,2-benzisoxazole-6-carboxylic acids: high-ceiling diuretics with uricosuric activity.
AID1132626Diuretic activity in dog assessed as chloride level in urine per min at 1 mg/kg, iv relative to control1978Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 21, Issue:5
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 2. (2-Alkyl-2-aryl-1-oxo-5-indanyloxy)acetic acids.
AID57181Compound was evaluated for diuretic activity, administered orally in female mongrel dogs (5 mg/kg) measured as milliequivalents of Na1984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 27, Issue:7
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 5. [(2-Alkyl- and 2,2-disubstituted-1,3-dioxo-5-indanyl)oxy]acetic acids.
AID19932Oral dose necessary to produce an excretion of 2 mequiv of Na+/kg in the rat urine in the 4-h period after peroral administration1984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 27, Issue:12
[(Aminomethyl)aryloxy]acetic acid esters. A new class of high-ceiling diuretics. 2. Modifications of the oxyacetic side chain.
AID496818Antimicrobial activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID19866Mean urine volume excretion in conscious rats at a dose of 0.3 mg/kg given orally1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
1-(2-aminoethyl)-6-aryl-4H- [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepines with diuretic and natriuretic activity.
AID352314Inhibition of mouse 11beta-HSD1 expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as conversion of [3H]cortisone to [3H]cortisol by scintillation proximity assay in presence of NADPH2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 44, Issue:3
Structure-based virtual screening for identification of novel 11beta-HSD1 inhibitors.
AID16698Mean potassium excretion in rats when compound administered at 2.5 mg/kg po and vehicle dosed at 7.56 umol/kg1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 35, Issue:22
N-substituted pyrazino[2,3-c][1,2,6]thiadiazine 2,2-dioxides. A new class of diuretics.
AID1474167Liver toxicity in human assessed as induction of drug-induced liver injury by measuring verified drug-induced liver injury concern status2016Drug discovery today, Apr, Volume: 21, Issue:4
DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans.
AID17323Na+ excretion mequiv /kg in conscious female dogs administered perorally during 0-6 hr1984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 27, Issue:8
Substituted 5,6-dihydrofuro[3,2-f]-1,2-benzisoxazole-6-carboxylic acids: high-ceiling diuretics with uricosuric activity.
AID19877Mean excretion of sodium in conscious rats at a dose of 3.0 mg/kg given orally1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
1-(2-aminoethyl)-6-aryl-4H- [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepines with diuretic and natriuretic activity.
AID14155Oral diuretic activity was evaluated by measuring Na+ excretion in dog at 5 mg/kg after ip administration (0-6 hr)1980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12
2-(Aminomethyl)phenols, a new class of saluretic agents. 1. Effects of nuclear substitution.
AID190865Compound was tested for urinary volume excretion in conscious rat at the dose of 10 mg/kg expressed as urinary excretion in treated rats/urinary excretion in control rats1986Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 29, Issue:8
Pyrimidinones. 3. N-substituted 6-phenylpyrimidinones and pyrimidinediones with diuretic/hypotensive and antiinflammatory activity.
AID1079949Proposed mechanism(s) of liver damage. [column 'MEC' in source]
AID1221976Transporter substrate index ratio of permeability from basolateral to apical side in human Caco2 cells at 10 uM up to 120 mins by HPLC-MC analysis in presence of 1 uM of BCRP inhibitor Ko1432011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Feb, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Attenuation of intestinal absorption by major efflux transporters: quantitative tools and strategies using a Caco-2 model.
AID61893Sailuric activity in the dog measured as concentration of K+ in urinary excretion (2 animals/dose) at (dose 0.78 mg/Kg, po)1983Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 26, Issue:8
5-sulfamoylorthanilic acids, a sulfonamide series with salidiuretic activity.
AID62071Sailuric activity in the dog measured as concentration of Na+ in urinary excretion (2 animals/dose) at (dose 6.25 mg/Kg, po)1983Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 26, Issue:8
5-sulfamoylorthanilic acids, a sulfonamide series with salidiuretic activity.
AID13983Oral diuretic activity was evaluated by measuring Na+ excretion in dog at 10 mg/kg after ip administration (0-6 hr)1980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12
2-(Aminomethyl)phenols, a new class of saluretic agents. 1. Effects of nuclear substitution.
AID189939Ratio of urinary excretion value (urinary volume) in treated rats to that in control rats, at a peroral dose of 6.25 mg/Kg1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-07, Volume: 35, Issue:16
Adenosine A1 antagonists. 2. Structure-activity relationships on diuretic activities and protective effects against acute renal failure.
AID475125Antagonist activity to dog NKCC1 transporter expressed in MDCK cells assessed as inhibition of Cl- free medium-stimulated Rb+ influx at 100 uM after 45 mins by atomic absorption spectroscopy2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 20, Issue:8
Benzyl prolinate derivatives as novel selective KCC2 blockers.
AID21776volume of urine in dog1984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 27, Issue:7
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 5. [(2-Alkyl- and 2,2-disubstituted-1,3-dioxo-5-indanyl)oxy]acetic acids.
AID1288209Reduction in Abeta oligomers levels in Tg2576 mouse administered for for 4 weeks2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, May-23, Volume: 114Structure of amyloid oligomers and their mechanisms of toxicities: Targeting amyloid oligomers using novel therapeutic approaches.
AID17764Total electrolytic excretion of sodium in urine of rats after peroral administration of 9.06 uM/Kg of drug1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-28, Volume: 37, Issue:22
Synthesis and diuretic activity of alkyl- and arylguanidine analogs of N,N'-dicyclohexyl-4-morpholinecarboxamidine in rats and dogs.
AID16946Total electrolytic excretion of chlorine in urine of rats after peroral administration of 0 uM/Kg of drug1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-28, Volume: 37, Issue:22
Synthesis and diuretic activity of alkyl- and arylguanidine analogs of N,N'-dicyclohexyl-4-morpholinecarboxamidine in rats and dogs.
AID781326pKa (acid-base dissociation constant) as determined by Avdeef ref: DOI: 10.1002/047145026X2014Pharmaceutical research, Apr, Volume: 31, Issue:4
Comparison of the accuracy of experimental and predicted pKa values of basic and acidic compounds.
AID1542240Permeability of the compound at 30 to 50 uM at pH 7.4 measured up to 6 hrs by PAMPA-BBB assay method2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 167Tackling neuroinflammation and cholinergic deficit in Alzheimer's disease: Multi-target inhibitors of cholinesterases, cyclooxygenase-2 and 15-lipoxygenase.
AID444056Fraction escaping gut-wall elimination in human2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID188267Sodium salt excretion in conscious rat at the dose of 3.0 mg/kg expressed as urinary excretion in treated rats/urinary excretion in control rats1986Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 29, Issue:8
Pyrimidinones. 3. N-substituted 6-phenylpyrimidinones and pyrimidinediones with diuretic/hypotensive and antiinflammatory activity.
AID62069Sailuric activity in the dog measured as concentration of Na+ in urinary excretion (2 animals/dose) at (dose 0.78 mg/Kg, po)1983Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 26, Issue:8
5-sulfamoylorthanilic acids, a sulfonamide series with salidiuretic activity.
AID1132619Natriuretic activity in rat assessed as per cage at 81 mg/kg, po1978Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 21, Issue:5
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 2. (2-Alkyl-2-aryl-1-oxo-5-indanyloxy)acetic acids.
AID444053Renal clearance in human2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID180599Compound was tested for the oral natriuretic activity in female rats at the dose 3 mg/kg( mequiv of Na+ x 100 / cage); Not tested1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 24, Issue:7
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 4. Indeno[5,4-b]furan-2-carboxylic acids.
AID13770Oral diuretic activity was evaluated by measuring K+ excretion in Rat at 27 mg/kg after ip administration (0-5 hr)1980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12
2-(Aminomethyl)phenols, a new class of saluretic agents. 1. Effects of nuclear substitution.
AID17326Na+ excretion mequiv /kg in saline-loaded mice administered at a dose 2 ml/kg perorally1984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 27, Issue:8
Substituted 5,6-dihydrofuro[3,2-f]-1,2-benzisoxazole-6-carboxylic acids: high-ceiling diuretics with uricosuric activity.
AID19869Mean excretion of potassium in conscious rats at a dose of 10 mg/kg given orally1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
1-(2-aminoethyl)-6-aryl-4H- [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepines with diuretic and natriuretic activity.
AID230281Ratio of Total electrolytic excretion of sodium and potassium in urine of dogs after peroral administration of 9.6 uM/Kg of drug1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-28, Volume: 37, Issue:22
Synthesis and diuretic activity of alkyl- and arylguanidine analogs of N,N'-dicyclohexyl-4-morpholinecarboxamidine in rats and dogs.
AID16005Compound administered orally at a dose of 5 mg/kg was evaluated for salidiuretic activity measured as sodium ion excretion in Rat1980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12
2-(Aminomethyl)phenols, a new class of saluretic agents. 1. Effects of nuclear substitution.
AID1123562Diuretic activity in Wistar rat assessed as volume of excreted urine at 50 mg/kg, po measured after 0 to 5 hrs relative to urea-treated control1979Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 22, Issue:1
Synthesis and evaluation for diuretic activity of 1-substituted 6-chloro-5-sulfamylindolines.
AID220704Compound was tested for diuretic activity in dogs at 5 mg/kg dose after intravenous administration, activity is expressed as urine volume1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 24, Issue:7
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 3. 2,3-Dihydro-5-acyl-2-benzofurancarboxylic acids, a new class of uricosuric diuretics.
AID21594Volume of urine 2 hr after the compound was administered 84 mg/kg po in rat1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 35, Issue:22
N-substituted pyrazino[2,3-c][1,2,6]thiadiazine 2,2-dioxides. A new class of diuretics.
AID1079943Malignant tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.MAL' in source]
AID58445Diuretic activity in the dog (2 animals/dose) at (dose 6.25 mg/Kg), when administered perorally1983Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 26, Issue:8
5-sulfamoylorthanilic acids, a sulfonamide series with salidiuretic activity.
AID169986Compound was evaluated for diuretic activity administered orally in female rats measured as milliequivalents of K+x 100 / cage at 3 mg/kg1984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 27, Issue:7
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 5. [(2-Alkyl- and 2,2-disubstituted-1,3-dioxo-5-indanyl)oxy]acetic acids.
AID721754Inhibition of human MATE1-mediated ASP+ uptake expressed in HEK293 cells after 1.5 mins by fluorescence assay2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-14, Volume: 56, Issue:3
Discovery of potent, selective multidrug and toxin extrusion transporter 1 (MATE1, SLC47A1) inhibitors through prescription drug profiling and computational modeling.
AID173777ED2(natriuretic potency) is the oral dose(mg/kg) required to produce an excretion of 2 milliequivalents of Na+per kilogram during 0-4 hr in female rats (Highest dose tested was 100 mg/kg)1984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 27, Issue:8
Substituted 5,6-dihydrofuro[3,2-f]-1,2-benzisoxazole-6-carboxylic acids: high-ceiling diuretics with uricosuric activity.
AID592681Apparent permeability across human Caco2 cell membrane after 2 hrs by LC-MS/MS analysis2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 19, Issue:8
QSAR-based permeability model for drug-like compounds.
AID21264Effective permeability measured in human.1998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-03, Volume: 41, Issue:25
Correlation of human jejunal permeability (in vivo) of drugs with experimentally and theoretically derived parameters. A multivariate data analysis approach.
AID196139Natriuretic activity in rats at 3 mg/kg of dosage; mequiv of Na1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 24, Issue:7
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 3. 2,3-Dihydro-5-acyl-2-benzofurancarboxylic acids, a new class of uricosuric diuretics.
AID1149935Diuretic activity in dog assessed as sodium level in urine collected for 2 hrs at 1.5 mg/kg, iv over a period of 5 mins (Rvb = 29 microEq)1977Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 20, Issue:11
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 1. (2-Alkyl- and 2,2-dialkyl-1-oxo-5-indanyloxy)acetic acids.
AID190866Compound was tested for urinary volume excretion in conscious rat at the dose of 100 mg/kg expressed as urinary excretion in treated rats/urinary excretion in control rats1986Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 29, Issue:8
Pyrimidinones. 3. N-substituted 6-phenylpyrimidinones and pyrimidinediones with diuretic/hypotensive and antiinflammatory activity.
AID21909Compound administered at a dose of 6.25 mg/25 mL/kg orally to rats, urine collected for 6 hr and measured for K+ excretion.1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 34, Issue:1
8-(Dicyclopropylmethyl)-1,3-dipropylxanthine: a potent and selective adenosine A1 antagonist with renal protective and diuretic activities.
AID21585Urinary sodium 6 hr after the compound was administered 84 mg/kg po in rat1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 35, Issue:22
N-substituted pyrazino[2,3-c][1,2,6]thiadiazine 2,2-dioxides. A new class of diuretics.
AID190869Compound was tested for urinary volume excretion in conscious rat at the dose of 30 mg/kg expressed as urinary excretion in treated rats/urinary excretion in control rats1986Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 29, Issue:8
Pyrimidinones. 3. N-substituted 6-phenylpyrimidinones and pyrimidinediones with diuretic/hypotensive and antiinflammatory activity.
AID1091957Apparent permeability of the compound by PAMPA2011Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Apr-13, Volume: 59, Issue:7
Importance of physicochemical properties for the design of new pesticides.
AID1220801Drug metabolism in bile duct-cannulated dog assessed as glucuronide concentration in bile and urine at 0.2 mg/kg, iv up to 24 hrs by LC/MS/MS analysis2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 39, Issue:5
Human pharmacokinetic prediction of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase substrates with an animal scale-up approach.
AID1873192Inhibition of ABCG2 (unknown origin) expressed in human HEK293-A cells membrane vesicles assessed inhibition of ABCG2-mediated urate transport activity by rapid filtration technique2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-05, Volume: 237Targeting breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2): Functional inhibitors and expression modulators.
AID16076Mean Chlorine excretion in rats when compound administered at 5 mg/kg po and vehicle dosed at 15.12 umol/kg1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 35, Issue:22
N-substituted pyrazino[2,3-c][1,2,6]thiadiazine 2,2-dioxides. A new class of diuretics.
AID384955Intrinsic aqueous solubility at pH 10 by shake-flask method2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-22, Volume: 51, Issue:10
Molecular characteristics for solid-state limited solubility.
AID27167Delta logD (logD6.5 - logD7.4)2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-29, Volume: 43, Issue:13
QSAR model for drug human oral bioavailability.
AID1221980Transporter substrate index of efflux ratio in human Caco2 cells at 10 uM up to 120 mins by HPLC-MC analysis in presence of 10 uM of MRP2 inhibitor MK5712011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Feb, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Attenuation of intestinal absorption by major efflux transporters: quantitative tools and strategies using a Caco-2 model.
AID186831Potassium salt excretion in conscious rat at the dose of 10 mg/kg expressed as urinary excretion in treated rats/urinary excretion in control rats1986Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 29, Issue:8
Pyrimidinones. 3. N-substituted 6-phenylpyrimidinones and pyrimidinediones with diuretic/hypotensive and antiinflammatory activity.
AID1217728Intrinsic clearance for reactive metabolites formation per mg of protein based on cytochrome P450 (unknown origin) inactivation rate by TDI assay2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:7
Combination of GSH trapping and time-dependent inhibition assays as a predictive method of drugs generating highly reactive metabolites.
AID1220785Fraction unbound in rat plasma by ultracentrifugation method2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 39, Issue:5
Human pharmacokinetic prediction of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase substrates with an animal scale-up approach.
AID17381Total electrolytic excretion of potassium in urine of rats after peroral administration of 9.06 uM/Kg of drug1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-28, Volume: 37, Issue:22
Synthesis and diuretic activity of alkyl- and arylguanidine analogs of N,N'-dicyclohexyl-4-morpholinecarboxamidine in rats and dogs.
AID60416The diuretic activity of compound was measured after oral administration in conscious water loaded dogs at 5 mg/kg after 3 hr; Micro equiv of Na+/kg1982Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 25, Issue:1
[(3-aryl-1,2-benzisoxazol-6-yl)oxy]acetic acids. A new diuretic series.
AID769740Agonist activity at human GPR35 by Ca+2 release assay2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-12, Volume: 56, Issue:17
6-Bromo-8-(4-[(3)H]methoxybenzamido)-4-oxo-4H-chromene-2-carboxylic Acid: a powerful tool for studying orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR35.
AID191346Oral diuretic activity was measured after oral administration of 25 mg/kg to rats(control volume is 1.21+/-0.08)1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-07, Volume: 35, Issue:16
Adenosine A1 antagonists. 2. Structure-activity relationships on diuretic activities and protective effects against acute renal failure.
AID496825Antimicrobial activity against Leishmania mexicana2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID58593The saluretic(Cl-) effect of compound was measured in dogs after iv administration at 2 mg/kg dose; Cl-mequiv/min=3031981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 24, Issue:1
2-(Aminomethyl)phenols, a new class of saluretic agents. 2. Synthesis and pharmacological properties of the 5-aza isostere of 2-(aminomethyl)-4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-6-iodophenol.
AID188411Natriuretic effect was evaluated in the conscious female rat by natriuretic assay involving metabolic caging at dose 30 mg/kg1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 39, Issue:6
Endogenous natriuretic factors. 5. Synthesis and biological activity of a natriuretic metabolite of diltiazem and its derivatives.
AID16936Mean urine volume excretion in conscious rats at a dose of 100 mg/kg given orally1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
1-(2-aminoethyl)-6-aryl-4H- [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepines with diuretic and natriuretic activity.
AID1474166Liver toxicity in human assessed as induction of drug-induced liver injury by measuring severity class index2016Drug discovery today, Apr, Volume: 21, Issue:4
DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans.
AID52790Inhibition of chymotrypsin at 250 uM2003Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-09, Volume: 46, Issue:21
Identification and prediction of promiscuous aggregating inhibitors among known drugs.
AID1079946Presence of at least one case with successful reintroduction. [column 'REINT' in source]
AID1079934Highest frequency of acute liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% AIGUE' in source]
AID21579Urinary sodium 3h after the compound was administered 84 mg/kg po in rat1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 35, Issue:22
N-substituted pyrazino[2,3-c][1,2,6]thiadiazine 2,2-dioxides. A new class of diuretics.
AID367619Inhibition of human recombinant full length CA14 by stopped-flow CO2 hydration method2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-22, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Comparison of chlorthalidone and indapamide X-ray crystal structures in adducts with isozyme II: when three water molecules and the keto-enol tautomerism make the difference.
AID367619Inhibition of human recombinant full length CA14 by stopped-flow CO2 hydration method2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 17, Issue:3
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Comparison of chlorthalidone, indapamide, trichloromethiazide, and furosemide X-ray crystal structures in adducts with isozyme II, when several water molecules make the difference.
AID196141Natriuretic activity in rats at 81 mg/kg of dosage; mequiv of Na1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 24, Issue:7
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 3. 2,3-Dihydro-5-acyl-2-benzofurancarboxylic acids, a new class of uricosuric diuretics.
AID481442Transcellular permeability at pH 6.5 calculated from in vitro P app values in Caco-2 and/or MDCK cells2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-13, Volume: 53, Issue:9
How well can the Caco-2/Madin-Darby canine kidney models predict effective human jejunal permeability?
AID230249Ratio of Na+ to k+ excretion at above dose1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 35, Issue:22
N-substituted pyrazino[2,3-c][1,2,6]thiadiazine 2,2-dioxides. A new class of diuretics.
AID17550Total electrolytic excretion of sodium in urine of dogs after peroral administration of 9.6 uM/Kg of drug1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-28, Volume: 37, Issue:22
Synthesis and diuretic activity of alkyl- and arylguanidine analogs of N,N'-dicyclohexyl-4-morpholinecarboxamidine in rats and dogs.
AID540217Volume of distribution at steady state in dog after iv administration2005Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, Jul, Volume: 94, Issue:7
Extrapolation of human pharmacokinetic parameters from rat, dog, and monkey data: Molecular properties associated with extrapolative success or failure.
AID58923Relative salidiuretic efficacy was scored in dog; very marked1982Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 25, Issue:5
Agents for the treatment of brain injury. 1. (Aryloxy)alkanoic acids.
AID28234% absorbed in human GI-tract2001Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 44, Issue:6
High-throughput permeability pH profile and high-throughput alkane/water log P with artificial membranes.
AID1636440Drug activation in human Hep3B cells assessed as human CYP2D6-mediated drug metabolism-induced cytotoxicity measured as decrease in cell viability at 300 uM pre-incubated with BSO for 18 hrs followed by incubation with compound for 3 hrs in presence of NA2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-15, Volume: 26, Issue:16
Development of a cell viability assay to assess drug metabolite structure-toxicity relationships.
AID288192Partition coefficient, log P of the compound2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 15, Issue:11
QSAR study on permeability of hydrophobic compounds with artificial membranes.
AID190863Compound was tested for urinary volume excretion in conscious rat at the dose of 0.3 mg/kg expressed as urinary excretion in treated rats/urinary excretion in control rats1986Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 29, Issue:8
Pyrimidinones. 3. N-substituted 6-phenylpyrimidinones and pyrimidinediones with diuretic/hypotensive and antiinflammatory activity.
AID18861GOF value represents multisets of log P data1998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-03, Volume: 41, Issue:25
Correlation of human jejunal permeability (in vivo) of drugs with experimentally and theoretically derived parameters. A multivariate data analysis approach.
AID21819Mean urinary output in rats when compound administered at 40 mg/kg po and vehicle dosed at 120.93 umol/kg1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 35, Issue:22
N-substituted pyrazino[2,3-c][1,2,6]thiadiazine 2,2-dioxides. A new class of diuretics.
AID13951Oral diuretic activity was evaluated by measuring K+ excretion in dog at 5 mg/kg after ip administration (0-6 hr)1980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12
2-(Aminomethyl)phenols, a new class of saluretic agents. 1. Effects of nuclear substitution.
AID540209Volume of distribution at steady state in human after iv administration2008Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7
Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID1091955Dissociation constant, pKa of the compound at pH 7.32011Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Apr-13, Volume: 59, Issue:7
Importance of physicochemical properties for the design of new pesticides.
AID354125Effect on acute renal function in rat assessed as change in urine creatinine level per 100 gm body weight at 30 mg/kg, po (RVb= 17.8+/-1.1 mg/dl)2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-14, Volume: 52, Issue:9
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 8-(pyrid-3-yl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]-1,3,5-triazines: potent, orally bioavailable corticotropin releasing factor receptor-1 (CRF1) antagonists.
AID496830Antimicrobial activity against Leishmania major2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID1221982Fraction absorbed in human2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Feb, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Attenuation of intestinal absorption by major efflux transporters: quantitative tools and strategies using a Caco-2 model.
AID13987Oral diuretic activity was evaluated by measuring Na+ excretion in dog at 1 mg/kg after ip administration (0-6 hr)1980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12
2-(Aminomethyl)phenols, a new class of saluretic agents. 1. Effects of nuclear substitution.
AID21815Mean urinary output in rats when compound administered at 20 mg/kg po and vehicle dosed at 60.46 umol/kg1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 35, Issue:22
N-substituted pyrazino[2,3-c][1,2,6]thiadiazine 2,2-dioxides. A new class of diuretics.
AID22235Tested for the diuretic activity by measuring the urinary volume after peroral administering 9.6 uM/Kg of drug in dogs1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-28, Volume: 37, Issue:22
Synthesis and diuretic activity of alkyl- and arylguanidine analogs of N,N'-dicyclohexyl-4-morpholinecarboxamidine in rats and dogs.
AID625286Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatitis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1443992Total Cmax in human administered as single dose2014Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), Sep, Volume: 60, Issue:3
Human drug-induced liver injury severity is highly associated with dual inhibition of liver mitochondrial function and bile salt export pump.
AID187952Effect on urinary excretion potassium and sodium after oral administration of 1.6 mg/kg to rats(potassium and sodium excretion in control rat is 0.161+/-0.013)1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-07, Volume: 35, Issue:16
Adenosine A1 antagonists. 2. Structure-activity relationships on diuretic activities and protective effects against acute renal failure.
AID678713Inhibition of human CYP2C9 assessed as ratio of IC50 in absence of NADPH to IC50 for presence of NADPH using 7-methoxy-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin-3-acetic acid as substrate after 30 mins2012Chemical research in toxicology, Oct-15, Volume: 25, Issue:10
Preclinical strategy to reduce clinical hepatotoxicity using in vitro bioactivation data for >200 compounds.
AID17353Total electrolytic excretion of potassium in urine of rats after peroral administration of 30.2 uM/Kg of drug1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-28, Volume: 37, Issue:22
Synthesis and diuretic activity of alkyl- and arylguanidine analogs of N,N'-dicyclohexyl-4-morpholinecarboxamidine in rats and dogs.
AID220708Compound was tested for diuretic activity in dogs at 5 mg/kg dose after oral administration measured as microequivalent of Na+/minute1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 24, Issue:7
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 3. 2,3-Dihydro-5-acyl-2-benzofurancarboxylic acids, a new class of uricosuric diuretics.
AID190285Saluretic activity in rats after 0-24 hours, as sodium ion concentration in urine1986Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 29, Issue:6
Synthesis, saludiuretic, and antihypertensive activity of 6,7-disubstituted 1(2H)- and 3,4-dihydro-1(2H)-phthalazinones.
AID237685Lipophilicity determined as logarithm of the partition coefficient in the alkane/water system2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-05, Volume: 48, Issue:9
Calculating virtual log P in the alkane/water system (log P(N)(alk)) and its derived parameters deltalog P(N)(oct-alk) and log D(pH)(alk).
AID19865Mean excretion of chloride in conscious rats at a dose of 3.0 mg/kg given orally1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
1-(2-aminoethyl)-6-aryl-4H- [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepines with diuretic and natriuretic activity.
AID236918Apparent permeability of the compound was determined in MDCK (madin darby canine kidney) strain I; Activity = Papp 10e-62005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-10, Volume: 48, Issue:3
In silico prediction of membrane permeability from calculated molecular parameters.
AID188120Effect on urinary excretion potassium and sodium after oral administration of 6.25 mg/kg to rats(potassium and sodium excretion in control rat is 0.079+/-0.007)1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-07, Volume: 35, Issue:16
Adenosine A1 antagonists. 2. Structure-activity relationships on diuretic activities and protective effects against acute renal failure.
AID481446Effective permeability across human jejunum2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-13, Volume: 53, Issue:9
How well can the Caco-2/Madin-Darby canine kidney models predict effective human jejunal permeability?
AID1217706Time dependent inhibition of CYP2C9 (unknown origin) at 100 uM by LC/MS system2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:7
Combination of GSH trapping and time-dependent inhibition assays as a predictive method of drugs generating highly reactive metabolites.
AID1449628Inhibition of human BSEP expressed in baculovirus transfected fall armyworm Sf21 cell membranes vesicles assessed as reduction in ATP-dependent [3H]-taurocholate transport into vesicles incubated for 5 mins by Topcount based rapid filtration method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Dec, Volume: 40, Issue:12
Mitigating the inhibition of human bile salt export pump by drugs: opportunities provided by physicochemical property modulation, in silico modeling, and structural modification.
AID230247Ratio of Na+ to K+ excretion1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 34, Issue:1
8-(Dicyclopropylmethyl)-1,3-dipropylxanthine: a potent and selective adenosine A1 antagonist with renal protective and diuretic activities.
AID1221970Efflux ratio of permeability from apical to basolateral side over basolateral to apical side of human Caco2 cells at 10 uM up to 120 mins by HPLC-MC analysis in presence of 1 uM of BCRP inhibitor Ko1432011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Feb, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Attenuation of intestinal absorption by major efflux transporters: quantitative tools and strategies using a Caco-2 model.
AID15987Salidiuretic activity in dog following i.v. dosing at 5 mg/kg1980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12
2-(Aminomethyl)phenols, a new class of saluretic agents. 1. Effects of nuclear substitution.
AID1220786Fraction unbound in monkey plasma by ultracentrifugation method2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 39, Issue:5
Human pharmacokinetic prediction of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase substrates with an animal scale-up approach.
AID24185Distribution coefficient in octanol/water at pH 7.41998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-03, Volume: 41, Issue:25
Correlation of human jejunal permeability (in vivo) of drugs with experimentally and theoretically derived parameters. A multivariate data analysis approach.
AID16068Mean Chlorine excretion in rats when compound administered at 20 mg/kg po and vehicle dosed at 60.46 umol/kg1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 35, Issue:22
N-substituted pyrazino[2,3-c][1,2,6]thiadiazine 2,2-dioxides. A new class of diuretics.
AID176010The saluretic(K+) effect of compound was measured in rats after oral administration at 27 mg/kg dose; K+mequiv*100/cage=141981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 24, Issue:1
2-(Aminomethyl)phenols, a new class of saluretic agents. 2. Synthesis and pharmacological properties of the 5-aza isostere of 2-(aminomethyl)-4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-6-iodophenol.
AID1079945Animal toxicity known. [column 'TOXIC' in source]
AID1132618Natriuretic activity in rat assessed as per cage at 27 mg/kg, po1978Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 21, Issue:5
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 2. (2-Alkyl-2-aryl-1-oxo-5-indanyloxy)acetic acids.
AID540213Half life in human after iv administration2008Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7
Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID1220799Drug metabolism in gallbladder-cannulated mouse assessed as glucuronide concentration in bile and urine at 0.2 mg/kg, iv up to 24 hrs by LC/MS/MS analysis2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 39, Issue:5
Human pharmacokinetic prediction of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase substrates with an animal scale-up approach.
AID132826ED6 (natriuretic potency) is the oral dose(mg/kg) required to produce an excretion of 6 milliequivalents of Na+per kilogram during 0-4 hr in male mice (Highest dose tested was 50 mg/kg)1984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 27, Issue:8
Substituted 5,6-dihydrofuro[3,2-f]-1,2-benzisoxazole-6-carboxylic acids: high-ceiling diuretics with uricosuric activity.
AID721753Inhibition of human MATE1-mediated ASP+ uptake expressed in HEK293 cells at 20 uM after 1.5 mins by fluorescence assay2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-14, Volume: 56, Issue:3
Discovery of potent, selective multidrug and toxin extrusion transporter 1 (MATE1, SLC47A1) inhibitors through prescription drug profiling and computational modeling.
AID1079937Severe hepatitis, defined as possibly life-threatening liver failure or through clinical observations. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'MASS' in source]
AID237416Distribution coeeficient for the compound at pH7.4 (Log D7.4) 2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-29, Volume: 47, Issue:16
Contribution of ionization and lipophilicity to drug binding to albumin: a preliminary step toward biodistribution prediction.
AID190419Saluretic activity in the rat measured as concentration of K+ in urine1983Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 26, Issue:8
5-sulfamoylorthanilic acids, a sulfonamide series with salidiuretic activity.
AID17306Mean sodium excretion in rats when compound administered at 20 mg/kg po and vehicle dosed at 60.46 umol/kg1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 35, Issue:22
N-substituted pyrazino[2,3-c][1,2,6]thiadiazine 2,2-dioxides. A new class of diuretics.
AID17318Mean sodium excretion in rats when compound administered at 80 mg/kg po and vehicle dosed at 241.86 umol/kg1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 35, Issue:22
N-substituted pyrazino[2,3-c][1,2,6]thiadiazine 2,2-dioxides. A new class of diuretics.
AID1331468Intrinsic permeability of compound at 50 uM at pH 7.4 after 16 hrs by PAMPA assay2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 01-01, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Rational design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationships of 5-amino-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid derivatives as protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitors.
AID17152Total electrolytic excretion of chlorine in urine of rats after peroral administration of 9.06 uM/Kg of drug1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-28, Volume: 37, Issue:22
Synthesis and diuretic activity of alkyl- and arylguanidine analogs of N,N'-dicyclohexyl-4-morpholinecarboxamidine in rats and dogs.
AID588211Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in humans2010Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1
Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID496831Antimicrobial activity against Cryptosporidium parvum2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID21803Mean urinary output in rats when compound administered at 10 mg/kg po and vehicle dosed at 30.23 umol/kg1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 35, Issue:22
N-substituted pyrazino[2,3-c][1,2,6]thiadiazine 2,2-dioxides. A new class of diuretics.
AID598525Lipophilicity, log P of the compound2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 21, Issue:12
Lipophilicity of acidic compounds: impact of ion pair partitioning on drug design.
AID588979Substrates of transporters of clinical importance in the absorption and disposition of drugs, MRP42010Nature reviews. Drug discovery, Mar, Volume: 9, Issue:3
Membrane transporters in drug development.
AID1145359Diuretic activity in mongrel dog assessed as excretion of sodium ion per 6 hrs at 1 mg/kg, po (Rvb = 2 mequiv/min)1976Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 19, Issue:4
(Vinylaryloxy)acetic acids. A new class of diuretic agents. 2. (4-(3-Oxo-1-alkenyl)phenoxy)acetic acids.
AID174283Compound was tested for antihypertensive activity in rat after 4 hr postdose1986Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 29, Issue:6
Synthesis, saludiuretic, and antihypertensive activity of 6,7-disubstituted 1(2H)- and 3,4-dihydro-1(2H)-phthalazinones.
AID625282Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cirrhosis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID352315Inhibition of human 11beta-HSD2 expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as conversion of [3H]cortisone to [3H]cortisol at 100 uM by scintillation proximity assay in presence of NADPH2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 44, Issue:3
Structure-based virtual screening for identification of novel 11beta-HSD1 inhibitors.
AID624611Specific activity of expressed human recombinant UGT1A82000Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology, , Volume: 40Human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases: metabolism, expression, and disease.
AID367610Inhibition of human recombinant full length CA3 by stopped-flow CO2 hydration method2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-22, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Comparison of chlorthalidone and indapamide X-ray crystal structures in adducts with isozyme II: when three water molecules and the keto-enol tautomerism make the difference.
AID367610Inhibition of human recombinant full length CA3 by stopped-flow CO2 hydration method2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 17, Issue:3
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Comparison of chlorthalidone, indapamide, trichloromethiazide, and furosemide X-ray crystal structures in adducts with isozyme II, when several water molecules make the difference.
AID16004Evaluated for salidiuretic activity measured as sodium ion excretion in Rat, administered orally at a dose of 50 mg/kg1980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12
2-(Aminomethyl)phenols, a new class of saluretic agents. 1. Effects of nuclear substitution.
AID1217709Time dependent inhibition of CYP3A4 (unknown origin) at 100 uM by LC/MS system2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:7
Combination of GSH trapping and time-dependent inhibition assays as a predictive method of drugs generating highly reactive metabolites.
AID1079942Steatosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'STEAT' in source]
AID21774volume of urine at 81 mg/kg1984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 27, Issue:7
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 5. [(2-Alkyl- and 2,2-disubstituted-1,3-dioxo-5-indanyl)oxy]acetic acids.
AID230471Ratio of Total electrolytic excretion of sodium and potassium in urine of rats after peroral administration of 302 uM/Kg of drug1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-28, Volume: 37, Issue:22
Synthesis and diuretic activity of alkyl- and arylguanidine analogs of N,N'-dicyclohexyl-4-morpholinecarboxamidine in rats and dogs.
AID180604Compound was tested for the oral natriuretic activity in female rats at the dose 9 mg/kg; mequiv of Na+ x 100 / cage1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 24, Issue:7
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 4. Indeno[5,4-b]furan-2-carboxylic acids.
AID625277FDA Liver Toxicity Knowledge Base Benchmark Dataset (LTKB-BD) drugs of less concern for DILI2011Drug discovery today, Aug, Volume: 16, Issue:15-16
FDA-approved drug labeling for the study of drug-induced liver injury.
AID625287Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatomegaly2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID190417Saluretic activity in rats after 5-24 hours, as sodium ion concentration in urine1986Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 29, Issue:6
Synthesis, saludiuretic, and antihypertensive activity of 6,7-disubstituted 1(2H)- and 3,4-dihydro-1(2H)-phthalazinones.
AID57182Compound was evaluated for diuretic activity, in female mongrel dogs by measuring amount of Cl- in urine after iv administration of 5 mg/kg (control/compound treatment results) Control = 11984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 27, Issue:7
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 5. [(2-Alkyl- and 2,2-disubstituted-1,3-dioxo-5-indanyl)oxy]acetic acids.
AID180602Compound was tested for the oral natriuretic activity in female rats at the dose 81 mg/kg; mequiv of Na+ x 100 / cage1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 24, Issue:7
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 4. Indeno[5,4-b]furan-2-carboxylic acids.
AID28925Highest effective permeability across hexadecane membrane (pH 4-8)2001Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 44, Issue:6
High-throughput permeability pH profile and high-throughput alkane/water log P with artificial membranes.
AID1660441Diuretic activity in normotensive Wistar rat assessed as urinary calcium excretion at 20 mg/kg, po administered via gavage after 8 hrs (Rvb = 5.93 to 6.87 mg/dl)2020Journal of natural products, 06-26, Volume: 83, Issue:6
Diuretic and Renal Protective Effect of Kaempferol 3-
AID57323Compound was evaluated for diuretic activity, in female mongrel dogs by measuring amount of Na+ in urine after iv administration of 5 mg/kg (control/compound treatment results) Control = 291984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 27, Issue:7
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 5. [(2-Alkyl- and 2,2-disubstituted-1,3-dioxo-5-indanyl)oxy]acetic acids.
AID977602Inhibition of sodium fluorescein uptake in OATP1B3-transfected CHO cells at an equimolar substrate-inhibitor concentration of 10 uM2013Molecular pharmacology, Jun, Volume: 83, Issue:6
Structure-based identification of OATP1B1/3 inhibitors.
AID117499The diuretic activity was measured after oral administration in saline loaded mice at 64 mg/kg after 5 hr1982Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 25, Issue:1
[(3-aryl-1,2-benzisoxazol-6-yl)oxy]acetic acids. A new diuretic series.
AID175998The saluretic (Na+) effect of compound was measured in rats after oral administration at 27 mg/kg dose; Na+ mequiv*100/cage1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 24, Issue:1
2-(Aminomethyl)phenols, a new class of saluretic agents. 2. Synthesis and pharmacological properties of the 5-aza isostere of 2-(aminomethyl)-4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-6-iodophenol.
AID582094Inhibition of PSAC-mediated sorbitol uptake in erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium falciparum HB3 at 100 to 5000 uM by osmotic lysis half-time determination assay2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
Changes in the plasmodial surface anion channel reduce leupeptin uptake and can confer drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes.
AID16592Oral diuretic activity was evaluated by measuring Cl- excretion in dog at 10 mg/kg after ip administration (0-6 hr)1980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12
2-(Aminomethyl)phenols, a new class of saluretic agents. 1. Effects of nuclear substitution.
AID190289Saluretic activity in rats after 5-24 hours, as chloride ion concentration in urine1986Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 29, Issue:6
Synthesis, saludiuretic, and antihypertensive activity of 6,7-disubstituted 1(2H)- and 3,4-dihydro-1(2H)-phthalazinones.
AID1079933Acute liver toxicity defined via clinical observations and clear clinical-chemistry results: serum ALT or AST activity > 6 N or serum alkaline phosphatases activity > 1.7 N. This category includes cytolytic, choleostatic and mixed liver toxicity. Value is
AID189923Ratio of urinary excretion value (Na+ concentration) in treated rats to that in control rats, at a peroral dose of 1.6 mg/Kg1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-07, Volume: 35, Issue:16
Adenosine A1 antagonists. 2. Structure-activity relationships on diuretic activities and protective effects against acute renal failure.
AID354347Effect on acute renal function in rat assessed as change in urine pH per 100 gm body weight at 30 mg/kg, po (RVb= 7.32+/-0.13 mg/dl)2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-14, Volume: 52, Issue:9
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 8-(pyrid-3-yl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]-1,3,5-triazines: potent, orally bioavailable corticotropin releasing factor receptor-1 (CRF1) antagonists.
AID196142Natriuretic activity in rats at 9 mg/kg of dosage; mequiv of Na1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 24, Issue:7
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 3. 2,3-Dihydro-5-acyl-2-benzofurancarboxylic acids, a new class of uricosuric diuretics.
AID57180Compound was evaluated for diuretic activity, administered orally in female mongrel dogs (5 mg/kg) measured as milliequivalents of K1984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 27, Issue:7
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 5. [(2-Alkyl- and 2,2-disubstituted-1,3-dioxo-5-indanyl)oxy]acetic acids.
AID58595The saluretic(K+) effect of compound was measured in dogs after iv administration at 2 mg/kg dose; K+mequiv/min=201981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 24, Issue:1
2-(Aminomethyl)phenols, a new class of saluretic agents. 2. Synthesis and pharmacological properties of the 5-aza isostere of 2-(aminomethyl)-4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-6-iodophenol.
AID679485TP_TRANSPORTER: uptake in Xenopus laevis oocytes2000The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, Oct, Volume: 295, Issue:1
Interaction and transport of thiazide diuretics, loop diuretics, and acetazolamide via rat renal organic anion transporter rOAT1.
AID186832Potassium salt excretion in conscious rat at the dose of 100 mg/kg expressed as urinary excretion in treated rats/urinary excretion in control rats1986Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 29, Issue:8
Pyrimidinones. 3. N-substituted 6-phenylpyrimidinones and pyrimidinediones with diuretic/hypotensive and antiinflammatory activity.
AID1221973Efflux ratio of permeability from apical to basolateral side over basolateral to apical side of human Caco2 cells at 10 uM up to 120 mins by HPLC-MC analysis in presence of 10 uM of MRP2 inhibitor MK5712011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Feb, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Attenuation of intestinal absorption by major efflux transporters: quantitative tools and strategies using a Caco-2 model.
AID1220787Fraction unbound in dog plasma by ultracentrifugation method2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 39, Issue:5
Human pharmacokinetic prediction of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase substrates with an animal scale-up approach.
AID190867Compound was tested for urinary volume excretion in conscious rat at the dose of 3.0 mg/kg expressed as urinary excretion in treated rats/urinary excretion in control rats1986Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 29, Issue:8
Pyrimidinones. 3. N-substituted 6-phenylpyrimidinones and pyrimidinediones with diuretic/hypotensive and antiinflammatory activity.
AID51758Compound was evaluated for diuretic activity in chimpanzee measured as clearance of insulin and urate after peroral administration of 5 mg/kg1984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 27, Issue:7
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 5. [(2-Alkyl- and 2,2-disubstituted-1,3-dioxo-5-indanyl)oxy]acetic acids.
AID173380The saluretic(K+) effect of compound was measured in rats after oral administration at 81 mg/kg dose; K+mequiv*100/cage=141981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 24, Issue:1
2-(Aminomethyl)phenols, a new class of saluretic agents. 2. Synthesis and pharmacological properties of the 5-aza isostere of 2-(aminomethyl)-4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-6-iodophenol.
AID1221969Apparent permeability from basolateral to apical side of human Caco2 cells at 10 uM up to 120 mins by HPLC-MC analysis in presence of 1 uM of BCRP inhibitor Ko1432011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Feb, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Attenuation of intestinal absorption by major efflux transporters: quantitative tools and strategies using a Caco-2 model.
AID16006Compound administered orally at a dose of 81 mg/kg was evaluated for salidiuretic activity measured as sodium ion excretion in Rat1980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12
2-(Aminomethyl)phenols, a new class of saluretic agents. 1. Effects of nuclear substitution.
AID17324Na+ excretion mequiv /kg in saline-loaded mice administered at a dose 10 ml/kg perorally1984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 27, Issue:8
Substituted 5,6-dihydrofuro[3,2-f]-1,2-benzisoxazole-6-carboxylic acids: high-ceiling diuretics with uricosuric activity.
AID15929Mean Chlorine excretion in rats when compound administered at 10 mg/kg po and vehicle dosed at 30.23 umol/kg1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 35, Issue:22
N-substituted pyrazino[2,3-c][1,2,6]thiadiazine 2,2-dioxides. A new class of diuretics.
AID175534Diuretic activity by measuring the urinary output at the dose of 40 mg/kg1982Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Syntheses and diuretic activity of 1,2-dihydro-2-(3-pyridyl)-3H-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-one and related compounds.
AID17739Total electrolytic excretion of sodium in urine of rats after peroral administration of 30.20 uM/Kg of drug1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-28, Volume: 37, Issue:22
Synthesis and diuretic activity of alkyl- and arylguanidine analogs of N,N'-dicyclohexyl-4-morpholinecarboxamidine in rats and dogs.
AID496826Antimicrobial activity against Entamoeba histolytica2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID156202Binding to POPC (palmitoyl-oleolyl-phosphatidyl-choline) liposomes using biosensor system2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 43, Issue:11
SPR biosensor studies of the direct interaction between 27 drugs and a liposome surface: correlation with fraction absorbed in humans.
AID288184Permeability coefficient through artificial membrane in presence of unstirred water layer by PAMPA2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 15, Issue:11
QSAR study on permeability of hydrophobic compounds with artificial membranes.
AID680193TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of E1S uptake (E1S: 0.05 uM, Furosemide: 500 uM) in Xenopus laevis oocytes2000The Journal of biological chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 275, Issue:6
Molecular cloning and characterization of multispecific organic anion transporter 4 expressed in the placenta.
AID425652Total body clearance in human2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 52, Issue:15
Physicochemical determinants of human renal clearance.
AID188407Ratio of sodium ion/potassium ion concentration in urine of rats following 6.25 mg/kg p.o.1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-07, Volume: 35, Issue:16
Adenosine A1 antagonists. 2. Structure-activity relationships on diuretic activities and protective effects against acute renal failure.
AID328984Inhibition of mouse full length carbonic anhydrase 132008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 18, Issue:8
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Interaction of indapamide and related diuretics with 12 mammalian isozymes and X-ray crystallographic studies for the indapamide-isozyme II adduct.
AID169990Compound was evaluated for diuretic activity administered orally in female rats measured as milliequivalents of Na+x 100 / cage at 3 mg/kg1984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 27, Issue:7
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 5. [(2-Alkyl- and 2,2-disubstituted-1,3-dioxo-5-indanyl)oxy]acetic acids.
AID604743Displacement of radiolabeled warfarin from fatty acid containing human serum albumin site 1 in phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 at 12 uM by fluorescence spectroscopy2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 18, Issue:21
A combined spectroscopic and crystallographic approach to probing drug-human serum albumin interactions.
AID367617Inhibition of human recombinant CA12 catalytic domain by stopped-flow CO2 hydration method2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-22, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Comparison of chlorthalidone and indapamide X-ray crystal structures in adducts with isozyme II: when three water molecules and the keto-enol tautomerism make the difference.
AID367617Inhibition of human recombinant CA12 catalytic domain by stopped-flow CO2 hydration method2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 17, Issue:3
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Comparison of chlorthalidone, indapamide, trichloromethiazide, and furosemide X-ray crystal structures in adducts with isozyme II, when several water molecules make the difference.
AID1149928Ratio of change in urate excretion to change in inulin excretion in chimpanzee in urine at 5 mg/kg, po1977Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 20, Issue:11
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 1. (2-Alkyl- and 2,2-dialkyl-1-oxo-5-indanyloxy)acetic acids.
AID1210069Inhibition of human recombinant CYP2J2 assessed as reduction in astemizole O-demethylation by LC-MS/MS method2013Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 41, Issue:1
Discovery and characterization of novel, potent, and selective cytochrome P450 2J2 inhibitors.
AID156204Binding to POPC/GMI liposomes using biosensor system2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 43, Issue:11
SPR biosensor studies of the direct interaction between 27 drugs and a liposome surface: correlation with fraction absorbed in humans.
AID1217704Time dependent inhibition of CYP1A2 (unknown origin) at 100 uM by LC/MS system2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:7
Combination of GSH trapping and time-dependent inhibition assays as a predictive method of drugs generating highly reactive metabolites.
AID524794Antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum GB4 after 72 hrs by SYBR green assay2009Nature chemical biology, Oct, Volume: 5, Issue:10
Genetic mapping of targets mediating differential chemical phenotypes in Plasmodium falciparum.
AID354127Effect on acute renal function in rat assessed as change in glucose level in urine per 100 gm body weight at 30 mg/kg, po (RVb= 10.1+/-0.7 mg/dl)2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-14, Volume: 52, Issue:9
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 8-(pyrid-3-yl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]-1,3,5-triazines: potent, orally bioavailable corticotropin releasing factor receptor-1 (CRF1) antagonists.
AID60414The diuretic activity of compound was measured after oral administration in conscious water loaded dogs at 5 mg/kg after 1 hr; Micro equiv of Na+/kg1982Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 25, Issue:1
[(3-aryl-1,2-benzisoxazol-6-yl)oxy]acetic acids. A new diuretic series.
AID1221975Transporter substrate index ratio of permeability from apical to basolateral side in human Caco2 cells at 10 uM up to 120 mins by HPLC-MC analysis in presence of 1 uM of BCRP inhibitor Ko1432011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Feb, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Attenuation of intestinal absorption by major efflux transporters: quantitative tools and strategies using a Caco-2 model.
AID17765Total electrolytic excretion of sodium in urine of rats after peroral administration of 90.6 uM/Kg of drug1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-28, Volume: 37, Issue:22
Synthesis and diuretic activity of alkyl- and arylguanidine analogs of N,N'-dicyclohexyl-4-morpholinecarboxamidine in rats and dogs.
AID1217711Metabolic activation in human liver microsomes assessed as [3H]GSH adduct formation rate measured per mg of protein at 100 uM by [3H]GSH trapping assay2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:7
Combination of GSH trapping and time-dependent inhibition assays as a predictive method of drugs generating highly reactive metabolites.
AID188410Natriuretic effect was evaluated in the conscious female rat by natriuretic assay involving metabolic caging at dose 20 mg/kg1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 39, Issue:6
Endogenous natriuretic factors. 5. Synthesis and biological activity of a natriuretic metabolite of diltiazem and its derivatives.
AID190420Saluretic activity in the rat measured as concentration of Na+ in urine1983Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 26, Issue:8
5-sulfamoylorthanilic acids, a sulfonamide series with salidiuretic activity.
AID1221979Transporter substrate index ratio of permeability from basolateral to apical side in human Caco2 cells at 10 uM up to 120 mins by HPLC-MC analysis in presence of 10 uM of MRP2 inhibitor MK5712011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Feb, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Attenuation of intestinal absorption by major efflux transporters: quantitative tools and strategies using a Caco-2 model.
AID16002Evaluated for salidiuretic activity measured as sodium ion excretion in Rat, administered orally at a dose of 16.5 mg/kg1980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12
2-(Aminomethyl)phenols, a new class of saluretic agents. 1. Effects of nuclear substitution.
AID1211794Fraction unbound in blood (not specified)2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1
Comparison of cryopreserved HepaRG cells with cryopreserved human hepatocytes for prediction of clearance for 26 drugs.
AID1220789Ratio of drug level in blood to plasma in mouse2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 39, Issue:5
Human pharmacokinetic prediction of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase substrates with an animal scale-up approach.
AID22060Tested for the diuretic activity by measuring the urinary volume after peroral administering 302 uM/Kg of drug in rats1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-28, Volume: 37, Issue:22
Synthesis and diuretic activity of alkyl- and arylguanidine analogs of N,N'-dicyclohexyl-4-morpholinecarboxamidine in rats and dogs.
AID540216Clearance in dog after iv administration2005Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, Jul, Volume: 94, Issue:7
Extrapolation of human pharmacokinetic parameters from rat, dog, and monkey data: Molecular properties associated with extrapolative success or failure.
AID51734Compound was evaluated for diuretic activity in chimpanzee measured as increase in the number of microequivalents of Na+ /min at 1 mg/kg1984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 27, Issue:7
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 5. [(2-Alkyl- and 2,2-disubstituted-1,3-dioxo-5-indanyl)oxy]acetic acids.
AID175999The saluretic (Na+) effect of compound was measured in rats after oral administration at 81 mg/kg dose; Na+ mequiv*100/cage1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 24, Issue:1
2-(Aminomethyl)phenols, a new class of saluretic agents. 2. Synthesis and pharmacological properties of the 5-aza isostere of 2-(aminomethyl)-4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-6-iodophenol.
AID90254Relative salidiuretic efficacy was scored in human; very marked1982Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 25, Issue:5
Agents for the treatment of brain injury. 1. (Aryloxy)alkanoic acids.
AID173776Dose required to produce an excretion of 2 mequiv of Na+/kg bw/6h vs control groups1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 35, Issue:22
N-substituted pyrazino[2,3-c][1,2,6]thiadiazine 2,2-dioxides. A new class of diuretics.
AID188264Sodium salt excretion in conscious rat at the dose of 1.0 mg/kg expressed as urinary excretion in treated rats/urinary excretion in control rats1986Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 29, Issue:8
Pyrimidinones. 3. N-substituted 6-phenylpyrimidinones and pyrimidinediones with diuretic/hypotensive and antiinflammatory activity.
AID16689Mean potassium excretion in rats when compound administered at 0 mg/kg po and vehicle dosed at 0 umol/kg1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 35, Issue:22
N-substituted pyrazino[2,3-c][1,2,6]thiadiazine 2,2-dioxides. A new class of diuretics.
AID19863Mean excretion of chloride in conscious rats at a dose of 100 mg/kg given orally1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
1-(2-aminoethyl)-6-aryl-4H- [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepines with diuretic and natriuretic activity.
AID1217707Time dependent inhibition of CYP2C19 in human liver microsomes at 100 uM by LC/MS system2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:7
Combination of GSH trapping and time-dependent inhibition assays as a predictive method of drugs generating highly reactive metabolites.
AID624606Specific activity of expressed human recombinant UGT1A12000Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology, , Volume: 40Human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases: metabolism, expression, and disease.
AID1079947Comments (NB not yet translated). [column 'COMMENTAIRES' in source]
AID22059Tested for the diuretic activity by measuring the urinary volume after peroral administering 30.2 uM/Kg of drug in rats1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-28, Volume: 37, Issue:22
Synthesis and diuretic activity of alkyl- and arylguanidine analogs of N,N'-dicyclohexyl-4-morpholinecarboxamidine in rats and dogs.
AID1211795Dissociation constant, pKa of the compound2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1
Comparison of cryopreserved HepaRG cells with cryopreserved human hepatocytes for prediction of clearance for 26 drugs.
AID196138Natriuretic activity in rats at 27 mg/kg of dosage; mequiv of Na1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 24, Issue:7
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 3. 2,3-Dihydro-5-acyl-2-benzofurancarboxylic acids, a new class of uricosuric diuretics.
AID188263Sodium salt excretion in conscious rat at the dose of 0.3 mg/kg expressed as urinary excretion in treated rats/urinary excretion in control rats1986Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 29, Issue:8
Pyrimidinones. 3. N-substituted 6-phenylpyrimidinones and pyrimidinediones with diuretic/hypotensive and antiinflammatory activity.
AID175819Diuretic activity in rats at time intervals of 5-24 hours1986Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 29, Issue:6
Synthesis, saludiuretic, and antihypertensive activity of 6,7-disubstituted 1(2H)- and 3,4-dihydro-1(2H)-phthalazinones.
AID26315Dissociation constant (pKa) (determined in 30% EtOH)1982Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 25, Issue:5
Agents for the treatment of brain injury. 1. (Aryloxy)alkanoic acids.
AID354122Effect on acute renal function in rat assessed as change in urine sodium level per 100 gm body weight at 30 mg/kg, po (RVb= 55.4+/-5.2 mg/dl)2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-14, Volume: 52, Issue:9
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 8-(pyrid-3-yl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]-1,3,5-triazines: potent, orally bioavailable corticotropin releasing factor receptor-1 (CRF1) antagonists.
AID1091958Hydrophobicity, log P of the compound in octanol-water by shaking-flask method2011Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Apr-13, Volume: 59, Issue:7
Importance of physicochemical properties for the design of new pesticides.
AID409960Inhibition of bovine brain MAOB2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-13, Volume: 51, Issue:21
Quantitative structure-activity relationship and complex network approach to monoamine oxidase A and B inhibitors.
AID220699Compound was tested for diuretic activity in dogs at 5 mg/kg dose after intravenous administration measured as microequivalent of Cl-/minute; 1/1081 (Control/Drug treated)1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 24, Issue:7
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 3. 2,3-Dihydro-5-acyl-2-benzofurancarboxylic acids, a new class of uricosuric diuretics.
AID678717Inhibition of human CYP3A4 assessed as ratio of IC50 in absence of NADPH to IC50 for presence of NADPH using 7-benzyloxyquinoline as substrate after 30 mins2012Chemical research in toxicology, Oct-15, Volume: 25, Issue:10
Preclinical strategy to reduce clinical hepatotoxicity using in vitro bioactivation data for >200 compounds.
AID496824Antimicrobial activity against Toxoplasma gondii2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID1145363Diuretic activity in mongrel dog assessed as excretion of chloride ion per 6 hrs at 1 mg/kg, po (Rvb = 2 mequiv/min)1976Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 19, Issue:4
(Vinylaryloxy)acetic acids. A new class of diuretic agents. 2. (4-(3-Oxo-1-alkenyl)phenoxy)acetic acids.
AID444055Fraction absorbed in human2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID1660433Diuretic activity in normotensive Wistar rat assessed as urinary chloride excretion at 20 mg/kg, po administered via gavage after 8 hrs (Rvb = 135.10 to 143.70 mmol/L)2020Journal of natural products, 06-26, Volume: 83, Issue:6
Diuretic and Renal Protective Effect of Kaempferol 3-
AID409958Inhibition of bovine brain MAOA2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-13, Volume: 51, Issue:21
Quantitative structure-activity relationship and complex network approach to monoamine oxidase A and B inhibitors.
AID174517Serum creatinine concentration measured after intraperitoneal administration of 10 mg/kg of compound to rats(vehicle 3.22+/-0.35)1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-07, Volume: 35, Issue:16
Adenosine A1 antagonists. 2. Structure-activity relationships on diuretic activities and protective effects against acute renal failure.
AID17169Total electrolytic excretion of potassium in urine of dogs after peroral administration of 9.06 uM/Kg of drug1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-28, Volume: 37, Issue:22
Synthesis and diuretic activity of alkyl- and arylguanidine analogs of N,N'-dicyclohexyl-4-morpholinecarboxamidine in rats and dogs.
AID540219Volume of distribution at steady state in monkey after iv administration2005Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, Jul, Volume: 94, Issue:7
Extrapolation of human pharmacokinetic parameters from rat, dog, and monkey data: Molecular properties associated with extrapolative success or failure.
AID1221962Efflux ratio of permeability from apical to basolateral side over basolateral to apical side of human Caco2 cells at 10 uM up to 120 mins by HPLC-MC analysis in presence of 1 uM of P-gp inhibitor LY3359792011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Feb, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Attenuation of intestinal absorption by major efflux transporters: quantitative tools and strategies using a Caco-2 model.
AID1443995Hepatotoxicity in human assessed as drug-induced liver injury2014Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), Sep, Volume: 60, Issue:3
Human drug-induced liver injury severity is highly associated with dual inhibition of liver mitochondrial function and bile salt export pump.
AID32292Binding affinity against adenosine A1 receptor in guinea pig forebrain membranes using N6-[3H]cyclohexyladenosine as radioligand1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-07, Volume: 35, Issue:16
Adenosine A1 antagonists. 2. Structure-activity relationships on diuretic activities and protective effects against acute renal failure.
AID16060Mean Chlorine excretion in rats when compound administered at 160 mg/kg po and vehicle dosed at 483.72 umol/kg1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 35, Issue:22
N-substituted pyrazino[2,3-c][1,2,6]thiadiazine 2,2-dioxides. A new class of diuretics.
AID625291Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver function tests abnormal2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1123566Diuretic activity in Wistar rat assessed as sodium level in excreted urine at 50 mg/kg, po measured after 5 to 24 hrs by flame photometric analysis relative to urea-treated control1979Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 22, Issue:1
Synthesis and evaluation for diuretic activity of 1-substituted 6-chloro-5-sulfamylindolines.
AID239884pKa value of the compound2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-29, Volume: 47, Issue:16
Contribution of ionization and lipophilicity to drug binding to albumin: a preliminary step toward biodistribution prediction.
AID186830Potassium salt excretion in conscious rat at the dose of 1.0 mg/kg expressed as urinary excretion in treated rats/urinary excretion in control rats1986Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 29, Issue:8
Pyrimidinones. 3. N-substituted 6-phenylpyrimidinones and pyrimidinediones with diuretic/hypotensive and antiinflammatory activity.
AID29845Estimation of fraction absorbed (Fa) in the human intestine using biosensor technology.2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 43, Issue:11
SPR biosensor studies of the direct interaction between 27 drugs and a liposome surface: correlation with fraction absorbed in humans.
AID19875Mean excretion of sodium in conscious rats at a dose of 10 mg/kg given orally1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
1-(2-aminoethyl)-6-aryl-4H- [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepines with diuretic and natriuretic activity.
AID1765374Drug concentration in CD-1 mouse plasma at 5 mg/kg, po measured after 2.5 hrs by LC-MS/MS analysis2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-15, Volume: 222Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of furosemide analogs as therapeutics for the proteopathy and immunopathy of Alzheimer's disease.
AID678714Inhibition of human CYP2C19 assessed as ratio of IC50 in absence of NADPH to IC50 for presence of NADPH using 3-butyryl-7-methoxycoumarin as substrate after 30 mins2012Chemical research in toxicology, Oct-15, Volume: 25, Issue:10
Preclinical strategy to reduce clinical hepatotoxicity using in vitro bioactivation data for >200 compounds.
AID769723Agonist activity at C-terminal beta-galactosidase tagged human recombinant GPR35 expressed in CHO cells after 90 mins by beta-arrestin recruitment assay2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-12, Volume: 56, Issue:17
6-Bromo-8-(4-[(3)H]methoxybenzamido)-4-oxo-4H-chromene-2-carboxylic Acid: a powerful tool for studying orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR35.
AID175822Diuretic effect was evaluated in the conscious female rat by natriuretic assay involving metabolic caging at dose 20 mg/kg1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 39, Issue:6
Endogenous natriuretic factors. 5. Synthesis and biological activity of a natriuretic metabolite of diltiazem and its derivatives.
AID781330pKa (acid-base dissociation constant) as determined by potentiometric titration2014Pharmaceutical research, Apr, Volume: 31, Issue:4
Comparison of the accuracy of experimental and predicted pKa values of basic and acidic compounds.
AID186986Kaliuretic effect was evaluated in the conscious female rat by natriuretic assay involving metabolic caging at dose 30 mg/kg1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 39, Issue:6
Endogenous natriuretic factors. 5. Synthesis and biological activity of a natriuretic metabolite of diltiazem and its derivatives.
AID16599Oral diuretic activity was evaluated by measuring Cl- excretion in dog at 1 mg/kg g after ip administration (0-6 hr)1980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12
2-(Aminomethyl)phenols, a new class of saluretic agents. 1. Effects of nuclear substitution.
AID540233Dose normalised AUC in human after po administration2005Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems, Feb, Volume: 35, Issue:2
Comparative evaluation of oral systemic exposure of 56 xenobiotics in rat, dog, monkey and human.
AID91481Binding constant against human serum albumin (HSA)2001Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-06, Volume: 44, Issue:25
Cheminformatic models to predict binding affinities to human serum albumin.
AID540211Fraction unbound in human after iv administration2008Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7
Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID1220800Drug metabolism in bile duct-cannulated monkey assessed as glucuronide concentration in bile and urine at 0.2 mg/kg, iv up to 24 hrs by LC/MS/MS analysis2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 39, Issue:5
Human pharmacokinetic prediction of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase substrates with an animal scale-up approach.
AID625281Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholelithiasis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1123564Diuretic activity in Wistar rat assessed as potassium level in excreted urine at 50 mg/kg, po measured after 0 to 5 hrs by flame photometric analysis relative to urea-treated control1979Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 22, Issue:1
Synthesis and evaluation for diuretic activity of 1-substituted 6-chloro-5-sulfamylindolines.
AID679520TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of PAH uptake (PAH: 2 uM, Furosemide: 2000 uM) in Xenopus laevis oocytes1999The American journal of physiology, 01, Volume: 276, Issue:1
Molecular cloning and functional expression of a multispecific organic anion transporter from human kidney.
AID1203133Apparent permeability of the compound at RT after 24 hrs by PAMPA2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-26, Volume: 58, Issue:6
A novel cell-permeable, selective, and noncompetitive inhibitor of KAT3 histone acetyltransferases from a combined molecular pruning/classical isosterism approach.
AID1323834Displacement of [3H]rosiglitazone from recombinant human C-terminal His-tagged MitoNEET cytosolic domain (32 to 108 residues) expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 by scintillation proximity assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-01, Volume: 26, Issue:21
Identification of small molecules that bind to the mitochondrial protein mitoNEET.
AID16937Mean urine volume excretion in conscious rats at a dose of 3.0 mg/kg given orally1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
1-(2-aminoethyl)-6-aryl-4H- [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepines with diuretic and natriuretic activity.
AID467611Dissociation constant, pKa of the compound2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 44, Issue:11
Prediction of volume of distribution values in human using immobilized artificial membrane partitioning coefficients, the fraction of compound ionized and plasma protein binding data.
AID1221821Cytotoxicity against HEK293 cells expressing UGT1A3 assessed as decrease in cell viability at 1 mM measured at 24 hrs by MTT assay2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 39, Issue:1
Toxicological evaluation of acyl glucuronides of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs using human embryonic kidney 293 cells stably expressing human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase and human hepatocytes.
AID52075Relative salidiuretic efficacy was scored in chimpanzee; very marked1982Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 25, Issue:5
Agents for the treatment of brain injury. 1. (Aryloxy)alkanoic acids.
AID680799TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of NEM-GS uptake (NEM-GS: 4 uM, Furosemide: 5000 uM) in membrane vesicles from MRP2-expressing Sf9 cells2000Molecular pharmacology, Apr, Volume: 57, Issue:4
Interactions of the human multidrug resistance proteins MRP1 and MRP2 with organic anions.
AID681432TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of E1S uptake (E1S: 40 uM, Furosemide: 1000 uM) in Xenopus laevis oocytes1999The Journal of biological chemistry, May-07, Volume: 274, Issue:19
Molecular cloning and characterization of a new multispecific organic anion transporter from rat brain.
AID17354Total electrolytic excretion of potassium in urine of rats after peroral administration of 302 uM/Kg of drug1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-28, Volume: 37, Issue:22
Synthesis and diuretic activity of alkyl- and arylguanidine analogs of N,N'-dicyclohexyl-4-morpholinecarboxamidine in rats and dogs.
AID21604Compound was evaluated for diuretic activity, in female mongrel dogs by measuring volume of urine, after iv administration of 5 mg/kg (control/compound treatment results) Control = 11984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 27, Issue:7
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 5. [(2-Alkyl- and 2,2-disubstituted-1,3-dioxo-5-indanyl)oxy]acetic acids.
AID169983Compound was evaluated for diuretic activity administered orally in female rats measured as milliequivalents of Cl-x 100 / cage at 81 mg/kg1984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 27, Issue:7
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 5. [(2-Alkyl- and 2,2-disubstituted-1,3-dioxo-5-indanyl)oxy]acetic acids.
AID567091Drug absorption in human assessed as human intestinal absorption rate2011European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 46, Issue:1
Prediction of drug intestinal absorption by new linear and non-linear QSPR.
AID1211798Intrinsic clearance in human using well stirred liver model by LC-MS/MS method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1
Comparison of cryopreserved HepaRG cells with cryopreserved human hepatocytes for prediction of clearance for 26 drugs.
AID475126Intrinsic clearance in rat hepatocytes assessed per 10^6 cells2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 20, Issue:8
Benzyl prolinate derivatives as novel selective KCC2 blockers.
AID129601Acute toxicity in mice when given po1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 35, Issue:22
N-substituted pyrazino[2,3-c][1,2,6]thiadiazine 2,2-dioxides. A new class of diuretics.
AID24183Distribution coefficient in octanol/water at pH 5.51998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-03, Volume: 41, Issue:25
Correlation of human jejunal permeability (in vivo) of drugs with experimentally and theoretically derived parameters. A multivariate data analysis approach.
AID13969Oral diuretic activity was evaluated by measuring Na+ excretion in Rat at 81 mg/kg after ip administration (0-5 hr)1980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12
2-(Aminomethyl)phenols, a new class of saluretic agents. 1. Effects of nuclear substitution.
AID328985Inhibition of human full length carbonic anhydrase 142008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 18, Issue:8
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Interaction of indapamide and related diuretics with 12 mammalian isozymes and X-ray crystallographic studies for the indapamide-isozyme II adduct.
AID16844Mean potassium excretion in rats when compound administered at 20 mg/kg po and vehicle dosed at 60.46 umol/kg1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 35, Issue:22
N-substituted pyrazino[2,3-c][1,2,6]thiadiazine 2,2-dioxides. A new class of diuretics.
AID19864Mean excretion of chloride in conscious rats at a dose of 30 mg/kg given orally1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
1-(2-aminoethyl)-6-aryl-4H- [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepines with diuretic and natriuretic activity.
AID1221965Transporter substrate index of efflux ratio in human Caco2 cells at 10 uM up to 120 mins by HPLC-MC analysis in presence of 1 uM of P-gp inhibitor LY3359792011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Feb, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Attenuation of intestinal absorption by major efflux transporters: quantitative tools and strategies using a Caco-2 model.
AID1079935Cytolytic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is > 5 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CYTOL' in source]
AID16935Mean urine volume excretion in conscious rats at a dose of 10 mg/kg given orally1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
1-(2-aminoethyl)-6-aryl-4H- [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepines with diuretic and natriuretic activity.
AID230470Ratio of Total electrolytic excretion of sodium and potassium in urine of rats after peroral administration of 30.2 uM/Kg of drug1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-28, Volume: 37, Issue:22
Synthesis and diuretic activity of alkyl- and arylguanidine analogs of N,N'-dicyclohexyl-4-morpholinecarboxamidine in rats and dogs.
AID29359Ionization constant (pKa)2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-29, Volume: 43, Issue:13
QSAR model for drug human oral bioavailability.
AID21772volume of urine at 27 mg/kg1984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 27, Issue:7
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 5. [(2-Alkyl- and 2,2-disubstituted-1,3-dioxo-5-indanyl)oxy]acetic acids.
AID60413Diuretic activity was measured after oral administration in conscious water loaded dogs at 5 mg/kg after 1 hr1982Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 25, Issue:1
[(3-aryl-1,2-benzisoxazol-6-yl)oxy]acetic acids. A new diuretic series.
AID16565Oral diuretic activity was evaluated by measuring Cl- excretion in Rat at 27 mg/kg after ip administration (0-5 hr)1980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12
2-(Aminomethyl)phenols, a new class of saluretic agents. 1. Effects of nuclear substitution.
AID169981Compound was evaluated for diuretic activity administered orally in female rats measured as milliequivalents of Cl-+x 100 / cage at 27 mg/kg1984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 27, Issue:7
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 5. [(2-Alkyl- and 2,2-disubstituted-1,3-dioxo-5-indanyl)oxy]acetic acids.
AID51748Compound was evaluated for diuretic activity in chimpanzee measured as increase in the number of microequivalents of K+ /min at 1 mg/kg1984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 27, Issue:7
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 5. [(2-Alkyl- and 2,2-disubstituted-1,3-dioxo-5-indanyl)oxy]acetic acids.
AID1079932Highest frequency of moderate liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% BIOL' in source]
AID33587Binding affinity against adenosine A2 receptor in rat striatal membranes using N-[3H]-ethyladenosin-5''-uronamide as radioligand in the presence of 50 nM cyclopentyladenosine1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-07, Volume: 35, Issue:16
Adenosine A1 antagonists. 2. Structure-activity relationships on diuretic activities and protective effects against acute renal failure.
AID328981Inhibition of human full length carbonic anhydrase 72008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 18, Issue:8
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Interaction of indapamide and related diuretics with 12 mammalian isozymes and X-ray crystallographic studies for the indapamide-isozyme II adduct.
AID189935Ratio of urinary excretion value (urinary volume) in treated rats to that in control rats, at a peroral dose of 1.6 mg/Kg1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-07, Volume: 35, Issue:16
Adenosine A1 antagonists. 2. Structure-activity relationships on diuretic activities and protective effects against acute renal failure.
AID625284Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic failure2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID175531Diuretic activity by measuring the urinary output at the dose of 20 mg/kg1982Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Syntheses and diuretic activity of 1,2-dihydro-2-(3-pyridyl)-3H-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-one and related compounds.
AID1220792Ratio of drug level in blood to plasma in dog2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 39, Issue:5
Human pharmacokinetic prediction of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase substrates with an animal scale-up approach.
AID21600Volume of urine 4 hr after the compound was administered 84 mg/kg po in rat1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 35, Issue:22
N-substituted pyrazino[2,3-c][1,2,6]thiadiazine 2,2-dioxides. A new class of diuretics.
AID367609Inhibition of human recombinant full length CA2 by stopped-flow CO2 hydration method2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-22, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Comparison of chlorthalidone and indapamide X-ray crystal structures in adducts with isozyme II: when three water molecules and the keto-enol tautomerism make the difference.
AID367609Inhibition of human recombinant full length CA2 by stopped-flow CO2 hydration method2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 17, Issue:3
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Comparison of chlorthalidone, indapamide, trichloromethiazide, and furosemide X-ray crystal structures in adducts with isozyme II, when several water molecules make the difference.
AID24184Distribution coefficient in octanol/water at pH 6.51998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-03, Volume: 41, Issue:25
Correlation of human jejunal permeability (in vivo) of drugs with experimentally and theoretically derived parameters. A multivariate data analysis approach.
AID230407It is ratio of Insulin U/P1983Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 26, Issue:8
5-sulfamoylorthanilic acids, a sulfonamide series with salidiuretic activity.
AID354342Effect on gastrointestinal motility in fasted Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as distance of charcoal moved from stomach to cecum at 30 mg/kg, ip (RVb =36.4+/-2.9)2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-14, Volume: 52, Issue:9
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 8-(pyrid-3-yl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]-1,3,5-triazines: potent, orally bioavailable corticotropin releasing factor receptor-1 (CRF1) antagonists.
AID21582Urinary sodium 4 hr after the compound was administered 84 mg/kg po in rat1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 35, Issue:22
N-substituted pyrazino[2,3-c][1,2,6]thiadiazine 2,2-dioxides. A new class of diuretics.
AID190288Saluretic activity in rats after 0-5 hours, as sodium ion concentration in urine1986Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 29, Issue:6
Synthesis, saludiuretic, and antihypertensive activity of 6,7-disubstituted 1(2H)- and 3,4-dihydro-1(2H)-phthalazinones.
AID191350Oral diuretic activity was measured after oral administration of 6.25 mg/kg to rats(control volume is 0.69+/-0.03)1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-07, Volume: 35, Issue:16
Adenosine A1 antagonists. 2. Structure-activity relationships on diuretic activities and protective effects against acute renal failure.
AID239780Percentage plasma protein binding towards human serum albumin2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-07, Volume: 48, Issue:7
Predicting human serum albumin affinity of interleukin-8 (CXCL8) inhibitors by 3D-QSPR approach.
AID21807Mean urinary output in rats when compound administered at 160 mg/kg po and vehicle dosed at 483.72 umol/kg1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 35, Issue:22
N-substituted pyrazino[2,3-c][1,2,6]thiadiazine 2,2-dioxides. A new class of diuretics.
AID230295Ratio of Total electrolytic excretion of sodium and potassium in urine of rats after peroral administration of 0 uM/Kg of drug1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-28, Volume: 37, Issue:22
Synthesis and diuretic activity of alkyl- and arylguanidine analogs of N,N'-dicyclohexyl-4-morpholinecarboxamidine in rats and dogs.
AID1132616Natriuretic activity in rat assessed as per cage at 3 mg/kg, po1978Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 21, Issue:5
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 2. (2-Alkyl-2-aryl-1-oxo-5-indanyloxy)acetic acids.
AID475127Aqueous solubility in PBS buffer at pH 7.42010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 20, Issue:8
Benzyl prolinate derivatives as novel selective KCC2 blockers.
AID1220790Ratio of drug level in blood to plasma in rat2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 39, Issue:5
Human pharmacokinetic prediction of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase substrates with an animal scale-up approach.
AID453204Permeability in human skin after 48 hrs by Franz cell permeability assay2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-01, Volume: 20, Issue:1
Development of an in silico model for human skin permeation based on a Franz cell skin permeability assay.
AID21773volume of urine at 3 mg/kg1984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 27, Issue:7
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 5. [(2-Alkyl- and 2,2-disubstituted-1,3-dioxo-5-indanyl)oxy]acetic acids.
AID190442Saluretic property after 50 mg/kg oral administration in rats1983Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 26, Issue:4
2-(Aminomethyl)phenols, a new class of saluretic agents. 5. Fused-ring analogues.
AID17293Mean sodium excretion in rats when compound administered at 0 mg/kg po and vehicle dosed at 0 umol/kg1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 35, Issue:22
N-substituted pyrazino[2,3-c][1,2,6]thiadiazine 2,2-dioxides. A new class of diuretics.
AID186862Maximum fall in mean arterial blood pressure was measured in SH rats when compound was administered at 7.5 mg/kg perorally1980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12
2-(Aminomethyl)phenols, a new class of saluretic agents. 1. Effects of nuclear substitution.
AID17294Mean sodium excretion in rats when compound administered at 10 mg/kg po and vehicle dosed at 30.23 umol/kg1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 35, Issue:22
N-substituted pyrazino[2,3-c][1,2,6]thiadiazine 2,2-dioxides. A new class of diuretics.
AID769720Agonist activity at C-terminal beta-galactosidase tagged human recombinant GPR35 expressed in CHO cells at 100 uM after 90 mins by beta-arrestin recruitment assay relative to zaprinast2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-12, Volume: 56, Issue:17
6-Bromo-8-(4-[(3)H]methoxybenzamido)-4-oxo-4H-chromene-2-carboxylic Acid: a powerful tool for studying orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR35.
AID19868Mean excretion of potassium in conscious rats at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg given orally1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
1-(2-aminoethyl)-6-aryl-4H- [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepines with diuretic and natriuretic activity.
AID22025Tested for the diuretic activity by measuring the urinary volume after peroral administering 0 uM/Kg of drug in rats1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-28, Volume: 37, Issue:22
Synthesis and diuretic activity of alkyl- and arylguanidine analogs of N,N'-dicyclohexyl-4-morpholinecarboxamidine in rats and dogs.
AID1149924Natriuretic activity in Charles River rat assessed as sodium level in urine per cage collected 0.5 hrs interval at 9 mg/kg, po1977Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 20, Issue:11
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 1. (2-Alkyl- and 2,2-dialkyl-1-oxo-5-indanyloxy)acetic acids.
AID21597Volume of urine 3h after the compound was administered 84 mg/kg po in rat1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 35, Issue:22
N-substituted pyrazino[2,3-c][1,2,6]thiadiazine 2,2-dioxides. A new class of diuretics.
AID169987Compound was evaluated for diuretic activity administered orally in female rats measured as milliequivalents of K+x 100 / cage at 81 mg/kg1984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 27, Issue:7
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 5. [(2-Alkyl- and 2,2-disubstituted-1,3-dioxo-5-indanyl)oxy]acetic acids.
AID328978Inhibition of human full length carbonic anhydrase 5A2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 18, Issue:8
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Interaction of indapamide and related diuretics with 12 mammalian isozymes and X-ray crystallographic studies for the indapamide-isozyme II adduct.
AID444057Fraction escaping hepatic elimination in human2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID496828Antimicrobial activity against Leishmania donovani2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID1831854Effective permeability of compound in PBS at pH 7.4 incubated upto 6 hrs by HPLC-MS analysis2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-22, Volume: 64, Issue:8
Sustainable Drug Discovery of Multi-Target-Directed Ligands for Alzheimer's Disease.
AID21827Mean urinary output in rats when compound administered at 80 mg/kg po and vehicle dosed at 241.86 umol/kg1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 35, Issue:22
N-substituted pyrazino[2,3-c][1,2,6]thiadiazine 2,2-dioxides. A new class of diuretics.
AID21074Partion coefficient in octanol/H2O system at pH=71983Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 26, Issue:8
5-sulfamoylorthanilic acids, a sulfonamide series with salidiuretic activity.
AID186961Potassium salt excretion in conscious rat at the dose of 30 mg/kg expressed as urinary excretion in treated rats/urinary excretion in control rats1986Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 29, Issue:8
Pyrimidinones. 3. N-substituted 6-phenylpyrimidinones and pyrimidinediones with diuretic/hypotensive and antiinflammatory activity.
AID13782Oral diuretic activity was evaluated by measuring K+ excretion in Rat at 81 mg/kg after ip administration (0-5 hr)1980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12
2-(Aminomethyl)phenols, a new class of saluretic agents. 1. Effects of nuclear substitution.
AID174281Compound was tested for antihypertensive activity in rat after 1 hr postdose1986Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 29, Issue:6
Synthesis, saludiuretic, and antihypertensive activity of 6,7-disubstituted 1(2H)- and 3,4-dihydro-1(2H)-phthalazinones.
AID481439Absolute bioavailability in human2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-13, Volume: 53, Issue:9
How well can the Caco-2/Madin-Darby canine kidney models predict effective human jejunal permeability?
AID5985261-Octanol-water distribution coefficient, log D of the compound at pH 7.4 by shake-flask method2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 21, Issue:12
Lipophilicity of acidic compounds: impact of ion pair partitioning on drug design.
AID625279Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for bilirubinemia2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID175820Diuretic activity in the rats, determined by a modified Lipschitz test1983Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 26, Issue:8
5-sulfamoylorthanilic acids, a sulfonamide series with salidiuretic activity.
AID1132622Natriuretic activity in chimpanzee assessed as change in Curate to Cinsulin ratio at 5 mg/kg, po1978Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 21, Issue:5
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 2. (2-Alkyl-2-aryl-1-oxo-5-indanyloxy)acetic acids.
AID540230Dose normalised AUC in rat after po administration2005Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems, Feb, Volume: 35, Issue:2
Comparative evaluation of oral systemic exposure of 56 xenobiotics in rat, dog, monkey and human.
AID169992Compound was evaluated for diuretic activity administered orally in female rats measured as milliequivalents of Na+x 100 / cage at 9 mg/kg1984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 27, Issue:7
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 5. [(2-Alkyl- and 2,2-disubstituted-1,3-dioxo-5-indanyl)oxy]acetic acids.
AID540232Dose normalised AUC in monkey after po administration2005Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems, Feb, Volume: 35, Issue:2
Comparative evaluation of oral systemic exposure of 56 xenobiotics in rat, dog, monkey and human.
AID180598Compound was tested for the oral natriuretic activity in female rats at the dose 27 mg/kg; mequiv of Na+ x 100 / cage1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 24, Issue:7
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 4. Indeno[5,4-b]furan-2-carboxylic acids.
AID1220793Ratio of drug level in blood to plasma in human2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 39, Issue:5
Human pharmacokinetic prediction of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase substrates with an animal scale-up approach.
AID681745TP_TRANSPORTER: quantitative PCR in vivo, SD rat, kidney2003Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association, Aug, Volume: 18, Issue:8
Up-regulation of organic anion transporter 1 protein is induced by chronic furosemide or hydrochlorothiazide infusion in rat kidney.
AID1660425Diuretic activity in normotensive Wistar rat assessed as urinary potassium excretion at 20 mg/kg, po administered via gavage after 8 hrs (Rvb = 22.39 to 24.21 mmol/L)2020Journal of natural products, 06-26, Volume: 83, Issue:6
Diuretic and Renal Protective Effect of Kaempferol 3-
AID21966Solubility of compound in water was determined1983Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 26, Issue:8
5-sulfamoylorthanilic acids, a sulfonamide series with salidiuretic activity.
AID106806Inhibition of malate dehydrogenase (MDH) at 400 uM2003Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-09, Volume: 46, Issue:21
Identification and prediction of promiscuous aggregating inhibitors among known drugs.
AID352316Inhibition of mouse 11beta-HSD2 expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as conversion of [3H]cortisone to [3H]cortisol at 100 uM by scintillation proximity assay in presence of NADPH2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 44, Issue:3
Structure-based virtual screening for identification of novel 11beta-HSD1 inhibitors.
AID540214Clearance in rat after iv administration2005Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, Jul, Volume: 94, Issue:7
Extrapolation of human pharmacokinetic parameters from rat, dog, and monkey data: Molecular properties associated with extrapolative success or failure.
AID588210Human drug-induced liver injury (DILI) modelling dataset from Ekins et al2010Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Dec, Volume: 38, Issue:12
A predictive ligand-based Bayesian model for human drug-induced liver injury.
AID186859Maximum fall in mean arterial blood pressure was measured in SH rats when compound was administered at 3.75 mg/kg perorally1980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12
2-(Aminomethyl)phenols, a new class of saluretic agents. 1. Effects of nuclear substitution.
AID220706Compound was tested for diuretic activity in dogs at 5 mg/kg dose after oral administration measured as microequivalent of Cl-/minute1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 24, Issue:7
(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 3. 2,3-Dihydro-5-acyl-2-benzofurancarboxylic acids, a new class of uricosuric diuretics.
AID1220784Fraction unbound in mouse plasma by ultracentrifugation method2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 39, Issue:5
Human pharmacokinetic prediction of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase substrates with an animal scale-up approach.
AID16944Total electrolytic excretion of chlorine in urine of dogs after peroral administration of 9.6 uM/Kg of drug1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-28, Volume: 37, Issue:22
Synthesis and diuretic activity of alkyl- and arylguanidine analogs of N,N'-dicyclohexyl-4-morpholinecarboxamidine in rats and dogs.
AID1079941Liver damage due to vascular disease: peliosis hepatitis, hepatic veno-occlusive disease, Budd-Chiari syndrome. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'VASC' in source]
AID71809Dose required for 50% inhibition of chloride transport in frog cornea was evaluated1984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 27, Issue:12
[(Aminomethyl)aryloxy]acetic acid esters. A new class of high-ceiling diuretics. 2. Modifications of the oxyacetic side chain.
AID60862Effect on (GFR) glomerular filtration rate in dogs was evaluated1983Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 26, Issue:8
5-sulfamoylorthanilic acids, a sulfonamide series with salidiuretic activity.
AID21823Mean urinary output in rats when compound administered at 5 mg/kg po and vehicle dosed at 15.12 umol/kg1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 35, Issue:22
N-substituted pyrazino[2,3-c][1,2,6]thiadiazine 2,2-dioxides. A new class of diuretics.
AID1761236Permeability of compound at pH 7.4 measured after 6 hrs by PAMPA assay2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-05, Volume: 2112-Propargylamino-naphthoquinone derivatives as multipotent agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID504749qHTS profiling for inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum proliferation2011Science (New York, N.Y.), Aug-05, Volume: 333, Issue:6043
Chemical genomic profiling for antimalarial therapies, response signatures, and molecular targets.
AID1347407qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Pharmaceutical Collection2020ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7
High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1347425Rhodamine-PBP qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)2019The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46
Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID1347424RapidFire Mass Spectrometry qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)2019The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46
Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID540299A screen for compounds that inhibit the MenB enzyme of Mycobacterium tuberculosis2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 20, Issue:21
Synthesis and SAR studies of 1,4-benzoxazine MenB inhibitors: novel antibacterial agents against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID588519A screen for compounds that inhibit viral RNA polymerase binding and polymerization activities2011Antiviral research, Sep, Volume: 91, Issue:3
High-throughput screening identification of poliovirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitors.
AID1802951In Vitro Inhibition Assay from Article 10.3109/14756360903489581: \\Effects of some drugs on human erythrocyte glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase: an in vitro study.\\2010Journal of enzyme inhibition and medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 25, Issue:6
Effects of some drugs on human erythrocyte glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase: an in vitro study.
AID1798598CA Inhibition Assay from Article 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.03.051: \\Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Interaction of indapamide and related diuretics with 12 mammalian isozymes and X-ray crystallographic studies for the indapamide-isozyme II adduct.\\2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 18, Issue:8
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Interaction of indapamide and related diuretics with 12 mammalian isozymes and X-ray crystallographic studies for the indapamide-isozyme II adduct.
AID1803141CA Inhibition Assay from Article 10.3109/14756366.2011.638921: \\Carbonic anhydrases inhibitory effects of new benzenesulfonamides synthesized by using superacid chemistry.\\2012Journal of enzyme inhibition and medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 27, Issue:6
Carbonic anhydrases inhibitory effects of new benzenesulfonamides synthesized by using superacid chemistry.
AID1802944In Vitro Assay from Article 10.3109/14756360903257900: \\Effects of some drugs on human erythrocyte 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase: an in vitro study.\\2010Journal of enzyme inhibition and medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 25, Issue:4
Effects of some drugs on human erythrocyte 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase: an in vitro study.
AID1799602In Vitro Inhibtion Assay from Article 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2010.01036.x: \\An alternative purification method for human serum paraoxonase 1 and its interactions with sulfonamides.\\2010Chemical biology & drug design, Dec, Volume: 76, Issue:6
An alternative purification method for human serum paraoxonase 1 and its interactions with sulfonamides.
AID1159550Human Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) Inhibitor Screening2015Nature cell biology, Nov, Volume: 17, Issue:11
6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase links oxidative PPP, lipogenesis and tumour growth by inhibiting LKB1-AMPK signalling.
AID1346968Human Kidney-specific Na-K-Cl symporter (SLC12 family of cation-coupled chloride transporters)2002Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology, Mar, Volume: 365, Issue:3
Rat NKCC2/NKCC1 cotransporter selectivity for loop diuretic drugs.
AID1345073Human GPR35 (Class A Orphans)2012Pharmacology, , Volume: 89, Issue:1-2
GPR35 is a target of the loop diuretic drugs bumetanide and furosemide.
AID1346941Human Basolateral Na-K-Cl symporter (SLC12 family of cation-coupled chloride transporters)2002Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology, Mar, Volume: 365, Issue:3
Rat NKCC2/NKCC1 cotransporter selectivity for loop diuretic drugs.
AID1159607Screen for inhibitors of RMI FANCM (MM2) intereaction2016Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 21, Issue:6
A High-Throughput Screening Strategy to Identify Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors That Block the Fanconi Anemia DNA Repair Pathway.
AID977610Experimentally measured binding affinity data (Ki) for protein-ligand complexes derived from PDB2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-22, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Comparison of chlorthalidone and indapamide X-ray crystal structures in adducts with isozyme II: when three water molecules and the keto-enol tautomerism make the difference.
AID977610Experimentally measured binding affinity data (Ki) for protein-ligand complexes derived from PDB2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 17, Issue:3
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Comparison of chlorthalidone, indapamide, trichloromethiazide, and furosemide X-ray crystal structures in adducts with isozyme II, when several water molecules make the difference.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (12,778)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19906101 (47.75)18.7374
1990's2152 (16.84)18.2507
2000's1840 (14.40)29.6817
2010's1998 (15.64)24.3611
2020's687 (5.38)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 128.10

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index128.10 (24.57)
Research Supply Index9.62 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.47 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index246.50 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.01 (0.95)

This Compound (128.10)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials1,358 (9.96%)5.53%
Reviews648 (4.75%)6.00%
Case Studies1,308 (9.60%)4.05%
Observational49 (0.36%)0.25%
Other10,268 (75.33%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (242)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Effects of Inhaled Furosemide on Breathlessness During Exercise in the Presence of External Thoracic Restriction: A Dose-Reponse Study [NCT01851980]Phase 130 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-04-30Recruiting
Evaluation of an Optimization Protocol for Diuretics in the Decompensation of Chronic Heart Failure: Randomized Trial in Clusters With Sequential Permutation [NCT03892148]Phase 4300 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-05-17Recruiting
Evaluation of Renal Sodium Excretion After Salt Loading in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction [NCT03837470]Early Phase 114 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-05-06Completed
Assessing Goldenseal-drug Interactions Using a Probe Drug Cocktail Approach [NCT03772262]Early Phase 116 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-04-05Completed
Effect of Combination Intra-Renal Infusion of Fenoldopam Mesylate and High Dose Diuretics on Peak Serum Creatinine and Incidence of Renal Replacement Therapy in Patients With Early Acute Kidney Injury [NCT01073189]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-04-30Withdrawn(stopped due to withdrew due to funding)
The Use of Human Albumin for the Treatment of Ascites in Patients With Hepatic Cirrhosis: a Multicenter, Open-label Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT01288794]Phase 4431 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-03-31Completed
A Phase 2, Randomized, Double Blind, Vehicle Controlled, Parallel Group Study to Explore the Efficacy, Pharmacodynamics and Safety of Topical Ionic Contra-Viral Therapy (ICVT) Comprised of Digoxin and Furosemide in Actinic Keratosis [NCT03684772]Phase 232 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-10-22Recruiting
Impact of Different Therapeutic Approaches in Patients With Cardiorenal Syndrome in the Setting of Acute Decompensated Congestive Heart Failure (ADCHF) [NCT01140399]Phase 410 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-02-28Terminated(stopped due to insufficient enrollment)
Role of Salbutamol and Furosemide in Transient Tachypnea of Newborn [NCT03208894]Phase 3100 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-11-01Completed
The Effect in Renal Function on Patients With Type 1 Cardiorenal Syndrome Treated With Two Strategies of Furosemide. A Randomized Controled Trial [NCT04393493]Phase 280 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-07-01Completed
Acetazolamide and Hydrochlorothiazide Followed by Furosemide Versus Hydrochlorothiazide and Furosemide Followed by Furosemide for the Treatment of Adults With Refractory Nephrotic Edema: A Randomized, Double-Blind Trial [NCT02427880]Phase 420 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-04-30Completed
FURosemide Stress Test to Predict Need of Renal Replacement THERapy in Ischemic Acute Tubular Necrosis in ICU [NCT03731117]Phase 411 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-07-15Terminated(stopped due to Study end date exceeded and insufficient number of subjects needed for analysis. 11 patients included / 70 theoretical patients)
Pilot Study of Loop Diuretics Among Individuals Receiving Hemodialysis [NCT04622709]Phase 239 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-10-07Completed
Goal Directed Fluid Removal With Furosemide in Intensive Care Patients With Fluid Overload - A Randomised, Blinded, Placebo-controlled Trial (GODIF). [NCT04180397]Phase 41,000 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-08-17Recruiting
Diuretic Strategies in Acute Heart Failure Patients at High Risk for Diuretic Resistance (P-Value-AHF): A Multicentre, Randomized, Parallel-group, Open-label Trial [NCT05986773]Phase 475 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-10-10Recruiting
[NCT02047422]0 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-01-31Withdrawn(stopped due to One of the diuretic which is planned to be used in the study is no longer available.)
Exploring Diuretics Effective Management in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure, EDEMA Trial [NCT03863626]400 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-03-31Recruiting
Randomized, Controlled Interventional Trial to Investigate the Efficacy of Amiloride for the Treatment of Edema in Human Nephrotic Syndrome [NCT05079789]Phase 320 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-06-08Terminated(stopped due to Low recruiting rate and decision to evaluate as pilot study)
Evaluation of the Efficacy of Intralesional Injection of Combined Digoxin and Furosemide Versus 5 - Fluorouracil in Treatment of Plantar Warts [NCT05520658]60 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-07-01Recruiting
Protocol to Assess the Severity of Acute Kidney Injury [NCT00673244]77 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-04-30Completed
Loop Diuretics During Morcellation to Improve Same-day Discharge Rates After Holmium Laser Enucleation of the Prostate (HoLEP) [NCT05620784]Phase 3138 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-03-01Recruiting
Diagnosing and Targeting Mechanisms of Diuretic Resistance in Heart Failure [NCT02546583]Phase 1458 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-08-31Completed
Diuretic Versus Placebo in Pulmonary Embolism With Right Ventricular Enlargement: a Double-blind Randomized Controlled Study [NCT02268903]Phase 3270 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-04-13Recruiting
DRAFFT Trial: Delayed Renal Allograft Function and Furosemide Treatment: A Randomized Prospective Double-blinded Placebo-controlled Clinical Pilot Trial [NCT02312115]Phase 20 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-09-30Withdrawn(stopped due to Lack of funding)
Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Commonly Used Drugs in Lactating Women and Breastfed Infants [NCT03511118]1,600 participants (Anticipated)Observational2018-10-04Recruiting
Open Label Study to Evaluate Product Design Clinical Performance of a To-Be-Marketed Drug-Device Combination Product (sc2Wear Furosemide Combination Product) in Subjects With Chronic Heart Failure [NCT02804282]Phase 374 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-07-31Completed
EARLY Risk Stratification in CardioMYOpathies With Unknown Etiology for Heart Failure [NCT02941315]Phase 1150 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-12-01Completed
Open-label, Single-dose, Randomized, Two-way (Two-period) Crossover Study to Compare the Pharmacokinetics and Bioavailability of a Novel Furosemide Regimen Administered Subcutaneously Versus the Same Dose (80mg) Administered Intravenously in Subjects With [NCT02329834]Phase 2/Phase 323 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-04-30Completed
Aquapheresis Versus Intravenous Diuretics and Hospitalizations for Heart Failure (AVOID-HF) [NCT01474200]224 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-01-31Terminated(stopped due to Closed due to patient recruitment challenges. No interim analyses were completed; study closure was not related to any concerns about safety or futility.)
Torsemide Comparison With Furosemide for Management of Patients With Stable Heart Failure [NCT05093621]Phase 3125 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-02-08Active, not recruiting
18F-DOPA II - PET Imaging Optimization [NCT04706910]Phase 3800 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-01-20Recruiting
HSS (Hypertonic Saline Solution) Plus High Dose Furosemide vs High Dose Furosemide in Nephrotic Syndrome - a Randomized Trial [NCT03750136]30 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-12-15Recruiting
A Pilot Study to Investigate the Safety and Efficacy of a Novel Furosemide Regimen, Administered Subcutaneously for the Treatment of Fluid Overload and to Evaluate the Feasibility for Home Treatment [NCT02721511]Phase 1/Phase 20 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-05-31Withdrawn(stopped due to Investigator decision based on new device information.)
Role of Midodrine and Tolvaptan in Patients With Cirrhosis With Refractory or Recurrent Ascites [NCT02173288]Phase 2/Phase 350 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-07-31Completed
Investigation of Gender Specificity of the Effects of Furosemide in Healthy Female and Male Volunteers [NCT01156220]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-01-31Withdrawn(stopped due to Study was never implemented.)
Postpartum Management of Gestational Hypertensive Disorders Using Furosemide: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT04343235]Phase 413 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-05-01Terminated(stopped due to Challenges with enrollment; primary investigator left the institution)
Relative Bioavailability of a Single Oral Dose of Digoxin, Furosemide, Metformin, and Rosuvastatin Given Alone and All Together as a Cocktail, and Investigation of the Effect of Increased Doses of Metformin or Furosemide on Relative Bioavailability of the [NCT02231931]Phase 124 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-09-01Completed
Evaluation of Potential Benefits of Trimetazidine in the Management of Pateints With Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease ( MAFLD) [NCT06140953]Phase 260 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-12-10Recruiting
Effect of Aerosol Particle Size and Breathing Pattern of Inhalation on Relief of Experimentally Induced Air Hunger by Inhaled Furosemide [NCT04130815]Phase 120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-10-14Recruiting
Lung Impedance Monitoring In Treatment of Chronic Heart Failure [NCT01320007]80 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-09-30Completed
Safety of Furosemide in Premature Infants at Risk of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia [NCT02527798]Phase 282 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-11-27Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Cross-over Phase 2 Study of Continuous 8-Hour Intravenous Infusions of BMS-986231 in Patients With Heart Failure and Impaired Systolic Function Given a Standard Dose of Loop Diuretic [NCT03730961]Phase 223 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-01-17Completed
Use of a Novel SUBCUTaneous Preparation of Furosemide to Facilitate Early Supported Discharge of Patients With Heart Failure: a Multicentre, Phase II, Randomised, Parallel Group, Active Comparator Controlled Trial [NCT05419115]Phase 2550 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-11-17Recruiting
MELA Study - Hedonic Study on the Taste of Drugs Crushed in Food: Observational Study Involving 16 Healthy Volunteers [NCT02570581]Phase 116 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-06-30Completed
Outpatient Recovery From Acute Kidney Injury Requiring Dialysis [NCT05158153]Phase 41 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-10-18Terminated(stopped due to Inadequate recruitment)
Utilization of Furosemide to Expedite Bladder Filling in Pediatric Females With Suspected Ovarian Torsion Awaiting Pelvic Ultrasound [NCT05098366]Early Phase 1100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-05-29Recruiting
Effects of Spironolactone on Circulating MMPs in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure [NCT00663195]Phase 416 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-01-31Completed
Pre-transfusion Furosemide in Patients at High Risk of Transfusion-associated Circulatory Overload - The Transfusion-Associated Circulatory Overload Best Eliminated With Lasix (TACO-BEL) Study: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT02802696]Early Phase 180 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-06-30Completed
Open-label, Single-dose, Randomized, Two-way Crossover Study to Compare the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Subcutaneous Injection of SCP-111 (Furosemide) vs Intravenous Injection of Furosemide in Healthy Volunteers [NCT06167707]Phase 118 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2024-04-15Not yet recruiting
Open Label First in Human Use Pilot Study of a To-Be-Marketed Drug-Device Combination Product (sc2Wear Furosemide Combination Product) in Subjects With Chronic Heart Failure [NCT02804035]Phase 227 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-07-31Completed
The Efficacy of Intralesional Injection of Combined Digoxin and Furosemide Versus 5-Flurouracil in the Treatment of Plantar Warts [NCT05599971]45 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-02-22Not yet recruiting
Comparison of Short-term Efficacy of Furosemide, Isosorbide Dinitrate and Their Combination in Patients With Acute Decompensated Heart Failure: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT02649998]0 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-01-31Withdrawn(stopped due to Lack of funding)
An Open-label, Non-randomized, 2-arm, 2-period Fixed Sequence Phase 1 Study to Evaluate the Potential Inhibition of Nitisinone on Cytochrome P450 2C9, 2D6, and 2E1 and the Organic Anion Transporters OAT1 and OAT3 in Healthy Volunteers [NCT03103568]Phase 136 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-03-28Completed
The Effect of Loop Diuretics on Severity and Outcome of Acute Kidney Injury [NCT01275729]96 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-12-31Completed
An Open Label, Descriptive Study to Evaluate the Clinical Utility of a Novel Formulation of Furosemide Delivered Subcutaneously in Patients Presenting With Early Signs of Fluid Overload [NCT03359161]Phase 2/Phase 39 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-04-05Terminated(stopped due to Development of first generation device discontinued.)
Effectiveness of a Diuretic Algorithm in Clinical Stability and Readmissions in Heart Failure Patients [NCT02068937]206 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-05-31Completed
Vasodilation or Loop-diuretics for Initial Treatment of Pulmonary Edema or Congestion Due to Acute Heart Failure - a Randomized Placebo-controlled Trial [NCT05276219]Phase 41,104 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-09-14Recruiting
Real Life Experience in the Management of HCV Related Decompensated Cirrhosis With Direct Antiviral Agents [NCT03547895]80 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-06-01Completed
Effectiveness of Postpartum Furosemide on Recovery Blood Pressure in Puerperal Women With Severe Preeclampsia: a Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT02163655]Phase 4120 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-03-31Completed
Furosemide Stress Test as a Predictor of Tubular Atrophy and Interstitial Fibrosis in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease [NCT02417883]Phase 3100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-04-30Recruiting
Assessing the Renal Consequences and Functional Efficacy of Low Dose Hypertonic Saline Solution and Furosemide for the Treatment of Congestive Heart Failure in a Randomized, Double Blind, Prospective Study [NCT01028170]Phase 350 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-11-30Completed
Effect of Urine-guided Intraoperative Hydration on the Incidence of Postoperative Acute Kidney Injury and Long-term Outcomes in Patients With Pseudomyxoma Peritonei Receiving CRS-HIPEC: a Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Trial [NCT05939193]168 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-07-24Recruiting
[NCT00962286]3 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-09-30Terminated(stopped due to The blood pressure did not decrease following furosemide administration)
A Phase II Randomized Blinded Controlled Trial of the Effect of furoSemide in Critically Ill Patients With eARly Acute Kidney Injury (The SPARK Study) [NCT00978354]Phase 2/Phase 372 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-09-30Terminated(stopped due to Feasibility of target enrollment within the context of available funding resources.)
Association Between Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor or Angiotensin Receptor Blocker Use and COVID-19 Severity and Mortality Among US Veterans [NCT04467931]22,213 participants (Actual)Observational2020-01-19Completed
A Feasibility Non-inferiority Clinical Trial for Dosing of Diuretics in CHF Patients [NCT05379257]12 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-01-20Recruiting
A Single-blind, Multiple Dose, Placebo-controlled, Double Dummy Study to Investigate the Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic Interaction Between Aliskiren and Furosemide in Patients With Heart Failure [NCT01125514]Phase 237 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-05-31Completed
Comparison of Mannitol Alone Versus Different Doses of Mannitol in Combination With Furosemide on Brain Relaxation in Supratentorial Mass Resection Surgery [NCT02712476]47 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-07-31Completed
Loop Diuretic Dosage in Patients With Acute Heart Failure and Renal Failure: Conventional Versus Carbohydrate Antigen 125-guided Therapy (IMPROVE-HF) [NCT02643147]Phase 4170 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-01-31Completed
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Furosemide to Prevent Fluid Overload During Red Blood Cell Transfusion in Neonates [NCT00618852]Phase 364 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2007-01-31Recruiting
Forebrain Electroneutral Transporters in Salt-sensitive Hypertension: an MRI Study [NCT06094816]120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2024-01-31Not yet recruiting
AiDing Diuresis wIth Tolvaptan (ADD-IT) [NCT02646540]Phase 114 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-01-31Completed
Effects of Fluid Balance Control in Critically Ill Patients: A Multicenter Randomized Study [NCT02765009]1,411 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-06-01Completed
An Evaluation of the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacodynamic Effects of GSK189075 When Administered With Furosemide or Hydrochlorothiazide [NCT00671424]Phase 148 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2008-03-31Completed
Evaluation of Synergy Between Natrecor and Furosemide on Renal and Neurohormone Responses in Chronic Heart Failure: A Phase-IV Study [NCT00652652]Phase 40 participants Interventional2003-03-31Completed
Evaluation of the Furosemide Stress Test to Predict Successful Liberation From Renal Replacement Therapy in Critically Ill Patients [NCT05612490]60 participants (Anticipated)Observational2023-01-17Recruiting
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Safety Profile of Understudied Drugs [NCT04278404]5,000 participants (Anticipated)Observational2020-03-05Recruiting
Effect of Diuretics on Fluid Status Control and Residual Renal Function in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients [NCT00936923]Phase 30 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-06-30Withdrawn(stopped due to The study was withdrawn prior to enrollment of first participant.)
The Effects of Glucocorticoids on Mortality and Renal Function in Patients With Acute Decompensated Heart Failure [NCT00953303]Phase 2/Phase 3102 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-01-31Completed
Comparison of High-dose Furosemide, Low-dose Furosemide, and the Combination of Low-dose Furosemide and Low-dose Dopamine in Patients With Acute Decompensated Heart Failure [NCT01060293]Phase 4161 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-07-31Terminated(stopped due to Safety issues in the LDFD-group (higher heart rate with dopamine))
Salt-Sensitivity and Immunity Cell Activation [NCT03753204]Phase 1/Phase 220 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-09-01Recruiting
Effectiveness of Fluid Deresuscitation With Central Venous Pressure Target 0-4 mmHg on Capillary Perfusion Density, Acute Kidney Injury Stage, Cardiac Index, and the Intensive Care Unit Length of Stay in Septic Shock Patients After Resuscitation [NCT04156451]44 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-11-14Recruiting
A Study to Compare the Relative Bioavailability of Ranbaxy and Aventis Formulations of Furosemide 80 mg Tablets in Healthy Adult Volunteers Under Fasted Condition. [NCT00778180]44 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-10-31Completed
Evaluation of Kidney Medullary Sodium Content Using 23Na MRI to Understand and Predict Diuretic Resistance [NCT04170855]50 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-10-20Recruiting
A Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Induced Diuresis With Matched Hydration Therapy Compared to Standard Overnight Hydration in the Prevention of Contrast Induced Nephropathy -MYTHOS Study [NCT00702728]Phase 3120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2008-06-30Recruiting
Phase 4 Study on the Comparison Between Combined Versus Sequential Diuretic Treatment of Moderate Ascites in Nonazotemic Patients With Cirrhosis [NCT00741663]Phase 4100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2005-04-30Completed
Effect of Acetazolamide and Furosemide on Obesity-induced Glomerular Hyperfiltration [NCT01146288]13 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-07-31Completed
Lesion-to-lesion Comparison of 68Ga-HA-DOTATATE, 18F-DOPA, and 18F-FDG PET/CT in the Evaluation of Metastatic Neuroendocrine Tumors [NCT05255159]Phase 250 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-10-15Recruiting
NATriuretic Response to Expansion and dIUretics in huMans With Heart Failure [NCT04235062]229 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-04-01Completed
Intravenous Vasodilator vs. Inotropic Therapy in Patients With Heart Failure Reduced Ejection Fraction and Acute Decompensation With Low Cardiac Output: A Single Center, Randomized, Non-Blinded, and Parallel Study (PRIORITY-ADHF Study) [NCT02767024]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-05-01Withdrawn(stopped due to No patients enrolled)
Effect of Furosemide Withdraw in Stable Chronic Heart Failure Outpatients With Left Ventricular Dysfunction - the Brazilian Research Network on Heart Failure [NCT02689180]Phase 3230 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-05-31Recruiting
A Randomized Trial Comparing Prolonged Intravenous Therapy Versus Early Initiation of an Oral Loop Diuretic in Patients Hospitalized for Decompensated Chronic Heart Failure [NCT05652322]Phase 2/Phase 3200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-12-07Recruiting
Effects of Treatment With Intravenous Furosemide Plus Small Hypertonic Saline Solutions (HSS) on Atrial Stretching, Fibrosis and Inflammatory Markers in Subjects With Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction. [NCT04628325]Phase 3136 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-03-01Completed
Efficacy of Furosemide Versus Vascular Filling in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction With Right Ventricular Extension: A Multicentric Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT02905760]Phase 388 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-12-31Not yet recruiting
Single Dose of Furosemide to Improve Respiratory Distress in Moderate to Severe Bronchiolitis [NCT02469597]Phase 246 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-10-31Completed
Effect of Furosemide on Outcome of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy for Renal and Ureteral Calculi; a Randomized, Triple-blinded, Controlled Trial [NCT05270421]Phase 3500 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-07-01Recruiting
Low Dose Continuous Furosemide Effect on Cardiac Surgery Patients With Kidney Dysfunction [NCT04919564]Phase 290 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-05-27Completed
A Phase I/II Study of Lintuzumab-Ac225 in Older Patients With Untreated Acute Myeloid Leukemia [NCT02575963]Phase 1/Phase 240 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-10-31Completed
A Randomized Control Trial of Furosemide or Placebo With Usual Antihypertensives in the Antepartum Management of Severe Hypertension With Wide Pulse Pressure [NCT04615624]Phase 365 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-01-04Completed
A Phase 1, Single-Center, Randomized, Parallel-group, Placebo- and Naproxen- Controlled, Double-blind Study to Evaluate the Effect of Naproxcinod 750 mg Bid Administered for 8 Days on the Renal Hemodynamics, Natriuretic and Renin Responses to a Single Bol [NCT00909519]Phase 131 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-01-31Completed
Association of Diuretics With Change in Extracellular Volume, Natriuretic Peptides, Symptoms, and Cardiovascular Outcomes in CKD [NCT05171686]Phase 446 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-02-01Recruiting
Immune-inflammatory and Metabolic Effects of High Dose Furosemide Plus Hypertonic Saline Solution (HSS) Treatment in Cirrhotic Subjects With Refractory Ascite [NCT02821377]Phase 240 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-12-31Completed
Characterisation of Gastric Residence of a Furosemide-containing New Gastric Retention System by Means of MMM Measurement and Determination of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Safety [NCT01887379]Phase 110 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-06-30Completed
Characterization of the Efficacy of Furosemide Depending on Albumin Function - a Prospective Monocentric Observational Study [NCT04972617]50 participants (Actual)Observational2022-05-17Completed
An Open-label, Single-dose, Randomized, Two-way, Two-period Crossover Study to Compare the Pharmacokinetics and Bioavailability of a Novel Furosemide Regimen Administered Subcutaneously Versus the Same Dose (80 mg) Administered Intravenously in Subjects W [NCT04384653]Phase 1/Phase 220 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-10-17Completed
Comparing a Diuretic Vascular Filling in the Initial Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism With Right Ventricular Dysfunction Normotensive [NCT02531581]Phase 460 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-12-23Completed
Efficacy and Safety of Olmesartan Medoxomil Compared With Losartan in Patients With Hypertension and Mild to Moderate Renal Impairment [NCT00151827]Phase 3393 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-08-31Completed
Prevention of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy: a Randomized Controlled Trial of Saline + Furosemide + Mannitol in High Risk Patients Undergoing Cardiac Angiography [NCT00175227]200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional1996-05-31Completed
Evaluating Predictive Methods & Product Performance in Healthy Adults for Pediatric Patients, A Case Study: Furosemide [NCT03093090]Phase 10 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-12-31Withdrawn(stopped due to Study never officially began)
Comparison of High-dose Furosemide Versus the Combination of Low-dose Furosemide and Low-dose Dopamine in Patients With Acute Decompensated Heart Failure [NCT00937092]Phase 4300 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2009-01-31Recruiting
The Influence of Furosemide on Fluid Balance and Intra-abdominal Pressure in Mechanically Ventilated Critically Ill Patients With Secondary Intra-abdominal Hypertension [NCT01072071]30 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2010-02-28Recruiting
The Role of Cortical Glutamate and GABA in Brains Osmotic Regulation: A Pilot Study in Healthy Volunteers and in Patients With Schizophrenia [NCT00611741]Phase 130 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-03-31Completed
New Method to Detect Dehydration [NCT01062776]Phase 110 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-10-31Completed
Furosemide for Prevention of Severe Postpartum Hypertension: a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT02450773]Phase 20 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-08-31Withdrawn
Spectral Analysis of Central Venous Pressure Waveform in Patients Undergoing Donor Hepatectomy [NCT04733547]60 participants (Actual)Observational2021-02-22Completed
The Impact of TORasemide oN hemodynAmic and Neurohormonal Stress, and carDiac remOdeling in Heart Failure - Prospective, Randomized, Open, Blinded Endpoint Trial [NCT01942109]Phase 4100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-09-30Recruiting
The Effect of Sodium-Restricted Diet and Diuretic in the Severe Sleep Apnea: a Randomized Controlled Trial - DESALT Study [NCT01945801]Phase 454 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-10-31Completed
Testing of an Electronic Patch During Dehydration in Healthy Volunteers [NCT05129358]31 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-05-30Completed
Randomized Open Clinical Trial to Compare the Effectiveness of the Administration of Diuretics in Hemodialysis Patients With Residual Renal Function in Single Centre [NCT01977430]Phase 436 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-11-30Recruiting
A Phase 1, Randomized, Open-Label, Single-Dose Study to Evaluate Potential Pharmacokinetic Interaction Between Lesinurad and Metformin and Between Lesinurad and Furosemide in Health Adult Male Subjects [NCT02028689]Phase 123 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-10-31Completed
Diuretic Efficacy of Aminophylline and Furosemide Combination vs Furosemide Alone in Critically Ill Adults [NCT05933642]Phase 2/Phase 3132 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-07-02Recruiting
Pragmatic Research on Diuretic Management in Early Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (PRIMED) Pilot Study [NCT05898022]Phase 430 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-08-17Recruiting
Randomized Controlled Trial Evaluating Effect of Furosemide on Confirmation of Ureteral Patency During Routine Cystoscopy [NCT02960412]Phase 4150 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-05-01Completed
Ultra High Dose Diuretic Strategy for Management of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure - A Randomized, Double-Blind Pilot Trial [NCT06036914]Phase 220 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-11-27Enrolling by invitation
Continuous Versus Bolus Intermittent Loop Diuretic Infusion in Acutely Decompensated Heart Failure: Evaluation of Renal Function, Congestion Signs, BNP and Outcome [NCT02638142]116 participants (Actual)Observational2015-12-31Active, not recruiting
An Open Label Study to Evaluate the Impact of Duration of Subcutaneous Infusion of a Novel, pH Neutral Formulation of Furosemide (Furoscix®) on Safety and Local Skin Tolerability [NCT04161482]Phase 139 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-12-02Completed
Acute Effects of Furosemide on Hemodynamics and Pulmonary Congestion in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure. [NCT06024889]Phase 1/Phase 220 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-09-01Recruiting
Specificity of Dyspnoea Relief With Inhaled Furosemide [NCT02881866]Phase 116 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-10-31Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Parallel Group, Double Blind, Active and Placebo Controlled Study of BAY1753011, a Dual V1a/V2 Vasopressin Receptor Antagonist, in Patients With Congestive Heart Failure: AVANTI Study [NCT03901729]Phase 2482 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-05-29Completed
Effects of Spironolactone on Insulin Resistance in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure [NCT00664222]Phase 416 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-01-31Completed
Resistant Hypertension On Treatment - Sequential Nephron Blockade Compared to Dual Blockade of the Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone System Plus Bisoprolol in the Treatment of Resistant Arterial Hypertension: A Randomized Trial (ResHypOT) [NCT02832973]Phase 472 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-09-30Completed
Performance of Diuretic Stress Test in Predicting Short Term Renal Recovery in Oliguric Critically-ill Patients [NCT02800135]93 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-04-11Terminated(stopped due to departure of the coordinating investigator from another institution)
A Phase 2, Randomized, Vehicle-Controlled, Double-Blind, Study to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety of Topical Ionic Contra-viral Therapy (ICVT) Comprised of CLS003 in Cutaneous Warts [NCT02333643]Phase 281 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-01-31Completed
Trial on Treatment With Inhaled Furosemide of Preterm and Term Neonates With Transient Tachypnoea [NCT01407848]Phase 220 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-01-31Completed
Double Blind Crossover Comparison od Diuretics in Young Patients With Low Renin Hypertension [NCT00429897]30 participants Interventional2006-08-31Recruiting
Effects of High Furosemide Doses Alone or With Hypertonic Saline on Troponin I Myocardial Release in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure: a Double Blind Study. [NCT01419132]Phase 460 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2011-08-31Completed
Pharmacokinetic Drug-Drug Interaction Study to Identify Biomarkers of Kidney Transporters [NCT05365451]Early Phase 132 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-04-11Completed
Comparative Effects of Conivaptan and Loop Diuretics on Plasma Neurohormones and Systemic and Renal Hemodynamics in Subjects With Chronic Congestive Heart Failure [NCT00924014]8 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2009-07-31Not yet recruiting
[NCT00200694]Phase 418 participants Interventional2005-03-31Terminated(stopped due to difficulty in patients's inclusion)
A Phase 1, Open-Label, Two-Part, Fixed-Sequence, Drug-Drug Interaction Study to Evaluate the Effect of Voxelotor on the Pharmacokinetics of Selected CYP and Transporter Probe Substrates in Healthy Participants [NCT05981365]Phase 118 participants (Actual)Interventional2023-04-17Completed
Lasix for the Prevention of De Novo Postpartum Hypertension: A Randomized Controlled Trial (LAPP Trial) [NCT04752475]Phase 382 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-10-20Completed
Physiopathology of Sodium Retention in Acromegaly [NCT00531908]12 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-09-30Completed
Efficacy of Furoscix in Heart Failure Patients With Diuretic Resistance [NCT05528588]Phase 260 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-06-02Recruiting
Diuretic Optimal Strategy Evaluation in Acute Heart Failure (The DOSE-AHF Study) [NCT00577135]Phase 3308 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-02-29Completed
Hemodynamics and Extravascular Lung Water in Acute Lung Injury: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Multicentered Trial of Goal Directed Treatment of EVLW Versus Standard Management for the Treatment of Acute Lung Injury [NCT00624650]Phase 233 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-02-29Completed
OUTpatient Intravenous LASix Trial in Reducing Hospitalization for ADHF (OUTLAST) [NCT04691687]Phase 4100 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-05-01Completed
The Effect of BI 730357 on the Pharmacokinetics of Rosuvastatin, Digoxin, Metformin and Furosemide Given as a Cocktail - an Open-label, Non-randomised, 2-period Fixed-sequence Trial in Healthy Subjects [NCT04590937]Phase 115 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-10-20Completed
The Effect of Furosemide Versus Placebo on Brain Relaxation and Incidence of Significant Intravascular Volume Depletion in Human Subjects Receiving Mannitol [NCT01054404]23 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-02-28Terminated(stopped due to Concern for volume depletion and electrolyte abnormalities in furosemide arm.)
A Phase 1 Open-label, Three Arm Study in Healthy Adult Volunteers to Assess Vadadustat as a Perpetrator in Drug-Drug-Interactions With Digoxin, Adefovir and Furosemide [NCT03801759]Phase 162 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-07-20Completed
Bumetanide Has a More Favourable Effect on Insulin Resistance Than Furosemide in Patients With Heart Failure - A Pilot Study [NCT00372762]Phase 30 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-01-31Withdrawn(stopped due to Due to changes within the research program this study is not feasible at this time)
The Determinants of the Effectiveness of the Use of Furosemide in Patients on Dialysis [NCT01815892]Phase 451 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-05-31Recruiting
Maximizing the Benefit of RAS Blockade in Diabetic Nephropathy [NCT00240019]30 participants Interventional2003-12-31Completed
Furosemide: Would it Help to Improve the Lungs During Aortic Coarctation Surgery [NCT03364842]Phase 256 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-11-22Completed
Inhaled Furosemide Versus Placebo for Acute Viral Bronchiolitis in Hospitalized Infants [NCT00261937]Phase 10 participants Interventional2005-12-31Completed
The Influence of Rosiglitazone on the Diuretic Effect of Furosemide and Amiloride. A Double-blind Placebo Controlled Cross Over Study. [NCT00285805]13 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-02-28Completed
Japanese Multicenter Evaluation of Long- Versus Short-acting Diuretics in Congestive Heart Failure [NCT00355667]Phase 4320 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-06-30Completed
Effect of Loop Diuretics Treatment on Blood Pressure Control in Phase 3-4 of Chronic Kidney Disease [NCT00478543]Phase 440 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-09-30Completed
A Study to Investigate the Contribution of Extracellular Fluid Volume Expansion to Drug Resistant Hypertension [NCT00141596]32 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2003-07-31Terminated(stopped due to Insufficient accrual rate)
Flexible vs. Fixed Diuretic Regimen in the Management of Chronic Heart Failure: A Pilot Study [NCT05594823]Phase 430 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-01-03Recruiting
Addition of Oral Metolazone to Intermittent Intravenous Furosemide Versus Transition to Continuous Infusion Furosemide in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure Patients Experiencing an Inadequate Response to Therapy [NCT00904488]Phase 411 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-10-31Terminated(stopped due to Difficult recruitment)
Bioequivalence Study of Furosemide in Indonesian Healthy Volunteers [NCT04982874]24 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-12-13Completed
Frusemide Infusion for the Prevention of Deterioration of Renal Function in Post Cardiac Surgery [NCT00246675]0 participants (Actual)InterventionalWithdrawn(stopped due to The study has ceased recruiting as Ethics approval has lapsed and the investigator availability reduced.)
Diuresis Efficacy in Ambulatory Chronic Heart Failure Patients With Volume Overload- Intra -Patient Comparison of Three Diuretics Regimens [NCT05904808]Phase 442 participants (Actual)Interventional2023-04-19Active, not recruiting
Furosemide Inhalation in Dyspnea of Mustard Gas Exposed Patients: a Double-Blind Randomized Study [NCT00512811]Phase 30 participants InterventionalCompleted
Pharmacokinetic Profile and Pharmacodynamic Characteristics of a Furosemide High Dosage Formulation (PRLasix® Special, Tablets 500 mg) in Patients With Chronic Renal Failure Undergoing Peritoneal Dialysis [NCT01724788]Phase 112 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-11-30Completed
Randomized, Open-Label, Blinded-Endpoint, Crossover, Single Dose Study to Compare the Pharmacodynamics of Torasemide-PR 10 mg,Torasemide-IR 10 mg and Furosemide-IR 40 mg, in Patients With Compensated Heart Failure (CHF). [NCT01549158]Phase 48 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-02-29Terminated(stopped due to Slow recruitment)
Efficacy and Tolerability of Combination Intravenous Diuretic Therapy Versus Intravenous Loop Diuretic Therapy Alone for the Treatment of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure [NCT05840536]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-05-31Withdrawn
VA HYPERTENSION SCREENING AND TREATMENT PROGRAM (PILOT STUDY) [NCT00007592]0 participants Observational1989-06-30Completed
Randomized Controlled Trial Assessing the Effect of Preoperative Furosemide on Intraoperative Blood Pressure [NCT00115726]Phase 4198 participants (Actual)Interventional2000-09-30Completed
Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) [NCT00000620]Phase 310,251 participants (Actual)Interventional1999-09-30Completed
The Addition of Inhaled FUROsemide to Standard of Care in COPD Exacerbation: a Randomized Double Blinded Control Trial (FUROSCOPE Trial) [NCT05769738]Phase 3200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-03-31Not yet recruiting
The Effect of Thiazide and Loop Diuretic on Mineral and Bone Disorder in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients [NCT03082742]52 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-08-01Recruiting
Prospective, Randomised, Open, Blinded-endpoint Study of Torasemide Prolonged Release vs Furosemide to Evaluate the Efficacy on Myocardial Fibrosis in Patients With Heart Failure [NCT00409942]Phase 4142 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-03-31Completed
Comparison of Plasma Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (pNGAL) Level in De-Resuscitation With Furosemide Group and Control Group as a Predictor of Sepsis in Acute Kidney Injury Patients in the ICU Within 48 Hours of Treatment [NCT05939245]48 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-07-24Recruiting
Transporter Profiling Study for P-glycoprotein 1 (P-gp), Organic Anion Transporter 1 (OAT1), Organic Anion Transporter 3 (OAT3), Organic Cation Transporter 2 (OCT2), Multidrug and Toxin Extrusion Protein 1 (MATE1), Multidrug and Toxin Extrusion Protein 2- [NCT05741372]30 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-04-25Recruiting
Nephropathy in Type 2 Diabetes: Effects of an Intensive Multifactorial Intervention Trial on Cardio-renal Events. [NCT00535925]Phase 4850 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-10-31Completed
Drug Interaction Between SHR4640 Tablets and Furosemide Tablets in Healthy Volunteers (Single Center, Single Arm, Open, Self-control) [NCT04850638]Phase 118 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-06-28Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled, Single Ascending Dose Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of BMS-986308 in Healthy Participants [NCT04763226]Phase 146 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-04-14Completed
A Randomised Study Examining the Effect of Different Diuretics on Fluid Balance in Diabetics Treated With Avandia [NCT00306696]Phase 4388 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-10-31Completed
Forced Diuresis Vs Observation in Resolving Renal Failure After Haemofiltration in Critically Ill Patients (Fodorefh) [NCT00298454]Phase 372 participants Interventional2005-12-31Terminated(stopped due to Number included has been reached)
Ultrafiltration (Aquapheresis) in the Management of Patients With Leukemia and Severe Fluid Overload [NCT01508260]0 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-03-31Withdrawn
Phase III Study of Furosemide Continuous Infusion Versus Ethacrynic Acid Continuous Infusion in Children Undergoing Cardiac Surgery: Randomized Double Blind Controlled Clinical Trial [NCT01628731]Phase 374 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-10-31Completed
Comparison of Furosemide/Fludrocortisone With Ammonium Chloride Loading Test in the Diagnosis of Incomplete dRTA in Kidney Stone Formers [NCT01690039]170 participants (Actual)Observational2012-09-30Completed
MRI for the Non-invasive Determination of Renal Blood Flow and Renal Oxygenation [NCT01318967]10 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-10-31Completed
[NCT01705470]0 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-10-31Withdrawn(stopped due to PI left the medical center, no replacement assigned)
Diuretic Treatment in High Risk Decompensated Advanced Heart Failure. Bolus Intermittent Versus Continuous Infusion of Furosemide: a Randomized Controlled Trial. [NCT03592836]Phase 380 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-05-01Completed
Early Renal Replacement Therapy vs. Furosemide for Neonates With Oliguria After Cardiopulmonary Bypass [NCT01709227]73 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-10-31Completed
[NCT01817803]0 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-03-31Withdrawn
Aquaresis Utility for Hyponatremic Acute Heart Failure Study [NCT02183792]Phase 433 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-12-31Completed
Aerosol Inhalation Treatment for Dyspnea [NCT01440764]Phase 1/Phase 224 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-09-30Completed
B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) as a Surrogate Marker Guiding Post-operative Fluid Off-loading [NCT01584518]50 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-07-31Completed
Furosemide for Accelerated Recovery of Blood Pressure Postpartum [NCT03556761]Phase 2384 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-06-20Completed
A Prospective, Randomized Study Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Early Diuresis Following Colorectal Surgery [NCT02351934]Phase 4123 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-02-28Completed
A Two Part, Open-label, Phase I Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of MK-7145 in Patients With Renal Insufficiency (Part I) and Heart Failure With Renal Insufficiency (Part II) [NCT01558674]Phase 111 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-05-23Terminated(stopped due to Lack of efficacy)
Subcutaneous Furosemide in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure: The SUBQ-HF Study [NCT03170219]Phase 211 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-04-27Terminated(stopped due to Slow enrollment)
A Single-centre, Open-label, Three-period Study of the Pharmacokinetic Effect of PA21 on Furosemide in Healthy Male and Female Adults [NCT01438359]Phase 142 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2011-07-31Completed
The Impact of Slow, Continuous Infusion of Sodium Chloride or Glucose Solution on Diuresis and Urine Composition During Decongestion of Acute Heart Failure Patients [NCT05962255]Phase 350 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-02-01Recruiting
To Define the Effects of Decreasing the Furosemide Dose on Cardiorenal and Humoral Function in Humans With Compensated Chronic Heart Failure (CHF) With and Without Renal Dysfunction [NCT00982423]Phase 1/Phase 241 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-07-31Completed
Furosemide and Creatinine Tubular Stress Test in Order to Measure Proximal Tubule Residual Function: Is it Better Than GFR? [NCT05105009]Phase 372 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-03-03Recruiting
An Open Label,Crossover Study to Compare Once Daily Dose of 40 mg Torsemide Extended Release to Twice Daily of Furosemide on Natriuresis and Body Weight in Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) Patients Who Are on Stable Dose of Furosemide [NCT03509545]Phase 120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-06-30Recruiting
Diuretic Effect of Metolazone Pre-dosing Versus Concurrent Dosing With Furosemide: a Pilot Study [NCT03746002]Phase 43 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-01-01Terminated(stopped due to Insufficient rate of patient enrollment/accrual.)
The Effect of Potent Inhibitors of Drug Transporters (Verapamil, Rifampin, Cimetidine, Probenecid) on Pharmacokinetics of a Transporter Probe Drug Cocktail Consisting of Digoxin, Furosemide, Metformin and Rosuvastatin (an Open-label, Randomised, Crossover [NCT03307252]Phase 145 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-10-25Completed
TRANSFORM-HF: ToRsemide compArisoN With furoSemide FORManagement of Heart Failure [NCT03296813]Phase 32,859 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-07-11Completed
Continuous Versus Intermittent Loop Diuretics Infusion Dosing in Acute Heart Failure: Effects on Renal Function, Outcome and BNP Levels [NCT01441245]Phase 457 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-04-30Completed
Aerosol Inhalation Treatment for Dyspnea [NCT02524054]Phase 1/Phase 224 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-11-01Completed
Nebulized Furosemide in Premature Infants With Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia - A Cross Over Pilot Study of Its Efficacy and Safety [NCT03946891]Early Phase 10 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-06-30Withdrawn(stopped due to The study was stopped due to lack of study staff and inability to enroll subjects into the study due to restrictive inclusion criteria.)
Efficacy and Safety Evaluation of Tolvaptan in the Treatment of Patients With Right Heart Failure Caused by Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension [NCT05569655]100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-04-06Recruiting
Renal and Cardiovascular Effect of Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibition in Combination With Loop Diuretics in Diabetic Patients With Chronic Heart Failure [NCT03226457]Phase 423 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-12-11Completed
A Clinical Pharmacological Study to Assess Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic Interactions Between Furosemide and Ipragliflozin in Healthy Subjects [NCT01611415]Phase 124 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-07-31Completed
Effects of Aminophylline on Renal Function and Urine Volume Acute Kidney Injury Patient [NCT02983422]Early Phase 160 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-12-31Not yet recruiting
Nebulized Furosemide for Pulmonary Inflammation in Intubated Patients With COVID-19 - A Phase 2/3 Study [NCT04588792]Phase 2/Phase 340 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-04-16Terminated(stopped due to Lack of recruitment due to decline in critically ill Covid-19 patients)
Stop Hypernatremia, Use Metolazone for Aggressive, Controlled, Effective Diuresis [NCT01617798]0 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-06-30Withdrawn(stopped due to Investigator departed organization)
Comparison of Diuretic Effect With Furosemide Alone Versus the Combination of Furosemide and Albumin in Cirrhotic Patients [NCT04216784]Phase 4150 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-12-19Recruiting
Prospective, Randomized, Parallel-Group Pilot Study Comparing IV Furosemide to Subcutaneous Furosemide in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure Patients [NCT02579057]Phase 2/Phase 340 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-02-29Completed
A Prospective, Randomized, Double Blind, Controlled Study Comparing Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL) With and Without Simultaneous Adjunct Controlled Inversion Therapy in the Treatment of Lower Pole Caliceal Stone [NCT01852669]140 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-01-31Completed
The Effectiveness of Autologous Mono Nuclear Cells in the Treatment of Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Children [NCT04893629]22 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-05-20Completed
Randomized Evaluation of Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF) Patients With Acute Heart Failure and Dopamine (ROPA-DOP) Trial [NCT01901809]Phase 490 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-08-31Completed
Subcutaneous Furosemide in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure: The SUBQ-HF Pilot Study [NCT02877095]Phase 140 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-12-19Completed
Phase I, Open-Label, Study of Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes Engineered With Membrane Bound IL15 Plus Acetazolamide in Adult Patients With Metastatic Melanoma [NCT05470283]Phase 130 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-09-07Recruiting
Value of Renal Vascular Doppler Sonography in Management of Decompensated Heart Failure [NCT02372292]60 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-02-28Completed
A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study for Assessment of Coronary Flow Reserve With Cardiac PET Imaging in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure Patients Treated With Diuretics Versus Ultrafiltration [NCT01457053]4 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-11-30Terminated(stopped due to Population not available for enrollment)
Forced Fluid Removal vs. Usual Intensive Care in High-risk Acute Kidney Injury With Severe Fluid Overload - A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT02458157]Phase 421 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-10-31Terminated(stopped due to Very low recruitment rates)
Inhaled Furosemide for Transient Tachypnea of Newborn [NCT04397991]64 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-01-02Completed
Effect of Renin-angiotensin-system (RAS) Blocker Drugs on Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Progression in Elderly Patients With Non Proteinuric Nephropathies (PROERCAN01) [NCT03195023]Phase 4106 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-06-30Recruiting
Clinical Pharmacology Study of Oral Edaravone in Healthy Adult Males (Drug Interaction Study and Preliminary Regimen-Finding Study) [NCT04481789]Phase 184 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-10-17Completed
Impact of Rational Control of Fluid Balance in the Intensive Care Unit.IRIHS-REA [NCT02345681]Phase 3171 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-05-31Completed
Diuretic Use in Hemodialysis Patients With Residual Renal Function: a Proof of Concept Study [NCT05915286]Phase 434 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-05-29Recruiting
A Trial Investigating the Effect of Oral Semaglutide on the Pharmacokinetics of Furosemide and Rosuvastatin in Healthy Subjects. [NCT03010475]Phase 141 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-01-05Completed
Furosemide Stress Test as a Marker of Postoperative Kidney Allograft Function [NCT03071536]180 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-11-25Recruiting
Treatment of Post-Operative Sinonasal Polyposis With Topical Furosemide [NCT03362515]Phase 218 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-12-01Terminated(stopped due to The study was terminated prematurely due to low enrollment numbers and the development of better drugs to treat polyps (ie. Biologics) which were not available when the study began.)
Efficacy and Safety of Ambulatory Hypertonic Saline Therapy in Outpatient Heart Failure Units. [NCT04533997]Phase 3167 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-01-01Completed
Effects of Adding Hypertonic Saline Solutions and/or Etilefrine to Standard Diuretics Therapy in Egyptian Cirrhotic Patients With Ascites [NCT04785755]Phase 290 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-11-30Completed
Strategy to Reduce Bladder Activity With RhPSMA 7.3: Comparison of 18F-RhPSMA 7.3 PET/CT With and Without Furosemide in Biochemical Recurrence of Prostate Cancer [NCT05779943]Phase 220 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-04-27Recruiting
Influence of Diuresis Timing (F+0 Vs F-15) on 99m Tc DTPA Renography for the Diagnosis of Suspected Obstructive Uropathy in Adult Hydronephrotic Patients. [NCT04564469]50 participants (Anticipated)Observational2020-10-01Not yet recruiting
A Phase 3, Randomized, Double-Blind, Vehicle-Controlled, Multicenter Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of CLS006 Versus Vehicle in Subjects 2 Years of Age or Older With Cutaneous Common Warts [NCT02971891]Phase 3484 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-01-31Completed
A Single Center, Randomized, Open-label, Cross-over Exploratory Study to Evaluate the Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic Response to a Subcutaneous Administration or Oral Administration of Furosemide in Subjects With Heart Failure Presenting With Chronic [NCT02350725]Phase 1/Phase 210 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-12-31Completed
Furosemide Stress Test for the Prediction of Acute Kidney Injury Severity in Acute Heart Failure Patients [NCT04464811]257 participants (Anticipated)Observational2020-07-05Recruiting
A Phase I, Fixed-sequence, Open-label Study to Assess the Effects of Savolitinib on the Pharmacokinetics of Substrates of Human Transporters Digoxin (P-gp), Rosuvastatin (OATP1B1/3), Metformin (OCT2, MATE1/2K), and Furosemide (OAT1/3) in Healthy Male Subj [NCT05768360]Phase 16 participants (Actual)Interventional2023-04-25Completed
Investigation of Mutual Pharmacokinetic Interactions of Digoxin, Furosemide, Metformin, and Rosuvastatin Given All Together as a Probe Cocktail for Key Drug Transporters (an Open-label, Randomised, Single-dose, Five-way Crossover Study) [NCT02854527]Phase 130 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-08-22Completed
The Effect of Different Doses of Metformin or Furosemide on Rosuvastatin Pharmacokinetics Following Oral Administration in Healthy Male Subjects (an Open-label, Randomised, Single-dose, Six-way Crossover Study) [NCT02574845]Phase 118 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-10-12Completed
A Randomized Cross-over Trial Evaluating the Efficacy of Diuretics for Symptomatic Malignant Ascites Episodes in Advanced Palliative Stage of Cancer [NCT02501213]Phase 214 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-05-30Terminated(stopped due to Lack of enrollment)
FIRESTONES : Impact of Forced Diuresis on the Residual Fragment Rate After Flexible Ureteroscopy for Destruction of Kidney Stones With Laser: a Randomized Controlled Two-parallel Group Multicenter Trial With Blinding Evaluation [NCT05916963]Phase 3374 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-12-15Not yet recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

TrialOutcome
NCT00000620 (6) [back to overview]First Occurrence of Major Cardiovascular Event (MCE) in the Blood Pressure Trial.
NCT00000620 (6) [back to overview]First Occurrence of MCE or Revascularization or Hospitalization for Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) in Lipid Trial.
NCT00000620 (6) [back to overview]Stroke in the Blood Pressure Trial.
NCT00000620 (6) [back to overview]First Occurrence of a Major Cardiovascular Event (MCE); Specifically Nonfatal Heart Attack, Nonfatal Stroke, or Cardiovascular Death (Measured Throughout the Study) in the Glycemia Trial.
NCT00000620 (6) [back to overview]Death From Any Cause in the Glycemia Trial.
NCT00000620 (6) [back to overview]First Occurrence of Major Cardiovascular Event (MCE) in the Lipid Trial.
NCT00535925 (2) [back to overview]"Number of Participants With Overall Fatal and Non-fatal, Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events (MACEs)"
NCT00535925 (2) [back to overview]"Number of Participants Who Achieved of BP, HbA1c and Total, HDL and LDL Cholesterol Goals at the End of Intervention Phase"
NCT00577135 (28) [back to overview]Change in Serum Creatinine
NCT00577135 (28) [back to overview]Change in Serum Creatinine
NCT00577135 (28) [back to overview]Change in Serum Creatinine
NCT00577135 (28) [back to overview]Change in Serum Creatinine
NCT00577135 (28) [back to overview]Change in NTproBNP
NCT00577135 (28) [back to overview]Change in NTproBNP
NCT00577135 (28) [back to overview]Change in Cystatin C
NCT00577135 (28) [back to overview]Change in Cystatin C
NCT00577135 (28) [back to overview]Change in Cystatin C
NCT00577135 (28) [back to overview]Change in B-type Natriuretic Peptide
NCT00577135 (28) [back to overview]Change in Uric Acid
NCT00577135 (28) [back to overview]Change in Uric Acid
NCT00577135 (28) [back to overview]Change in Serum Creatinine
NCT00577135 (28) [back to overview]Change in Weight
NCT00577135 (28) [back to overview]Change in Serum Creatinine
NCT00577135 (28) [back to overview]Treatment Failure
NCT00577135 (28) [back to overview]Proportion of Patients Free of Congestion
NCT00577135 (28) [back to overview]Presence of Cardiorenal Syndrome
NCT00577135 (28) [back to overview]Patient Well Being, as Determined by a Visual Analog Scale
NCT00577135 (28) [back to overview]Dyspnea, as Determined by Visual Analog Scales
NCT00577135 (28) [back to overview]Patient Well Being, as Determined by a Visual Analog Scale
NCT00577135 (28) [back to overview]Patient Well Being, as Determined by a Visual Analog Scale
NCT00577135 (28) [back to overview]Net Fluid Loss
NCT00577135 (28) [back to overview]Net Fluid Loss
NCT00577135 (28) [back to overview]Net Fluid Loss
NCT00577135 (28) [back to overview]Dyspnea VAS
NCT00577135 (28) [back to overview]Dyspnea VAS
NCT00577135 (28) [back to overview]Change in Uric Acid
NCT00673244 (1) [back to overview]Urine Volume
NCT00904488 (14) [back to overview]Daily Net Fluid Output on Days 1, 3, and 4
NCT00904488 (14) [back to overview]30-day All-cause Mortality
NCT00904488 (14) [back to overview]Daily Net Fluid Output on Day 2 (24-48 Hours After Randomization)
NCT00904488 (14) [back to overview]Length of Hospitalization
NCT00904488 (14) [back to overview]Need for Additional or Alternative Diuretic (Crossover) or Other Vasoactive Therapy (Study Failure)
NCT00904488 (14) [back to overview]Rehospitalization at 30 Days
NCT00904488 (14) [back to overview]Time to Return to Baseline Weight
NCT00904488 (14) [back to overview]Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
NCT00904488 (14) [back to overview]Daily Urine Output (mL Urine Out Per mg Furosemide (IV Equivalent) Received)
NCT00904488 (14) [back to overview]Daily Urine Output (mL Urine Out Per mg Furosemide (IV Equivalent) Received)
NCT00904488 (14) [back to overview]Daily Weight
NCT00904488 (14) [back to overview]Patient Global Assessment Scale
NCT00904488 (14) [back to overview]Physician Global Assessment Scale
NCT00904488 (14) [back to overview]Unscheduled Heart Failure Visits to Emergency Department or Outpatient Clinic
NCT00982423 (6) [back to overview]Plasma Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate (cGMP) at Baseline and in Response to Decreasing Furosemide Dose
NCT00982423 (6) [back to overview]Plasma Renin Activity at Baseline and in Response to Decreasing Furosemide Dose
NCT00982423 (6) [back to overview]Angiotensin II at Baseline and in Response to Decreasing Furosemide Dose
NCT00982423 (6) [back to overview]Renal Function as Measured by Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) at Baseline and in Response to Decreasing Furosemide Dose
NCT00982423 (6) [back to overview]Renal Plasma Flow at Baseline and in Response to Decreasing Furosemide Dose
NCT00982423 (6) [back to overview]Aldosterone at Baseline and in Response to Decreasing Furosemide Dose
NCT01054404 (1) [back to overview]Acceptable vs. Unacceptable Brain Relaxation at Dural Opening
NCT01125514 (17) [back to overview]Urine Pharmacokinetics (PK) of Furosemide: Amount of Drug Excreted Into the Urine From Time Zero to 24 Hours After Administration (Ae0-24)
NCT01125514 (17) [back to overview]Mean Sitting Systolic Blood Pressure (msSBP)and Mean Sitting Diastolic Blood Pressure (msDBP)
NCT01125514 (17) [back to overview]Urine Sodium and Potassium Excretion Per Treatment at 12 Hours Postdose
NCT01125514 (17) [back to overview]Urine Sodium and Potassium Excretion Per Treatment at 24 Hours Postdose
NCT01125514 (17) [back to overview]Urine Sodium and Potassium Excretion Per Treatment at 4 Hours Postdose
NCT01125514 (17) [back to overview]Urine Sodium and Potassium Excretion Per Treatment at 8 Hours Postdose
NCT01125514 (17) [back to overview]Creatinine Clearance
NCT01125514 (17) [back to overview]Diuretic Efficacy Index 1 for Sodium Excretion
NCT01125514 (17) [back to overview]Diuretic Efficacy Index 2 for Water Excretion
NCT01125514 (17) [back to overview]Urine Pharmacokinetics (PK) of Furosemide: Renal Clearance (CLR)
NCT01125514 (17) [back to overview]Diuretic Efficacy Index 2 for Water Excretion
NCT01125514 (17) [back to overview]Diuretic Efficacy Index 1 for Sodium Excretion
NCT01125514 (17) [back to overview]Plasma Pharmacokinetics (PK) of Furosemide: Average Steady State Plasma Concentration During Multiple Dosing (Cav,ss)
NCT01125514 (17) [back to overview]Plasma Pharmacokinetics (PK) of Furosemide: Lowest Plasma Concentration Observed During a Dosing Interval at Steady State (Cmin, ss)
NCT01125514 (17) [back to overview]Plasma Pharmacokinetics (PK) of Furosemide: Observed Maximum Plasma Concentration Following Drug Administration at Steady State (Cmax, ss)
NCT01125514 (17) [back to overview]Plasma Pharmacokinetics (PK) of Furosemide: Area Under the Plasma Concentration-time Curve (AUC)
NCT01125514 (17) [back to overview]Plasma Pharmacokinetics (PK) of Furosemide: Time to Reach the Maximum Concentration After Drug Administration (Tmax)
NCT01146288 (2) [back to overview]Change in GFR (ml/Min)
NCT01146288 (2) [back to overview]Renal Vascular Resistance (mm Hg/[ml/Min])
NCT01275729 (5) [back to overview]Receipt of Renal Replacement Therapy (RRT)
NCT01275729 (5) [back to overview]Progression to Stage 3 AKI
NCT01275729 (5) [back to overview]Length of Intensive Care Unit (ICU) Stay
NCT01275729 (5) [back to overview]Length of Hospital Stay
NCT01275729 (5) [back to overview]Death
NCT01318967 (2) [back to overview]Measurement of Regional Blood Oxygenation by MRI
NCT01318967 (2) [back to overview]Measurement of Renal Blood Flow of the Kidney by the PAH Method
NCT01440764 (3) [back to overview]Urine Output
NCT01440764 (3) [back to overview]Multidimensional Dyspnea Profile
NCT01440764 (3) [back to overview]Subject Rating of Breathing Discomfort (Dyspnea)
NCT01441245 (9) [back to overview]Evaluation of Renal Function in Terms of Creatinine Levels at Discharge
NCT01441245 (9) [back to overview]Evaluation of Renal Function in Terms of Changes in GFR
NCT01441245 (9) [back to overview]Evaluation of Renal Function in Terms of Changes in Creatinine Levels
NCT01441245 (9) [back to overview]Evaluation of Mean Urine Output Volume During the Infusion Period
NCT01441245 (9) [back to overview]Evaluation of B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) Levels From Admission to the End of Treatment
NCT01441245 (9) [back to overview]Dopamine Infusion During Hospitalization
NCT01441245 (9) [back to overview]Change in Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) Levels From Admission to the Discharge
NCT01441245 (9) [back to overview]Length of Hospitalization in the Two Groups
NCT01441245 (9) [back to overview]Evaluation of Renal Function in Terms of GFR Values at Discharge
NCT01474200 (23) [back to overview]CLINICAL: Total Number of Days Rehospitalized for Heart Failure (HF) at 30 and 90 Days After Discharge
NCT01474200 (23) [back to overview]SAFETY: Changes in Renal Function (Blood Urea Nitrogen/Serum Creatinine) After Treatment up to 90 Days After Randomization
NCT01474200 (23) [back to overview]Time to First Heart Failure (HF) Event
NCT01474200 (23) [back to overview]EFFICACY: Freedom From Congestion
NCT01474200 (23) [back to overview]EFFICACY: Net Fluid Removed During the Index Hospitalization
NCT01474200 (23) [back to overview]CLINICAL: Total Number of Days for Cardiovascular (CV) Rehospitalizations at 30 and 90 Days After Discharge
NCT01474200 (23) [back to overview]Quality of Life Assessed Using the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ) at 30, 60 and 90 Days After Discharge
NCT01474200 (23) [back to overview]CLINICAL: Global Clinical Score at 30 and 90 Days After Discharge
NCT01474200 (23) [back to overview]CLINICAL: All Cause Rehospitalization Rates at 30 and 90 Days
NCT01474200 (23) [back to overview]EFFICACY: Time to Freedom From Congestion
NCT01474200 (23) [back to overview]EFFICACY: Total Fluid Removed During the Index Hospitalization
NCT01474200 (23) [back to overview]Mortality Rates Within Index Hospitalization or Within 90 Days After Hospital Discharge.
NCT01474200 (23) [back to overview]EFFICACY: Weight Loss at 72 Hours After Initiation of Treatment
NCT01474200 (23) [back to overview]Length of Stay (LOS) During the Index Hospitalization
NCT01474200 (23) [back to overview]EFFICACY: Changes in B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) Levels Over Time
NCT01474200 (23) [back to overview]Days Alive and Out of Hospital at 30 and 90 Days After Discharge
NCT01474200 (23) [back to overview]CLINICAL: Total Number of Cardiovascular (CV) Rehospitalizations at 30 and 90 Days After Discharge
NCT01474200 (23) [back to overview]CLINICAL: Total Number of Heart Failure (HF) Rehospitalizations at 30 and 90 Days After Discharge
NCT01474200 (23) [back to overview]CLINICAL: Total Number of Emergency Department (ED) or Unscheduled Office Visits at 30 and 90 Days After Discharge
NCT01474200 (23) [back to overview]SAFETY: Changes in Renal Function (Blood Urea Nitrogen) After Treatment up to 90 Days After Randomization
NCT01474200 (23) [back to overview]SAFETY: Changes in Renal Function (Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate) After Treatment up to 90 Days After Randomization
NCT01474200 (23) [back to overview]SAFETY: Changes in Renal Function (Serum Creatinine) After Treatment up to 90 Days After Randomization
NCT01474200 (23) [back to overview]EFFICACY: Total Weight Loss During the Index Hospitalization
NCT01558674 (7) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in First 24hr Urinary Sodium (UNa) (Part 1)
NCT01558674 (7) [back to overview]Time to Cmax (Tmax) of MK-7145(Treatment Days 1 and 5: Part 1)
NCT01558674 (7) [back to overview]Trough Plasma Concentration (Ctrough) of MK-7145 (Treatment Days 1 and 5: Part 1)
NCT01558674 (7) [back to overview]Maximum Plasma Concentration (Cmax) of MK-7145 (Treatment Days 1 and 5: Part 1)
NCT01558674 (7) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time Zero to 24 Hours After Dosing (AUC0-24hr) of MK-7145 (Treatment Days 1 and 5: Part 1)
NCT01558674 (7) [back to overview]Apparent Terminal Half-life (t1/2) of MK-7145 (Part 1)
NCT01558674 (7) [back to overview]Fold Change From Baseline for Serum Creatinine at 24-hours Post Treatment Day 5 Morning Dose (Part 1)
NCT01584518 (1) [back to overview]Length of Stay
NCT01709227 (9) [back to overview]Renal/Electrolyte Abnormalities
NCT01709227 (9) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Negative Fluid Balance on Postop Day 1
NCT01709227 (9) [back to overview]Duration of Cardiac ICU Stay
NCT01709227 (9) [back to overview]Doses of Potassium Chloride or Arginine Chloride Required
NCT01709227 (9) [back to overview]All Cause Mortality
NCT01709227 (9) [back to overview]Modified Oxygenation Index
NCT01709227 (9) [back to overview]Duration of Hospital Stay
NCT01709227 (9) [back to overview]B-Natriuretic Peptide
NCT01709227 (9) [back to overview]Respiratory Support Administered
NCT01852669 (1) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Are Stone Free at 3 Months
NCT01901809 (3) [back to overview]Percent Change in Serum Creatinine at 72 Hours - Dopamine vs No Dopamine
NCT01901809 (3) [back to overview]Percent Change in Serum Creatinine at 72 Hours.
NCT01901809 (3) [back to overview]Percent Change in Serum Creatinine at 72 Hours - Continuous vs Intermittent Diuretic
NCT02183792 (2) [back to overview]Median Change in Serum Creatinine at 24 Hours Post Randomization
NCT02183792 (2) [back to overview]Median Urine Output at 24 Hours Post Randomization
NCT02329834 (9) [back to overview]AUClast
NCT02329834 (9) [back to overview]AUCinf
NCT02329834 (9) [back to overview]AUCext
NCT02329834 (9) [back to overview]CL
NCT02329834 (9) [back to overview]λz
NCT02329834 (9) [back to overview]Volume of Distribution, Terminal Phase
NCT02329834 (9) [back to overview]Tmax
NCT02329834 (9) [back to overview]t 1/2
NCT02329834 (9) [back to overview]Cmax
NCT02351934 (6) [back to overview]Number of Participants Requiring Nasogastric Tube Placement
NCT02351934 (6) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Acute Kidney Injury
NCT02351934 (6) [back to overview]Time to Stool Output
NCT02351934 (6) [back to overview]Number of Participants Readmitted to Mayo Clinic Within 30-days
NCT02351934 (6) [back to overview]Length of Hospital Stay
NCT02351934 (6) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Hypokalemia
NCT02469597 (6) [back to overview]Respiratory Rate
NCT02469597 (6) [back to overview]Length of Hospital Stay
NCT02469597 (6) [back to overview]Respiratory Rate
NCT02469597 (6) [back to overview]Oxygen Saturation
NCT02469597 (6) [back to overview]Patient Needing Endotracheal Intubation
NCT02469597 (6) [back to overview]Oxygen Saturation
NCT02524054 (2) [back to overview]Change in Subject Rating of Breathing Discomfort (Dyspnea) Before and After Treatment.
NCT02524054 (2) [back to overview]Urine Output - mL
NCT02527798 (7) [back to overview]Area Under the Plasma Concentration Versus Time Curve
NCT02527798 (7) [back to overview]Clearance
NCT02527798 (7) [back to overview]Half-life
NCT02527798 (7) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Moderate-Severe BPD or Death Risk as Clinically Determined
NCT02527798 (7) [back to overview]Safety as Determined by Adverse Events
NCT02527798 (7) [back to overview]Volume of Distribution
NCT02527798 (7) [back to overview]Moderate-Severe BPD or Death Risk Throughout Weekly Treatment
NCT02574845 (3) [back to overview]Area Under the Curve of Rosuvastatin From 0 Extrapolated to Infinity (AUC0-∞)
NCT02574845 (3) [back to overview]Area Under the Curve of Rosuvastatin From 0 to the Last Quantifiable Data Point (AUC0-tz)
NCT02574845 (3) [back to overview]Maximum Concentration of Rosuvastatin (Cmax)
NCT02579057 (3) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Side Effects
NCT02579057 (3) [back to overview]Urine Sodium
NCT02579057 (3) [back to overview]Urine Output
NCT02854527 (12) [back to overview]Area Under the Curve of Digoxin From 0 Extrapolated to Infinity (AUC 0-∞)
NCT02854527 (12) [back to overview]Area Under the Curve of Metformin From 0 Extrapolated to Infinity (AUC 0-∞)
NCT02854527 (12) [back to overview]Area Under the Curve of Furosemide From 0 to Last Quantifiable Data Point (AUC 0-tz)
NCT02854527 (12) [back to overview]Maximum Concentration of Rosuvastatin (Cmax)
NCT02854527 (12) [back to overview]Area Under the Curve of Digoxin From 0 to Last Quantifiable Data Point (AUC 0-tz)
NCT02854527 (12) [back to overview]Area Under the Curve of Furosemide From 0 Extrapolated to Infinity (AUC 0-∞)
NCT02854527 (12) [back to overview]Area Under the Curve of Metformin From 0 to Last Quantifiable Data Point (AUC 0-tz)
NCT02854527 (12) [back to overview]Area Under the Curve of Rosuvastatin From 0 Extrapolated to Infinity (AUC 0-∞)
NCT02854527 (12) [back to overview]Area Under the Curve of Rosuvastatin From 0 to Last Quantifiable Data Point (AUC 0-tz)
NCT02854527 (12) [back to overview]Maximum Concentration of Digoxin (Cmax)
NCT02854527 (12) [back to overview]Maximum Concentration of Furosemide (Cmax)
NCT02854527 (12) [back to overview]Maximum Concentration of Metformin (Cmax)
NCT02877095 (1) [back to overview]Overall Safety of a Strategy Based on Subcutaneous Delivery of Furosemide in Inpatients and Outpatients as Measured by Number of Adverse Events
NCT02971891 (5) [back to overview]Difference in the Proportion of Subjects With Complete Clearance of All Treated Warts Between the Active and Vehicle at Week 18/End of Post-treatment Efficacy Evaluation.
NCT02971891 (5) [back to overview]Difference in the Proportion of Subjects With Complete Clearance of All Treated Warts at Week 12.
NCT02971891 (5) [back to overview]The Ratio of the Number of Cleared Warts Out of the Number of Treated Warts for Each Subject
NCT02971891 (5) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Wart Size for Each Subject
NCT02971891 (5) [back to overview]The Ratio of Cleared Warts to All Treated Warts for Each Subject at Week 12
NCT03170219 (2) [back to overview]Death at 30 Days
NCT03170219 (2) [back to overview]Patient Safety Measured by Serious Adverse Events
NCT03226457 (7) [back to overview]The Effect of Empagliflozin Versus Placebo on the Change to Urinary Protein/Creatinine Ratio.
NCT03226457 (7) [back to overview]The Effect of Empagliflozin Versus Placebo on the Change to Urinary Albumin/Creatinine Ratio.
NCT03226457 (7) [back to overview]The Effect of Empagliflozin Versus Placebo on the Change to the Renal Biomarker, Cystatin C.
NCT03226457 (7) [back to overview]The Effect of Empagliflozin Versus Placebo on the Change in Urine Output.
NCT03226457 (7) [back to overview]The Effect of Empagliflozin Versus Placebo on the Change in Urinary Sodium Excretion.
NCT03226457 (7) [back to overview]The Effect of Empagliflozin Versus Placebo on the Change in Serum Creatinine.
NCT03226457 (7) [back to overview]Number of Participants With a Change in CKD Category as Dictated by the Glomerular Filtration Rate
NCT03307252 (12) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of the Analyte in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 to the Last Quantifiable Data Point (AUC0-tz) (Probenecid + R1 (T4) vs. R1)
NCT03307252 (12) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of the Analyte in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 to the Last Quantifiable Data Point (AUC0-tz) (Cimetidine + R1 (T3) vs. R1)
NCT03307252 (12) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of the Analyte in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 Extrapolated to Infinity (AUC0-∞) (T4 vs. R1)
NCT03307252 (12) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of the Analyte in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 Extrapolated to Infinity (AUC0-∞) (T3 vs. R1)
NCT03307252 (12) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of the Analyte in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 Extrapolated to Infinity (AUC0-∞) (T2 vs. R1)
NCT03307252 (12) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of the Analyte in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 Extrapolated to Infinity (AUC0-∞) (T1 vs. R1)
NCT03307252 (12) [back to overview]Maximum Measured Concentration of the Analytes: Digoxin, Furosemide, Metformin, and Rosuvastatin (Cmax) (T2 vs. R1)
NCT03307252 (12) [back to overview]Maximum Measured Concentration of the Analytes: Digoxin, Furosemide, Metformin, and Rosuvastatin (Cmax) (T4 vs. R1)
NCT03307252 (12) [back to overview]Maximum Measured Concentration of the Analytes: Digoxin, Furosemide, Metformin, and Rosuvastatin (Cmax) (T3 vs. R1)
NCT03307252 (12) [back to overview]Maximum Measured Concentration of the Analytes: Digoxin, Furosemide, Metformin, and Rosuvastatin (Cmax) (T1 vs. R1)
NCT03307252 (12) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of the Analyte in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 to the Last Quantifiable Data Point (AUC0-tz) (Verapamil + R1 (T1) vs. R1)
NCT03307252 (12) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of the Analyte in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 to the Last Quantifiable Data Point (AUC0-tz) (Rifampin + R1 (T2) vs. R1)
NCT03359161 (7) [back to overview]Heart Failure Related Events
NCT03359161 (7) [back to overview]Hospital Admission for Heart Failure
NCT03359161 (7) [back to overview]Number of Participants That Discontinued Due to Presence of Skin Reaction to Drug or Device/Adhesive
NCT03359161 (7) [back to overview]Pro BNP Change
NCT03359161 (7) [back to overview]Survival
NCT03359161 (7) [back to overview]Weight Change
NCT03359161 (7) [back to overview]Extra Furosemide Treatment
NCT03556761 (8) [back to overview]Subjects With Complications During Hospitalization
NCT03556761 (8) [back to overview]Postpartum Readmission
NCT03556761 (8) [back to overview]Postpartum Length of Stay
NCT03556761 (8) [back to overview]Persistently Elevated Blood Pressures 7 Days Postpartum
NCT03556761 (8) [back to overview]Number of Subjects Who Had Severe Hypertension Postpartum
NCT03556761 (8) [back to overview]Number of Subjects That Required for Additional Antihypertensives
NCT03556761 (8) [back to overview]Number of Subjects Experiencing One or More Adverse Effects
NCT03556761 (8) [back to overview]Time to Resolution
NCT03730961 (15) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Electrocardiograms (ECGs) - Mean Heart Rate
NCT03730961 (15) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Physical Examination - Body Weight
NCT03730961 (15) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Vital Signs - Heart Rate
NCT03730961 (15) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Vital Signs - Oxygen Saturation
NCT03730961 (15) [back to overview]Number of Participants With an Abnormal Clinical Laboratory Value
NCT03730961 (15) [back to overview]Number of Participants With an Adverse Event (AE)
NCT03730961 (15) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Clinically Relevant Hypotension
NCT03730961 (15) [back to overview]Ratio Urinary Sodium (Na) to Urinary Furosemide at 8 Hours Post-start Infusion
NCT03730961 (15) [back to overview]4-hour Urinary Output Following Intravenous Administration of 40 mg Furosemide to HFrEF Participants Receiving BMS-986231 Infusion Compared to Placebo
NCT03730961 (15) [back to overview]Furosemide Urinary Concentrations
NCT03730961 (15) [back to overview]Furosemide Plasma Concentrations
NCT03730961 (15) [back to overview]FeNa in Participants With HFrEF While on BMS-986231 Compared to Placebo
NCT03730961 (15) [back to overview]FeK in Participants With HFrEF While on BMS-986231 Compared to Placebo
NCT03730961 (15) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Vital Signs - Blood Pressure
NCT03730961 (15) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Electrocardiograms (ECGs) - PR, QRS Duration, QT, QTcF Intervals
NCT03746002 (7) [back to overview]Hypokalemia
NCT03746002 (7) [back to overview]Hypomagnesemia
NCT03746002 (7) [back to overview]Hyponatremia
NCT03746002 (7) [back to overview]24-Hour Urine Output
NCT03746002 (7) [back to overview]Acute Kidney Injury
NCT03746002 (7) [back to overview]Change in Serum Creatinine
NCT03746002 (7) [back to overview]Change in Total Body Weight
NCT04343235 (7) [back to overview]Hospital Length of Stay
NCT04343235 (7) [back to overview]Change of Gestational Hypertensive Disorder Symptoms (Mean Arterial Pressure)
NCT04343235 (7) [back to overview]Change of Gestational Hypertensive Disorder Symptoms (Systolic BP)
NCT04343235 (7) [back to overview]Change of Gestational Hypertensive Disorder Symptoms (Diastolic BP)
NCT04343235 (7) [back to overview]Hospital Readmission
NCT04343235 (7) [back to overview]Breastfeeding Status
NCT04343235 (7) [back to overview]Change of Dose for Antihypertensive Therapy
NCT04393493 (24) [back to overview]Number of Patients Whose Interventions Were Stopped Because Clinical Improvement Was Achieved Before 96 Hours as Assessed by de Clinical Judgement of the Medical Team in Charge.
NCT04393493 (24) [back to overview]In Hospital Mortality Defined as Number of Dead Patients From Day One of Intervention and Before Discharge
NCT04393493 (24) [back to overview]Number of Patients With Dyspnea Improvement as Referred by the Patient or Reduction in Supplementary Oxygen Requirements Before Day 3 of Intervention
NCT04393493 (24) [back to overview]Number of Patients With Dyspnea Improvement as Referred by the Patient or Reduction in Supplementary Oxygen Requirements at 96 Hours After Intervention Started
NCT04393493 (24) [back to overview]Number of Patients That Required Renal Replacement Therapy of Any Type During Intervention (4 Days).
NCT04393493 (24) [back to overview]Number of Patients That Achieved >30% Reduction in Brain Natriuretic Compared With Baseline Levels
NCT04393493 (24) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Renal Function Recovery Defined as a Return to Individual Baseline Serum Creatinine Values
NCT04393493 (24) [back to overview]Number of Days From the Beginning of the Intervention Until Patients Referred Dyspnea Improvement or a Reduction in Supplementary Oxygen Requirements Was Made.
NCT04393493 (24) [back to overview]Mortality During Follow up Defined as Number of Dead Patients After Discharge
NCT04393493 (24) [back to overview]Change in Serum Urea Levels Measured at Day One of Intervention From Serum Urea Levels Measured at 96 Hrs After Intervention Started.
NCT04393493 (24) [back to overview]Change in Serum Sodium Levels Measured at Day One of Intervention From Serum Sodium Levels Measured at 96 Hrs After Intervention Started.
NCT04393493 (24) [back to overview]Change in Serum Potassium Levels Measured at Day One of Intervention From Serum Potassium Levels Measured at 96 Hrs After Intervention Started.
NCT04393493 (24) [back to overview]Change in Serum pH Value Measured at Day One of Intervention From Serum pH Value Measured at 96 Hrs After Intervention Started.
NCT04393493 (24) [back to overview]Change in Serum Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide Measured at Day One of Intervention From Serum Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide Measured at 96 Hrs After Intervention Started.
NCT04393493 (24) [back to overview]Change in Serum Magnesium Levels Measured at Day One of Intervention From Serum Magnesium Levels Measured at 96 Hrs After Intervention Started.
NCT04393493 (24) [back to overview]Change in Serum Lactate Levels Measured at Day One of Intervention From Serum Lactate Levels Measured at 96 Hrs After Intervention Started.
NCT04393493 (24) [back to overview]Change in Serum Creatinine at Day One of Intervention From Serum Creatinine at 96 Hrs After Intervention Started
NCT04393493 (24) [back to overview]Change in Serum Copeptin Levels at Day One of Intervention From Serum Copeptin Levels Measured at 96 Hrs After Intervention Started.
NCT04393493 (24) [back to overview]Change in Serum Chloride Levels Measured at Day One of Intervention From Serum Chloride Levels Measured at 96 Hrs After Intervention Started.
NCT04393493 (24) [back to overview]Change in Serum Calcium Levels Measured at Day One of Intervention From Serum Calcium Levels Measured at 96 Hrs After Intervention Started.
NCT04393493 (24) [back to overview]An Elevation of at Least 0.3 mg/dl of Serum Creatinine From Day One of Intervention Compared With Serum Creatinine at 96hrs After Intervention Started
NCT04393493 (24) [back to overview]Change in Serum Brain Natriuretic Peptide Levels at Baseline From Serum Brain Natriuretic Peptide Levels at 96 Hours After Intervention Started
NCT04393493 (24) [back to overview]Change in Serum Bicarbonate Levels Measured at Day One of Intervention From Serum Bicarbonate Levels Measured at 96 Hrs After Intervention Started.
NCT04393493 (24) [back to overview]Change in 24 Hour Urine Output at 96 Hours After Intervention Started From 24 Hour Urine Output One Day Before Intervention Initiation)
NCT04590937 (12) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Rosuvastatin in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 to the Last Quantifiable Data Point (AUC0-tz, Rosuvastatin)
NCT04590937 (12) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Metformin in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 Extrapolated to Infinity (AUC0-∞, Metformin)
NCT04590937 (12) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Furosemide in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 to the Last Quantifiable Data Point (AUC0-tz, Furosemide)
NCT04590937 (12) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Furosemide in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 Extrapolated to Infinity (AUC0-∞, Furosemide)
NCT04590937 (12) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Digoxin in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 to the Last Quantifiable Data Point (AUC0-tz, Digoxin)
NCT04590937 (12) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Digoxin in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 Extrapolated to Infinity (AUC0-∞, Digoxin)
NCT04590937 (12) [back to overview]Maximum Measured Concentration of Furosemide in Plasma (Cmax, Furosemide)
NCT04590937 (12) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Metformin in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 to the Last Quantifiable Data Point (AUC0-tz, Metformin)
NCT04590937 (12) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Rosuvastatin in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 Extrapolated to Infinity (AUC0-∞, Rosuvastatin)
NCT04590937 (12) [back to overview]Maximum Measured Concentration of Digoxin in Plasma (Cmax, Digoxin)
NCT04590937 (12) [back to overview]Maximum Measured Concentration of Metformin in Plasma (Cmax, Metformin)
NCT04590937 (12) [back to overview]Maximum Measured Concentration of Rosuvastatin in Plasma (Cmax, Rosuvastatin)
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With a Serum Magnesium <0.8 mEq/L at Week 5
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With a Serum Magnesium <0.8 mEq/L at Week 4
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With a Serum Magnesium <0.8 mEq/L at Week 3
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With a Serum Magnesium <0.8 mEq/L at Week 2
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With a Serum Magnesium <0.8 mEq/L at Week 17
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With a Serum Magnesium <0.8 mEq/L at Week 13
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With a Serum Magnesium <0.8 mEq/L at Week 1
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With a Serum Furosemide Level >12 Micrograms/L at Week 9.
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With a Serum Furosemide Level >12 Micrograms/L at Week 6.
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With a Serum Furosemide Level >12 Micrograms/L at Week 5.
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With a Serum Furosemide Level >12 Micrograms/L at Week 4.
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With a Serum Furosemide Level >12 Micrograms/L at Week 3.
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With a Serum Furosemide Level >12 Micrograms/L at Week 2.
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With a Serum Furosemide Level >12 Micrograms/L at Week 17.
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With a Serum Furosemide Level >12 Micrograms/L at Week 13.
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With a Serum Furosemide Level >12 Micrograms/L at Week 1.
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With a Serum Corrected Calcium <7.0 mg/dL at Week 9
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With a Serum Corrected Calcium <7.0 mg/dL at Week 6
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With a Serum Corrected Calcium <7.0 mg/dL at Week 5
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With a Serum Corrected Calcium <7.0 mg/dL at Week 4
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With a Serum Corrected Calcium <7.0 mg/dL at Week 3
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With a Serum Corrected Calcium <7.0 mg/dL at Week 2
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With a Defined Decrease in the Inner EAR Instrument Score From Baseline to Week 18
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With a Serum Corrected Calcium <7.0 mg/dL at Week 17
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With a Serum Corrected Calcium <7.0 mg/dL at Week 13
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With a Serum Corrected Calcium <7.0 mg/dL at Week 1
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With a Defined Decrease in the Inner EAR Instrument Score From Baseline to Week 6
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With a Defined Decrease in the Inner EAR Instrument Score From Baseline to Week 4
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With a Defined Decrease in the Inner EAR Instrument Score From Baseline to Week 2
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With a Defined Decrease in the Inner EAR Instrument Score From Baseline to Week 14
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With a Defined Decrease in the Inner EAR Instrument Score From Baseline to Week 10
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Have a Defined Increase in 24-hour Urine Volume From Baseline to Week 5
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Have a Defined Increase in 24-hour Urine Volume From Baseline to Week 18
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Have a Defined Increase in 24-hour Urine Volume From Baseline to Week 12
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Are Adherent to Furosemide (<20% Pills Remaining at Scheduled Pill Counts) at Week 8
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Are Adherent to Furosemide (<20% Pills Remaining at Scheduled Pill Counts) at Week 6
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Are Adherent to Furosemide (<20% Pills Remaining at Scheduled Pill Counts) at Week 5
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Are Adherent to Furosemide (<20% Pills Remaining at Scheduled Pill Counts) at Week 4
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Are Adherent to Furosemide (<20% Pills Remaining at Scheduled Pill Counts) at Week 3
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Are Adherent to Furosemide (<20% Pills Remaining at Scheduled Pill Counts) at Week 2
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Are Adherent to Furosemide (<20% Pills Remaining at Scheduled Pill Counts) at Week 19
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Are Adherent to Furosemide (<20% Pills Remaining at Scheduled Pill Counts) at Week 18
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Are Adherent to Furosemide (<20% Pills Remaining at Scheduled Pill Counts) at Week 16
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Are Adherent to Furosemide (<20% Pills Remaining at Scheduled Pill Counts) at Week 14
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Are Adherent to Furosemide (<20% Pills Remaining at Scheduled Pill Counts) at Week 12
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Are Adherent to Furosemide (<20% Pills Remaining at Scheduled Pill Counts) at Week 10
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Are Adherent to Furosemide (<20% Pills Remaining at Scheduled Pill Counts) at Week 1
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants That Experience Dialysis-associated Hypotension up to Week 9
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants That Experience Dialysis-associated Hypotension up to Week 8
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants That Experience Dialysis-associated Hypotension up to Week 7
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants That Experience Dialysis-associated Hypotension up to Week 6
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants That Experience Dialysis-associated Hypotension up to Week 5
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants That Experience Dialysis-associated Hypotension up to Week 4
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants That Experience Dialysis-associated Hypotension up to Week 3
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants That Experience Dialysis-associated Hypotension up to Week 2
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants That Experience Dialysis-associated Hypotension up to Week 18
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants That Experience Dialysis-associated Hypotension up to Week 17
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants That Experience Dialysis-associated Hypotension up to Week 16
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants That Experience Dialysis-associated Hypotension up to Week 15
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants That Experience Dialysis-associated Hypotension up to Week 14
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants That Experience Dialysis-associated Hypotension up to Week 13
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants That Experience Dialysis-associated Hypotension up to Week 12
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants That Experience Dialysis-associated Hypotension up to Week 11
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting a Severe or Very Severe Hearing Change Attributable to Furosemide at Week 1
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting a Severe or Very Severe Hearing Change Attributable to Furosemide at Week 10
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting a Severe or Very Severe Hearing Change Attributable to Furosemide at Week 12
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting a Severe or Very Severe Hearing Change Attributable to Furosemide at Week 14
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting a Severe or Very Severe Hearing Change Attributable to Furosemide at Week 16
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting a Severe or Very Severe Hearing Change Attributable to Furosemide at Week 18
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting a Severe or Very Severe Hearing Change Attributable to Furosemide at Week 2
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting a Severe or Very Severe Hearing Change Attributable to Furosemide at Week 3
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting a Severe or Very Severe Hearing Change Attributable to Furosemide at Week 4
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting a Severe or Very Severe Hearing Change Attributable to Furosemide at Week 5
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting a Severe or Very Severe Hearing Change Attributable to Furosemide at Week 6
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants That Experience Dialysis-associated Hypotension up to Week 10
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants That Experience Dialysis-associated Hypotension up to Week 1
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Vomiting Attributable to Furosemide at Week 8
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Vomiting Attributable to Furosemide at Week 6
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Vomiting Attributable to Furosemide at Week 5
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Vomiting Attributable to Furosemide at Week 4
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Vomiting Attributable to Furosemide at Week 3
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Vomiting Attributable to Furosemide at Week 2
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Vomiting Attributable to Furosemide at Week 18
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Vomiting Attributable to Furosemide at Week 16
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Vomiting Attributable to Furosemide at Week 14
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Vomiting Attributable to Furosemide at Week 12
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Vomiting Attributable to Furosemide at Week 10
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Vomiting Attributable to Furosemide at Week 1
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Unusual Tiredness/Weakness Attributable to Furosemide at Week 8
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Unusual Tiredness/Weakness Attributable to Furosemide at Week 6
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Unusual Tiredness/Weakness Attributable to Furosemide at Week 5
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Unusual Tiredness/Weakness Attributable to Furosemide at Week 4
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Unusual Tiredness/Weakness Attributable to Furosemide at Week 3
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Unusual Tiredness/Weakness Attributable to Furosemide at Week 2
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Unusual Tiredness/Weakness Attributable to Furosemide at Week 18
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Unusual Tiredness/Weakness Attributable to Furosemide at Week 16
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Unusual Tiredness/Weakness Attributable to Furosemide at Week 14
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Unusual Tiredness/Weakness Attributable to Furosemide at Week 12
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Unusual Tiredness/Weakness Attributable to Furosemide at Week 10
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Unusual Tiredness/Weakness Attributable to Furosemide at Week 1
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Tinnitus Attributable to Furosemide at Week 8
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Tinnitus Attributable to Furosemide at Week 6
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Tinnitus Attributable to Furosemide at Week 5
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Tinnitus Attributable to Furosemide at Week 4
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Tinnitus Attributable to Furosemide at Week 3
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Tinnitus Attributable to Furosemide at Week 2
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Tinnitus Attributable to Furosemide at Week 18
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Tinnitus Attributable to Furosemide at Week 16
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Tinnitus Attributable to Furosemide at Week 14
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Tinnitus Attributable to Furosemide at Week 12
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Tinnitus Attributable to Furosemide at Week 10
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Tinnitus Attributable to Furosemide at Week 1
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Nausea Attributable to Furosemide at Week 8
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Nausea Attributable to Furosemide at Week 6
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting a Severe or Very Severe Hearing Change Attributable to Furosemide at Week 8
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting a Severe or Very Severe Rash Attributable to Furosemide at Week 1
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting a Severe or Very Severe Rash Attributable to Furosemide at Week 10
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting a Severe or Very Severe Rash Attributable to Furosemide at Week 12
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting a Severe or Very Severe Rash Attributable to Furosemide at Week 14
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting a Severe or Very Severe Rash Attributable to Furosemide at Week 16
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting a Severe or Very Severe Rash Attributable to Furosemide at Week 18
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting a Severe or Very Severe Rash Attributable to Furosemide at Week 2
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Nausea Attributable to Furosemide at Week 5
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Nausea Attributable to Furosemide at Week 4
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Nausea Attributable to Furosemide at Week 3
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting a Severe or Very Severe Rash Attributable to Furosemide at Week 3
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Nausea Attributable to Furosemide at Week 18
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Nausea Attributable to Furosemide at Week 16
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Nausea Attributable to Furosemide at Week 14
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Nausea Attributable to Furosemide at Week 12
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Nausea Attributable to Furosemide at Week 10
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Nausea Attributable to Furosemide at Week 1
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Dizziness/Pre-syncope Attributable to Furosemide at Week 8
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Dizziness/Pre-syncope Attributable to Furosemide at Week 6
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Dizziness/Pre-syncope Attributable to Furosemide at Week 5
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting a Severe or Very Severe Rash Attributable to Furosemide at Week 4
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting a Severe or Very Severe Rash Attributable to Furosemide at Week 5
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Dizziness/Pre-syncope Attributable to Furosemide at Week 4
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Dizziness/Pre-syncope Attributable to Furosemide at Week 3
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Dizziness/Pre-syncope Attributable to Furosemide at Week 2
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Dizziness/Pre-syncope Attributable to Furosemide at Week 18
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Dizziness/Pre-syncope Attributable to Furosemide at Week 16
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Dizziness/Pre-syncope Attributable to Furosemide at Week 14
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting a Severe or Very Severe Rash Attributable to Furosemide at Week 6
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Chest Pain Attributable to Furosemide at Week 14
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting a Severe or Very Severe Rash Attributable to Furosemide at Week 8
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Acceptance of Furosemide at Week 1
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Acceptance of Furosemide at Week 10
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Acceptance of Furosemide at Week 12
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Acceptance of Furosemide at Week 14
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Acceptance of Furosemide at Week 16
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Acceptance of Furosemide at Week 18
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Acceptance of Furosemide at Week 2
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Acceptance of Furosemide at Week 3
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Acceptance of Furosemide at Week 4
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Acceptance of Furosemide at Week 5
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Acceptance of Furosemide at Week 6
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Acceptance of Furosemide at Week 8
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Chest Pain Attributable to Furosemide at Week 1
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Chest Pain Attributable to Furosemide at Week 10
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Chest Pain Attributable to Furosemide at Week 12
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Chest Pain Attributable to Furosemide at Week 16
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Dizziness/Pre-syncope Attributable to Furosemide at Week 12
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Dizziness/Pre-syncope Attributable to Furosemide at Week 10
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Dizziness/Pre-syncope Attributable to Furosemide at Week 1
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Diarrhea Attributable to Furosemide at Week 8
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Nausea Attributable to Furosemide at Week 2
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Diarrhea Attributable to Furosemide at Week 5
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Diarrhea Attributable to Furosemide at Week 4
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Diarrhea Attributable to Furosemide at Week 3
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Diarrhea Attributable to Furosemide at Week 2
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Diarrhea Attributable to Furosemide at Week 18
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Diarrhea Attributable to Furosemide at Week 16
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Chest Pain Attributable to Furosemide at Week 18
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Chest Pain Attributable to Furosemide at Week 2
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Chest Pain Attributable to Furosemide at Week 3
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Chest Pain Attributable to Furosemide at Week 4
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Chest Pain Attributable to Furosemide at Week 5
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Chest Pain Attributable to Furosemide at Week 6
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Chest Pain Attributable to Furosemide at Week 8
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Cramping Attributable to Furosemide at Week 1
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Cramping Attributable to Furosemide at Week 10
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Cramping Attributable to Furosemide at Week 12
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Diarrhea Attributable to Furosemide at Week 14
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Diarrhea Attributable to Furosemide at Week 12
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Diarrhea Attributable to Furosemide at Week 10
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Diarrhea Attributable to Furosemide at Week 1
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Cramping Attributable to Furosemide at Week 14
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Cramping Attributable to Furosemide at Week 16
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Cramping Attributable to Furosemide at Week 18
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Cramping Attributable to Furosemide at Week 2
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Cramping Attributable to Furosemide at Week 3
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Cramping Attributable to Furosemide at Week 4
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Cramping Attributable to Furosemide at Week 5
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Cramping Attributable to Furosemide at Week 6
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Cramping Attributable to Furosemide at Week 8
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With a Serum Potassium <3.2 mEq/L at Week 5
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With a Serum Potassium <3.2 mEq/L at Week 4
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With a Serum Potassium <3.2 mEq/L at Week 3
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With a Serum Potassium <3.2 mEq/L at Week 2
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With a Serum Potassium <3.2 mEq/L at Week 17
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With a Serum Potassium <3.2 mEq/L at Week 13
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With A Serum Potassium <3.2 mEq/L at Week 1
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With a Serum Magnesium <0.8 mEq/L at Week 9
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With a Serum Magnesium <0.8 mEq/L at Week 6
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With a Serum Potassium <3.2 mEq/L at Week 9
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With a Serum Potassium <3.2 mEq/L at Week 6
NCT04622709 (208) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Diarrhea Attributable to Furosemide at Week 6
NCT04752475 (1) [back to overview]Mean Arterial Blood Pressure (MAP)
NCT04982874 (4) [back to overview]Pharmacokinetics Parameter
NCT04982874 (4) [back to overview]Geometric Mean Ratio of Area Under Curve
NCT04982874 (4) [back to overview]Geometric Mean Ratio of Maximum Concentration
NCT04982874 (4) [back to overview]Pharmacokinetics Parameter

First Occurrence of Major Cardiovascular Event (MCE) in the Blood Pressure Trial.

Time to first occurrence of nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or cardiovascular death. Primary outcome for Blood Pressure Trial. (NCT00000620)
Timeframe: 4.7 years

Interventionparticipants (Number)
BP Trial: Intensive Control208
BP Trial: Standard Control237

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First Occurrence of MCE or Revascularization or Hospitalization for Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) in Lipid Trial.

Time to first occurrence of nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, cardiovascular death, revascularization procedure or hospitalization for CHF in Lipid Trial participants. (NCT00000620)
Timeframe: 4.7 years

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Lipid Trial: Fenofibrate641
Lipid Trial: Placebo667

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Stroke in the Blood Pressure Trial.

Time to first occurrence of nonfatal or fatal stroke among participants in the BP Trial. (NCT00000620)
Timeframe: 4.7 years

Interventionparticipants (Number)
BP Trial: Intensive Control36
BP Trial: Standard Control62

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First Occurrence of a Major Cardiovascular Event (MCE); Specifically Nonfatal Heart Attack, Nonfatal Stroke, or Cardiovascular Death (Measured Throughout the Study) in the Glycemia Trial.

"Time to first occurrence of nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or cardiovascular death. This was the primary outcome measure in all three trials: Glycemia (all participants), Blood Pressure (subgroup of participants not in Lipid Trial), and Lipid (subgroup of participants not in Blood Pressure Trial).~In the Glycemia Trial, a finding of higher mortality in the intensive arm group led to an early discontinuation of therapy after a mean of 3.5 years of follow-up. Intensive arm participants were transitioned to standard arm strategy over a period of 0.2 year and followed for an additional 1.2 years to the planned end of the Glycemia Trial while participating in one of the other sub-trials (BP or Lipid) to their planned completion." (NCT00000620)
Timeframe: 4.9 years

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Glycemia Trial: Intensive Control503
Glycemia Trial: Standard Control543

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Death From Any Cause in the Glycemia Trial.

"Time to death from any cause. Secondary measure for Glycemia Trial.~A finding of higher mortality in the intensive-therapy group led to an early discontinuation of therapy after a mean of 3.5 years of follow-up. Intensive arm participants were transitioned to standard arm strategy over a period of 0.2 year and followed for an additional 1.2 years to the planned end of the Glycemia Trial while participating in one of the other sub-trials (BP or Lipid)." (NCT00000620)
Timeframe: 4.9 years

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Glycemia Trial: Intensive Control391
Glycemia Trial: Standard Control327

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First Occurrence of Major Cardiovascular Event (MCE) in the Lipid Trial.

Time to first occurrence of nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or cardiovascular death in Lipid Trial participants. (NCT00000620)
Timeframe: 4.7 years

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Lipid Trial: Fenofibrate291
Lipid Trial: Placebo310

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"Number of Participants With Overall Fatal and Non-fatal, Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events (MACEs)"

number of MACEs in the two groups are reported. In addition, The primary endpoint was analyzed with event curves for the time-to-first event based on Kaplan-Meier analysis. Cox regression model was used to calculate hazard ratio (HR) and 95% Confidence Interval (CI). Due to the cluster randomized study design, a Cox shared-frailty model was fitted. multivariable model was adjusted for selected potential confounders: age, sex, systolic blood pressure (SBP), hemoglobin, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), albuminuria, HbA1c, total cholesterol and triglycerides (log-scaled) to reduce risk of bias. (NCT00535925)
Timeframe: 4 years (in the case the number of events needed by sample size is not reached at the expected 4-year time frame, primary end point will be assessed after the follow-up phase)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Conventional Therapy146
Intensified Therapy116

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"Number of Participants Who Achieved of BP, HbA1c and Total, HDL and LDL Cholesterol Goals at the End of Intervention Phase"

Achievement of targets at end of intervention was performed applying generalized estimating equation (GEE) models, further adjusting for baseline values as covariate. (NCT00535925)
Timeframe: 13 years

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Standard of Care (SoC) Therapy150
Multifactorial Intensified Therapy191

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Change in Serum Creatinine

(NCT00577135)
Timeframe: baseline and day 60

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Q 12 Hour Bolus0.09
Continuous Infusion0.07
Low Intensification0.09
High Intensification0.07

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Change in Serum Creatinine

(NCT00577135)
Timeframe: baseline and 96 hours

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Q 12 Hour Bolus0.06
Continuous Infusion0.05
Low Intensification0.05
High Intensification0.07

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Change in Serum Creatinine

(NCT00577135)
Timeframe: baseline and 48 hours

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Q 12 Hour Bolus0.02
Continuous Infusion0.05
Low Intensification0.01
High Intensification0.06

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Change in Serum Creatinine

(NCT00577135)
Timeframe: baseline and 24 hours

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Q 12 Hour Bolus0.00
Continuous Infusion0.01
Low Intensification-0.01
High Intensification0.02

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Change in NTproBNP

(NCT00577135)
Timeframe: baseline and Day 7

Interventionpg/mL (Mean)
Q 12 Hour Bolus-1133.3
Continuous Infusion-1552.0
Low Intensification-1037.2
High Intensification-1629.7

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Change in NTproBNP

(NCT00577135)
Timeframe: baseline and Day 60

Interventionpg/mL (Mean)
Q 12 Hour Bolus-1449.3
Continuous Infusion-1035.1
Low Intensification-1445.6
High Intensification-1038.5

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Change in Cystatin C

(NCT00577135)
Timeframe: baseline and day 7

Interventionmg/L (Mean)
Q 12 Hour Bolus0.21
Continuous Infusion0.16
Low Intensification0.16
High Intensification0.21

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Change in Cystatin C

(NCT00577135)
Timeframe: baseline and day 60

Interventionmg/L (Mean)
Q 12 Hour Bolus0.20
Continuous Infusion0.16
Low Intensification0.18
High Intensification0.18

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Change in Cystatin C

(NCT00577135)
Timeframe: baseline and 72 hours

Interventionmg/L (Mean)
Q 12 Hour Bolus0.11
Continuous Infusion0.17
Low Intensification0.12
High Intensification0.17

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Change in B-type Natriuretic Peptide

Change in NTproBNP (NCT00577135)
Timeframe: baseline and 72 hours

Interventionpg/mL (Mean)
Q 12 Hour Bolus-1316.2
Continuous Infusion-1773.2
Low Intensification-1193.8
High Intensification-1881.6

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Change in Uric Acid

(NCT00577135)
Timeframe: baseline and Day 60

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Q 12 Hour Bolus-0.09
Continuous Infusion-0.71
Low Intensification-0.13
High Intensification-0.67

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Change in Uric Acid

(NCT00577135)
Timeframe: baseline and 72 hours

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Q 12 Hour Bolus0.30
Continuous Infusion0.44
Low Intensification0.11
High Intensification0.61

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Change in Serum Creatinine

(NCT00577135)
Timeframe: Measured at baseline and 72 hours

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Q 12 Hour Bolus0.05
Continuous Infusion0.07
Low Intensification0.04
High Intensification0.08

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Change in Weight

(NCT00577135)
Timeframe: baseline and 96 hours

Interventionlbs (Mean)
Q 12 Hour Bolus-8.0
Continuous Infusion-9.1
Low Intensification-7.4
High Intensification-9.6

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Change in Serum Creatinine

(NCT00577135)
Timeframe: baseline and day 7

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Q 12 Hour Bolus0.10
Continuous Infusion0.04
Low Intensification0.07
High Intensification0.08

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Treatment Failure

Treatment failure is defined as the patient met cardiorenal syndrome endpoint, worsening or persistent heart failure endpoint, patient died, or there was clinical evidence of overdiuresis requiring intervention within first 72 hours after randomization (NCT00577135)
Timeframe: Within 72 hours

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Q 12 Hour Bolus38.1
Continuous Infusion38.8
Low Intensification36.7
High Intensification40.0

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Proportion of Patients Free of Congestion

(NCT00577135)
Timeframe: Measured at 72 hours

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Q 12 Hour Bolus14.4
Continuous Infusion15.3
Low Intensification11.2
High Intensification18.2

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Presence of Cardiorenal Syndrome

(NCT00577135)
Timeframe: Within 72 hours

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Q 12 Hour Bolus17.4
Continuous Infusion19.2
Low Intensification13.6
High Intensification22.7

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Patient Well Being, as Determined by a Visual Analog Scale

Global Visual Analog Scale Scale Range 0-7200; higher score is better (NCT00577135)
Timeframe: Measured at 72 hours

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Q 12 Hour Bolus4236
Continuous Infusion4372.7
Low Intensification4170.8
High Intensification4429.6

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Dyspnea, as Determined by Visual Analog Scales

Global Visual Analog Scale Scale Range 0-2400; higher score is better (NCT00577135)
Timeframe: Measured at 24 hours

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Q 12 Hour Bolus1370.8
Continuous Infusion1453.8
Low Intensification1426.0
High Intensification1398.2

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Patient Well Being, as Determined by a Visual Analog Scale

Global Visual Analog Scale Scale Range 0-4800; higher score is better (NCT00577135)
Timeframe: 48 hours

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Q 12 Hour Bolus2722.6
Continuous Infusion2792.6
Low Intensification2706.5
High Intensification2805.2

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Patient Well Being, as Determined by a Visual Analog Scale

Global Visual Analog Scale Scale Range 0-2400; higher score is better (NCT00577135)
Timeframe: Measured at 24 hours

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Q 12 Hour Bolus1280.8
Continuous Infusion1303.0
Low Intensification1288.6
High Intensification1294.8

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Net Fluid Loss

(NCT00577135)
Timeframe: Through 72 hours

InterventionmL (Mean)
Q 12 Hour Bolus4236.7
Continuous Infusion4249.2
Low Intensification3575.2
High Intensification4898.9

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Net Fluid Loss

(NCT00577135)
Timeframe: Through 48 hours

InterventionmL (Mean)
Q 12 Hour Bolus2996.7
Continuous Infusion3120.6
Low Intensification2334.8
High Intensification3747.4

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Net Fluid Loss

(NCT00577135)
Timeframe: Through 24 hours

InterventionmL (Mean)
Q 12 Hour Bolus1595.7
Continuous Infusion1796.4
Low Intensification1209.7
High Intensification2149.6

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Dyspnea VAS

Dyspnea Visual Analog Scale Scale Range 0-7200; higher score is better (NCT00577135)
Timeframe: 72 hours

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Q 12 Hour Bolus4455.6
Continuous Infusion4699.1
Low Intensification4477.9
High Intensification4668.3

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Dyspnea VAS

Dyspnea Visual Analog Scale Scale Range 0-4800; higher score is better (NCT00577135)
Timeframe: 48 hours

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Q 12 Hour Bolus2876.6
Continuous Infusion3033.1
Low Intensification2924.9
High Intensification2981.3

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Change in Uric Acid

(NCT00577135)
Timeframe: baseline and day 7

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Q 12 Hour Bolus0.40
Continuous Infusion0.09
Low Intensification0.07
High Intensification0.42

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Urine Volume

Urine output measured in ml/hr for first 6 hours after furosemide administration (NCT00673244)
Timeframe: Time from furosemide administration to 6 hours after furosemide administration

,
Interventionml (Mean)
Urine Volume - Hour 1Urine Volume - Hour 2Urine Volume - Hour 3Urine Volume - Hour 4Urine Volume - Hour 5Urine Volume - Hour 6
Did Not Progress to AKIN Stage-III329392311265219194
Progressed to AKIN Stage III8996109888375

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Daily Net Fluid Output on Days 1, 3, and 4

Daily net fluid output = daily fluid output - daily intake. A negative value means that daily fluid intake was less than the daily fluid output. (NCT00904488)
Timeframe: 0-24, 48-72, 72-96 hrs

,
Interventionml/day (Mean)
0-24 hr48-72 hr72-96 hr
Furosemide Dose Escalation-2226.74-2108.00-2433.33
IVB Loop and PO Thiazide Diuretic-3076.67-409.74-705.33

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30-day All-cause Mortality

(NCT00904488)
Timeframe: 30 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Furosemide Dose Escalation0
IVB Loop and PO Thiazide Diuretic0

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Daily Net Fluid Output on Day 2 (24-48 Hours After Randomization)

Net fluid output = fluid output during 24-48 hours after randomization - fluid intake during 24-48 hours after randomization. A negative value means that daily fluid intake was less than the daily fluid output. (NCT00904488)
Timeframe: 24-48 hours

InterventionmL/day (Mean)
Furosemide Dose Escalation-1454.60
IVB Loop and PO Thiazide Diuretic-1322.83

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Length of Hospitalization

(NCT00904488)
Timeframe: Assessed till hospital discharge, an average of 1 week (longest 29 days)

InterventionDays (Mean)
Furosemide Dose Escalation4.75
IVB Loop and PO Thiazide Diuretic11.25

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Need for Additional or Alternative Diuretic (Crossover) or Other Vasoactive Therapy (Study Failure)

Patients will be considered a treatment failure if they require additional diuretic (including crossover to the alternative study arm) or require IV vasoactive drug therapy (e.g. vasodilators including nitroglycerin or inotropes) as deemed appropriate/necessary by their medical team. (NCT00904488)
Timeframe: 0-96 hours

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Furosemide Dose Escalation1
IVB Loop and PO Thiazide Diuretic4

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Rehospitalization at 30 Days

(NCT00904488)
Timeframe: 30 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Furosemide Dose Escalation1
IVB Loop and PO Thiazide Diuretic1

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Time to Return to Baseline Weight

(NCT00904488)
Timeframe: 0-96 hours

InterventionDays (Mean)
Furosemide Dose Escalation1.5
IVB Loop and PO Thiazide Diuretic1.5

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Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)

(NCT00904488)
Timeframe: Baseline, 24, 48, 72, 96 hours

,
Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Baseline24 hr48 hr72 hr96 hr
Furosemide Dose Escalation31.2028.0030.8029.0038.60
IVB Loop and PO Thiazide Diuretic29.8327.6733.1742.0042.67

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Daily Urine Output (mL Urine Out Per mg Furosemide (IV Equivalent) Received)

(NCT00904488)
Timeframe: 0-24, 24-48, 48-72, 72-96 hrs

Interventionml/mg furosemide received (Mean)
0-24 hr24-48 hr48-72 hr
IVB Loop and PO Thiazide Diuretic17.3521.8825.52

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Daily Urine Output (mL Urine Out Per mg Furosemide (IV Equivalent) Received)

(NCT00904488)
Timeframe: 0-24, 24-48, 48-72, 72-96 hrs

Interventionml/mg furosemide received (Mean)
0-24 hr24-48 hr48-72 hr72-96 hr
Furosemide Dose Escalation29.358.2825.8443.94

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Daily Weight

(NCT00904488)
Timeframe: Baseline (Dry), Baseline, 0-24, 24-48, 48-72, 72-96 hrs

,
InterventionKg (Mean)
Baseline (Dry)Baseline0-24 hr24-48 hr48-72 hr72-96 hr
Furosemide Dose Escalation82.35120.84154.23129.73135.07172.10
IVB Loop and PO Thiazide Diuretic100.82102.57101.0799.08106.7086.87

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Patient Global Assessment Scale

"Scale range: 1-5 Which of the following best describes your overall health state today?~= markedly worse~= worse~= neither better nor worse~= better~= markedly better" (NCT00904488)
Timeframe: Baseline, 24, 48, 72, 96 hrs

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Baseline24 hr48 hr72 hr96 hr
Furosemide Dose Escalation3.254.23.84.674
IVB Loop and PO Thiazide Diuretic3.674.253.63.754

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Physician Global Assessment Scale

"Scale range: 1-5 Which of the following best describes the patient's overall health state today?~= markedly worse~= worse~= neither better nor worse~= better~= markedly better" (NCT00904488)
Timeframe: Baseline, 24, 48, 72, 96 hours

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Baseline24 hr48 hr72 hr96 hr
Furosemide Dose Escalation2.674.2544.54
IVB Loop and PO Thiazide Diuretic2443.753.67

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Unscheduled Heart Failure Visits to Emergency Department or Outpatient Clinic

(NCT00904488)
Timeframe: 30 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Furosemide Dose Escalation1
IVB Loop and PO Thiazide Diuretic1

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Plasma Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate (cGMP) at Baseline and in Response to Decreasing Furosemide Dose

Any change in atrial filling pressures leads to the release of atrial natriuretic peptides (ANP) from the heart. Once released, atrial peptides exert potent direct vasodilator and natriuretic actions by virtue of the ability to increase their intracellular second messenger, cGMP. Plasma cGMP correlates closely with the severity of congestive heart failure. (NCT00982423)
Timeframe: 3 weeks, approximately 6 weeks

,
Interventionpg/mL (Mean)
Baseline (3 weeks)Approximately 6 weeks
Compensated CHF With Renal Dysfunction5.77.0
Compensated CHF Without Renal Dysfunction5.04.6

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Plasma Renin Activity at Baseline and in Response to Decreasing Furosemide Dose

Plasma renin activity is a measure of the activity of the plasma enzyme renin, which plays a major role in the body's regulation of blood pressure, thirst, and urine output. Renin is an enzyme that hydrolyses angiotensinogen secreted from the liver into the peptide angiotensin I. Renin's primary function is to cause an increase in blood pressure, leading to restoration of perfusion pressure in the kidneys. (NCT00982423)
Timeframe: 3 weeks, approximately 6 weeks

,
Interventionng/mL/hr (Mean)
Baseline (3 weeks)Approximately 6 weeks
Compensated CHF With Renal Dysfunction2.11.4
Compensated CHF Without Renal Dysfunction4.32.7

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Angiotensin II at Baseline and in Response to Decreasing Furosemide Dose

Renin activates the renin-angiotensin system by cleaving angiotensinogen, produced by the liver, to yield angiotensin I, which is further converted into angiotensin II by the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) primarily within the capillaries of the lungs. Angiotensin II then constricts blood vessels, increases the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone, and stimulates the hypothalamus to activate the thirst reflex, each leading to an increase in blood pressure. (NCT00982423)
Timeframe: 3 weeks, approximately 6 weeks

,
Interventionpg/mL (Mean)
Baseline (3 weeks)Approximately 6 weeks
Compensated CHF With Renal Dysfunction3.13.2
Compensated CHF Without Renal Dysfunction3.33.4

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Renal Function as Measured by Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) at Baseline and in Response to Decreasing Furosemide Dose

Kidney function was measured by GFR determined by iothalamate clearance. GFR describes the flow rate of filtered fluid through the kidney measured in milliliters per minute per 1.73 m^2 of body surface area. A lower GFR means the kidney is not filtering normally. An estimated GFR of less than 60 mg/min/1.73 m^2 of body surface area is considered to be impaired kidney function. (NCT00982423)
Timeframe: 3 weeks, approximately 6 weeks

,
Interventionml/min (Mean)
Baseline (3 weeks)Approximately 6 weeks
Compensated CHF With Renal Dysfunction4250
Compensated CHF Without Renal Dysfunction7773

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Renal Plasma Flow at Baseline and in Response to Decreasing Furosemide Dose

Effective renal plasma flow (eRPF) is a measure used to calculate renal plasma flow (RPF) and hence estimate renal function. Renal plasma flow is the volume of blood plasma that flows through the kidneys per unit time, measured as ml/min. (NCT00982423)
Timeframe: 3 weeks, approximately 6 weeks

,
Interventionml/min (Mean)
Baseline (3 weeks)Approximately 6 weeks
Compensated CHF With Renal Dysfunction198214
Compensated CHF Without Renal Dysfunction304293

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Aldosterone at Baseline and in Response to Decreasing Furosemide Dose

Aldosterone is part of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Drugs that interfere with the secretion or action of aldosterone are in use as antihypertensives, like lisinopril, which lowers blood pressure by blocking the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), leading to lower aldosterone secretion. The net effect of these drugs is to reduce sodium and water retention but increase retention of potassium. (NCT00982423)
Timeframe: 3 weeks, approximately 6 weeks

,
Interventionng/dL (Mean)
Baseline (3 weeks)Approximately 6 weeks
Compensated CHF With Renal Dysfunction4.94.9
Compensated CHF Without Renal Dysfunction7.97.6

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Acceptable vs. Unacceptable Brain Relaxation at Dural Opening

"Rating of brain relaxation will be on a 4-point scale:~0 = brain very relaxed under dura, acceptable~= brain adequately relaxed under dura, acceptable~= brain slightly tense under dura, acceptable~= brain very tense under bulging dura, unacceptable" (NCT01054404)
Timeframe: just prior to dural opening for each subject

Interventionunits on a scale 0-3 (Mean)
Furosemide1.5
Placebo1.3

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Urine Pharmacokinetics (PK) of Furosemide: Amount of Drug Excreted Into the Urine From Time Zero to 24 Hours After Administration (Ae0-24)

The area under the plasma (or serum or blood) concentration-time curve from time zero to 24 h [mass × time × volume-1] (NCT01125514)
Timeframe: 0 to 4, 4 to 8, 8 to 12 and 12 to 24 hours post dose

Interventionmg (Mean)
Furosemide 60 mg + Aliskiren Placebo18.61
Furosemide 60 mg + Single Dose Aliskiren 150mg15.08
Furosemide 60 mg + Multiple Dose Aliskiren 150mg14.98
Furosemide 60 mg+ Multiple Dose Aliskiren 300mg13.63

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Mean Sitting Systolic Blood Pressure (msSBP)and Mean Sitting Diastolic Blood Pressure (msDBP)

Sitting blood pressure was measured three times at 1 to 2-minute intervals. The mean of the three sitting blood pressure measurements was used as the average of the sitting office blood pressure. The msSBP and msDBP data were analyzed using a mixed effect model with fixed effects from treatment and treatment*time; random effect from patients and predose as covariate. (NCT01125514)
Timeframe: 0.5 hour pre-dose, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours post dose.

,,
InterventionmmHg (Least Squares Mean)
0.5 predose (msSBP)0.5 hour predose (msDBP)0.5 hour Postdose (msSBP)0.5 hour Postdose (msDBP)1 hour Postdose (msSBP)1 hour Postdose (msDBP)2 hour Postdose (msSBP)2 hour Postdose (msDBP)4 hour Postdose (msSBP)4 hour Postdose (msDBP)8 hour Postdose (msSBP)8 hour Postdose (msDBP)12 hour Postdose (msSBP)12 hour Postdose (msdBP)24 hour Postdose (msSBP)24 hour Postdose (msDBP)
Furosemide 60 mg + Aliskiren Placebo118.2671.70114.7870.94115.1571.22113.6168.39106.5063.85110.7566.33116.9967.86115.4971.24
Furosemide 60 mg + Multiple Dose Aliskiren 150mg117.0971.41113.1969.04112.2269.04109.2267.50101.8462.32112.0966.94116.9068.79116.6971.66
Furosemide go mg + Multiple Dose Aliskiren 300mg116.6371.39114.3169.86112.1668.96109.6368.39101.0659.07109.9566.46115.1668.50118.4172.32

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Urine Sodium and Potassium Excretion Per Treatment at 12 Hours Postdose

Urine was collected 12 hours postdose in all treatment groups for sodium and potassium analysis. Each patient was required to void their bladder before drug administration and at the end 12 hours. (NCT01125514)
Timeframe: 12 hours postdose

,,,
Interventionmmol (Mean)
Sodium excretionPotassium excretion
Furosemide 60 mg + Aliskiren Placebo151.25445.013
Furosemide 60 mg + Multiple Dose Aliskiren 150mg144.83946.770
Furosemide 60 mg + Multiple Dose Aliskiren 300mg140.88744.137
Furosemide 60 mg + Single Dose Aliskiren 150mg142.47637.827

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Urine Sodium and Potassium Excretion Per Treatment at 24 Hours Postdose

Urine was collected 24 hours postdose in all treatment groups for sodium and potassium analysis. Each patient was required to void their bladder before drug administration and at the end 24 hours. (NCT01125514)
Timeframe: 24 hours postdose

,,,
Interventionmmol (Mean)
Sodium excretionPotassium excretion
Furosemide 60 mg + Aliskiren Placebo185.42657.323
Furosemide 60 mg + Multiple Dose Aliskiren 150mg188.88662.715
Furosemide 60 mg + Multiple Dose Aliskiren 300mg192.17661.012
Furosemide 60 mg + Single Dose Aliskiren 150mg187.25653.107

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Urine Sodium and Potassium Excretion Per Treatment at 4 Hours Postdose

Urine was collected 4 hours postdose in all treatment groups for sodium and potassium analysis. Each patient was required to void their bladder before drug administration and at the end 4 hours. (NCT01125514)
Timeframe: 4 hours postdose

,,,
Interventionmmol (Mean)
Sodium excretionPotassium excretion
Furosemide 60 mg + Aliskiren Placebo113.99224.555
Furosemide 60 mg + Multiple Dose Aliskiren 150mg98.69123.046
Furosemide 60 mg + Multiple Dose Aliskiren 300mg93.34121.037
Furosemide 60 mg + Single Dose Aliskiren 150mg104.03119.403

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Urine Sodium and Potassium Excretion Per Treatment at 8 Hours Postdose

Urine was collected 8 hours postdose in all treatment groups for sodium and potassium analysis. Each patient was required to void their bladder before drug administration and at the end 8 hours. (NCT01125514)
Timeframe: 8 hours postdose

,,,
Interventionmmol (Mean)
Sodium excretionPotassium excretion
Furosemide 60 mg + Aliskiren Placebo129.99033.474
Furosemide 60 mg + Multiple Dose Aliskiren 150mg125.67736.120
Furosemide 60 mg + Multiple Dose Aliskiren 300mg119.77632.498
Furosemide 60 mg + Single Dose Aliskiren 150mg123.83528.068

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Creatinine Clearance

Creatinine clearance= (Urine creatinine/Serum creatinine) x (Urine volume/(24*60)). (NCT01125514)
Timeframe: 0 to 4, 4 to 8, 8 to 12 and 12 to 24 hours post dose

InterventionmL/min (Mean)
Furosemide 60 mg + Aliskiren Placebo104.745
Furosemide 60 mg + Single Dose Aliskiren 150mg109.657
Furosemide 60 mg + Multiple Dose Aliskiren 150mg103.841
Furosemide 60 mg + Multiple Dose Aliskiren 300mg105.304

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Diuretic Efficacy Index 1 for Sodium Excretion

Efficacy of furosemide for sodium excretion (efficacy index 1) was defined by dividing urinary sodium excretion by the urinary excretion of furosemide. Diuretic index 1 for sodium was calculated for the for the total 0 to 4 hour urine collection. (NCT01125514)
Timeframe: 0 to 4 hours

Interventionmmol/mg (Mean)
Furosemide 60 mg + Aliskiren Placebo10.185
Furosemide 60 mg+ Single Dose Aliskiren 150mg12.122
Furosemide 60 mg + Multiple Dose Aliskiren 150mg13.453
Furosemide 60 mg + Multiple Dose Aliskiren 300mg12.858

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Diuretic Efficacy Index 2 for Water Excretion

Efficacy of furosemide for water excretion (efficacy index 2) was defined by dividing urine volume by the urinary excretion of furosemide.Diuretic index 2 for water was calculated for the 0 to 4 hour fraction and for the total 0 to 24 hour urine collection. (NCT01125514)
Timeframe: 0 to 24 hours

InterventionmL/mg (Mean)
Furosemide 60 mg + Aliskiren Placebo119.439
Furosemide 60 mg + Single Dose Aliskiren 150mg151.859
Furosemide 60 mg + Multiple Dose Aliskiren 150mg154.116
Furosemide 60 mg + Multiple Dose Aliskiren 300mg175.112

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Urine Pharmacokinetics (PK) of Furosemide: Renal Clearance (CLR)

The renal clearance of drug [volume x time-1] (NCT01125514)
Timeframe: 0 to 4, 4 to 8, 8 to 12 and 12 to 24 hours post dose

InterventionL/h (Mean)
Furosemide 60 mg + Aliskiren Placebo3.808
Furosemide 60 mg + Single Dose Aliskiren 150mg3.841
Furosemide 60 mg + Multiple Dose Aliskiren 150mg3.519
Furosemide 60 mg + Multiple Dose Aliskiren 300mg3.561

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Diuretic Efficacy Index 2 for Water Excretion

Efficacy of furosemide for water excretion (efficacy index 2) was defined by dividing urine volume by the urinary excretion of furosemide.Diuretic index 2 for water was calculated for the 0 to 4 hour fraction urine collection. (NCT01125514)
Timeframe: 0 to 4 hours

InterventionmL/mg (Mean)
Furosemide 60 mg + Aliskiren Placebo90.402
Furosemide 60 mg + Single Dose Aliskiren 150mg109.773
Furosemide 60 mg + Multiple Dose Aliskiren 150mg119.239
Furosemide 60 mg + Multiple Dose Aliskiren 300mg122.157

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Diuretic Efficacy Index 1 for Sodium Excretion

Efficacy of furosemide for sodium excretion (efficacy index 1) was defined by dividing urinary sodium excretion by the urinary excretion of furosemide. Diuretic index 1 for sodium was calculated for the for the total 0 to 24 hour urine collection. (NCT01125514)
Timeframe: 0 to 24 hours

Interventionmmol/mg (Mean)
Furosemide 60 mg + Aliskiren Placebo10.775
Furosemide 60 mg+ Single Dose Aliskiren 150mg13.264
Furosemide 60 mg + Multiple Dose Aliskiren 150mg13.364
Furosemide 60 mg + Multiple Dose Aliskiren 300mg14.747

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Plasma Pharmacokinetics (PK) of Furosemide: Average Steady State Plasma Concentration During Multiple Dosing (Cav,ss)

The average steady-state drug concentration in the plasma, blood, serum, or other body fluids during multiple dosing [amount x volume-1]. This was estimated as AUCτ/τ (NCT01125514)
Timeframe: pre-dose, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 24 hours post dose

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Furosemide 60 mg + Aliskiren Placebo217.4
Furosemide 60 mg + Single Dose Aliskiren 150mg177.3
Furosemide 60 mg + Multiple Dose Aliskiren 150mg193.2
Furosemide 60 mg + Multiple Dose Aliskiren 300mg175.8

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Plasma Pharmacokinetics (PK) of Furosemide: Lowest Plasma Concentration Observed During a Dosing Interval at Steady State (Cmin, ss)

The minimum observed steady-state drug concentration in the plasma, blood, serum, or other body fluids at the end of the dosing interval during multiple dosing [amount x volume-1] (NCT01125514)
Timeframe: pre-dose, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 24 hours post dose

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Furosemide 60 mg + Aliskiren Placebo20.42
Furosemide 60 mg + Single Dose Aliskiren 150mg20.03
Furosemide 60 mg+ Multiple Dose Aliskiren 150mg19.80
Furosemide 60 mg + Multiple Dose Aliskiren 300mg16.70

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Plasma Pharmacokinetics (PK) of Furosemide: Observed Maximum Plasma Concentration Following Drug Administration at Steady State (Cmax, ss)

Cmax,ss was directly determined from the raw plasma concentration-time data. (NCT01125514)
Timeframe: pre-dose, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 24 hours post dose

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Furosemide 60 mg + Aliskiren Placebo1702
Furosemide 60 mg + Single Dose Aliskiren 150mg1326
Furosemide 60 mg + Multiple Dose Aliskiren 150mg1317
Furosemide 60 mg + Multiple Dose Aliskiren 300mg1180

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Plasma Pharmacokinetics (PK) of Furosemide: Area Under the Plasma Concentration-time Curve (AUC)

"Pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters were determined from the plasma concentration time profile of furosemide using a non-compartmental method:~AUCtau: Area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to the end of the dosing interval~AUC (0-24): Area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to 24 hours~AUClast: Area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to the time of the last quantifiable concentration. AUClast was calculated as the sum of linear trapezoids using non-compartmental analysis.~AUCinf: Area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to infinity. AUCinf was calculated by adding AUClast and the value obtained from dividing the last measurable plasma concentration by λz, where λz was determined from automated linear regression of the last three time points with non-zero concentrations in the terminal phase of the log-transformed concentration-time profile" (NCT01125514)
Timeframe: pre-dose, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 24 hours post dose

,,,
Interventionh*ng/mL (Mean)
AUCtauAUCAUClastAUCinf
Furosemide 60 mg + Aliskiren Placebo5217521751545420
Furosemide 60 mg + Multiple Dose Aliskiren 150mg4638463845354783
Furosemide 60 mg + Multiple Dose Aliskiren 300mg4218421841304381
Furosemide 60 mg + Single Dose Aliskiren 150mg4255425542074559

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Plasma Pharmacokinetics (PK) of Furosemide: Time to Reach the Maximum Concentration After Drug Administration (Tmax)

Tmax was directly determined from the raw plasma concentration-time data. (NCT01125514)
Timeframe: pre-dose, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 24 hours post dose

InterventionHours (Median)
Furosemide 60 mg + Aliskiren Placebo1.500
Furosemide 60 mg + Single Dose Aliskiren 150mg1.500
Furosemide 60 mg + Multiple Dose Aliskiren 150mg1.500
Furosemide 60 mg + Multiple Dose Aliskiren 300mg2.00

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Change in GFR (ml/Min)

(NCT01146288)
Timeframe: baseline and after diuretics administration

,
Interventionml/min (Mean)
GFR before acetazolamide/furosemide administrationGFR after acetazolamide/furosemide administration
Acetazolamide151120
Furosemide152150

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Renal Vascular Resistance (mm Hg/[ml/Min])

(NCT01146288)
Timeframe: baseline and after diuretics administration

,
Interventionmm Hg/[ml/min] (Mean)
before acetazolamide/furosemide administrationafter acetazolamide/furosemide administration
Acetazolamide0.0780.088
Furosemide0.0730.080

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Receipt of Renal Replacement Therapy (RRT)

The number of patients who received renal replacement therapy (Dialysis) (NCT01275729)
Timeframe: within 7 days of furosemide administration

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Lasix10

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Progression to Stage 3 AKI

The number of patients who progressed to Stage 3 during the time of observation (NCT01275729)
Timeframe: within 7 days of furosemide administration

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Lasix23

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Length of Intensive Care Unit (ICU) Stay

duration if ICU stay for all patients (NCT01275729)
Timeframe: During the index hospital stay, an average of 9 days, until ICU discharge, or until death, whatever occurs first

Interventiondays (Mean)
Lasix9.15

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Length of Hospital Stay

duration of the total hospital Stay for all patients (NCT01275729)
Timeframe: During the index hospital stay, an average of 17 days, until hospital discharge, or until death, whatever occurs first

Interventiondays (Mean)
Lasix17.29

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Death

Inpatient mortality (NCT01275729)
Timeframe: During the index hospital stay, an average of 17 days, until hospital discharge, or until death, whatever occurs first

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Lasix16

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Measurement of Regional Blood Oxygenation by MRI

Estimate of renal blood flow by using MRI scans before and after the administration of furosemide (NCT01318967)
Timeframe: One measure after furosemide (day 1)

Interventionml/min (Mean)
MRI After Furosemide300

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Measurement of Renal Blood Flow of the Kidney by the PAH Method

Renal blood flow is estimated by the PAH method. (NCT01318967)
Timeframe: Renal blood flow is estimated over 1 hour by PAH

Interventionml/min (Mean)
Furosemide190

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Urine Output

Diuresis is an expected effect of furosemide. To the extent that aerosol furosemide is absorbed into the blood, diuresis is an expected 'side effect' of this treatment (NCT01440764)
Timeframe: Cumulative urine output 1 hour after intervention

Interventionml of urine (Mean)
Aerosol Furosemide (40 mg)1069
Aerosol Furosemide (80mg)1320
Aerosol Saline (4 ml)500
Aerosol Saline (8 ml)474
IV Furosemide1556

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Multidimensional Dyspnea Profile

Characterization of subject's response to laboratory dyspnea model. Data are from a baseline pre-treatment test on the first drug or placebo treatment day for the subjects used in the main analysis. Subjects were asked to complete the MDP with reference to the last 30 sec of each run. To weigh subjects equally, we selected one run from each subject: the first run that terminated in a rating of overall breathing discomfort (A1) of 50 to 90% of full scale. The units of measurement are expressed as units on a 0 to 10 scale measuring intensity of a given quality, with higher values indicating greater intensity and 10 representing maximum perceived intensity. (NCT01440764)
Timeframe: Measured before intervention

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
A1 (overall breathing discomfort)Muscle WorkAir hungerTightnessMental effortBreathing a lotDepressedAnxiousFrustratedAngryAfraid
Aerosol Furosemide (40 mg)8.05.57.43.36.34.00.33.71.60.91.1
Aerosol Furosemide (80mg)6.42.56.22.63.61.50.02.91.60.21.2

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Subject Rating of Breathing Discomfort (Dyspnea)

Change in breathing discomfort (dyspnea) rating at benchmark PETCO2 using a visual analog scale. The change in breathing discomfort is expressed as units on a 0% to 100% continuous scale, where higher values represent more dyspnea. The change is represented as the rating of breathing discomfort after the intervention minus the rating of breathing discomfort before the intervention. (NCT01440764)
Timeframe: The breathing discomfort ratings were taken as an average of all ratings during runs before intervention and the first two runs after intervention. The 1st and 2nd post-runs began (on average) 12 minutes and 49 minute after intervention, respectively.

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Aerosol Furosemide (40 mg)20
Aerosol Saline (4 ml)20
IV Furosemide16
Aerosol Furosemide (80mg)17
Aerosol Saline (8 ml)13

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Evaluation of Renal Function in Terms of Creatinine Levels at Discharge

(NCT01441245)
Timeframe: from admission to discharge, an average of 12 days

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Creatinine at Discharge in cIV1.78
Creatinine at Discharge in iIV1.51

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Evaluation of Renal Function in Terms of Changes in GFR

(NCT01441245)
Timeframe: from admission to discharge, an average of 12 days

Intervention(ml/min·1.73 m2) (Mean)
GFR Change in cIV-3.18
GFR Change in iIV-1.93

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Evaluation of Renal Function in Terms of Changes in Creatinine Levels

evaluation of renal function in terms of changes in creatinine levels during hospitalization in the two arms. (NCT01441245)
Timeframe: participants were followed for the duration of hospital stay, an average of 13 days

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Changes in Creatinine in cIV Group-0.10
Changes in Creatinine in iIV Group-0.50

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Evaluation of Mean Urine Output Volume During the Infusion Period

this study aimed to evaluate the effects of continuous infusion of furosemide in comparison to twice daily regimens at similar doses with respect to changes in renal function in terms of creatinine levels and GFR, urine output and BNP levels from admission to discharge (NCT01441245)
Timeframe: time period ranging from 72 h to 120 h.

InterventionmL (Mean)
Urine Output in cIV2505
Urine Output in iIV2140

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Evaluation of B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) Levels From Admission to the End of Treatment

(NCT01441245)
Timeframe: from admission to discharge, an average of 12 days

Interventionpg/ml (Mean)
BNP Levels at Discharge in cIV Group679
BNP Levels at Discharge in iIV Group949

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Dopamine Infusion During Hospitalization

(NCT01441245)
Timeframe: in-hospital

Interventionpercentage of partecipants (Number)
Dopamine Infusion in cIV50
Dopamine Infusion in iIV26

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Change in Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) Levels From Admission to the Discharge

(NCT01441245)
Timeframe: participants were followed for the duration of hospital stay, an average of 13 days

Interventionpg/mL (Mean)
BNP Change in cIV-525
BNP Change in iIV-148

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Length of Hospitalization in the Two Groups

percentage of participants with hospital stay > 10 days (NCT01441245)
Timeframe: in-hospital

Interventionpercentage of partecipants (Number)
Lenght of Hospitalization in cIV80
Lenght of Hospitalization in iIV44

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Evaluation of Renal Function in Terms of GFR Values at Discharge

(NCT01441245)
Timeframe: from admission to discharge, an average of 12 days

Intervention(ml/min·1.73 m2) (Mean)
GFR at Discharge in cIV44.8
GFR at Discharge in iIV46.7

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CLINICAL: Total Number of Days Rehospitalized for Heart Failure (HF) at 30 and 90 Days After Discharge

Days rehospitalized for HF symptoms requiring hospital, emergency room or clinic treatment involving the use of IV diuretics and /or positive inotropic or vasodilator drugs. (NCT01474200)
Timeframe: Within 30 days and 90 days after hospital discharge

,
InterventionDays (Number)
30 days after discharge90 days after discharge
Aquapheresis (AQ) - Isolated Veno-venous Ultrafiltration68338
IV Loop Diuretics (LD)172460

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SAFETY: Changes in Renal Function (Blood Urea Nitrogen/Serum Creatinine) After Treatment up to 90 Days After Randomization

Changes in renal function prior to index treatment compared to various intervals by assessing the patient's serum creatinine (sCr), Blood Urea Nitrogen(BUN), BUN/sCr ratio and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) formula (NCT01474200)
Timeframe: Within 90 days of randomization

,
Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Discharge30 days after discharge60 days after discharge90 days after discharge
Aquapheresis (AQ) - Isolated Veno-venous Ultrafiltration3.770.280.075.66
IV Loop Diuretics (LD)3.031.651.971.72

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Time to First Heart Failure (HF) Event

"Time to first HF event within 90 days after discharge from index HF hospitalization. HF events are defined as~HF rehospitalization or~unscheduled outpatient or emergency room treatment with IV loop diuretics or~unscheduled outpatient Aquapheresis treatment" (NCT01474200)
Timeframe: 90 days after discharge from index HF hospitalization.

InterventionDays (Median)
Aquapheresis (AQ) - Isolated Veno-venous Ultrafiltration62
IV Loop Diuretics (LD)34

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EFFICACY: Freedom From Congestion

Defined as jugular venous distention of < or equal to 8 cm, with no orthopnea, and with trace peripheral edema or no edema at hospital discharge (NCT01474200)
Timeframe: Index Hospitalization, an average of 8 days

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Aquapheresis (AQ) - Isolated Veno-venous Ultrafiltration40
IV Loop Diuretics (LD)46

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EFFICACY: Net Fluid Removed During the Index Hospitalization

AQ-Fluid removed by AQ plus urine voided minus fluid intake versus urine voided minus fluid intake with the IV diuretics. (NCT01474200)
Timeframe: Index Hospitalization, an average of 8 days

InterventionmL (Mean)
Aquapheresis (AQ) - Isolated Veno-venous Ultrafiltration12921
IV Loop Diuretics (LD)8907

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CLINICAL: Total Number of Days for Cardiovascular (CV) Rehospitalizations at 30 and 90 Days After Discharge

The total number of days spent in the hospital due to CV related events at 30 days and 90 days from hospital discharge. (NCT01474200)
Timeframe: Within 30 days and 90 days after hospital discharge

,
InterventionDays (Number)
30 days after discharge90 days after discharge
Aquapheresis (AQ) - Isolated Veno-venous Ultrafiltration88377
IV Loop Diuretics (LD)207554

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Quality of Life Assessed Using the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ) at 30, 60 and 90 Days After Discharge

Questionnaire assessed patients quality of life prior to index treatment versus timeframes following hospital discharge. Scores were transformed to a range of 0-100, in which higher scores reflect better health status. (NCT01474200)
Timeframe: Within 90 days after hospital discharge

,
InterventionScores on a Scale (Mean)
Baseline30 days after discharge90 days after discharge
Aquapheresis (AQ) - Isolated Veno-venous Ultrafiltration25.3952.0659.72
IV Loop Diuretics (LD)28.6449.3658.50

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CLINICAL: Global Clinical Score at 30 and 90 Days After Discharge

KCCQ Questionnaire analysis based on patient's self-assessment of how they feel at various intervals compared to how they felt prior to index treatment. Scores were transformed to a range of 0-100, in which higher scores reflect better health status. (NCT01474200)
Timeframe: Within 90 days after hospital discharge

,
InterventionScores on a Scale (Mean)
Baseline30 days after discharge90 days after discharge
Aquapheresis (AQ) - Isolated Veno-venous Ultrafiltration28.2654.7857.21
IV Loop Diuretics (LD)31.8353.0860.56

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CLINICAL: All Cause Rehospitalization Rates at 30 and 90 Days

Any cause that required hospitalization for treatment within 90 days of index hospitalization discharge. (NCT01474200)
Timeframe: Within 30 days and 90 days after hospital discharge

,
InterventionRehospitalizations/100 Pt-Days at Risk (Number)
30 days after discharge90 days after discharge
Aquapheresis (AQ) - Isolated Veno-venous Ultrafiltration0.8991.109
IV Loop Diuretics (LD)1.2781.237

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EFFICACY: Time to Freedom From Congestion

Time from hospital admission to time patient is free of congestion in the hospital. Freedom from congestion is defined as jugular venous distention of < or equal to 8 cm, with no orthopnea and with trace peripheral edema or no edema. Measurement taken every 24 hours after treatment initiation. (NCT01474200)
Timeframe: Index Hospitalization, an average of 8 days

InterventionDays (Mean)
Aquapheresis (AQ) - Isolated Veno-venous Ultrafiltration5.28
IV Loop Diuretics (LD)3.86

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EFFICACY: Total Fluid Removed During the Index Hospitalization

AQ-Fluid removed by AQ plus urine voided versus urine voided when treated with IV diuretics (NCT01474200)
Timeframe: Index Hospitalization, an average of 8 days

InterventionmL (Mean)
Aquapheresis (AQ) - Isolated Veno-venous Ultrafiltration18700
IV Loop Diuretics (LD)14043

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Mortality Rates Within Index Hospitalization or Within 90 Days After Hospital Discharge.

Death due to any cause within index hospitalization and 90 days following hospital discharge. (NCT01474200)
Timeframe: Time from randomization to 90 days post-hospital discharge

InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Aquapheresis (AQ) - Isolated Veno-venous Ultrafiltration15.45
IV Loop Diuretics (LD)12.61

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EFFICACY: Weight Loss at 72 Hours After Initiation of Treatment

Weight at 72 hours after treatment initiation minus weight at treatment initiation. Negative mean values indicate weight loss. (NCT01474200)
Timeframe: 72 hours after treatment initiation

Interventionlbs (Mean)
Aquapheresis (AQ) - Isolated Veno-venous Ultrafiltration-10.69
IV Loop Diuretics (LD)-10.30

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Length of Stay (LOS) During the Index Hospitalization

Number of days patient is in hospital for HF treatment. (NCT01474200)
Timeframe: Index hospitalization admission to index hospitalization discharge

InterventionDays (Mean)
Aquapheresis (AQ) - Isolated Veno-venous Ultrafiltration8.49
IV Loop Diuretics (LD)7.19

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EFFICACY: Changes in B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) Levels Over Time

Change in BNP levels over time at 72 hours, discharge, and 90 days after discharge. (NCT01474200)
Timeframe: Baseline and at 72 hours from baseline, hospital discharge and at 90 days after hospital discharge

,
Interventionpg/mL (Mean)
Baseline72 hours from baselineDischarge90 days after discharge
Aquapheresis (AQ) - Isolated Veno-venous Ultrafiltration814.0-169.8-250.2-159.9
IV Loop Diuretics (LD)904.1-120.5-219.1-201.3

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Days Alive and Out of Hospital at 30 and 90 Days After Discharge

Number of days patients were alive and out of the hospital at 30 and 90 days after discharge. (NCT01474200)
Timeframe: Within 30 and 90 days after hospital discharge

,
InterventionDays (Mean)
30 days after discharge90 days after discharge
Aquapheresis (AQ) - Isolated Veno-venous Ultrafiltration27.2962
IV Loop Diuretics (LD)26.4661.38

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CLINICAL: Total Number of Cardiovascular (CV) Rehospitalizations at 30 and 90 Days After Discharge

CV symptoms that required hospitalization for treatment within 90 days of index hospitalization discharge. (NCT01474200)
Timeframe: Within 30 days and 90 days after hospital discharge

,
InterventionRehospitalizations (Number)
30 days after discharge90 days after discharge
Aquapheresis (AQ) - Isolated Veno-venous Ultrafiltration1746
IV Loop Diuretics (LD)3366

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CLINICAL: Total Number of Heart Failure (HF) Rehospitalizations at 30 and 90 Days After Discharge

Number of different times patient was admitted to hospital for HF symptoms within 90 days of index hospitalization discharge. (NCT01474200)
Timeframe: Within 30 days and 90 days after hospital discharge

,
InterventionRehospitalizations (Number)
30 days after discharge90 days after discharge
Aquapheresis (AQ) - Isolated Veno-venous Ultrafiltration1136
IV Loop Diuretics (LD)2452

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CLINICAL: Total Number of Emergency Department (ED) or Unscheduled Office Visits at 30 and 90 Days After Discharge

Number of visits for HF symptoms requiring ED or clinic treatment involving the use of IV diuretics and /or positive inotropic or vasodilator drugs (NCT01474200)
Timeframe: Within 30 days and 90 days after hospital discharge

,
InterventionVisits (Number)
30 days after discharge90 days after discharge
Aquapheresis (AQ) - Isolated Veno-venous Ultrafiltration47
IV Loop Diuretics (LD)58

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SAFETY: Changes in Renal Function (Blood Urea Nitrogen) After Treatment up to 90 Days After Randomization

Changes in renal function prior to index treatment compared to various intervals by assessing the patient's serum creatinine (sCr), Blood Urea Nitrogen(BUN), BUN/sCr ratio and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) formula (NCT01474200)
Timeframe: Within 90 days of randomization

,
Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Discharge30 days after discharge60 days after discharge90 days after discharge
Aquapheresis (AQ) - Isolated Veno-venous Ultrafiltration8.381.721.852.50
IV Loop Diuretics (LD)7.626.563.16-3.78

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SAFETY: Changes in Renal Function (Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate) After Treatment up to 90 Days After Randomization

Changes in renal function prior to index treatment compared to various intervals by assessing the patient's serum creatinine (sCr), Blood Urea Nitrogen(BUN), BUN/sCr ratio and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) formula (NCT01474200)
Timeframe: Within 90 days of randomization

,
InterventionmL/min/1.73m2 (Mean)
Discharge30 days after discharge60 days after discharge90 days after discharge
Aquapheresis (AQ) - Isolated Veno-venous Ultrafiltration-2.31-0.56-2.495.70
IV Loop Diuretics (LD)-2.68-3.332.157.41

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SAFETY: Changes in Renal Function (Serum Creatinine) After Treatment up to 90 Days After Randomization

Changes in renal function prior to index treatment compared to various intervals by assessing the patient's serum creatinine (sCr), Blood Urea Nitrogen(BUN), BUN/sCr ratio and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) formula (NCT01474200)
Timeframe: Within 90 days of randomization

,
Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Discharge30 days after discharge60 days after discharge90 days after discharge
Aquapheresis (AQ) - Isolated Veno-venous Ultrafiltration0.120.371.34-0.30
IV Loop Diuretics (LD)0.120.17-0.01-0.24

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EFFICACY: Total Weight Loss During the Index Hospitalization

Weight at hospital discharge minus weight at hospital admission. Negative mean values indicate weight loss. (NCT01474200)
Timeframe: Index Hospitalization, an average of 8 days

Interventionlbs (Mean)
Aquapheresis (AQ) - Isolated Veno-venous Ultrafiltration-17.12
IV Loop Diuretics (LD)-16.21

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Change From Baseline in First 24hr Urinary Sodium (UNa) (Part 1)

Urine was collected at Treatment Day -1 and Treatment Day 1 at 0-2, 2-4, 4-6, 6-8, 8-12, 12-24 hour. The 24-hour cumulative natriuresis will be estimated by the amount of sodium excreted into urine over 24 hour period postdose, where amount of sodium is the product of sodium concentration and the volume of urine. The change from baseline in UNa from baseline (Treatment Day -1) and 24 hours post-dose on Treatment Day 1 were calculated. (NCT01558674)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1) and 0-24 hours postdose on Treatment Day 1 of each treatment period

InterventionmEq (Least Squares Mean)
MK-7145 8 mg (Part 1: Period 1)11.0
Furosemide 40 mg BID (Part 1: Period 2)109.5

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Time to Cmax (Tmax) of MK-7145(Treatment Days 1 and 5: Part 1)

Blood samples for pharmacokinetic analysis were collected on Treatment Day 1 through Treatment Day 5 at the following time points: Predose, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 18, 24, 96 , 101, 104, 106, 108, 110 and 120 hours (relative to Treatment Day 1 dosing). The time to Cmax (Tmax) calculated for Treatment Days 1 and 5 (NCT01558674)
Timeframe: Treatment Day 1 and Treatment Day 5

Interventionhours (Median)
Treatment Day 1Treatment Day 5
MK-7145 8 mg (Part 1: Period 1)10.05.0

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Trough Plasma Concentration (Ctrough) of MK-7145 (Treatment Days 1 and 5: Part 1)

Blood samples for pharmacokinetic analysis were collected on Treatment Day 1 through Treatment Day 5 at the following time points: Predose, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 18, 24 , 96 , 101, 104, 106, 108, 110 and 120 hours (relative to Treatment Day 1 dosing). The Ctrough for was calculated for Treatment Days 1 and 5 (NCT01558674)
Timeframe: Treatment Day 1 and Treatment Day 5

InterventionnM (Geometric Mean)
Treatment Day 1Treatment Day 5
MK-7145 8 mg (Part 1: Period 1)NANA

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Maximum Plasma Concentration (Cmax) of MK-7145 (Treatment Days 1 and 5: Part 1)

Blood samples for pharmacokinetic analysis were collected on Treatment Day 1 through Treatment Day 5 at the following time points: Predose, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 18, 24, 96, 101, 104, 106, 108, 110 and 120 hours (relative to Treatment Day 1 dosing). The Cmax was calculated for Treatment Days 1 and 5. (NCT01558674)
Timeframe: Treatment Day 1 and Treatment Day 5

InterventionnM (Geometric Mean)
Treatment Day 1Treatment Day 5
MK-7145 8 mg (Part 1: Period 1)10.226.0

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Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time Zero to 24 Hours After Dosing (AUC0-24hr) of MK-7145 (Treatment Days 1 and 5: Part 1)

Blood samples for pharmacokinetic analysis were collected on Day 4 (Treatment Day 1) through Day 8 (Treatment Day 5) at the following time points: Predose, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 18, 24 , 96, 101, 104, 106, 108, 110 and 120 hours (relative to Day 4 dosing). The AUC0-24 was calculated for Days 1 and 5 (NCT01558674)
Timeframe: up to 24 hours post-dose on Treatment Day 1 and Treatment Day 5

InterventionnM*hr (Geometric Mean)
Treatment Day 1Treatment Day 5
MK-7145 8 mg (Part 1: Period 1)158485

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Apparent Terminal Half-life (t1/2) of MK-7145 (Part 1)

Blood samples for pharmacokinetic analysis were collected on Treatment Day 1 through Treatment Day 5 at the following time points: Predose, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 18, 24, 96, 101, 104, 106, 108, 110 and 120 hours (relative to Treatment Day 1 dosing). The t1/2 was calculated. (NCT01558674)
Timeframe: Treatment Day 1 and Treatment Day 5

Interventionhours (Median)
Treatment Day 1Treatment Day 5
MK-7145 8 mg (Part 1: Period 1)NANA

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Fold Change From Baseline for Serum Creatinine at 24-hours Post Treatment Day 5 Morning Dose (Part 1)

Blood was collected predose on Treatment Day 1 and at 24 hours post morning dose on Treatment Day 5 to determine serum creatinine levels. Creatinine levels were log transformed and then fold change from baseline was calculated. (NCT01558674)
Timeframe: Baseline (predose Treatment Day 1) and 24 hours post morning dose on Treatment Day 5 of each treatment period (Part I)

Interventionmg/dL (Geometric Mean)
MK-7145 8 mg (Part 1: Period 1)1.30
Furosemide 40 mg BID (Part 1: Period 2)1.18

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Length of Stay

The subjects will be evaluated preoperatively and followed post-operatively until discharge from the hospital. Length of stay (NCT01584518)
Timeframe: From date of admission until date of discharge, assessed up to 1 month

Interventiondays (Mean)
CHF Peptide4
Non CHF Peptide6

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Renal/Electrolyte Abnormalities

Total sum of renal and electrolyte abnormalities over the first 5 postoperative days as defined in the protocol (NCT01709227)
Timeframe: Postop morning 1-5

Interventionabnormalities (Median)
Furosemide6
Peritoneal Dialysis4

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Number of Participants With Negative Fluid Balance on Postop Day 1

Difference of inputs and outputs, including urine output and PD drainage. (NCT01709227)
Timeframe: Postop day 1

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Furosemide21
Peritoneal Dialysis29

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Duration of Cardiac ICU Stay

Total days of initial postoperative stay in cardiac ICU (NCT01709227)
Timeframe: Average 2 weeks

Interventiondays (Median)
Furosemide9
Peritoneal Dialysis7

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Doses of Potassium Chloride or Arginine Chloride Required

Total doses of potassium chloride or arginine chloride given during the first five postoperative days. (NCT01709227)
Timeframe: Postop day 0-5

Interventiondoses given (Median)
Furosemide2
Peritoneal Dialysis1

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All Cause Mortality

In-hospital mortality (NCT01709227)
Timeframe: duration of hospitalization (an average of 2 weeks)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Furosemide3
Peritoneal Dialysis1

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Modified Oxygenation Index

Product of Mean airway pressure delivered by mechanical ventilation and FiO2 of administered oxygen (NCT01709227)
Timeframe: at 24 and 48 hours postoperative

,
InterventionUnits (Median)
24 Hours48 Hours
Furosemide43.8
Peritoneal Dialysis42.8

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Duration of Hospital Stay

Total days of initial postoperative stay in hospital (NCT01709227)
Timeframe: Average 4 weeks

Interventiondays (Median)
Furosemide15
Peritoneal Dialysis14

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B-Natriuretic Peptide

BNP measured at 24 and 48 hours postoperatively (NCT01709227)
Timeframe: At 24hours and 48 hours postoperative

,
Interventionpg/ml (Mean)
24 hours48 hours
Furosemide13341110
Peritoneal Dialysis1168663

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Respiratory Support Administered

Duration of initial course of postoperative mechanical ventilation (NCT01709227)
Timeframe: Duration of postoperative intubation (average time approximately- 1 week)

Interventiondays (Median)
Furosemide4
Peritoneal Dialysis3

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Number of Participants Who Are Stone Free at 3 Months

To compare the effectiveness of simultaneous adjunct controlled inversion therapy during extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) to that of ESWL alone in the treatment of lower pole caliceal stone as measured by stone-free rate(SFR) (NCT01852669)
Timeframe: 3 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Inversion, Hydration, ESWL54
ESWL, Hydration49

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Percent Change in Serum Creatinine at 72 Hours - Dopamine vs No Dopamine

Percent change in serum creatinine from randomization to 72 hrs from treatment protocol initiation by dopamine strategy (NCT01901809)
Timeframe: 72 hours

Interventionpercent change in serum creatinine (Mean)
Dopamine8.0
No Dopamine12.8

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Percent Change in Serum Creatinine at 72 Hours.

Percent change in serum creatinine from randomization to 72 hrs from treatment protocol initiation. (NCT01901809)
Timeframe: 72 hours

Interventionpercent change in serum creatinine (Mean)
Bolus Furosemide and no Dopamine4
Continuous Infusion Furosemide and no Dopamine11
Bolus Furosemide Plus Dopamine5
Continuous Furosemide Plus Dopamine20

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Percent Change in Serum Creatinine at 72 Hours - Continuous vs Intermittent Diuretic

Percent change in serum creatinine from randomization to 72 hrs from treatment protocol initiation by diuretic strategy (NCT01901809)
Timeframe: 72 hours

Interventionpercent change in serum creatinine (Mean)
Bolus Furosemide4.6
Continuous Infusion Furosemide16

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Median Change in Serum Creatinine at 24 Hours Post Randomization

Comparison between baseline and 24 hours post randomization concentrations. (NCT02183792)
Timeframe: 24 hours post randomization

,
Interventionmg/dL (Median)
Median Scr at BaselineMedian Scr at 24hMedian 24h Change
Furosemide0.870.96-0.01
Tolvaptan1.151.06-0.08

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Median Urine Output at 24 Hours Post Randomization

(NCT02183792)
Timeframe: 24 hours post randomization

InterventionmL (Median)
Tolvaptan2910
Furosemide3150

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AUClast

The area under the plasma concentration versus time curve from time 0 (pre-dose) to the last quantifiable time point. (NCT02329834)
Timeframe: 0, 5 min, 15 min, 30 min, 45 min, 60 min, 1.5 hours, 2 hours, 2:05 min, 2:15 min, 2:30 min, 2:45 min, 3 hours, 3:30 min, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 hours post-dose

Interventionh*ng/mL (Mean)
IV Furosemide13000
SC Furosemide13000

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AUCinf

The area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time 0 (pre-dose) to time of last measurable plasma concentration. (NCT02329834)
Timeframe: 0, 5 min, 15 min, 30 min, 45 min, 60 min, 1.5 hours, 2 hours, 2:05 min, 2:15 min, 2:30 min, 2:45 min, 3 hours, 3:30 min, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 hours post-dose

Interventionh*ng/mL (Mean)
IV Furosemide13200
SC Furosemide13100

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AUCext

The percentage of AUC that is extrapolated beyond the last measurable concentration (NCT02329834)
Timeframe: 0, 5 min, 15 min, 30 min, 45 min, 60 min, 1.5 hours, 2 hours, 2:05 min, 2:15 min, 2:30 min, 2:45 min, 3 hours, 3:30 min, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 hours post-dose

Interventionpercentage of AUC (Mean)
IV Furosemide0.912
SC Furosemide1.05

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CL

Systemic Clearance for IV furosemide and Apparent Systemic Clearance for SC furosemide (NCT02329834)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Interventionliter per hour (Mean)
IV Furosemide6.71
SC Furosemide6.71

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λz

Apparent plasma terminal-phase elimination rate constant (NCT02329834)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Intervention1/h (Mean)
IV Furosemide0.277
SC Furosemide0.238

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Volume of Distribution, Terminal Phase

Systemic Volume of distribution, terminal phase for IV furosemide and Apparent Volume of distribution, terminal phase for SC furosemide (NCT02329834)
Timeframe: 24 hours

InterventionLitres (Mean)
IV Furosemide24.4
SC Furosemide28.5

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Tmax

Time to achieve maximum observed Furosemide plasma concentration (NCT02329834)
Timeframe: 0, 5 min, 15 min, 30 min, 45 min, 60 min, 1.5 hours, 2 hours, 2:05 min, 2:15 min, 2:30 min, 2:45 min, 3 hours, 3:30 min, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 hours post-dose

Interventionhours (Median)
IV Furosemide2.08
SC Furosemide4

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t 1/2

Terminal-phase half life (NCT02329834)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Interventionhours (Mean)
IV Furosemide2.55
SC Furosemide3.16

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Cmax

Maximum observed plasma concentration of Furosemide (NCT02329834)
Timeframe: 0, 5 min, 15 min, 30 min, 45 min, 60 min, 1.5 hours, 2 hours, 2:05 min, 2:15 min, 2:30 min, 2:45 min, 3 hours, 3:30 min, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 hours post-dose

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
IV Furosemide8580
SC Furosemide2040

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Number of Participants Requiring Nasogastric Tube Placement

(NCT02351934)
Timeframe: Up to 7 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Furosemide + Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS)6
Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS)1

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Number of Participants With Acute Kidney Injury

Acute kidney injury (AKI) refers to an abrupt decrease in kidney function, resulting in the retention of urea and other nitrogenous waste products and in the dysregulation of extracellular volume and electrolytes. The term AKI has largely replaced acute renal failure (ARF), reflecting the recognition that smaller decrements in kidney function that do not result in overt organ failure are of substantial clinical relevance and are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The AKI experienced by these patients was not considered an adverse event. (NCT02351934)
Timeframe: Up to 7 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Furosemide + Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS)2
Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS)2

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Time to Stool Output

(NCT02351934)
Timeframe: Up to 4 days

Interventionhours (Median)
Furosemide + Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS)48.8
Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS)45.4

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Number of Participants Readmitted to Mayo Clinic Within 30-days

(NCT02351934)
Timeframe: Within 30 days of release from hospital

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Furosemide + Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS)13
Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS)10

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Length of Hospital Stay

Participants will be followed for the duration of hospital stay, an expected average of 2-7 days. (NCT02351934)
Timeframe: Up to 7 days

Interventionhours (Median)
Furosemide + Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS)99.6
Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS)80.6

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Number of Participants With Hypokalemia

Hypokalemia is generally defined as a serum potassium level of less than 3.5 mmol/L. (NCT02351934)
Timeframe: Up to 7 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Furosemide + Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS)2
Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS)3

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Respiratory Rate

(NCT02469597)
Timeframe: 2 hours after medication adminstration

InterventionPercentage change in respiratory rate (Least Squares Mean)
Single Dose of Furosemide-3.7
Placebo-1.7

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Length of Hospital Stay

(NCT02469597)
Timeframe: Participants will be followed for the duration of hospital stay up to 1 week

InterventionDays (Least Squares Mean)
Single Dose of Furosemide3.1
Placebo3.0

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Respiratory Rate

(NCT02469597)
Timeframe: 4 hours after medication adminstration

InterventionPercentage change in respiratory rate (Least Squares Mean)
Single Dose of Furosemide-2.8
Placebo-5.4

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Oxygen Saturation

(NCT02469597)
Timeframe: 4 hours after medication adminstration

InterventionPercentage change in oxygen saturation (Least Squares Mean)
Single Dose of Furosemide-0.19
Placebo0.29

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Patient Needing Endotracheal Intubation

(NCT02469597)
Timeframe: Within 72 hours of medication administration

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Single Dose of Furosemide0
Placebo0

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Oxygen Saturation

(NCT02469597)
Timeframe: 2 hours after medication adminstration

InterventionPercentage change in oxygen saturation (Least Squares Mean)
Single Dose of Furosemide-0.14
Placebo0.2

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Change in Subject Rating of Breathing Discomfort (Dyspnea) Before and After Treatment.

"Subjects will rate breathing discomfort (dyspnea) during a 15 min exercise test using a visual analog scale before and after drug (or placebo) intervention. The treatment effect was measured as the rating of breathing discomfort rating before treatment minus the rating of breathing discomfort after treatment at equivalent work intensities.~Outcome Measure Time Frame: subjects performed arm exercise to induce dyspnea for approximately 15 min before and after aerosol inhalation. the average number of minutes between end of drug administration and post-intervention breathing discomfort rating:~Aerosol furosemide Study 2a arm: 38.7 minutes; Aerosol furosemide Study 2b arm: 21.8 minutes; Aerosol saline Study 2b arm: 21.3 minutes" (NCT02524054)
Timeframe: 15 min

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Aerosol Furosemide Study 2a-1.86
Aerosol Furosemide Study 2b-0.61
Aerosol Saline Study 2b-0.15

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Urine Output - mL

"Diuresis is an expected effect of furosemide. To the extent that aerosol furosemide is absorbed in the blood, diuresis is an expected 'side effect' of this treatment.~Following intervention, study team will measure urine output (mL). Study team will then rehydrate subject with an equal amount of liquid to their output." (NCT02524054)
Timeframe: Summation of total urine output (mL) at 1 hour following drug administration.

Interventionml of urine (Mean)
Aerosol Furosemide Study 2a189.8
Aerosol Furosemide Study 2b573.6
Aerosol Saline Study 2b63.9

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Area Under the Plasma Concentration Versus Time Curve

Population PK data were collected from the two Furosemide cohorts and includes all 39 active drug recipients. (NCT02527798)
Timeframe: After study drug administration completion within 30 minutes, 2-4 hours, 6-8 hours, 12-16 hours, and 20-22 hours; within 30 minutes prior to the next dose; and within 48-72 hours of the final study drug administration.

Interventionmg*h/L (Median)
Furosemide Cohort 12165
Furosemide Cohort 26016
Furosemide (Cohort 1 and Cohort 2)4639

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Clearance

Data was collected from Furosemide/Active Cohort 1 and Cohort 2 and combined Cohorts. In total 39 active drug recipients participated. PK samples were collected after 7 days on study drug at recommended time points through 28 days on study drug plus one elimination (post drug discontinuation) time point. (NCT02527798)
Timeframe: After study drug administration completion within 30 minutes, 2-4 hours, 6-8 hours, 12-16 hours, and 20-22 hours; within 30 minutes prior to the next dose; and within 48-72 hours of the final study drug administration.

Intervention(mL/h/kg) (Median)
Furosemide Cohort 116.3
Furosemide Cohort 221.8
Furosemide (Cohort 1 and Cohort 2)18

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Half-life

Data was collected from Furosemide/Active Cohort 1 and Cohort 2 and combined Cohorts. In total 39 active drug recipients participated. PK samples were collected after 7 days on study drug at recommended time points through 28 days on study drug plus one elimination (post drug discontinuation) time point. (NCT02527798)
Timeframe: After study drug administration completion within 30 minutes, 2-4 hours, 6-8 hours, 12-16 hours, and 20-22 hours; within 30 minutes prior to the next dose; and within 48-72 hours of the final study drug administration.

Interventionhours (Median)
Furosemide Cohort 19.8
Furosemide Cohort 27.3
Furosemide Cohort 1 and Cohort 28.8

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Number of Participants With Moderate-Severe BPD or Death Risk as Clinically Determined

Moderate-severe BPD or death risk was defined using the NICHD Neonatal Research Network BPD outcome estimator. (NCT02527798)
Timeframe: 36 weeks postmenstrual age

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Furosemide Cohort 117
Furosemide Cohort 222
Placebo Cohort 16
Placebo Cohort 26

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Safety as Determined by Adverse Events

Safety was assessed following the initial study-specific procedure (e.g., screening blood draws, dosing) through 7 days post last study dose by frequency and incidence of adverse events and serious adverse events. (NCT02527798)
Timeframe: 35 days for each participant

InterventionEvents (Number)
Furosemide Cohort 1123
Placebo Cohort 129
Furosemide Cohort 2100
Placebo Cohort 249
Total293

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Volume of Distribution

Data was collected from Furosemide/Active Cohort 1 and Cohort 2 and combined Cohorts. In total 39 active drug recipients participated. PK samples were collected after 7 days on study drug at recommended time points through 28 days on study drug plus one elimination (post drug discontinuation) time point. (NCT02527798)
Timeframe: After study drug administration completion within 30 minutes, 2-4 hours, 6-8 hours, 12-16 hours, and 20-22 hours; within 30 minutes prior to the next dose; and within 48-72 hours of the final study drug administration.

InterventionmL (Median)
Furosemide Cohort 1236.7
Furosemide Cohort 2242.8
Furosemide All (Cohort 1 and Cohort 2)242.8

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Moderate-Severe BPD or Death Risk Throughout Weekly Treatment

Moderate-severe BPD or death risk was defined by the NICHD Neonatal Research Network (NRN) BPD outcome estimator which provides an estimate of the risk of BPD (none, mild, moderate, severe) or death by postnatal day and is presented as a percentage. For this protocol, the categories were dichotomized to none-mild vs. moderate-severe-death. The risk of BPD or death was defined by the NICHD NRN BPD estimator on days 7, 14, 21 and 28 of study drug using the closest day available from the BPD estimator. The BPD estimator includes infants up to 28 postnatal days; for infants in this protocol older than that, 28-day estimates are used. (NCT02527798)
Timeframe: Risk measured weekly through Week 4

,,,,
Interventionpercent probability of BPD or death risk (Mean)
Week 0Week 1Week 2Week 3Week 4
Furosemide Cohort 157.955.452.152.144.0
Furosemide Cohort 266.765.96161.353.0
Placebo Cohort 152.855.556.240.440.9
Placebo Cohort 270.971.665.057.954.4
Weekly Total62.361.457.654.948.2

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Area Under the Curve of Rosuvastatin From 0 Extrapolated to Infinity (AUC0-∞)

This outcome measure presents area under the concentration-time curve of rosuvastatin in plasma over the time interval from 0 extrapolated to infinity (AUC0-∞). (NCT02574845)
Timeframe: Blood sampling within 3 hours (h) prior to the study drug administration, at the time of administration (0:00) and 30 minutes, 1h, 1:30h, 2h, 3h, 4h, 5h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 11h, 12h, 24h, 34h, and 48h thereafter.

Interventionnmol*h/L (Geometric Mean)
REF Alone99.7
Treatment 1105
Treatment 2102
Treatment 3149
Treatment 4108
Treatment 5115

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Area Under the Curve of Rosuvastatin From 0 to the Last Quantifiable Data Point (AUC0-tz)

This outcome measure presents the area under the concentration-time curve of rosuvastatin in plasma over the time interval from 0 to the last quantifiable data point (AUC0-tz). (NCT02574845)
Timeframe: Blood sampling within 3 hours (h) prior to the study drug administration, at the time of administration (0:00) and 30 minutes, 1h, 1:30h, 2h, 3h, 4h, 5h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 11h, 12h, 24h, 34h, and 48h thereafter.

Interventionnanomol (nmol) * hour (h) / Litre (L) (Geometric Mean)
REF Alone81.5
Treatment 187.8
Treatment 288.7
Treatment 3126
Treatment 491.5
Treatment 597.2

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Maximum Concentration of Rosuvastatin (Cmax)

This outcome measure presents the maximum measured concentration of rosuvastatin in plasma (Cmax). (NCT02574845)
Timeframe: Blood sampling within 3 hours (h) prior to the study drug administration, at the time of administration (0:00) and 30 minutes, 1h, 1:30h, 2h, 3h, 4h, 5h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 11h, 12h, 24h, 34h, and 48h thereafter.

Interventionnmol/L (Geometric Mean)
REF Alone9.04
Treatment 19.59
Treatment 29.94
Treatment 314.0
Treatment 49.90
Treatment 510.8

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Number of Participants With Side Effects

Cumulative total of pain, local skin reactions (including hematoma and induration) and electrolyte abnormalities. (NCT02579057)
Timeframe: Up to 6 hours

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
HypokalemiaSkin irritationInfusion site pain
Furosemide IV000
Furosemide SC100

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Urine Sodium

Total urinary sodium produced during the 6 hour urine collection (NCT02579057)
Timeframe: 6-hour period

InterventionmEq/L (Mean)
Furosemide IV7.3
Furosemide SC32.8

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Urine Output

The volume of urine produced in milliliters over the 6 hours after drug delivery will be measured. (NCT02579057)
Timeframe: 6-hour period

InterventionmL (Mean)
Furosemide IV1636
Furosemide SC1515

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Area Under the Curve of Digoxin From 0 Extrapolated to Infinity (AUC 0-∞)

Area under the concentration-time curve of digoxin in plasma over the time interval from 0 extrapolated to infinity (AUC 0-∞). Standard error presented is actually geometric standard error. (NCT02854527)
Timeframe: Blood sampling at 2:00 (hour: minute) before drug administration, 0:20, 0:40, 1:00, 1:30, 2:00, 2:30, 3:00, 4:00, 5:00, 6:00, 8:00, 10:00, 12:00, 24:00, 36:00, 48:00, 72:00 and 96:00 after drug administration

Interventionnmol·h/L (Geometric Mean)
Test Cocktail (T)17.668
Digoxin (R1)18.303

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Area Under the Curve of Metformin From 0 Extrapolated to Infinity (AUC 0-∞)

Area under the concentration-time curve of metformin in plasma over the time interval from 0 extrapolated to infinity (AUC 0-∞). Standard error presented is actually geometric standard error. (NCT02854527)
Timeframe: Blood sampling at 2:00 (hour: minute) before drug administration, 0:20, 0:40, 1:00, 1:30, 2:00, 2:30, 3:00, 4:00, 5:00, 6:00, 8:00, 10:00, 12:00, 24:00, 36:00 and 48:00 after drug administration

Interventionnmol·h/L (Geometric Mean)
Test Cocktail (T)1290.928
Metformin Hydrochloride (R3)1324.078

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Area Under the Curve of Furosemide From 0 to Last Quantifiable Data Point (AUC 0-tz)

Area under the concentration-time curve of furosemide in plasma over the time interval from 0 to the last quantifiable data point (AUC 0-tz). Standard error presented is actually geometric standard error. (NCT02854527)
Timeframe: Blood sampling at 2:00 (hour: minute) before drug administration, 0:20, 0:40, 1:00, 1:30, 2:00, 2:30, 3:00, 4:00, 5:00, 6:00, 8:00, 10:00, 12:00 and 24:00 after drug administration

Interventionnmol·h/L (Geometric Mean)
Test Cocktail (T)163.614
Furosemide (R2)159.434

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Maximum Concentration of Rosuvastatin (Cmax)

This outcome measure presents the maximum measured concentration of rosuvastatin in plasma (Cmax). Standard error presented is actually geometric standard error. (NCT02854527)
Timeframe: Blood sampling at 2:00 (hour: minute) before drug administration, 0:20, 0:40, 1:00, 1:30, 2:00, 2:30, 3:00, 4:00, 5:00, 6:00, 8:00, 10:00, 12:00, 24:00, 36:00, 48:00, 72:00 and 96:00 after drug administration

Interventionnmol/L (Geometric Mean)
Test Cocktail (T)8.135
Rosuvastatin (R4)7.801

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Area Under the Curve of Digoxin From 0 to Last Quantifiable Data Point (AUC 0-tz)

Area under the concentration-time curve of digoxin in plasma over the time interval from 0 to the last quantifiable data point (AUC 0-tz). Standard error presented is actually geometric standard error. CI - confidence interval, gMean - geometric mean. (NCT02854527)
Timeframe: Blood sampling at 2:00 (hour: minute) before drug administration, 0:20, 0:40, 1:00, 1:30, 2:00, 2:30, 3:00, 4:00, 5:00, 6:00, 8:00, 10:00, 12:00, 24:00, 36:00, 48:00, 72:00 and 96:00 after drug administration

Interventionnanomole hour per liter (nmol·h/L) (Geometric Mean)
Test Cocktail (T)11.549
Digoxin (R1)11.981

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Area Under the Curve of Furosemide From 0 Extrapolated to Infinity (AUC 0-∞)

Area under the concentration-time curve of furosemide in plasma over the time interval from 0 extrapolated to infinity (AUC 0-∞). Standard error presented is actually geometric standard error. (NCT02854527)
Timeframe: Blood sampling at 2:00 (hour: minute) before drug administration, 0:20, 0:40, 1:00, 1:30, 2:00, 2:30, 3:00, 4:00, 5:00, 6:00, 8:00, 10:00, 12:00 and 24:00 after drug administration

Interventionnmol·h/L (Geometric Mean)
Test Cocktail (T)156.382
Furosemide (R2)160.551

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Area Under the Curve of Metformin From 0 to Last Quantifiable Data Point (AUC 0-tz)

Area under the concentration-time curve of metformin in plasma over the time interval from 0 to the last quantifiable data point (AUC 0-tz). Standard error presented is actually geometric standard error. (NCT02854527)
Timeframe: Blood sampling at 2:00 (hour: minute) before drug administration, 0:20, 0:40, 1:00, 1:30, 2:00, 2:30, 3:00, 4:00, 5:00, 6:00, 8:00, 10:00, 12:00, 24:00, 36:00 and 48:00 after drug administration

Interventionnmol·h/L (Geometric Mean)
Test Cocktail (T)1283.797
Metformin Hydrochloride (R3)1316.790

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Area Under the Curve of Rosuvastatin From 0 Extrapolated to Infinity (AUC 0-∞)

Area under the concentration-time curve of rosuvastatin in plasma over the time interval from 0 extrapolated to infinity (AUC 0-∞). Standard error presented is actually geometric standard error. (NCT02854527)
Timeframe: Blood sampling at 2:00 (hour: minute) before drug administration, 0:20, 0:40, 1:00, 1:30, 2:00, 2:30, 3:00, 4:00, 5:00, 6:00, 8:00, 10:00, 12:00, 24:00, 36:00, 48:00, 72:00 and 96:00 after drug administration

Interventionnmol·h/L (Geometric Mean)
Test Cocktail (T)97.385
Rosuvastatin (R4)90.479

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Area Under the Curve of Rosuvastatin From 0 to Last Quantifiable Data Point (AUC 0-tz)

Area under the concentration-time curve of rosuvastatin in plasma over the time interval from 0 to the last quantifiable data point (AUC 0-tz). Standard error presented is actually geometric standard error. (NCT02854527)
Timeframe: Blood sampling at 2:00 (hour: minute) before drug administration, 0:20, 0:40, 1:00, 1:30, 2:00, 2:30, 3:00, 4:00, 5:00, 6:00, 8:00, 10:00, 12:00, 24:00, 36:00, 48:00, 72:00 and 96:00 after drug administration

Interventionnmol·h/L (Geometric Mean)
Test Cocktail (T)81.925
Rosuvastatin (R4)78.016

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Maximum Concentration of Digoxin (Cmax)

This outcome measure presents the maximum measured concentration of digoxin in plasma (Cmax). Standard error presented is actually geometric standard error. (NCT02854527)
Timeframe: Blood sampling at 2:00 (hour: minute) before drug administration, 0:20, 0:40, 1:00, 1:30, 2:00, 2:30, 3:00, 4:00, 5:00, 6:00, 8:00, 10:00, 12:00, 24:00, 36:00, 48:00, 72:00 and 96:00 after drug administration

Interventionnanomole per liter (nmol/L) (Geometric Mean)
Test Cocktail (T)1.262
Digoxin (R1)1.355

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Maximum Concentration of Furosemide (Cmax)

This outcome measure presents the maximum measured concentration of furosemide in plasma (Cmax). Standard error presented is actually geometric standard error. (NCT02854527)
Timeframe: Blood sampling at 2:00 (hour: minute) before drug administration, 0:20, 0:40, 1:00, 1:30, 2:00, 2:30, 3:00, 4:00, 5:00, 6:00, 8:00, 10:00, 12:00 and 24:00 after drug administration

Interventionnmol/L (Geometric Mean)
Test Cocktail (T)86.275
Furosemide (R2)82.990

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Maximum Concentration of Metformin (Cmax)

This outcome measure presents the maximum measured concentration of metformin in plasma (Cmax). Standard error presented is actually geometric standard error. (NCT02854527)
Timeframe: Blood sampling at 2:00 (hour: minute) before drug administration, 0:20, 0:40, 1:00, 1:30, 2:00, 2:30, 3:00, 4:00, 5:00, 6:00, 8:00, 10:00, 12:00, 24:00, 36:00 and 48:00 after drug administration

Interventionnmol/L (Geometric Mean)
Test Cocktail (T)225.156
Metformin Hydrochloride (R3)229.171

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Overall Safety of a Strategy Based on Subcutaneous Delivery of Furosemide in Inpatients and Outpatients as Measured by Number of Adverse Events

The analysis of data from the Pilot Phase will be primarily descriptive in nature and there will be no formal hypothesis testing. Number of patients with events will be reported. (NCT02877095)
Timeframe: 14 days

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Patients with any Adverse EventsPatients with no Events
In-patient Pilot416
Out-patient Pilot Study911

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Difference in the Proportion of Subjects With Complete Clearance of All Treated Warts Between the Active and Vehicle at Week 18/End of Post-treatment Efficacy Evaluation.

(NCT02971891)
Timeframe: Week 18

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Achieved complete clearance of all treated wartsNot achieved complete clearance of all treated warts
CLS006 (Furosemide)32197
Vehicle24190

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Difference in the Proportion of Subjects With Complete Clearance of All Treated Warts at Week 12.

(NCT02971891)
Timeframe: Week 12

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Complete clearance of all treated wartsNot complete clearance of all treated warts
CLS006 (Furosemide)21208
Vehicle14200

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The Ratio of the Number of Cleared Warts Out of the Number of Treated Warts for Each Subject

(NCT02971891)
Timeframe: Week 18

Interventionratio of cleared warts (Mean)
CLS006 (Furosemide)0.178
Vehicle0.145

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Change From Baseline in Wart Size for Each Subject

(NCT02971891)
Timeframe: Week 18

Interventionmm (Mean)
CLS006 (Furosemide)-2.5
Vehicle-2.4

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The Ratio of Cleared Warts to All Treated Warts for Each Subject at Week 12

(NCT02971891)
Timeframe: Week 12

Interventionratio of cleared warts (Mean)
CLS006 (Furosemide)0.120
Vehicle0.087

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Death at 30 Days

(NCT03170219)
Timeframe: 30 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Subcutaneous Furosemide and sc2wear Device0
Usual Care0

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Patient Safety Measured by Serious Adverse Events

measured by serious adverse events (NCT03170219)
Timeframe: 30 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Subcutaneous Furosemide and sc2wear Device0
Usual Care0

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The Effect of Empagliflozin Versus Placebo on the Change to Urinary Protein/Creatinine Ratio.

The effect of empagliflozin versus placebo on the change to urinary protein/creatinine ratio: Change in urinary protein/creatinine ratio from baseline (mg/mmol). (NCT03226457)
Timeframe: Change from baseline to 6 weeks

Interventionmg/mmol (Least Squares Mean)
Empagliflozin2.26
Placebo-3.05

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The Effect of Empagliflozin Versus Placebo on the Change to Urinary Albumin/Creatinine Ratio.

The effect of empagliflozin versus placebo on the change to urinary albumin/creatinine ratio: Change in urinary albumin/creatinine ratio from baseline (mg/mmol). (NCT03226457)
Timeframe: Change from baseline to 6 weeks

Interventionmg/mmol (Least Squares Mean)
Empagliflozin1.18
Placebo-1.1

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The Effect of Empagliflozin Versus Placebo on the Change to the Renal Biomarker, Cystatin C.

The effect of empagliflozin versus placebo on the change to the renal biomarker, cystatin C: Change in Cystatin C from baseline (ng/ml). (NCT03226457)
Timeframe: Change from baseline to 6 weeks

Interventionng/ml (Least Squares Mean)
Empagliflozin31.35
Placebo22.5

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The Effect of Empagliflozin Versus Placebo on the Change in Urine Output.

Change from urinary volume from baseline (mls). (NCT03226457)
Timeframe: Change from baseline to 6 weeks

InterventionmL (Least Squares Mean)
Empagliflozin545
Placebo-113

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The Effect of Empagliflozin Versus Placebo on the Change in Urinary Sodium Excretion.

The effect of empagliflozin versus placebo on the change in urinary sodium excretion: change in fractional urinary sodium excretion from baseline (%). (NCT03226457)
Timeframe: Change from baseline to 6 weeks

Interventionpercentage of change in FENa (Least Squares Mean)
Empagliflozin0.11
Placebo-0.00

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The Effect of Empagliflozin Versus Placebo on the Change in Serum Creatinine.

Change in serum creatinine from baseline (mmol/L). (NCT03226457)
Timeframe: Change from baseline to 6 weeks

Interventionmmol/L (Least Squares Mean)
Empagliflozin-0.44
Placebo-10.81

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Number of Participants With a Change in CKD Category as Dictated by the Glomerular Filtration Rate

"The effect of empagliflozin versus placebo on the change in glomerular filtration rate: Change in estimated glomerular filtration rate from baseline (ml/min/1.73m2).~Data was recorded as a persistent reduction in CKD category in the empagliflozin group versus placebo" (NCT03226457)
Timeframe: From baseline to 6 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Empagliflozin6
Placebo5

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Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of the Analyte in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 to the Last Quantifiable Data Point (AUC0-tz) (Probenecid + R1 (T4) vs. R1)

AUC0-tz, area under the concentration-time curve of the analytes: digoxin, furosemide, metformin, and rosuvastatin (at cocktail doses) in plasma over the time interval from 0 to the last quantifiable data point is presented. gMean presented here is an adjusted gMean and SE presented is a gSE. (NCT03307252)
Timeframe: Samples were taken within 0:20 hh:mm prior to first study drug administration and at 0:20, 0:40, 1:00, 1:30, 2:00, 2:30, 3:00, 4:00, 5:00, 6:00, 8:00, 10:00, 11:00, 12:00, 24:00, 36:00, 47:00, 71:00 and 95:00 after drug administration.

,
InterventionNanomole*hour/litre (nmol*h/L) (Geometric Mean)
DigoxinFurosemideMetforminRosuvastatin
Cocktail (R1)13.52177.961321.20106.69
Probenecid + R1 (T4)14.44483.381331.83238.16

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Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of the Analyte in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 to the Last Quantifiable Data Point (AUC0-tz) (Cimetidine + R1 (T3) vs. R1)

AUC0-tz, area under the concentration-time curve of the analytes: digoxin, furosemide, metformin, and rosuvastatin (at cocktail doses) in plasma over the time interval from 0 to the last quantifiable data point is presented. gMean presented here is an adjusted gMean and SE presented is a gSE. (NCT03307252)
Timeframe: Samples were taken within 0:20 hh:mm prior to first study drug administration and at 0:20, 0:40, 1:00, 1:30, 2:00, 2:30, 3:00, 4:00, 5:00, 6:00, 8:00, 10:00, 11:00, 12:00, 24:00, 36:00, 47:00, 71:00 and 95:00 after drug administration.

,
InterventionNanomole*hour/litre (nmol*h/L) (Geometric Mean)
DigoxinFurosemideMetforminRosuvastatin
Cimetidine + R1 (T3)19.03196.392006.60139.54
Cocktail (R1)15.15194.051532.41129.90

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Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of the Analyte in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 Extrapolated to Infinity (AUC0-∞) (T4 vs. R1)

AUC0-∞, area under the concentration-time curve of the analytes: digoxin, furosemide, metformin, and rosuvastatin (at cocktail doses) in plasma over the time interval from 0 extrapolated to infinity is presented. AUC0-∞ not displayed for Digoxin analyte as precision was considered non-sufficient. gMean presented here is an adjusted gMean and SE presented is a gSE. (NCT03307252)
Timeframe: Samples were taken within 0:20 hh:mm prior to first study drug administration and at 0:20, 0:40, 1:00, 1:30, 2:00, 2:30, 3:00, 4:00, 5:00, 6:00, 8:00, 10:00, 11:00, 12:00, 24:00, 36:00, 47:00, 71:00 and 95:00 after drug administration.

,
InterventionNanomole*hour/litre (nmol*h/L) (Geometric Mean)
FurosemideMetforminRosuvastatin
Cocktail (R1)188.111330.47113.78
Probenecid + R1 (T4)489.281346.62244.94

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Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of the Analyte in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 Extrapolated to Infinity (AUC0-∞) (T3 vs. R1)

AUC0-∞, area under the concentration-time curve of the analytes: digoxin, furosemide, metformin, and rosuvastatin (at cocktail doses) in plasma over the time interval from 0 extrapolated to infinity is presented. AUC0-∞ not displayed for Digoxin analyte as precision was considered non-sufficient. gMean presented here is an adjusted gMean and SE presented is a gSE. (NCT03307252)
Timeframe: Samples were taken within 0:20 hh:mm prior to first study drug administration and at 0:20, 0:40, 1:00, 1:30, 2:00, 2:30, 3:00, 4:00, 5:00, 6:00, 8:00, 10:00, 11:00, 12:00, 24:00, 36:00, 47:00, 71:00 and 95:00 after drug administration.

,
InterventionNanomole*hour/litre (nmol*h/L) (Geometric Mean)
FurosemideMetforminRosuvastatin
Cimetidine + R1 (T3)202.172023.33148.32
Cocktail (R1)200.611540.21139.21

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Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of the Analyte in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 Extrapolated to Infinity (AUC0-∞) (T2 vs. R1)

AUC0-∞, area under the concentration-time curve of the analytes: digoxin, furosemide, metformin, and rosuvastatin (at cocktail doses) in plasma over the time interval from 0 extrapolated to infinity is presented. AUC0-∞ not displayed for Digoxin analyte as precision was considered non-sufficient. gMean presented here is an adjusted gMean and SE presented is a gSE. (NCT03307252)
Timeframe: Samples were taken within 0:20 hh:mm prior to first study drug administration and at 0:20, 0:40, 1:00, 1:30, 2:00, 2:30, 3:00, 4:00, 5:00, 6:00, 8:00, 10:00, 11:00, 12:00, 24:00, 36:00, 47:00, 71:00 and 95:00 after drug administration.

,
InterventionNanomole*hour/litre (nmol*h/L) (Geometric Mean)
FurosemideMetforminRosuvastatin
Cocktail (R1)191.291365.8594.14
Rifampin + R1 (T2)215.631482.76320.72

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Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of the Analyte in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 Extrapolated to Infinity (AUC0-∞) (T1 vs. R1)

AUC0-∞, area under the concentration-time curve of the analytes: digoxin, furosemide, metformin, and rosuvastatin (at cocktail doses) in plasma over the time interval from 0 extrapolated to infinity is presented. AUC0-∞ not displayed for Digoxin analyte as precision was considered non-sufficient. gMean presented here is an adjusted gMean and SE presented is a gSE. (NCT03307252)
Timeframe: Samples were taken within 0:20 hh:mm prior to first study drug administration and at 0:20, 0:40, 1:00, 1:30, 2:00, 2:30, 3:00, 4:00, 5:00, 6:00, 8:00, 10:00, 11:00, 12:00, 24:00, 36:00, 47:00, 71:00 and 95:00 after drug administration.

,
InterventionNanomole*hour/litre (nmol*h/L) (Geometric Mean)
FurosemideMetforminRosuvastatin
Cocktail (R1)191.291365.8594.14
Verapamil + R1 (T1)176.441147.23116.80

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Maximum Measured Concentration of the Analytes: Digoxin, Furosemide, Metformin, and Rosuvastatin (Cmax) (T2 vs. R1)

Cmax, maximum measured concentration of the analytes: digoxin, furosemide, metformin, and rosuvastatin (at cocktail doses) is presented. gMean presented here is an adjusted gMean and SE presented is a gSE. (NCT03307252)
Timeframe: Samples were taken within 0:20 hh:mm prior to first study drug administration and at 0:20, 0:40, 1:00, 1:30, 2:00, 2:30, 3:00, 4:00, 5:00, 6:00, 8:00, 10:00, 11:00, 12:00, 24:00, 36:00, 47:00, 71:00 and 95:00 after drug administration.

,
InterventionNanomole/ litre (nmol/ L) (Geometric Mean)
DigoxinFurosemideMetforminRosuvastatin
Cocktail (R1)1.1788.59223.786.84
Rifampin + R1 (T2)2.55119.66251.3277.00

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Maximum Measured Concentration of the Analytes: Digoxin, Furosemide, Metformin, and Rosuvastatin (Cmax) (T4 vs. R1)

Cmax, maximum measured concentration of the analytes: digoxin, furosemide, metformin, and rosuvastatin (at cocktail doses) is presented. gMean presented here is an adjusted gMean and SE presented is a gSE. (NCT03307252)
Timeframe: Samples were taken within 0:20 hh:mm prior to first study drug administration and at 0:20, 0:40, 1:00, 1:30, 2:00, 2:30, 3:00, 4:00, 5:00, 6:00, 8:00, 10:00, 11:00, 12:00, 24:00, 36:00, 47:00, 71:00 and 95:00 after drug administration.

,
InterventionNanomole/ litre (nmol/ L) (Geometric Mean)
DigoxinFurosemideMetforminRosuvastatin
Cocktail (R1)1.3090.00243.4910.11
Probenecid + R1 (T4)1.13110.64246.7843.29

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Maximum Measured Concentration of the Analytes: Digoxin, Furosemide, Metformin, and Rosuvastatin (Cmax) (T3 vs. R1)

Cmax, maximum measured concentration of the analytes: digoxin, furosemide, metformin, and rosuvastatin (at cocktail doses) is presented. gMean presented here is an adjusted gMean and SE presented is a gSE. (NCT03307252)
Timeframe: Samples were taken within 0:20 hh:mm prior to first study drug administration and at 0:20, 0:40, 1:00, 1:30, 2:00, 2:30, 3:00, 4:00, 5:00, 6:00, 8:00, 10:00, 11:00, 12:00, 24:00, 36:00, 47:00, 71:00 and 95:00 after drug administration.

,
InterventionNanomole/ litre (nmol/ L) (Geometric Mean)
DigoxinFurosemideMetforminRosuvastatin
Cimetidine + R1 (T3)1.6597.69316.8313.21
Cocktail (R1)1.3593.23258.3311.30

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Maximum Measured Concentration of the Analytes: Digoxin, Furosemide, Metformin, and Rosuvastatin (Cmax) (T1 vs. R1)

Cmax, maximum measured concentration of the analytes: digoxin, furosemide, metformin, and rosuvastatin (at cocktail doses) is presented. gMean presented here is an adjusted gMean and SE presented is a gSE. (NCT03307252)
Timeframe: Samples were taken within 0:20 hh:mm prior to first study drug administration and at 0:20, 0:40, 1:00, 1:30, 2:00, 2:30, 3:00, 4:00, 5:00, 6:00, 8:00, 10:00, 11:00, 12:00, 24:00, 36:00, 47:00, 71:00 and 95:00 after drug administration.

,
InterventionNanomole/ litre (nmol/ L) (Geometric Mean)
DigoxinFurosemideMetforminRosuvastatin
Cocktail (R1)1.1788.59223.786.84
Verapamil + R1 (T1)1.4284.32179.457.90

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Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of the Analyte in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 to the Last Quantifiable Data Point (AUC0-tz) (Verapamil + R1 (T1) vs. R1)

AUC0-tz, area under the concentration-time curve of the analytes: digoxin, furosemide, metformin, and rosuvastatin (at cocktail doses) in plasma over the time interval from 0 to the last quantifiable data point is presented. Geometric mean (gMean) presented here is an adjusted gMean and standard error (SE) presented is a geometric SE (gSE). (NCT03307252)
Timeframe: Samples were taken within 0:20 hour:minutes (hh:mm) prior to first study drug administration and at 0:20, 0:40, 1:00, 1:30, 2:00, 2:30, 3:00, 4:00, 5:00, 6:00, 8:00, 10:00, 11:00, 12:00, 24:00, 36:00, 47:00, 71:00 and 95:00 after drug administration.

,
InterventionNanomole*hour/litre (nmol*h/L) (Geometric Mean)
DigoxinFurosemideMetforminRosuvastatin
Cocktail (R1)13.61176.851357.3487.29
Verapamil + R1 (T1)13.71165.801126.2298.98

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Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of the Analyte in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 to the Last Quantifiable Data Point (AUC0-tz) (Rifampin + R1 (T2) vs. R1)

AUC0-tz, area under the concentration-time curve of the analytes: digoxin, furosemide, metformin, and rosuvastatin (at cocktail doses) in plasma over the time interval from 0 to the last quantifiable data point is presented. gMean presented here is an adjusted gMean and SE presented is a gSE. (NCT03307252)
Timeframe: Samples were taken within 0:20 hh:mm prior to first study drug administration and at 0:20, 0:40, 1:00, 1:30, 2:00, 2:30, 3:00, 4:00, 5:00, 6:00, 8:00, 10:00, 11:00, 12:00, 24:00, 36:00, 47:00, 71:00 and 95:00 after drug administration.

,
InterventionNanomole*hour/litre (nmol*h/L) (Geometric Mean)
DigoxinFurosemideMetforminRosuvastatin
Cocktail (R1)13.61176.851357.3487.29
Rifampin + R1 (T2)17.89211.821473.38303.81

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Hospital Admission for Heart Failure

% of patients without hospitalization for worsening HF within 30 days after enrollment (NCT03359161)
Timeframe: 30 days

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
In-Home Subcutaneous Furosemide Treatment ARm89

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Number of Participants That Discontinued Due to Presence of Skin Reaction to Drug or Device/Adhesive

The number of participants that discontinued study participation due to the presence of a skin reaction to the drug or device/adhesive. (NCT03359161)
Timeframe: 7 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
In-Home Subcutaneous Furosemide Treatment ARm0

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Pro BNP Change

Reduction in pro-BNP between enrollment/screening compared to last observation (NCT03359161)
Timeframe: 30 days

Interventionpg/ml (Mean)
In-Home Subcutaneous Furosemide Treatment ARm412.9

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Survival

% of patients alive 30 days post enrollment (NCT03359161)
Timeframe: 30 days

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
In-Home Subcutaneous Furosemide Treatment ARm100

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Weight Change

Weight change between enrollment/screening compared to last observation (NCT03359161)
Timeframe: 30 days

Interventionpounds (Median)
In-Home Subcutaneous Furosemide Treatment ARm-3

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Extra Furosemide Treatment

Percentage of patients requiring additional 4 days of diuresis (NCT03359161)
Timeframe: 7 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
In-Home Subcutaneous Furosemide Treatment ARm6

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Subjects With Complications During Hospitalization

Subjects with complications during hospitalization related to hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. (NCT03556761)
Timeframe: 0-6 weeks postpartum

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Oral Furosemide3
Placebo Oral Tablet1

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Postpartum Readmission

Number of subjects with one or more readmission/ER visit that were hypertension related (NCT03556761)
Timeframe: 0-6 weeks postpartum

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Oral Furosemide9
Placebo Oral Tablet16

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Postpartum Length of Stay

Number of days postpartum participants stayed in the hospital (NCT03556761)
Timeframe: 0-6 weeks postpartum

InterventionDays (Median)
Oral Furosemide2
Placebo Oral Tablet2

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Persistently Elevated Blood Pressures 7 Days Postpartum

To compare the rate of persistently elevated blood pressures (>140/90) in women that receive a five day furosemide course compared to those that receive placebo. (NCT03556761)
Timeframe: 0-7 days postpartum

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Oral Furosemide10
Placebo Oral Tablet23

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Number of Subjects Who Had Severe Hypertension Postpartum

Number of women who had severe hypertension (systolic blood pressure>160 millimeters of mercury or diastolic blood pressure>110 millimeters of mercury) postpartum (NCT03556761)
Timeframe: 0-6 weeks postpartum

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Oral Furosemide81
Placebo Oral Tablet86

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Number of Subjects That Required for Additional Antihypertensives

Number of subjects that required additional hypertensive medication after discharge (NCT03556761)
Timeframe: 0 to 6 weeks post-partum

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Oral Furosemide25
Placebo Oral Tablet39

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Number of Subjects Experiencing One or More Adverse Effects

Number of subjects experiencing one or more adverse effects secondary to furosemide (NCT03556761)
Timeframe: 0-6 weeks postpartum

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Oral Furosemide0
Placebo Oral Tablet1

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Time to Resolution

To compare the time (days) required to achieve a resolution of elevated blood pressure, adjusted for mode of delivery. (NCT03556761)
Timeframe: 0-14 days postpartum

Interventiondays (Median)
Oral Furosemide10
Placebo Oral Tablet10.5

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Change From Baseline in Electrocardiograms (ECGs) - Mean Heart Rate

The change in baseline for ECGs was reported for each arm. (NCT03730961)
Timeframe: Day 1, 8 hours post-dose (end of infusion)

Interventionbeats/min (Mean)
BMS-9862310.9
Placebo1.6

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Change From Baseline in Physical Examination - Body Weight

The change in baseline for physical examinations was reported for each arm. (NCT03730961)
Timeframe: Day 1, 8 hours post-dose (end of infusion)

Interventionkg (Mean)
BMS-9862310.2
Placebo-0.5

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Change From Baseline in Vital Signs - Heart Rate

The change in baseline for vital signs was reported for each arm. (NCT03730961)
Timeframe: Day 1, 8 hours post-dose (end of infusion)

Interventionbeats/min (Mean)
BMS-9862310.5
Placebo-0.1

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Change From Baseline in Vital Signs - Oxygen Saturation

The change in baseline for vital signs was reported for each arm. (NCT03730961)
Timeframe: Day 1, 8 hours post-dose (end of infusion)

Interventionoxygen saturation percentage (Mean)
BMS-986231-1.0
Placebo0.0

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Number of Participants With an Abnormal Clinical Laboratory Value

Number of participants who experienced an in-study abnormal clinical laboratory event under the category of Hematology, Chemistry or Urinalysis. (NCT03730961)
Timeframe: from first dose to 30 days post-last dose (ca. 5-8 weeks)

InterventionNumber of participants (Number)
BMS-9862310
Placebo0

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Number of Participants With an Adverse Event (AE)

Clinically relevant hypotension is defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) < 90 mmHg or symptomatic hypotension during infusion (NCT03730961)
Timeframe: up to 8 days

InterventionNumber of participants (Number)
BMS-9862318
Placebo6

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Number of Participants With Clinically Relevant Hypotension

Clinically relevant hypotension is defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) < 90 mmHg or symptomatic hypotension during infusion (NCT03730961)
Timeframe: up to 8 hours

InterventionNumber of participants (Number)
BMS-9862314
Placebo0

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Ratio Urinary Sodium (Na) to Urinary Furosemide at 8 Hours Post-start Infusion

"Summary of urinary concentrations 0-4 hours after furosemide~Ratio = Cumulative Sodium Excretion / Cumulative Furosemide in Urine" (NCT03730961)
Timeframe: 0-4 hours after furosemide

InterventionRatio of Urinary Na:Urinary furosemide (Mean)
BMS-9862316.1
Placebo10.1

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4-hour Urinary Output Following Intravenous Administration of 40 mg Furosemide to HFrEF Participants Receiving BMS-986231 Infusion Compared to Placebo

"The total volume of urinary output 4 hours after 40 mg furosemide bolus given to participants with HFrEF while on BMS-986231 compared to placebo: absolute difference in total volume and % change from placebo.~Sequence 1: Placebo in period 1, drug in period 2~Sequence 2: Drug in period 1, placebo in period 2" (NCT03730961)
Timeframe: 4 hours

,
InterventionmL (Mean)
Sequence 1Sequence 2Total
BMS-986231900.71176.71032.1
Placebo1603.31345.41480.5

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Furosemide Urinary Concentrations

Summary of urine recovery by interval, measured by amount excreted. (NCT03730961)
Timeframe: Day 1, predose, 0-2 hours, 2-4 hours, 4-5 hours, 5-6 hours, 6-7 hours, 7-8 hours, 8-10 hours

,
Interventionmg (Mean)
Before start of infusion0-2 hours2-4 hours4-5 hours5-6 hours6-7 hours7-8 hours8-10 hours
BMS-9862310.20.10.37.94.32.82.01.7
Placebo0.20.10.18.23.72.71.71.6

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Furosemide Plasma Concentrations

Summary of plasma concentrations by interval. (NCT03730961)
Timeframe: Day 1: 4, 5, 6, 8, 10 hours

,
Interventionng/mL (Mean)
4 hours post-dose5 hours post-dose6 hours post-dose8 hours post-dose10 hours post-dose
BMS-986231160520491122426.8345.6
Placebo63.621451146476.6244.3

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FeNa in Participants With HFrEF While on BMS-986231 Compared to Placebo

"Secondary efficacy analyses was performed using the randomized population. The FeNa, FeK, furosemide urinary and plasma concentration and the ratio of urinary sodium to urinary furosemide was calculated at each time point over 4-hour urine/plasma collection after a bolus injection of 40 mg furosemide while receiving BMS-986231 or placebo.~Fractional Excretion Na = ((Urine Sodium * Plasma Creatinine) / (Plasma Sodium * Urine Creatinine)) * 100" (NCT03730961)
Timeframe: Day 1, predose; 0-4 hours, 4-5 hours, 5-6 hours, 6-7 hours, 7-8 hours

,
Interventionpercent of filtered sodium (Mean)
Before start of infusion0-4 hours4-5 hours5-6 hours6-7 hours7-8 hours
BMS-9862310.50.64.65.03.31.7
Placebo0.60.75.47.04.73.3

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FeK in Participants With HFrEF While on BMS-986231 Compared to Placebo

"Secondary efficacy analyses was performed using the randomized population. The FeNa, FeK, furosemide urinary and plasma concentration and the ratio of urinary sodium to urinary furosemide was calculated at each time point over 4-hour urine/plasma collection after a bolus injection of 40 mg furosemide while receiving BMS-986231 or placebo.~Fractional Excretion K = ((Urine Potassium * Plasma Creatinine) / (Plasma Potassium * Urine Creatinine)) * 100" (NCT03730961)
Timeframe: Day 1, predose; 0-4 hours, 4-5 hours, 5-6 hours, 6-7 hours, 7-8 hours

,
Interventionpercent of filtered potassium (Mean)
Before start of infusion0-4 hours4-5 hours5-6 hours6-7 hours7-8 hours
BMS-9862310.40.51.11.21.11.0
Placebo0.40.40.91.21.00.8

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Change From Baseline in Vital Signs - Blood Pressure

The change in baseline for vital signs was reported for each arm. (NCT03730961)
Timeframe: Day 1, 8 hours post-dose (end of infusion)

,
InterventionmmHg (Mean)
diastolic blood pressuresystolic blood pressure
BMS-986231-14.5-28.4
Placebo-0.6-4.9

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Change From Baseline in Electrocardiograms (ECGs) - PR, QRS Duration, QT, QTcF Intervals

The change in baseline for ECGs was reported for each arm. (NCT03730961)
Timeframe: Day 1, 8 hours post-dose (end of infusion)

,
Interventionmsec (Mean)
PR Interval, AggregateQRS Duration, AggregateQT Interval, AggregateQTcF Interval, Aggregate
BMS-9862312.0-0.9-9.1-11.2
Placebo-2.82.2-7.9-5.1

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Hypokalemia

Proportion of patients with potassium level less than 4.0 mEq/L measured after metolazone dose is given (NCT03746002)
Timeframe: Baseline and at 12 to 23 hours after metolazone dose

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Metolazone Concurrent Dosing0
Metolazone Pre-dosing1

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Hypomagnesemia

Proportion of patients with magnesium level less than 2.0 mg/dL measured after metolazone dose is given (NCT03746002)
Timeframe: Baseline and at 12 to 23 hours after metolazone dose

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Metolazone Concurrent Dosing0
Metolazone Pre-dosing1

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Hyponatremia

Proportion of patients with serum sodium level less than 135 mg/dL measured after metolazone dose is given (NCT03746002)
Timeframe: Baseline and at 12 to 23 hours after metolazone dose

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Metolazone Concurrent Dosing0
Metolazone Pre-dosing0

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24-Hour Urine Output

Total measured urine output in milliliters produced after metolazone dose is given (NCT03746002)
Timeframe: 24 hours

InterventionmL (Mean)
Metolazone Concurrent Dosing2030
Metolazone Pre-dosing5650

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Acute Kidney Injury

Portion of patients with increase in serum creatinine by ≥ 0.3 mg/dL or ≥ 50% from baseline (NCT03746002)
Timeframe: Baseline and at 12 to 23 hours after metolazone dose

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Metolazone Concurrent Dosing1
Metolazone Pre-dosing1

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Change in Serum Creatinine

Change in serum creatinine from baseline value collected prior to metolazone dose to value collected after metolazone dose (NCT03746002)
Timeframe: Baseline and at 12 to 23 hours after metolazone dose

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Metolazone Concurrent Dosing0.45
Metolazone Pre-dosing0.38

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Change in Total Body Weight

Change in total body weight from baseline value measured prior to metolazone dose to value collected after metolazone dose (NCT03746002)
Timeframe: Baseline and at 12 to 23 hours after metolazone dose

Interventionkg (Mean)
Metolazone Concurrent Dosing-.6
Metolazone Pre-dosing-8.5

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Hospital Length of Stay

days in hospital after delivery (NCT04343235)
Timeframe: Number of days of hospital stay from randomization to discharge

Interventiondays (Mean)
Labetalol + Furosemide3.5
Labetalol Only4.3

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Change of Gestational Hypertensive Disorder Symptoms (Mean Arterial Pressure)

average mean arterial pressure reading on Day 0, Day 1, and Day 2 (NCT04343235)
Timeframe: Average mean arterial pressure on Day 0, Day 1, and Day 2

,
Interventionmm of mercury (Mean)
Day 0Day 1Day 2
Labetalol + Furosemide102.499.598.0
Labetalol Only100.0100.196.0

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Change of Gestational Hypertensive Disorder Symptoms (Systolic BP)

average systolic blood pressure reading on Day 0, Day 1, and Day 2 (NCT04343235)
Timeframe: Average systolic blood pressure for Day 0, Day 1, and Day 2

,
Interventionmm of mercury (Mean)
Day 0Day 1Day 2
Labetalol + Furosemide138.4134.9135.2
Labetalol Only138.1138.2136.7

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Change of Gestational Hypertensive Disorder Symptoms (Diastolic BP)

average diastolic blood pressure reading on Day 0, Day 1, and Day 2 (NCT04343235)
Timeframe: Average diastolic blood pressure on Day 0, Day 1, and Day 2

,
Interventionmm of mercury (Mean)
Day 0Day 1Day 2
Labetalol + Furosemide84.181.878.8
Labetalol Only80.180.775.5

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Hospital Readmission

readmission for hypertension management (NCT04343235)
Timeframe: up to 14 days after discharge

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Labetalol + Furosemide1
Labetalol Only2

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Breastfeeding Status

breastfeeding continuation after discharge (NCT04343235)
Timeframe: at 1 week postpartum visit

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Labetalol + Furosemide1
Labetalol Only3

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Change of Dose for Antihypertensive Therapy

number of patients who require a change in the dose of labetalol to control BP (NCT04343235)
Timeframe: Change in dose of hypertensive therapy from randomization until hospital discharge (up to 7 days)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Labetalol + Furosemide3
Labetalol Only0

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Number of Patients Whose Interventions Were Stopped Because Clinical Improvement Was Achieved Before 96 Hours as Assessed by de Clinical Judgement of the Medical Team in Charge.

Clinical improvement was referred as remission of symptoms with achievement of 24 hour urine output equal or greater than 3000 milliliters (NCT04393493)
Timeframe: From the beginning of intervention and before 96 hours after that

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Stepped Furosemide5
Diuretics Combined7

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In Hospital Mortality Defined as Number of Dead Patients From Day One of Intervention and Before Discharge

(NCT04393493)
Timeframe: From day one of intervention up to discharge, an average of 1 week

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Stepped Furosemide4
Diuretics Combined4

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Number of Patients With Dyspnea Improvement as Referred by the Patient or Reduction in Supplementary Oxygen Requirements Before Day 3 of Intervention

"Dyspnea improvement was referred by the patient as the clinician asked them do you feel more or less difficult to breathe? or if the liters per minute or the fraction of inspired supplementary oxygen necessary maintain an oxygen saturation >90% were diminished" (NCT04393493)
Timeframe: Up to 3 days after intervention started

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Stepped Furosemide2
Diuretics Combined7

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Number of Patients With Dyspnea Improvement as Referred by the Patient or Reduction in Supplementary Oxygen Requirements at 96 Hours After Intervention Started

"Dyspnea improvement was referred by the patient as the clinician asked them do you feel more or less difficult to breathe? or if the liters per minute or the fraction of inspired supplementary oxygen necessary to maintain an oxygen saturation >90% were diminished" (NCT04393493)
Timeframe: Up to 96 hours after intervention started

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Stepped Furosemide27
Diuretics Combined27

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Number of Patients That Required Renal Replacement Therapy of Any Type During Intervention (4 Days).

The requirement of renal replacement therapy was assessed by the nephrology team in charge (NCT04393493)
Timeframe: Up to 96 hours after intervention started

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Stepped Furosemide7
Diuretics Combined6

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Number of Patients That Achieved >30% Reduction in Brain Natriuretic Compared With Baseline Levels

Baseline levels were defined as the measurement at hospital admission (NCT04393493)
Timeframe: Up to 96 hours after intervention started

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Stepped Furosemide5
Diuretics Combined7

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Number of Participants With Renal Function Recovery Defined as a Return to Individual Baseline Serum Creatinine Values

Comparing patient's baseline serum creatinine (previous serum creatinine of 3 months ago and up to a year ago) with creatinine measurements every 24 hours during intervention (4 days) (NCT04393493)
Timeframe: Up to 96 hours after intervention started

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Stepped Furosemide8
Diuretics Combined5

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Number of Days From the Beginning of the Intervention Until Patients Referred Dyspnea Improvement or a Reduction in Supplementary Oxygen Requirements Was Made.

"Dyspnea improvement was referred by the patient as the clinician asked them do you feel more or less difficult to breathe? or if the liters per minute or the fraction of inspired supplementary oxygen necessary maintain an oxygen saturation >90% were diminished" (NCT04393493)
Timeframe: Up to 4 days after intervention started

Interventiondays (Mean)
Stepped Furosemide4
Diuretics Combined4

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Mortality During Follow up Defined as Number of Dead Patients After Discharge

(NCT04393493)
Timeframe: From day one after discharge up to an average of 161 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Stepped Furosemide9
Diuretics Combined12

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Change in Serum Urea Levels Measured at Day One of Intervention From Serum Urea Levels Measured at 96 Hrs After Intervention Started.

Calculated as serum urea levels at day one of intervention minus serum urea levels at 96 hrs after intervention started. (NCT04393493)
Timeframe: 96 hours after intervention started

Interventionmg/dl (Mean)
Stepped Furosemide13
Diuretics Combined18

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Change in Serum Sodium Levels Measured at Day One of Intervention From Serum Sodium Levels Measured at 96 Hrs After Intervention Started.

Calculated as serum sodium levels at day one of intervention minus serum sodium levels at 96 hrs after intervention started. (NCT04393493)
Timeframe: 96 hours after intervention started

InterventionmEq/L (Mean)
Stepped Furosemide-1.2
Diuretics Combined0.2

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Change in Serum Potassium Levels Measured at Day One of Intervention From Serum Potassium Levels Measured at 96 Hrs After Intervention Started.

Calculated as serum potassium levels at day one of intervention minus serum potassium levels at 96 hrs after intervention started. (NCT04393493)
Timeframe: 96 hours after intervention started

InterventionmEq/L (Mean)
Stepped Furosemide-0.2
Diuretics Combined-0.4

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Change in Serum pH Value Measured at Day One of Intervention From Serum pH Value Measured at 96 Hrs After Intervention Started.

Calculated as serum pH value at day one of intervention minus serum pH value at 96 hrs after intervention started. (NCT04393493)
Timeframe: 96 hours after intervention started

Interventionunits (Mean)
Stepped Furosemide0.03
Diuretics Combined0.02

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Change in Serum Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide Measured at Day One of Intervention From Serum Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide Measured at 96 Hrs After Intervention Started.

Calculated as serum partial pressure of carbon dioxide at day one of intervention minus serum partial pressure of carbon dioxide at 96 hrs after intervention started. (NCT04393493)
Timeframe: 96 hours after intervention started

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Stepped Furosemide1
Diuretics Combined3

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Change in Serum Magnesium Levels Measured at Day One of Intervention From Serum Magnesium Levels Measured at 96 Hrs After Intervention Started.

Calculated as serum magnesium levels at day one of intervention minus serum magnesium levels at 96 hrs after intervention started. (NCT04393493)
Timeframe: 96 hours after intervention started

Interventionmg/dl (Mean)
Stepped Furosemide0.07
Diuretics Combined-0.04

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Change in Serum Lactate Levels Measured at Day One of Intervention From Serum Lactate Levels Measured at 96 Hrs After Intervention Started.

Calculated as serum lactate levels at day one of intervention minus serum lactate levels at 96 hrs after intervention started. (NCT04393493)
Timeframe: 96 hours after intervention started

Interventionmmol/L (Mean)
Stepped Furosemide0
Diuretics Combined0.1

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Change in Serum Creatinine at Day One of Intervention From Serum Creatinine at 96 Hrs After Intervention Started

Calculated as serum creatinine at day one minus serum creatinine at 96 hrs after intervention started (NCT04393493)
Timeframe: 96 hours after intervention started

Interventionmg/dl (Mean)
Stepped Furosemide0.02
Diuretics Combined0.2

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Change in Serum Copeptin Levels at Day One of Intervention From Serum Copeptin Levels Measured at 96 Hrs After Intervention Started.

Calculated as serum copeptin levels at day one minus serum copeptin levels measured at 96 hrs after intervention started (NCT04393493)
Timeframe: 96 hours after intervention started

Interventionng/dl (Mean)
Stepped Furosemide1.1
Diuretics Combined-16

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Change in Serum Chloride Levels Measured at Day One of Intervention From Serum Chloride Levels Measured at 96 Hrs After Intervention Started.

Calculated as serum chloride levels at day one of intervention minus serum chloride levels at 96 hrs after intervention started. (NCT04393493)
Timeframe: 96 hours after intervention started

InterventionmEq/L (Mean)
Stepped Furosemide-0.6
Diuretics Combined-0.4

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Change in Serum Calcium Levels Measured at Day One of Intervention From Serum Calcium Levels Measured at 96 Hrs After Intervention Started.

Calculated as serum calcium levels at day one of intervention minus serum calcium levels at 96 hrs after intervention started. (NCT04393493)
Timeframe: 96 hours after intervention started

Interventionmg/dl (Mean)
Stepped Furosemide0.15
Diuretics Combined-0.05

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An Elevation of at Least 0.3 mg/dl of Serum Creatinine From Day One of Intervention Compared With Serum Creatinine at 96hrs After Intervention Started

(NCT04393493)
Timeframe: 96 hours after intervention started

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Stepped Furosemide20
Diuretics Combined24

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Change in Serum Brain Natriuretic Peptide Levels at Baseline From Serum Brain Natriuretic Peptide Levels at 96 Hours After Intervention Started

Baseline levels were defined as the measurement at hospital admission. Calculated as serum brain natriuretic peptide levels at baseline minus serum brain natriuretic peptide levels at 96 hours after intervention started (NCT04393493)
Timeframe: 96 hours after intervention started

Interventionng/dl (Mean)
Stepped Furosemide-1344
Diuretics Combined-1378

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Change in Serum Bicarbonate Levels Measured at Day One of Intervention From Serum Bicarbonate Levels Measured at 96 Hrs After Intervention Started.

Calculated as serum bicarbonate levels at day one of intervention minus bicarbonate levels at 96 hrs after intervention started. (NCT04393493)
Timeframe: 96 hours after intervention started

InterventionmEq/L (Mean)
Stepped Furosemide2.9
Diuretics Combined3

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Change in 24 Hour Urine Output at 96 Hours After Intervention Started From 24 Hour Urine Output One Day Before Intervention Initiation)

Urine output was collected through an urinary catheter and measured and registered by a nurse. The sum of these registrations from 7 am from one day to 7 am of the next day was considered the 24 hour urinary output (NCT04393493)
Timeframe: 96 hours after intervention started

Interventionml (Mean)
Stepped Furosemide125
Diuretics Combined200

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Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Rosuvastatin in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 to the Last Quantifiable Data Point (AUC0-tz, Rosuvastatin)

Area under the concentration-time curve of Rosuvastatin in plasma over the time interval from 0 to the last quantifiable data point is reported. The geometric mean is actually adjusted geometric mean. (NCT04590937)
Timeframe: 2 hours (h) before and at 20 minutes (min), 40min, 1h, 1h30min, 2h, 2h30min, 3h, 4h, 5h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h, 36h, 48h, 71h, 95h after administration of Rosuvastatin in both periods plus at 143h in period 1 and at 119h and 167h in period 2.

Interventionhour * nanomole / liter (h * nmol/L) (Geometric Mean)
Rosuvastatin (Period 1)78.83
Rosuvastatin + BI 730357 (Period 2)93.54

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Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Metformin in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 Extrapolated to Infinity (AUC0-∞, Metformin)

Area under the concentration-time curve of Metformin in plasma over the time interval from 0 extrapolated to infinity is reported. The geometric mean is actually adjusted geometric mean. (NCT04590937)
Timeframe: 2 hours (h) before and at 20 minutes (min), 40min, 1h, 1h30min, 2h, 2h30min, 3h, 4h, 5h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h, 36h, 48h, 71h, 95h after administration of Metformin in both periods plus at 143h in period 1 and at 119h and 167h in period 2.

Interventionhour * nanomole / liter (h*nmol/L) (Geometric Mean)
Metformin (Period 1)1460.83
Metformin + BI 730357 (Period 2)1434.81

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Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Furosemide in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 to the Last Quantifiable Data Point (AUC0-tz, Furosemide)

Area under the concentration-time curve of Furosemide in plasma over the time interval from 0 to the last quantifiable data point is reported. The geometric mean is actually adjusted geometric mean. (NCT04590937)
Timeframe: 2 hours (h) before and at 20 minutes (min), 40min, 1h, 1h30min, 2h, 2h30min, 3h, 4h, 5h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h, 36h, 48h, 71h, 95h after administration of Furosemide in both periods plus at 143h in period 1 and at 119h and 167h in period 2.

Interventionhour * nanomole / liter (h*nmol/L) (Geometric Mean)
Furosemide (Period 1)151.01
Furosemide + BI 730357 (Period 2)172.26

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Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Furosemide in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 Extrapolated to Infinity (AUC0-∞, Furosemide)

Area under the concentration-time curve of Furosemide in plasma over the time interval from 0 extrapolated to infinity is reported. The geometric mean is actually adjusted geometric mean. (NCT04590937)
Timeframe: 2 hours (h) before and at 20 minutes (min), 40min, 1h, 1h30min, 2h, 2h30min, 3h, 4h, 5h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h, 36h, 48h, 71h, 95h after administration of Furosemide in both periods plus at 143h in period 1 and at 119h and 167h in period 2.

Interventionhour * nanomole / liter (h*nmol/L) (Geometric Mean)
Furosemide (Period 1)157.57
Furosemide + BI 730357 (Period 2)185.50

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Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Digoxin in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 to the Last Quantifiable Data Point (AUC0-tz, Digoxin)

Area under the concentration-time curve of Digoxin in plasma over the time interval from 0 to the last quantifiable data point is reported. The geometric mean is actually adjusted geometric mean. (NCT04590937)
Timeframe: 2 hours (h) before and at 20 minutes (min), 40min, 1h, 1h30min, 2h, 2h30min, 3h, 4h, 5h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h, 36h, 48h, 71h, 95h after administration of Digoxin in both periods plus at 143h in period 1 and at 119h and 167h in period 2.

Interventionhour * nanomole / liter (h*nmol/L) (Geometric Mean)
Digoxin (Period 1)11.00
Digoxin + BI 730357 (Period 2)19.11

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Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Digoxin in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 Extrapolated to Infinity (AUC0-∞, Digoxin)

Area under the concentration-time curve of Digoxin in plasma over the time interval from 0 extrapolated to infinity is reported. The geometric mean is actually adjusted geometric mean. (NCT04590937)
Timeframe: 2 hours (h) before and at 20 minutes (min), 40min, 1h, 1h30min, 2h, 2h30min, 3h, 4h, 5h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h, 36h, 48h, 71h, 95h after administration of Digoxin in both periods plus at 143h in period 1 and at 119h and 167h in period 2.

Interventionhour * nanomole / liter (h*nmol/L) (Geometric Mean)
Digoxin (Period 1)13.34
Digoxin + BI 730357 (Period 2)22.71

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Maximum Measured Concentration of Furosemide in Plasma (Cmax, Furosemide)

Maximum measured concentration of Furosemide in plasma is reported. The geometric mean is actually adjusted geometric mean. (NCT04590937)
Timeframe: 2 hours (h) before and at 20 minutes (min), 40min, 1h, 1h30min, 2h, 2h30min, 3h, 4h, 5h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h, 36h, 48h, 71h, 95h after administration of Furosemide in both periods plus at 143h in period 1 and at 119h and 167h in period 2.

Interventionhour * nanomole / liter (h*nmol/L) (Geometric Mean)
Furosemide (Period 1)51.03
Furosemide + BI 730357 (Period 2)57.21

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Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Metformin in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 to the Last Quantifiable Data Point (AUC0-tz, Metformin)

Area under the concentration-time curve of Metformin in plasma over the time interval from 0 to the last quantifiable data point is reported. The geometric mean is actually adjusted geometric mean. (NCT04590937)
Timeframe: 2 hours (h) before and at 20 minutes (min), 40min, 1h, 1h30min, 2h, 2h30min, 3h, 4h, 5h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h, 36h, 48h, 71h, 95h after administration of Metformin in both periods plus at 143h in period 1 and at 119h and 167h in period 2.

Interventionhour * nanomole / liter (h*nmol/L) (Geometric Mean)
Metformin (Period 1)1450.30
Metformin + BI 730357 (Period 2)1424.70

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Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Rosuvastatin in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 Extrapolated to Infinity (AUC0-∞, Rosuvastatin)

Area under the concentration-time curve of Rosuvastatin in plasma over the time interval from 0 extrapolated to infinity is reported. The geometric mean is actually adjusted geometric mean. (NCT04590937)
Timeframe: 2 hours (h) before and at 20 minutes (min), 40min, 1h, 1h30min, 2h, 2h30min, 3h, 4h, 5h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h, 36h, 48h, 71h, 95h after administration of Rosuvastatin in both periods plus at 143h in period 1 and at 119h and 167h in period 2.

Interventionhour * nanomole / liter (h*nmol/L) (Geometric Mean)
Rosuvastatin (Period 1)90.08
Rosuvastatin + BI 730357 (Period 2)110.87

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Maximum Measured Concentration of Digoxin in Plasma (Cmax, Digoxin)

Maximum measured concentration of Digoxin in plasma is reported. The geometric mean is actually adjusted geometric mean. (NCT04590937)
Timeframe: 2 hours (h) before and at 20 minutes (min), 40min, 1h, 1h30min, 2h, 2h30min, 3h, 4h, 5h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h, 36h, 48h, 71h, 95h after administration of Digoxin in both periods plus at 143h in period 1 and at 119h and 167h in period 2.

Interventionnanomole / liter (nmol/L) (Geometric Mean)
Digoxin (Period 1)0.87
Digoxin + BI 730357 (Period 2)1.40

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Maximum Measured Concentration of Metformin in Plasma (Cmax, Metformin)

Maximum measured concentration of Metformin in plasma is reported. The geometric mean is actually adjusted geometric mean. (NCT04590937)
Timeframe: 2 hours (h) before and at 20 minutes (min), 40min, 1h, 1h30min, 2h, 2h30min, 3h, 4h, 5h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h, 36h, 48h, 71h, 95h after administration of Metformin in both periods plus at 143h in period 1 and at 119h and 167h in period 2.

Interventionnanomole / liter (nmol/L) (Geometric Mean)
Metformin (Period 1)235.86
Metformin + BI 730357 (Period 2)215.63

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Maximum Measured Concentration of Rosuvastatin in Plasma (Cmax, Rosuvastatin)

Maximum measured concentration of Rosuvastatin in plasma is reported. The geometric mean is actually adjusted geometric mean. (NCT04590937)
Timeframe: 2 hours (h) before and at 20 minutes (min), 40min, 1h, 1h30min, 2h, 2h30min, 3h, 4h, 5h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h, 36h, 48h, 71h, 95h after administration of Rosuvastatin in both periods plus at 143h in period 1 and at 119h and 167h in period 2.

Interventionnanomole / liter (nmol/L) (Geometric Mean)
Rosuvastatin (Period 1)6.92
Rosuvastatin + BI 730357 (Period 2)9.63

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Percentage of Participants With a Serum Magnesium <0.8 mEq/L at Week 5

Blood samples will be collected from participants prior to their dialysis treatments at the week 5 study visit. The percentage of participants who have a serum magnesium <0.8 mEq/L will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 5 (5 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants With a Serum Magnesium <0.8 mEq/L at Week 4

Blood samples will be collected from participants prior to their dialysis treatments at the week 4 study visit. The percentage of participants who have a serum magnesium <0.8 mEq/L will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 4 (4 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants With a Serum Magnesium <0.8 mEq/L at Week 3

Blood samples will be collected from participants prior to their dialysis treatments at the week 3 study visit. The percentage of participants who have a serum magnesium <0.8 mEq/L will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 3 (3 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants With a Serum Magnesium <0.8 mEq/L at Week 2

Blood samples will be collected from participants prior to their dialysis treatments at the week 2 study visit. The percentage of participants who have a serum magnesium <0.8 mEq/L will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 2 (2 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants With a Serum Magnesium <0.8 mEq/L at Week 17

Blood samples will be collected from participants prior to their dialysis treatments at the week 17 study visit. The percentage of participants who have a serum magnesium <0.8 mEq/L will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 17 (17 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants With a Serum Magnesium <0.8 mEq/L at Week 13

Blood samples will be collected from participants prior to their dialysis treatments at the week 13 study visit. The percentage of participants who have a serum magnesium <0.8 mEq/L will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 13 (13 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants With a Serum Magnesium <0.8 mEq/L at Week 1

Blood samples will be collected from participants prior to their dialysis treatments at the week 1 study visit. The percentage of participants who have a serum magnesium <0.8 mEq/L will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 1 (1 week after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants With a Serum Furosemide Level >12 Micrograms/L at Week 9.

Blood samples will be collected from participants prior to their dialysis treatments at the week 9 study visit. The percentage of participants who have a serum furosemide level >12 micrograms/L will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 9 (9 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants With a Serum Furosemide Level >12 Micrograms/L at Week 6.

Blood samples will be collected from participants prior to their dialysis treatments at the week 6 study visit. The percentage of participants who have a serum furosemide level >12 micrograms/L will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 6 (6 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants With a Serum Furosemide Level >12 Micrograms/L at Week 5.

Blood samples will be collected from participants prior to their dialysis treatments at the week 5 study visit. The percentage of participants who have a serum furosemide level >12 micrograms/L will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 5 (5 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants With a Serum Furosemide Level >12 Micrograms/L at Week 4.

Blood samples will be collected from participants prior to their dialysis treatments at the week 4 study visit. The percentage of participants who have a serum furosemide level >12 micrograms/L will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 4 (4 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants With a Serum Furosemide Level >12 Micrograms/L at Week 3.

Blood samples will be collected from participants prior to their dialysis treatments at the week 3 study visit. The percentage of participants who have a serum furosemide level >12 micrograms/L will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 3 (3 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants With a Serum Furosemide Level >12 Micrograms/L at Week 2.

Blood samples will be collected from participants prior to their dialysis treatments at the week 2 study visit. The percentage of participants who have a serum furosemide level >12 micrograms/L will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 2 (2 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants With a Serum Furosemide Level >12 Micrograms/L at Week 17.

Blood samples will be collected from participants prior to their dialysis treatments at the week 17 study visit. The percentage of participants who have a serum furosemide level >12 micrograms/L will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 17 (17 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants With a Serum Furosemide Level >12 Micrograms/L at Week 13.

Blood samples will be collected from participants prior to their dialysis treatments at the week 13 study visit. The percentage of participants who have a serum furosemide level >12 micrograms/L will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 13 (13 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants With a Serum Furosemide Level >12 Micrograms/L at Week 1.

Blood samples will be collected from participants prior to their dialysis treatments at the week 1 study visit. The percentage of participants who have a serum furosemide level >12 micrograms/L will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 1 (1 week after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants With a Serum Corrected Calcium <7.0 mg/dL at Week 9

Blood samples will be collected from participants prior to their dialysis treatments at the week 9 study visit. The percentage of participants who have a serum corrected calcium <7.0 mg/dL will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 9 (9 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants With a Serum Corrected Calcium <7.0 mg/dL at Week 6

Blood samples will be collected from participants prior to their dialysis treatments at the week 6 study visit. The percentage of participants who have a serum corrected calcium <7.0 mg/dL will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 6 (6 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants With a Serum Corrected Calcium <7.0 mg/dL at Week 5

Blood samples will be collected from participants prior to their dialysis treatments at the week 5 study visit. The percentage of participants who have a serum corrected calcium <7.0 mg/dL will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 5 (5 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants With a Serum Corrected Calcium <7.0 mg/dL at Week 4

Blood samples will be collected from participants prior to their dialysis treatments at the week 4 study visit. The percentage of participants who have a serum corrected calcium <7.0 mg/dL will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 4 (4 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants With a Serum Corrected Calcium <7.0 mg/dL at Week 3

Blood samples will be collected from participants prior to their dialysis treatments at the week 3 study visit. The percentage of participants who have a serum corrected calcium <7.0 mg/dL will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 3 (3 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants With a Serum Corrected Calcium <7.0 mg/dL at Week 2

Blood samples will be collected from participants prior to their dialysis treatments at the week 2 study visit. The percentage of participants who have a serum corrected calcium <7.0 mg/dL will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 2 (2 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants With a Defined Decrease in the Inner EAR Instrument Score From Baseline to Week 18

Participants' hearing ability during the last week will be assessed using the Inner Effectiveness of Auditory Rehabilitation (Inner EAR) 11-question validated questionnaire administered during study week 18. The total instrument score will be tallied at each administration [range: 10 (low hearing ability) - 59 (high hearing ability)]. Serious hearing change will be defined as a ≥10-point decrease in the Inner EAR instrument score from baseline score. The percentage of participants with a defined decrease in the Inner EAR instrument score will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Baseline and study week 18 (18 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide6

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Percentage of Participants With a Serum Corrected Calcium <7.0 mg/dL at Week 17

Blood samples will be collected from participants prior to their dialysis treatments at the week 17 study visit. The percentage of participants who have a serum corrected calcium <7.0 mg/dL will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 17 (17 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants With a Serum Corrected Calcium <7.0 mg/dL at Week 13

Blood samples will be collected from participants prior to their dialysis treatments at the week 13 study visit. The percentage of participants who have a serum corrected calcium <7.0 mg/dL will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 13 (13 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants With a Serum Corrected Calcium <7.0 mg/dL at Week 1

Blood samples will be collected from participants prior to their dialysis treatments at the week 1 study visit. The percentage of participants who have a serum corrected calcium <7.0 mg/dL will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 1 (1 week after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants With a Defined Decrease in the Inner EAR Instrument Score From Baseline to Week 6

Participants' hearing ability during the last week will be assessed using the Inner Effectiveness of Auditory Rehabilitation (Inner EAR) 11-question validated questionnaire administered during study week 6. The total instrument score will be tallied at each administration [range: 10 (low hearing ability) - 59 (high hearing ability)]. Serious hearing change will be defined as a ≥10-point decrease in the Inner EAR instrument score from baseline score. The percentage of participants with a defined decrease in the Inner EAR instrument score will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Baseline and study week 6 (6 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants With a Defined Decrease in the Inner EAR Instrument Score From Baseline to Week 4

Participants' hearing ability during the last week will be assessed using the Inner Effectiveness of Auditory Rehabilitation (Inner EAR) 11-question validated questionnaire administered during study week 4. The total instrument score will be tallied at each administration [range: 10 (low hearing ability) - 59 (high hearing ability)]. Serious hearing change will be defined as a ≥10-point decrease in the Inner EAR instrument score from baseline score. The percentage of participants with a defined decrease in the Inner EAR instrument score will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Baseline and study week 4 (4 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide3

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Percentage of Participants With a Defined Decrease in the Inner EAR Instrument Score From Baseline to Week 2

Participants' hearing ability during the last week will be assessed using the Inner Effectiveness of Auditory Rehabilitation (Inner EAR) 11-question validated questionnaire administered during study week 2. The total instrument score will be tallied at each administration [range: 10 (low hearing ability) - 59 (high hearing ability)]. Serious hearing change will be defined as a ≥10-point decrease in the Inner EAR instrument score from baseline score. The percentage of participants with a defined decrease in the Inner EAR instrument score will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Baseline and study week 2 (2 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants With a Defined Decrease in the Inner EAR Instrument Score From Baseline to Week 14

Participants' hearing ability during the last week will be assessed using the Inner Effectiveness of Auditory Rehabilitation (Inner EAR) 11-question validated questionnaire administered during study week 14. The total instrument score will be tallied at each administration [range: 10 (low hearing ability) - 59 (high hearing ability)]. Serious hearing change will be defined as a ≥10-point decrease in the Inner EAR instrument score from baseline score. The percentage of participants with a defined decrease in the Inner EAR instrument score will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Baseline and study week 14 (14 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide3

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Percentage of Participants With a Defined Decrease in the Inner EAR Instrument Score From Baseline to Week 10

Participants' hearing ability during the last week will be assessed using the Inner Effectiveness of Auditory Rehabilitation (Inner EAR) 11-question validated questionnaire administered during study week 10. The total instrument score will be tallied at each administration [range: 10 (low hearing ability) - 59 (high hearing ability)]. Serious hearing change will be defined as a ≥10-point decrease in the Inner EAR instrument score from baseline score. The percentage of participants with a defined decrease in the Inner EAR instrument score will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Baseline and study week 10 (10 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Who Have a Defined Increase in 24-hour Urine Volume From Baseline to Week 5

"Participants will follow standard dialysis clinic protocols for 24-urine volume collection. Classifying participants as has having an increase in 24-hour urine volume will be contingent on the amount of urine the participant makes at baseline.~Among participants with baseline 24-hour urine volume ≥200 mL: ≥25% increase in urine volume is considered an increase.~Among participants with baseline 24-hour urine volume <200 mL: ≥50 mL increase in urine volume to a urine volume of at least 100 mL/24-hours is considered an increase.~The percentage of participants who have a defined increase in 24-urine volume from baseline to week 5 will be determined." (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Baseline and study week 5 (5 weeks after study medication start

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide33

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Percentage of Participants Who Have a Defined Increase in 24-hour Urine Volume From Baseline to Week 18

"Participants will follow standard dialysis clinic protocols for 24-urine volume collection. Classifying participants as has having an increase in 24-hour urine volume will be contingent on the amount of urine the participant makes at baseline.~Among participants with baseline 24-hour urine volume ≥200 mL: ≥25% increase in urine volume is considered an increase.~Among participants with baseline 24-hour urine volume <200 mL: ≥50 mL increase in urine volume to a urine volume of at least 100 mL/24-hours is considered an increase.~The percentage of participants who have a defined increase in 24-urine volume from baseline to week 18 will be determined." (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Baseline and study week 18 (18 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide22

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Percentage of Participants Who Have a Defined Increase in 24-hour Urine Volume From Baseline to Week 12

"Participants will follow standard dialysis clinic protocols for 24-urine volume collection. Classifying participants as has having an increase in 24-hour urine volume will be contingent on the amount of urine the participant makes at baseline.~Among participants with baseline 24-hour urine volume ≥200 mL: ≥25% increase in urine volume is considered an increase.~Among participants with baseline 24-hour urine volume <200 mL: ≥50 mL increase in urine volume to a urine volume of at least 100 mL/24-hours is considered an increase.~The percentage of participants who have a defined increase in 24-urine volume from baseline to week 12 will be determined." (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Baseline and study week 12 (12 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide33

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Percentage of Participants Who Are Adherent to Furosemide (<20% Pills Remaining at Scheduled Pill Counts) at Week 8

Participants' adherence to furosemide will be assessed at scheduled pill counts conducted by the study team at study week 8. Participants' adherence to furosemide will be defined <20% pills remaining at the scheduled pill counts. The percentage of participants who are adherent to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 8 (8 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide67

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Percentage of Participants Who Are Adherent to Furosemide (<20% Pills Remaining at Scheduled Pill Counts) at Week 6

Participants' adherence to furosemide will be assessed at scheduled pill counts conducted by the study team at study week 6. Participants' adherence to furosemide will be defined <20% pills remaining at the scheduled pill counts. The percentage of participants who are adherent to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 6 (6 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide81

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Percentage of Participants Who Are Adherent to Furosemide (<20% Pills Remaining at Scheduled Pill Counts) at Week 5

Participants' adherence to furosemide will be assessed at scheduled pill counts conducted by the study team at study week 5. Participants' adherence to furosemide will be defined <20% pills remaining at the scheduled pill counts. The percentage of participants who are adherent to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 5 (5 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide81

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Percentage of Participants Who Are Adherent to Furosemide (<20% Pills Remaining at Scheduled Pill Counts) at Week 4

Participants' adherence to furosemide will be assessed at scheduled pill counts conducted by the study team at study week 4. Participants' adherence to furosemide will be defined <20% pills remaining at the scheduled pill counts. The percentage of participants who are adherent to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 4 (4 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide67

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Percentage of Participants Who Are Adherent to Furosemide (<20% Pills Remaining at Scheduled Pill Counts) at Week 3

Participants' adherence to furosemide will be assessed at scheduled pill counts conducted by the study team at study week 3. Participants' adherence to furosemide will be defined <20% pills remaining at the scheduled pill counts. The percentage of participants who are adherent to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 3 (3 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide52

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Percentage of Participants Who Are Adherent to Furosemide (<20% Pills Remaining at Scheduled Pill Counts) at Week 2

Participants' adherence to furosemide will be assessed at scheduled pill counts conducted by the study team at study week 2. Participants' adherence to furosemide will be defined <20% pills remaining at the scheduled pill counts. The percentage of participants who are adherent to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 2 (2 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide81

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Percentage of Participants Who Are Adherent to Furosemide (<20% Pills Remaining at Scheduled Pill Counts) at Week 19

Participants' adherence to furosemide will be assessed at scheduled pill counts conducted by the study team at study week 19. Participants' adherence to furosemide will be defined <20% pills remaining at the scheduled pill counts. The percentage of participants who are adherent to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 19 (19 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide70

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Percentage of Participants Who Are Adherent to Furosemide (<20% Pills Remaining at Scheduled Pill Counts) at Week 18

Participants' adherence to furosemide will be assessed at scheduled pill counts conducted by the study team at study week 18. Participants' adherence to furosemide will be defined <20% pills remaining at the scheduled pill counts. The percentage of participants who are adherent to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 18 (18 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide75

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Percentage of Participants Who Are Adherent to Furosemide (<20% Pills Remaining at Scheduled Pill Counts) at Week 16

Participants' adherence to furosemide will be assessed at scheduled pill counts conducted by the study team at study week 16. Participants' adherence to furosemide will be defined <20% pills remaining at the scheduled pill counts. The percentage of participants who are adherent to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 16 (16 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide48

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Percentage of Participants Who Are Adherent to Furosemide (<20% Pills Remaining at Scheduled Pill Counts) at Week 14

Participants' adherence to furosemide will be assessed at scheduled pill counts conducted by the study team at study week 14. Participants' adherence to furosemide will be defined <20% pills remaining at the scheduled pill counts. The percentage of participants who are adherent to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 14 (14 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide84

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Percentage of Participants Who Are Adherent to Furosemide (<20% Pills Remaining at Scheduled Pill Counts) at Week 12

Participants' adherence to furosemide will be assessed at scheduled pill counts conducted by the study team at study week 12. Participants' adherence to furosemide will be defined <20% pills remaining at the scheduled pill counts. The percentage of participants who are adherent to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 12 (12 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide83

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Percentage of Participants Who Are Adherent to Furosemide (<20% Pills Remaining at Scheduled Pill Counts) at Week 10

Participants' adherence to furosemide will be assessed at scheduled pill counts conducted by the study team at study week 10. Participants' adherence to furosemide will be defined <20% pills remaining at the scheduled pill counts. The percentage of participants who are adherent to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 10 (10 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide75

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Percentage of Participants Who Are Adherent to Furosemide (<20% Pills Remaining at Scheduled Pill Counts) at Week 1

Participants' adherence to furosemide will be assessed at scheduled pill counts conducted by the study team at study week 1. Participants' adherence to furosemide will be defined <20% pills remaining at the scheduled pill counts. The percentage of participants who are adherent to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 1 (1 week after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide67

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Percentage of Participants That Experience Dialysis-associated Hypotension up to Week 9

Participants' blood pressure will be measured with an upper extremity cuff in a seated position at 15-minute intervals during each hemodialysis treatment per standard dialysis clinic protocols. Dialysis-associated hypotension will be defined as hypotension during dialysis requiring hospitalization or treatment in an emergency room and not attributable to overt sepsis, acute myocardial infarction, or other cardiovascular event (e.g. aortic dissection). The percentage of participants who have dialysis-associated hypotension up to week 9 will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Up to study week 9 (9 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants That Experience Dialysis-associated Hypotension up to Week 8

Participants' blood pressure will be measured with an upper extremity cuff in a seated position at 15-minute intervals during each hemodialysis treatment per standard dialysis clinic protocols. Dialysis-associated hypotension will be defined as hypotension during dialysis requiring hospitalization or treatment in an emergency room and not attributable to overt sepsis, acute myocardial infarction, or other cardiovascular event (e.g. aortic dissection). The percentage of participants who have dialysis-associated hypotension up to week 8 will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Up to study week 8 (8 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants That Experience Dialysis-associated Hypotension up to Week 7

Participants' blood pressure will be measured with an upper extremity cuff in a seated position at 15-minute intervals during each hemodialysis treatment per standard dialysis clinic protocols. Dialysis-associated hypotension will be defined as hypotension during dialysis requiring hospitalization or treatment in an emergency room and not attributable to overt sepsis, acute myocardial infarction, or other cardiovascular event (e.g. aortic dissection). The percentage of participants who have dialysis-associated hypotension up to week 7 will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Up to study week 7 (7 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants That Experience Dialysis-associated Hypotension up to Week 6

Participants' blood pressure will be measured with an upper extremity cuff in a seated position at 15-minute intervals during each hemodialysis treatment per standard dialysis clinic protocols. Dialysis-associated hypotension will be defined as hypotension during dialysis requiring hospitalization or treatment in an emergency room and not attributable to overt sepsis, acute myocardial infarction, or other cardiovascular event (e.g. aortic dissection). The percentage of participants who have dialysis-associated hypotension up to week 6 will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Up to study week 6 (6 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants That Experience Dialysis-associated Hypotension up to Week 5

Participants' blood pressure will be measured with an upper extremity cuff in a seated position at 15-minute intervals during each hemodialysis treatment per standard dialysis clinic protocols. Dialysis-associated hypotension will be defined as hypotension during dialysis requiring hospitalization or treatment in an emergency room and not attributable to overt sepsis, acute myocardial infarction, or other cardiovascular event (e.g. aortic dissection). The percentage of participants who have dialysis-associated hypotension up to week 5 will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Up to study week 5 (5 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants That Experience Dialysis-associated Hypotension up to Week 4

Participants' blood pressure will be measured with an upper extremity cuff in a seated position at 15-minute intervals during each hemodialysis treatment per standard dialysis clinic protocols. Dialysis-associated hypotension will be defined as hypotension during dialysis requiring hospitalization or treatment in an emergency room and not attributable to overt sepsis, acute myocardial infarction, or other cardiovascular event (e.g. aortic dissection). The percentage of participants who have dialysis-associated hypotension up to week 4 will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Up to study week 4 (4 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants That Experience Dialysis-associated Hypotension up to Week 3

Participants' blood pressure will be measured with an upper extremity cuff in a seated position at 15-minute intervals during each hemodialysis treatment per standard dialysis clinic protocols. Dialysis-associated hypotension will be defined as hypotension during dialysis requiring hospitalization or treatment in an emergency room and not attributable to overt sepsis, acute myocardial infarction, or other cardiovascular event (e.g. aortic dissection). The percentage of participants who have dialysis-associated hypotension up to week 3 will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Up to study week 3 (3 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants That Experience Dialysis-associated Hypotension up to Week 2

Participants' blood pressure will be measured with an upper extremity cuff in a seated position at 15-minute intervals during each hemodialysis treatment per standard dialysis clinic protocols. Dialysis-associated hypotension will be defined as hypotension during dialysis requiring hospitalization or treatment in an emergency room and not attributable to overt sepsis, acute myocardial infarction, or other cardiovascular event (e.g. aortic dissection). The percentage of participants who have dialysis-associated hypotension up to week 2 will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Up to study week 2 (2 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants That Experience Dialysis-associated Hypotension up to Week 18

Participants' blood pressure will be measured with an upper extremity cuff in a seated position at 15-minute intervals during each hemodialysis treatment per standard dialysis clinic protocols. Dialysis-associated hypotension will be defined as hypotension during dialysis requiring hospitalization or treatment in an emergency room and not attributable to overt sepsis, acute myocardial infarction, or other cardiovascular event (e.g. aortic dissection). The percentage of participants who have dialysis-associated hypotension up to week 18 will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Up to study week 18 (18 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants That Experience Dialysis-associated Hypotension up to Week 17

Participants' blood pressure will be measured with an upper extremity cuff in a seated position at 15-minute intervals during each hemodialysis treatment per standard dialysis clinic protocols. Dialysis-associated hypotension will be defined as hypotension during dialysis requiring hospitalization or treatment in an emergency room and not attributable to overt sepsis, acute myocardial infarction, or other cardiovascular event (e.g. aortic dissection). The percentage of participants who have dialysis-associated hypotension up to week 17 will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Up to study week 17 (17 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants That Experience Dialysis-associated Hypotension up to Week 16

Participants' blood pressure will be measured with an upper extremity cuff in a seated position at 15-minute intervals during each hemodialysis treatment per standard dialysis clinic protocols. Dialysis-associated hypotension will be defined as hypotension during dialysis requiring hospitalization or treatment in an emergency room and not attributable to overt sepsis, acute myocardial infarction, or other cardiovascular event (e.g. aortic dissection). The percentage of participants who have dialysis-associated hypotension up to week 16 will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Up to study week 16 (16 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants That Experience Dialysis-associated Hypotension up to Week 15

Participants' blood pressure will be measured with an upper extremity cuff in a seated position at 15-minute intervals during each hemodialysis treatment per standard dialysis clinic protocols. Dialysis-associated hypotension will be defined as hypotension during dialysis requiring hospitalization or treatment in an emergency room and not attributable to overt sepsis, acute myocardial infarction, or other cardiovascular event (e.g. aortic dissection). The percentage of participants who have dialysis-associated hypotension up to week 15 will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Up to study week 15 (15 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants That Experience Dialysis-associated Hypotension up to Week 14

Participants' blood pressure will be measured with an upper extremity cuff in a seated position at 15-minute intervals during each hemodialysis treatment per standard dialysis clinic protocols. Dialysis-associated hypotension will be defined as hypotension during dialysis requiring hospitalization or treatment in an emergency room and not attributable to overt sepsis, acute myocardial infarction, or other cardiovascular event (e.g. aortic dissection). The percentage of participants who have dialysis-associated hypotension up to week 14 will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Up to study week 14 (14 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants That Experience Dialysis-associated Hypotension up to Week 13

Participants' blood pressure will be measured with an upper extremity cuff in a seated position at 15-minute intervals during each hemodialysis treatment per standard dialysis clinic protocols. Dialysis-associated hypotension will be defined as hypotension during dialysis requiring hospitalization or treatment in an emergency room and not attributable to overt sepsis, acute myocardial infarction, or other cardiovascular event (e.g. aortic dissection). The percentage of participants who have dialysis-associated hypotension up to week 13 will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Up to study week 13 (13 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants That Experience Dialysis-associated Hypotension up to Week 12

Participants' blood pressure will be measured with an upper extremity cuff in a seated position at 15-minute intervals during each hemodialysis treatment per standard dialysis clinic protocols. Dialysis-associated hypotension will be defined as hypotension during dialysis requiring hospitalization or treatment in an emergency room and not attributable to overt sepsis, acute myocardial infarction, or other cardiovascular event (e.g. aortic dissection). The percentage of participants who have dialysis-associated hypotension up to week 12 will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Up to study week 12 (12 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants That Experience Dialysis-associated Hypotension up to Week 11

Participants' blood pressure will be measured with an upper extremity cuff in a seated position at 15-minute intervals during each hemodialysis treatment per standard dialysis clinic protocols. Dialysis-associated hypotension will be defined as hypotension during dialysis requiring hospitalization or treatment in an emergency room and not attributable to overt sepsis, acute myocardial infarction, or other cardiovascular event (e.g. aortic dissection). The percentage of participants who have dialysis-associated hypotension up to week 11 will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Up to study week 11 (11 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting a Severe or Very Severe Hearing Change Attributable to Furosemide at Week 1

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 1. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious hearing change will be defined as hearing change ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting a severe or very severe hearing change attributable to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 1 (1 week after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting a Severe or Very Severe Hearing Change Attributable to Furosemide at Week 10

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 10. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious hearing change will be defined as hearing change ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting a severe or very severe hearing change attributable to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 10 (10 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting a Severe or Very Severe Hearing Change Attributable to Furosemide at Week 12

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 12. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious hearing change will be defined as hearing change ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting a severe or very severe hearing change attributable to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 12 (12 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting a Severe or Very Severe Hearing Change Attributable to Furosemide at Week 14

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 14. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious hearing change will be defined as hearing change ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting a severe or very severe hearing change attributable to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 14 (14 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting a Severe or Very Severe Hearing Change Attributable to Furosemide at Week 16

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 16. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious hearing change will be defined as hearing change ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting a severe or very severe hearing change attributable to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 16 (16 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting a Severe or Very Severe Hearing Change Attributable to Furosemide at Week 18

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 18. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious hearing change will be defined as hearing change ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting a severe or very severe hearing change attributable to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 18 (18 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting a Severe or Very Severe Hearing Change Attributable to Furosemide at Week 2

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 2. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious hearing change will be defined as hearing change ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting a severe or very severe hearing change attributable to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 2 (2 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting a Severe or Very Severe Hearing Change Attributable to Furosemide at Week 3

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 3. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious hearing change will be defined as hearing change ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting a severe or very severe hearing change attributable to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 3 (3 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting a Severe or Very Severe Hearing Change Attributable to Furosemide at Week 4

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 4. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious hearing change will be defined as hearing change ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting a severe or very severe hearing change attributable to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 4 (4 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting a Severe or Very Severe Hearing Change Attributable to Furosemide at Week 5

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 5. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious hearing change will be defined as hearing change ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting a severe or very severe hearing change attributable to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 5 (5 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting a Severe or Very Severe Hearing Change Attributable to Furosemide at Week 6

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 6. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious hearing change will be defined as hearing change ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting a severe or very severe hearing change attributable to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 6 (6 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants That Experience Dialysis-associated Hypotension up to Week 10

Participants' blood pressure will be measured with an upper extremity cuff in a seated position at 15-minute intervals during each hemodialysis treatment per standard dialysis clinic protocols. Dialysis-associated hypotension will be defined as hypotension during dialysis requiring hospitalization or treatment in an emergency room and not attributable to overt sepsis, acute myocardial infarction, or other cardiovascular event (e.g. aortic dissection). The percentage of participants who have dialysis-associated hypotension up to week 10 will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Up to study week 10 (10 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants That Experience Dialysis-associated Hypotension up to Week 1

Participants' blood pressure will be measured with an upper extremity cuff in a seated position at 15-minute intervals during each hemodialysis treatment per standard dialysis clinic protocols. Dialysis-associated hypotension will be defined as hypotension during dialysis requiring hospitalization or treatment in an emergency room and not attributable to overt sepsis, acute myocardial infarction, or other cardiovascular event (e.g. aortic dissection). The percentage of participants who have dialysis-associated hypotension up to week 1 will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Up to study week 1 (1 week after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Vomiting Attributable to Furosemide at Week 8

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the last week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 8. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious vomiting will be defined as vomiting ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe vomiting will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 8 (8 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Vomiting Attributable to Furosemide at Week 6

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the last week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 6. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious vomiting will be defined as vomiting ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe vomiting will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 6 (6 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Vomiting Attributable to Furosemide at Week 5

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the last week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 5. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious vomiting will be defined as vomiting ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe vomiting will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 5 (5 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Vomiting Attributable to Furosemide at Week 4

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the last week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 4. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious vomiting will be defined as vomiting ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe vomiting will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 4 (4 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Vomiting Attributable to Furosemide at Week 3

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the last week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 3. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious vomiting will be defined as vomiting ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe vomiting will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 3 (3 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Vomiting Attributable to Furosemide at Week 2

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the last week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 2. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious vomiting will be defined as vomiting ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe vomiting will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 2 (2 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Vomiting Attributable to Furosemide at Week 18

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the last week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 18. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious vomiting will be defined as vomiting ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe vomiting will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 18 (18 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide3

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Vomiting Attributable to Furosemide at Week 16

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the last week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 16. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious vomiting will be defined as vomiting ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe vomiting will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 16 (16 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide3

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Vomiting Attributable to Furosemide at Week 14

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the last week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 14. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious vomiting will be defined as vomiting ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe vomiting will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 14 (14 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide6

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Vomiting Attributable to Furosemide at Week 12

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the last week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 12. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious vomiting will be defined as vomiting ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe vomiting will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 12 (12 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide3

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Vomiting Attributable to Furosemide at Week 10

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the last week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 10. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious vomiting will be defined as vomiting ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe vomiting will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 10 (10 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Vomiting Attributable to Furosemide at Week 1

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the last week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 1. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious vomiting will be defined as vomiting ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe vomiting will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 1 (1 week after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide3

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Unusual Tiredness/Weakness Attributable to Furosemide at Week 8

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 8. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious unusual tiredness/weakness will be defined as unusual tiredness/weakness ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe unusual tiredness/weakness will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 8 (8 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Unusual Tiredness/Weakness Attributable to Furosemide at Week 6

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 6. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious unusual tiredness/weakness will be defined as unusual tiredness/weakness ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe unusual tiredness/weakness will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 6 (6 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Unusual Tiredness/Weakness Attributable to Furosemide at Week 5

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 5. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious unusual tiredness/weakness will be defined as unusual tiredness/weakness ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe unusual tiredness/weakness will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 5 (5 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Unusual Tiredness/Weakness Attributable to Furosemide at Week 4

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 4. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious unusual tiredness/weakness will be defined as unusual tiredness/weakness ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe unusual tiredness/weakness will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 4 (4 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Unusual Tiredness/Weakness Attributable to Furosemide at Week 3

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 3. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious unusual tiredness/weakness will be defined as unusual tiredness/weakness ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe unusual tiredness/weakness will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 3 (3 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Unusual Tiredness/Weakness Attributable to Furosemide at Week 2

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 2. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious unusual tiredness/weakness will be defined as unusual tiredness/weakness ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe unusual tiredness/weakness will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 2 (2 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Unusual Tiredness/Weakness Attributable to Furosemide at Week 18

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 18. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious unusual tiredness/weakness will be defined as unusual tiredness/weakness ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe unusual tiredness/weakness will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 18 (18 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Unusual Tiredness/Weakness Attributable to Furosemide at Week 16

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 16. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious unusual tiredness/weakness will be defined as unusual tiredness/weakness ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe unusual tiredness/weakness will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 16 (16 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Unusual Tiredness/Weakness Attributable to Furosemide at Week 14

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 14. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious unusual tiredness/weakness will be defined as unusual tiredness/weakness ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe unusual tiredness/weakness will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 14 (14 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide6

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Unusual Tiredness/Weakness Attributable to Furosemide at Week 12

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 12. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious unusual tiredness/weakness will be defined as unusual tiredness/weakness ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe unusual tiredness/weakness will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 12 (12 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide3

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Unusual Tiredness/Weakness Attributable to Furosemide at Week 10

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 10. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious unusual tiredness/weakness will be defined as unusual tiredness/weakness ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe unusual tiredness/weakness will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 10 (10 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Unusual Tiredness/Weakness Attributable to Furosemide at Week 1

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 1. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious unusual tiredness/weakness will be defined as unusual tiredness/weakness ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe unusual tiredness/weakness will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 1 (1 week after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Tinnitus Attributable to Furosemide at Week 8

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 8. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious tinnitus will be defined as tinnitus ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. Incidence will be defined as percentage of participants who have serious tinnitus. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe tinnitus attributable to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 8 (8 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide3

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Tinnitus Attributable to Furosemide at Week 6

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 6. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious tinnitus will be defined as tinnitus ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. Incidence will be defined as percentage of participants who have serious tinnitus. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe tinnitus attributable to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 6 (6 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide3

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Tinnitus Attributable to Furosemide at Week 5

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 5. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious tinnitus will be defined as tinnitus ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. Incidence will be defined as percentage of participants who have serious tinnitus. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe tinnitus attributable to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 5 (5 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide3

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Tinnitus Attributable to Furosemide at Week 4

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 4. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious tinnitus will be defined as tinnitus ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. Incidence will be defined as percentage of participants who have serious tinnitus. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe tinnitus attributable to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 4 (4 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide3

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Tinnitus Attributable to Furosemide at Week 3

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 3. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious tinnitus will be defined as tinnitus ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. Incidence will be defined as percentage of participants who have serious tinnitus. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe tinnitus attributable to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 3 (3 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide3

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Tinnitus Attributable to Furosemide at Week 2

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 2. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious tinnitus will be defined as tinnitus ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. Incidence will be defined as percentage of participants who have serious tinnitus. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe tinnitus attributable to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 2 (2 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Tinnitus Attributable to Furosemide at Week 18

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 18. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious tinnitus will be defined as tinnitus ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. Incidence will be defined as percentage of participants who have serious tinnitus. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe tinnitus attributable to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 18 (18 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide3

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Tinnitus Attributable to Furosemide at Week 16

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 16. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious tinnitus will be defined as tinnitus ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. Incidence will be defined as percentage of participants who have serious tinnitus. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe tinnitus attributable to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 16 (16 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide3

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Tinnitus Attributable to Furosemide at Week 14

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 14. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious tinnitus will be defined as tinnitus ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. Incidence will be defined as percentage of participants who have serious tinnitus. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe tinnitus attributable to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 14 (14 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide3

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Tinnitus Attributable to Furosemide at Week 12

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 12. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious tinnitus will be defined as tinnitus ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. Incidence will be defined as percentage of participants who have serious tinnitus. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe tinnitus attributable to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 12 (12 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide3

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Tinnitus Attributable to Furosemide at Week 10

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 10. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious tinnitus will be defined as tinnitus ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. Incidence will be defined as percentage of participants who have serious tinnitus. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe tinnitus attributable to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 10 (10 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Tinnitus Attributable to Furosemide at Week 1

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 1. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious tinnitus will be defined as tinnitus ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. Incidence will be defined as percentage of participants who have serious tinnitus. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe tinnitus attributable to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 1 (1 week after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Nausea Attributable to Furosemide at Week 8

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the last week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 8. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious nausea will be defined as nausea ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe nausea will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 8 (8 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide6

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Nausea Attributable to Furosemide at Week 6

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the last week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 6. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious nausea will be defined as nausea ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe nausea will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 6 (6 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting a Severe or Very Severe Hearing Change Attributable to Furosemide at Week 8

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 8. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious hearing change will be defined as hearing change ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting a severe or very severe hearing change attributable to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 8 (8 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting a Severe or Very Severe Rash Attributable to Furosemide at Week 1

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 1. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious rash will be defined as rash ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting a severe or very severe rash attributable to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 1 (1 week after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting a Severe or Very Severe Rash Attributable to Furosemide at Week 10

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 10. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious rash will be defined as rash ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting a severe or very severe rash attributable to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 10 (10 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting a Severe or Very Severe Rash Attributable to Furosemide at Week 12

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 12. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious rash will be defined as rash ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting a severe or very severe rash attributable to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 12 (12 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting a Severe or Very Severe Rash Attributable to Furosemide at Week 14

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 14. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious rash will be defined as rash ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting a severe or very severe rash attributable to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 14 (14 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting a Severe or Very Severe Rash Attributable to Furosemide at Week 16

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 16. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious rash will be defined as rash ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting a severe or very severe rash attributable to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 16 (16 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting a Severe or Very Severe Rash Attributable to Furosemide at Week 18

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 18. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious rash will be defined as rash ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting a severe or very severe rash attributable to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 18 (18 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting a Severe or Very Severe Rash Attributable to Furosemide at Week 2

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 2. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious rash will be defined as rash ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting a severe or very severe rash attributable to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 2 (2 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Nausea Attributable to Furosemide at Week 5

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the last week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 5. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious nausea will be defined as nausea ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe nausea will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 5 (5 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide8

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Nausea Attributable to Furosemide at Week 4

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the last week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 4. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious nausea will be defined as nausea ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe nausea will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 4 (4 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide3

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Nausea Attributable to Furosemide at Week 3

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the last week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 3. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious nausea will be defined as nausea ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe nausea will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 3 (3 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide3

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Percentage of Participants Reporting a Severe or Very Severe Rash Attributable to Furosemide at Week 3

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 3. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious rash will be defined as rash ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting a severe or very severe rash attributable to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 3 (3 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Nausea Attributable to Furosemide at Week 18

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the last week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 18. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious nausea will be defined as nausea ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe nausea will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 18 (18 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Nausea Attributable to Furosemide at Week 16

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the last week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 16. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious nausea will be defined as nausea ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe nausea will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 16 (16 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Nausea Attributable to Furosemide at Week 14

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the last week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 14. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious nausea will be defined as nausea ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe nausea will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 14 (14 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide3

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Nausea Attributable to Furosemide at Week 12

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the last week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 12. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious nausea will be defined as nausea ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe nausea will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 12 (12 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide6

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Nausea Attributable to Furosemide at Week 10

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the last week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 10. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious nausea will be defined as nausea ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe nausea will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 10 (10 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Nausea Attributable to Furosemide at Week 1

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the last week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 1. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious nausea will be defined as nausea ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe nausea will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 1 (1 week after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide5

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Dizziness/Pre-syncope Attributable to Furosemide at Week 8

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 8. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious dizziness/pre-syncope will be defined as dizziness/pre-syncope ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe dizziness/pre-syncope attributable to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 8 (8 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Dizziness/Pre-syncope Attributable to Furosemide at Week 6

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 6. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious dizziness/pre-syncope will be defined as dizziness/pre-syncope ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe dizziness/pre-syncope attributable to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 6 (6 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Dizziness/Pre-syncope Attributable to Furosemide at Week 5

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 5. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious dizziness/pre-syncope will be defined as dizziness/pre-syncope ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe dizziness/pre-syncope attributable to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 5 (5 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide6

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Percentage of Participants Reporting a Severe or Very Severe Rash Attributable to Furosemide at Week 4

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 4. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious rash will be defined as rash ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting a severe or very severe rash attributable to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 4 (4 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting a Severe or Very Severe Rash Attributable to Furosemide at Week 5

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 5. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious rash will be defined as rash ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting a severe or very severe rash attributable to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 5 (5 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Dizziness/Pre-syncope Attributable to Furosemide at Week 4

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 4. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious dizziness/pre-syncope will be defined as dizziness/pre-syncope ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe dizziness/pre-syncope attributable to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 4 (4 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide3

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Dizziness/Pre-syncope Attributable to Furosemide at Week 3

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 3. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious dizziness/pre-syncope will be defined as dizziness/pre-syncope ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe dizziness/pre-syncope attributable to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 3 (3 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Dizziness/Pre-syncope Attributable to Furosemide at Week 2

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 2. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious dizziness/pre-syncope will be defined as dizziness/pre-syncope ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe dizziness/pre-syncope attributable to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 2 (2 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide5

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Dizziness/Pre-syncope Attributable to Furosemide at Week 18

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 18. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious dizziness/pre-syncope will be defined as dizziness/pre-syncope ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe dizziness/pre-syncope attributable to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 18 (18 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Dizziness/Pre-syncope Attributable to Furosemide at Week 16

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 16. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious dizziness/pre-syncope will be defined as dizziness/pre-syncope ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe dizziness/pre-syncope attributable to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 16 (16 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Dizziness/Pre-syncope Attributable to Furosemide at Week 14

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 14. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious dizziness/pre-syncope will be defined as dizziness/pre-syncope ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe dizziness/pre-syncope attributable to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 14 (14 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting a Severe or Very Severe Rash Attributable to Furosemide at Week 6

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 6. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious rash will be defined as rash ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting a severe or very severe rash attributable to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 6 (6 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Chest Pain Attributable to Furosemide at Week 14

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the last week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 14. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious chest pain will be defined as chest pain ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe chest pain will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 14 (14 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting a Severe or Very Severe Rash Attributable to Furosemide at Week 8

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 8. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious rash will be defined as rash ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting a severe or very severe rash attributable to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 8 (8 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Acceptance of Furosemide at Week 1

"Participants' acceptance of furosemide will be assessed using an investigator-developed 1-question questionnaire administered at study week 1. Patient-reported acceptance of furosemide at the dose during which the questionnaire is administered will be defined as an affirmative response (yes) to the question If recommended, would you be willing to stay on the dose of furosemide you have received during the last week?. The percentage of participants reporting acceptance of furosemide will be determined." (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 1 (1 week after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide97

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Acceptance of Furosemide at Week 10

"Participants' acceptance of furosemide will be assessed using an investigator-developed 1-question questionnaire administered at study week 10. Patient-reported acceptance of furosemide at the dose during which the questionnaire is administered will be defined as an affirmative response (yes) to the question If recommended, would you be willing to stay on the dose of furosemide you have received during the last week?. The percentage of participants reporting acceptance of furosemide will be determined." (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 10 (10 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide89

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Acceptance of Furosemide at Week 12

"Participants' acceptance of furosemide will be assessed using an investigator-developed 1-question questionnaire administered at study week 12. Patient-reported acceptance of furosemide at the dose during which the questionnaire is administered will be defined as an affirmative response (yes) to the question If recommended, would you be willing to stay on the dose of furosemide you have received during the last week?. The percentage of participants reporting acceptance of furosemide will be determined." (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 12 (12 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide96

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Acceptance of Furosemide at Week 14

"Participants' acceptance of furosemide will be assessed using an investigator-developed 1-question questionnaire administered at study week 14. Patient-reported acceptance of furosemide at the dose during which the questionnaire is administered will be defined as an affirmative response (yes) to the question If recommended, would you be willing to stay on the dose of furosemide you have received during the last week?. The percentage of participants reporting acceptance of furosemide will be determined." (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 14 (14 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide96

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Acceptance of Furosemide at Week 16

"Participants' acceptance of furosemide will be assessed using an investigator-developed 1-question questionnaire administered at study week 16. Patient-reported acceptance of furosemide at the dose during which the questionnaire is administered will be defined as an affirmative response (yes) to the question If recommended, would you be willing to stay on the dose of furosemide you have received during the last week?. The percentage of participants reporting acceptance of furosemide will be determined." (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 16 (16 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide96

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Acceptance of Furosemide at Week 18

"Participants' acceptance of furosemide will be assessed using an investigator-developed 1-question questionnaire administered at study week 18. Patient-reported acceptance of furosemide at the dose during which the questionnaire is administered will be defined as an affirmative response (yes) to the question If recommended, would you be willing to stay on the dose of furosemide you have received during the last week?. The percentage of participants reporting acceptance of furosemide will be determined." (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 18 (18 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide92

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Acceptance of Furosemide at Week 2

"Participants' acceptance of furosemide will be assessed using an investigator-developed 1-question questionnaire administered at study week 2. Patient-reported acceptance of furosemide at the dose during which the questionnaire is administered will be defined as an affirmative response (yes) to the question If recommended, would you be willing to stay on the dose of furosemide you have received during the last week?. The percentage of participants reporting acceptance of furosemide will be determined." (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 2 (2 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide97

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Acceptance of Furosemide at Week 3

"Participants' acceptance of furosemide will be assessed using an investigator-developed 1-question questionnaire administered at study week 3. Patient-reported acceptance of furosemide at the dose during which the questionnaire is administered will be defined as an affirmative response (yes) to the question If recommended, would you be willing to stay on the dose of furosemide you have received during the last week?. The percentage of participants reporting acceptance of furosemide will be determined." (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 3 (3 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide94

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Acceptance of Furosemide at Week 4

"Participants' acceptance of furosemide will be assessed using an investigator-developed 1-question questionnaire administered at study week 4. Patient-reported acceptance of furosemide at the dose during which the questionnaire is administered will be defined as an affirmative response (yes) to the question If recommended, would you be willing to stay on the dose of furosemide you have received during the last week?. The percentage of participants reporting acceptance of furosemide will be determined." (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 4 (4 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide94

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Acceptance of Furosemide at Week 5

"Participants' acceptance of furosemide will be assessed using an investigator-developed 1-question questionnaire administered at study week 5. Patient-reported acceptance of furosemide at the dose during which the questionnaire is administered will be defined as an affirmative response (yes) to the question If recommended, would you be willing to stay on the dose of furosemide you have received during the last week?. The percentage of participants reporting acceptance of furosemide will be determined." (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 5 (5 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide90

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Acceptance of Furosemide at Week 6

"Participants' acceptance of furosemide will be assessed using an investigator-developed 1-question questionnaire administered at study week 6. Patient-reported acceptance of furosemide at the dose during which the questionnaire is administered will be defined as an affirmative response (yes) to the question If recommended, would you be willing to stay on the dose of furosemide you have received during the last week?. The percentage of participants reporting acceptance of furosemide will be determined." (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 6 (6 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide97

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Acceptance of Furosemide at Week 8

"Participants' acceptance of furosemide will be assessed using an investigator-developed 1-question questionnaire administered at study week 8. Patient-reported acceptance of furosemide at the dose during which the questionnaire is administered will be defined as an affirmative response (yes) to the question If recommended, would you be willing to stay on the dose of furosemide you have received during the last week?. The percentage of participants reporting acceptance of furosemide will be determined." (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 8 (8 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide90

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Chest Pain Attributable to Furosemide at Week 1

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the last week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 1. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious chest pain will be defined as chest pain ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe chest pain will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 1 (1 week after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Chest Pain Attributable to Furosemide at Week 10

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the last week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 10. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious chest pain will be defined as chest pain ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe chest pain will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 10 (10 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Chest Pain Attributable to Furosemide at Week 12

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the last week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 12. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious chest pain will be defined as chest pain ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe chest pain will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 12 (12 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Chest Pain Attributable to Furosemide at Week 16

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the last week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 16. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious chest pain will be defined as chest pain ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe chest pain will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 16 (16 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Dizziness/Pre-syncope Attributable to Furosemide at Week 12

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 12. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious dizziness/pre-syncope will be defined as dizziness/pre-syncope ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe dizziness/pre-syncope attributable to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 12 (12 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide3

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Dizziness/Pre-syncope Attributable to Furosemide at Week 10

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 10. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious dizziness/pre-syncope will be defined as dizziness/pre-syncope ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe dizziness/pre-syncope attributable to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 10 (10 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Dizziness/Pre-syncope Attributable to Furosemide at Week 1

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 1. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious dizziness/pre-syncope will be defined as dizziness/pre-syncope ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe dizziness/pre-syncope attributable to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 1 (1 week after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide3

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Diarrhea Attributable to Furosemide at Week 8

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the last week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 8. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious diarrhea will be defined as diarrhea ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe diarrhea will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 8 (8 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide3

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Nausea Attributable to Furosemide at Week 2

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the last week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 2. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious nausea will be defined as nausea ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe nausea will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 2 (2 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Diarrhea Attributable to Furosemide at Week 5

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the last week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 5. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious diarrhea will be defined as diarrhea ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe diarrhea will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 5 (5 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Diarrhea Attributable to Furosemide at Week 4

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the last week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 4. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious diarrhea will be defined as diarrhea ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe diarrhea will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 4 (4 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Diarrhea Attributable to Furosemide at Week 3

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the last week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 3. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious diarrhea will be defined as diarrhea ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe diarrhea will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 3 (3 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Diarrhea Attributable to Furosemide at Week 2

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the last week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 2. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious diarrhea will be defined as diarrhea ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe diarrhea will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 2 (2 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Diarrhea Attributable to Furosemide at Week 18

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the last week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 18. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious diarrhea will be defined as diarrhea ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe diarrhea will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 18 (18 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Diarrhea Attributable to Furosemide at Week 16

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the last week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 16. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious diarrhea will be defined as diarrhea ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe diarrhea will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 16 (16 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Chest Pain Attributable to Furosemide at Week 18

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the last week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 18. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious chest pain will be defined as chest pain ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe chest pain will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 18 (18 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Chest Pain Attributable to Furosemide at Week 2

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the last week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 2. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious chest pain will be defined as chest pain ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe chest pain will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 2 (2 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Chest Pain Attributable to Furosemide at Week 3

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the last week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 3. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious chest pain will be defined as chest pain ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe chest pain will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 3 (3 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Chest Pain Attributable to Furosemide at Week 4

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the last week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 4. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious chest pain will be defined as chest pain ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe chest pain will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 4 (4 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Chest Pain Attributable to Furosemide at Week 5

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the last week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 5. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious chest pain will be defined as chest pain ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe chest pain will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 5 (5 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Chest Pain Attributable to Furosemide at Week 6

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the last week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 6. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious chest pain will be defined as chest pain ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe chest pain will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 6 (6 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Chest Pain Attributable to Furosemide at Week 8

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the last week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 8. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious chest pain will be defined as chest pain ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe chest pain will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 8 (8 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Cramping Attributable to Furosemide at Week 1

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 1. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious cramping will be defined as cramping ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe cramping attributable to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 1 (1 week after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide10

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Cramping Attributable to Furosemide at Week 10

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 10. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious cramping will be defined as cramping ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe cramping attributable to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 10 (10 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide17

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Cramping Attributable to Furosemide at Week 12

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 12. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious cramping will be defined as cramping ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe cramping attributable to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 12 (12 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide12

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Diarrhea Attributable to Furosemide at Week 14

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the last week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 14. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious diarrhea will be defined as diarrhea ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe diarrhea will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 14 (14 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide6

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Diarrhea Attributable to Furosemide at Week 12

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the last week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 12. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious diarrhea will be defined as diarrhea ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe diarrhea will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 12 (12 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide6

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Diarrhea Attributable to Furosemide at Week 10

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the last week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 10. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious diarrhea will be defined as diarrhea ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe diarrhea will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 10 (10 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Diarrhea Attributable to Furosemide at Week 1

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the last week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 1. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious diarrhea will be defined as diarrhea ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe diarrhea will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 1 (1 week after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide3

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Cramping Attributable to Furosemide at Week 14

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 14. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious cramping will be defined as cramping ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe cramping attributable to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 14 (14 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide9

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Cramping Attributable to Furosemide at Week 16

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 16. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious cramping will be defined as cramping ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe cramping attributable to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 16 (16 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide6

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Cramping Attributable to Furosemide at Week 18

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 18. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious cramping will be defined as cramping ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe cramping attributable to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 18 (18 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide9

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Cramping Attributable to Furosemide at Week 2

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 2. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious cramping will be defined as cramping ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe cramping attributable to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 2 (2 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide16

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Cramping Attributable to Furosemide at Week 3

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 3. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious cramping will be defined as cramping ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe cramping attributable to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 3 (3 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide11

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Cramping Attributable to Furosemide at Week 4

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 4. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious cramping will be defined as cramping ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe cramping attributable to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 4 (4 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide11

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Cramping Attributable to Furosemide at Week 5

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 5. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious cramping will be defined as cramping ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe cramping attributable to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 5 (5 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide17

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Cramping Attributable to Furosemide at Week 6

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 6. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious cramping will be defined as cramping ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe cramping attributable to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 6 (6 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide6

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Cramping Attributable to Furosemide at Week 8

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the prior week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 8. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious cramping will be defined as cramping ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe cramping attributable to furosemide will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 8 (8 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide8

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Percentage of Participants With a Serum Potassium <3.2 mEq/L at Week 5

Blood samples will be collected from participants prior to their dialysis treatments at the week 5 study visit. The percentage of participants who have a serum potassium <3.2 mEq/L will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 5 (5 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants With a Serum Potassium <3.2 mEq/L at Week 4

Blood samples will be collected from participants prior to their dialysis treatments at the week 4 study visit. The percentage of participants who have a serum potassium <3.2 mEq/L will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 4 (4 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants With a Serum Potassium <3.2 mEq/L at Week 3

Blood samples will be collected from participants prior to their dialysis treatments at the week 3 study visit. The percentage of participants who have a serum potassium <3.2 mEq/L will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 3 (3 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants With a Serum Potassium <3.2 mEq/L at Week 2

Blood samples will be collected from participants prior to their dialysis treatments at the week 2 study visit. The percentage of participants who have a serum potassium <3.2 mEq/L will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 2 (2 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants With a Serum Potassium <3.2 mEq/L at Week 17

Blood samples will be collected from participants prior to their dialysis treatments at the week 17 study visit. The percentage of participants who have a serum potassium <3.2 mEq/L will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 17 (17 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants With a Serum Potassium <3.2 mEq/L at Week 13

Blood samples will be collected from participants prior to their dialysis treatments at the week 13 study visit. The percentage of participants who have a serum potassium <3.2 mEq/L will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 13 (13 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants With A Serum Potassium <3.2 mEq/L at Week 1

Blood samples will be collected from participants prior to their dialysis treatments at the week 1 study visit. The percentage of participants who have a serum potassium <3.2 mEq/L will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 1 (1 week after study medication start)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants With a Serum Magnesium <0.8 mEq/L at Week 9

Blood samples will be collected from participants prior to their dialysis treatments at the week 9 study visit. The percentage of participants who have a serum magnesium <0.8 mEq/L will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 9 (9 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants With a Serum Magnesium <0.8 mEq/L at Week 6

Blood samples will be collected from participants prior to their dialysis treatments at the week 6 study visit. The percentage of participants who have a serum magnesium <0.8 mEq/L will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 6 (6 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants With a Serum Potassium <3.2 mEq/L at Week 9

Blood samples will be collected from participants prior to their dialysis treatments at the week 9 study visit. The percentage of participants who have a serum potassium <3.2 mEq/L will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 9 (9 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants With a Serum Potassium <3.2 mEq/L at Week 6

Blood samples will be collected from participants prior to their dialysis treatments at the week 6 study visit. The percentage of participants who have a serum potassium <3.2 mEq/L will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 6 (6 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Severe or Very Severe Diarrhea Attributable to Furosemide at Week 6

Participants' dialysis-related symptoms during the last week will be assessed using an investigator-developed 13-question symptom questionnaire administered at study week 6. Each symptom will be graded using a 5-point symptom severity Likert scale (response options: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe). Serious diarrhea will be defined as diarrhea ranked as severe or very severe and attributable to furosemide. The percentage of participants reporting severe or very severe diarrhea will be determined. (NCT04622709)
Timeframe: Study week 6 (6 weeks after study medication start)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Study Drug Administration: Furosemide0

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Mean Arterial Blood Pressure (MAP)

Difference in MAP averaged over the 24 hours prior to discharge or the 24 hours prior to antihypertensive therapy initiation (whichever occurs first) (NCT04752475)
Timeframe: 24 hours prior to discharge through discharge, up to 7 days

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Lasix (Furosemide)88.9
Placebo86.8

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Pharmacokinetics Parameter

Maximum plasma concentration (NCT04982874)
Timeframe: before dosing (0 h) and at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16 and 24 hours after drug administration

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Furosemide 40 mg Tablet1893.09
Lasix® 40 mg Tablet1907.32

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Geometric Mean Ratio of Area Under Curve

The ratio between test drug and reference drug (NCT04982874)
Timeframe: before dosing (0 h) and at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16 and 24 hours after drug administration

Interventionpercentage (Geometric Mean)
Furosemide 40 mg Tablet101.79

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Geometric Mean Ratio of Maximum Concentration

The ratio between test drug and reference drug (NCT04982874)
Timeframe: before dosing (0 h) and at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16 and 24 hours after drug administration

Interventionpercentage (Geometric Mean)
Furosemide 40 mg Tablet104.51

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Pharmacokinetics Parameter

Area Under Curve from 0 to 24 hours (NCT04982874)
Timeframe: before dosing (0 h) and at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16 and 24 hours after drug administration

Interventionng*h/mL (Mean)
Furosemide 40 mg Tablet4938.79
Lasix® 40 mg Tablet4921.94

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SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
acetylcarnitine
Acetylcarnitine: An acetic acid ester of CARNITINE that facilitates movement of ACETYL COA into the matrices of mammalian MITOCHONDRIA during the oxidation of FATTY ACIDS.		3.6411O-acylcarnitinehuman metabolite
dinitrochlorobenzene
Dinitrochlorobenzene: A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds.. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : A C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene carrying a nitro substituent at each of the 2- and 4-positions.		2.0510C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes		allergen;
epitope;
sensitiser
ethylene dichloride
ethylene dichloride: RN given refers to 1,2-isomer; structure given in first source. 1,2-dichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes substituted by two chloro groups at positions 1 and 2.		2.4620chloroethaneshepatotoxic agent;
mutagen;
non-polar solvent
alpha-ketoglutaric acid
2-oxoglutaric acid : An oxo dicarboxylic acid that consists of glutaric acid bearing an oxo substituent at position 2. It is an intermediate metabolite in Krebs cycle.		2.420oxo dicarboxylic acidfundamental metabolite
2,3-diphosphoglycerate
2,3-Diphosphoglycerate: A highly anionic organic phosphate which is present in human red blood cells at about the same molar ratio as hemoglobin. It binds to deoxyhemoglobin but not the oxygenated form, therefore diminishing the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. This is essential in enabling hemoglobin to unload oxygen in tissue capillaries. It is also an intermediate in the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate mutase (EC 5.4.2.1). (From Stryer Biochemistry, 4th ed, p160; Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p508). 2,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid : A bisphosphoglyceric acid that is glyceric acid carrying two phospho substituents at positions 2 and 3.		1.9710bisphosphoglyceric acid;
tetronic acid derivative		human metabolite
phosphoserine
Phosphoserine: The phosphoric acid ester of serine.		2.1510non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
O-phosphoamino acid;
serine derivative		human metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		6.75770amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol
4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol: the aglycone of gastrodin. p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol : A member of the class of benzyl alcohols that is benzyl alcohol substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4. It has been isolated from Arcangelisia gusanlung.		2.0510benzyl alcohols;
phenols		plant metabolite
4-hydroxybenzaldehyde
[no description available]		2.0510hydroxybenzaldehydeEC 1.14.17.1 (dopamine beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
4-hydroxybenzoic acid
4-hydroxybenzoic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid carrying a hydroxy substituent at C-4 of the benzene ring.		4.0440monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
plant metabolite
aminolevulinic acid
Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.		3.54204-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
delta-amino acid		antineoplastic agent;
dermatologic drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethylene glycol
Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.. ethanediol : Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.. ethylene glycol : A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.		3.3260ethanediol;
glycol		metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
solvent;
toxin
acetic acid
Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.		5.582monocarboxylic acidantimicrobial food preservative;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
food acidity regulator;
protic solvent
acetaldehyde
Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.		2.4820aldehydecarcinogenic agent;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
electron acceptor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
teratogenic agent
acetamide
acetimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is acetic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.		2.4520acetamides;
carboximidic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia
acetone
methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).		2.7730ketone body;
methyl ketone;
propanones;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent
adenine
[no description available]		8.31606-aminopurines;
purine nucleobase		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
agmatine
Agmatine: Decarboxylated arginine, isolated from several plant and animal sources, e.g., pollen, ergot, herring sperm, octopus muscle.		2.0410guanidines;
primary amino compound		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
allantoin
[no description available]		2.0510imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
ureas		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
vulnerary
ammonium hydroxide
azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.		6.81350azane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
nucleophilic reagent;
refrigerant
anthranilic acid
anthranilic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #565. anthranilic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is benzoic acid having a single amino substituent located at position 2. It is a metabolite produced in L-tryptophan-kynurenine pathway in the central nervous system.		3.0450aminobenzoic acidhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
quinacrine
Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.		3.89120acridines;
aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		antimalarial;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
beta-alanine
[no description available]		2.4620amino acid zwitterion;
beta-amino acid		agonist;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
inhibitor;
neurotransmitter
benzaldehyde
[no description available]		2.4420benzaldehydesEC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
fragrance;
odorant receptor agonist;
plant metabolite
benzene
[no description available]		2.9140aromatic annulene;
benzenes;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
non-polar solvent
benzoic acid
Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.		4.5170benzoic acidsalgal metabolite;
antimicrobial food preservative;
drug allergen;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
benzyl alcohol
Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.. hydroxytoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. benzyl alcohol : An aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.. aromatic alcohol : Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.. aromatic primary alcohol : Any primary alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.		4.2250benzyl alcoholsantioxidant;
fragrance;
metabolite;
solvent
betaine
glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.		5.08130amino-acid betaine;
glycine derivative		fundamental metabolite
bromide
Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)		4.6790halide anion;
monoatomic bromine
1-butanol
1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.		2.4420alkyl alcohol;
primary alcohol;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
protic solvent
butyric acid
Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.		3.5120fatty acid 4:0;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		human urinary metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
carbamates
[no description available]		2.3520amino-acid anion
carbon monoxide
Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.		4.6332carbon oxide;
gas molecular entity;
one-carbon compound		biomarker;
EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
ligand;
metabolite;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
neurotransmitter;
P450 inhibitor;
probe;
signalling molecule;
vasodilator agent
formic acid
formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.		2.6930monocarboxylic acidantibacterial agent;
astringent;
metabolite;
protic solvent;
solvent
aminooxyacetic acid
Aminooxyacetic Acid: A compound that inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, thereby raising the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.. (aminooxy)acetic acid : A member of the class of hydroxylamines that is acetic acid substituted at postion 2 by an aminooxy group. It is a compound which inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, resulting in increased levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.		2.940amino acid;
hydroxylamines;
monocarboxylic acid		anticonvulsant;
EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor;
EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor;
nootropic agent
carnitine
[no description available]		3.5580amino-acid betainehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
catechol
[no description available]		2.7330catecholsallelochemical;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
methane
Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).		3.4770alkane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride;
one-carbon compound		bacterial metabolite;
fossil fuel;
greenhouse gas
chlordecone
[no description available]		2.0410cyclic ketone;
organochlorine compound		insecticide;
persistent organic pollutant
chloroacetic acid
chloroacetic acid: urinary metabolite of vinyl chloride; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. chloroacetic acid : A chlorocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid carrying a 2-chloro substituent.		2.0210chlorocarboxylic acid;
haloacetic acid		alkylating agent;
herbicide
choline
[no description available]		6.38320cholinesallergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutrient;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous
Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.		3.73100tricarboxylic acidantimicrobial agent;
chelator;
food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		19.0180049halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.		9.4651chlorine molecular entity;
gas molecular entity;
hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		mouse metabolite
coumarin
2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative		3.74100coumarinsfluorescent dye;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
2-cresol
2-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd. o-cresol : A cresol that is phenol substituted by a methyl group at position 2. It is a minor urinary metabolite of toluene.		2.4320cresolhuman xenobiotic metabolite
salicylic acid
Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).		8.7561monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor;
keratolytic drug;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
3-cresol
3-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd. m-cresol : A cresol with the methyl substituent at position 3. It is a minor urinary metabolite of toluene.		2.4420cresolhuman xenobiotic metabolite
gallic acid
gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.		3.5420trihydroxybenzoic acidantineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
astringent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
4-nitrophenylphosphate
nitrophenylphosphate: RN given refers to mono(4-nitrophenyl) ester of phosphoric acid. 4-nitrophenyl phosphate : An aryl phosphate resulting from the mono-esterification of phosphoric acid with 4-nitrophenol.		1.9710aryl phosphatemouse metabolite
octanoic acid
octanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1764. octanoic acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is heptane in which one of the hydrogens of a terminal methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group. Octanoic acid is also known as caprylic acid.		3.110medium-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		antibacterial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.		2.5320gas molecular entity;
hydracid;
mononuclear parent hydride;
sulfur hydride		Escherichia coli metabolite;
genotoxin;
metabolite;
signalling molecule;
toxin;
vasodilator agent
4-aminophenol
4-aminophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-aminophenol : An amino phenol (one of the three possible isomers) which has the single amino substituent located para to the phenolic -OH group.		3.8130aminophenolallergen;
metabolite
bupropion
Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		5.1130aromatic ketone;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
n(1)-methylnicotinamide
N(1)-methylnicotinamide: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-methylnicotinamide : A pyridinium ion comprising nicotinamide having a methyl group at the 1-position. It is a metabolite of nicotinamide which was initially considered to be biologically inactive but has emerged as an anti-thrombotic and anti-inflammatory agent.		2.3820pyridinium ionalgal metabolite;
anti-inflammatory agent;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guaiacol
Guaiacol: An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747). methylcatechol : Any member of the class of catechols carrying one or more methyl substituents.. guaiacol : A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.		2.9640guaiacolsdisinfectant;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
expectorant;
plant metabolite
hippuric acid
hippuric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4591. N-benzoylglycine : An N-acylglycine in which the acyl group is specified as benzoyl.		4.0931N-acylglycinehuman blood serum metabolite;
uremic toxin
taxifolin
[no description available]		2.44203'-hydroxyflavanones;
4'-hydroxyflavanones;
dihydroflavonols;
pentahydroxyflavanone;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid
1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid consisting of cyclopropane having amino and carboxy substituents both at the 1-position.		2.0210amino acid zwitterion;
monocarboxylic acid;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid		ethylene releasers;
plant metabolite
phosphonoacetic acid
Phosphonoacetic Acid: A simple organophosphorus compound that inhibits DNA polymerase, especially in viruses and is used as an antiviral agent.. phosphonoacetic acid : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorous is replaced by a carboxymethyl group.		2.4420monocarboxylic acid;
phosphonic acids		antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.		2.7130catechols;
dihydroxyphenylacetic acid		human metabolite
alpha-keto-delta-guanidinovaleric acid
5-guanidino-2-oxopentanoic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is 2-oxopentanoic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a carbamimidamido group.		2.04102-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
zwitterion		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
aminocaproic acid
Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.		4.83100amino acid zwitterion;
epsilon-amino acid;
omega-amino fatty acid		antifibrinolytic drug;
hematologic agent;
metabolite
dibenzofuran
Dibenzofurans: Compounds that include the structure of dibenzofuran.. dibenzofurans : Any organic heterotricyclic compound based on a dibenzofuran skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.. dibenzofuran : A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a furan ring flanked by two benzene rings ortho-fused across the 2,3- and 4,5-positions.		2.0510dibenzofurans;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent;
polycyclic heteroarene		xenobiotic
fosmidomycin
fosmidomycin: from Streptomyces lavendulae; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in second source. fosmidomycin : Propylphosphonic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a formyl(hydroxy)amino group. An antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces lavendulae, it specifically inhibits DXP reductoisomerase (EC 1.1.1.267), a key enzyme in the non-mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis.		2.4620hydroxamic acid;
phosphonic acids		antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 1.1.1.267 (1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase) inhibitor
creatine
[no description available]		4.21180glycine derivative;
guanidines;
zwitterion		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical
cytosine
[no description available]		6.9510aminopyrimidine;
pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
alanine
[no description available]		2.0510alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion		fundamental metabolite
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		8.352142-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
diacetyl
butane-2,3-dione : An alpha-diketone that is butane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite produced during the malolactic fermentation.		2.0310alpha-diketoneEscherichia coli metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole
5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole : A dimethylbenzimidazole carrying methyl substituents at positions 5 and 6.		2.0410dimethylbenzimidazoleEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.		5.09140sulfoxide;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
antidote;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
MRI contrast agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
polar aprotic solvent;
radical scavenger
ethanolamine
[no description available]		2.4220ethanolamines;
primary alcohol;
primary amine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
formaldehyde
paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy		2.8940aldehyde;
one-carbon compound		allergen;
carcinogenic agent;
disinfectant;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
gamma-butyrobetaine
4-(trimethylammonio)butanoate : An amino-acid betaine gamma-aminobutyric acid zwitterion in which all of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups.		2.1510amino-acid betaineEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
hexachlorocyclohexane
Lindane: An organochlorine insecticide made up of greater than 99% gamma-Hexachlorocyclohexane. It has been used as a pediculicide and scabicide, and shown to cause cancer.. beta-hexachlorocyclohexane : The beta-isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane.		2.7430chlorocyclohexane
glutaric acid
glutaric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glutaric acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is a linear five-carbon dicarboxylic acid.		2.6930alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid		Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite
glycine
[no description available]		9.49230alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
glycerol
Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.		9.7476alditol;
triol		algal metabolite;
detergent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
solvent
alpha-glycerophosphoric acid
[no description available]		2.0410glycerol monophosphatealgal metabolite;
human metabolite
glycolic acid
glycolic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glycolic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.		2.03102-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
primary alcohol		keratolytic drug;
metabolite
glycocyamine
glycocyamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. guanidinoacetate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of guanidinoacetic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. guanidinoacetic acid : The N-amidino derivative of glycine.		1.9810guanidinoacetic acids;
zwitterion		bacterial metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
rat metabolite
carbonic acid
Carbonic Acid: Carbonic acid (H2C03). The hypothetical acid of carbon dioxide and water. It exists only in the form of its salts (carbonates), acid salts (hydrogen carbonates), amines (carbamic acid), and acid chlorides (carbonyl chloride). (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		1.9710carbon oxoacid;
chalcocarbonic acid		mouse metabolite
hydrogen carbonate
Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.		15.022079carbon oxoanioncofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dalteparin
Dalteparin: A low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. The mean molecular weight is 4000-6000 daltons. It is used therapeutically as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		4.1240
histamine
[no description available]		8.2254aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
hydrogen
Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.		10.83180elemental hydrogen;
elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity		antioxidant;
electron donor;
food packaging gas;
fuel;
human metabolite
hydroquinone
[no description available]		4.3860benzenediol;
hydroquinones		antioxidant;
carcinogenic agent;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
skin lightening agent
hydroxylamine
amino alcohol : An alcohol containing an amino functional group in addition to the alcohol-defining hydroxy group.		2.0310hydroxylaminesalgal metabolite;
bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
EC 1.1.3.13 (alcohol oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor;
EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
nitric oxide donor;
nucleophilic reagent
indole
[no description available]		2.4320indole;
polycyclic heteroarene		Escherichia coli metabolite
indoleacetic acid
indoleacetic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4841. auxin : Any of a group of compounds, both naturally occurring and synthetic, that induce cell elongation in plant stems (from Greek alphaupsilonxialphanuomega, "to grow").. indole-3-acetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 1H-indol-3-yl group.		2.3920indole-3-acetic acids;
monocarboxylic acid		auxin;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
iodine
Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..		10.79122diatomic iodinenutrient
dihydroxyphenylalanine
Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.		2.6830hydroxyphenylalanine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
tyrosine derivative		human metabolite
lipoamide
Lipozyme: lipase from Rhizomucor miehei immobilized on anion exchange resin		1.9610dithiolanes;
monocarboxylic acid amide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thioctic acid
Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.		1.9610dithiolanes;
heterocyclic fatty acid;
thia fatty acid		fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
pyruvaldehyde
Pyruvaldehyde: An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.. methylglyoxal : A 2-oxo aldehyde derived from propanal.		2.6102-oxo aldehyde;
propanals		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.		6.5540alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
inositol
Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.		3.2760cyclitol;
hexol
melatonin
[no description available]		3.1450acetamides;
tryptamines		anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
n-acetylserotonin
N-acetylserotonin : An N-acylserotonin resulting from the formal condensation of the primary amino group of serotonin with the carboxy group of acetic acid.		2.0310acetamides;
N-acylserotonin;
phenols		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist
acetanilide
acetanilide: a phenylacetamide; use ACETANILIDES for the plural group meaning of the singular term. N-phenylacetamide : A member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group.		2.7430acetamides;
anilide		analgesic
nickel
Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.		3.9120metal allergen;
nickel group element atom		epitope;
micronutrient
niacinamide
nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.		3.79110pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinecarboxamide;
vitamin B3		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
Sir2 inhibitor
niacin
Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.		5.17140pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid;
vitamin B3		antidote;
antilipemic drug;
EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
nitrates
Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.		16.21445monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species
nitrites
Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		3.2460monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species		human metabolite
nitrous oxide
Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.		4.0531gas molecular entity;
nitrogen oxide		analgesic;
bacterial metabolite;
food packaging gas;
food propellant;
general anaesthetic;
greenhouse gas;
inhalation anaesthetic;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
raising agent;
refrigerant;
vasodilator agent
n,n-dimethylaniline
N,N-dimethylaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. dimethylaniline : A methylaniline carrying at least two methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylaniline : A tertiary amine that is aniline in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.		3.8130dimethylaniline;
tertiary amine
1-octanol
1-Octanol: A colorless, slightly viscous liquid used as a defoaming or wetting agent. It is also used as a solvent for protective coatings, waxes, and oils, and as a raw material for plasticizers. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). octan-1-ol : An octanol carrying the hydroxy group at position 1.		2.4320octanol;
primary alcohol		antifungal agent;
bacterial metabolite;
fuel additive;
kairomone;
plant metabolite
orotic acid
Orotic Acid: An intermediate product in PYRIMIDINE synthesis which plays a role in chemical conversions between DIHYDROFOLATE and TETRAHYDROFOLATE.. orotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6.		2.0510pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
oxalic acid
Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.. oxalic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2.		9.2841alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid
4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.		3.0240aminobenzoic acid;
aromatic amino-acid zwitterion		allergen;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite
4-nitrophenol
4-nitrophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. mononitrophenol : A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.. 4-nitrophenol : A member of the class of 4-nitrophenols that is phenol in which the hydrogen that is para to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group.		4.2504-nitrophenolshuman xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
triphosphoric acid
triphosphoric acid: used as water softener, peptizing agent, emulsifier & dispersing agent; ingredient of cleansers; meat preservative; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0710acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride;
phosphorus oxoacid
parathion
[no description available]		2.0410C-nitro compound;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
mouse metabolite
pentachlorophenol
PENTA: structure given in first source		2.9340aromatic fungicide;
chlorophenol;
organochlorine pesticide;
pentachlorobenzenes		human xenobiotic metabolite
phenol
[no description available]		4.89110phenolsantiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phenylacetic acid
phenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is toluene in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group.		2.7330benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenylacetic acids		allergen;
Aspergillus metabolite;
auxin;
EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
toxin
phosphoric acid
phosphoric acid: concise etchant is 37% H3PO4. phosphoric acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom.		3.4820phosphoric acidsalgal metabolite;
fertilizer;
human metabolite;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
solvent
phosphorylcholine
Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.		2.0510phosphocholinesallergen;
epitope;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phthalic acid
phthalic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7178. phthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid cosisting of two carboxy groups at ortho positions.		2.0510benzenedicarboxylic acidhuman xenobiotic metabolite
picolinic acid
picolinic acid: iron-chelating agent that inhibits DNA synthesis; may interfere with iron-dependent production of stable free organic radical which is essential for ribonucleotide reductase formation of deoxyribonucleotides; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7206. picolinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position 2. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan.		2.110pyridinemonocarboxylic acidhuman metabolite;
MALDI matrix material
1-propanol
1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.6830propan-1-ols;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		metabolite;
protic solvent
propionic acid
propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.		2.9240saturated fatty acid;
short-chain fatty acid		antifungal drug
pteridines
[no description available]		4.8160azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
pteridines
purine
1H-purine : The 1H-tautomer of purine.. 3H-purine : The 3H-tautomer of purine.. 9H-purine : The 9H-tautomer of purine.. 7H-purine : The 7H-tautomer of purine.		3.1610purine
pyrazinamide
pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.		6.01210monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia;
pyrazines		antitubercular agent;
prodrug
pyrazinoic acid
pyrazinoic acid: active metabolite of pyrazinamide; structure. pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid : The parent compound of the class of pyrazinecarboxylic acids, that is pyrazine bearing a single carboxy substituent. The active metabolite of the antitubercular drug pyrazinamide.		2.8840pyrazinecarboxylic acidantitubercular agent;
drug metabolite
pyridine
azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.		2.0210azaarene;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
pyridines		environmental contaminant;
NMR chemical shift reference compound
pyridoxal phosphate
Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.		3.2460methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
pyridinecarbaldehyde;
vitamin B6 phosphate		coenzyme;
cofactor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxamine
[no description available]		2.110aminoalkylpyridine;
hydroxymethylpyridine;
monohydroxypyridine;
vitamin B6		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
iron chelator;
mouse metabolite;
nephroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine
4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).		6.38121hydroxymethylpyridine;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
vitamin B6		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyrogallol
benzenetriol : A triol in which three hydroxy groups are substituted onto a benzene ring.		3.110benzenetriol;
phenolic donor		plant metabolite
pyruvic acid
Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.		1.97102-oxo monocarboxylic acidcofactor;
fundamental metabolite
quinolinic acid
Quinolinic Acid: A metabolite of tryptophan with a possible role in neurodegenerative disorders. Elevated CSF levels of quinolinic acid are correlated with the severity of neuropsychological deficits in patients who have AIDS.. pyridinedicarboxylic acid : Any member of the class of pyridines carrying two carboxy groups.. quinolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid that is pyridine substituted by carboxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan.		2.0310pyridinedicarboxylic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
dimethyl sulfide
dimethyl sulfide: structure. dimethyl sulfide : A methyl sulfide in which the sulfur atom is substituted by two methyl groups. It is produced naturally by some marine algae.. methyl sulfide : Any aliphatic sulfide in which at least one of the organyl groups attached to the sulfur is a methyl group.		2.0210aliphatic sulfidealgal metabolite;
bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
marine metabolite
thiosulfates
Thiosulfates: Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.. thiosulfate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from thiosulfuric acid.		3.9740divalent inorganic anion;
sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion		human metabolite
sarcosine
cocobetaine: N-alkyl-betaine; cause of shampoo dermatitis		2.3620N-alkylglycine zwitterion;
N-alkylglycine;
N-methyl-amino acid;
N-methylglycines		Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
glycine transporter 1 inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
selenic acid
Selenic Acid: A strong dibasic acid with the molecular formula H2SeO4. Included under this heading is the acid form, and inorganic salts of dihydrogen selenium tetraoxide.		2.4420selenium oxoacid
sulfites
Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).		7.15138divalent inorganic anion;
sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion
spermidine
[no description available]		3.0130polyazaalkane;
triamine		autophagy inducer;
fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
spermine
[no description available]		2.6830polyazaalkane;
tetramine		antioxidant;
fundamental metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
succinic acid
Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.		3.2560alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
C4-dicarboxylic acid		anti-ulcer drug;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
radiation protective agent
sulfur dioxide
Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant.		2.4620sulfur oxideEscherichia coli metabolite;
food bleaching agent;
refrigerant
taurine
[no description available]		4.3190amino sulfonic acid;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient;
radical scavenger;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiophane
[no description available]		2.0210saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent;
tetrahydrothiophenes
thiamine
thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.		11.29274primary alcohol;
vitamin B1		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thymine
[no description available]		210pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
toluene
methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.		2.6830methylbenzene;
toluenes;
volatile organic compound		cholinergic antagonist;
fuel additive;
neurotoxin;
non-polar solvent
trimethylamine
[no description available]		2.6930methylamines;
tertiary amine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite
tryptophan
[no description available]		3.5420alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
aminoalkylindole;
aromatic amino acid;
polar amino acid		Daphnia magna metabolite
tryptamine
[no description available]		2.4520aminoalkylindole;
aralkylamino compound;
indole alkaloid;
tryptamines		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
uracil
2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder		3.7830pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		allergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid
Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.		14.1814433uric acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		14.8115926isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vanillin
Vanilla: A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that is the source of the familiar flavoring used in foods and medicines (FLAVORING AGENTS).		3.110benzaldehydes;
monomethoxybenzene;
phenols		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticonvulsant;
antioxidant;
flavouring agent;
plant metabolite
catechin
[no description available]		3.5320hydroxyflavan
2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate
2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.		3.4170non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidNMDA receptor antagonist
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin
8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin: A serotonin 1A-receptor agonist that is used experimentally to test the effects of serotonin.. 8-OH-DPAT : A tetralin substituted at positions 1 and 7 by hydroxy and dipropylamino groups respectively		2.4420phenols;
tertiary amino compound;
tetralins		serotonergic antagonist
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid
alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.		2.7230non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine
[no description available]		2.0310
bremazocine
[no description available]		2.4620
3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid
3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid: structure given in first source; NMDA receptor antagonist		2.0310
4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine
4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd without isomeric designation; a serotonin agonist. 2-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-methylethylamine : An organoiodine compound that is amphetamine bearing two methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 5 as well as an iodo substituent at position 4.		2.420amphetamines;
dimethoxybenzene;
organoiodine compound
1-hydroxy-3-amino-2-pyrrolidone
1-hydroxy-3-amino-2-pyrrolidone: a CNS depressant; structure in first source		2.4320
ibotenic acid
Ibotenic Acid: A neurotoxic isoxazole (similar to KAINIC ACID and MUSCIMOL) found in AMANITA mushrooms. It causes motor depression, ataxia, and changes in mood, perceptions and feelings, and is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist.		3.1450non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidneurotoxin
gallopamil
Gallopamil: Coronary vasodilator that is an analog of iproveratril (VERAPAMIL) with one more methoxy group on the benzene ring.		4.2941benzenes;
organic amino compound
b 844-39
[no description available]		3.5110diarylmethane
normetanephrine
Normetanephrine: A methylated metabolite of norepinephrine that is excreted in the urine and found in certain tissues. It is a marker for tumors.		2.0410catecholamine
n(8)-bromoacetyl-n(1)-3'-(4-indolyloxy)-2'-hydroxypropyl-1,8-diamino-4-menthane
N(8)-bromoacetyl-N(1)-3'-(4-indolyloxy)-2'-hydroxypropyl-1,8-diamino-4-menthane: structure given in first source		2.0310
sk&f-38393
2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine: A selective D1 dopamine receptor agonist used primarily as a research tool.. 1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1 and two hydroxy substituents at positions 7 and 8.. SKF 38393 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-SKF 38393		2.7130benzazepine;
catechols;
secondary amino compound
vanilmandelic acid
Vanilmandelic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid. It is an end-stage metabolite of CATECHOLAMINES; EPINEPHRINE; and NOREPINEPHRINE.. vanillylmandelic acid : An aromatic ether that is the 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid.		3.21602-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
aromatic ether;
phenols		human metabolite
menthol
Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.		4.5440p-menthane monoterpenoid;
secondary alcohol		volatile oil component
1,10-diaminodecane
[no description available]		2.4420
1,2-dimethylhydrazine
1,2-Dimethylhydrazine: A DNA alkylating agent that has been shown to be a potent carcinogen and is widely used to induce colon tumors in experimental animals.. 1,2-dimethylhydrazine : A member of the class of hydrazines that is hydrazine in which one of the hydrogens attached to each nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group. A powerful DNA alkylating agent and carcinogen, it is used to induce colon cancer in laboratory rats and mice.		2.1310hydrazinesalkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent
1,3-diethyl-8-phenylxanthine
1,3-diethyl-8-phenylxanthine: structure given in first source		2.0310
1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine
DPCPX : An oxopurine that is 7H-xanthine substituted at positions 1 and 3 by propyl groups and at position 8 by a cyclohexyl group.		3.5180oxopurineadenosine A1 receptor antagonist;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
1,3-dipropyl-8-(4-sulfophenyl)xanthine
1,3-dipropyl-8-(4-sulfophenyl)xanthine: adenosine receptor antagonist		2.420
1,5-dihydroxyisoquinoline
1,5-dihydroxyisoquinoline: structure in first source. isoquinoline-1,5-diol : An isoquinolinol that is isoquinoline in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by hydroxy groups.		2.0310isoquinolinolEC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
pk 11195
PK-11195 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2-chlorophenyl)isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of sec-butylmethylamine		3.1150aromatic amide;
isoquinolines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes		antineoplastic agent
1-(3-chlorophenyl)biguanide
1-(3-chlorophenyl)biguanide: RN given refers to parent cp; a 5-HT3 receptor agonist		2.4220biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine: supposed metabolite of TRAZODONE; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine carrying a 3-chlorophenyl substituent at position 1. It is a metabolite of the antidepressant drug trazodone.		2.7330monochlorobenzenes;
N-arylpiperazine		drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
serotonergic agonist;
xenobiotic
1-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl)imidazole
1-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl)imidazole: an inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in mouse		2.0310imidazoles
1-aminobenzotriazole
[no description available]		2.4420
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.		2.6630aminonaphthalene;
naphthalenesulfonic acid		fluorescent probe
1-methylimidazole
1-methyl-1H-imidazole : A 1H-imidazole having a methyl substituent at the N-1 position.		2.0310imidazoles
edelfosine
edelfosine: RN given refers to parent cpd. edelfosine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-edelfosine.. 1-octadecyl-2-methylglycero-3-phosphocholine : A glycerophosphocholine that is glycero-3-phosphocholine substituted at positions 1 and 2 by octadecyl and methyl groups respectively.		2.0310glycerophosphocholine
pd 173074
[no description available]		2.0810aromatic amine;
biaryl;
dimethoxybenzene;
pyridopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound;
ureas		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist
14,15-epoxy-5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid
14,15-epoxy-5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		1.9810long-chain fatty acid
1h-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one
1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one: structure given in first source; inhibits guanylyl cyclase. 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one : A member of the class of oxadiazoloquinoxalines that is 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline substituted at position 1 by an oxo group.		2.4420oxadiazoloquinoxalineEC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor
hoe 33342
BXI-72: structure in first source		2.4620bibenzimidazole;
N-methylpiperazine		fluorochrome
2,2'-dipyridyl
2,2'-Dipyridyl: A reagent used for the determination of iron.. 2,2'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.		2.730bipyridinechelator;
ferroptosis inhibitor
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with irritant effects on the eye and the gastrointestinal system.. 2,4-D : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2 and 4 are substituted by chlorines.		2.7930chlorophenoxyacetic acid;
dichlorobenzene		agrochemical;
defoliant;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
phenoxy herbicide;
synthetic auxin
2,4-dinitrophenol
2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.		3.3770dinitrophenolallergen;
antiseptic drug;
bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
geroprotector;
oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
2-aminofluorene
[no description available]		3.110
2-hydroxysaclofen
2-hydroxysaclofen: structure given in first source		2.0310organochlorine compound
mercaptoethanol
Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.		2.6630alkanethiol;
primary alcohol		geroprotector
3,4-dichloroisocoumarin
3,4-dichloroisocoumarin : A member of the class of isocoumarins that is isocoumarin substituted by chloro groups at positions 3 and 4. It is a serine protease inhibitor.		2.4420isocoumarins;
organochlorine compound		geroprotector;
serine protease inhibitor
n-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine
N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine: An N-substituted amphetamine analog. It is a widely abused drug classified as a hallucinogen and causes marked, long-lasting changes in brain serotonergic systems. It is commonly referred to as MDMA or ecstasy.. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a 2-(methylamino)propyl group at position 5.		210amphetamines;
benzodioxoles		neurotoxin
amitrole
Amitrole: A non-selective post-emergence, translocated herbicide. According to the Seventh Annual Report on Carcinogens (PB95-109781, 1994) this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 12th ed) It is an irreversible inhibitor of CATALASE, and thus impairs activity of peroxisomes.. amitrole : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1H-1,2,4-triazole substituted by an amino group at position 3. Used to control annual grasses and aquatic weeds (but not on food crops because it causes cancer in laboratory animals). Its use within the EU was banned from September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.		2.0410aromatic amine;
triazoles		carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.11.1.6 (catalase) inhibitor;
herbicide
phaclofen
phaclofen: peripheral & central baclofen & GABA antagonist; structure given in first source		2.4120organophosphate oxoanion;
zwitterion
3-aminobenzamide
[no description available]		2.4620benzamides;
substituted aniline		EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
tramiprosate
tramiprosate: GABA receptor agonist and a glycosaminoglycan mimetic; has nootropic acitivity; structure; a sulfonate analog of GABA. 3-aminopropanesulfonic acid : An amino sulfonic acid that is the 3-amino derivative of propanesulfonic acid.		2.1310amino sulfonic acid;
zwitterion		algal metabolite;
anti-inflammatory agent;
anticonvulsant;
GABA agonist;
nootropic agent
3-bromo-7-nitroindazole
[no description available]		2.0310
3-methylcholanthrene
Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.		8.150ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenearyl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
carcinogenic agent
enprofylline
enprofylline : Xanthine bearing a propyl substituent at position 3. A bronchodilator, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and in the management of cerebrovascular insufficiency, sickle cell disease, and diabetic neuropathy.		3.1550oxopurineanti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
3-nitropropionic acid
3-nitropropionic acid: succinate dehydrogenase inactivator; biosynthesized by FABACEAE plants from ASPARAGINE. 3-nitropropanoic acid : A C-nitro compound that is propanoic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a nitro group.		2.0310C-nitro compoundantimycobacterial drug;
EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
mycotoxin;
neurotoxin
ro 5-4864
4'-chlorodiazepam: selectively binds peripheral benzodiazepine receptor		1.9710
cgp 52411
4,5-dianilinophthalimide: structure given in first source. 4,5-dianilinophthalimide : Phthalimide substituted at the 4- and 5-positions by anilino groups.		2.0510phthalimidesgeroprotector;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide
4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide: inhibits ADP-ribosylation; sometimes abreviated as 4-AN;		2.7530benzoisoquinoline;
dicarboximide
4-aminopyridine
[no description available]		8.6190aminopyridine;
aromatic amine		avicide;
orphan drug;
potassium channel blocker
homovanillic acid
Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.		4.3560guaiacols;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
4-hydroxybenzoic acid hydrazide
4-hydroxybenzoic acid hydrazide: metabolite of nifuroxazide. 4-hydroxybenzohydrazide : A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with hydrazine.		2.0310carbohydrazide;
phenols
4-phenyl-3-furoxancarbonitrile
4-phenyl-3-furoxancarbonitrile: structure given in first source. 4-phenyl-3-furoxancarbonitrile : A 1,2,5-oxadiazole substituted by an oxido, cyano and phenyl groups at positions 2, 3 and 4, respectively. It is a vasodilator and inhibitor of platelet aggregation.		2.44201,2,5-oxadiazole;
benzenes;
N-oxide;
nitrile		geroprotector;
nitric oxide donor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
soluble guanylate cyclase activator;
vasodilator agent
5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide
5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide: do not confuse with DMPO (4',5'-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-4-phenyl-5,2'-oxidocoumarin). 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide : A member of the class of 1-pyrroline nitrones (1-pyrroline N-oxides) resulting from the formal N-oxidation of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline. Used as a spin trap for the study of radicals formed by enzymatic acetaldehyde oxidation.		2.41201-pyrroline nitronesneuroprotective agent;
spin trapping reagent
phenytoin
[no description available]		9.59512imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid
5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid: potent antagonist at the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-associated glycine binding site		2.0310quinolines
5-dimethylamiloride
5-dimethylamiloride: has anti-HIV-1 activity		3.0750
5-(n,n-hexamethylene)amiloride
5-(N,N-hexamethylene)amiloride: inhibitor of Na+-H+ exchange; has anti-HIV-1 activity. 5-(N,N-hexamethylene)amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines that is amiloride in which the two amino hydrogens at position N-5 are replaced by a hexamethylene moiety, resulting in the formation of an azepane ring.		2.9240aromatic amine;
azepanes;
guanidines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
odorant receptor antagonist;
sodium channel blocker
ethylisopropylamiloride
ethylisopropylamiloride: structure in first source. ethylisopropylamiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines that is amiloride in which the amino substitutent of the pyrazine ring that is adjacent to the chloro substituent has been substituted by an ethyl group and by an isopropyl group.		2.7530aromatic amine;
guanidines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
neuroprotective agent;
sodium channel blocker
5-fluoroindole-2-carboxylic acid
5-fluoroindole-2-carboxylic acid: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist		2.4420indolyl carboxylic acid
hydroxyindoleacetic acid
(5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.		2.7430indole-3-acetic acidsdrug metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phenanthridone
phenanthridone: coal tar derivative; structure given in first source. phenanthridone : A member of the class of phenanthridines that is phenanthridine with an oxo substituent at position 6. A poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor, it has been shown to exhibit immunosuppressive activity.		2.4420lactam;
phenanthridines		EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
mutagen
6-chloromelatonin
[no description available]		2.0310acetamides
6-hydroxymelatonin
6-hydroxymelatonin : A member of the class of tryptamines that is melatonin with a hydroxy group substituent at position 6.		3.5220acetamides;
tryptamines		metabolite;
mouse metabolite
6-methoxytryptoline
6-methoxytryptoline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0310
6-nitroso-1,2-benzopyrone
[no description available]		2.4420
7-chlorokynurenic acid
7-chlorokynurenic acid: selective antagonist at the glycine modulatory site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor complex; structure given in first source. 7-chlorokynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinaldic acid which is substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and by a chlorine at position 7. It is a potent NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist which antagonizes the strychnine-insensitive glycine site of the NMDA receptor. It also prevents neurodegeneration produced by quinolinic acid.		2.0310organochlorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid		neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
7-nitroindazole
7-nitroindazole: an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase; exhibits anti-nociceptive activity without increasing blood pressure		2.6930
8-(4-sulfophenyl)theophylline
8-(4-sulfophenyl)theophylline: adenosine antagonist		2.4420
8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine
8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine: prolongs epileptic seizures in rats		2.420oxopurine
8-phenyltheophylline
8-phenyltheophylline: purinergic P1 receptor antagonist		2.6830
oxyquinoline
Oxyquinoline: An antiseptic with mild fungistatic, bacteriostatic, anthelmintic, and amebicidal action. It is also used as a reagent and metal chelator, as a carrier for radio-indium for diagnostic purposes, and its halogenated derivatives are used in addition as topical anti-infective agents and oral antiamebics.. quinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8. Its fungicidal properties are used for the control of grey mould on vines and tomatoes.		3.5320monohydroxyquinolineantibacterial agent;
antifungal agrochemical;
antiseptic drug;
iron chelator
tacrine
Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		4.47210acridines;
aromatic amine		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
aa 861
2,3,5-trimethyl-6-(12-hydroxy-5,10-dodecadiynyl)-1,4-benzoquinone: structure given in first source. docebenone : A member of the class of benzoquinones that is p-benzoquinone in which the hydrogens are substituted by three methyl groups and a 12-hydroxydodeca-5,10-diyn-1-yl group.		2.05101,4-benzoquinones;
acetylenic compound;
primary alcohol		EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor
2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane)
2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane): water-soluble free-radical initiator		2.0110monoazo compound
abt 702
[no description available]		2.0810bipyridines
acebutolol
Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.. acebutolol : An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol.		12.64252aromatic amide;
ethanolamines;
ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympathomimetic agent
acephate
acephate : A phosphoramide that is methamidophos in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by an acetyl group.		2.0610mixed diacylamine;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide;
phosphoramide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		10.63832acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
acetarsol
[no description available]		2.0710acetamides;
anilide
acetazolamide
Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)		17.4731817monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		anticonvulsant;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
acetohexamide
Acetohexamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent that is metabolized in the liver to 1-hydrohexamide.. acetohexamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a p-acetylphenylsulfonyl group, while a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is replaced by a cyclohexyl group.		3.4370acetophenones;
N-sulfonylurea		hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
acetohydroxamic acid
acetohydroxamic acid: urease inhibitor. oxime : Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.. N-hydroxyacetimidic acid : A carbohydroximic acid consisting of acetimidic acid having a hydroxy group attached to the imide nitrogen.. acetohydroxamic acid : A member of the class of acetohydroxamic acids that is acetamide in which one of the amino hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		4.0740acetohydroxamic acids;
carbohydroximic acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
methacholine
methacholine : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the nitrogen is substituted with three methyl groups and a 2-acetoxypropyl group. Parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor drug used in clinical diagnosis.		2.0410acetate ester;
quaternary ammonium ion		bronchoconstrictor agent;
cholinergic agonist;
epitope;
muscarinic agonist;
vasodilator agent
ethacridine
Ethacridine: A topically applied anti-infective agent.		2.0710acridines
4-(acetylamino)benzeneacetic acid
[no description available]		2.0710acetamides;
anilide
adiphenine
adiphenine: was heading 1963-94; use DIPHENYLACETIC ACIDS to search ADIPHENINE 1966-94		2.0710diarylmethane
tyrphostin ag 1024
tyrphostin AG 1024: modulates radiosensitivity in human breast cancer cells; also an IGF1 receptor inhibitor		2.1310alkylbenzene
ag 127
tyrphostin AG 126: inhibits development of postoperative ileus induced by surgical manipulation of murine colon		2.4420nitrophenol
rtki cpd
[no description available]		2.4420aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
quinazolines		antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist;
geroprotector
tyrphostin a23
tyrphostin A23: inhibits EGF-stimulated thymidine incorporation as well as EGF-stimulated receptor autophosphorylation & tyrosine phosphorylation & cell proliferation; structure given in first source		2.4420catechols
tyrphostin 25
[no description available]		2.4420benzenetriol
tyrphostin a1
[no description available]		2.0310methoxybenzenesgeroprotector
1-aminoindan-1,5-dicarboxylic acid
1-aminoindan-1,5-dicarboxylic acid: structure given in first source		2.0310
aklomide
aklomide: structure		2.0710carbonyl compound;
organohalogen compound
alachlor
alachlor : An aromatic amide that is N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide substituted by a methoxymethyl group at at the nitrogen atom while one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a chlorine atom.		2.0610aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
alaproclate
alaproclate: specific 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitors; RN given refers to (DL)-isomer		3.5920alpha-amino acid ester
albendazole
[no description available]		4.5570aryl sulfide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		anthelminthic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
albuterol
Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).		10.76344phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
alendronate
alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.		5.04701,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
primary amino compound		bone density conservation agent;
EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
alfuzosin
alfuzosin: structure given in first source		3.8630monocarboxylic acid amide;
quinazolines;
tetrahydrofuranol		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent
alminoprofen
alminoprofen: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. alminoprofen : A substituted aniline that is ibuprofen in which the isobutyl group is replaced by a (2-methylprop-2-en-1-yl)amino group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used for treatment of inflammatory and rheumatic disorders.		2.0610amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
alosetron
alosetron : A pyrido[4,3-b]indole compound having a 5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl group at the 2-position.		3.5820imidazoles;
pyridoindole		antiemetic;
gastrointestinal drug;
serotonergic antagonist
alpha-methyl-m-tyrosine
alpha-methyl-m-tyrosine: RN given refers to cpd without stereoisomeric designation; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6004		1.9610monocarboxylic acid
alpha-methyltyrosine methyl ester
alpha-methyltyrosine methyl ester: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0310
alprazolam
Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug.		5120organochlorine compound;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
alprenolol
Alprenolol: One of the ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent.. alprenolol : A secondary alcohol that is propan-2-ol substituted by a 2-allylphenoxy group at position 1 and an isopropylamino group at position 3. It is a beta-adrenergic antagonist used as a antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmia and a sympatholytic agent.		4.44210secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
altretamine
Altretamine: A hexamethyl-2,4,6-triamine derivative of 1,3,5-triazine.		4.5370triamino-1,3,5-triazine
amantadine
amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source		5.96190adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		analgesic;
antiparkinson drug;
antiviral drug;
dopaminergic agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
ambenonium
ambenonium : A symmetrical oxalamide-based bis-quaternary ammonium ion having ethyl and 2-chlorobenzyl groups attached to the nitrogens.		3.2310quaternary ammonium ionEC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
ambroxol
Ambroxol: A metabolite of BROMHEXINE that stimulates mucociliary action and clears the air passages in the respiratory tract. It is usually administered as the hydrochloride.		7.9440aromatic amine
ametantrone
ametantrone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410
amfenac
amfenac: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. amfenac : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that is benzophenone in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted by an amino group and a carboxymethyl group at position 2 and 3, respectively. The corresponding carboxamide, nepafenac, is a prodrug of amfenac and is used for the treatment of pain and inflammation following cataract surgery.		2.0610amino acid;
benzophenones;
oxo monocarboxylic acid;
primary amino compound;
substituted aniline		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
amfonelic acid
amfonelic acid: CNS-stimulant		2.0310
diatrizoic acid
Diatrizoate: A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.. amidotrizoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.		4.5980acetamides;
benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
amifostine anhydrous
Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.. amifostine : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.		4.8860diamine;
organic thiophosphate		antioxidant;
prodrug;
radiation protective agent
aminoglutethimide
Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.. aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position.		3.74100dicarboximide;
piperidones;
substituted aniline		adrenergic agent;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
pimagedine
pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure. aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide.		2.0510guanidines;
one-carbon compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
p-aminohippuric acid
p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.		9.55594N-acylglycineDaphnia magna metabolite
ampyrone
Ampyrone: A metabolite of AMINOPYRINE with analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. It is used as a reagent for biochemical reactions producing peroxides or phenols. Ampyrone stimulates LIVER MICROSOMES and is also used to measure extracellular water.		1.9610primary amino compound;
pyrazolone		antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
marine xenobiotic metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
theophylline
[no description available]		14.951116dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
bronchodilator agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
immunomodulator;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
2-aminothiazole
2-aminothiazole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1,3-thiazol-2-amine : A primary amino compound that is 1,3-thiazole substituted by an amino group at position 2.		2.04101,3-thiazoles;
primary amino compound
amiodarone
Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.		7.563901-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone;
organoiodine compound;
tertiary amino compound		cardiovascular drug
dan 2163
[no description available]		3.1550aromatic amide;
aromatic amine;
benzamides;
pyrrolidines;
sulfone		environmental contaminant;
second generation antipsychotic;
xenobiotic
amitriptyline
Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.		6.61270carbotricyclic compound;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
amlexanox
amlexanox: SRA-A antagonist;structure given in first source. amlexanox : A pyridochromene-derived monocarboxylic acid having an amino substituent at the 2-position, an oxo substituent at the 5-position and an isopropyl substituent at the 7-position.		2.4520monocarboxylic acid;
pyridochromene		anti-allergic agent;
anti-ulcer drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
amlodipine
Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.		13.35302dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
amobarbital
Amobarbital: A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565). amobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by a 3-methylbutyl and an ethyl group at position 5. Amobarbital has been shown to exhibit sedative and hypnotic properties.		3.91130barbiturates
amodiaquine
Amodiaquine: A 4-aminoquinoline compound with anti-inflammatory properties.. amodiaquine : A quinoline having a chloro group at the 7-position and an aryl amino group at the 4-position.		3.3260aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
phenols;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 2.1.1.8 (histamine N-methyltransferase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
amoxapine
Amoxapine: The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent LOXAPINE that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both; it also blocks dopamine receptors. Amoxapine is used for the treatment of depression.. amoxapine : A dibenzooxazepine compound having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 11-position.		4.7790dibenzooxazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
dopaminergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
amprolium
Amprolium: A veterinary coccidiostat that interferes with THIAMINE metabolism.. amprolium : An organic chloride salt having 1-[(4-amino-2-propylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl]-2-methylpyridin-1-ium as the counterion. Used for prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and cattle.. amprolium(1+) : A pyridinium ion that is the cationic portion of amprolium, a veterinary drug which is used for prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and cattle.		2.0710pyridinium ioncoccidiostat
amsacrine
Amsacrine: An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.. amsacrine : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits antineoplastic activity.		3.2860acridines;
aromatic ether;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
anastrozole
[no description available]		4.0840nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
anethole trithione
Anethole Trithione: Choleretic used to allay dry mouth and constipation due to tranquilizers.		2.0510methoxybenzenes
aniracetam
[no description available]		2.0310N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidin-2-ones
antazoline
Antazoline: An antagonist of histamine H1 receptors.. antazoline : A member of the class of imidazolines that is 2-aminomethyl-2-imidazoline in which the exocyclic amino hydrogens are replaced by benzyl and phenyl groups. Antazoline is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.		2.4620aromatic amine;
imidazolines;
tertiary amino compound		cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
9-anthroic acid
9-anthroic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; chloride channel blocker; do not confuse with c-ANCA (anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies) which is frequently abbreviated as ANCA. 9-anthroic acid : An anthroic acid carrying the carboxy substituent at position 9.		3.91130anthroic acid
anthralin
Anthralin: An anthracene derivative that disrupts MITOCHONDRIA function and structure and is used for the treatment of DERMATOSES, especially PSORIASIS. It may cause FOLLICULITIS.. anthralin : An anthracene compound derived by the substitution of -OH groups for hydrogen at C-1 and C-8, and with an oxo group at C-9.		2.4720anthracenesantipsoriatic
antipyrine
Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.		8.29341pyrazoloneantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid
2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid: glutamate antagonist in locust muscle; structure; do not confuse with L-AP4, which is the propionic acid version		2.420
acetovanillone
apocynin : An aromatic ketone that is 1-phenylethanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.		2.4520acetophenones;
aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone		antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.6.3.1. [NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming)] inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug;
plant metabolite
6-methyl-5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinoline-10,11-diol
[no description available]		2.0710aporphine alkaloid
apraclonidine
apraclonidine: relieves postoperative intraocular pressure following trabeculoplasty; RN given refers to parent cpd. apraclonidine : An imidazoline that is 2-amino 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazoline in which one of the exocyclic amino hydrogens has been replaced by a 4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		2.0210dichlorobenzene;
guanidines;
imidazolines		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antiglaucoma drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
diagnostic agent;
ophthalmology drug
aprindine
Aprindine: A class Ib anti-arrhythmia agent used to manage ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.		2.0510indanes
arcaine
arcaine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1,4-diguanidinobutane : A guanidine derivative consisting of butane having guanidino groups at the 1- and 4-positions.		2.0410guanidines
arecoline
Arecoline: An alkaloid obtained from the betel nut (Areca catechu), fruit of a palm tree. It is an agonist at both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It is used in the form of various salts as a ganglionic stimulant, a parasympathomimetic, and a vermifuge, especially in veterinary practice. It has been used as a euphoriant in the Pacific Islands.. arecoline : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine with a methyl group at position 1, and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3. An alkaloid found in the areca nut, it acts as an agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine.		2.4920enoate ester;
methyl ester;
pyridine alkaloid;
tetrahydropyridine		metabolite;
muscarinic agonist
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		13.0311715benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
astemizole
Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.		3.84110benzimidazoles;
piperidines		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
atenolol
Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.		10.3638ethanolamines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
sympatholytic agent;
xenobiotic
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-tert-butyl-4-isoxazolepropionate
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-tert-butyl-4-isoxazolepropionate: a glutamate agonist		2.0310alpha-amino acid
atrazine
[no description available]		2.4520chloro-1,3,5-triazine;
diamino-1,3,5-triazine		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
aurintricarboxylic acid
Aurintricarboxylic Acid: A dye which inhibits protein biosynthesis at the initial stages. The ammonium salt (aluminon) is a reagent for the colorimetric estimation of aluminum in water, foods, and tissues.. aurintricarboxylic acid : A member of the class of quinomethanes that is 3-methylidene-6-oxocyclohexa-1,4-diene-1-carboxylic acid in which the methylidene hydrogens are replaced by 4-carboxy-3-hydroxyphenyl groups. The trisodium salt is the biological stain 'chrome violet CG' while the triammonium salt is 'aluminon'.		2.4420monohydroxybenzoic acid;
quinomethanes;
tricarboxylic acid		fluorochrome;
histological dye;
insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 antagonist
azathioprine
Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.		13.37411aryl sulfide;
C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
thiopurine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
azelaic acid
nonanedioic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is heptane substituted at positions 1 and 7 by carboxy groups.		2.7130alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
dermatologic drug;
plant metabolite
azelastine
azelastine: azeptin is azelastine hydrochloride; structure; eye drop formulation effective in relieving symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis; do not confuse with 5-loxin which is an extract of Boswellia. azelastine : A phthalazine compound having an oxo substituent at the 1-position, a 1-methylazepan-4-yl group at the 2-position and a 4-chlorobenzyl substituent at the 4-position.		2.9640monochlorobenzenes;
phthalazines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
azinphosmethyl
Azinphosmethyl: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor. It has been used as an acaricide and as an insecticide.. azinphos-methyl : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,3-benzotriazine substituted by an oxo group at position 4 and a [(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanyl]methyl group at position 3.		2.0410benzotriazines;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
azosemide
azosemide : A sulfonamide that is benzenesulfonamide which is substituted at positions 2, 4, and 5 by chlorine, (2-thienylmethyl)amino and 1H-tetrazol-5-yl groups, respectively. It is a diuretic that has been used in the management of oedema and hypertension.		9.61337monochlorobenzenes;
sulfonamide;
tetrazoles;
thiophenes		loop diuretic
baclofen
[no description available]		5.19150amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant
barbital
5,5-diethylbarbituric acid : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by two ethyl groups. Formerly used as a hypnotic (sleeping aid).		3.1450barbituratesdrug allergen
bay-k-8644
3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester: A dihydropyridine derivative, which, in contrast to NIFEDIPINE, functions as a calcium channel agonist. The compound facilitates Ca2+ influx through partially activated voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, thereby causing vasoconstrictor and positive inotropic effects. It is used primarily as a research tool.. Bay-K-8644 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-Bay-K-8644. methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A pentasubstituted dihydropyridine carrying methoxycarbonyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and nitro substituents at positions 3, 4 and 5 respectively as well as two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.		2.730(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
bendazac
bendazac : A monocarboxylic acid that is glycolic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the 2-hydroxy group is replaced by a 1-benzyl-1H-indazol-3-yl group. Although it has anti-inflammatory, antinecrotic, choleretic and antilipidaemic properties and has been used for the treatment of various inflammatory skin disorders, its principal effect is to inhibit the denaturation of proteins. Its lysine salt is used in the management of cataracts.		3.8730indazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger
bendroflumethiazide
Bendroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. It has been used in the treatment of familial hyperkalemia, hypertension, edema, and urinary tract disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p810). bendroflumethiazide : A sulfonamide consisting of 7-sulfamoyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a trifluoromethyl group and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzyl group.		10.965211benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
benfluorex
[no description available]		2.0510benzoate ester
benserazide
Benserazide: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that does not enter the central nervous system. It is often given with LEVODOPA in the treatment of parkinsonism to prevent the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, thereby increasing the amount that reaches the central nervous system and reducing the required dose. It has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.. benserazide : A carbohydrazide that results from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of DL-serine with the primary amino group of 4-(hydrazinylmethyl)benzene-1,2,3-triol. An aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase inhibitor (DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor) that does not enter the central nervous system, it is used as its hydrochloride salt as an adjunct to levodopa in the treatment of parkinsonism. By preventing the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, it causes an increase in the amount of levodopa reaching the central nervous system and so reduces the required dose. Benserazide has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.		3.3870carbohydrazide;
catechols;
primary alcohol;
primary amino compound		antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
bentazone
bentazone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bentazone : A benzothiadiazine that is 1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide substituted by an isopropyl group at position 3.		2.0610benzothiadiazineenvironmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
benzamide
benzamide : An aromatic amide that consists of benzene bearing a single carboxamido substituent. The parent of the class of benzamides.		2.9540benzamides
benzbromarone
Benzbromarone: Uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. It is used in the treatment of gout.. benzbromarone : 1-Benzofuran substituted at C-2 and C-3 by an ethyl group and a 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoyl group respectively. An inhibitor of CYP2C9, it is used as an anti-gout medication.		6.311901-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone		uricosuric drug
benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.		2.7430ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenecarcinogenic agent;
mouse metabolite
benzocaine
Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.. dextran sulfate sodium : An organic sodium salt of dextran sulfate. It induces colitis in mice.. benzocaine : A benzoate ester having 4-aminobenzoic acid as the acid component and ethanol as the alcohol component. A surface anaesthetic, it is used to suppress the gag reflex, and as a lubricant and topical anaesthetic on the larynx, mouth, nasal cavity, respiratory tract, oesophagus, rectum, urinary tract, and vagina.		3.1650benzoate ester;
substituted aniline		allergen;
antipruritic drug;
sensitiser;
topical anaesthetic
benzquinamide
[no description available]		2.0410monocarboxylic acid amideantiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
sedative
benzothiazide
benzothiazide: structure. benzthiazide : 7-Sulfamoyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by chlorine and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzylsulfanylmethyl group. A diuretic, it is used to treat hypertension and edema.		2.7130benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
benzyl benzoate
benzyl benzoate: structure; acarosan, a moist powder composed of wetted cellulose and benzyl benzoate, is used on carpets as an acaricide. benzyl benzoate : A benzoate ester obtained by the formal condensation of benzoic acid with benzyl alcohol. It has been isolated from the plant species of the genus Polyalthia.		2.4420benzoate ester;
benzyl ester		acaricide;
plant metabolite;
scabicide
bepridil
Bepridil: A long-acting calcium-blocking agent with significant anti-anginal activity. The drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. It has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist.. bepridil : A tertiary amine in which the substituents on nitrogen are benzyl, phenyl and 3-(2-methylpropoxy)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl.		3.5480pyrrolidines;
tertiary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
berberine
[no description available]		2.0710alkaloid antibiotic;
berberine alkaloid;
botanical anti-fungal agent;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antilipemic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
metabolite;
potassium channel blocker
beta-naphthoflavone
beta-Naphthoflavone: A polyaromatic hydrocarbon inducer of P4501A1 and P4501A2 cytochromes. (Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1994 Dec:207(3):302-308). beta-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the f side of flavone.		3.110extended flavonoid;
naphtho-gamma-pyrone;
organic heterotricyclic compound		aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist
bethanidine
Bethanidine: A guanidinium antihypertensive agent that acts by blocking adrenergic transmission. The precise mode of action is not clear.		2.8840guanidinesadrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
betaxolol
[no description available]		7.15152propanolamineantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
bethanechol
Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. bethanechol : The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.		4.3660carbamate ester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscarinic agonist
bevantolol
bevantolol: structure given in first source. bevantolol : A propanolamine that is 3-aminopropane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is substituted by 3-methylphenyl and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl. A beta1 adrenoceptor antagonist, it has been shown to be as effective as other beta-blockers for the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension.		2.7230propanolamineanti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
calcium channel blocker
bicalutamide
bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism.		4.96110(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monofluorobenzenes;
nitrile;
sulfone;
tertiary alcohol
bay h 4502
bifonazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-bifonazole. It is a broad spectrum antifungal drug used for the treatment of fungal skin and nail infections.. 1-[biphenyl-4-yl(phenyl)methyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles carrying an alpha-(biphenyl-4-yl)benzyl substituent at position 1.		2.4720biphenyls;
imidazoles
biperiden
Biperiden: A muscarinic antagonist that has effects in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It has been used in the treatment of arteriosclerotic, idiopathic, and postencephalitic parkinsonism. It has also been used to alleviate extrapyramidal symptoms induced by phenothiazine derivatives and reserpine.. biperiden : A member of the class of piperidines that is N-propylpiperidine in which the methyl hydrogens have been replaced by hydroxy, phenyl, and 5-norbornen-2-yl groups. A muscarinic antagonist affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems, it is used in the treatment of all forms of Parkinson's disease.		4.2750piperidines;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antidote to sarin poisoning;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
bisacodyl
Bisacodyl: A diphenylmethane stimulant laxative used for the treatment of CONSTIPATION and for bowel evacuation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p871)		4.0940diarylmethane
bisoprolol
Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS.		12.47202secondary alcohol;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
bithionol
Bithionol: Halogenated anti-infective agent that is used against trematode and cestode infestations.. bithionol : An aryl sulfide that is diphenyl sulfide in which each phenyl group is substituted at position 2 by hydroxy and at positions 3 and 5 by chlorine. A fungicide and anthelmintic, it was used in various topical drug products for the treatment of liver flukes, but withdrawn after being shown to be a potent photosensitizer with the potential to cause serious skin disorders.		2.7630aryl sulfide;
bridged diphenyl antifungal drug;
bridged diphenyl fungicide;
dichlorobenzene;
organochlorine pesticide;
polyphenol		antifungal agrochemical;
antiplatyhelmintic drug
bml 190
indomethacin morpholinylamide: an inverse agonist of the cannabinoid CB2 receptor		2.4420N-acylindole
bretylium
bretylium: RN given refers to parent cpd. bretylium : A quaternary ammonium cation having 2-bromobenzyl, ethyl and two methyl groups attached to the nitrogen. It blocks noradrenaline release from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and is used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties for the acute management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.		2.4720quaternary ammonium ionadrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent
brimonidine
[no description available]		2.7230imidazoles;
quinoxaline derivative;
secondary amine		adrenergic agonist;
alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent
bromazepam
Bromazepam: One of the BENZODIAZEPINES that is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS.		2.9640organic molecular entity
bromhexine
Bromhexine: A mucolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with viscid or excessive mucus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p744). bromhexine : A substituted aniline that is 2,4-dibromoaniline which is substituted at position 6 by a [cyclohexyl(methyl)amino]methyl group. It is used (as the monohydrochloride salt) as a mucolytic for the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with productive cough (i.e. a cough characterised by the production of sputum).		8.6490organobromine compound;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		mucolytic
bromopride
bromopride: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.7530benzamides
bromisovalum
Bromisovalum: A sedative and mild hypnotic with potentially toxic effects.. bromisoval : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-bromisoval. It was previously used for its hypnotic and sedative properties but the use of bromides is now deprecated due to the possibility of the toxic accumulation of bromine in the body.. 2-bromo-N-carbamoyl-3-methylbutanamide : An N-acylurea that is urea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a 2-bromo-3-methybutanoyl group.		2.6930N-acylurea;
organobromine compound
seratrodast
[no description available]		2.0710organic molecular entity
bronopol
[no description available]		2.0810nitro compound
brotizolam
brotizolam: structure		2.7230organic molecular entity
bu 224
BU 224: a selective imidazoline 2-receptor blocker		2.0510quinolines
bucolome
bucolome: was heading 1978-94 (see under BARBITURATES 1978-90); was PARAMIDINE see under BARBITURATES 1975-77; use BARBITURATES to search BUCOLOME 1978-94 & PARAMIDINE 1975-77; proposed anti-inflammatory agent with possible analgesic properties		8.8221barbiturates
buflomedil
buflomedil: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym LL 1656 refers to HCl; structure		2.7430aromatic ketone
bumetanide
[no description available]		19.1143749amino acid;
benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		diuretic;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
bunazosin
bunazosin: structure		2.0410quinazolines
bunitrolol
bunitrolol: was heading 1975-94 (see under PROPANOLAMINES 1975-90); KO 1366 was see BUNITROLOL 1975-94; use PROPANOLAMINES to search BUNITROLOL 1975-94; a beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist with weak antiarrhythmic activity and minor ability to decrease the heart rate		2.0410aromatic ether
bupivacaine
Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.		4.83100aromatic amide;
piperidinecarboxamide;
tertiary amino compound
bupranolol
Bupranolol: An adrenergic-beta-2 antagonist that has been used for cardiac arrhythmia, angina pectoris, hypertension, glaucoma, and as an antithrombotic.		2.0410aromatic ether
buspirone
Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.		5.41180azaspiro compound;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organic heteropolycyclic compound;
piperidones;
pyrimidines		anxiolytic drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
sedative;
serotonergic agonist
busulfan
[no description available]		5.33170methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
insect sterilant;
teratogenic agent
secbutabarbital
secbutabarbital: Butabarbital (a synonym for Secbutabarbital) should be distinguished from Butobarbital		3.2310barbiturates
butacaine
butacaine: was MH 1965-92; BUTAPROBENZ & BUTOCAIN were see BUTACAINE 1978-92; use 4-AMINOBENZOIC ACID to search BUTACAINE 1966-92		2.0710benzoate ester
butalbital
butalbital: management of butalbital withdrawal can be simplified by using a phenobarbital-loading protocol; RN given refers to parent cpd. butalbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by an allyl group and an isobutyl group. Frequently combined with other medicines, such as aspirin, paracetamol and codeine, it is used for treatment of pain and headache.		2.4520barbituratesanalgesic;
sedative
butamben
butamben: structure. butamben : An amino acid ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-aminobenzoic acid with the hydroxy group of butan-1-ol. Its local anaesthetic properties have been used for surface anaesthesia of the skin and mucous membranes, and for relief of pain and itching associated with some anorectal disorders.		2.4620amino acid ester;
benzoate ester;
primary amino compound;
substituted aniline		local anaesthetic
butenafine
butenafine: studied on experimental dermatophytosis. butenafine : Trimethylamine in which hydrogen atoms attached to different methyl groups are substituted by 1-naphthyl and 4-tert-butylphenyl groups. It is an inhibitor of squalene epoxidase, an enzyme responsible for the creation of sterols needed in fungal cell membranes, and is used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of dermatological fungal infections.		2.0210naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		antifungal drug;
EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor
caffeine
[no description available]		9.32583purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		9.54741aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
metrizoate
Metrizoic Acid: A diagnostic radiopaque that usually occurs as the sodium salt.		2.7330monocarboxylic acidradioopaque medium
calmidazolium
calmidazolium: powerful inhibitor of or red blood cell Ca++-ATPase & Ca++ transport into inside-out red blood cell vesicles; RN refers to chloride; structure in first source; an antagonist of calmodulin. calmidazolium : An imidazolium ion that is imidazolium cation substituted by a bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl group at position 1 and a 2-[(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl group at position 3. It acts as an antagonist of calmodulin, a calcium binding messenger protein.		2.3920imidazolium ionapoptosis inducer;
calmodulin antagonist
camostat
camostat : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-guanidinobenzoic acid with the hydroxy group of 2-(dimethylamino)-2-oxoethyl (4-hydroxyphenyl)acetate. It is a potent inhibitor of the human transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and its mesylate salt is currently under investigation for its effectiveness in COVID-19 patients.		2.4220benzoate ester;
carboxylic ester;
diester;
guanidines;
tertiary carboxamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifibrinolytic drug;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
serine protease inhibitor
camphor, (+-)-isomer
[no description available]		1.9510bornane monoterpenoid;
cyclic monoterpene ketone		plant metabolite
candesartan cilexetil
candesartan cilexetil: a prodrug which is metabolized to an active form candesartan to exert its biological effects		10.6251biphenyls
candesartan
candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.		12.11142benzimidazolecarboxylic acid;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
carbamylcholine
[no description available]		2.0710
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.		14.23511dibenzoazepine;
ureas		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
carbazochrome
carbazochrome: a hemostatic which increases capillary resistance & activates platelet factors, Note: Adona is a multimeaning tradename		7.4520
carbetapentane
carbetapentane: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0310benzenes
carbidopa
[no description available]		2.110benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid
carbinoxamine
carbinoxamine: Note: tradenames that start with Histex refer to more than one drug. carbinoxamine : An organochlorine compound that is 2-(4-chlorobenzyl)pyridine in which one of the benzylic hydrogens is substituted by 2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy group. It is an ethanolamine-type antihistamine, used as its maleate salt for treating hay fever, as well as mild cases of Parkinson's disease.		4.0840monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
carbazilquinone
Carbazilquinone: An alkylating agent structurally similar to MITOMYCIN and found to be effective in the treatment of leukemia and various other neoplasms in mice. It causes leukemia and thrombocytopenia in almost all human patients.		2.0410organic molecular entity
carisoprodol
Carisoprodol: A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant whose mechanism of action is not completely understood but may be related to its sedative actions. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1202). carisoprodol : A carbamate ester that is the mono-N-isopropyl derivative of meprobamate (which is a significant metabolite). Carisoprodol interrupts neuronal communication within the reticular formation and spinal cord, resulting in sedation and alteration in pain perception. It is used as a muscle relaxant in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm.		4.2450carbamate estermuscle relaxant
carmofur
[no description available]		2.0410organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
carmustine
Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.		5.49150N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
carprofen
carprofen: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. carprofen : Propanoic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a 6-chloro-9H-carbazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is no longer used in human medicine but is still used for treatment of arthritis in elderly dogs.		2.9840carbazoles;
organochlorine compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
photosensitizing agent
carteolol
Carteolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used as an anti-arrhythmia agent, an anti-angina agent, an antihypertensive agent, and an antiglaucoma agent.		3.1350quinolone;
secondary alcohol		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
carvedilol
[no description available]		7.94332carbazoles;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone
Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone: A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.. CCCP : A member of the class of monochlorobenzenes that is benzene substituted by 2-(1,3-dinitrilopropan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl and chloro groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is a mitochondrial depolarizing agent that induces reactive oxygen species mediated cell death.		3.0850hydrazone;
monochlorobenzenes;
nitrile		antibacterial agent;
geroprotector;
ionophore
cefuroxime
Cefuroxime: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, GONORRHEA, and HAEMOPHILUS.. cefuroxime : A 3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin compound having a 7-(2Z)-2-(furan-2-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido side chain.		4.2641carbamate ester;
cephalosporin
celecoxib
[no description available]		7.8172organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfonamide;
toluenes		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
celiprolol
Celiprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. It is used in the management of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.		2.4720aromatic ketone
cefixime
Cefixime: A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that is stable to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases.. cefixime : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic bearing vinyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-[(carboxymethoxy)imino]acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used in the treatment of gonorrhoea, tonsilitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, and urinary tract infections.		3.5311
cetirizine
Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.		5.36100ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperazines		anti-allergic agent;
environmental contaminant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
cgp 12177
CGP 12177 : A benzimidazole that is benzimidazol-2-one substituted at position 4 by a 3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy group.		1.9810aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic antagonist
cgs 12066
4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-(trifluoromethyl)pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline : A pyrroloquinoxaline that is pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline bearing additional 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl and trifluoromethyl substituents at positions 4 and 7 respectively. A 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B (5-HT1B) full agonist, 10-fold selective over 5-HT1A and 1000-fold selective over 5-HT2C receptors. Centrally active following systemic administration.		2.0310N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
pyrroloquinoxaline		serotonergic agonist
cgs 15943
9-chloro-2-(2-furyl)-(1,2,4)triazolo(1,5-c)quinazolin-5-imine: non-xanthine triazoloquinazoline adenosine antagonist. CGS 15943 : A member of the class of triazoloquinazolines that is [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]quinazoline substited at positions 2, 5 and 9 by furan-2-yl, amino and chloro groups respectively. A potent antagonist at adenosine A1 and adenosine A2A receptors.		2.730aromatic amine;
biaryl;
furans;
organochlorine compound;
primary amino compound;
quinazolines;
triazoloquinazoline		adenosine A1 receptor antagonist;
adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
antineoplastic agent;
central nervous system stimulant
chelerythrine
chelerythrine : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae.		2.9440benzophenanthridine alkaloid;
organic cation		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
chloral hydrate
[no description available]		3.0850aldehyde hydrate;
ethanediol;
organochlorine compound		general anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
sedative;
xenobiotic
chlorambucil
Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.		5.86180aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
chlorcyclizine
chlorcyclizine: was heading 1964-94 (Prov 1964-73); CHLOROCYCLIZINE & HISTACHLORAZINE were see CHLORCYCLIZINE 1977-94; use PIPERAZINES to search CHLORCYCLIZINE 1966-94; histamine H1-blocker used both orally and topically in allergies and also for the prevention of motion sickness		3.8630diarylmethane
chlordiazepoxide
Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.		5.24160benzodiazepine
chlormezanone
Chlormezanone: A non-benzodiazepine that is used in the management of anxiety. It has been suggested for use in the treatment of muscle spasm.. chlormezanone : A 1,3-thiazine that is 1,3-thiazinan-4-one S,S-dioxide in which a hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by methyl. A non-benzodiazepine muscle relaxant, it was used in the management of anxiety and in the treatment of muscle spasms until being discontinued worldwide by its manufacturer in 1996, due to rare but serious cutaneous reactions.		4.25501,3-thiazine;
lactam;
monochlorobenzenes;
sulfone		antipsychotic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
muscle relaxant
chloroquine
Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.		5.86300aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
chlorothiazide
Chlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812). thiazide : Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.. chlorothiazide : 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension.		15.3918616benzothiadiazineantihypertensive agent;
diuretic
chloroxine
chloroxine : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 have been substituted by chlorine. A synthetic antibacterial prepared by chlorination of quinolin-8-ol, it is used for the treatment of dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis of the scalp.		2.0410monohydroxyquinoline;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial agent;
antifungal drug;
antiseborrheic
chloroxylenol
chloroxylenol: topical antiseptic; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 3,5-xylenol which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine. It is bactericidal against most Gram-positive bacteria but less effective against Staphylococci and Gram-negative bacteria, and often inactive against Pseudomonas species. It is ineffective against bacterial spores.		2.7430monochlorobenzenes;
phenols		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
molluscicide
chlorphenesin carbamate
[no description available]		2.0810carbamate ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary alcohol		muscle relaxant
chlorpheniramine
Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.		5.96190monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidepressant;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.		9.93613organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpropamide
Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.		13.32391monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
chlorpyrifos
Chlorpyrifos: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. chlorpyrifos : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.		2.4820chloropyridine;
organic thiophosphate		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
xenobiotic
chlorthalidone
Chlorthalidone: A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.		14.1210915isoindoles;
monochlorobenzenes;
sulfonamide
chlorzoxazone
Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		4.951101,3-benzoxazoles;
heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
organochlorine compound		muscle relaxant;
sedative
cifenline
[no description available]		3.1450diarylmethane
ciclopirox
[no description available]		3.1550cyclic hydroxamic acid;
hydroxypyridone antifungal drug;
pyridone		antibacterial agent;
antiseborrheic
ciglitazone
ciglitazone: structure given in second source; PPAR agonist used for type II diabetes. ciglitazone : An aromatic ether that consists of 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione with position 5 substituted by a 4-[(1-methylcyclohexyl)methoxy]benzyl group. A selective PPARgamma agonist.		3.1750aromatic ether;
thiazolidinone		antineoplastic agent;
insulin-sensitizing drug
cilostamide
cilostamide: selective inhibitor of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase & platelet aggregation; structure		2.4420quinolines
cilostazol
[no description available]		4.2650lactam;
tetrazoles		anticoagulant;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
fibrin modulating drug;
neuroprotective agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
cimetidine
Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.		9.49552aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile		adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
aricine
[no description available]		2.0710cinchona alkaloid
eucalyptol
[no description available]		1.9710
cinoxacin
Cinoxacin: Synthetic antimicrobial related to OXOLINIC ACID and NALIDIXIC ACID and used in URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS.. cinoxacin : A member of the class of cinnolines that is 6,7-methylenedioxycinnolin-4(1H)-one bearing an ethyl group at position 1 and a carboxylic acid group at position 3. An analogue of oxolinic acid, it has similar antibacterial actions. It was formerly used for the treatment of urinary tract infections.		3.2960cinnolines;
oxacycle;
oxo carboxylic acid		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent
ciprofibrate
[no description available]		4.85100cyclopropanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		antilipemic drug
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		6.4300aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
cisapride
Cisapride: A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). cisapride : The amide resulting from formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with cis-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxypiperidin-4-amine. It has been used (as its monohydrate or as its tartrate) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and for non-ulcer dyspepsia, but its propensity to cause cardiac arrhythmias resulted in its complete withdrawal from many countries, including the U.K., and restrictions on its use elsewhere.		3.73100benzamides
citalopram
Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.		5.451902-benzofurans;
cyclic ether;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound
clenbuterol
Clenbuterol: A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma.. clenbuterol : A substituted aniline that is 2,6-dichloroaniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		4.6461amino alcohol;
dichlorobenzene;
ethanolamines;
primary arylamine;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent
clioquinol
Clioquinol: A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.. 5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by chlorine and iodine, respectively. It has antibacterial and atifungal properties, and is used in creams for the treatment of skin infections. It has also been investigated as a chelator of copper and zinc ions for the possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		3.1550monohydroxyquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
organoiodine compound		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
chelator;
copper chelator
clobazam
Clobazam: A benzodiazepine derivative that is a long-acting GABA-A RECEPTOR agonist. It is used as an antiepileptic in the treatment of SEIZURES, including seizures associated with LENNOX-GASTAUT SYNDROME. It is also used as an anxiolytic, for the short-term treatment of acute ANXIETY.. clobazam : 7-Chloro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a methyl group, whilst that attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group. It is used for the short-term management of acute anxiety and as an adjunct in the treatment of epilepsy in association with other antiepileptics.		2.94401,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
clofazimine
Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.		4.5570monochlorobenzenes;
phenazines		dye;
leprostatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clofibrate
angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate		6.28190aromatic ether;
ethyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
geroprotector;
PPARalpha agonist
clofibric acid
Clofibric Acid: An antilipemic agent that is the biologically active metabolite of CLOFIBRATE.. clofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is isobutyric acid substituted at position 2 by a p-chlorophenoxy group. It is a metabolite of the drug clofibrate.		3.8230aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
herbicide;
marine xenobiotic metabolite;
PPARalpha agonist
clomiphene
[no description available]		4.2750tertiary amineestrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
clomipramine
Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.		5.86170dibenzoazepineanticoronaviral agent;
antidepressant;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonergic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
clonazepam
Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.		4.64801,4-benzodiazepinone;
monochlorobenzenes		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
clonidine
Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		11.46693clonidine;
imidazoline
4-chloro-N-(2,6-dimethyl-1-piperidinyl)-3-sulfamoylbenzamide
[no description available]		3.8330sulfonamide
chlorazepate
clorazepic acid : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone in which the oxo group is at position 2, and which is substituted at positions 3, 5, and 7 by carboxy, phenyl and chloro groups, respectively.		4.06401,4-benzodiazepinoneanticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator;
prodrug
clotiazepam
clotiazepam: was heading 1975-94 (see under AZEPINES 1978-90; was Y 6047 see under AZEPINES 1975-77); Y 6047 was see CLOTIAZEPAM 1978-94; use AZEPINES to search CLOTIAZEPAM 1975-94; thienodiazepine derivative with actions similar to those of benzodiazepines		2.0510organic molecular entity
clotrimazole
[no description available]		5.29160conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes		antiinfective agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cloxyquin
cloxyquin: has antitubercular activity; structure in first source		2.0710organochlorine compound;
quinolines
4-cresol
4-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd. p-cresol : A cresol that consists of toluene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4. It is a metabolite of aromatic amino acid metabolism produced by intestinal microflora in humans and animals.		3.8130cresolEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
uremic toxin
cromolyn
cromoglycic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is the bis-chromone derivative of glycerol. It is effective as a mast cell stabilizer.		3.6690chromones;
dicarboxylic acid		anti-asthmatic drug;
calcium channel blocker
cx546
1-(1,4-benzodioxan-6-ylcarbonyl)piperidine: structure in first source		2.0310
cyclandelate
Cyclandelate: A direct-acting SMOOTH MUSCLE relaxant used to dilate BLOOD VESSELS.. cyclandelate : The ester obtained by formal condensation of mandelic acid and 3,3,5-tricyclohexanol. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used to dilate blood vessels.		2.7530carboxylic ester;
secondary alcohol		vasodilator agent
cyclobenzaprine
cyclobenzaprine: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lisseril is synonymous for HCl; structure. cyclobenzaprine : 5-Methylidene-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene in which one of the hydrogens of the methylidene group is substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		4.2750carbotricyclic compoundantidepressant;
muscle relaxant;
tranquilizing drug
cyclofenil
Cyclofenil: A gonadal stimulant and inducer of ovulation. It is used in the treatment of infertility and amenorrhea, but is thought to be less effective than CLOMIPHENE.		3.8630organic molecular entity
cycloleucine
Cycloleucine: An amino acid formed by cyclization of leucine. It has cytostatic, immunosuppressive and antineoplastic activities.. 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is cyclopentane substituted at position 1 by amino and carboxy groups.		2.0410non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidEC 2.5.1.6 (methionine adenosyltransferase) inhibitor
cyclopenthiazide
Cyclopenthiazide: Thiazide diuretic also used as an antihypertensive agent.		10.1562benzothiadiazine
cyclothiazide
cyclothiazide: inhibits the desensitization of AMPA-type receptors; structure. cyclothiazide : 3,4-Dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted at positions 3, 5 and 6 by a 2-norbornen-5-yl group, chlorine, and a sulfonamide group, respectively. A thiazide diuretic, it has been used in the management of hypertension and oedema.		2.4220benzothiadiazineantihypertensive agent;
diuretic
cypermethrin
cypermethrin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and the alcoholic hydroxy group of hydroxy(3-phenoxyphenyl)acetonitrile.. zeta-cypermethrin : A diastereoisomeric mixture comprising the isomeric pair (1R)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaR)-cypermethrin together with the isomeric pair (1S)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaS)-cypermethrin where the ratio between the isomeric pairs lies in the range 45:55 to 55:45.		210aromatic ether;
cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
nitrile;
organochlorine compound		agrochemical;
molluscicide;
pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
cyproheptadine
Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.		5.7770piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
gastrointestinal drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
danthron
danthron: structure. chrysazin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene-9,10-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 8.		3.8230dihydroxyanthraquinoneapoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
dantrolene
Dantrolene: Skeletal muscle relaxant that acts by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. It is used in spasticity and other neuromuscular abnormalities. Although the mechanism of action is probably not central, dantrolene is usually grouped with the central muscle relaxants.. dantrolene : The hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of 5-(4-nitrophenyl)furfural with 1-aminohydantoin. A ryanodine receptor antagonist used for the relief of chronic severe spasticity and malignant hyperthermia.		3.8130hydrazone;
imidazolidine-2,4-dione		muscle relaxant;
neuroprotective agent;
ryanodine receptor antagonist
dapsone
[no description available]		6.61210substituted aniline;
sulfone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
leprostatic drug
debrisoquin
Debrisoquin: An adrenergic neuron-blocking drug similar in effects to GUANETHIDINE. It is also noteworthy in being a substrate for a polymorphic cytochrome P-450 enzyme. Persons with certain isoforms of this enzyme are unable to properly metabolize this and many other clinically important drugs. They are commonly referred to as having a debrisoquin 4-hydroxylase polymorphism.		4.2150carboxamidine;
isoquinolines		adrenergic agent;
antihypertensive agent;
human metabolite;
sympatholytic agent
decanoic acid
decanoate : A fatty acid anion 10:0 that is the conjugate base of decanoic acid.. decanoic acid : A C10, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.		3.110medium-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-decyl-1,4-benzoquinone
2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-decyl-1,4-benzoquinone: ubiquinol analog. 6-decylubiquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 2,3-dimethoxybenzoquinone which has been substituted at positions 5 and 6 by decyl and methyl groups.		2.01101,4-benzoquinonescofactor
deferiprone
Deferiprone: A pyridone derivative and iron chelator that is used in the treatment of IRON OVERLOAD in patients with THALASSEMIA.. deferiprone : A member of the class of 4-pyridones that is pyridin-4(1H)-one substituted at positions 1 and 2 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a hydroxy group. A lipid-soluble iron-chelator used for treatment of thalassaemia.		2104-pyridonesiron chelator;
protective agent
deferoxamine
Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.		4.7290acyclic desferrioxaminebacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
iron chelator;
siderophore
dephostatin
dephostatin: from Streptomyces sp. MJ742-NF5; structure given in first source		2.0310
desipramine
Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.		6.59370dibenzoazepine;
secondary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug allergen;
EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
nordazepam
Nordazepam: An intermediate in the metabolism of DIAZEPAM to OXAZEPAM. It may have actions similar to those of diazepam.. nordazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone having phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively; it has anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, muscle relaxant and sedative properties but is used primarily in the treatment of anxiety.		3.63901,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator;
human metabolite;
sedative
nonivamide
nonivamide: has effect on sensory neurons. nonivamide : A capsaicinoid that is the carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylamine with the carboxy group of nonanoic acid. It is the active ingredient in many pepper sprays.		2.0310capsaicinoid;
phenols		lachrymator
amphetamine
Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.		4.6280primary amine
eflornithine
Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.		2.9740alpha-amino acid;
fluoroamino acid		trypanocidal drug
r 59022
R 59022: diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor; structure given in first source; platelet activator factor antagonist		2.0310diarylmethane
diazepam
Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.		10.277131,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
diazinon
Diazinon: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an organothiophosphorus insecticide.. diazinon : A member of the class of pyrimidines that is pyrimidine carrying an isopropyl group at position 2, a methyl group at position 6 and a (diethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.		2.730organic thiophosphate;
pyrimidines		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
nematicide;
xenobiotic
diazoxide
Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.		11.51868benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
diuretic;
K-ATP channel agonist;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasodilator agent
dibenzothiophene
dibenzothiophene : A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a thiophene ring flanked by two benzene rings ortho-fused across the 2,3- and 4,5-positions.		2.4620dibenzothiophenes;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent		keratolytic drug
dibucaine
Dibucaine: A local anesthetic of the amide type now generally used for surface anesthesia. It is one of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics and its parenteral use is restricted to spinal anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1006). cinchocaine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is the 2-(diethylamino)ethyl amide of 2-butoxyquinoline-4-carboxylic acid. One of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics, its parenteral use was restricted to spinal anesthesia. It is now generally only used (usually as the hydrochloride) in creams and ointments and in suppositories for temporary relief of pain and itching associated with skin and anorectal conditions.		2.7130aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		topical anaesthetic
dibutyl phthalate
Dibutyl Phthalate: A plasticizer used in most plastics and found in water, air, soil, plants and animals. It may have some adverse effects with long-term exposure.. dibutyl phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the diester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with two molecules of butan-1-ol. Although used extensively as a plasticiser, it is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant that poses a risk to humans.		2.0210diester;
phthalate ester		EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
metabolite;
plasticiser;
teratogenic agent
dicamba
Dicamba: A chlorinated organic herbicide.. dicamba : A methoxybenzoic acid that is O-methylsalicylic acid substituted by chloro groups at positions 3 and 6.		2.0410dichlorobenzene;
methoxybenzoic acid		agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
synthetic auxin;
xenobiotic
dichlobanil
2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile : A nitrile that is benzonitrile which is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 6. A cellulose synthesis inhibitor, it is used as a pre-emergent and early post-emergent herbicide.		2.0610dichlorobenzene;
nitrile		agrochemical;
cellulose synthesis inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
diclofenac
Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.		9.32582amino acid;
aromatic amine;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
ddt
1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source		2.3820benzenoid aromatic compound;
chlorophenylethane;
monochlorobenzenes;
organochlorine insecticide		bridged diphenyl acaricide;
carcinogenic agent;
endocrine disruptor;
persistent organic pollutant
dichlorphenamide
Dichlorphenamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of glaucoma.. diclofenamide : A sulfonamide that is benzene-1,3-disulfonamide in which the hydrogens at positions 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorine. An oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it partially suppresses the secretion (inflow) of aqueous humor in the eye and so reduces intraocular pressure. It is used for the treatment of glaucoma.		6.4881dichlorobenzene;
sulfonamide		antiglaucoma drug;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor;
ophthalmology drug
dicyclomine
Dicyclomine: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms.. dicyclomine : The ester resulting from the formal condensation of 1-cyclohexylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid with 2-(diethylamino)ethanol. An anticholinergic, it is used as the hydrochloride to treat or prevent spasm in the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly that associated with irritable bowel syndrome.		3.8630carboxylic ester;
tertiary amine		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
3,4-dihydroxybenzohydroxamic acid
[no description available]		2.0510benzoic acids
diethylcarbamazine
Diethylcarbamazine: An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa.		3.1150N-carbamoylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine
pentetic acid
Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.		6.14420pentacarboxylic acidcopper chelator
diphenidol
diphenidol: shows anti-arrhythmic activity; RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. diphenidol : A tertiary alcohol that is butan-1-ol substituted by two phenyl groups at position 1 and a piperidin-1-yl group at position 4.		2.0410benzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary alcohol		antiemetic
diflunisal
Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position.		6.45230monohydroxybenzoic acid;
organofluorine compound		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
dilazep
Dilazep: Coronary vasodilator with some antiarrhythmic activity.. dilazep : A member of the class of diazepanes that is 1,4-diazepane substituted by 3-[(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl)oxy]propyl groups at positions 1 and 4. It is a potent adenosine uptake inhibitor that exhibits antiplatelet, antianginal and vasodilator properties.		1.9810benzoate ester;
diazepane;
diester;
methoxybenzenes		cardioprotective agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
dilacor xr
5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate : A lactam that is 2,3-dihydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-4(5H)-one in which positions 2 and 3 are substituted by 4-methoxyphenyl and acetoxy, respectively, while the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group.		2.0710acetate ester;
aromatic ether;
benzothiazepine;
lactam;
tertiary amino compound
dimefline
dimefline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		1.9710ether;
flavonoids
dimercaprol
Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.		4.570dithiol;
primary alcohol		chelator
dimethadione
Dimethadione: An anticonvulsant that is the active metabolite of TRIMETHADIONE.		2.420oxazolidinone
dinitolmide
Dinitolmide: A coccidiostat for poultry.		2.0410dinitrotoluene
diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.		7.57251ether;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
antitussive;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
oneirogen;
sedative
diphenyleneiodonium
diphenyleneiodonium: structure in first source; NADPH oxidase inhibitor. dibenziodolium : An organic cation that is fluorene in which the methylene group is replaced by a positively charged iodine.		2.0310organic cation
diphenylpyraline
diphenylpyraline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. allergen : A chemical compound, or part thereof, which causes the onset of an allergic reaction by interacting with any of the molecular pathways involved in an allergy.. diphenylpyraline : A member of the class of piperidines that is the benzhydryl ether derivative of 1-methyl-4-hydroxypiperidine. A sedating antihistamine, it is used as the hydrochloride for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and hay fever, and in pruritic skin disorders. It is also used as the teoclate salt (piprinhydrinate) as an ingredient in compound preparations for the symptomatic relief of coughs and the common cold.		2.0710piperidines;
tertiary amine		cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist
dipivefrin
dipivefrin: used in treatment of both primary & open angle glaucoma; RN given refers to (+-)-isomer. dipivefrin : The dipivalate ester of (+-)-epinephrine (racepinephrine). A pro-drug of epinephrine, the hydrochloride is used topically as eye drops to reduce intra-ocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.		2.0210ethanolamines;
pivalate ester		adrenergic agonist;
antiglaucoma drug;
ophthalmology drug;
prodrug;
sympathomimetic agent
dipyridamole
Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.		6.71310piperidines;
pyrimidopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound;
tetrol		adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
dipyrone
metamizole : A pyrazole that is antiipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfomethyl)amino group, the sodium salt of which, metamizole sodium, was widely used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic, but withdrawn from many markets from the 1970s due to a risk of causing risk of causing agranulocytosis.		2.0410amino sulfonic acid;
pyrazoles		anti-inflammatory agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug;
prodrug
disopyramide
Disopyramide: A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.. disopyramide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is butanamide substituted by a diisopropylamino group at position 4, a phenyl group at position 2 and a pyridin-2-yl group at position 2. It is used as a anti-arrhythmia drug.		6200monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
disulfiram
[no description available]		5.31170organic disulfide;
organosulfur acaricide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
fungicide;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
diuron
Diuron: A pre-emergent herbicide.. diuron : A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which both of the hydrogens attached to one nitrogen are substituted by methyl groups, and one of the hydrogens attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group.		2.06103-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea;
dichlorobenzene		environmental contaminant;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
photosystem-II inhibitor;
urea herbicide;
xenobiotic
valproic acid
Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.		7.4380branched-chain fatty acid;
branched-chain saturated fatty acid		anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent
2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid
2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid: (D)-isomer active as an antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate excitation of central neurons; (L)-isomer inactive; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0310
thiorphan
Thiorphan: A potent inhibitor of membrane metalloendopeptidase (ENKEPHALINASE). Thiorphan potentiates morphine-induced ANALGESIA and attenuates naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms.		2.0310N-acyl-amino acid
2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
2,3-dimethoxynaphthalene-1,4-dione : A naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone bearing two methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 3. Redox-cycling agent that induces intracellular superoxide anion formation and, depending on the concentration, induces cell proliferation, apoptosis or necrosis. Used to study the role of ROS in cell toxicity, apoptosis, and necrosis.		2.44201,4-naphthoquinones
domperidone
Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.		4.12150benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist
donepezil
Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.		5.35160aromatic ether;
indanones;
piperidines;
racemate		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
nootropic agent
doxapram
Doxapram: A central respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p1225). doxapram : A member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones that is N-ethylpyrrolidin-2-one in which both of the hydrogens at the 3 position (adjacent to the carbonyl group) are substituted by phenyl groups, and one of the hydrogens at the 4 position is substituted by a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride or the hydrochloride hydrate) as a temporary treatment of acute respiratory failure, particularly when superimposed on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and of postoperative respiratory depression. It has also been used for treatment of postoperative shivering.		4.2650morpholines;
pyrrolidin-2-ones		central nervous system stimulant
doxazosin
Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.. doxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure.		12.15152aromatic amine;
benzodioxine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
vasodilator agent
doxepin
Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.. doxepin : A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an antidepressant drug.		5.35100dibenzooxepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant
doxylamine
Doxylamine: Histamine H1 antagonist with pronounced sedative properties. It is used in allergies and as an antitussive, antiemetic, and hypnotic. Doxylamine has also been administered in veterinary applications and was formerly used in PARKINSONISM.		4.5740pyridines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
antitussive;
cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
sedative
droperidol
Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon.		5.33100aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound		anaesthesia adjuvant;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
dyclonine
[no description available]		2.4920aromatic ketone;
piperidines		topical anaesthetic
dyphylline
Dyphylline: A THEOPHYLLINE derivative with broncho- and vasodilator properties. It is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis.. dyphylline : An oxopurine that is theophylline bearing a 2,3-dihydroxypropyl group at the 7 position. It has broncho- and vasodilator properties, and is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis. It is also an ingredient in preparations that have been promoted for coughs.		4.4160oxopurine;
propane-1,2-diols		bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
ebastine
[no description available]		2.7230organic molecular entity
ebselen
ebselen : A benzoselenazole that is 1,2-benzoselenazol-3-one carrying an additional phenyl substituent at position 2. Acts as a mimic of glutathione peroxidase.		2.9540benzoselenazoleanti-inflammatory drug;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.25 (inositol-phosphate phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.1 (cytosine deaminase) inhibitor;
EC 5.1.3.2 (UDP-glucose 4-epimerase) inhibitor;
enzyme mimic;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
genotoxin;
hepatoprotective agent;
neuroprotective agent;
radical scavenger
econazole
Econazole: An imidazole derivative that is commonly used as a topical antifungal agent.. econazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-(4-chlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorobenzyl group.		3.1450dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes
edrophonium
Edrophonium: A rapid-onset, short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used in cardiac arrhythmias and in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. It has also been used as an antidote to curare principles.. edrophonium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is N-ethyl-N,N-dimethylanilinium in which one of the meta positions is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is a reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase, with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes). The chloride salt is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals.		3.2310phenols;
quaternary ammonium ion		antidote;
diagnostic agent;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine
9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine: specific inhibitor of adenosine deaminase		1.9910
ellipticine
ellipticine : A organic heterotetracyclic compound that is pyrido[4,3-b]carbazole carrying two methyl substituents at positions 5 and 11.		2.4420indole alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound;
polycyclic heteroarene		antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
emodin
Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.		3.8230trihydroxyanthraquinoneantineoplastic agent;
laxative;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
enflurane
Enflurane: An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.. enflurane : An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl and difluoromethyl groups.		9.2941ether;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		anaesthetic
enoxacin
Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.		3.29601,8-naphthyridine derivative;
amino acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
epinastine
epinastine: RN given refers parent cpd. epinastine : A benzazepine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,e]azepine in which the azepine ring is fused to the e side of 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine.		2.7530benzazepine;
guanidines		anti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
ophthalmology drug
erythrosine
Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.		5.15150
estazolam
Estazolam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, hypnotic, and muscle relaxant properties. It has been shown in some cases to be more potent than DIAZEPAM or NITRAZEPAM.. estazolam : A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a phenyl group at position 6 and a chloro substituent at position 8. A short-acting benzodiazepine with general properties similar to diazepam, it is given by mouth as a hypnotic in the short-term management of insomnia.		3.8530triazoles;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
ethacrynic acid
Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.		18.6159127aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid		EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
loop diuretic
ethinamate
ethinamate: short duration hypnotic with fast onset & relatively low toxicity; may cause dependence; minor descriptor (76-85); on-line & Index Medicus search CARBAMATES (76-85). ethinamate : A carbamate ester that is the 1-vinylcyclohexyl ester of carbamic acid. A short-acting sedative-hypnotic, it was formerly used to treat insomnia.		2.0410carbamate ester;
terminal acetylenic compound		sedative
profenamine
profenamine: was heading 1972-94 (see under PHENOTHIAZINES 1972-90); use PHENOTHIAZINES to search ETHOPROPAZINE 1972-94. profenamine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is phenothiazine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)propyl group. An antimuscarinic, it is used as the hydrochloride for the symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease.		2.4620phenothiazines;
tertiary amino compound		adrenergic antagonist;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
ethosuximide
Ethosuximide: An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.. ethosuximide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures.		4.93110dicarboximide;
pyrrolidinone		anticonvulsant;
geroprotector;
T-type calcium channel blocker
ethotoin
ethotoin: was heading 1966-94 (see under HYDANTOINS 1966-90); use HYDANTOINS to search ETHOTOIN 1966-94. ethotoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted by ethyl and phenyl at positions 3 and 5, respectively. An antiepileptic, it is less toxic than phenytoin but also less effective.		3.620imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant
ethoxzolamide
Ethoxzolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used as diuretic and in glaucoma. It may cause hypokalemia.. ethoxzolamide : A sulfonamide that is 1,3-benzothiazole-2-sulfonamide which is substituted by an ethoxy group at position 6. A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it has been used in the treatment of glaucoma, and as a diuretic.		3.470aromatic ether;
benzothiazoles;
sulfonamide		antiglaucoma drug;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
ethyl loflazepate
ethyl loflazepate: structure given in first source		2.7430organic molecular entity
ethylenediamine
ethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; edamine is the recommended contraction for the ethylenediamine radical. ethylenediamine : An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine in which the alkane is ethane.		1.9810alkane-alpha,omega-diamineGABA agonist
etidronate
Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.		6.02811,1-bis(phosphonic acid)antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
chelator
etilefrine
Etilefrine: A phenylephrine-related beta-1 adrenergic and alpha adrenergic agonist used as a cardiotonic and antihypotensive agent.		3.2960phenols
etizolam
etizolam: structure given in first source		2.0410organic molecular entity
etodolac
Etodolac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with potent analgesic and anti-arthritic properties. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; and in the alleviation of postoperative pain (PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE).. etodolac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indol-1-yl moiety. A preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, it is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and for the alleviation of postoperative pain. Administered as the racemate, only the (S)-enantiomer is active.		5.09130monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
brl 42810
[no description available]		4.67802-aminopurines;
acetate ester		antiviral drug;
prodrug
famotidine
Famotidine: A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion.		2.76301,3-thiazoles;
guanidines;
sulfonamide		anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone
Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone: A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.. carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone : A hydrazone that is hydrazonomalononitrile in which one of the hydrazine hydrogens is substituted by a p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl group.		3.580aromatic ether;
hydrazone;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound		ATP synthase inhibitor;
geroprotector;
ionophore
felbamate
Felbamate: A PEGylated phenylcarbamate derivative that acts as an antagonist of NMDA RECEPTORS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES in severe refractory EPILEPSY.. felbamate : The bis(carbamate ester) of 2-phenylpropane-1,3-diol. An anticonvulsant, it is used in the treatment of epilepsy.		5.1130carbamate esteranticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent
4-biphenylylacetic acid
biphenyl-4-ylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is substituted by a biphenyl-4-yl group. An active metabolite of fenbufen, it is used as a topical medicine to treat muscle inflammation and arthritis.		2.0810biphenyls;
monocarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
felodipine
Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.		11.96221dichlorobenzene;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
fenbufen
fenbufen: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.46204-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
biphenyls		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fendiline
Fendiline: Coronary vasodilator; inhibits calcium function in muscle cells in excitation-contraction coupling; proposed as antiarrhythmic and antianginal agents.		2.7630diarylmethane
fenfluramine
Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release.. fenfluramine : A secondary amino compound that is 1-phenyl-propan-2-amine in which one of the meta-hydrogens is substituted by trifluoromethyl, and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by an ethyl group. It binds to the serotonin reuptake pump, causing inhbition of serotonin uptake and release of serotonin. The resulting increased levels of serotonin lead to greater serotonin receptor activation which in turn lead to enhancement of serotoninergic transmission in the centres of feeding behavior located in the hypothalamus. This suppresses the appetite for carbohydrates. Fenfluramine was used as the hydrochloride for treatment of diabetes and obesity. It was withdrawn worldwide after reports of heart valve disease and pulmonary hypertension.		3.3870(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
secondary amino compound		appetite depressant;
serotonergic agonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
fenofibrate
Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE		5.93180aromatic ether;
chlorobenzophenone;
isopropyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
fenoldopam
Fenoldopam: A dopamine D1 receptor agonist that is used as an antihypertensive agent. It lowers blood pressure through arteriolar vasodilation.		7.99103benzazepinealpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
dopamine agonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
fenoprofen
Fenoprofen: A propionic acid derivative that is used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent.. fenoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 3-phenoxyphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, the dihydrate form of the calcium salt is used for the management of mild to moderate pain and for the relief of pain and inflammation associated with disorders such as arthritis. It is pharmacologically similar to aspirin, but causes less gastrointestinal bleeding.		5.84120monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
berotek
Fenoterol: A synthetic adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. fenoterol : A member of the class resorcinols that is 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,3-diol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-amino group. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used (as the hydrobromide salt) as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.		4.92110resorcinols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
fenspiride
fenspiride: was heading 1975-94 (see under SPIRO COMPOUNDS 1975-90); use SPIRO COMPOUNDS to search FENSPIRIDE 1975-94; bronchodilator agent used in asthma		2.4520azaspiro compound
fentanyl
Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		9.16160anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		adjuvant;
anaesthesia adjuvant;
anaesthetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
fenthion
Fenthion: Potent cholinesterase inhibitor used as an insecticide and acaricide.. fenthion : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen atom of the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-methyl-4-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl group. It exhibits acaricidal and insecticidal activities.		2.0610organic thiophosphateacaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
insecticide
fexofenadine
fexofenadine: a second generation antihistamine; metabolite of the antihistaminic drug terfenadine; structure in first source; RN refers to HCl. fexofenadine : A piperidine-based anti-histamine compound.		5.54120piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
fipexide
fipexide: regulates dopaminergic systems at macromolecular level		4.2850benzodioxoles
fipronil
fipronil: has low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source. fipronil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fipronil.. 5-amino-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl]-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole that is substituted at positions 1, 3, 4, and 5 by 2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, cyano, (trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl, and amino groups, respectively.		2.0610(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
dichlorobenzene;
nitrile;
primary amino compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfoxide
flavoxate
Flavoxate: A drug that has been used in various urinary syndromes and as an antispasmodic. Its therapeutic usefulness and its mechanism of action are not clear. It may have local anesthetic activity and direct relaxing effects on smooth muscle as well as some activity as a muscarinic antagonist.. flavoxate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of 3-methylflavone-8-carboxylic acid with 2-(1-piperidinyl)ethanol.		3.8630carboxylic ester;
flavones;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
flecainide
Flecainide: A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS.. flecainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid with the primary amino group of piperidin-2-ylmethylamine. An antiarrhythmic agent used (in the form of its acetate salt) to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).		5.23150aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		anti-arrhythmia drug
fleroxacin
Fleroxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial fluoroquinolone. The drug strongly inhibits the DNA-supercoiling activity of DNA GYRASE.. fleroxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6, 7 and 8 by 2-fluoroethyl, carboxy, fluoro, 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl and fluoro groups, respectively. It is active against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.		3.75100difluorobenzene;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpiperazine;
quinolines		antibacterial drug;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
fluconazole
Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.		6.06210conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		environmental contaminant;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
flucytosine
Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.		10.14140aminopyrimidine;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine antifungal drug;
pyrimidone		prodrug
fludiazepam
fludiazepam: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.05101,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		anxiolytic drug
flufenamic acid
Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16). flufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.		5.19150aromatic amino acid;
organofluorine compound		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluphenazine
[no description available]		5.1680N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		anticoronaviral agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
flumazenil
Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.		5.39180ethyl ester;
imidazobenzodiazepine;
organofluorine compound		antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning;
GABA antagonist
flumequine
flumequine: structure. flumequine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-flumequine. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, formerly used in veterinary medicine for stock breeding and treatment of aquacultures.. 9-fluoro-5-methyl-1-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-2-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyridoquinolines that is 1-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline carrying additional carboxy, methyl and fluoro substituents at positions 2, 5 and 9 respectively.		2.74303-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
pyridoquinoline;
quinolone antibiotic
flunitrazepam
Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.		4.36601,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound;
monofluorobenzenes		anxiolytic drug;
GABAA receptor agonist;
sedative
fluorescite
fluorescein (acid form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent and commonly used as a fluorescent tracer.		5.2690benzoic acids;
cyclic ketone;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
phenols;
xanthene dye		fluorescent dye;
radioopaque medium
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		5.63230nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
fluoxetine
Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.		5.6220(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound
fluphenazine depot
fluphenazine decanoate : The prodrug of fluphenazine, an antipsychotic drug used for the symptomatic management of psychosis in patients with schizophrenia.		2.4320decanoate ester;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
prodrug
fluphenazine enanthate
[no description available]		2.4320phenothiazines
flurazepam
Flurazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used mainly as a hypnotic.. flurazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group, 2-fluorophenyl group and chloro group at positions 1, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a partial agonist of GABAA receptors and used for the treatment of insomnia.		4.55401,4-benzodiazepinone;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABAA receptor agonist;
sedative
flurbiprofen
Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.		13.99324fluorobiphenyl;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluspirilene
Fluspirilene: A long-acting injectable antipsychotic agent used for chronic schizophrenia.		3.1550diarylmethane
flutamide
Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.		5.68240(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
flutazolam
flutazolam: structure		2.0410hemiaminal ether;
organic molecular entity
fomepizole
Fomepizole: A pyrazole and competitive inhibitor of ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE that is used for the treatment of poisoning by ETHYLENE GLYCOL or METHANOL.. fomepizole : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4.		3.5920pyrazolesantidote;
EC 1.1.1.1 (alcohol dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
protective agent
formoterol fumarate
N-[2-hydroxy-5-(1-hydroxy-2-{[1-(4-methoxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]amino}ethyl)phenyl]formamide : A phenylethanoloamine having 4-hydroxy and 3-formamido substituents on the phenyl ring and an N-(4-methoxyphenyl)propan-2-yl substituent.		2.4420formamides;
phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
foscarnet
Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.. phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.		4.85100carboxylic acid;
one-carbon compound;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor
fpl 64176
FPL 64176: an activator of L-type calcium channels; structure given in first source. FPL 64176 : 1H-Pyrrole substituted at C-2 and -5 by methyl groups, at C-3 by methoxycarbonyl and at C-4 by a 2-benzylbenzoyl group.		2.7330carboxylic ester;
pyrroles		calcium channel agonist
furafylline
[no description available]		2.4620oxopurine
furegrelate
furegrelate: structure given in UD 35:175:d		2.6630benzofurans
fusaric acid
Fusaric Acid: A picolinic acid derivative isolated from various Fusarium species. It has been proposed for a variety of therapeutic applications but is primarily used as a research tool. Its mechanisms of action are poorly understood. It probably inhibits DOPAMINE BETA-HYDROXYLASE, the enzyme that converts dopamine to norepinephrine. It may also have other actions, including the inhibition of cell proliferation and DNA synthesis.		2.0310aromatic carboxylic acid;
pyridines
gabapentin
Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.		5.16140gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
gabexate
Gabexate: A serine proteinase inhibitor used therapeutically in the treatment of pancreatitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and as a regional anticoagulant for hemodialysis. The drug inhibits the hydrolytic effects of thrombin, plasmin, and kallikrein, but not of chymotrypsin and aprotinin.		2.6830benzoate ester
gaboxadol
gaboxadol: GABA agonist; inhibitor of GABA uptake systems; structure		2.0510oxazole
4-amino-5-hexynoic acid
4-amino-5-hexynoic acid: structure		2.0310
gemfibrozil
[no description available]		5.5200aromatic etherantilipemic drug
gentamicin
Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.		9.79653
glafenine
Glafenine: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic properties used for the relief of all types of pain.. glafenine : A carboxylic ester that is 2,3-dihydroxypropyl anthranilate in which the amino group is substituted by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, glafenine and its hydrochloride salt were used for the relief of all types of pain, but high incidence of anaphylactic reactions resulted in their withdrawal from the market.		4.6780aminoquinoline;
carboxylic ester;
glycol;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gliclazide
Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.		3.76100N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
radical scavenger
glimepiride
glimepiride: structure given in first source		5.24150sulfonamide
glipizide
Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		5.49200aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-sulfonylurea;
pyrazines		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
glutaral
Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.		1.9510dialdehydecross-linking reagent;
disinfectant;
fixative
glutethimide
Glutethimide: A hypnotic and sedative. Its use has been largely superseded by other drugs.		3.1550piperidines
glyburide
Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.		7.33440monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		anti-arrhythmia drug;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
2-cyclopentyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetic acid (1,1-dimethyl-3-pyrrolidin-1-iumyl) ester
[no description available]		3.2310benzenes
glyphosate
glyphosate: active cpd in herbicidal formulation Roundup; inhibits EC 2.5.1.19, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase; structure. glyphosate : A phosphonic acid resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the methyl group of methylphosphonic acid with the amino group of glycine. It is one of the most commonly used herbicides worldwide, and the only one to target the enzyme 5-enolpyruvyl-3-shikimate phosphate synthase (EPSPS).		2.8130glycine derivative;
phosphonic acid		agrochemical;
EC 2.5.1.19 (3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor;
herbicide
gossypol
Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.		7.7330
granisetron
[no description available]		4.7790aromatic amide;
indazoles
guaiazulene
guaiazulene: structure		2.0510sesquiterpene
guaifenesin
Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.		4.99120methoxybenzenes
guanethidine
Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.		12.78440azocanes;
guanidines		adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
sympatholytic agent
guanfacine
Guanfacine: A centrally acting antihypertensive agent with specificity towards ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.		6.31111acetamides
guanidine
Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.		3.8230carboxamidine;
guanidines;
one-carbon compound
n-(2-(methylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide
[no description available]		1.9810isoquinolines;
sulfonamide
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine
1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.		2.730isoquinolines;
N-sulfonylpiperazine		EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)piperazine
[no description available]		2.0310isoquinolines
fasudil
fasudil: intracellular calcium antagonist; structure in first source. fasudil : An isoquinoline substituted by a (1,4-diazepan-1-yl)sulfonyl group at position 5. It is a Rho-kinase inhibitor and its hydrochloride hydrate form is approved for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm and cerebral ischemia.		2.7730isoquinolines;
N-sulfonyldiazepane		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
nootropic agent;
vasodilator agent
haloperidol
Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.		6.73280aromatic ketone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
halothane
[no description available]		4.94120haloalkane;
organobromine compound;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		inhalation anaesthetic
harmaline
Harmaline: A beta-carboline alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM.. harmaline : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7 and has been reduced across the 3,4 bond.		2.3720harmala alkaloidoneirogen
hemicholinium 3
[no description available]		2.0310morpholines
hexachlorophene
Hexachlorophene: A chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797). hexachlorophene : An organochlorine compound that is diphenylmethane in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, and 5, and by a hydroxy group at position 6. An antiseptic that is effective against Gram-positive organisms, it is used in soaps and creams for the treatment of various skin disorders. It is also used in agriculture as an acaricide and fungicide, but is not approved for such use within the European Union.		2.7530bridged diphenyl fungicide;
polyphenol;
trichlorobenzene		acaricide;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agrochemical;
antiseptic drug
miltefosine
miltefosine: hexadecyl phosphocholine derivative of cisplatin; did not substantially activate HIV long terminal repeat; less toxic than cisplatin. miltefosine : A phospholipid that is the hexadecyl monoester of phosphocholine.		2.4620phosphocholines;
phospholipid		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
apoptosis inducer;
immunomodulator;
protein kinase inhibitor
4-fluorohexahydrosiladifenidol
[no description available]		2.0310
hexamethonium
Hexamethonium: A nicotinic cholinergic antagonist often referred to as the prototypical ganglionic blocker. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. It has been used for a variety of therapeutic purposes including hypertension but, like the other ganglionic blockers, it has been replaced by more specific drugs for most purposes, although it is widely used a research tool.		2.8940quaternary ammonium salt
hexestrol
[no description available]		2.0510stilbenoid
hexetidine
Hexetidine: A bactericidal and fungicidal antiseptic. It is used as a 0.1% mouthwash for local infections and oral hygiene. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797)		2.0510organic heteromonocyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
hexobarbital
Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.		3.3970barbiturates
hexoprenaline
Hexoprenaline: Stimulant of adrenergic beta 2 receptors. It is used as a bronchodilator, antiasthmatic agent, and tocolytic agent.		2.0710
hexylresorcinol
[no description available]		2.0410resorcinols
hexamethylene bisacetamide
N,N'-diacetyl-1,6-diaminohexane: chemical name obtained from Acta Biol Hung 1990;41(1-3):199-208		2.0710acetamides
homochlorocyclizine
homochlorocyclizine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4520diarylmethane
hycanthone
Hycanthone: Potentially toxic, but effective antischistosomal agent, it is a metabolite of LUCANTHONE.. hycanthone : A thioxanthen-9-one compound having a hydroxymethyl substituent at the 1-position and a 2-[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino substituent at the 4-position. It was formerly used (particularly as the monomethanesulfonic acid salt) as a schistosomicide for individual or mass treatement of infection with Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni, but due to its toxicity and concern about possible carcinogenicity, it has been replaced by other drugs such as praziquantel.		2.9840thioxanthenesmutagen;
schistosomicide drug
hydralazine
Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.		13.071018azaarene;
hydrazines;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
phthalazines		antihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
hydrochlorothiazide
Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		19.2448471benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
hydroflumethiazide
Hydroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p822). hydroflumethiazide : A benzothiadiazine consisting of a 3,4-dihydro-HH-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine bicyclic system dioxygenated on sulfur and carrying trifluoromethyl and aminosulfonyl groups at positions 6 and 7 respectively. A diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide.		12.27191benzothiadiazine;
thiazide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
hydroxychloroquine
Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.		5.5690aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
primary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea
[no description available]		5.28160one-carbon compound;
ureas		antimetabolite;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
immunomodulator;
radical scavenger;
teratogenic agent
hydroxyzine
Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively.		5.67140hydroxyether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine		anticoronaviral agent;
antipruritic drug;
anxiolytic drug;
dermatologic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
hypericin
[no description available]		2.0410
mk 473
MK 473: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		3.0650
ibudilast
[no description available]		2.0310pyrazolopyridine
ibuprofen
Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine		10.92727monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger;
xenobiotic
ic 261
[no description available]		2.4420indoles
phenelzine
Phenelzine: One of the MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS used to treat DEPRESSION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; and PANIC.		4.83100primary amine
lidocaine
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.		8.98591benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
mephentermine
Mephentermine: A sympathomimetic agent with specificity for alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. It is used to maintain BLOOD PRESSURE in hypotensive states such as following SPINAL ANESTHESIA.		2.110amphetamines
alverine
alverine : A tertiary amine having one ethyl and two 3-phenylprop-1-yl groups attached to the nitrogen. An antispasmodic that acts directly on intestinal and uterine smooth muscle, it is used (particularly as the citrate salt) in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.		2.0510tertiary amineantispasmodic drug
idebenone
[no description available]		2.05101,4-benzoquinones;
primary alcohol		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor
ifenprodil
ifenprodil: NMDA receptor antagonist		2.0310piperidines
ifosfamide
[no description available]		6.4121ifosfamidesalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
imipramine
Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.		13.37401dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
amrinone
Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.. amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure.		6.82191bipyridinesEC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
incadronate
[no description available]		2.05101,1-bis(phosphonic acid)
indapamide
Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine.		8.2244indoles;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
indirubin-3'-monoxime
indirubin-3'-monoxime: has antiangiogenic activity. indirubin-3'-monoxime : A member of the class of biindoles that is indirubin in which the keto group at position 3' has undergone condensation with hydroxylamine to form the corresponding oxime.		2.7430
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		16.5730526aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
indoprofen
Indoprofen: A drug that has analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Following reports of adverse reactions including reports of carcinogenicity in animal studies it was withdrawn from the market worldwide. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p21). indoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-(1-oxo-1,3-dihydroisoindol-2-yl)phenyl group. Initially used as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic, it was withdrawn from the market due to causing severe gastrointestinal bleeding. It has been subsequently found to increase production of the survival motor neuron protein.		8.7721gamma-lactam;
isoindoles;
monocarboxylic acid		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
iodamide
Iodamide: An ionic monomeric contrast medium. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706). iodamide : A benzoic acid compound having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions, an acetamido substituent at the 3-position and an acetamidomethyl substituent at the 5-position.		2.0410benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound		radioopaque medium
iodixanol
iodixanol: dimeric contrast media; structure given in first source. iodixanol : A dimeric, non-ionic, water-soluble, radiographic contrast agent, used particularly in coronary angiography.		7.3972organoiodine compoundradioopaque medium
iodoacetamide
[no description available]		2.3820
iodoquinol
Iodoquinol: One of the halogenated 8-quinolinols widely used as an intestinal antiseptic, especially as an antiamebic agent. It is also used topically in other infections and may cause CNS and eye damage. It is known by very many similar trade names world-wide.. iodoquinol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by iodine. It is considered the drug of choice for treating asymptomatic or moderate forms of amoebiasis.		2.0710monohydroxyquinoline;
organoiodine compound		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antiseptic drug
iohexol
Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.		8.09203benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
iomeprol
iomeprol: structure given in first source. iomeprol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a glycoloyl(methyl)amino group at the 5-position.		2.0610benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
iopanoic acid
Iopanoic Acid: Radiopaque medium used as diagnostic aid.		2.3620monocarboxylic acid
iopromide
iopromide: structure given in first source. iopromide : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that consists of N-methylisophthalamide bearing three iodo substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6, a methoxyacetyl substituent at position 5 and two 2,3-dihydroxypropyl groups attached to the amide nitrogens. A water soluble x-ray contrast agent for intravascular administration.		6.8582dicarboxylic acid diamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
nephrotoxic agent;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
iothalamic acid
Iothalamic Acid: A contrast medium in diagnostic radiology with properties similar to those of diatrizoic acid. It is used primarily as its sodium and meglumine (IOTHALAMATE MEGLUMINE) salts.		4.11160organic molecular entity
iotrolan
iotrolan: nonionic, isotonic contrast medium designed for intrathecal use; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; DL-3-117 refers to stereoisomer; structure given in first source		1.9810organic molecular entity
iodipamide
Iodipamide: A water-soluble radiographic contrast media for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography.. adipiodone : An organoiodine compound that is 3-amino-2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 6-(3-carboxy-2,4,6-triiodoanilino)-6-oxohexanoyl group. It is a water-soluble radiographic contrast media for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography.		2.6830benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound;
secondary carboxamide		radioopaque medium
iotroxic acid
iotroxic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0610organic molecular entity
ioversol
[no description available]		3.8130amidobenzoic acid
ioxaglate
Ioxaglic Acid: A low-osmolar, ionic contrast medium used in various radiographic procedures.. ioxaglic acid : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an acetyl(methyl)amino group at the 5-position.		6.4452benzenedicarboxamide;
benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound		radioopaque medium
indolepropionic acid
indolepropionic acid: structure in third source. 3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid : An indol-3-yl carboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted by a 1H-indol-3-yl group at position 3.		2.0310indol-3-yl carboxylic acidauxin;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
iproniazid
[no description available]		5.14140carbohydrazide;
pyridines
avapro
Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.		6.75171azaspiro compound;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine
1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.		3.931303-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isocarboxazid
Isocarboxazid: An MAO inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in the treatment of panic disorder and the phobic disorders. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311)		4.2750benzenes
isoetharine
Isoetharine: Adrenergic beta-2 agonist used as bronchodilator for emphysema, bronchitis and asthma.		2.0710catecholamine
isoflurane
Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.		4.7871organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
isoguvacine
isoguvacine: A GABA agonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.7230tetrahydropyridine
isoniazid
Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).		7.29350carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
4-piperidinecarboxylic acid
4-piperidinecarboxylic acid: structure in first source		2.4420
isopropamide iodide
[no description available]		2.0410diarylmethane
2-propanol
2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.		4.5251secondary alcohol;
secondary fatty alcohol		protic solvent
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		10.47792catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
isoxsuprine
Isoxsuprine: A beta-adrenergic agonist that causes direct relaxation of uterine and vascular smooth muscle. Its vasodilating actions are greater on the arteries supplying skeletal muscle than on those supplying skin. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and in premature labor.		4.3660alkylbenzene
isradipine
Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.		4.92110benzoxadiazole;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester;
methyl ester
itraconazole
[no description available]		5.46110piperazines
4-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline
WHI P131: a quinazoline derivative, inhibitor of glioblastoma cell adhesion and migration		2.0310
jl 18
JL 18: a pyridobenzodiazepine derivative bioisoster of clozapine		2.4420
staurosporine aglycone
staurosporine aglycone: metabolite from culture broth of Nocardiopsis sp.; a neurotrophin antag; inhibits BDNF TrkB receptor		2.0510
nsc 664704
kenpaullone: inhibits CDK1/cyclin B; structure in first source. kenpaullone : An indolobenzazepine that is paullone in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by a bromo substituent. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta).		2.7430indolobenzazepine;
lactam;
organobromine compound		cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
ketamine
Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.		5.06130cyclohexanones;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
ketanserin
Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.		4.83100aromatic ketone;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
cardiovascular drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist
ketoconazole
1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.		5.81280dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
ether;
imidazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen
Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.		9.22532benzophenones;
oxo monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
ketorolac
Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.. 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively.		5.34170amino acid;
aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrrolizines;
racemate		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ketotifen
Ketotifen: A cycloheptathiophene blocker of histamine H1 receptors and release of inflammatory mediators. It has been proposed for the treatment of asthma, rhinitis, skin allergies, and anaphylaxis.. ketotifen : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 4,9-dihydro-10H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10-one which is substituted at position 4 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is used (usually as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of asthma, where it may take several weeks to exert its full effect.		5.36100cyclic ketone;
olefinic compound;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
organosulfur heterocyclic compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
khellin
Khellin: A vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. It has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light A, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024). khellin : A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator.		2.0510furanochromone;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
oxacycle		anti-asthmatic agent;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
kynurenic acid
Kynurenic Acid: A broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist used as a research tool.. kynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-4.		3.0440monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid		G-protein-coupled receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid
2-amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid: metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist; do not confuse AP-3 used as an abbreviation for this with enhancer-binding protein AP-3 (a trans-activator) or clathrin assembly protein AP-3. 2-amino-3-phosphonopropanoic acid : A non-proteinogenc alpha-amino acid that is alanine in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl group has been replaced by a dihydroxy(oxido)-lambda(5)-phosphanyl group.		2.0310alanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
phosphonic acids		human metabolite;
metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
mimosine
Mimosine: 3-Hydroxy-4-oxo-1(4H)-pyridinealanine. An antineoplastic alanine-substituted pyridine derivative isolated from Leucena glauca.		2.0310alpha-amino acid
pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid
pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid: a glutamate uptake inhibitor		2.0110
labetalol
Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5.		9.07453benzamides;
benzenes;
phenols;
primary carboxamide;
salicylamides;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
lamotrigine
[no description available]		5.591301,2,4-triazines;
dichlorobenzene;
primary arylamine		anticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
antimanic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
xenobiotic
lansoprazole
Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.		6.01200benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
beta-lapachone
beta-lapachone: antineoplastic inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, DNA topoisomerase, and DNA polymerase. beta-lapachone : A benzochromenone that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-5,6-dione substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2. Isolated from Tabebuia avellanedae, it exhibits antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities.		2.7430benzochromenone;
orthoquinones		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
lauric acid
dodecanoic acid : A straight-chain, twelve-carbon medium-chain saturated fatty acid with strong bactericidal properties; the main fatty acid in coconut oil and palm kernel oil.		3.110medium-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
antibacterial agent;
plant metabolite
leflunomide
Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.		5.11130(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
antiparasitic agent;
EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
letrozole
[no description available]		4.5570nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
lg 100268
LG 100268: a retinoid X receptor (RXR) selective compound; structure given in first source		2.0810
lidoflazine
Lidoflazine: Coronary vasodilator with some antiarrhythmic action.		1.9510diarylmethane
linopirdine
linopirdine: acetylcholine releasing drug		2.4420indoles
lofepramine
Lofepramine: A psychotropic IMIPRAMINE derivative that acts as a tricyclic antidepressant and possesses few anticholinergic properties. It is metabolized to DESIPRAMINE.		2.9640aromatic ketone;
dibenzoazepine;
monochlorobenzenes;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant
lomefloxacin
lomefloxacin: structure given in first source. lomefloxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic, used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery.		11.0181fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antimicrobial agent;
antitubercular agent;
photosensitizing agent
lomustine
[no description available]		4.3760N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
loperamide
Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.		5.44110monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antidiarrhoeal drug;
mu-opioid receptor agonist
loratadine
Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.		5.09130benzocycloheptapyridine;
ethyl ester;
N-acylpiperidine;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist
lorazepam
Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.		6.05150benzodiazepine
lorglumide
lorglumide: RN given refers to (+-)-isomer. lorglumide : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-lorglumide.. N(2)-(3,4-dichlorobenzoyl)-N,N-dipentyl-alpha-glutamine : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of N-(3,4-dichlorobenzoyl)glutamic acid with the amino group of dipentylamine.		210benzamides;
dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
dichlorobenzene;
glutamic acid derivative
losartan
Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position		11.06748biphenylyltetrazole;
imidazoles		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
loxapine
Loxapine: An antipsychotic agent used in SCHIZOPHRENIA.		4.7550dibenzooxazepineantipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
loxoprofen
loxoprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source. loxoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-[(2-oxocyclopentyl)methyl]phenyl group. A prodrug that is rapidly converted into its active trans-alcohol metabolite following oral administration.		2.4520cyclopentanones;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
ly 171883
LY 171883: structure in first source; leukotriene receptor antagonist. tomelukast : A member of the class of acetophenones that is 1-phenylethanone substituted at position 2 by a hydroxy group, a propyl group at position 3 and a 4-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)butoxy group at position 4. A leukotriene antagonist, it exhibits anti-asthmatic activity.		2.4220acetophenones;
aromatic ether;
phenols;
tetrazoles		anti-asthmatic drug;
leukotriene antagonist
ly 278584
LY 278584: structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0110aromatic amide;
indazoles
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source		2.0310chromones;
morpholines;
organochlorine compound		autophagy inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
mabuterol
mabuterol: structure given in first source		210(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
mafenide
Mafenide: A sulfonamide that inhibits the enzyme CARBONIC ANHYDRASE and is used as a topical anti-bacterial agent, especially in burn therapy.		2.0510aromatic amine
malathion
Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.		2.0510diester;
ethyl ester;
organic thiophosphate
diisopropyl 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate
diisopropyl 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate: structure in first source		2.0510isopropyl ester
manidipine
[no description available]		1.9810diarylmethane
maprotiline
Maprotiline: A bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use.		5.35170anthracenes
mazindol
Mazindol: Tricyclic anorexigenic agent unrelated to and less toxic than AMPHETAMINE, but with some similar side effects. It inhibits uptake of catecholamines and blocks the binding of cocaine to the dopamine uptake transporter.		2.4620organic molecular entity
edaravone
[no description available]		3.2310pyrazoloneantioxidant;
radical scavenger
mebendazole
Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.		5.09130aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester		antinematodal drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
mecamylamine
Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.		3.9940primary aliphatic amine
mechlorethamine
nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.		4.0440nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent
meclizine
Meclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in the treatment of motion sickness, vertigo, and nausea during pregnancy and radiation sickness.		4.5570diarylmethane
meclofenamic acid
Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.. meclofenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		10.43200aminobenzoic acid;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
meclofenamate sodium anhydrous
[no description available]		2.7430organic sodium salt
meclofenoxate
Meclofenoxate: An ester of DIMETHYLAMINOETHANOL and para-chlorophenoxyacetic acid.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid
medazepam
Medazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used in the treatment of anxiety. It has sedative, muscle relaxant, and anticonvulsant properties. One of its metabolites is DIAZEPAM and one of its excretion products is OXAZEPAM.		2.0510organic molecular entity
mefenamic acid
Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		12.62261aminobenzoic acid;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
mefloquine hydrochloride
[2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol : An organofluorine compound that consists of quinoline bearing trifluoromethyl substituents at positions 2 and 8 as well as a (2-piperidinyl)hydroxymethyl substituent at position 4.		2.7130organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinolines;
secondary alcohol
mefruside
Mefruside: A benzene-sulfonamide-furan. It is used as a diuretic that affects the concentrating ability of the KIDNEY, increases SODIUM CHLORIDE excretion, but may not spare POTASSIUM. It inhibits CARBONIC ANHYDRASES and may increase the blood URIC ACID level.		4.3820organic molecular entity
memantine
[no description available]		4.5470adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		antidepressant;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
vitamin k 3
Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.		3.3601,4-naphthoquinones;
vitamin K		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
human urinary metabolite;
nutraceutical
mepenzolate
mepenzolic acid: anticholinergic, antispasmodic agent; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.2310diarylmethane
meperidine
Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.		6.03150ethyl ester;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
mephenesin
Mephenesin: A centrally acting muscle relaxant with a short duration of action.. 1-(2-methylphenyl)glycerol : A glycerol ether in which a single 2-methylphenyl group is attached at position 1 of glycerol via an ether linkage.		2.3820aromatic ether;
glycerol ether
mephenytoin
Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). It may cause blood dyscrasias.. mephenytoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) in which the imidazolidine nucleus carries a methyl group at N-3 and has ethyl and phenyl substituents at C-5. An anticonvulsant, it is no longer available in the USA or the UK but is still studied largely because of its interesting hydroxylation polymorphism.		4.5570imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant
mepivacaine
Mepivacaine: A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168). mepivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide in which N-methylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. It is used as a local amide-type anaesthetic.		4.2650piperidinecarboxamidedrug allergen;
local anaesthetic
meprobamate
Meprobamate: A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603)		9.6180organic molecular entity
benzoic acid [2-methyl-2-(propylamino)propyl] ester
[no description available]		2.0710benzoate ester
mesalamine
Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.		5.1580amino acid;
aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid;
phenols		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mesoridazine
Mesoridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with effects similar to CHLORPROMAZINE.. mesoridazine : A phenothiazine substituted at position 2 (para to the S atom) by a methylsulfinyl group, and on the nitrogen by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group.		4.0940phenothiazines;
sulfoxide;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
metaproterenol
Metaproterenol: A beta-2 adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of ASTHMA and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. orciprenaline : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-orciprenaline. Used (as its sulfate salt) to relax the airway muscles and improve breathing for patients suffering from asthma or bronchitis.. 5-[1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,3-diol : A member of the class of resorcinols bearing an additional 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl substituent at position 5 of resorcinol itself.		6.8111aralkylamino compound;
phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
metformin
Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.		10.14384guanidinesenvironmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
xenobiotic
methadone
Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.		5.34100benzenes;
diarylmethane;
ketone;
tertiary amino compound
methapyrilene
Methapyrilene: Histamine H1 antagonist with sedative action used as a hypnotic and in allergies.. methapyrilene : A member of the class of ethylenediamine derivatives that is ethylenediamine in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups, and the other nitrogen is substituted by a 2-pyridyl group and a (2-thienyl)methyl group.		3.4470ethylenediamine derivativeanti-allergic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative
methazolamide
Methazolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used as a diuretic and in the treatment of glaucoma.		5.04130sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles
methenamine
Methenamine: An anti-infective agent most commonly used in the treatment of urinary tract infections. Its anti-infective action derives from the slow release of formaldehyde by hydrolysis at acidic pH. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p173). hexamethylenetetramine : A polycyclic cage that is adamantane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 3, 5 and 7 are replaced by nitrogen atoms.		1.9610polyazaalkane;
polycyclic cage;
tetramine		antibacterial drug
methiothepin
Methiothepin: A serotonin receptor antagonist in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM used as an antipsychotic.. methiothepin : A dibenzothiepine that is 10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f]thiepine bearing additional methylthio and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 8 and 10 respectively. Potent 5-HT2 antagonist, also active as 5-HT1 antagonist. Differentiates 5-HT1D sub-types. Also displays affinity for rodent 5-HT5B, 5-HT5A, 5-HT7 and 5-HT6 receptors (pK1 values are 6.6, 7.0, 8.4 and 8.7 respectively).		2.0310aryl sulfide;
dibenzothiepine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
tertiary amino compound		antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
serotonergic antagonist
methocarbamol
Methocarbamol: A centrally acting muscle relaxant whose mode of action has not been established. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1206). methocarbamol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-methocarbamol. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as an adjunct in the short-term symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm. The (R)-enantiomer is more active than the (S)-enantiomer.. 2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl carbamate : A carbamate ester that is glycerol in which one of the primary alcohol groups has been converted to its 2-methoxyphenyl ether while the other has been converted to the corresponding carbamate ester.		4.0940aromatic ether;
carbamate ester;
secondary alcohol
methoctramine
[no description available]		2.0310aromatic ether;
tetramine		muscarinic antagonist
methomyl
Methomyl: A carbamate insecticide with anticholinesterase activity.. methomyl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of methylcarbamic acid with the hydroxy group of 1-(methylsulfanyl)acetaldoxime.		2.0610aliphatic sulfide;
carbamate ester		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
nematicide;
xenobiotic
methoxyamine
methoxyamine: analytical reagent for aldehydes and ketones; strong irritant, can probably produce methemoglobinemia; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0510organooxygen compound
methoxsalen
Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.		4.0340aromatic ether;
psoralens		antineoplastic agent;
cross-linking reagent;
dermatologic drug;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
methoxyflurane
Methoxyflurane: An inhalation anesthetic. Currently, methoxyflurane is rarely used for surgical, obstetric, or dental anesthesia. If so employed, it should be administered with NITROUS OXIDE to achieve a relatively light level of anesthesia, and a neuromuscular blocking agent given concurrently to obtain the desired degree of muscular relaxation. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p180). methoxyflurane : An ether in which the two groups attached to the central oxygen atom are methyl and 2,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethyl.		8.2460ether;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		hepatotoxic agent;
inhalation anaesthetic;
nephrotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic
methoxyphenamine
methoxyphenamine: structure. methoxyphenamine : An amphetamine methylated on nitrogen and with the phenyl ring methoxylated at C-2. A beta-adrenergic receptor agonist, it is used as a bronchodilator.		2.110amphetaminesbeta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent
methyclothiazide
Methyclothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p825)		4.4570benzothiadiazine
nocodazole
[no description available]		2.9640aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester;
thiophenes		antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
methyl salicylate
methyl salicylate: used in over-the-counter liniments, ointments, lotions for relief of musculoskeletal aches and pains; has hemolytic effect on human & sheep erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5990. methyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid.		4.94340benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
salicylates		flavouring agent;
insect attractant;
metabolite
3-Hydroxy-alpha-methyl-DL-tyrosine
[no description available]		2.4620benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid
methyl methanesulfonate
[no description available]		2.0610methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
genotoxin;
mutagen
methylphenidate
Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.		4.7390beta-amino acid ester;
methyl ester;
piperidines
methyprylon
methyprylon: was heading 1973-94 (see under HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES 1963-72); use PIPERIDONES to search METHYPRYLON 1973-94		2.4520organic molecular entity
metoclopramide
Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.		7.66262benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
gastrointestinal drug;
xenobiotic
metolazone
Metolazone: A quinazoline-sulfonamide derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. metolazone : A quinazoline that consists of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazolin-4-one bearing additional methyl, 2-tolyl, sulfamyl and chloro substituents at positions 2, 3, 6 and 7 respectively. A quinazoline diuretic, with properties similar to thiazide diuretics.		11.986910organochlorine compound;
quinazolines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
ion transport inhibitor
metoprolol
Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.		10.19746aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
metronidazole
Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.		5.5200C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
primary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
metyrapone
Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.		5.3100aromatic ketoneantimetabolite;
diagnostic agent;
EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
mexiletine
Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.		5.67140aromatic ether;
primary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
mianserin
Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.. mianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.		3.84110dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine agonist;
sedative;
serotonergic antagonist
miconazole
Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.		3.4370dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles
midazolam
Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.		11.93211imidazobenzodiazepine;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
central nervous system depressant;
GABAA receptor agonist;
general anaesthetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
midodrine
Midodrine: An ethanolamine derivative that is an adrenergic alpha-1 agonist. It is used as a vasoconstrictor agent in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. midodrine : An aromatic ether that is 1,4-dimethoxybenzene which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-(glycylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with selective alpha-adrenergic agonist activity, it is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a peripheral vasoconstrictor in the treatment of certain hypotensive states. The main active moiety is its major metabolite, deglymidodrine.		5.6451amino acid amide;
aromatic ether;
secondary alcohol		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
prodrug;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
milrinone
[no description available]		5.15140bipyridines;
nitrile;
pyridone		cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
minoxidil
Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6.		9.79615dialkylarylamine;
tertiary amino compound
mirtazapine
Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders.		4.85100benzazepine;
tetracyclic antidepressant		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
oneirogen;
serotonergic antagonist
mitotane
Mitotane: A derivative of the insecticide DICHLORODIPHENYLDICHLOROETHANE that specifically inhibits cells of the adrenal cortex and their production of hormones. It is used to treat adrenocortical tumors and causes CNS damage, but no bone marrow depression.		4.0840diarylmethane
mitoxantrone
Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.		6.19170dihydroxyanthraquinoneanalgesic;
antineoplastic agent
ml 7
ML-7 : An N-sulfonyldiazepane resullting from the formal condensation of 5-iodo-1-naphthylsulfonic acid with one of the nitrogens of 1,4-diazepane. It is a selective inhibitor of myosin light chain kinase (EC 2.7.11.18).		2.4420N-sulfonyldiazepane;
organoiodine compound		EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor
ml 9
[no description available]		2.0510naphthalenes;
sulfonic acid derivative
moclobemide
Moclobemide: A reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A; (RIMA); (see MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS) that has antidepressive properties.. moclobemide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a chloro group at position 4 and a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group at the nitrogen atom. It acts as a reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor and is used in the treatment of depression.		3.5580benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
morpholines		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
modafinil
Modafinil: A benzhydryl acetamide compound, central nervous system stimulant, and CYP3A4 inducing agent that is used in the treatment of NARCOLEPSY and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS.. modafinil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of armodafinil and (S)-modafinil. A central nervous system stimulant, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions in animals.. 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide : A sulfoxide that is dimethylsulfoxide in which two hydrogens attached to one of the methyl groups are replaced by phenyl groups, while one hydrogen attached to the other methyl group is replaced by a carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) group.		4.0840monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfoxide
molsidomine
Molsidomine: A morpholinyl sydnone imine ethyl ester, having a nitrogen in place of the keto oxygen. It acts as NITRIC OXIDE DONORS and is a vasodilator that has been used in ANGINA PECTORIS.. molsidomine : A member of the class of oxadiazoles that is 1,2,3-oxadiazole substituted by morpholin-4-yl and (ethoxycarbonyl)azanidyl groups at positions 3 and 5, respectively. It is used as a vasodilator drug for the treatment of myocardial ischemic syndrome and congestive heart failure.		3.3611ethyl ester;
morpholines;
oxadiazole;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
moxisylyte
Moxisylyte: An alpha-adrenergic blocking agent that is used in Raynaud's disease. It is also used locally in the eye to reverse the mydriasis caused by phenylephrine and other sympathomimetic agents. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1312)		4.2650monoterpenoid
entinostat
[no description available]		2.0810benzamides;
carbamate ester;
primary amino compound;
pyridines;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
muscimol
Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.. muscimol : A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita.		4.38200alkaloid;
isoxazoles;
primary amino compound		fungal metabolite;
GABA agonist;
oneirogen;
psychotropic drug
deet
N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of m-toluic acid with the nitrogen of diethylamine. First developed by the U.S. Army in 1946 for use by military personnel in insect-infested areas, it is the most widely used insect repellent worldwide.		2.0510benzamides;
monocarboxylic acid amide		environmental contaminant;
insect repellent;
xenobiotic
n-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloro-2-naphthalenesulfonamide
N-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloro-2-naphthalenesulfonamide: calmodulin antagonist; structure given in first source. N-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloronaphthalene-2-sulfonamide : A sulfonamide that is 5-chloronaphthalene-2-sulfonamide in which one of the hydrogens of the nitrogen atom is substituted by a 4-aminobutyl group.		2.0310naphthalenes;
organochlorine compound;
primary amino compound;
sulfonamide
acecainide
Acecainide: A major metabolite of PROCAINAMIDE. Its anti-arrhythmic action may cause cardiac toxicity in kidney failure.. N-acetylprocainamide : A benzamide obtained via formal condensation of 4-acetamidobenzoic acid and 2-(diethylamino)ethylamine.		3.3160acetamides;
benzamides		anti-arrhythmia drug
n-bromoacetamide
[no description available]		2.0310
ethylmaleimide
Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.		9.78320maleimidesanticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
fg 7142
FG 7142: benzodiazepine receptor agonist		2.4420beta-carbolines
clorgyline
Clorgyline: An antidepressive agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor related to PARGYLINE.. clorgyline : An aromatic ether that is the 2,4-dichlorophenyl ether of 3-aminopropan-1-ol in which the nitrogen is substituted by a methyl group and a prop-1-yn-3-yl group. A monoamine oxidase inhibitor, it was formerly used as an antidepressant.		7.7330aromatic ether;
dichlorobenzene;
terminal acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
deoxyepinephrine
Deoxyepinephrine: Sympathomimetic, vasoconstrictor agent.		6.5787catecholamine
fenamic acid
fenamic acid: has chloride and potassium channel-blocking activity; RN given refers to parent cpd. fenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is the N-phenyl derivative of anthranilic acid. It acts as a parent skeleton for the synthesis of several non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.		4.07150aminobenzoic acid;
secondary amino compound		membrane transport modulator
apnea
Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.		2.3820purine nucleoside
n 0840
N(6)-cyclopentyl-9-methyladenine: selective, orally active A(1) adenosine receptor antagonist		2.4420
nabumetone
Nabumetone: A butanone non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitor that is used in the management of pain associated with OSTEOARTHRITIS and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.. nabumetone : A methyl ketone that is 2-butanone in which one of the methyl hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl group. A prodrug that is converted to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, following oral administration. It is shown to have a slightly lower risk of gastrointestinal side effects than most other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.		4.5370methoxynaphthalene;
methyl ketone		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
nadolol
[no description available]		4.140tetralins
nafronyl
Nafronyl: A drug used in the management of peripheral and cerebral vascular disorders. It is claimed to enhance cellular oxidative capacity and to be a spasmolytic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1310) It may also be an antagonist at 5HT-2 serotonin receptors.		2.0710naphthalenes
naftopidil
[no description available]		2.0710piperazines
nalidixic acid
[no description available]		10.691501,8-naphthyridine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
naphazoline
Naphazoline: An adrenergic vasoconstrictor agent used as a decongestant.		2.0710naphthalenes
naratriptan
naratriptan: structure given in first source		4.0840heteroarylpiperidine;
sulfonamide;
tryptamines		serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
nefazodone
nefazodone: may be useful as an opiate adjunct		5.56210aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazoles		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
nefopam
Nefopam: Non-narcotic analgesic chemically similar to ORPHENADRINE. Its mechanism of action is unclear. It is used for the relief of acute and chronic pain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p26). nefopam : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-nefopam. The hydrochloride is a centrally acting non-opiate analgesic commonly used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain.. 5-methyl-1-phenyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine : A member of the class of benzoxazocines that is 3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine substituted by phenyl and methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 respectively.		2.9740benzoxazocine;
tertiary amino compound
neostigmine
Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.		3.3670quaternary ammonium ionantidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
nevirapine
Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.		5.4180cyclopropanes;
dipyridodiazepine		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nialamide
Nialamide: An MAO inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent.		4.3760organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
nicardipine
Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.		6.21250benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound
niceritrol
Niceritrol: An ester of nicotinic acid that lowers cholesterol and triglycerides in total plasma and in the VLD- and LD-lipoprotein fractions.		2.0510organic molecular entity
niclosamide
Niclosamide: An antihelmintic that is active against most tapeworms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p48). niclosamide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorosalicylic acid with the amino group of 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline. It is an oral anthelmintic drug approved for use against tapeworm infections.		2.4420benzamides;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
salicylanilides;
secondary carboxamide		anthelminthic drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiparasitic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
molluscicide;
piscicide;
STAT3 inhibitor
nifedipine
Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.		12.917816C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester		calcium channel blocker;
human metabolite;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent
nifekalant
[no description available]		2.0810amine
niflumic acid
Niflumic Acid: An analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.		10.46200aromatic carboxylic acid;
pyridines
nilutamide
[no description available]		4.4160(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
imidazolidinone		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
nilvadipine
[no description available]		2.4320dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester;
methyl ester;
nitrile
nimesulide
nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.		10.52120aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
sulfonamide		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimetazepam
nimetazepam : A nitrazepam which is substituted at positions 1 by a methyl group. It is used as an anticonvulsant and as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia.		2.45201,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound		anticonvulsant;
antispasmodic drug;
GABA modulator;
sedative
nimodipine
Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.		6.092202-methoxyethyl ester;
C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
nipecotic acid
nipecotic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. nipecotic acid : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is piperidine in which one of the hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a carboxylic acid group.		2.0310beta-amino acid;
piperidinemonocarboxylic acid
nisoldipine
Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.		5.16140C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
nitrazepam
Nitrazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant and hypnotic.. nitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one which is substituted at positions 5 and 7 by phenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia and for the treatment of epileptic spasms in infants (West's syndrome).		3.891201,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound		anticonvulsant;
antispasmodic drug;
drug metabolite;
GABA modulator;
sedative
nitrendipine
Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.		5.4180C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.		12.297611nitroglycerolexplosive;
muscle relaxant;
nitric oxide donor;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
nitromide
nitromide: antibacterial agent for prevention & treatment of Salmonella pullorum infections in chickens & turkeys & for fowl typhoid & paratyphoid; used in feed; structure		2.0710
nizatidine
[no description available]		4.851001,3-thiazoles;
C-nitro compound;
carboxamidine;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
cholinergic drug;
H2-receptor antagonist
nomifensine
Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively.		5.03120isoquinolinesdopamine uptake inhibitor
masoprocol
nordihydroguaretic acid: antioxidant compound found in the creosote bush (Larrea tridentata)		3.1550catechols;
lignan;
tetrol		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite
norfloxacin
Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.		10.49200fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
nortriptyline
Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline.		6.3190organic tricyclic compound;
secondary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
drug metabolite
6,7-dimethoxy-3-(4-methoxy-6-methyl-7,8-dihydro-5H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinolin-5-yl)-3H-isobenzofuran-1-one
[no description available]		2.0710isoquinolines
5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid
5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid: structure given in first source; chloride channel antagonist		6.21260nitrobenzoic acid
ns 2028
NS 2028: structure in first source		2.0310
ns 1619
NS 1619: structure given in first source. NS 1619 : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced are replaced by 2-hydroxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and trifluoromethyl groups, respectively. It is an opener/activator of the large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (Bkca).		2.4420(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
benzimidazoles;
phenols		potassium channel opener
nylidrin
Nylidrin: A beta-adrenergic agonist. Nylidrin causes peripheral vasodilation, a positive inotropic effect, and increased gastric volume of gastric juice. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disorders and premature labor.		2.4620alkylbenzene
o(6)-benzylguanine
O(6)-benzylguanine: a suicide inhibitor of O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase activity		2.0310
ofloxacin
Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.		5.672403-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxazinoquinoline
olomoucine
olomoucine: inhibits protein P34CDC2. olomoucine : A 9H-purine that is substituted by a (2-hydroxyethyl)nitrilo, benzylnitrilo and a methyl group at positions 2,6 and 9, respectively. It is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor.		2.74302,6-diaminopurines;
ethanolamines		EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
olprinone
olprinone: RN refers to HCl; structure given in first source		2.0810bipyridines
omeprazole
Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.		13.94393aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
ondansetron
Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.		6.83191carbazoles
orphenadrine
Orphenadrine: A muscarinic antagonist used to treat drug-induced parkinsonism and to relieve pain from muscle spasm.. orphenadrine : A tertiary amino compound which is the phenyl-o-tolylmethyl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol.		4.6580ether;
tertiary amino compound		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
parasympatholytic
oxonic acid
Oxonic Acid: Antagonist of urate oxidase.		1.97101,3,5-triazines;
monocarboxylic acid
oxamniquine
Oxamniquine: An anthelmintic with schistosomicidal activity against Schistosoma mansoni, but not against other Schistosoma spp. Oxamniquine causes worms to shift from the mesenteric veins to the liver where the male worms are retained; the female worms return to the mesentery, but can no longer release eggs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p121). oxamniquine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-oxamniquine. An anthelmintic, it is administered orally for the treatment of schistomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni (but not by other Schistosoma species); intramuscular administration is no longer used as it causes severe pain at the injection site.. {2-[(isopropylamino)methyl]-7-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl}methanol : A member of the class of quinolines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 2, 6, and 7 by (isopropylamino)methyl, hydroxymethyl, and nitro groups, respectively.		2.4520aromatic primary alcohol;
C-nitro compound;
quinolines;
secondary amino compound
oxaprozin
Oxaprozin: An oxazole-propionic acid derivative, cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used in the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and ARTHRITIS, JUVENILE.. oxaprozin : A monocarboxylic acid that is a propionic acid derivative having a 4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl substituent at position 3. It is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to relieve the pain and inflammatory responses associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		5.091301,3-oxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
oxatomide
oxatomide: structure; an anti-allergic & an anti-asthmatic. oxatomide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one substituted by a 3-[4-(diphenylmethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at position 1. It is an anti-allergic drug.		2.9640benzimidazoles;
diarylmethane;
N-alkylpiperazine		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
oxazepam
Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5.		6.572001,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
oxethazaine
[no description available]		2.4720amino acid amide
oxibendazole
oxibendazole: structure		2.7530benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester
oxidopamine
Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).		2.9140benzenetriol;
catecholamine;
primary amino compound		drug metabolite;
human metabolite;
neurotoxin
oxiracetam
oxiracetam: structure in first source		2.7330organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
oxolinic acid
quinolone antibiotic : An organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic whose structure contains a quinolone or quinolone-related skeleton.		2.4420aromatic carboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
oxacycle;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
enzyme inhibitor
oxotremorine
Oxotremorine: A non-hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist used as a research tool.		2.110N-alkylpyrrolidine
oxprenolol
Oxprenolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, arrhythmias, and anxiety.		12.08244aromatic ether
oxybenzone
oxybenzone : A hydroxybenzophenone that is benzophenone which is substituted at the 2- and 4-positions of one of the benzene rings by hydroxy and methoxy groups respectively.		2.0510hydroxybenzophenone;
monomethoxybenzene		dermatologic drug;
environmental contaminant;
protective agent;
ultraviolet filter;
xenobiotic
benoxinate
benoxinate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. oxybuprocaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-amino-3-butoxybenzoic acid and 2-(diethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; an ester-based local anaesthetic (ester "caine") used especially in ophthalmology and otolaryngology.		2.0710amino acid ester;
benzoate ester;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		drug allergen;
local anaesthetic;
topical anaesthetic
oxybutynin
oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.		6.35111acetylenic compound;
carboxylic ester;
racemate;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
parasympatholytic
oxymetazoline
Oxymetazoline: A direct acting sympathomimetic used as a vasoconstrictor to relieve nasal congestion. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1251). oxymetazoline : A member of the class of phenols that is 2,4-dimethylphenol which is substituted at positions 3 and 6 by 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl and tert-butyl groups, respectively. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with marked alpha-adrenergic activity, it is a vasoconstrictor that is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to relieve nasal congestion.		2.0310carboxamidine;
imidazolines;
phenols		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
nasal decongestant;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
oxyphenbutazone
Oxyphenbutazone: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Oxyphenbutazone eyedrops have been used abroad in the management of postoperative ocular inflammation, superficial eye injuries, and episcleritis. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2000) It had been used by mouth in rheumatic disorders such as ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis but such use is no longer considered justified owing to the risk of severe hematological adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p27). oxyphenbutazone : A metabolite of phenylbutazone obtained by hydroxylation at position 4 of one of the phenyl rings. Commonly used (as its hydrate) to treat pain, swelling and stiffness associated with arthritis and gout, it was withdrawn from the market 1984 following association with blood dyscrasis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome.		11.17101phenols;
pyrazolidines		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
drug metabolite;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite
aminosalicylic acid
Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.		5.46110aminobenzoic acid;
phenols		antitubercular agent
quinone
benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups.. 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).		2.41201,4-benzoquinonescofactor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
fenclonine
Fenclonine: A selective and irreversible inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin (5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE). Fenclonine acts pharmacologically to deplete endogenous levels of serotonin.		2.4320phenylalanine derivative
palmidrol
palmidrol: a cannabinoid receptor-inactive eCB-related molecule used as prophylactic in helping to prevent respiratory viral infection. palmitoyl ethanolamide : An N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine that is the ethanolamide of palmitic (hexadecanoic) acid.		2.4420endocannabinoid;
N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine;
N-(saturated fatty acyl)ethanolamine		anti-inflammatory drug;
anticonvulsant;
antihypertensive agent;
neuroprotective agent
pamidronate
[no description available]		6.49180phosphonoacetic acid
pantoprazole
Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.		5.48110aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
papaverine
Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.		7.62262benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
dimethoxybenzene;
isoquinolines		antispasmodic drug;
vasodilator agent
4-chlorophenol
4-chlorophenol: used as a root canal irrigant. 4-chlorophenol : A monochlorophenol substituted at the pare position by a chlorine atom.		2.4420monochlorophenol
4-dichlorobenzene
dichlorobenzene : Any member of the class of chlorobenzenes carrying two chloro groups at unspecified positions.. 1,4-dichlorobenzene : A dichlorobenzene carrying chloro groups at positions 1 and 4.		2.7430dichlorobenzeneinsecticide
1,7-dimethylxanthine
1,7-dimethylxanthine : A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 1 and 7. It is a metabolite of caffeine and theobromine in animals.		2.0310dimethylxanthinecentral nervous system stimulant;
human blood serum metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pargyline
Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.		3.5280aromatic amine
pd 169316
2-(4-nitrophenyl)-4-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-imidazole: p38 MAP kinase inhibitor		2.0510imidazoles
pd 98059
2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.		2.4420aromatic amine;
monomethoxyflavone		EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
pemoline
Pemoline: A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children.. pemoline : A member of the class of 1,3-oxazoles that is 1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one which is substituted by an amino group at position 2 and by a phenyl group at position 5. A central nervous system stimulant, it was used to treat hyperactivity disorders in children, but withdrawn from use following reports of serious hepatotoxicity.		4.54701,3-oxazolescentral nervous system stimulant
pentamidine
Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.		5.02120aromatic ether;
carboxamidine;
diether		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
calmodulin antagonist;
chemokine receptor 5 antagonist;
EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor;
trypanocidal drug;
xenobiotic
pentobarbital
Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		7.22311barbituratesGABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline
[no description available]		5.76160oxopurine
perazine
Perazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE. Extrapyramidal symptoms may be more common than other side effects.. perazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazinecarries a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl substituent at the N-10 position.		2.0510N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
phenothiazines		dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
perhexiline
Perhexiline: 2-(2,2-Dicyclohexylethyl)piperidine. Coronary vasodilator used especially for angina of effort. It may cause neuropathy and hepatitis.		4.7890piperidinescardiovascular drug
periciazine
periciazine: was heading 1963-94 (Prov 1963-72); use PHENOTHIAZINES to search PROPERICIAZINE 1966-94. periciazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a 3-(4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl)propyl group at the nitrogen atom and a carbonitrile group at position 2. Periciazine is a first generation antipsychotic.		2.110hydroxypiperidine;
nitrile;
phenothiazines		adrenergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
sedative
perphenazine
Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.		5.28160N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
phenacemide
phenacemide: anti-epileptic drug; structure		2.7430acetamides
phenacetin
Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione		6.03210acetamides;
aromatic ether		cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
phenazopyridine
Phenazopyridine: A local anesthetic that has been used in urinary tract disorders. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.. phenazopyridine : A diaminopyridine that is 2,6-diaminopyridine substituted at position 3 by a phenylazo group. A local anesthetic that has topical analgesic effect on mucosa lining of the urinary tract. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.		3.5380diaminopyridine;
monoazo compound		anticoronaviral agent;
carcinogenic agent;
local anaesthetic;
non-narcotic analgesic
phenazine
[no description available]		2.0510azaarene;
heteranthrene;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent;
phenazines;
polycyclic heteroarene
phenindione
Phenindione: An indandione that has been used as an anticoagulant. Phenindione has actions similar to WARFARIN, but it is now rarely employed because of its higher incidence of severe adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p234)		4.4551aromatic ketone;
beta-diketone		anticoagulant
pheniramine
Pheniramine: One of the HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS with little sedative action. It is used in treatment of hay fever, rhinitis, allergic dermatoses, and pruritus.		4.0140pyridines;
tertiary amino compound
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		9.71501barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
phenolphthalein
Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic.		4.0340phenols
phenolsulfonphthalein
Phenolsulfonphthalein: Red dye, pH indicator, and diagnostic aid for determination of renal function. It is used also for studies of the gastrointestinal and other systems.. phenol red : 3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups. A pH indicator changing colour from yellow below pH 6.8 to bright pink above pH 8.2, it is commonly used as an indicator in cell cultures and in home swimming pool test kits. It is also used in the (now infrequently performed) phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) test for estimation of overall blood flow through the kidney.		3.52202,1-benzoxathiole;
arenesulfonate ester;
phenols;
sultone		acid-base indicator;
diagnostic agent;
two-colour indicator
phenoxybenzamine
Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.		5.73160aromatic amine
phentermine
Phentermine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been used most frequently in the treatment of obesity.		4.6480primary amineadrenergic agent;
appetite depressant;
central nervous system drug;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopaminergic agent;
sympathomimetic agent
4-phenylbutyric acid
4-phenylbutyric acid: RN refers to the parent cpd. 4-phenylbutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid the structure of which is that of butyric acid substituted with a phenyl group at C-4. It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that displays anticancer activity. It inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. It also inhibits protein isoprenylation, depletes plasma glutamine, increases production of foetal haemoglobin through transcriptional activation of the gamma-globin gene and affects hPPARgamma activation.		3.2310monocarboxylic acidantineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
prodrug
phenyl biguanide
phenyl biguanide: RN given refers to parent cpd. phenyl biguanide : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a phenyl group.		2.4420guanidinescentral nervous system drug
phenylbutazone
Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.		9.52465pyrazolidinesantirheumatic drug;
EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride
Phenylmethylsulfonyl Fluoride: An enzyme inhibitor that inactivates IRC-50 arvin, subtilisin, and the fatty acid synthetase complex.. phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride : An acyl fluoride with phenylmethanesulfonyl as the acyl group.		1.9610acyl fluorideserine proteinase inhibitor
phloretin
[no description available]		4.22180dihydrochalconesantineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
phthalylsulfathiazole
phthalylsulfathiazole: minor descriptor (63-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search SULFATHIAZOLES (66-86); RN given refers to parent cpd. phthalylsulfathiazole : A sulfonamide incorporating 2-carboxybenzamido and 1,3-thiazol-2-yl moieties that is a broad-spectrum antibiotic indicated in the treatment of dysentery, colitis, gastroenteritis and intestinal surgery.		2.06101,3-thiazoles;
dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide
o-phthalaldehyde
o-Phthalaldehyde: A reagent that forms fluorescent conjugation products with primary amines. It is used for the detection of many biogenic amines, peptides, and proteins in nanogram quantities in body fluids.. phthalaldehyde : A dialdehyde in which two formyl groups are attached to adjacent carbon centres on a benzene ring.		2.2510benzaldehydes;
dialdehyde		epitope
moxonidine
moxonidine: structure given in first source		5.3160organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
1,3a,8-Trimethyl-1,2,3,3a,8,8a-hexahydropyrrolo[2,3-b]indol-5-yl methylcarbamate
[no description available]		2.0710pyrroloindole
picotamide
picotamide: has anticoagulant & fibrinolytic properties; structure		2.7430benzamides
pilsicainide
pilsicainide: structure given in first source. pilsicainide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline with the carboxy group of (tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolizin-7a(5H)-yl)acetic acid. It is a sodium channel blocker which is used as an antiarrhythmic drug for the management of atrial tachyarrhythmias in Japan.		3.8930organic heterobicyclic compound;
secondary carboxamide		anti-arrhythmia drug;
sodium channel blocker
pimobendan
pimobendan: produces arterial & venous dilatation in dogs; structure given in first source		6.54232benzimidazoles;
pyridazinone		cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
pinacidil
Pinacidil: A guanidine that opens POTASSIUM CHANNELS producing direct peripheral vasodilatation of the ARTERIOLES. It reduces BLOOD PRESSURE and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)		3.5580pyridines
pindolol
Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.		14.23383indoles;
secondary amine		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
pioglitazone
Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		5.43180aromatic ether;
pyridines;
thiazolidinediones		antidepressant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin-sensitizing drug;
PPARgamma agonist;
xenobiotic
pipemidic acid
Pipemidic Acid: Antimicrobial against Gram negative and some Gram positive bacteria. It is protein bound and concentrated in bile and urine and used for gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.. pipemidic acid : A pyridopyrimidine that is 5-oxo-5,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acid substituted at position 2 by a piperazin-1-yl group and at position 8 by an ethyl group. A synthetic broad-spectrum antibacterial, it is used for treatment of gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.		2.0510amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
pyridopyrimidine;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
piperazine
[no description available]		2.0510azacycloalkane;
piperazines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		anthelminthic drug
piperidine-4-sulfonic acid
piperidine-4-sulfonic acid: specific GABA agonist		2.0310
pipobroman
Pipobroman: An antineoplastic agent that acts by alkylation.. pipobroman : An N-acylpiperazine that is piperazine in which each of the nitrogens has been acylated by a 3-bromopropionoyl group. An anti-cancer drug.		2.0410N-acylpiperazine;
organobromine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
piracetam
Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.		2.7530organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
pirbuterol
pirbuterol: structure		2.7330pyridines
pirenperone
[no description available]		2.4420aromatic ketone
pirenzepine
Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.		3.5280pyridobenzodiazepineanti-ulcer drug;
antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
piretanide
piretanide: potent inhibitor of chloride transport; structure		11.697513aromatic ether
piribedil
Piribedil: A dopamine D2 agonist. It is used in the treatment of parkinson disease, particularly for alleviation of tremor. It has also been used for circulatory disorders and in other applications as a D2 agonist.		2.0810N-arylpiperazine
polythiazide
[no description available]		3.5820benzothiadiazine
potassium chloride
Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.		18.711119inorganic chloride;
inorganic potassium salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
potassium iodide
Potassium Iodide: An inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (From Dorland, 27th ed). potassium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a K(+) counterion. It is a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals.		2.0310potassium saltexpectorant;
radical scavenger
pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid
pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid: a novel antagonist that selectively blocks P2 purinoceptor receptors; a useful tool to study co-transmission in tissues when ATP and coexisting neurotransmitters act in concert. 5'-phosphopyridoxal-6-azobenzene-2,4-disulfonic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is pyridoxal 5'-phosphate carrying an additional 2,4-disulfophenylazo substituent at position 6.		2.4420arenesulfonic acid;
azobenzenes;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
organic phosphate;
pyridinecarbaldehyde		purinergic receptor P2X antagonist
practolol
Practolol: A beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has been used in the emergency treatment of CARDIAC ARRYTHMIAS.. practolol : N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 3-(isopropylaminoamino)-2-hydroxypropyl group. A selective beta blocker, it has been used in the emergency treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		11.02152acetamides;
ethanolamines;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
duodote
duodote: consists of atropine and pralidoxime chloride; for treating those exposed to organophosphorus-containing nerve agents		3.620pyridinium ionantidote to organophosphate poisoning;
antidote to sarin poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
cholinesterase reactivator
pramoxine
pramoxine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. pramocaine : A member of the class of morpholines that is morpholine substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 3-(4-butoxyphenoxy)propyl group.		2.0410aromatic ether;
morpholines		local anaesthetic
ono 1078
pranlukast: SRS-A antagonist; leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		2.0810chromones
pyranoprofen
pyranoprofen: RN given refers to unlabled parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.7530pyridochromene
prazepam
Prazepam: A benzodiazepine that is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS.		2.0210benzodiazepine
praziquantel
azinox: Russian drug		4.95110isoquinolines
prazosin
Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.		10.04555aromatic ether;
furans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperazines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
prilocaine
Prilocaine: A local anesthetic that is similar pharmacologically to LIDOCAINE. Currently, it is used most often for infiltration anesthesia in dentistry.. prilocaine : An amino acid amide in which N-propyl-DL-alanine and 2-methylaniline have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.		2.7330amino acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide		anticonvulsant;
local anaesthetic
primaquine
Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.		5.1130aminoquinoline;
aromatic ether;
N-substituted diamine		antimalarial
primidone
Primidone: A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite.. primidone : A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures.		5.59130pyrimidoneanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
proadifen
Proadifen: An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity.		2.4620diarylmethane
probenecid
Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.		11.661163benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		uricosuric drug
probucol
Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.		3.4370dithioketal;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory drug;
anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antioxidant;
cardiovascular drug
procainamide
Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		12.22330benzamidesanti-arrhythmia drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker
procaine
Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.		3.76100benzoate ester;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
drug allergen;
local anaesthetic;
peripheral nervous system drug
procarbazine
Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.		680benzamides;
hydrazines		antineoplastic agent
prochlorperazine
Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position.		5.17150N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antiemetic;
cholinergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic
procyclidine
Procyclidine: A muscarinic antagonist that crosses the blood-brain barrier and is used in the treatment of drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders and in parkinsonism.. procyclidine : A tertiary alcohol that consists of propan-1-ol substituted by a cyclohexyl and a phenyl group at position 1 and a pyrrolidin-1-yl group at position 3.		4.5370pyrrolidines;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
muscarinic antagonist
proglumide
Proglumide: A drug that exerts an inhibitory effect on gastric secretion and reduces gastrointestinal motility. It is used clinically in the drug therapy of gastrointestinal ulcers.. proglumide : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-proglumide. A non-selective CCK antagonist that was used primarily for treatment of stomach ulcers, but has been replaced by newer drugs.. N(2)-benzoyl-N,N-dipropyl-alpha-glutamine : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of N-benzoylglutamic acid with dippropylamine.		2.7130benzamides;
dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
glutamine derivative;
racemate		anti-ulcer drug;
cholecystokinin antagonist;
cholinergic antagonist;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
drug metabolite;
gastrointestinal drug;
opioid analgesic;
xenobiotic metabolite
promazine
Promazine: A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE but with less antipsychotic activity. It is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic.. promazine : A phenothiazine deriative in which the phenothiazine tricycle has a 3-(dimethylaminopropyl) group at the N-10 position.		3.5480phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
promethazine
Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.		5.83170phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
sedative
propafenone
Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity.. propafenone : An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.		5.1130aromatic ketone;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
propantheline
Propantheline: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking.		3.5920xanthenes
propentofylline
[no description available]		2.4420oxopurine
propiomazine
propiomazine: was heading 1966-94 (prov 1966-72); use PHENOTHIAZINES to search PROPIOMAZINE 1966-94; phenothiazine derivative used for sedation and as an antiemetic during labor. propiomazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)propyl group at nitrogen atom and a propanoyl group at position 2.		2.0410aromatic ketone;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
sedative;
serotonergic antagonist
propiverine
propiverine: anticholinergic used for overactive bladder syndrome		2.4620diarylmethane
propofol
Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.		7.45151phenolsanticonvulsant;
antiemetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
radical scavenger;
sedative
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		14.6224427naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
propyl gallate
Propyl Gallate: Antioxidant for foods, fats, oils, ethers, emulsions, waxes, and transformer oils.		3.110trihydroxybenzoic acid
protriptyline
Protriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant similar in action and side effects to IMIPRAMINE. It may produce excitation.		4.2450carbotricyclic compoundantidepressant
proxyphylline
[no description available]		2.0410oxopurine
pyridinolcarbamate
Pyridinolcarbamate: A drug that has been given by mouth in the treatment of atherosclerosis and other vascular disorders, hyperlipidemias, and thrombo-embolic disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1408)		2.0510pyridines
pyridostigmine
[no description available]		4.2650pyridinium ion
pyrilamine
Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.. mepyramine : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group.		4.7190aromatic ether;
ethylenediamine derivative		H1-receptor antagonist
pyrimethamine
Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds		4.91110aminopyrimidine;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
sch 16134
quazepam: structure given in first source		3.5620benzodiazepine
quetiapine
[no description available]		3.5920dibenzothiazepine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
1,2,5,8-tetrahydroxy anthraquinone
1,2,5,8-tetrahydroxy anthraquinone: structure in first source. quinalizarin : A tetrahydroxyanthraquinone having the four hydroxy groups at the 1-, 2-, 5- and 8-positions.		3.110tetrahydroxyanthraquinoneEC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor
((2-n-butyl-6,7-dichloro-2-cyclopentyl-2,3-dihydro-1-oxo-1h-inden-5-yl)oxy)acetic acid
((2-n-butyl-6,7-dichloro-2-cyclopentyl-2,3-dihydro-1-oxo-1H-inden-5-yl)oxy)acetic acid: an anion channel blocker		2.9140
rabeprazole
Rabeprazole: A 4-(3-methoxypropoxy)-3-methylpyridinyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.		4.9460benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
3-[(3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxyphenyl)methylidene]-5-iodo-1H-indol-2-one
[no description available]		2.0810indoles
raloxifene
raloxifene : A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, and 6 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl, p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]benzoyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively.		4.54701-benzothiophenes;
aromatic ketone;
N-oxyethylpiperidine;
phenols		bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
ranitidine
[no description available]		6.03350aralkylamine
opc 12759
rebamipide: structure in first source; RN refers to (+-)-isomer; inhibits gastric xanthine oxidase		2.0510secondary carboxamide
resorcinol
resorcinol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7951. resorcinol : A benzenediol that is benzene dihydroxylated at positions 1 and 3.		2.4420benzenediol;
phenolic donor;
resorcinols		erythropoietin inhibitor;
sensitiser
pf 5901
alpha-pentyl-3-(2-quinolinylmethoxy)benzenemethanol: structure given in first source; platelet activating factor antagonist		2.4420quinolines
riluzole
Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.		5.02120benzothiazoles
rimantadine
Rimantadine: An RNA synthesis inhibitor that is used as an antiviral agent in the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza.		4.0840alkylamine
risperidone
Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.		5.451901,2-benzoxazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
ritanserin
Ritanserin: A selective and potent serotonin-2 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of a variety of syndromes related to anxiety and depression. The drug also improves the subjective quality of sleep and decreases portal pressure.. ritanserin : A thiazolopyrimidine that is 5H-[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one which is substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 6 by a 2-{4-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methylidene]piperidin-1-yl}ethyl group. A potent and long-acting seratonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) antagonist of the subtype 5-HT2 (Ki = 0.39 nM), it is used in the treatment of a variety of disorders including anxiety, depression and schizophrenia. It has little sedative action.		2.9340organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
thiazolopyrimidine		antidepressant;
antipsychotic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist
rizatriptan
rizatriptan: structure given in first source; RN given refers to benzoate		4.0740tryptaminesanti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
ro 15-4513
Ro 15-4513: a partial inverse agonist of benzodiazepine receptors		3.0950organic heterotricyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone
4-(3-Butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone: Inhibitor of phosphodiesterases.		2.0310methoxybenzenes
rofecoxib
[no description available]		5.0491butenolide;
sulfone		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
rolipram
[no description available]		2.0310pyrrolidin-2-onesantidepressant;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
ropinirole
[no description available]		3.2310indolones;
tertiary amine		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
central nervous system drug;
dopamine agonist
roxarsone
Roxarsone: An arsenic derivative which has anticoccidial action and promotes growth in animals.. roxarsone : An organoarsonic acid where the organyl group is 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl.		2.07102-nitrophenols;
organoarsonic acid		agrochemical;
animal growth promotant;
antibacterial drug;
coccidiostat
saccharin
Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.		3.15501,2-benzisothiazole;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		environmental contaminant;
sweetening agent;
xenobiotic
salicylamide
salamide: a major impurity of hydrochlorothiazide; structure in first source		9.2150phenols;
salicylamides		antirheumatic drug;
non-narcotic analgesic
salmeterol xinafoate
salmeterol : A racemate consisting of equal parts of (R)- and (S)-salmeterol. It is a potent and selective beta2-adrenoceptor agonist (EC50 = 5.3 nM). Unlike other beta2 agonists, it binds to the exo-site domain of beta2 receptors, producing a slow onset of action and prolonged activation.. 2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(1-hydroxy-2-{[6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexyl]amino}ethyl)phenol : A phenol having a hydroxymethyl group at C-2 and a 1-hydroxy-2-{[6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexyl]amino}ethyl group at C-4; derivative of phenylethanolamine.		2.4320ether;
phenols;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
sanguinarine
benzophenanthridine alkaloid : A specific group of isoquinoline alkaloids that occur only in higher plants and are constituents mainly of the Papaveraceae family.		2.420alkaloid antibiotic;
benzophenanthridine alkaloid;
botanical anti-fungal agent
salicylsalicylic acid
salicylsalicylic acid: structure. salsalate : A dimeric benzoate ester obtained by intermolecular condensation between the carboxy of one molecule of salicylic acid with the phenol group of a second. It is a prodrug for salycylic acid that is used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and also shows activity against type II diabetes.		3.8630benzoate ester;
benzoic acids;
phenols;
salicylates		antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
sb 206553
SB 206553: a high-affinity 5-HT(2C/2B) antagonist; structure given in first source		2.0810pyrroloindole
sb 220025
SB 220025: inhibits p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase; structure in first source. SB220025 : Am member of the class of imidazoles carrying piperidin-4-yl, 4-fluophenyl and 2-aminopyrimidin-4-yl substituents at posiitons 1, 4 and 5 respectively.		2.0810aminopyrimidine;
imidazoles;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
sb 202190
4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)imidazole: structure given in first source; inhibits p38 MAP kinase		2.7430imidazoles;
organofluorine compound;
phenols;
pyridines		apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
secobarbital
Secobarbital: A barbiturate that is used as a sedative. Secobarbital is reported to have no anti-anxiety activity.. secobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by prop-2-en-1-yl and pentan-2-yl groups.		4.0640barbituratesanaesthesia adjuvant;
GABA modulator;
sedative
semustine
Semustine: 4-Methyl derivative of LOMUSTINE; (CCNU). An antineoplastic agent which functions as an alkylating agent.. semustine : An organochlorine compound that is urea in which the two hydrogens on one of the amino groups are replaced by nitroso and 2-chloroethyl groups and one hydrogen from the other amino group is replaced by a 4-methylcyclohexyl group.		2.0410N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent
sennoside a&b
[no description available]		2.0310
sevoflurane
Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.		2.7330ether;
organofluorine compound		central nervous system depressant;
inhalation anaesthetic;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
sibutramine
sibutramine: serotonin and norepinephrine transporter inhibitor; Meridia is tradename for sibutramine hydrochloride		3.8630organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-obesity agent;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
sulfadiazine
Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.		5.21150pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
coccidiostat;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sk&f 86002
6-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,3-dihydro-5-(4-pyridinyl)imidazo(2,1-b)thiazole: inhibits p38 MAP kinase		2.0810imidazoles
sobuzoxane
sobuzoxane: used in treatment of leukemia L1210		2.0310organic molecular entity
sodium fluoride
[no description available]		8.2360fluoride saltmutagen
sodium iodide
Sodium Iodide: A compound forming white, odorless deliquescent crystals and used as iodine supplement, expectorant or in its radioactive (I-131) form as an diagnostic aid, particularly for thyroid function tests.. sodium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a Na(+) counterion.		1.9610inorganic sodium salt;
iodide salt
iodoacetic acid
Iodoacetic Acid: A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains one IODINE atom attached to its methyl group.. iodoacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an iodine atom.		1.9710haloacetic acid;
organoiodine compound		alkylating agent
ipodate
Ipodate: Ionic monomeric contrast media. Usually the sodium or calcium salts are used for examination of the gall bladder and biliary tract. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p704)		2.0410
risedronic acid
Risedronic Acid: A pyridine and diphosphonic acid derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and inhibits BONE RESORPTION.		4.6680pyridines
sotalol
Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.		5.63230ethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
sulfonamide		anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
4-phenylbutyric acid, sodium salt
sodium phenylbutyrate : The organic sodium salt of 4-phenylbutyric acid. A prodrug for phenylacetate, it is used to treat urea cycle disorders.		2.0510organic sodium saltEC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
orphan drug;
prodrug
spiperone
Spiperone: A spiro butyrophenone analog similar to HALOPERIDOL and other related compounds. It has been recommended in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. spiperone : An azaspiro compound that is 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 8 by phenyl, oxo, and 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl groups, respectively.		2.0710aromatic ketone;
azaspiro compound;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
spiroxatrine
spiroxatrine: structure		2.4420imidazolidines
sq 22536
9-(tetrahydrofuryl)adenine : A nucleoside analogue that is adenine in which the nitrogen at position 9 has been substituted by a tetrahydrofuran-2-yl group. It is an adenylate cyclase inhibitor.		2.0310nucleoside analogue;
oxolanes		EC 4.6.1.1 (adenylate cyclase) inhibitor
stearic acid
octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.		2.6930long-chain fatty acid;
saturated fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
imatinib
[no description available]		5.97130aromatic amine;
benzamides;
N-methylpiperazine;
pyridines;
pyrimidines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
streptonigrin
[no description available]		2.0410pyridines;
quinolone		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent
vorinostat
Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).		4.2750dicarboxylic acid diamide;
hydroxamic acid		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
succinylcholine
Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.		4.3460quaternary ammonium ion;
succinate ester		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
succinylsulfathiazole
succinylsulfathiazole: intestinal antimicrobial agent; structure		2.47201,3-thiazoles
sulconazole
sulconazole: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure given in first source. sulconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-sulconazole. An antifungal agent with activity against Candida species, it is used (generally as the nitrate salt) for the topical treatment of fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-[(4-chlorobenzyl)sulfanyl]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}-1H-imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-ethyl-1H-imidazole in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by a (4-chlorobenzyl)sulfanediyl group while a second is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorophenyl group.		2.4220dichlorobenzene;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes;
organic sulfide
sulfabenzamide
sulfabenzamide : A sulfonamide containing a benzamido substituent on nitrogen. An antibacterial/antimicrobial, it is often used in conjunction with sulfathiazole and sulfacetamide as a topical, intravaginal antibacterial preparation.		2.4620benzenes;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial drug
sulfacetamide
Sulfacetamide: An anti-bacterial agent that is used topically to treat skin infections and orally for urinary tract infections.. sulfacetamide : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide acylated on the sulfonamide nitrogen.		3.2760N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
substituted aniline		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfadimethoxine
Sulfadimethoxine: A sulfanilamide that is used as an anti-infective agent.. sulfadimethoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 2- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position.		4.680aromatic ether;
pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfaguanidine
Sulfaguanidine: A sulfanilamide antimicrobial agent that is used to treat enteric infections.. sulfaguanidine : A sulfonamide incorporating a guanidine moiety used to block the synthesis of folic acid; mostly used in veterinary medicine		2.3820sulfonamide antibioticantiinfective agent
sulfamerazine
[no description available]		2.9740pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen
sulfameter
Sulfameter: Long acting sulfonamide used in leprosy, urinary, and respiratory tract infections.. sulfamethoxydiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having a methoxy substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		2.420pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
leprostatic drug;
renal agent
sulfamethazine
Sulfamethazine: A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.. sulfamethazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		3.1450pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ligand;
xenobiotic
sulfamethizole
Sulfamethizole: A sulfathiazole antibacterial agent.. sulfamethizole : A sulfonamide consisting of a 1,3,4-thiadiazole nucleus with a methyl substituent at C-5 and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at C-2.		4.6480sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfamethoxazole
Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		4.34190isoxazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
epitope;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
sulfamethoxypyridazine
Sulfamethoxypyridazine: A sulfanilamide antibacterial agent.. sulfamethoxypyridazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyridazine having a methoxy substituent at the 6-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		2.0410pyridazines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfamonomethoxine
Sulfamonomethoxine: Long acting sulfonamide antibacterial agent.		2.0510benzenes;
sulfonamide
sulfanilamide
[no description available]		3.3870substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
sulfanitran
[no description available]		2.7530sulfonamide
sulfaphenazole
Sulfaphenazole: A sulfonilamide anti-infective agent.. sulfaphenazole : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide in which the sulfonamide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl group. It is a selective inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 isozyme, and antibacterial agent.		3.4370primary amino compound;
pyrazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.13.67 (quinine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
sulfapyridine
Sulfapyridine: Antibacterial, potentially toxic, used to treat certain skin diseases.. sulfapyridine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyridine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		3.1450pyridines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
dermatologic drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfasalazine
Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.		6.49330
sulfathiazole
Sulfathiazole: A sulfathiazole compound that is used as a short-acting anti-infective agent. It is no longer commonly used systemically due to its toxicity, but may still be applied topically in combination with other drugs for the treatment of vaginal and skin infections, and is still used in veterinary medicine.. sulfathiazole : A 1,3-thiazole compound having a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		5.36701,3-thiazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfinpyrazone
Sulfinpyrazone: A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties.		6.6210pyrazolidines;
sulfoxide		uricosuric drug
sulfisomidine
Sulfisomidine: A sulfanilamide antibacterial agent.. sulfisomidine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position.		2.0510pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent
sulfisoxazole
Sulfisoxazole: A short-acting sulfonamide antibacterial with activity against a wide range of gram- negative and gram-positive organisms.. sulfisoxazole : A sulfonamide antibacterial with an oxazole substituent. It has antibiotic activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.		11.87211isoxazoles;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
sulfobromophthalein
Sulfobromophthalein: A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination.		3.37702-benzofurans;
organobromine compound;
organosulfonic acid;
phenols		dye
sulforaphane
sulforaphane: from Cardaria draba L.. sulforaphane : An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen.		2.7530isothiocyanate;
sulfoxide		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
sulfoxone
sulfoxone: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410sulfonamide
2-(octylamino)-1-[4-(propan-2-ylthio)phenyl]-1-propanol
[no description available]		3.8730alkylbenzene
sulpiride
Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.		4.39200benzamides;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
sulfonamide		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
sultopride
[no description available]		2.4620salicylamides
sumatriptan
Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.		5.44190sulfonamide;
tryptamines		serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
suprofen
Suprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and has been proposed as an anti-arthritic.. suprofen : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by a 4-(1-carboxyethyl)benzoyl group.		4.6480aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		antirheumatic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
suramin
Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.		3.71100naphthalenesulfonic acid;
phenylureas;
secondary carboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antinematodal drug;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
GABA antagonist;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
purinergic receptor P2 antagonist;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
trypanocidal drug
t0156
[no description available]		2.4420naphthyridine derivative
2-[4-(1,2-diphenylbut-1-enyl)phenoxy]-N,N-dimethylethanamine
[no description available]		2.0810stilbenoid
gatifloxacin
Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.		3.6790N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
tazarotene
tazarotene: a topical acetylenic retinoid; a topical kerytolytic. tazarotene : The ethyl ester of tazarotenic acid. A prodrug for tazarotenic acid, it is used for the treatment of psoriasis, acne, and sun-damaged skin.		2.4520acetylenic compound;
ethyl ester;
pyridines;
retinoid;
thiochromane		keratolytic drug;
prodrug;
teratogenic agent
1,4-bis(2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy))benzene
1,4-bis(2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy))benzene: potent phenobarbital-like inducer of microsomal monooxygenase activity; structure given in first source		2.0310
tegafur
[no description available]		2.4520organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
telenzepine
telenzepine: structure given in first source		2.4720benzodiazepine
temazepam
Temazepam: A benzodiazepine that acts as a GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID modulator and anti-anxiety agent.		5.2260benzodiazepine
temozolomide
[no description available]		4.4260imidazotetrazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
triazene derivative		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
terazosin
Terazosin: induces decreased blood pressure; used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia		5.21150furans;
piperazines;
primary amino compound;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent
terbutaline
Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		7.84331phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
terfenadine
Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.		5.28160diarylmethane
tetracaine
Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.		3.4370benzoate ester;
tertiary amino compound		local anaesthetic
tetraethylammonium
Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)		5.66250quaternary ammonium ion
krypton
Krypton: A noble gas that is found in the atmosphere. It has the atomic symbol Kr, atomic number 36, atomic weight 83.80, and has been used in electric bulbs.		2.3520monoatomic krypton;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom
tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide
Tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide: N,N',N'',N'''-Tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide. A specific inhibitor of pseudocholinesterases. It is commonly used experimentally to determine whether pseudo- or acetylcholinesterases are involved in an enzymatic process.		2.4420phosphoramide
tetrahydroxy-1,4-quinone
tetrahydroxy-1,4-quinone: structure. tetrahydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone : A hydroxybenzoquinone in which all four protons of the benzoquinone structure are substituted by hydroxy groups. A systemic keratolytic, it is normally supplied as its hydrate (CHEBI:137471).		2.0710hydroxybenzoquinonekeratolytic drug
thalidomide
Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.		4.7690phthalimides;
piperidones
theobromine
Theobromine: 3,7-Dimethylxanthine. The principle alkaloid in Theobroma cacao (the cacao bean) and other plants. A xanthine alkaloid that is used as a bronchodilator and as a vasodilator. It has a weaker diuretic activity than THEOPHYLLINE and is also a less powerful stimulant of smooth muscle. It has practically no stimulant effect on the central nervous system. It was formerly used as a diuretic and in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, pp1318-9). theobromine : A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 3 and 7. A purine alkaloid derived from the cacao plant, it is found in chocolate, as well as in a number of other foods, and is a vasodilator, diuretic and heart stimulator.		2.6830dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
bronchodilator agent;
food component;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
thiabendazole
Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate		4.42601,3-thiazoles;
benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
antinematodal drug
2-thiosalicylic acid
2-thiosalicylic acid: a degradation product of thimerosal; RN given refers to parent cpd. thiosalicylic acid : A sulfanylbenzoic acid that is the 2-sulfanyl derivative of benzoic acid.		2.0710sulfanylbenzoic acidantipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic
2,2'-thiodiethanol
2,2'-thiodiethanol: product of yperite hydrolysis; a hydrolysis product opf mustard gas; strongly stimulates differentiation of chick embryo myogenic cells. thiodiglycol : A diol that is pentane-1,5-diol in which the methylene group at position 3 is replaced by a sulfur atom		2.0410aliphatic sulfide;
diol		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
metabolite;
solvent
thioridazine
Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.		5.76160phenothiazines;
piperidines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
thiotepa
Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).		4.7690aziridines
thonzylamine
thonzylamine: major descriptor (72-84); file-maintained to PYRIMIDINES		3.110methoxybenzenes
tiapride
[no description available]		2.0810benzamides
tiaprofenic acid
tiaprofenic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tiaprofenic acid : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by benzoyl and at C-4 by a 1-carboxyethyl group.		3.8230aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		drug allergen;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tiaramide
tiaramide: NTA-194, solantal, FK 1160 refer to mono-HCl salt; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410benzothiazoles
ticlopidine
Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.		5.92180monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
hematologic agent;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
tilorone
Tilorone: An antiviral agent used as its hydrochloride. It is the first recognized synthetic, low-molecular-weight compound that is an orally active interferon inducer, and is also reported to have antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory actions.. tilorone : A member of the class of fluoren-9-ones that is 9H-fluoren-9-one which is substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethoxy group at positions 2 and 7. It is an interferon inducer and a selective alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (alpha7 nAChR) agonist. Its hydrochloride salt is used as an antiviral drug.		2.9740aromatic ether;
diether;
fluoren-9-ones;
tertiary amino compound		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
interferon inducer;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
tinidazole
Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole alkylating agent that is used as an antitrichomonal agent against TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA; and GIARDIA LAMBLIA infections. It also acts as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS and anaerobic bacterial infections.. tinidazole : 1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group. It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent.		4.6680imidazolesantiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
tioconazole
tioconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tioconazole.. 1-{2-[(2-chloro-3-thienyl)methoxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that comprises 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethylimidazole carrying an additional (2-chloro-3-thienyl)methoxy substituent at position 2.		2.0210dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles;
thiophenes
tiopronin
Tiopronin: Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of GLYCINE.		4.0640N-acyl-amino acid
tizanidine
tizanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tizanidine : 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole substituted at C-4 by a Delta(1)-imidazolin-2-ylamino group and at C-4 by a chloro group. It is an agonist at alpha2-adrenergic receptor sites.		4.85100benzothiadiazole;
imidazoles		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
muscle relaxant
8-(n,n-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate
8-(N,N-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate: intracellular calcium antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0310trihydroxybenzoic acid
nikethamide
Nikethamide: A central nervous system stimulant. It was formerly used in the treatment of barbiturate overdose but is now considered to be of no value for such purposes and may be dangerous. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1229)		2.3920pyridinecarboxamide
todralazine
Todralazine: An antihypertensive agent with both central and peripheral action; it has some central nervous system depressant effects.		2.3620phthalazines
tolazamide
Tolazamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE.. tolazamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is 1-tosylurea in which a hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 3 is replaced by an azepan-1-yl group. A hypoglycemic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		4.85100N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
potassium channel blocker
tolazoline
Tolazoline: A vasodilator that apparently has direct actions on blood vessels and also increases cardiac output. Tolazoline can interact to some degree with histamine, adrenergic, and cholinergic receptors, but the mechanisms of its therapeutic effects are not clear. It is used in treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.. tolazoline : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole substituted by a benzyl group.		5.370imidazolesalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
tolbutamide
Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.		7.67481N-sulfonylureahuman metabolite;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
potassium channel blocker
tolmetin
Tolmetin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL) similar in mode of action to INDOMETHACIN.. tolmetin : A monocarboxylic acid that is (1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)acetic acid substituted at position 5 on the pyrrole ring by a 4-methylbenzoyl group. Used in the form of its sodium salt dihydrate as a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.		9.98120aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrroles		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tolnaftate
[no description available]		2.7630monothiocarbamic esterantifungal drug
tolperisone
Tolperisone: A centrally acting muscle relaxant that has been used for the symptomatic treatment of spasticity and muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1211)		2.4520aromatic ketone
(1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid
(1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid: a GABA-C receptor antagonist; structure in first source		2.0310
ici 136,753
[no description available]		2.4420pyrazolopyridine
ultram
2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol : A tertiary alcohol that is cyclohexanol substituted at positions 1 and 2 by 3-methoxyphenyl and dimethylaminomethyl groups respectively.		5.08130aromatic ether;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound
tranexamic acid
Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.		4.7390amino acid
trapidil
Trapidil: A coronary vasodilator agent.		2.7630triazolopyrimidines
trazodone
Trazodone: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309). trazodone : An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group.		5.17140monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazolopyridine		adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
triamterene
Triamterene: A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.. triamterene : Pteridine substituted at positions 2, 4 and 7 with amino groups and at position 6 with a phenyl group. A sodium channel blocker, it is used as a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension and oedema.		15.3917323pteridinesdiuretic;
sodium channel blocker
triazolam
Triazolam: A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries.		4.85100triazolobenzodiazepinesedative
trichlormethiazide
Trichlormethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p830). trichlormethiazide : A benzothiadiazine, hydrogenated at positions 2, 3 and 4 and substituted with an aminosulfonyl group at C-7, a chloro substituent at C-6 and a dichloromethyl group at C-3 and with S-1 as an S,S-dioxide. A sulfonamide antibiotic, it is used as a diuretic to treat oedema (including that associated with heart failure) and hypertension.		7.29331benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide antibiotic		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
2,2',2''-trichlorotriethylamine
2,2',2''-trichlorotriethylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410
triclosan
[no description available]		2.0510aromatic ether;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
fungicide;
persistent organic pollutant;
xenobiotic
trientine
Trientine: An ethylenediamine derivative used as stabilizer for EPOXY RESINS, as ampholyte for ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING and as chelating agent for copper in HEPATOLENTICULAR DEGENERATION.. TETA : An azamacrocyle in which four nitrogen atoms at positions 1, 4, 8 and 11 of a fouteen-membered ring are each substituted with a carboxymethyl group.. 2,2,2-tetramine : A polyazaalkane that is decane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 are replaced by nitrogens.		7.4120polyazaalkane;
tetramine		copper chelator
trifluoperazine
[no description available]		5.81170N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
calmodulin antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
trifluperidol
Trifluperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES including MANIA and SCHIZOPHRENIA. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p621)		2.4620aromatic ketone
triflupromazine
Triflupromazine: A phenothiazine used as an antipsychotic agent and as an antiemetic.. triflupromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a trifluoromethyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the N-10 position.		4.1950organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
trifluralin
Trifluralin: A microtubule-disrupting pre-emergence herbicide.. trifluralin : A substituted aniline that is N,N-dipropylaniline substituted by a nitro groups at positions 2 and 6 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is an agrochemical used as a pre-emergence herbicide.		2.0610(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
substituted aniline		agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
trihexyphenidyl
Trihexyphenidyl: One of the centrally acting MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS used for treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and drug-induced extrapyramidal movement disorders and as an antispasmodic.		3.5820amine
trimebutine
Trimebutine: Proposed spasmolytic with possible local anesthetic action used in gastrointestinal disorders.		2.4620trihydroxybenzoic acid
trimeprazine
Trimeprazine: A phenothiazine derivative that is used as an antipruritic.		2.4920phenothiazines
trimethadione
Trimethadione: An anticonvulsant effective in absence seizures, but generally reserved for refractory cases because of its toxicity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p378). trimethadione : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It is an antiepileptic agent.		4.7590oxazolidinoneanticonvulsant;
geroprotector
trimethobenzamide
trimethobenzamide: major descriptor (64-84); on-line search BENZAMIDES (64-84); Index Medicus search TRIMETHOBENZAMIDE (64-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. trimethobenzamide : The amide obtained by formal condensation of 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid with 4-[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethoxy]benzylamine. It is used to prevent nausea and vomitting in humans.		3.2310benzamides;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic
trimethoprim
Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.		6.09370aminopyrimidine;
methoxybenzenes		antibacterial drug;
diuretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
trimetrexate
Trimetrexate: A nonclassical folic acid inhibitor through its inhibition of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. It is being tested for efficacy as an antineoplastic agent and as an antiparasitic agent against PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS patients. Myelosuppression is its dose-limiting toxic effect.		4.2450
trimipramine
Trimipramine: Tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE, but with more antihistaminic and sedative properties.. trimipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group at the nitrogen atom. It is used as an antidepressant.		4.7690dibenzoazepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
trioxsalen
Trioxsalen: Pigmenting photosensitizing agent obtained from several plants, mainly Psoralea corylifolia. It is administered either topically or orally in conjunction with ultraviolet light in the treatment of vitiligo.. lactone : Any cyclic carboxylic ester containing a 1-oxacycloalkan-2-one structure, or an analogue having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring.. antipsoriatic : A drug used to treat psoriasis.. trioxsalen : 7H-Furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which positions 2, 5, and 9 are substituted by methyl groups. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo. After photoactivation it creates interstrand cross-links in DNA, inhibiting DNA synthesis and cell division, and can lead to cell injury; recovery from the cell injury may be followed by increased melanisation of the epidermis.		2.0710psoralensdermatologic drug;
photosensitizing agent
tripelennamine
Tripelennamine: A histamine H1 antagonist with low sedative action but frequent gastrointestinal irritation. It is used to treat ASTHMA; HAY FEVER; URTICARIA; and RHINITIS; and also in veterinary applications. Tripelennamine is administered by various routes, including topically.		4.0440aromatic amine
troglitazone
Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.		5.97190chromanes;
thiazolidinone		anticoagulant;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
tropicamide
Tropicamide: One of the MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS with pharmacologic action similar to ATROPINE and used mainly as an ophthalmic parasympatholytic or mydriatic.		2.4620acetamides
thenoyltrifluoroacetone
Thenoyltrifluoroacetone: Chelating agent and inhibitor of cellular respiration.		2.0810
tulobuterol
[no description available]		2.0710organochlorine compound
tyramine
[no description available]		3.7630monoamine molecular messenger;
primary amino compound;
tyramines		EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
tyrphostin a9
[no description available]		2.4420alkylbenzenegeroprotector
delavirdine
Delavirdine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1.. delavirdine : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 5-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid and 4-amino group of 1-[3-(isopropylamino)pyridin-2-yl]piperazine, delavirdine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1. Viral resistance emerges rapidly when delavirdine is used alone, so it is therefore used (as the methanesulfonic acid salt) with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		5.2660aminopyridine;
indolecarboxamide;
N-acylpiperazine;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
undecylenic acid
undecylenic acid: a fatty acid with a terminal double bond. 10-undecenoic acid : An undecenoic acid having its double bond in the 10-position. It is derived from castor oil and is used for the treatment of skin problems.. undecenoic acid : A C11, straight-chain fatty acid carrying a C=C double bond at any position.		2.0810undecenoic acidantifungal drug;
plant metabolite
urapidil
[no description available]		8.76100piperazines
5-methylurapidil
[no description available]		2.0110
urethane
[no description available]		3.1150carbamate esterfungal metabolite;
mutagen
venlafaxine
venlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-methoxyphenyl group.		5.35170cyclohexanols;
monomethoxybenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
xenobiotic
vesamicol
vesamicol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410piperidines
vesnarinone
[no description available]		2.0510organic molecular entity
vigabatrin
[no description available]		4.2650gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
viloxazine
Viloxazine: A morpholine derivative used as an antidepressant. It is similar in action to IMIPRAMINE.		2.4520aromatic ether
w 7
W 7: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; calmodulin antagonist		2.0310
pirinixic acid
pirinixic acid: structure		2.9840aryl sulfide;
organochlorine compound;
pyrimidines
8-(4-((2-aminoethyl)aminocarbonylmethyloxy)phenyl)-1,3-dipropylxanthine
8-(4-((2-aminoethyl)aminocarbonylmethyloxy)phenyl)-1,3-dipropylxanthine: adenosine receptor antagonist		2.730
xylazine
Xylazine: An adrenergic alpha-2 agonist used as a sedative, analgesic and centrally acting muscle relaxant in VETERINARY MEDICINE.. xylazine : A methyl benzene that is 1,3-dimethylbenzene which is substituted by a 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-thiazin-2-ylnitrilo group at position 2. It is an alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonist and frequently used in veterinary medicine as an emetic and sedative with analgesic and muscle relaxant properties.		2.7301,3-thiazine;
methylbenzene;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
analgesic;
emetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
xylometazoline
xylometazoline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0710alkylbenzene
3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole
3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole: antineoplastic; activates platelet guanylate cyclase; a radiosensitizing agent and guanylate cyclase activator; structure in first source. lificiguat : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole which is substituted by a benzyl group at position 1 and a 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furyl group at position 3. It is an activator of soluble guanylate cyclase and inhibits platelet aggregation.		2.4420aromatic primary alcohol;
furans;
indazoles		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
soluble guanylate cyclase activator;
vasodilator agent
ici 204,219
zafirlukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		5.04120carbamate ester;
indoles;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		anti-asthmatic agent;
leukotriene antagonist
zaleplon
zaleplon: an azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; a hypnotic with less marked effect on psychomotor functions compared to lorazepam. zaleplon : A pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine having a nitrile group at position 3 and a 3-(N-ethylacetamido)phenyl substituent at the 7-position.		4.2650nitrile;
pyrazolopyrimidine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
central nervous system depressant;
sedative
cn 100
CN 100: structure given in first source		2.0610organic molecular entity
zardaverine
zardaverine: structure given in first source. zardaverine : A pyridazinone derivative in which pyridazin-3(2H)-one is substituted at C-6 with a 4-(difluoromethoxy)-3-methoxyphenyl group. It is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, selective for PDE3 and 4.		2.0310organofluorine compound;
pyridazinone		anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
peripheral nervous system drug
zinc chloride
zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.		2.0510inorganic chloride;
zinc molecular entity		astringent;
disinfectant;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
Lewis acid
zolpidem
Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. zolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position.		5.21150imidazopyridinecentral nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
sedative
zomepirac
zomepirac: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		5.2690aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrroles		cardiovascular drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
zonisamide
Zonisamide: A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization.. zonisamide : A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position.		4.08401,2-benzoxazoles;
sulfonamide		anticonvulsant;
antioxidant;
central nervous system drug;
protective agent;
T-type calcium channel blocker
zopiclone
zopiclone: S(+)-enantiomer of racemic zopiclone; azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; was term of zopiclone 2004-2007. zopiclone : A pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine compound having a 4-methylpiperazine-1-carboxyl group at the 5-position, a 5-chloropyridin-2-yl group at the 6-position and an oxo-substituent at the 7-position.		3.1550monochloropyridine;
pyrrolopyrazine		central nervous system depressant;
sedative
guanidine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510one-carbon compound;
organic chloride salt		protein denaturant
hydrocortisone acetate
hydrocortisone acetate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.7430cortisol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
cortisone acetate
Cortisone Acetate: The acetate ester of cortisone that is used mainly for replacement therapy in adrenocortical insufficiency and in the treatment of many allergic and inflammatory disorders.		4.2550corticosteroid hormone
mitomycin
Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.		10.7661mitomycinalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
oxyphenonium
Oxyphenonium: A quaternary ammonium anticholinergic agent with peripheral side effects similar to those of ATROPINE. It is used as an adjunct in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcer, and to relieve visceral spasms. The drug has also been used in the form of eye drops for mydriatic effect.		2.4620acylcholine
corticosterone
[no description available]		6.954011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		15.2282311beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
estriol
hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone. chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl.		4.68016alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid		estrogen;
human metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
lysergic acid diethylamide
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood.. lysergic acid diethylamide : An ergoline alkaloid arising from formal condensation of lysergic acid with diethylamine.		2.4520ergoline alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		dopamine agonist;
hallucinogen;
serotonergic agonist
reserpine
Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.		12.261129alkaloid ester;
methyl ester;
yohimban alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
first generation antipsychotic;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
cephaloridine
Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefaloridine : A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C.		4.49240beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
phentolamine
Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.		9352imidazoles;
phenols;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
sorbitol
D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).		11.56270glucitolcathartic;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food humectant;
human metabolite;
laxative;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
alloxan
Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.		7.3820pyrimidonehyperglycemic agent;
metabolite
thymidine
[no description available]		3.2460pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
floxuridine
Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.		3.4370nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
radiosensitizing agent
piperonyl butoxide
[no description available]		2.4720benzodioxolespesticide synergist
procaine hydrochloride
Gerovital H3: Contains mainly procaine & small amounts of benzoic acid, potassium metabisulfite & disodium phosphate		2.0310organic molecular entity
triethylenemelamine
Triethylenemelamine: Toxic alkylating agent used in industry; also as antineoplastic and research tool to produce chromosome aberrations and cancers.		2.04101,3,5-triazinesalkylating agent;
insect sterilant
2-aminophenol
[no description available]		3.110aminophenolbacterial metabolite
bromouracil
Bromouracil: 5-Bromo-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. Brominated derivative of uracil that acts as an antimetabolite, substituting for thymine in DNA. It is used mainly as an experimental mutagen, but its deoxyriboside (BROMODEOXYURIDINE) is used to treat neoplasms.. 5-bromouracil : A pyrimidine having keto groups at the 2- and 4-positions and a bromo group at the 5-position. Used mainly as an experimental mutagen.		2.0510nucleobase analogue;
pyrimidines		mutagen
3,3',5-triiodothyroacetic acid
tiratricol : A monocarboxylic acid that is (4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenyl)acetic acid in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a 4-hydroxy-3-iodophenoxy group. It is a thyroid hormone analogue that has been used in the treatment of thyroid hormone resistance syndrome.		2.0510
isoproterenol hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.9640catechols
hydroxyproline
Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.		7.65304-hydroxyproline;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
histamine dihydrochloride
Ceplene: Tradename for histamine dihydrochloride.		2.4520
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		8.493612-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
dextroamphetamine
Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.		4.21501-phenylpropan-2-amineadrenergic agent;
adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
dopaminergic agent;
neurotoxin;
sympathomimetic agent
carbachol
Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.		9.81330ammonium salt;
carbamate ester		cardiotonic drug;
miotic;
muscarinic agonist;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
norethindrone acetate
norethisterone acetate : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is norethisterone in which the hydroxy group has been converted to its acetate ester.		2.45203-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
terminal acetylenic compound		progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
spironolactone
Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.		20.52434813-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid lactone;
thioester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
prednisolone acetate
prednisolone acetate: RN given refers to cpd with locant for acetate group in position 21 & (11 beta)-isomer		2.4520corticosteroid hormone
cyclobarbital
cyclobarbital: was heading 1977-94 (see under BARBITURATES 1977-90); CYCLOBARBITONE, HEXEMAL, & TETRAHYDROPHENOBARBITAL were see CYCLOBARBITAL 1977-94; use BARBITURATES to search CYCLOBARBITAL 1977-94; short to intermediate duration barbiturate used as hypnotic and sedative		3.1450barbiturates
aldosterone
[no description available]		19.635296511beta-hydroxy steroid;
18-oxo steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
steroid aldehyde		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
allobarbital
allobarbital: was heading 1976-94 (see under BARBITURATES 1976-90); ALLOBARBITONE, DIALLYLBARBITAL, DIALLYLBARBITURIC ACID, & DIALLYLMAL were see ALLOBARBITAL 1976-94; use BARBITURATES to search ALLOBARBITAL 1976-94; a barbiturate derivative with effects of intermediate duration; at lower doses, it is used as a sedative; at higher doses, it displays hypnotic effects		2.7430barbiturates
pentolinium tartrate
Pentolinium Tartrate: A nicotinic antagonist that has been used as a ganglionic blocking agent in hypertension.. pentolinium tartrate : The bitartrate salt of pentolinium.		2.6430tartrate saltantihypertensive agent
penicillamine
Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.		5.12140non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
penicillamine		antirheumatic drug;
chelator;
copper chelator;
drug allergen
trichlorfon
Trichlorfon: An organochlorophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide for the control of flies and roaches. It is also used in anthelmintic compositions for animals. (From Merck, 11th ed). trichlorfon : A phosphonic ester that is dimethyl phosphonate in which the hydrogen atom attched to the phosphorous is substituted by a 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.0510organic phosphonate;
organochlorine compound;
phosphonic ester		agrochemical;
anthelminthic drug;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
insecticide
norethandrolone
Norethandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties and moderate progestational activity.		2.3820corticosteroid hormone
cysteine
[no description available]		3.2310cysteine zwitterion;
cysteine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite
tetrahydrocortisol
[no description available]		3.482011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
prednisone
Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.		10.8983111-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
tetrahydrocortisone
[no description available]		3.773021-hydroxy steroid
estrone
Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.		7.2412117-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
phenolic steroid;
phenols		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
paramethasone
Paramethasone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of corticosteroids. It has been used by mouth in the treatment of all conditions in which corticosteroid therapy is indicated except adrenal-deficiency states for which its lack of sodium-retaining properties makes it less suitable than HYDROCORTISONE with supplementary FLUDROCORTISONE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p737)		2.7430fluorinated steroid
fluprednisolone
Fluprednisolone: A synthetic glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory properties.		3.4811fluorinated steroid
methylprednisolone acetate
Methylprednisolone Acetate: Methylprednisolone derivative that is used as an anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of ALLERGY and ALLERGIC RHINITIS; ASTHMA; and BURSITIS; and for the treatment of ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. methylprednisolone acetate : An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy function of 6alpha-methylprednisolone compound with acetic acid.		2.051011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
acetate ester;
glucocorticoid;
steroid ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug
oxandrolone
Oxandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties.		4.084017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
oxa-steroid		anabolic agent;
androgen
androsterone
[no description available]		3.823017-oxo steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid;
C19-steroid		androgen;
anticonvulsant;
human blood serum metabolite;
human metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
pheromone
etiocholanolone
Etiocholanolone: The 5-beta-reduced isomer of ANDROSTERONE. Etiocholanolone is a major metabolite of TESTOSTERONE and ANDROSTENEDIONE in many mammalian species including humans. It is excreted in the URINE.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-androstan-17-one : An androstanoid that is 5beta-androstane substituted by an alpha-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a metabolite of testosterone in mammals.		3.11017-oxo steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dehydroepiandrosterone
Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.		4.175017-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
promazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.9640hydrochloride
nad
[no description available]		2.0510NADgeroprotector
hydroxyacetylaminofluorene
Hydroxyacetylaminofluorene: A N-hydroxylated derivative of 2-ACETYLAMINOFLUORENE that has demonstrated carcinogenic action.		3.47202-acetamidofluorenes
2-acetylaminofluorene
2-Acetylaminofluorene: A hepatic carcinogen whose mechanism of activation involves N-hydroxylation to the aryl hydroxamic acid followed by enzymatic sulfonation to sulfoxyfluorenylacetamide. It is used to study the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of aromatic amines.		2.05102-acetamidofluorenesantimitotic;
carcinogenic agent;
epitope;
mutagen
adrenochrome
Adrenochrome: Pigment obtained by the oxidation of epinephrine.		2.0510indoles
azauridine
Azauridine: A triazine nucleoside used as an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with pyrimidine biosynthesis thereby preventing formation of cellular nucleic acids. As the triacetate, it is also effective as an antipsoriatic.		2.0410N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazineantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite
penicillin g
Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.		8.03291penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
epitope
idoxuridine
[no description available]		2.7430organoiodine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
metaraminol
Metaraminol: A sympathomimetic agent that acts predominantly at alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. It has been used primarily as a vasoconstrictor in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. metaraminol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 2-amino-1-phenylethanol substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a phenolic hydroxy group at position 1. A sympathomimetic agent , it is used in the treatment of hypotension.		5.2360phenylethanolaminesalpha-adrenergic agonist;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
pilocarpine hydrochloride
pilocarpine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of (+)-pilocarpine, a medication used to treat increased pressure inside the eye and dry mouth.		2.0310hydrochloride
pilocarpine
Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.		4.99120pilocarpineantiglaucoma drug
dimethylphenylpiperazinium iodide
Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Iodide: A selective nicotinic cholinergic agonist used as a research tool. DMPP activates nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia but has little effect at the neuromuscular junction.		2.4420N-arylpiperazine;
organic iodide salt;
piperazinium salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
pentylenetetrazole
Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.		2.8940organic heterobicyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
amifampridine
Amifampridine: 4-Aminopyridine derivative that acts as a POTASSIUM CHANNEL blocker to increase release of ACETYLCHOLINE from nerve terminals. It is used in the treatment of CONGENITAL MYASTHENIC SYNDROMES.		1.9810aminopyridine
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		12.922612-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
isonicotinic acid
isonicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is at position 4 of the pyridine ring.		2.4820pyridinemonocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
human metabolite
racepinephrine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
(4-(m-chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium chloride
(4-(m-Chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium Chloride: A drug that selectively activates certain subclasses of muscarinic receptors and also activates postganglionic nicotinic receptors. It is commonly used experimentally to distinguish muscarinic receptor subtypes.		2.4420
isoflurophate
Isoflurophate: A di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate which is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor used to investigate the NERVOUS SYSTEM.		1.9710dialkyl phosphate
hexamethonium bromide
[no description available]		2.0310
biguanides
Biguanides: Derivatives of biguanide (the structure formula HN(C(NH)NH2)2) that are primarily used as oral HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS for the treatment of DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2 and PREDIABETES.. biguanides : A class of oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. They have a structure based on the 2-carbamimidoylguanidine skeleton.		3.0750guanidines
cystamine dihydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
carbon tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.		9.1150chlorocarbon;
chloromethanes		hepatotoxic agent;
refrigerant
cantharidin
Cantharidin: A toxic compound, isolated from the Spanish fly or blistering beetle (Lytta (Cantharis) vesicatoria) and other insects. It is a potent and specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A). This compound can produce severe skin inflammation, and is extremely toxic if ingested orally.. cantharidin : A monoterpenoid with an epoxy-bridged cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride structure secreted by many species of blister beetle, and most notably by the Spanish fly, Lytta vesicatoria. Natural toxin inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A.		2.4420cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride;
monoterpenoid		EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
herbicide
tetraethylammonium chloride
tetraethylammonium chloride : A quarternary ammonium chloride salt in which the cation has four ethyl substituents around the central nitrogen.		2.4420organic chloride salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		potassium channel blocker
alanine
Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.		8.5890alanine zwitterion;
alanine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
serine
Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.		2.0210L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid;
serine zwitterion;
serine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone acetate
Desoxycorticosterone Acetate: The 21-acetate derivative of desoxycorticosterone.		2.4720corticosteroid hormone
benz(a)anthracene
benz(a)anthracene: 4 fused rings of which one is angular in contrast to the linear NAPHTHACENES. tetraphene : An angular ortho-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings.		3.110ortho-fused polycyclic arene;
tetraphenes
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		7.53450C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid
Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.		4.89110aspartate family amino acid;
aspartic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
glutamine
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.		5.0170amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
glutamine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine
Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.		6.42163aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
lysine;
organic molecular entity;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
anticonvulsant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cetrimonium bromide
cetyltrimethylammonium bromide : The organic bromide salt that is the bromide salt of cetyltrimethylammonium; one of the components of the topical antiseptic cetrimide.		2.4620organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		detergent;
surfactant
cyanides
Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.		3.75110pseudohalide anionEC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
chlorobutanol
[no description available]		6.9510tertiary alcohol
vincristine
[no description available]		4.85100acetate ester;
formamides;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
physostigmine
Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.		5.21150carbamate ester;
indole alkaloid		antidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
miotic
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		10.6171glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol
Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.		9.4222217-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
testosterone propionate
Testosterone Propionate: An ester of TESTOSTERONE with a propionate substitution at the 17-beta position.. androgen : A sex hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.		2.4420steroid ester
tubocurarine
Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.		3.3670bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloiddrug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
apomorphine
Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.		5.12140aporphine alkaloidalpha-adrenergic drug;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
emetic;
serotonergic drug
aminopyrine
Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.		4.99150pyrazolone;
tertiary amino compound		antipyretic;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
methyltestosterone
Methyltestosterone: A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).. methyltestosterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone bearing a methyl group at the 17alpha position.		3.592017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
enone		anabolic agent;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent
dromostanolone
dromostanolone: synthetic anabolic androgenic steroid used to lower plasma cholesterol & as antineoplastic agent in advanced breast neoplasms; major descriptor (66-86); on-line search ANDROSTANOLS (80-86); ANDROSTANES (68-86); INDEX MEDICUS search DROMOSTANOLONE (66-86); RN given refers to (2alpha,5alpha,17beta)-isomer		2.041017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-5alpha-steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid		anabolic agent;
antineoplastic agent
promethazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.9640hydrochlorideanti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
antipruritic drug;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
sedative
tetrabenazine
9,10-dimethoxy-3-isobutyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-one : A benzoquinolizine that is 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene in which the carbon at position 10a is replaced by a nitrogen and which is substituted by an isobutyl group at position 2, an oxo group at position 3, and methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7.		3.5920benzoquinolizine;
cyclic ketone;
tertiary amino compound
puromycin aminonucleoside
3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine: structure in first source. 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine : Puromycin derivative that lacks the methoxyphenylalanyl group on the amine of the sugar ring.		3.07503'-deoxyribonucleoside;
adenosines
adenosine diphosphate
Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.		6.82121adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
cephalothin
Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.		5.65191azabicycloalkene;
beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative;
thiophenes		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for tetrachlorophenol with locants for chloro groups not specified. 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6.		2.9240tetrachlorophenolxenobiotic metabolite
uridine
[no description available]		7.730uridinesdrug metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
uridine diphosphate
Uridine Diphosphate: A uracil nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety.		2.3110pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate;
uridine 5'-phosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
kanamycin a
Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.		8.73782kanamycinsbacterial metabolite
ethopabate
Ethopabate: An inhibitor of folate metabolism. It is used as a coccidiostat in poultry.		2.0710amidobenzoic acid
bromodeoxyuridine
Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.		2.7230pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
galactose
galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.		1.9410D-galactose;
galactopyranose		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
carbostyril
Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		4.8881monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine
Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		6.07230phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
mydriatic agent;
nasal decongestant;
protective agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
thiamine
[no description available]		2.0410organic chloride salt;
vitamin B1
levodopa
Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease		4.56250amino acid zwitterion;
dopa;
L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		allelochemical;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		8.23281ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
phenylethyl alcohol
Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.		2.0510benzenes;
primary alcohol		Aspergillus metabolite;
fragrance;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		2.940amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
cysteamine
Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.		4.0840amine;
thiol		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radiation protective agent
acetylcholine chloride
acetylcholine chloride : The chloride salt of acetylcholine, and a parasympatomimetic drug.		3.8630quaternary ammonium salt
phlorhizin
[no description available]		3.84120aryl beta-D-glucoside;
dihydrochalcones;
monosaccharide derivative		antioxidant;
plant metabolite
mepazine
mepazine: major descriptor (66-85); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (66-85); Index Medicus search MEPAZINE (66-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. pacatal : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazine has an N-methylpiperidin-4-ylmethyl substituent at the N-10 position.		3.5920phenothiazines
acepromazine
Acepromazine: A phenothiazine that is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES.. acepromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by an acetyl group at position 2 and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at position 10.		3.0750aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amino compound		phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
methoxamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.9640dimethoxybenzene
methoxamine
Methoxamine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist that causes prolonged peripheral VASOCONSTRICTION.. methoxamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group and the phenyl ring is 2- and 5-substituted with methoxy groups. It is an antihypotensive agent (pressor), an agonist acting directly at alpha-adrenoceptors with selectivity for the alpha-1 adrenoceptor subtype similar to phenylephrine .		3.2360amphetaminesalpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypotensive agent
adenosine monophosphate
Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.		6.1375adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
cofactor;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
papaverine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
methicillin
Methicillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.. methicillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl group.		2.7330penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
niridazole
Niridazole: An antischistosomal agent that has become obsolete.		2.69301,3-thiazoles;
C-nitro compound
cloxacillin
Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.. cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6.		4.5570penicillin allergen;
penicillin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
methylene blue
Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.		2.4420organic chloride saltacid-base indicator;
antidepressant;
antimalarial;
antimicrobial agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor;
fluorochrome;
histological dye;
neuroprotective agent;
physical tracer
bretylium tosylate
Bretylium Tosylate: An agent that blocks the release of adrenergic transmitters and may have other actions. It was formerly used as an antihypertensive agent, but is now proposed as an anti-arrhythmic.. bretylium tosylate : The tosylate salt of bretylium. It blocks noradrenaline release from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and is used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties for the acute management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.		3.1450organosulfonate salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent
zoxazolamine
Zoxazolamine: A uricosuric and muscle relaxant. Zoxazolamine acts centrally as a muscle relaxant, but the mechanism of its action is not understood.		2.7530benzoxazole
leucine
Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.		3.87120amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
leucine;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-nitrobenzoic acid
4-nitrobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-nitrobenzoic acid : A nitrobenzoic acid having the nitro group at the 4-position.		2.0510nitrobenzoic acid
berlition
berlition: antioxidant preparation containing alpha-lipoic acid, used in the neuroprotective therapy of chronic brain ischemia for correction of free-radical processes. (R)-lipoic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of lipoic acid. A vitamin-like, C8 thia fatty acid with anti-oxidant properties.. lipoic acid : A heterocyclic thia fatty acid comprising pentanoic acid with a 1,2-dithiolan-3-yl group at the 5-position.		2.7530dithiolanes;
heterocyclic fatty acid;
lipoic acid;
thia fatty acid		cofactor;
nutraceutical;
prosthetic group
methacholine chloride
Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)		6.91103quaternary ammonium salt
aniline
[no description available]		4.2250anilines;
primary arylamine
calcium acetate
calcium acetate: a principal compound used as phosphate binders in patients with chronic renal failure; used like sevelamer. calcium acetate : The calcium salt of acetic acid. It is used, commonly as a hydrate, to treat hyperphosphataemia (excess phosphate in the blood) in patients with kidney disease: the calcium ion combines with dietary phosphate to form (insoluble) calcium phosphate, which is excreted in the faeces.		3.2310calcium saltchelator
dimethylnitrosamine
Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.		3.2260nitrosaminegeroprotector;
mutagen
androstenedione
Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.		4.636117-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
carbaryl
Carbaryl: A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries.. carbaryl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 1-naphthol with methylcarbamic acid.		2.0510carbamate ester;
naphthalenes		acaricide;
agrochemical;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
plant growth retardant
uridine triphosphate
Uridine Triphosphate: Uridine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A uracil nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		2.4120pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate;
uridine 5'-phosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
lactose
Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.		3.5180lactose
primaquine phosphate
[no description available]		2.4620
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		4.0240aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
phenylalanine
Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.		3.1150amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
phenylalanine;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
Mebutamate
[no description available]		2.0510organic molecular entity
desoxycorticosterone
Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE		9.3793220-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
colchicine
(S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.		10.83290alkaloid;
colchicine		anti-inflammatory agent;
gout suppressant;
mutagen
yohimbine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
gallamine triethiodide
Gallamine Triethiodide: A synthetic nondepolarizing blocking drug. The actions of gallamine triethiodide are similar to those of TUBOCURARINE, but this agent blocks the cardiac vagus and may cause sinus tachycardia and, occasionally, hypertension and increased cardiac output. It should be used cautiously in patients at risk from increased heart rate but may be preferred for patients with bradycardia. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p198)		2.9640
mebanazine
mebanazine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure		3.830benzenes
strophanthidin
Strophanthidin: 3 beta,5,14-Trihydroxy-19-oxo-5 beta-card-20(22)-enolide. The aglycone cardioactive agent isolated from Strophanthus Kombe, S. gratus and other species; it is a very toxic material formerly used as digitalis. Synonyms: Apocymarin; Corchorin; Cynotoxin; Corchorgenin.		2.663014beta-hydroxy steroid;
19-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy steroid;
5beta-hydroxy steroid;
cardenolides;
steroid aldehyde
uracil mustard
Uracil Mustard: Nitrogen mustard derivative of URACIL. It is a alkylating antineoplastic agent that is used in lymphatic malignancies, and causes mainly gastrointestinal and bone marrow damage.		2.7430aminouracil;
nitrogen mustard
oxacillin
Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.		4.790penicillinantibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
cycloheximide
Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.		3.85120antibiotic fungicide;
cyclic ketone;
dicarboximide;
piperidine antibiotic;
piperidones;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
egtazic acid
Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.		5.62181diether;
tertiary amino compound;
tetracarboxylic acid		chelator
chloroform
Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.		4.7290chloromethanes;
one-carbon compound		carcinogenic agent;
central nervous system drug;
inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
fluocinolone acetonide
Fluocinolone Acetonide: A glucocorticoid derivative used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. It is usually employed as a cream, gel, lotion, or ointment. It has also been used topically in the treatment of inflammatory eye, ear, and nose disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732). fluocinolone acetonide : A fluorinated steroid that is flunisolide in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by fluorine. A corticosteroid with glucocorticoid activity, it is used (both as the anhydrous form and as the dihydrate) in creams, gels and ointments for the treatment of various skin disorders.		2.743011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antipruritic drug
triamcinolone diacetate
triamcinolone diacetate: lysyl oxidase antagonist; Polcortolon may also refers to triamcinolone		2.4620corticosteroid hormone
sodium citrate, anhydrous
Sodium Citrate: Sodium salts of citric acid that are used as buffers and food preservatives. They are used medically as anticoagulants in stored blood, and for urine alkalization in the prevention of KIDNEY STONES.. sodium citrate : The trisodium salt of citric acid.		2.1710organic sodium saltanticoagulant;
flavouring agent
dimethylformamide
Dimethylformamide: A formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylformamide : A member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.		2.0510formamides;
volatile organic compound		geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
polar aprotic solvent
norethindrone
Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen.		4.527017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound;
tertiary alcohol		progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
norethynodrel
Norethynodrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions and uses similar to those of PROGESTERONE. It has been used in the treatment of functional uterine bleeding and ENDOMETRIOSIS. As a contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS), it has usually been administered in combination with MESTRANOL.		3.5320oxo steroid
cycloserine
Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).		4.42604-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic;
zwitterion		antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antitubercular agent;
metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
triaziquone
Triaziquone: Alkylating antineoplastic agent used mainly for ovarian tumors. It is toxic to skin, gastrointestinal tract, bone marrow and kidneys.. triaziquone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-benzoquinone in which three of the ring hydrogens are replaced by aziridin-1-yl groups.		2.04101,4-benzoquinones;
aziridines		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
benziodarone
benziodarone: minor descriptor (75-89); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search BENZOFURANS (68-89) & IODOBENZOATES (74)		4.140aromatic ketone
17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone
17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is the 17alpha-hydroxy derivative of progesterone.		4.044017alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
progestin
quinacrine monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
chlorpromazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420hydrochloride;
phenothiazines		anticoronaviral agent;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorisondamine
Chlorisondamine: A nicotinic antagonist used primarily as a ganglionic blocker in animal research. It has been used as an antihypertensive agent but has been supplanted by more specific drugs in most clinical applications.		1.9410isoindoles
ampicillin
Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.		6.88290beta-lactam antibiotic;
penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
mannitol
[no description available]		19.5236233mannitolallergen;
antiglaucoma drug;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food anticaking agent;
food bulking agent;
food humectant;
food stabiliser;
food thickening agent;
hapten;
metabolite;
osmotic diuretic;
sweetening agent
cytarabine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
cytarabine
[no description available]		4.83100beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
pyrimidine nucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
immunosuppressive agent
trifluridine
Trifluridine: An antiviral derivative of THYMIDINE used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis due to HERPES SIMPLEX virus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p557). trifluridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-trifluoromethyluracil as the nucleobase. An antiviral drug used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis.		2.7330nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor
ornithine
Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.		2.0110non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
ornithine		algal metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
mouse metabolite
dinitrofluorobenzene
Dinitrofluorobenzene: Irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups.. 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : The organofluorine compound that is benzene with a fluoro substituent at the 1-position and two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.		1.9510C-nitro compound;
organofluorine compound		agrochemical;
allergen;
chromatographic reagent;
EC 2.7.3.2 (creatine kinase) inhibitor;
protein-sequencing agent;
spectrophotometric reagent
asparagine
Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.		2.0210amino acid zwitterion;
asparagine;
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-hydroxypropiophenone
[no description available]		2.4520acetophenones
histidine
Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.		3.630amino acid zwitterion;
histidine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-pentanol
n-pentanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. pentan-1-ol : A short-chain primary fatty alcohol that is pentane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It has been isolated from Melicope ptelefolia.		2.4420pentanol;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		human metabolite;
plant metabolite
1,1,1-trichloroethane
Trichloroethanes: Chlorinated ethanes which are used extensively as industrial solvents. They have been utilized in numerous home-use products including spot remover preparations and inhalant decongestant sprays. These compounds cause central nervous system and cardiovascular depression and are hepatotoxic. Include 1,1,1- and 1,1,2-isomers.. 1,1,1-trichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes carrying three chloro substituents at position 1.		2.0210chloroethanespolar solvent
medroxyprogesterone acetate
[no description available]		3.155020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
corticosteroid;
steroid ester		adjuvant;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
female contraceptive drug;
inhibitor;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
sulfobromophthalein sodium
bromosulfophthalein sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of bromosulfophthalein.. bromosulfophthalein : An organosulfonic acid that consists of phthalide bearing four bromo substituents at positions 4, 5, 6 and 7 as well as two 4-hydroxy-3-sulfophenyl groups both located at position 1.		4.82100organic sodium saltdye
valine
Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.		5.0652L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid;
valine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine
Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.0610amino acid zwitterion;
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
threonine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mestranol
[no description available]		3.155017beta-hydroxy steroid;
aromatic ether;
terminal acetylenic compound		prodrug;
xenoestrogen
methaqualone
Methaqualone: A quinazoline derivative with hypnotic and sedative properties. It has been withdrawn from the market in many countries because of problems with abuse. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methaqualone : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4-one substituted at positions 2 and 3 by methyl and o-tolyl groups respectively. A depressant that increases the activity of the GABA receptors in the brain and nervous system, it is used as a sedative and hypnotic medication. It became popular as a recreational drug and club drug in the late 1960s and 1970s.		2.0510quinazolinesGABA agonist;
sedative
alizarin
[no description available]		3.110dihydroxyanthraquinonechromophore;
dye;
plant metabolite
trypan blue
VisionBlue: A trypan blue ophthalmic solution.		2.0510
methandrostenolone
Methandrostenolone: A synthetic steroid with anabolic properties that are more pronounced than its androgenic effects. It has little progestational activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1188)		2.6630organic molecular entity
cordycepin
[no description available]		2.05103'-deoxyribonucleoside;
adenosines		antimetabolite;
nucleoside antibiotic
etozolin
etozolin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		5.1631organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
tryptophan
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.		3.92120erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucine
Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.		2.940aspartate family amino acid;
isoleucine;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
quinethazone
quinethazone: RN given for cpd without isomeric designation. quinethazone : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4-one substituted at positions 2, 6 and 7 by ethyl, sulfamoyl and chloro groups respectively; a thiazide-like diuretic used to treat hypertension.		2.4420quinazolinesantihypertensive agent;
diuretic
lidocaine hydrochloride
lidocaine hydrochloride : The anhydrous form of the hydrochloride salt of lidocaine.		2.4420hydrochlorideanti-arrhythmia drug;
local anaesthetic
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		9.17361arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
methyl bromide
methyl bromide: used in ionization chambers, degreasing wool, extracting oils; insect fumigant; high concentrations can produce pulmonary edema,narcosis; chronic exposure can cause CNS depression,kidney injury; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bromomethane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to three hydrogen atoms and one bromine atom. It is produced naturally by marine algae.		2.4110bromohydrocarbon;
bromomethanes;
methyl halides		algal metabolite;
fumigant insecticide;
marine metabolite
ethylamine
ethylamine : A two-carbon primary aliphatic amine.		2.4620primary aliphatic aminehuman metabolite
acetonitrile
acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.		7.7330aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
polar aprotic solvent
ethylene oxide
Ethylene Oxide: A colorless and flammable gas at room temperature and pressure. Ethylene oxide is a bactericidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal disinfectant. It is effective against most micro-organisms, including viruses. It is used as a fumigant for foodstuffs and textiles and as an agent for the gaseous sterilization of heat-labile pharmaceutical and surgical materials. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p794). oxirane : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a three-membered heterocycle of two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.		2.0710gas molecular entity;
oxacycle;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		allergen;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen
phosgene
Phosgene: A highly toxic gas that has been used as a chemical warfare agent. It is an insidious poison as it is not irritating immediately, even when fatal concentrations are inhaled. (From The Merck Index, 11th ed, p7304). phosgene : An acyl chloride obtained by substitution of both hydrogens of formaldehyde by chlorine.. chloroketone : A ketone containing a chloro substituent.		8.830acyl chloride
tetramethylammonium
tetramethylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd. tetramethylammonium : The simplest quaternary ammonium cation, comprising a central nitrogen linked to four methyl groups.		1.9810quaternary ammonium ion
tert-butyl alcohol
tert-Butyl Alcohol: An isomer of butanol that contains a tertiary butyl group that consists of three methyl groups, each separately attached to a central (tertiary) carbon.. tert-butanol : A tertiary alcohol alcohol that is isobutane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.		2.4420tertiary alcoholhuman xenobiotic metabolite
methanesulfonic acid
[no description available]		2.0310alkanesulfonic acid;
one-carbon compound		Escherichia coli metabolite
tribromoethanol
tribromoethanol: major descriptor (66-90); on-line search ETHANOL (66-90); INDEX MEDICUS search TRIBROMOETHANOL (66-90)		2.0410alcohol;
organobromine compound
tert-amyl alcohol
2-methylbutan-2-ol : A tertiary alcohol that is propan-1-ol in which both of the hydrogens at position 1 have been replaced by methyl groups.		2.0510aliphatic alcohol;
tertiary alcohol		protic solvent
tert-butylhydroperoxide
tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.		1.9710alkyl hydroperoxideantibacterial agent;
oxidising agent
pivalic acid
pivalic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. pivalic acid : A branched, short-chain fatty acid composed of propanoic acid having two methyl substituents at the 2-position.		210branched-chain saturated fatty acid;
methyl-branched fatty acid;
short-chain fatty acid
dalapon
dalapon: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410carboxylic acid;
organohalogen compound
trichloroacetic acid
Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.		2.4420monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
perflutren
Definity: a fluorocarbon-filled ultrasonic contrast agent; Definity is tradename. octafluoropropane : A fluorocarbon that is propane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines.		3.2310fluoroalkane;
fluorocarbon
triamcinolone acetonide
Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.		3.155011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
fluoxymesterone
Fluoxymesterone: An anabolic steroid that has been used in the treatment of male HYPOGONADISM, delayed puberty in males, and in the treatment of breast neoplasms in women.		3.492011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
fluorinated steroid		anabolic agent;
antineoplastic agent
bromcresol green
Bromcresol Green: An indicator and reagent. It has been used in serum albumin determinations and as a pH indicator.		2.6630benzofurans
mepenzolate bromide
[no description available]		2.7430diarylmethane
allylpropymal
allylpropymal: RN given refers to parent cpd. aprobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by an isopropyl and a prop-1-en-3-yl group at position 5.		2.0510barbiturates
phencyclidine
Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.		3.5380benzenes;
piperidines		anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug
butobarbital
butobarbital: Butobarbital should be distinguished from Butabarbital (a synonym for Secbutabarbital)		2.4520barbiturates
methsuximide
methsuximide: anticonvulsant effective in petit mal & psychomotor epilepsy; has a number of unpleasant & toxic side effects; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search SUCCINIMIDES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		3.2310organic molecular entity
carbromal
carbromal: was heading 1963-94 (Prov 1963-73); use UREA to search CARBROMAL 1963-94		2.0410N-acylurea
methylpentynol
methylpentynol: structure		2.0410ynone
tromethamine
Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)		5.67150primary amino compound;
triol		buffer
3-mercaptopropionic acid
3-Mercaptopropionic Acid: An inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase. It decreases the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID concentration in the brain, thereby causing convulsions.. 3-mercaptopropanoic acid : A mercaptopropanoic acid that is propanoic acid carrying a sulfanyl group at position 3.		1.9610mercaptopropanoic acidalgal metabolite
pentaerythritol tetranitrate
Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate: A vasodilator with general properties similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a more prolonged duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1025). pentaerythritol tetranitrate : A pentaerythritol nitrate in which all four hydroxy groups of pentaerythritol have been converted to the corresponding nitrate ester. It is a vasodilator with properties similar to those of glyceryl trinitrate, but with a more prolonged duration of action, and is used for treatment of angina pectoris. It is also one of the most powerful high explosives known and is a component of the plastic explosive known as Semtex.		3.7430pentaerythritol nitrateexplosive;
vasodilator agent
triparanol
Triparanol: Antilipemic agent with high ophthalmic toxicity. According to Merck Index, 11th ed, the compound was withdrawn from the market in 1962 because of its association with the formation of irreversible cataracts.		2.4520stilbenoidanticoronaviral agent
linalool
linalool: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. linalool : A monoterpenoid that is octa-1,6-diene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 7 and a hydroxy group at position 3. It has been isolated from plants like Ocimum canum.		3.110monoterpenoid;
tertiary alcohol		antimicrobial agent;
fragrance;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
isobutyl alcohol
isobutyl alcohol: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4420alkyl alcohol;
primary alcohol		Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-butanol
2-butanol: RN given is for parent cpd without isomeric designation. butan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is butane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.		2.0510secondary alcohol
methylethyl ketone
methylethyl ketone: solvent; colorless synthetic resins, smokeless powders; may be irritating to eyes, mucous membranes; may be toxic in high concentrations; structure. butanone : Any ketone that is butane substituted by an oxo group at unspecified position.. butan-2-one : A dialkyl ketone that is a four-carbon ketone carrying a single keto- group at position C-2.		2.0210butanone;
dialkyl ketone;
methyl ketone;
volatile organic compound		bacterial metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent
trichloroethylene
Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.		3.4670chloroethenesinhalation anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite
methyl acetate
methyl acetate : An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of acetic acid with methanol. A low-boiling (57 degreeC) colourless, flammable liquid, it is used as a solvent for many resins and oils.		2.0210acetate ester;
methyl ester;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor;
fragrance;
polar aprotic solvent
dichloroacetic acid
[no description available]		2.4420monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		astringent;
marine metabolite
pempidine
Pempidine: A nicotinic antagonist most commonly used as an experimental tool. It has been used as a ganglionic blocker in the treatment of hypertension but has largely been supplanted for that purpose by more specific drugs.		1.9410piperidines
pantothenic acid
Pantothenic Acid: A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.. pantothenic acid : A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.. vitamin B5 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.. (R)-pantothenate : A pantothenate that is the conjugate base of (R)-pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. (R)-pantothenic acid : A pantothenic acid having R-configuration.		2.9440pantothenic acid;
vitamin B5		antidote to curare poisoning;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite
sulfachlorpyridazine
Sulfachlorpyridazine: A sulfonamide antimicrobial used for urinary tract infections and in veterinary medicine.. sulfachloropyridazine : A sulfonamide antimicrobial used for urinary tract infections and in veterinary medicine.		2.0710organochlorine compound;
pyridazines;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
p-tert-amylphenol
p-tert-amylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510alkylbenzene
dehydrocholic acid
Dehydrocholic Acid: A semisynthetic bile acid made from cholic acid. It is used as a cholagogue, hydrocholeretic, diuretic, and as a diagnostic aid.. 3,7,12-trioxo-5beta-cholanic acid : An oxo-5beta-cholanic acid in which three oxo substituents are located at positions 3, 7 and 12 on the cholanic acid skeleton.		2.693012-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-5beta-steroid;
7-oxo steroid;
oxo-5beta-cholanic acid		gastrointestinal drug
taurocholic acid
Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.		6.09150amino sulfonic acid;
bile acid taurine conjugate		human metabolite
1,4-dihydroxyanthraquinone
1,4-dihydroxyanthraquinone: structure given in first source. quinizarin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone having the two hydroxy substituents at the 1- and 4-positions; formally derived from anthraquinone by replacement of two hydrogen atoms by hydroxy groups		3.110dihydroxyanthraquinonedye
pyridoxic acid
Pyridoxic Acid: The catabolic product of most of VITAMIN B 6; (PYRIDOXINE; PYRIDOXAL; and PYRIDOXAMINE) which is excreted in the urine.. 4-pyridoxic acid : A methylpyridine that is 2-methylpyridine substituted by a hydroxy group at C-3, a carboxy group at C-4, and a hydroxymethyl group at C-5. It is the catabolic product of vitamin B6 and is excreted in the urine.. 4-pyridoxate : A pyridoxate that is the conjugate base of 4-pyridoxic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.		2.610hydroxymethylpyridine;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
vitamin B6		human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite
cyclizine
Cyclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist given by mouth or parenterally for the control of postoperative and drug-induced vomiting and in motion sickness. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p935). cyclizine : An N-alkylpiperazine in which one nitrogen of the piperazine ring is substituted by a methyl group, while the other is substituted by a diphenylmethyl group.		4.3660N-alkylpiperazineantiemetic;
central nervous system depressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic
buclizine
buclizine : An N-alkylpiperazine carrying (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and 4-tert-butylbenzyl groups.		2.0410monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine		antiemetic;
central nervous system depressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
local anaesthetic
methylprednisolone
Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.		10.076766-methylprednisolone;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antiemetic;
environmental contaminant;
neuroprotective agent;
xenobiotic
lawsone
lawsone: a molluscacide from leaves of Lawsonia inermis L. topical sunscreening agent; structure; powdered leaves of Lawsonia inermis(Lythraceae) used as brown hair dye. lawsone : 1,4-Naphthoquinone carrying a hydroxy function at C-2. It is obtained from the leaves of Lawsonia inermis.		2.1510
rotenone
Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.		3.79110organic heteropentacyclic compound;
rotenones		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite;
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor;
phytogenic insecticide;
piscicide;
toxin
thiopropazate
thiopropazate: minor descriptor (66-72); major descriptor (73-85); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (66-85); Index Medicus search PHENOTHIAZINES (66-72); THIOPROPAZATE (73-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. thiopropazate : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazine has a chloro subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-acetoxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.		2.0410acetate ester;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
2,6-dihydroxyanthraquinone
2,6-dihydroxyanthraquinone: structure given in first source. anthraflavic acid : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene substituted by hydroxy groups at C-3 and C-7 and oxo groups at C-9 and C-10.		3.110dihydroxyanthraquinoneantimutagen;
plant metabolite
9,10-anthraquinone
9,10-anthraquinone : An anthraquinone that is anthracene in which positions 9 and 10 have been oxidised to carbonyls.		3.110anthraquinone
diethyl phthalate
diethyl phthalate: structure. diethyl phthalate : The diethyl ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.		2.4320diester;
ethyl ester;
phthalate ester		neurotoxin;
plasticiser;
teratogenic agent
diquat
Diquat: A contact herbicide used also to produce desiccation and defoliation. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). diquat : The organic cation formed formally by addition of an ethylene bridge between the nitrogen atoms of 2,2'-bipyridine. Most often available as the dibromide.		2.0510organic cationdefoliant;
herbicide
acetrizoic acid
Acetrizoic Acid: An iodinated radiographic contrast medium used as acetrizoate sodium in HYSTEROSALPINGOGRAPHY.		2.0410aminobenzoic acid
brompheniramine
Brompheniramine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in treatment of allergies, rhinitis, and urticaria.. brompheniramine : Pheniramine in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is substituted by bromine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, brompheniramine is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		4.7550organobromine compound;
pyridines		anti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
phensuximide
phensuximide: major descriptor (73-84); on-line search SUCCINIMIDES (73-84); Index Medicus search PHENSUXIMIDE (73-84); RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0710pyrrolidines
1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid
1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid : A naphthoic acid with the carboxy group at position 2 and carrying a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It is a xenobiotic metabolite produced by the biodegradation of phenanthrene by microorganisms.		1.9910hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
naphthoic acid;
naphthols		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
fungal xenobiotic metabolite
carbazole
carbazole: structure in first source		2.0510carbazole
dimethisoquin
[no description available]		2.0710isoquinolines
penicillin v
Penicillin V: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.. phenoxymethylpenicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(phenoxyacetyl)amino side-chain.		5.07130penicillin allergen;
penicillin
isosorbide dinitrate
Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.		16.794714glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
penicillanic acid
Penicillanic Acid: A building block of penicillin, devoid of significant antibacterial activity. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). penicillanic acid : A penam that consists of 3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane bearing a carboxy group at position 2 and having (2S,5R)-configuration.		2.1510penicillanic acids
2,6-dichlorophenol
2,6-dichlorophenol: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. 2,6-dichlorophenol : A dichlorophenol with the chloro substituents at positions 2 and 6.		2.0210dichlorophenol
hexachlorobutadiene
hexachlorobutadiene: a potent nephrotoxicant in rats; structure		2.4720organochlorine compound
xylitol
xylooligosaccharide: structure in first source. pentitol : An alditol obtained by reduction of any pentose.. xylooligosaccharide : An oligosaccharide comprised of xylose residues.		2.5220
2,4,6-trichlorophenol
[no description available]		2.0310trichlorophenolcarcinogenic agent
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone
N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source		3.71100pyrrolidin-2-ones
2-tert-butylphenol
[no description available]		2.0210alkylbenzene
2-isopropylphenol
2-isopropylphenol: structure given in first source. 2-isopropylphenol : A member of the class of phenols carrying an isopropyl group at position 2.		2.0210phenols
2-nitroaniline
[no description available]		2.4320
2-nitrophenol
nitrophenol : Any member of the class of phenols or substituted phenols carrying at least 1 nitro group.		2.43202-nitrophenols
5-methylsalicylic acid
[no description available]		1.9910
2,5-dichloronitrobenzene
[no description available]		2.0310
thymol
Thymol: A phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutical preparations, and as an antiseptic (antibacterial or antifungal) agent.. thymol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene.		9.2250monoterpenoid;
phenols		volatile oil component
1-naphthol
1-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 1.. hydroxynaphthalene : Any member of the class of naphthalenes that is naphthalene carrying one or more hydroxy groups.		3.8130naphtholgenotoxin;
human xenobiotic metabolite
2-aminodiphenyl
aminobiphenyl : Any member of the class of biphenyls in which the biphenyl skeleton is substituted by at least one amino group.		3.110
2-phenylphenol
2-phenylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. biphenyl-2-ol : A member of the class of hydroxybiphenyls that is biphenyl substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. It is generally used as a post-harvest fungicide for citrus fruits.		3.110hydroxybiphenylsantifungal agrochemical;
environmental food contaminant
pseudoephedrine
Pseudoephedrine: A phenethylamine that is an isomer of EPHEDRINE which has less central nervous system effects and usage is mainly for respiratory tract decongestion.. pseudoephedrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1S)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a methyl group.		4.4160phenylethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
central nervous system drug;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
diethylpropion
Diethylpropion: A appetite depressant considered to produce less central nervous system disturbance than most drugs in this therapeutic category. It is also considered to be among the safest for patients with hypertension. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2290). diethylpropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone in which one of the hydrogens alpha- to the carbonyl is substituted by a diethylamino group. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, it is an appetite depressant and is used as the hydrochloride as an anoretic in the short term management of obesity.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
tertiary amine		appetite depressant
quinoxalines
quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.		3.72100mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
naphthyridine;
ortho-fused heteroarene
quinoline
[no description available]		3.8130azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
quinolines
2-naphthylamine
2-Naphthylamine: A naphthalene derivative with carcinogenic action.. 2-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine carrying the amino group at position 2.		3.520naphthylaminecarcinogenic agent
diphenyl
diphenyl: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure		2.4320aromatic fungicide;
benzenes;
biphenyls		antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial food preservative
phenylpiperazine
phenylpiperazine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.110
4-biphenylamine
4-biphenylamine: used in detection of sulfates, & as a carcinogen in cancer research; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. biphenyl-4-amine : An aminobiphenyl that is biphenyl substituted by an amino group at position 4.		3.110aminobiphenylcarcinogenic agent
4-phenylphenol
4-phenylphenol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. biphenyl-4-ol : A member of the class of hydroxybiphenyls that is biphenyl carrying a hydroxy group at position 4.		3.5120hydroxybiphenyls
xanthenes
Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.		3.7530xanthene
phenothiazine
10H-phenothiazine : The 10H-tautomer of phenothiazine.		4.0640phenothiazineferroptosis inhibitor;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger
thianthrene
thianthrene: in its electron deficient state, effects formation of high-energy phosphate bonds in process of oxidative phosphorylation; structure. thianthrene : The organosulfur heterocyclic compound that is the parent compound of the thianthrenes, a tricyclic structure comprising two benzene rings fused to the b and e sides of 1,4-dithin.		2.0510mancude organic heterotricyclic parent;
organosulfur heterocyclic compound;
thianthrenes
benzidine
benzidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzidine : A member of the class of biphenyls that is 1,1'-biphenyl in which the hydrogen at the para-position of each phenyl group has been replaced by an amino group.		3.5220biphenyls;
substituted aniline		carcinogenic agent
4,4'-dihydroxybiphenyl
biphenyl-4,4'-diol : A member of the class of hydroxybiphenyls that is biphenyl with hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 4'.		3.110hydroxybiphenyls
2-naphthoic acid
2-naphthoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthoic acid : A naphthoic acid that is naphthalene carrying a carboxy group at position 2.		2.110naphthoic acidmouse metabolite;
xenobiotic metabolite
methyl benzoate
methyl benzoate : A benzoate ester obtained by condensation of benzoic acid and methanol.		2.4420benzoate ester;
methyl ester		insect attractant;
metabolite
mecoprop
mecoprop: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. 2-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)propanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is lactic acid in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chloro-2-methylphenyl group.. mecoprop : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mecoprop.		2.110aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes
fenoprop
fenoprop: RN given is for parent cpd; structure		2.0410monocarboxylic acidphenoxy herbicide
ethyl benzoate
ethyl benzoate : A benzoate ester obtained by condensation of benzoic acid and ethanol. It is a volatile oil component found in ripe kiwifruit, cranberry juice, and palm kernel oil.		2.0510benzoate ester;
ethyl ester		flavouring agent;
fragrance;
volatile oil component
diphenylcarboxylate
[no description available]		1.9810benzoate ester
synephrine
[no description available]		2.9840ethanolamines;
phenethylamine alkaloid;
phenols		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
plant metabolite
propylparaben
Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)		3.7730benzoate ester;
paraben;
phenols		antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent
butylparaben
[no description available]		2.0510organic molecular entity
benzoyl peroxide
Benzoyl Peroxide: A peroxide derivative that has been used topically for BURNS and as a dermatologic agent in the treatment of ACNE and POISON IVY DERMATITIS. It is used also as a bleach in the food industry.		2.0510carbonyl compound
nicotinic acid benzyl ester
nicotinic acid benzyl ester: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6344. benzyl nicotinate : A benzyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of nicotinic acid with benzyl alcohol. It has been used as a rubefacient.		2.0310benzyl estervasodilator agent
2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid
2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid: A powerful herbicide used as a selective weed killer.. (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is (4-chlorophenoxy)acetic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 2.		2.0410chlorophenoxyacetic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		environmental contaminant;
phenoxy herbicide;
synthetic auxin
benzothiophene
[no description available]		2.05101-benzothiophenes;
benzothiophene
benzothiazole
benzothiazole: structure. benzothiazole : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is a fusion product between benzene and thiazole. The parent of the class of benzothiazoles.		2.0510benzothiazolesenvironmental contaminant;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
2-chloroaniline
[no description available]		2.0310
2-toluidine
2-toluidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. o-toluidine : An aminotoluene in which the amino substituent is ortho to the methyl group.		2.0210aminotoluenecarcinogenic agent
2-bromophenol
bromophenol : A halophenol that is any phenol containing one or more covalently bonded bromine atoms.		2.7330bromophenolmarine metabolite
2-chlorophenol
chlorophenol : A halophenol that is any phenol containing one or more covalently bonded chlorine atoms.		2.43202-halophenol;
monochlorophenol
3,4-dimethylphenol
3,4-dimethylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3,4-xylenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 4.		2.4320phenols
2,5-xylenol
2,5-xylenol : A member of the class of phenols that phenol substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 5.		2.0210phenolsanimal metabolite;
volatile oil component
cyclopentanol
[no description available]		2.0510cyclopentanols
4-butyrolactone
4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		210butan-4-olidemetabolite;
neurotoxin
phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate
Phosphoribosyl Pyrophosphate: The key substance in the biosynthesis of histidine, tryptophan, and purine and pyrimidine nucleotides.. 5-phosphoribosyl diphosphate : A ribose diphosphate carrying an additional phosphate group at position 5.. 5-O-phosphono-alpha-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphate : A derivative of alpha-D-ribose having a phosphate group at the 5-position and a diphosphate at the 1-position.		2.38205-O-phosphono-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphateEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
furaldehyde
Furaldehyde: A heterocyclic compound consisting of a furan where the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a formyl group.. furfural : An aldehyde that is furan with the hydrogen at position 2 substituted by a formyl group.		2.520aldehyde;
furans		Maillard reaction product;
metabolite
butylphen
butylphen: irritant; structure. 4-tert-butylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol substituted with a tert-butyl group at position 4.		3.8130phenolsallergen
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid
Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.		2.04105-oxoproline;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		algal metabolite
acetophenone
acetophenone : A methyl ketone that is acetone in which one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.		2.4420acetophenonesanimal metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
nitrobenzene
nitrobenzene : A nitroarene consisting of benzene carrying a single nitro substituent. An industrial chemical used widely in the production of aniline.		2.4420nitroarene;
nitrobenzenes
3-nitroaniline
3-nitroaniline: used as a sole source of nitrogen , carbon and energy		2.4320
trehalose
alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.		2.4920trehaloseEscherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dicloran
2,6-dichloro-4-nitroaniline : A nitroaniline that is 4-nitroaniline in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 6 are replaced by chlorines. An agricultural fungicide, it is not approved for use in the European Union.		2.0410aromatic fungicide;
dichlorobenzene;
nitroaniline		antifungal agrochemical
3-dinitrobenzene
dinitrobenzene : Any member of the class of nitrobenzenes that consists of a benzene ring substituted by two nitro groups. A closed class.. 1,3-dinitrobenzene : A dinitrobenzene that is benzene disubstituted at positions 1 and 3 with nitro groups.		2.0510dinitrobenzeneneurotoxin
methylparaben
methylparaben: used as a preservative in cosmetics but potentiates UV-induced damage of skin; RN given refers to parent cpd. methylparaben : A 4-hydroxybenzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with methanol. It is the most frequently used antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics. It occurs naturally in several fruits, particularly in blueberries.		3.5220parabenantifungal agent;
antimicrobial food preservative;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
4-isopropylphenol
[no description available]		3.5220phenolsflavouring agent
4-hydroxyacetophenone
4-hydroxyacetophenone: promotes secretion of bile & bile salts, which promotes griseofulvin absorption in the duodenum. 4'-hydroxyacetophenone : A monohydroxyacetophenone carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 4'.		3.5220monohydroxyacetophenonefungal metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
4-chloronitrobenzene
[no description available]		2.0510C-nitro compound
4-nitroaniline
[no description available]		2.7330nitroanilinebacterial xenobiotic metabolite
4-anisic acid
4-methoxybenzoic acid: structure in first source. 4-methoxybenzoic acid : A methoxybenzoic acid substituted with a methoxy group at position C-4.		2.0210methoxybenzoic acidplant metabolite
ethylbenzene
[no description available]		2.0510alkylbenzene
styrene
Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics.. styrene : A vinylarene that is benzene carrying a vinyl group. It has been isolated from the benzoin resin produced by Styrax species.		2.0310styrenes;
vinylarene;
volatile organic compound		mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite
benzyl chloride
benzyl chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. chlorophenylmethane : A chlorohydrocarbon that is phenylmethane substituted by a chloro group at unspecified position.. benzyl chloride : A member of the class of benzyl chlorides that is toluene substituted on the alpha-carbon with chlorine.		2.0510benzyl chlorides
benzylamine
aminotoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more amino groups.		3.3120aralkylamine;
primary amine		allergen;
EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
benzonitrile
benzonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a phenyl group.		2.4420benzenes;
nitrile
nicotinyl alcohol
Nicotinyl Alcohol: Alcohol analog of NICOTINIC ACID which is a direct-acting peripheral vasodilator that causes flushing and may decrease blood pressure. It is used in vasospasm and threatened GANGRENE.. 3-pyridinemethanol : A member of the class of pyridines that is pyridine which is substituted by a hydroxymethyl group at position 3 .		2.3520aromatic primary alcohol;
pyridines		antilipemic drug;
vasodilator agent
methylaniline
methylaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd. methylaniline : A substituted aniline carrying one or more methyl groups at unspecified positions.		2.4420methylaniline;
phenylalkylamine;
secondary amine
phenylhydrazine
[no description available]		2.0410phenylhydrazinesxenobiotic
anisole
anisole : A monomethoxybenzene that is benzene substituted by a methoxy group.		2.7330monomethoxybenzeneplant metabolite
methylphenylsulfide
thioanisole : An aryl sulfide that is thiophenol in which the hydrogen of the thiol group has been replaced by a methyl group.		2.0210aryl sulfide;
benzenes
quinuclidines
Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group.		4.0631quinuclidines;
saturated organic heterobicyclic parent
cyclamic acid
Cyclamates: Salts and esters of cyclamic acid.. cyclohexylsulfamic acid : A member of the class of sulfamic acids that is sulfamic acid carrying an N-cyclohexyl substituent.		1.9510sulfamic acidsenvironmental contaminant;
human xenobiotic metabolite
dyrene
dyrene: structure. anilazine : A member of the class of triazenes that is dichlorotriazene in which the hydrogen is replaced by an o-chloroanilino group. A fungicide formerly used to control leaf spots and downy mildew, it is no longer approved for use within the European Union.		2.0410monochlorobenzenes;
organochlorine pesticide;
secondary amino compound;
triazines		antifungal agrochemical
pyridostigmine bromide
Pyridostigmine Bromide: A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than NEOSTIGMINE. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants.		3.1150pyridinium salt
4-benzylphenol
4-benzylphenol: metabolite of diphenylmethane; RN given refers to parent cpd		3.110
4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane
4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane : An aromatic amine that is diphenylmethane substituted at the 4-position of each benzene ring by an amino group.		2.4620aromatic amineallergen;
carcinogenic agent
tripropylamine
tripropylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd. tripropylamine : A tertiary amine that is ammonia in which each hydrogen atom is substituted by a propyl group.		2.0610tertiary amine
2-(dibutylamino)ethanol
2-(dibutylamino)ethanol: structure in first source		2.0610
boric acid
[no description available]		2.3920boric acidsastringent
monobenzone
monobenzone: structure. monobenzone : The monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone. It is used as a topical drug for medical depigmentation.		2.0810benzyl etherallergen;
dermatologic drug;
melanin synthesis inhibitor
phenylisothiocyanate
phenylisothiocyanate: structure. phenyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate having a phenyl group attached to the nitrogen; used for amino acid sequencing in the Edman degradation.		2.4620isothiocyanateallergen;
reagent
phenetole
phenetole : An aromatic ether in which the ether oxygen is bonded to an ethyl and a phenyl group.		2.0510aromatic ether
benzonatate
benzonatate: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1107. benzonatate : The ester obtained by formal condensation of 4-butylaminobenzoic acid with nonaethylene glycol monomethyl ether. Structurally related to procaine and benzocaine, it has an anaesthetic effect on the stretch sensors in the lungs, and is used as a non-narcotic cough suppressant.		3.8730benzoate ester;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		anaesthetic;
antitussive
2-ethylhexanol
[no description available]		3.110primary alcoholplant metabolite;
volatile oil component
betazole
Betazole: A histamine H2 agonist used clinically to test gastric secretory function.. betazole : Pyrazole in which a hydrogen adjacent to one of the nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-aminoethyl group. It is a histamine H2-receptor agonist used clinically to test gastric secretory function.		1.9510primary amino compound;
pyrazoles		diagnostic agent;
gastrointestinal drug;
histamine agonist
2,4-dimethylphenol
2,4-dimethylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,4-xylenol : A member of the class of phenols that phenol substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 4.		2.4320aromatic fungicide;
phenols		disinfectant;
volatile oil component
1,4-dibromobenzene
[no description available]		2.0510dibromobenzene
4-bromophenol
4-bromophenol : A bromophenol containing only hydroxy and bromo substituents that are para to one another.		2.9640bromophenolhuman urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
marine metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
persistent organic pollutant;
rat metabolite
4-xylene
p-xylene : A xylene with methyl groups at positions 1 and 4.		2.0510xylene
4-chloroaniline
4-chloroaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-chloroaniline : A chloroaniline in which the chloro atom is para to the aniline amino group.		2.4320chloroaniline;
monochlorobenzenes
4-toluidine
4-toluidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. p-toluidine : An aminotoluene in which the amino substituent is para to the methyl group.		2.0210aminotoluene
4-phenylenediamine
4-phenylenediamine: agent hair dye responsible for contact dermatitis; RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,4-phenylenediamine : A phenylenediamine in which the amino functions are at positions 1 and 4 of the benzene nucleus.		2.4820phenylenediamineallergen;
dye;
hapten;
reagent
acrolein
[no description available]		2.0410enalherbicide;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
toxin
2-bromoethylamine
[no description available]		3.2460
propylamine
propylamine : A member of the class of alkylamines that is propane substituted by an amino group at C-1.		2.0210alkylamines
allyl alcohol
allyl alcohol: structure. allylic alcohol : An alcohol where the hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon atom adjacent to a double bond (R groups may be H, organyl, etc.).. allyl alcohol : A propenol in which the C=C bond connects C-2 and C-3. It is has been found in garlic (Allium sativum). Formerly used as a herbicide for the control of various grass and weed seeds.		2.4620primary allylic alcohol;
propenol		antibacterial agent;
fungicide;
herbicide;
insecticide;
plant metabolite
isethionic acid
Isethionic Acid: A colorless, syrupy, strongly acidic liquid that can form detergents with oleic acid.. isethionic acid : An alkanesulfonic acid in which the sulfo group is directly linked to a 2-hydroxyethyl group.		1.9710alkanesulfonic acidhuman metabolite
2-pentanone
pentanone : Any ketone that is pentane substituted by an oxo group at unspecified position.		2.0210methyl ketone;
pentanone		plant metabolite
deanol
Deanol: An antidepressive agent that has also been used in the treatment of movement disorders. The mechanism of action is not well understood.. N,N-dimethylethanolamine : A tertiary amine that is ethanolamine having two N-methyl substituents.		2.4320ethanolamines;
tertiary amine		curing agent;
radical scavenger
isobutylmethylcarbinol
isobutylmethylcarbinol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0510
3-chloroaniline
3-chloroaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4320
3-chlorophenol
3-chlorophenol : A monochlorophenol carrying the chloro substituent at position 3.		2.4420monochlorophenol
3,5-xylenol
3,5-xylenol: RN given refers to 3,5-isomer. 3,5-xylenol : A member of the class of phenols that phenol substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 5.		2.0210phenolsxenobiotic metabolite
bromobenzene
[no description available]		3.5280bromoarene;
bromobenzenes;
volatile organic compound		hepatotoxic agent;
mouse metabolite;
non-polar solvent
chlorobenzene
[no description available]		2.0210monochlorobenzenessolvent
cyclohexanol
Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.		2.730cyclohexanols;
secondary alcohol		solvent
4-methylmorpholine
[no description available]		2.110
n-pentanoic acid
n-pentanoic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. valeric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid containing five carbon atoms.		2.0510short-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		plant metabolite
propyl acetate
propyl acetate: affects aggression without affecting motor activity; RN given refers to parent cpd. propyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of acetic acid with propanol.		2.0210acetate esterfragrance;
plant metabolite
pentane
Pentanes: Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. pentane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms.		2.7730alkane;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
n-butylamine
n-butylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. butan-1-amine : A primary aliphatic amine that is butane substituted by an amino group at position 1.		2.4620primary aliphatic amine
methyl cellosolve
methyl cellosolve: widely used industrial solvent for resins, lacquers, dyes & inks; may cause anemia macrocytosis, appearance of young granulocytes in blood; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510glycol etherprotic solvent;
solvent
diethylamine
[no description available]		2.0510secondary aliphatic amine
pyrroles
1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.		5.42110pyrrole;
secondary amine
tetrahydrofuran
oxolane : A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen.		2.0510cyclic ether;
oxolanes;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent;
volatile organic compound		polar aprotic solvent
furan
furan : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.		2.0510furans;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene		carcinogenic agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
Maillard reaction product
thiophenes
Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.		10.27100mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
thiophenes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
1,4-butanediol
butane-1,4-diol : A butanediol that is butane in which one hydrogen of each of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. A colourless, water-miscible, viscous liquid at room temperature (m.p. 16degreeC) with a high boiling point (230degreeC), it is mainly used for the production of other organic chemicals, particularly the solvent oxolane (also known as tetrahydrofuran or THF).		2.0510butanediol;
glycol		neurotoxin;
prodrug;
protic solvent
piperidine
[no description available]		2.4920azacycloalkane;
piperidines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent;
secondary amine		base;
catalyst;
human metabolite;
non-polar solvent;
plant metabolite;
protic solvent;
reagent
morpholine
[no description available]		2.4620morpholines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		NMR chemical shift reference compound
1-hexanol
1-hexanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. hexanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of six carbon atoms.. hexan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is hexane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.		2.4420hexanol;
primary alcohol		alarm pheromone;
antibacterial agent;
fragrance;
plant metabolite
1,5-pentanediol
[no description available]		2.0510primary alcohol
hexahydroazepine
hexahydroazepine: RN given refers to parent cpd. azepane : An azacycloalkane that is cycloheptane in which one of the carbon atoms is replaced by a nitrogen atom.		2.110azacycloalkane;
azepanes;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
heptanol
Heptanol: A colorless liquid with a fragrant odor. It is used as an intermediate, solvent and in cosmetics.. heptanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of seven carbon atoms.. heptan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is heptane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1. It has been isolated from Capillipedium parviflorum.		2.7130heptanol;
primary alcohol		flavouring agent;
fragrance;
gap junctional intercellular communication inhibitor;
plant metabolite
n-butoxyethanol
n-butoxyethanol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 2-butoxyethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a butoxy group. A high-boiling (171degreeC) colourless liquid, it is used as a solvent for paints and inks, as well as in some dry cleaning solutions.		2.0310glycol ether;
primary alcohol		protic solvent
tetraethylenepentamine
[no description available]		2.4320polyazaalkanecopper chelator
ergotamine
Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. ergotamine : A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10.		3.5990peptide ergot alkaloidalpha-adrenergic agonist;
mycotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
oxytocic;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
estradiol dipropionate
estradiol dipropionate: RN given refers to (17beta)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Chemline 7/83		2.4320steroid ester
methylergonovine
Methylergonovine: A homolog of ERGONOVINE containing one more CH2 group. (Merck Index, 11th ed)		3.6120ergoline alkaloid
imipramine hydrochloride
[no description available]		3.1550hydrochlorideantidepressant
neostigmine bromide
neostigmine bromide : The bromide salt of neostigmine.		3.360bromide salt
n(1)-acetylphenylhydrazine
[no description available]		1.9610
phenformin
Phenformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). phenformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of lactic acidosis.		4.8100biguanidesantineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent
2,2,2-trichloroethanol
[no description available]		3.110chloroethanolmouse metabolite
mephobarbital
Mephobarbital: A barbiturate that is metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL. It has been used for similar purposes, especially in EPILEPSY, but there is no evidence mephobarbital offers any advantage over PHENOBARBITAL.. mephobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		2.9740barbituratesanticonvulsant
paramethadione
paramethadione: structure		2.0410oxazolidinoneanticonvulsant
edrophonium chloride
edrophonium chloride : The chloride salt of edrophonium. A reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes), it is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals.		2.7430chloride salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		antidote;
diagnostic agent;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
anthrarufin
1,5-dihydroxyanthraquinone: used in ferric ion sensing as an inclusion complex with beta-cyclodextrin; structure in first source. anthrarufin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene-9,10-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 5.		3.110dihydroxyanthraquinone
hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene: An agricultural fungicide and seed treatment agent.. hexachlorobenzene : A member of the class of chlorobenzenes that is benzene in which all of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. An agricultural fungicide introduced in the mid-1940s and formerly used as a seed treatment, its use has been banned since 1984 under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.		2.0510aromatic fungicide;
chlorobenzenes		antifungal agrochemical;
carcinogenic agent;
persistent organic pollutant
chloranil
Chloranil: A quinone fungicide used for treatment of seeds and foliage.. tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquiones that is 1,4-benzoquinone in which all four hydrogens are substituted by chlorines.		2.04101,4-benzoquinones;
organochlorine compound		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
metabolite
2-toluic acid
2-toluic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. o-toluic acid : A methylbenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 2.		3.110methylbenzoic acidxenobiotic metabolite
trinitrotoluene
Trinitrotoluene: A 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, which is an explosive chemical that can cause skin irritation and other toxic consequences.. 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene : A trinitrotoluene having the nitro groups at positions 2, 4 and 6.		3.8230trinitrotolueneexplosive
framycetin
Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.		4.17170aminoglycosideallergen;
antibacterial drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite
isoquinoline
[no description available]		2.4320azaarene;
isoquinolines;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene
ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate
ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate: structure		3.8230ethyl ester;
paraben		antifungal agent;
antimicrobial food preservative;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite
2,4-dichlorophenol
2,4-dichlorophenol: RN given refers to unlabeled parent+ cpd; structure. 2,4-dichlorophenol : A dichlorophenol that is phenol carrying chloro substituents at positions 2 and 4.		2.0310dichlorophenol
n-methylpyrrolidine
N-methylpyrrolidine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.110
3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole
3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole : An aromatic ether that is 4-methoxyphenol in which one of the hydrogens ortho- to the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a tert-butyl group.		3.110aromatic ether;
phenols		antioxidant;
human xenobiotic metabolite
triethylamine
[no description available]		2.110tertiary amine
4-sulfanilic acid
4-sulfanilic acid: minor descriptor (75-82); online search SULFANILIC ACIDS; Index Medicus search BENZENESULFONATES. 4-aminobenzenesulfonic acid : An aminobenzenesulfonic acid that is aniline sulfonated at the para-position.		1.9710aminobenzenesulfonic acidallergen;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
3-nitrobenzoic acid
3-nitrobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4620
suramin sodium
suramin sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the hexasodium salt of suramin. It is an FDA approved drug for African sleeping sickness and river blindness.		2.4420organic sodium saltangiogenesis inhibitor;
antinematodal drug;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
GABA antagonist;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
purinergic receptor P2 antagonist;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
trypanocidal drug
pyrazolanthrone
pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.		2.9740anthrapyrazole;
aromatic ketone;
cyclic ketone		antineoplastic agent;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
geroprotector
pamoic acid
pamoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0810dicarboxylic acid
dimethyl phthalate
dimethyl phthalate: used as plasticizer in computer mouse; structure		2.0310diester;
methyl ester;
phthalate ester
di-n-pentyl phthalate
dipentyl phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the dipentyl ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.		2.4620diester;
phthalate ester		plasticiser
diatrizoate meglumine
Diatrizoate Meglumine: A versatile contrast medium used for DIAGNOSTIC X-RAY RADIOLOGY.. meglumine amidotrizoate : The N-methylglucamine salt of amidotrizoic acid. Both the sodium and the meglumine salts of amidotrizoic acid have been widely used as water-soluble radioopaque media in diagnostic radiography. The use of a mixture of the two salts is often preferred, as adverse effects can be reduced.		1.9810monocarboxylic acid anionradioopaque medium
meglumine
Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.		3.69100hexosamine;
secondary amino compound
cinchophen
cinchophen: was heading 1963-94; ACIPHENOCHINOLIUM was see CHINOPHEN 1978-94; use QUINOLINES to search CINCHOPHEN 1966-94		4.6880quinolines
captan
Captan: One of the phthalimide fungicides.. captan : A dicarboximide that is 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydrophthalimide in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a trichloromethyl group. A non-systemic fungicide introduced in the 1950s, it is widely used for the control of fungal diseases in fruits, vegetables, and ornamental crops.		2.1310isoindoles;
organochlorine compound;
organosulfur compound;
phthalimide fungicide		antifungal agrochemical
chloroprocaine
chloroprocaine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. chloroprocaine : Procaine in which one of the hydrogens ortho- to the carboxylic acid group is substituted by chlorine. It is used as its monohydrochloride salt as a local anaesthetic, particularly for oral surgery. It has the advantage over lidocaine of constricting blood vessels, so reducing bleeding.		2.4920benzoate ester;
monochlorobenzenes		central nervous system depressant;
local anaesthetic;
peripheral nervous system drug
iodohippuric acid
Iodohippuric Acid: An iodine-containing compound used in pyelography as a radiopaque medium. If labeled with radioiodine, it can be used for studies of renal function.. 2-iodohippuric acid : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-iodobenzoic acid with the amino group of glycine.		8.94423benzamides;
N-acylglycine;
organoiodine compound
indolebutyric acid
indolebutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. indole-3-butyric acid : A indol-3-yl carboxylic acid that is butanoic acid carrying a 1H-indol-3-yl substituent at position 1.		1.9610indol-3-yl carboxylic acidauxin;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
amiben
Amiben: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410chlorobenzoic acid
1-naphthylamine
1-Naphthylamine: A suspected industrial carcinogen (and listed as such by OSHA). Its N-hydroxy metabolite is strongly carcinogenic and mutagenic.. naphthylamine : A primary arylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at unspecified position.. 1-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at position 1.		3.110naphthylaminehuman xenobiotic metabolite
2-naphthol
2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.		4.0340naphtholantinematodal drug;
genotoxin;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
methapyrilene hydrochloride
methapyrilene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of methapyrilene.		2.4420hydrochlorideanti-allergic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative
phenazopyridine hydrochloride
phenazopyridine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining phenazopyridine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. A local anesthetic that has topical analgesic effect on mucosa lining of the urinary tract. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.		2.7730hydrochloridecarcinogenic agent;
local anaesthetic;
non-narcotic analgesic
tetrracaine hydrochloride
leocaine: a crystal beta-modification of the beta-dimethylaminoethyl ether of n-butylaminobenzoic acid hydrochloride		2.7430benzoate ester
2-methylbutanol
2-methylbutanol: fragrance; structure in first source. 2-methylbutan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is isopentane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.		2.0510alkyl alcohol;
primary alcohol		Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dextrothyroxine
Dextrothyroxine: The dextrorotary isomer of the synthetic THYROXINE.. D-thyroxine : The D-enantiomer of thyroxine.		1.9510D-tyrosine derivative;
thyroxine
shikimic acid
Shikimic Acid: A tri-hydroxy cyclohexene carboxylic acid important in biosynthesis of so many compounds that the shikimate pathway is named after it.. shikimic acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 4 and 5 (the 3R,4S,5R stereoisomer). It is an intermediate metabolite in plants and microorganisms.		3.110alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
cyclohexenecarboxylic acid;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chelidamic acid
[no description available]		2.0310
nitrilotriacetic acid
Nitrilotriacetic Acid: A derivative of acetic acid, N(CH2COOH)3. It is a complexing (sequestering) agent that forms stable complexes with Zn2+. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed.)		1.9710NTA;
tricarboxylic acid		carcinogenic agent;
nephrotoxic agent
p-cresyl acetate
[no description available]		2.0510benzoate ester;
phenols
monuron
monuron: minor descriptor (72-83); on-line & Index Medicus search UREA/AA (72-74) & HERBICIDES (72-74) & HERBICIDES UREA (75-83); RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. monuron : A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a p-chlorophenyl group while the other is substituted by two methyl groups.		2.04103-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea;
monochlorobenzenes		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
sterogenol
hexadecylpyridinium bromide: structure in first source. cetylpyridinium bromide : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and bromide as the anion.		2.0510bromide salt;
pyridinium salt		antiseptic drug;
EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor;
surfactant
citronellol
citronellol: alcohol form of citronellal; found in rose oil; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. citronellol : A monoterpenoid that is oct-6-ene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 3 and 7.. insect repellent : An insecticide that acts as a repellent to insects.		3.110monoterpenoidplant metabolite
ethyl acetate
ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.		2.0210acetate ester;
ethyl ester;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor;
metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hexanoic acid
hexanoic acid : A C6, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.		3.5120medium-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		human metabolite;
plant metabolite
iminodiacetic acid
iminodiacetic acid: used as hepatobiliary imaging agent when labeled with Tc; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. iminodiacetic acid : An amino dicarboxylic acid that is glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a carboxymethyl group.		2.0410amino dicarboxylic acid;
glycine derivative;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid		chelator
sodium cyanide
Sodium Cyanide: A highly poisonous compound that is an inhibitor of many metabolic processes and is used as a test reagent for the function of chemoreceptors. It is also used in many industrial processes.. sodium cyanide : A cyanide salt containing equal numbers of sodium cations and cyanide anions.		2.3720cyanide salt;
one-carbon compound;
sodium salt		EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor
anileridine
anileridine: minor descriptor (64-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search ISONIPECOTIC ACIDS (68-86); RN given refers to parent cpd. anileridine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of isonipecotic acid in which the hydrogen alpha- to the carboxyl group is substituted by a phenyl group, and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl group.		2.0410ethyl ester;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
substituted aniline		opioid analgesic;
opioid receptor agonist
pregnenolone
[no description available]		4.336020-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
C21-steroid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
yohimbine
Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.		3.69100methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylatealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
3-o-methylglucose
3-O-Methylglucose: A non-metabolizable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase. 3-O-Methylglucose is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems. (J Neurochem 1993;60(4):1498-504). 3-O-methyl-D-glucose : A D-aldohexose that is D-glucose in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group at position 3 has been substituted by a methyl group. It is a non-metabolisable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase and is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems.		3.0850D-aldohexose derivative
2-chloroadenosine
5-chloroformycin A: structure given in first source		2.4420purine nucleoside
diphenhydramine hydrochloride
Antitussive Agents: Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.. diphenhydramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenhydramine.		3.3970hydrochloride;
organoammonium salt		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
sedative
nafcillin
Nafcillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic related to penicillin.. nafcillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2-ethoxy-1-naphthoyl)amino group.		4.3660penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
ditiocarb
Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.		3.8230dithiocarbamic acidschelator;
copper chelator
3-hydroxyanisole
3-hydroxyanisole: structure in first source. 3-methoxyphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol having a methoxy-substituent at the 3-position.		2.4420monomethoxybenzene;
phenols
mequinol
mequinol: depigmenting agent; RN given refers to parent cpd		4.0440methoxybenzenes;
phenols		metabolite
potassium cyanide
[no description available]		3.2660cyanide salt;
one-carbon compound;
potassium salt		EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor;
EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor;
neurotoxin
aziridine
[no description available]		2.110azacycloalkane;
aziridines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		alkylating agent
methohexital
Methohexital: An intravenous anesthetic with a short duration of action that may be used for induction of anesthesia.. methohexital : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by allyl and 1-methylpent-2-ynyl groups.		3.8430acetylenic compound;
barbiturates		drug allergen;
intravenous anaesthetic
quinestrol
Quinestrol: The 3-cyclopentyl ether of ETHINYL ESTRADIOL. After gastrointestinal absorption, it is stored in ADIPOSE TISSUE, slowly released, and metabolized principally to the parent compound. It has been used in ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1011)		2.051017-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
sulfalene
Sulfalene: Long-acting plasma-bound sulfonamide used for respiratory and urinary tract infections and also for malaria.		7.420pyrazines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide
cycloguanil
cycloguanil: the active metabolite of proguanil; antifolate drug; structure in first source. cycloguanil : A triazine in which a 1,6-dihydro-1,3,5-triazine ring is substituted at N-1 by a 4-chlorophenyl group, at C-2 and -4 by amino groups and at C-6 by gem-dimethyl groups. A dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, it is a metabolite of the antimalarial drug proguanil.		2.0510triazinesantifolate;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
dydrogesterone
[no description available]		2.051020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid		progestin
catechin
Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.		4.0940catechinantioxidant;
plant metabolite
tripelennamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620
thiamine pyrophosphate
Thiamine Pyrophosphate: The coenzyme form of Vitamin B1 present in many animal tissues. It is a required intermediate in the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX and the KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX.. thiamine(1+) diphosphate chloride : An organic chloride salt of thiamine(1+) diphosphate.		6.1751organic chloride salt;
vitamin B1
phenetidine
Phenetidine: Used in the manufacture of acetophenetidin.. 4-ethoxyaniline : An aromatic ether that is aniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 is replaced by an ethoxy group. It is a hydrolysis metabolite of phenacetin.		3.5220aromatic ether;
primary amino compound;
substituted aniline		drug metabolite
cysteamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
diazooxonorleucine
Diazooxonorleucine: An amino acid that inhibits phosphate-activated glutaminase and interferes with glutamine metabolism. It is an antineoplastic antibiotic produced by an unidentified species of Streptomyces from Peruvian soil. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-norleucine which is substituted at position 5 by an oxo group and at position 6 by a diazo group. It is as inhibitor of various glutamine-utilising enzymes.		2.0410amino acid zwitterion;
diazo compound;
ketone;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		analgesic;
antibacterial agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.4.2.14 (amidophosphoribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.2 (glutaminase) inhibitor;
EC 6.3.4.2 [CTP synthase (glutamine hydrolyzing)] inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.1 [NAD(+) synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.2 [GMP synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.3 (phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase) inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.4 [asparagine synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.5 [carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
glutamine antagonist
phenanthridine
phenanthridine : An azaarene that is the 9-aza derivative of phenanthrene. The parent of the class of phenanthridines.		2.0510azaarene;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent;
phenanthridines;
polycyclic heteroarene
quinazolines
Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.		6.15182azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
quinazolines
acridines
Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.		2.0510acridines;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent;
polycyclic heteroarene		genotoxin
indazoles
Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.		2.6930indazole
1,3-benzodioxole
1,3-benzodioxole : A benzodioxole consisting of a benzene ring substituted by a the methylenedioxy group.		3.5110benzodioxole
adamantane
Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.		2.9140adamantanes;
polycyclic alkane
cyclopentane
Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.		3.7621cycloalkane;
cyclopentanes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
isoxazoles
Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.		2.9540isoxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles
Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.		2.93401,3-oxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles
[no description available]		8.782671,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines
Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.		7.79356diazine;
pyrazines		Daphnia magna metabolite
ethynodiol diacetate
Ethynodiol Diacetate: A synthetic progestational hormone used alone or in combination with estrogens as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).		2.7630steroid ester;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
estrogen receptor modulator;
synthetic oral contraceptive
propantheline bromide
[no description available]		3.1450xanthenes
calcium gluconate
[no description available]		5.31100calcium saltnutraceutical
ephedrine
Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.		6.73101phenethylamine alkaloid;
phenylethanolamines		bacterial metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
muscarine
Muscarine: A toxic alkaloid found in Amanita muscaria (fly fungus) and other fungi of the Inocybe species. It is the first parasympathomimetic substance ever studied and causes profound parasympathetic activation that may end in convulsions and death. The specific antidote is atropine.		1.9710monosaccharide
hydrazine
diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.		4.86110azane;
hydrazines		EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
thiocyanate
thiocyanate: RN given refers to parent cpd. thiocyanate : A pseudohalide anion obtained by deprotonation of the thiol group of thiocyanic acid.		2.3820pseudohalide anion;
sulfur molecular entity		human metabolite
chlormadinone acetate
Chlormadinone Acetate: An orally active synthetic progestational hormone used often in combinations as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).		2.4520corticosteroid hormone
pirinitramide
Pirinitramide: A diphenylpropylamine with intense narcotic analgesic activity of long duration. It is a derivative of MEPERIDINE with similar activity and usage.		2.4520nitrile
methylpentynol carbamate
[no description available]		2.0410
mechlorethamine n-oxide
[no description available]		2.0410nitrogen mustard
edrophonium bromide
[no description available]		2.4620
norchlorcyclizine
norchlorcyclizine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4520
hydralazine hydrochloride
hydralazine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of hydralazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.		2.0310hydrochlorideantihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid
[no description available]		2.0510
ethamivan
ethamivan: minor descriptor (65-72); major descriptor (73-86); on-line search BENZAMIDES (66-86); INDEX MEDICUS search BENZAMIDES (65-72); ETHAMIVAN (73-86). etamivan : Phenol substituted at C-2 and C-4 by a methoxy group and an N,N-diethylaminocarbonyl group respectively. A respiratory stimulant drug related to nikethamide, it has now fallen largely into disuse.		2.0310methoxybenzenes;
phenols
pargyline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
hemicholinium 3
Hemicholinium 3: A potent inhibitor of the high affinity uptake system for CHOLINE. It has less effect on the low affinity uptake system. Since choline is one of the components of ACETYLCHOLINE, treatment with hemicholinium can deplete acetylcholine from cholinergic terminals. Hemicholinium 3 is commonly used as a research tool in animal and in vitro experiments.		1.9710
estradiol 17 beta-cypionate
[no description available]		2.0210steroid ester
evans blue
Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.		2.4520organic sodium saltfluorochrome;
histological dye;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
bromacil
bromacil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bromacil : A racemate consisting of equimolar concentrations of (R)- and (S)-bromacil.. 5-bromo-3-(butan-2-yl)-6-methylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione : A pyrimidone that is pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione substituted by a bromo group at position 5, a butan-2-yl group at position 3 and a methyl group at position 6.		2.0610organobromine compound;
pyrimidone
monocrotaline
Monocrotaline: A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment.		2.4620pyrrolizidine alkaloid
testosterone enanthate
[no description available]		2.4420heptanoate ester;
sterol ester		androgen
opipramol
Opipramol: A tricyclic antidepressant with actions similar to AMITRIPTYLINE.		2.0410dibenzoazepine
dibenzepin
dibenzepin: was heading 1975-94 (see under DIBENZAZEPINES 1975-90); use DIBENZAZEPINES to search DIBENZEPIN 1975-94; tricyclic antidepressant similar in action to imipramine		2.110dibenzodiazepine
aminophylline
Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.		10.95557mixturebronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug
azacitidine
Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.		5.05120N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent
5-chlorosalicylic acid
5-chlorosalicylic acid: major metabolite of meseclazone; RN given refers to parent cpd. 5-chlorosalicylic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (salicylic acid) in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by chlorine.		2.0210chlorobenzoic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
monohydroxybenzoic acid
phenyramidol
phenyramidol: considered as a drug that possibly causes hepatotoxicity		2.0510aminopyridine
6-aminonicotinamide
6-Aminonicotinamide: A vitamin antagonist which has teratogenic effects.. 6-aminonicotinamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-aminonicotinic acid with ammonia. An inhibitor of the NADP(+)-dependent enzyme, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, it interferes with glycolysis, resulting in ATP depletion and synergizes with DNA-crosslinking chemotherapy drugs, such as cisplatin, in killing cancer cells.		1.9610aminopyridine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
primary amino compound		antimetabolite;
EC 1.1.1.44 (NADP(+)-dependent decarboxylating phosphogluconate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
teratogenic agent
linuron
Linuron: A selective pre- and post-emergence herbicide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). linuron : A member of the class of phenylureas that is N-methyl urea substituted by a methoxy group at position 1 and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group at position 3.		2.4620dichlorobenzene;
phenylureas		agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
tetrapropylammonium
tetrapropylammonium: more than 12 salts of above cpd in Chemline. tetrapropylammonium : A quarternary ammonium cation with four propyl substituents around the central nitrogen.		2.0110quaternary ammonium ion
carbutamide
Carbutamide: A sulfonylurea antidiabetic agent with similar actions and uses to CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277)		4.6361benzenes;
sulfonamide
glymidine
glymidine: was MH 1975-92 (see under SULFONAMIDES 1975-90); GLIDIAZINE & GLYCODIAZINE were see GLYMIDINE 1975-92; use SULFONAMIDES to search GLYMIDINE 1975-92; a sulfonamide hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion. glymidine : A sulfonamide that is N-(pyrimidin-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide which is substituted at position 5 of the pyrimidine ring by a 2-methoxyethoxy group. It is a hypoglycemic drug used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.		2.0410diether;
pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		hypoglycemic agent
orphenadrine hydrochloride
orphenadrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride comprising equimolar amounts of ophenadrine and hydrogen chloride.		2.4420hydrochlorideantiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
parasympatholytic
pseudoephedrine hydrochloride
pseudoephedrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of pseudoephedrine.		2.4620hydrochlorideplant metabolite
fluocinonide
Fluocinonide: A topical glucocorticoid used in the treatment of ECZEMA.		2.0310organic molecular entity
galantamine
Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.		4.4260benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent;
benzazepine alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antidote to curare poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
nandrolone decanoate
Nandrolone Decanoate: Decanoic acid ester of nandrolone that is used as an anabolic agent to prevent or treat WASTING SYNDROME associated with severe chronic illness or HIV infection (HIV WASTING SYNDROME). It may also be used in the treatment of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		3.8230steroid ester
methysergide
Methysergide: An ergot derivative that is a congener of LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE. It antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids. Methysergide is used prophylactically in migraine and other vascular headaches and to antagonize serotonin in the carcinoid syndrome.. methysergide : A synthetic ergot alkaloid, structurally related to the oxytocic agent methylergonovine and to the potent hallucinogen LSD and used prophylactically to reduce the frequency and intensity of severe vascular headaches.		3.580ergoline alkaloid
bucladesine
[no description available]		2.05103',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
butanamides;
butyrate ester		agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
vasodilator agent
procarbazine hydrochloride
procarbazine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining procarbazine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.		2.7630hydrochlorideantineoplastic agent
N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-1-[4-[[(2-chlorophenyl)methylamino]methyl]cyclohexyl]methanamine
[no description available]		2.4520aromatic amine
4-fluorophenol
4-fluorophenol: structure given in first source. 4-fluorophenol : A fluorophenol that is phenol in which the hydrogen para- to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a fluorine.		2.0510fluorophenol;
monofluorobenzenes
3-fluorophenol
3-fluorophenol: structure in first source		2.4420
citrulline
citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.		2.7330amino acid zwitterion;
citrulline		Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
protective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
trifluoroethylamine
trifluoroethylamine: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified fluorine locants		2.110
betamethasone
Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)		10.6324011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
4-hydroxyphenobarbital
[no description available]		3.110barbiturates
prenylamine
Prenylamine: A drug formerly used in the treatment of angina pectoris but superseded by less hazardous drugs. Prenylamine depletes myocardial catecholamine stores and has some calcium channel blocking activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1406)		3.0750diarylmethane
benzenaminium, 4,4'-(3-oxo-1,5-pentanediyl)bis(n,n-dimethyl-n-2-propenyl-), dibromide
Benzenaminium, 4,4'-(3-oxo-1,5-pentanediyl)bis(N,N-dimethyl-N-2-propenyl-), Dibromide: Proposed cholinesterase inhibitor.		2.4420
perflubron
perflubron: potential anti-obesity compound; reduces food adsorption; 8-carbon perfluorocarbon radiopaque compound; an oral contrast agent for use with MRI to enhance delineation of the bowel distinguishing it from adjacent organs. perflubron : A haloalkane that is perfluorooctane in which a fluorine attached to one of the terminal carbons has been replaced by a bromine.		2.4120haloalkane;
organobromine compound;
perfluorinated compound		blood substitute;
radioopaque medium
fluorometholone
Fluorometholone: A glucocorticoid employed, usually as eye drops, in the treatment of allergic and inflammatory conditions of the eye. It has also been used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732). fluorometholone : A member of the class of glucocorticoids that is Delta(1)-progesterone substituted at positions 11beta and 17 by hydroxy groups, at position 6alpha by a methyl group and at position 9 by a fluoro group. Used for the treatment of corticosteroid-responsive inflammation of the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva, cornea and anterior segment of the globe.		2.071011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug
cyproterone acetate
[no description available]		3.36020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
chlorinated steroid;
steroid ester		androgen antagonist;
geroprotector;
progestin
lithocholic acid
Lithocholic Acid: A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.. lithocholic acid : A monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid with a alpha-hydroxy substituent at position 3. It is a bile acid obtained from chenodeoxycholic acid by bacterial action.. lithocholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of lithocholic acid.		3.8230bile acid;
C24-steroid;
monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
nandrolone
Nandrolone: C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.. nandrolone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is estr-4-en-3-one substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 17.		2.944017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid		human metabolite
thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid
thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid: active against thimerosal intoxication; acts on cell membranes of tumor cells causing reverse transformation to normal cells; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
sulfur-containing amino acid;
thiazolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antidote;
antioxidant;
hepatoprotective agent
2-aminopurine
2-Aminopurine: A purine that is an isomer of ADENINE (6-aminopurine).. aminopurine : Any purine having at least one amino substituent.. 2-aminopurine : The parent compound of the 2-aminopurines, comprising a purine core carrying an amino substituent at the 2-position.		2.03102-aminopurines;
nucleobase analogue		antimetabolite
ethylamphetamine
ethylamphetamine: RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; see also record for d-N-ethylamphetamine		1.9610amphetamines
2-fluoroethylamine
2-fluoroethylamine: structure in first source		2.110
hydantoins
Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.		2.0410imidazolidine-2,4-dione
chlorphentermine
Chlorphentermine: A sympathomimetic agent that was formerly used as an anorectic. It has properties similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been implicated in lipid storage disorders and pulmonary hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1223)		2.4520amphetamines
fluorobenzenes
Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.		2.4420monofluorobenzenesNMR chemical shift reference compound
n-pentyl nitrite
Amyl Nitrite: A vasodilator that is administered by inhalation. It is also used recreationally due to its supposed ability to induce euphoria and act as an aphrodisiac.. n-pentyl nitrite : A nitrite ester having n-pentyl as the alkyl group.		1.9510nitrite estersvasodilator agent
3,3-dimethyl-2-butanol
[no description available]		2.0510
dextropropoxyphene
Dextropropoxyphene: A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.. propoxyphene : A racemate of the (1R,2R)- and (1S,2R)- diastereoisomers.. dextropropoxyphene : The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene.		5.24901-benzyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl propanoatemu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
ketobemidone
ketobemidone: structure		2.0410piperidines
methylguanidine
Methylguanidine: A product of putrefaction. Poisonous.. methylguanidine : A guanidine in which one of the amino hydrogens of guanidine itself is substituted by a methyl group.		7.0410guanidinesEC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
uremic toxin
limestone
Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.		3.4170calcium salt;
carbonate salt;
inorganic calcium salt;
one-carbon compound		antacid;
fertilizer;
food colouring;
food firming agent
glycyrrhetinic acid
[no description available]		2.7530cyclic terpene ketone;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		immunomodulator;
plant metabolite
chenodeoxycholic acid
Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		5.42110bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
glycocholic acid
Glycocholic Acid: The glycine conjugate of CHOLIC ACID. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed.. glycocholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate having cholic acid as the bile acid component.. glycocholate : A cholanic acid conjugate anion that is the conjugate base of glycocholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		3.5930bile acid glycine conjugatehuman metabolite
rhein
[no description available]		2.0310dihydroxyanthraquinone
lucanthone
Lucanthone: One of the SCHISTOSOMICIDES, it has been replaced largely by HYCANTHONE and more recently PRAZIQUANTEL. (From Martindale The Extrapharmacopoeia, 30th ed., p46). lucanthone : A thioxanthen-9-one compound having a methyl substituent at the 1-position and a 2-[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino substituent at the 4-position. Formerly used for the treatment of schistosomiasis. It is a prodrug, being metabolised to hycanthone.		2.0410thioxanthenesadjuvant;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
mutagen;
photosensitizing agent;
prodrug;
schistosomicide drug
dichloralantipyrine
dichloralantipyrine: 1:2 compound of antipyrine with chloral hydrate		2.0410
epitestosterone
Epitestosterone: The 17-alpha isomer of TESTOSTERONE, derived from PREGNENOLONE via the delta5-steroid pathway, and via 5-androstene-3-beta,17-alpha-diol. Epitestosterone acts as an antiandrogen in various target tissues. The ratio between testosterone/epitestosterone is used to monitor anabolic drug abuse.. epitestosterone : An androstanoid that is the C-17 epimer of testosterone.		3.11017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
androstanoid		androgen antagonist;
human metabolite
plumbagin
plumbagin: a superoxide anion generator. plumbagin : A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are substituted by methyl and hydroxy groups, respectively.		2.0410hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone;
phenols		anticoagulant;
antineoplastic agent;
immunological adjuvant;
metabolite
chrysophanic acid
chrysophanic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #2260. chrysophanol : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is chrysazin with a methyl substituent at C-3. It has been isolated from Aloe vera and exhibits antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity.		3.110dihydroxyanthraquinoneanti-inflammatory agent;
antiviral agent;
plant metabolite
emetine
Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.		3.6390isoquinoline alkaloid;
pyridoisoquinoline		antiamoebic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antiviral agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
emetic;
expectorant;
plant metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
dihydralazine
Dihydralazine: 1,4-Dihydrazinophthalazine. An antihypertensive agent with actions and uses similar to those of HYDRALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p354)		9.25244phthalazines
bicuculline
Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.		4.94370benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines		agrochemical;
central nervous system stimulant;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
GABAA receptor antagonist;
neurotoxin
kainic acid
Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.		2.9340dicarboxylic acid;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid		antinematodal drug;
excitatory amino acid agonist
pamaquine
pamaquine: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410aminoquinoline
phenylpropanolamine
Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.. phenylpropanolamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group. A decongestant and appetite suppressant, it is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.. (-)-norephedrine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a plant alkaloid.		3.4920amphetamines;
phenethylamine alkaloid		plant metabolite
benzohydroxamic acid
[no description available]		2.0510
sodium carbonate
sodium carbonate: used topically for dermatitides, mouthwash, vaginal douche; veterinary use as emergency emetic; RN given refers to carbonic acid, di-Na salt; structure		7.864carbonate salt;
organic sodium salt
arecaidine
[no description available]		2.110citraconoyl group
carvacrol
carvacrol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene. An inhibitor of bacterial growth, it is used as a food additive. Potent activator of the human ion channels transient receptor potential V3 (TRPV3) and A1 (TRPA1).		3.110botanical anti-fungal agent;
p-menthane monoterpenoid;
phenols		agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
flavouring agent;
TRPA1 channel agonist;
volatile oil component
phloroglucinol dimethyl ether
phloroglucinol dimethyl ether: structure		2.0510methoxybenzenes;
phenols
caprolactone
hexano-6-lactone : A epsilon-lactone that is oxepane substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		2.0310epsilon-lactone
4-hydroxybutyric acid
4-hydroxybutyric acid: was an entry term to Sodium Oxybate (74-98). 4-hydroxybutyric acid : A 4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.23104-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxybutyric acid		general anaesthetic;
GHB receptor agonist;
neurotoxin;
sedative
azetidine
[no description available]		2.110azacycloalkane;
azetidines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
alpha-aminopyridine
alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.		4.0631
1,3-propanediol
propane-1,3-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,3-diols, consisting of propane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by a hydroxy group. A colourless, viscous, water-miscible liquid with a high (210degreeC) boiling point, it is used in the synthesis of certain polymers and as a solvent and antifreeze.		2.0510propane-1,3-diolsmetabolite;
protic solvent
thiazolidines
Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.		5.0352thiazolidine
mustard gas
Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed).. bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide : An ethyl sulfide that is diethyl sulfide in which a hydrogen from each of the terminal methyl groups is replaced by a chlorine. It is a powerful vesicant regulated under the Chemical Weapons Convention.		8.8321ethyl sulfide;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
vesicant
oleanolic acid
[no description available]		2.0310hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		plant metabolite
heptabarbital
heptabarbital: was heading 1976-94 (see under BARBITURATES 1976-90); HEPTABARBITONE was see HEPTABARBITAL 1976-94; use BARBITURATES to search HEPTABARBITAL 1976-94; intermediate or short term barbiturate used mainly for sedation and hypnosis		2.0410barbiturates
dihydroergotamine
Dihydroergotamine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. dihydroergotamine : Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.		4.570ergot alkaloid;
semisynthetic derivative		dopamine agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic;
serotonergic agonist;
sympatholytic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
methallenestril
methallenestril: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410naphthalenes
podophyllotoxin
Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.		4.7870furonaphthodioxole;
lignan;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
noramidopyrine
noramidopyrine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-(methylamino)antipyrine : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methylamino group. It is a metabolite of aminopyrine and of metamizole.		1.9610pyrazoles;
secondary amino compound		antipyretic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
opioid analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
hesperidin
Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.		7.7303'-hydroxyflavanones;
4'-methoxyflavanones;
dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
flavanone glycoside;
monomethoxyflavanone;
rutinoside		mutagen
medroxyprogesterone
[no description available]		4.255017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
androstenediol
Androstenediol: An intermediate in TESTOSTERONE biosynthesis, found in the TESTIS or the ADRENAL GLANDS. Androstenediol, derived from DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE by the reduction of the 17-keto group (17-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES), is converted to TESTOSTERONE by the oxidation of the 3-beta hydroxyl group to a 3-keto group (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES).. androst-5-ene-3beta,17beta-diol : A 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid that is 3beta-hydroxyandrost-5-ene carrying an additional hydroxy group at position 17beta.		3.522017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid		androgen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radiation protective agent
dihydrotestosterone
Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.		3.984017beta-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one;
3-oxo-5alpha-steroid		androgen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
tetrahydrozoline hydrochloride
tetrahydrozoline hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of tetryzoline. It is used as a nasal decongestant.		2.4420hydrochloridenasal decongestant;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
dequalinium chloride
dequalinium chloride : An organic chloride salt that is the dichloride salt of dequalinium.		2.4420organic chloride saltantifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiseptic drug;
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
dimenhydrinate
gravinol: has antioxidant and ant-inflammatory activities; structure in first source		3.8830diarylmethane
tryptophol
tryptophol : An indolyl alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a 1H-indol-3-yl group at position 2.		2.0310indolyl alcoholauxin;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
gluconic acid
gluconic acid: zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted. ketogluconic acid : A gluconic acid that contains a ketonic carbonyl group.. D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid having D-configuration.		3.6190gluconic acidchelator;
Penicillium metabolite
copper gluconate
Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.		4.32200organic molecular entity
thiophene-2-carboxylate
thiophene-2-carboxylic acid : A thiophenecarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position 2.		1.9610thiophenecarboxylic acid
azomycin
azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure		2.4320C-nitro compound;
imidazoles		antitubercular agent
apronalide
apronalide: structure		2.0410N-acylurea
4-(benzoylamino)-2-hydroxybenzoic acid
4-(benzoylamino)-2-hydroxybenzoic acid: Bepask is calcium salt		2.0710benzamides
1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthalenol
1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthalenol: structure in first source		3.110
thiamine monophosphate
Thiamine Monophosphate: Thiamine dihydrogen phosphate ester. The monophosphate ester of thiamine. Synonyms: monophosphothiamine; vitamin B1 monophosphate.. thiamine(1+) monophosphate chloride : An organic chloride salt of thiamine(1+) monophosphate.		210organic chloride salt;
vitamin B1
chlormethiazole
Chlormethiazole: A sedative and anticonvulsant often used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Chlormethiazole has also been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic activity is not entirely clear, but it does potentiate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors response and it may also affect glycine receptors.		3.4880thiazoles
4,6-dinitro-o-cresol
4,6-dinitro-o-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol : A hydroxytoluene that is o-cresol carrying nitro substituents at positions 4 and 6.		2.0410dinitrophenol acaricide;
hydroxytoluene;
nitrotoluene		dinitrophenol insecticide;
fungicide;
herbicide
methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol
Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol: Synthesized from endogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine in vivo. It is found in brain, blood, CSF, and urine, where its concentrations are used to measure catecholamine turnover.		2.0210methoxybenzenes;
phenols
phenylacetylene
phenylacetylene: can polymerize into DENDRIMERS		2.0510benzenes
methamphetamine
Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.		4.5570amphetamines;
secondary amine		central nervous system stimulant;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
psychotropic drug;
xenobiotic
4-iodophenol
[no description available]		3.8230iodophenol
levocarnitine
(R)-carnitine : The (R)-enantiomer of carnitine.		4.0740carnitineantilipemic drug;
nootropic agent;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
water-soluble vitamin (role)
decamethonium dibromide
[no description available]		2.7330
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		3.73100dialdehydebiomarker
cadmium acetate
cadmium acetate: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9710
myristic acid
Myristic Acid: A saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occurring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils. It is used to synthesize flavor and as an ingredient in soaps and cosmetics. (From Dorland, 28th ed). tetradecanoic acid : A straight-chain, fourteen-carbon, long-chain saturated fatty acid mostly found in milk fat.. tetradecanoate : A long-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of myristic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		8.8230long-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite
magnesium carbonate
magnesium carbonate: RN given refers to parent cpd (1:1). magnesium carbonate : A magnesium salt with formula CMgO3. Its hydrated forms, particularly the di-, tri-, and tetrahydrates occur as minerals.		2.0410carbonate salt;
magnesium salt;
one-carbon compound;
organic magnesium salt		antacid;
fertilizer
sulfanilylurea
sulfanilylurea: antimicrobial agent; structure		3.5920benzenes;
sulfonamide
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid
Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.		1.9710arenesulfonic acid;
C-nitro compound		epitope;
explosive;
reagent
eosine yellowish-(ys)
Eosine Yellowish-(YS): A versatile red dye used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc., and as tissue stain, vital stain, and counterstain with HEMATOXYLIN. It is also used in special culture media.. eosin YS dye : An organic sodium salt that is 2',4',5',7'-tetrabromofluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.		210organic sodium salt;
organobromine compound		fluorochrome;
histological dye
gentian violet
Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.		2.0510organic chloride saltanthelminthic drug;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antiseptic drug;
histological dye
thiphenamil
thiphenamil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.4120diarylmethane
amitriptyline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.9640organic tricyclic compound
naphazoline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420organic molecular entity
1-naphthylisothiocyanate
1-Naphthylisothiocyanate: A tool for the study of liver damage which causes bile stasis and hyperbilirubinemia acutely and bile duct hyperplasia and biliary cirrhosis chronically, with changes in hepatocyte function. It may cause skin and kidney damage.		3.360isothiocyanateinsecticide
aminopenicillanic acid
aminopenicillanic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 6-aminopenicillanic acid : A penicillanic acid compound having a (6R)-amino substituent. The active nucleus common to all penicillins, it may be substituted at the 6-amino position to form the semisynthetic penicillins, resulting in a variety of antibacterial and pharmacologic characteristics.		2.110amino acid zwitterion;
penicillanic acids		allergen
hematoporphyrin
Hematoporphyrins: Iron-free derivatives of heme with 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxyethyl groups and 2 propionic acid groups attached to the pyrrole rings. Some of these PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS are used in the PHOTOTHERAPY of malignant NEOPLASMS.. hematoporphyrin : A dicarboxylic acid that is protoporphyrin in which the vinyl groups at positions 7 and 12 are replaced by 1-hydroxyethyl groups.		2.0510
neutral red
Neutral Red: A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.. neutral red : A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of neutral red with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Neutral red acts as a pH indicator, changing from red to yellow between pH 6.8 and 8.0.		2.1110hydrochlorideacid-base indicator;
dye;
two-colour indicator
lithium carbonate
Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of BIOGENIC MONOAMINES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems.		3.5890carbonate salt;
lithium salt		antimanic drug
4-chloromercuribenzenesulfonate
4-Chloromercuribenzenesulfonate: A cytotoxic sulfhydryl reagent that inhibits several subcellular metabolic systems and is used as a tool in cellular physiology.		3.5890arenesulfonic acid;
arylmercury compound
3-nitrophenol
[no description available]		2.43203-nitrophenols
glycyl-glycyl-glycine
glycyl-glycyl-glycine : A tripeptide in which three glycine units are linked via peptide bonds in a linear sequence.		2.110tripeptide zwitterion;
tripeptide
18-hydroxycorticosterone
[no description available]		8.478011beta-hydroxy steroid;
18-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo steroid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
doxylamine succinate
[no description available]		2.4420organic molecular entity
4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-3-cyclohexen-1-ol
4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-3-cyclohexen-1-ol: structure in first source. 4-terpineol : A terpineol that is 1-menthene carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 4.		3.110terpineol;
tertiary alcohol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
antiparasitic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
glycerylphosphorylcholine
Glycerylphosphorylcholine: A component of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINES or LECITHINS, in which the two hydroxy groups of GLYCEROL are esterified with fatty acids. (From Stedman, 26th ed)		2.3720glycerophosphocholine
carbamylhydrazine monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310organic molecular entity
monoacetyldapsone
monoacetyldapsone: used in leprosy chemotherapy. monoacetyldapsone : A secondary carboxamide resulting from acetylation of one of the amino groups of dapsone.		2.3720acetamides;
anilide;
secondary carboxamide;
sulfone
metahexamide
metahexamide: major descriptor (64-83); on-line search SULFONYLUREA COMPOUNDS (64-83); Index Medicus search METAHEXAMIDE (64-83); RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.4420benzenes;
sulfonamide
formestane
[no description available]		2.743017-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
enol;
hydroxy steroid		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
benzene 1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid
benzene 1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid: structure given in first source; inhibits phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase		1.9910
phenindamine
phenindamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410indene
lactulose
[no description available]		4.6580glycosylfructosegastrointestinal drug;
laxative
2,6-xylenol
[no description available]		2.0210hydroxytoluene
docusate
Dioctyl Sulfosuccinic Acid: All-purpose surfactant, wetting agent, and solubilizer used in the drug, cosmetics, and food industries. It has also been used in laxatives and as cerumenolytics. It is usually administered as either the calcium, potassium, or sodium salt.		2.0710diester;
organosulfonic acid
3-hydroxyflavone
3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.		3.5220flavonols;
monohydroxyflavone
isoxsuprine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620alkylbenzene
2-methoxybenzoic acid
O-methylsalicylic acid : A methoxybenzoic acid that is the methyl ether of salicylic acid.		2.0210methoxybenzoic acidflavouring agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
6-hydroxyquinoline
quinolin-6-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 6.		3.110monohydroxyquinoline
3-hydroxybiphenyl
3-hydroxybiphenyl: structure given in first source. biphenyl-3-ol : A member of the class of hydroxybiphenyls that is phenol in which the hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group.		3.110hydroxybiphenyls
debrisoquin sulfate
[no description available]		2.0310organic sulfate salt
toluene 2,4-diisocyanate
Toluene 2,4-Diisocyanate: Skin irritant and allergen used in the manufacture of polyurethane foams and other elastomers.. toluene 2,4-diisocyanate : A toluene meta-diisocyanate in which the isocyanato groups are at positions 2 and 4 relative to the methyl group on the benzene ring.		1.9810toluene meta-diisocyanateallergen;
hapten
diphenylamine
Diphenylamine: In humans it may be irritating to mucous membranes. Methemoglobinemia has been produced experimentally. In veterinary use, it is one of active ingredients in topical agents for prevention and treatment of screwworm infestation. An indicator in tests for nitrate poisoning.. diphenylamine : An aromatic amine containing two phenyl substituents. It has been used as a fungicide for the treatment of superficial scald in apples and pears, but is no longer approved for this purpose within the European Union.		4.2350aromatic amine;
bridged diphenyl fungicide;
secondary amino compound		antifungal agrochemical;
antioxidant;
carotogenesis inhibitor;
EC 1.3.99.29 [phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming)] inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
radical scavenger
betaine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.7430
bethanechol chloride
bethanechol chloride : The chloride salt of bethanechol. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.		2.0310carbamate ester;
chloride salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscarinic agonist
3-bromophenol
[no description available]		2.0510
3,5-dichlorophenol
3,5-dichlorophenol : A dichlorophenol in which the two chloro substituents are located at positions 3 and 5.		2.4420dichlorophenol
iodobenzene
iodobenzene: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd		2.4420
methyl n-butyl ketone
Methyl n-Butyl Ketone: An industrial solvent which causes nervous system degeneration. MBK is an acronym often used to refer to it.. hexanone : A ketone that is a hexane carrying an oxo substituent at unspecified position.		2.0210ketone
megestrol acetate
[no description available]		3.36020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
steroid ester		antineoplastic agent;
appetite enhancer;
contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
n,n-dimethylethylamine
[no description available]		2.110
alpha-naphthoflavone
alpha-naphthoflavone: inhibits P4501A1 and P4501A2; stimulates some activities of P4503A4. alpha-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the h side of flavone. A synthetic compound, it is an inhibitor of aromatase (EC 1.14.14.14).		3.110extended flavonoid;
naphtho-gamma-pyrone;
organic heterotricyclic compound		aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonist;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
pamabrom
[no description available]		3.2310
2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol
2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
toyocamycin
Toyocamycin: 4-Amino-5-cyano-7-(D-ribofuranosyl)-7H- pyrrolo(2,3-d)pyrimidine. Antibiotic antimetabolite isolated from Streptomyces toyocaensis cultures. It is an analog of adenosine, blocks RNA synthesis and ribosome function, and is used mainly as a tool in biochemistry.. toyocamycin : An N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine that is tubercidin in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the pyrrolopyrimidine moiety has been replaced by a cyano group.		2.0410antibiotic antifungal agent;
N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine;
nitrile;
ribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite
2-cyanophenol
2-cyanophenol: structure in first source		2.0210benzenes;
nitrile
diethylmethylamine
[no description available]		2.110
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		14.05337acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
3-isopropylphenol
3-isopropylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510
3-ethylphenol
[no description available]		2.0510phenols
3-hydroxyacetanilide
metacetamol : A derivative of phenol which has an acetamido substituent located meta to the phenolic -OH group. It is a non-toxic regioisomer of paracetamol with analgesic properties, but has never been marketed as a drug.		2.4620acetamides;
phenols		non-narcotic analgesic
bendazole
bendazole: also an NSAID; Russian drug; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.1510benzimidazoles
4-Ethoxyphenol
[no description available]		2.0510aromatic ether;
phenols
glycine ethyl ester
glycine ethyl ester: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.110
methoxyacetic acid
methoxyacetic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. methoxyacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a methoxy group.		2.4620ether;
monocarboxylic acid		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mutagen
n-methylpiperidine
N-methylpiperidine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.110
2-hexanol
hexan-2-ol : A hexanol in which the hydroxy group is at position 2.		2.0510hexanol;
secondary alcohol		human metabolite;
plant metabolite;
semiochemical
hexamethylene glycol
hexane-1,6-diol : A diol that is hexane substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 6.		2.0510diol;
primary alcohol
Berberine chloride (TN)
[no description available]		3.6120organic molecular entity
phendimetrazine
phendimetrazine: minor descriptor (66-86); file maintained to MORPHOLINES (66-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search MORPHOLINES (66-86); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.4620
trimetozine
[no description available]		2.4620morpholines
clopamide
Clopamide: A sulfamoylbenzamide piperidine. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.		9.51347sulfonamide
glycochenodeoxycholic acid
Glycochenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver from chenodeoxycholate and glycine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.. glycochenodeoxycholate : A N-acylglycinate that is the conjugate base of glycochenodeoxycholic acid.. glycochenodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate having 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oyl as the bile acid component.		2.0710bile acid glycine conjugatehuman metabolite
benzydamine
Benzydamine: A benzyl-indazole having analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects. It is used to reduce post-surgical and post-traumatic pain and edema and to promote healing. It is also used topically in treatment of RHEUMATIC DISEASES and INFLAMMATION of the mouth and throat.. benzydamine : A member of the class of indazoles carrying benzyl and 3-(dimethylamino)propyl groups at positions 1 and 3 respectively. A locally-acting nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that also exhibits local anaesthetic and analgesic properties.		2.7730aromatic ether;
indazoles;
tertiary amino compound		analgesic;
central nervous system stimulant;
hallucinogen;
local anaesthetic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
erythromycin stearate
[no description available]		2.0510aminoglycoside
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		6.58370cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
4-propylphenol
4-propylphenol: structure given in first source		3.5220alkylbenzene
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate
Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate: The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE.. dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is the 3-sulfooxy derivative of dehydroepiandrosterone.		4.487017-oxo steroid;
steroid sulfate		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
isosorbide
Isosorbide: 1,4:3,6-Dianhydro D-glucitol. Chemically inert osmotic diuretic used mainly to treat hydrocephalus; also used in glaucoma.		5.3941organic molecular entity
butaperazine
butaperazine: was heading 1964-94 (Prov 1964-73); use PHENOTHIAZINES to search BUTAPERAZINE 1966-94		2.0410phenothiazines
docosanol
Tadenan: from powdered bark of Pygaeum africanum (Rosaceae), see also heading for docosanol (a priciple ingredient of extract). docosan-1-ol : A long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is docosane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1. It is a non-prescription medicine approved by the FDA to shorten healing time of cold sores.. docosanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of twenty-two carbon atoms.		2.0710docosanol;
long-chain primary fatty alcohol		antiviral drug;
plant metabolite
nitrosoguanidines
Nitrosoguanidines: Nitrosylated derivatives of guanidine. They are used as MUTAGENS in MOLECULAR BIOLOGY research.		2.0210
hadacidin
hadacidin: inhibitor of AMP synthesis; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. hadacidin : A monocarboxylic acid that is N-hydroxyglycine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a formyl group. It was originally isolated from cultures of Penicillium frequentans.		2.0410aldehyde;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-hydroxy-alpha-amino-acid		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
Penicillium metabolite;
teratogenic agent
biphenyl-3-carboxylic acid
biphenyl-3-carboxylic acid: structure in first source		2.0210
hydroxychloroquine sulfate
[no description available]		2.4920
1,2-cyclohexanedione
cyclohexanedione : Cyclohexanones carrying two oxo substituents.. cyclohexane-1,2-dione : A cyclohexanedione carrying oxo substituents at positions 1 and 2.		1.9910cyclohexanedione
4-cyanophenol
4-cyanophenol: reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor		2.4320phenolsEC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
carbophenothion
carbophenothion: structure		2.0410organic sulfide
levonorgestrel
Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.		7.97217beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
porfiromycin
Porfiromycin: Toxic antibiotic of the mitomycin group, obtained from MITOMYCIN and also from Streptomyces ardus and other species. It is proposed as an antineoplastic agent, with some antibiotic properties.		2.0410
tempidon
2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinone: structure in first source		2.110piperidones
Mecamylamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420monoterpenoid
4-nitrophenyl acetate
[no description available]		2.0510C-nitro compound;
phenyl acetates
lormetazepam
lormetazepam: RN given refers to cpd with specified locant for methyl group; structure given in first source. lormetazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone compound having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position, a 2-chlorophenyl group at the 5-position and a chloro substituent at the 7-position.		2.96401,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		sedative
vinblastine
[no description available]		5.16140
potassium citrate
Potassium Citrate: A powder that dissolves in water, which is administered orally, and is used as a diuretic, expectorant, systemic alkalizer, and electrolyte replenisher.. potassium citrate (anhydrous) : The anhydrous form of the tripotassium salt of citric acid.		2.7830potassium saltdiuretic
diphenoxylate
Diphenoxylate: A MEPERIDINE congener used as an antidiarrheal, usually in combination with ATROPINE. At high doses, it acts like morphine. Its unesterified metabolite difenoxin has similar properties and is used similarly. It has little or no analgesic activity.. diphenoxylate : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of difenoxin.		3.2310ethyl ester;
nitrile;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amine		antidiarrhoeal drug
lithium citrate
lithium citrate: RN given refers to the trilithium salt. lithium citrate (anhydrous) : A lithium salt that is the anhydrous form of the trilithium salt of citric acid. The tetrahydrate form is used as a source of lithium for the treatment of anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, and depression.		1.9910lithium salt
hexafluoroisopropanol
1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol : An organofluorine compound formed by substitution of all the methyl protons in propan-2-ol by fluorine. It is a metabolite of inhalation anesthetic sevoflurane.		3.110organofluorine compound;
secondary alcohol		drug metabolite
1-methylpyridinium
1-methylpyridinium: RN given refers to parent cpd		3.5720methylpyridines
4-phenylpyridine
[no description available]		2.0210phenylpyridine
diphenyl sulfoxide
diphenyl sulfoxide: electron acceptor for liver aldehyde oxidase		2.0210sulfoxide
methidathion
methidathion: widely used on citrus, tobacco, alfalfa, cotton, sorghum & several other crops		2.4520organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
deoxycytidine
[no description available]		2.0210pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyuridine
[no description available]		2.0410pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
oxolamine
oxolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410oxadiazole;
ring assembly
ethylestrenol
Ethylestrenol: An anabolic steroid with some progestational activity and little androgenic effect.. ethylestrenol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is estrane containing a double bond between positions 4 and 5 and substituted by an ethyl group and a hydroxy group at the 17alpha and 17beta positions, respectively. It is an anabolic steroid that has little androgenic effect and only slight progestational activity. It has been used to promote growth in boys with delayed bone growth.		2.041017beta-hydroxy steroid;
tertiary alcohol		anabolic agent
testolactone
Testolactone: An antineoplastic agent that is a derivative of progesterone and used to treat advanced breast cancer.		2.04103-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
seco-androstane
cyproheptadine hydrochloride (anhydrous)
cyproheptadine hydrochloride (anhydrous) : The hydrochloride salt of cyproheptadine. Note that the drug named cyproheptadine hydrochloride generally refers to cyproheptadine hydrochloride sesquihydrate.		2.9640hydrochloride
canrenone
Canrenone: A synthetic pregnadiene compound with anti-aldosterone activity.		5.3372steroid lactone
estradiol valerate
[no description available]		2.4420steroid ester
2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine
2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine: see also 2,4,6-triaminopyridinium (cation). 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine : An aminopyrimidine in which a pyrimidine core carries amino substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6.		1.9810aminopyrimidine
bunamidine
bunamidine: veterinary anti-platyhelmintic agent used for taenia infestations; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line & Index Medicus search AMIDINES (75-85); RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9610
trimethyltin chloride
trimethyltin chloride: induces atrophy of thymus, spleen & lymph nodes but causes no change in bone marrow		1.9910
ethambutol hydrochloride
ethambutol dihydrochloride : The dihydrchloride salt of ethambutol. A bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, it is effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol dihydrochloride is used alone.		2.0810hydrochlorideantitubercular agent
ethambutol
Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.		4.85100ethanolamines;
ethylenediamine derivative		antitubercular agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
phenylglyoxal
[no description available]		3.4820phenylacetaldehydes
pyrithioxin
Pyrithioxin: A neurotropic agent which reduces permeability of blood-brain barrier to phosphate. It has no vitamin B6 activity.		2.3920methylpyridines
n-nitrosodiethanolamine
[no description available]		2.0310nitroso compound
tetramethylpyrazine
tetramethylpyrazine: found in Ligusticum chuanxiong. tetramethylpyrazine : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine in which all four hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups. An alkaloid extracted from Chuanxiong (Ligusticum wallichii).		2.0710alkaloid;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
bacterial metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
methyl phenyl sulfoxide
(methylsulfinyl)benzene : A sulfoxide resulting from the formal oxidation of the sulfur atom of thioanisole.		2.0210benzenes;
sulfoxide
dehydroepiandrosterone acetate
3beta-acetoxyandrost-5-en-17-one: structure in first source		2.0410steroid ester
durapatite
Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).		1.9810
sodium hydroxide
Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.4220alkali metal hydroxide
antimycin a
[no description available]		2.4720benzamides;
formamides;
macrodiolide;
phenols		antifungal agent;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
piscicide
vancomycin
Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.		9.13272glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
nsc 65346
sangivamycin: RN given refers to parent cpd. sangivamycin : A nucleoside analogue that is adenosine in which the nitrogen at position 7 is replaced by a carbamoyl-substituted carbon. It is a potent inhibitor of protein kinase C.		2.0410nucleoside analogueprotein kinase inhibitor
glycyrrhizic acid
glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.		2.9440enone;
glucosiduronic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid;
tricarboxylic acid;
triterpenoid saponin		EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		5.980alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
pregnenolone carbonitrile
Pregnenolone Carbonitrile: A catatoxic steroid and microsomal enzyme inducer having significant effects on the induction of cytochrome P450. It has also demonstrated the potential for protective capability against acetaminophen-induced liver damage.		2.4720aliphatic nitrile
guanazole
Guanazole: A cytostatic triazole derivative which is not to be confused with guanazolo, the generic name for 8-azaguanine.. guanazole : An aromatic amine that is 1,2,4-triazole substituted at positions 3 and 5 by amino groups.		2.0410aromatic amine;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor
flurandrenolone
Flurandrenolone: A corticosteroid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. It is usually employed as a cream or an ointment, and is also used as a polyethylene tape with an adhesive. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p733)		2.071021-hydroxy steroid
ibufenac
ibufenac: used in the treatment of rheumatism; also possesses antipyretic properties; minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search PHENYLACETATES (75-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. ibufenac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 4-isobutylphenyl group. Although it was shown to be effective in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, the clinical use of ibufenac was discontinued due to hepatotoxic side-effects.		4.0840monocarboxylic acidEC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
vincamine
Vincamine: A major alkaloid of Vinca minor L., Apocynaceae. It has been used therapeutically as a vasodilator and antihypertensive agent, particularly in cerebrovascular disorders.		1.9510alkaloid ester;
hemiaminal;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
vinca alkaloid		antihypertensive agent;
metabolite;
vasodilator agent
metylperon
metylperon: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4620aromatic ketone
fenchol
fenchol: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation		3.110
4-n-Butylphenol
[no description available]		3.5220phenols
meturedepa
meturedepa: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6031		2.0410phosphoramide
metaxalone
[no description available]		3.5820aromatic ether
4-hydroxyazobenzene
4-hydroxyazobenzene: structure in first source		3.110
ioxynil
ioxynil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. ioxynil : A nitrile that is benzonitrile substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and iodo groups at positions 3 and 5.		2.0410iodophenol;
nitrile		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
bromoxynil
bromoxynil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile : A dibromobenzene that is 2,6-dibromophenol substituted by a cyano group at position 4.		2.0410dibromobenzene;
hydroxynitrile;
phenols		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
spectinomycin
Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of GONORRHEA.. spectinomycin dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining spectinomycin with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. An antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea.. spectinomycin : A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis.		4.0740cyclic acetal;
cyclic hemiketal;
cyclic ketone;
pyranobenzodioxin;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
clopyralid
clopyralid : An organochlorine pesticide having a 3,6-dichlorinated picolinic acid structure.		2.110organochlorine pesticide;
pyridines		herbicide
dimethylaminopropionitrile
[no description available]		2.110
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxine
Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: A mixture of isomers.		2.0510polychlorinated dibenzodioxine
4-nitrothiophenolate
4-nitrothiophenolate: RN given refers to parent cpd		3.110
5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol
5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol : The 5alpha-stereoisomer of androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol.		3.5220androstane-3alpha,17beta-diolDaphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite
phenyltrimethylammonium
phenyltrimethylammonium: d9-cpd suppresses methylation artifacts in gas chromatography of serum extracts; RN given refers to parent cpd. trimethylphenylammonium : A quaternary ammonium ion obtained by methylation of N,N-dimethylaniline.		2.420quaternary ammonium ion
paraquat
Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.		3.5280organic cationgeroprotector;
herbicide
picloram
Picloram: A picolinic acid derivative that is used as a herbicide.. picloram : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine-2-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a chloro group at positions 3,5 and 6, and by an amino group at position 4. It is a systemic herbicide used to control deeply rooted herbaceous weeds and woody plants in rights-of-way, forestry, range lands, pastures, and small grain crops.		2.0410aminopyridine;
chloropyridine;
organochlorine pesticide;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid		herbicide;
synthetic auxin
s,n,n'-tripropylthiocarbamate
Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.. vernolate : A monounsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of vernolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		3.360tertiary amine
ethoglucid
Ethoglucid: Alkylating antineoplastic agent used especially in bladder neoplasms. It is toxic to hair follicles, gastro-intestinal tract, and vasculature.		2.0410epoxide
dronabinol
Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.		4.2350benzochromene;
diterpenoid;
phytocannabinoid;
polyketide		cannabinoid receptor agonist;
epitope;
hallucinogen;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic
methionine sulfoximine
methionine sulfoximine : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is the sulfoximine derivative of methionine .		3.2920methionine derivative;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
sulfoximide
amiloride hydrochloride, anhydrous
amiloride hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining amiloride with one molar equivalent of hydrochloric acid.		2.0810hydrochloridediuretic;
sodium channel blocker
amiloride
Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.		17.3734536aromatic amine;
guanidines;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines		diuretic;
sodium channel blocker
buthiazide
buthiazide: 3-isobutyl analog of hydrochlorothiazide; structure		4.0431benzothiadiazine
clothiapine
clothiapine: was heading 1975-94 (was see under DIBENZOTHIAZEPINES 1975-90); CLOTIAPINE was see CLOTHIAPINE 1978-94; use DIBENZOTHIAZEPINES to search CLOTHIAPINE 1975-94; antipsychotic similar to clozapine		2.0410dibenzothiazepine
pimozide
Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.		5.02120benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound		antidyskinesia agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
benperidol
Benperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It has been used in the treatment of aberrant sexual behavior. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p567)		2.3720aromatic ketone
azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid
azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid: a proline analog (with 4-membered ring in place of 5); a toxic non-protein amino acid that is misincorporated into protein in place of proline; induces nonfunctional heat-shock proteins; inhibits acquired thermotolerance; RN given refers to (L)-isomer; found in beets and Liliaceae. (S)-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid : The (S)-enantiomer of azetidine-2-carboxylic acid.. azetidinecarboxylic acid : A member of the class of azetidines that is azetidine substituted by at least one carboxy group at unspecified position.		2.0310azetidine-2-carboxylic acid
flumethasone
Flumethasone: An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used in veterinary practice.		2.422011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug
betamethasone valerate
Betamethasone Valerate: The 17-valerate derivative of BETAMETHASONE. It has substantial topical anti-inflammatory activity and relatively low systemic anti-inflammatory activity.. betamethasone valerate : A steroid ester that is betamethasone in which the hydroxy group at the 17alpha position has been converted to the corresponding pentanoate ester.		2.432011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
steroid ester		anti-inflammatory drug
guanoxan
guanoxan: was MH 1976-92 (see under GUANIDINES 1976-90); use GUANIDINES to search GUANOXAN 1976-92; antihypertensive agent similar in its mechanism of action to guanethidine; may cause liver damage		2.9740benzodioxine
azaribine
azaribine: pyrimidine analogue; anti-metabolite used in psoriasis & mycosis fungoides;. azaribine : A N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazine that is 6-azauridine acetylated at positions 2', 3' and 5' on the sugar ring. It is a prodrug for 6-azauridine and is used for treatment of psoriasis.		2.4420acetate ester;
N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazine		antipsoriatic;
prodrug
mofebutazone
mofebutazone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. mofebutazone : A pyrazolidine that is phenylbutazone lacking one of the phenyl substituents. It is used for treatment of joint and muscular pain.		8.3511pyrazolidinesnon-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
menthol
(+-)-menthol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-menthol. Both (+-)- and (-)-menthol are used to relieve symptoms of conditions such as bronchitis and sinusitis. When applied to the skin, menthol dilates the blood vessels, giving a sensation of coldness followed by an analgesic effect that relieves itching. It is therefore used in creams and ointments for the relief of pruritis and urticaria.. (-)-menthol : A p-menthan-3-ol which has (1R,2S,5R)-stereochemistry. It is the most common naturally occurring enantiomer.		3.110p-menthan-3-olantipruritic drug;
antispasmodic drug;
antitussive
phenethyl isothiocyanate
phenethyl isothiocyanate: a dietary liver aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor; promotes urinary bladder carcinoma. phenethyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate having a phenethyl group attached to the nitrogen. It is a naturally occurring compound found in some cruciferous vegetables (e.g. watercress) and is known to possess anticancer properties.		2.4620isothiocyanateantineoplastic agent;
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
metabolite
glaucine
glaucine: RN given refers to (+-)-isomer		1.9510aporphine alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitussive;
muscle relaxant;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
plant metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
rat metabolite
5-phenylvaleric acid
5-phenylvaleric acid: from Polygonum salicifolium. 5-phenylpentanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is valeric acid substituted by a phenyl group at the delta-position.		2.110benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid
muscarine
[no description available]		2.0310
fluorescein
Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.		5.58512-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
polyphenol;
xanthene dye		fluorescent dye;
radioopaque medium
methylprednisolone hemisuccinate
Methylprednisolone Hemisuccinate: A water-soluble ester of METHYLPREDNISOLONE used for cardiac, allergic, and hypoxic emergencies.		2.0210corticosteroid hormone;
hemisuccinate
dexbrompheniramine
dexbrompheniramine : The (pharmacologically active) (S)-(+)-enantiomer of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		3.2310brompheniramineanti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
sulfadoxine
Sulfadoxine: A long acting sulfonamide that is used, usually in combination with other drugs, for respiratory, urinary tract, and malarial infections.. sulfadoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 5- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position. In combination with the antiprotozoal pyrimethamine (CHEBI:8673) it is used as an antimalarial.		3.1650pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
antimalarial
1,3,5-triglycidyl-s-triazinetrione
[no description available]		2.0410
antazoline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
phenthoate, (+-)-isomer
phenthoate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. phenthoate : An organic thiophosphate that is ethyl mandelate in which the hydroxy group has been replaced by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanediyl group.		2.0610ethyl ester;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid
Uridine Diphosphate Glucuronic Acid: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which serves as a source of glucuronic acid for polysaccharide biosynthesis. It may also be epimerized to UDP iduronic acid, which donates iduronic acid to polysaccharides. In animals, UDP glucuronic acid is used for formation of many glucosiduronides with various aglycones.. UDP-alpha-D-glucuronic acid : A UDP-sugar having alpha-D-glucuronic acid as the sugar component.		1.9910UDP-D-glucuronic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
ioglycamic acid
Ioglycamic Acid: A radiopaque medium. It is a mixture of its meglumine and sodium salts and is used to visualize the biliary tract.		1.9610amidobenzoic acid
acadesine
[no description available]		2.47201-ribosylimidazolecarboxamide;
aminoimidazole;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
o-chlorobenzylidenemalonitrile
o-Chlorobenzylidenemalonitrile: A riot control agent which causes temporary irritation of the eyes and the mucosal surface of the respiratory tract. It is a more potent irritant than OMEGA-CHLOROACETOPHENONE, but less incapacitating.		1.9610organochlorine compound
acetophenazine
acetophenazine: major descriptor (73-85); minor descriptor (64-72); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (64-85); Index Medicus search PHENOTHIAZINES (64-72); ACETOPHENAZINE (73-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. acetophenazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at the nitogen atom and an acetyl group at position 2.		2.7430N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
phenothiazines		phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
hydroxyphenytoin
hydroxyphenytoin: main metabolite of diphenylhydantoin; reduces Na(+) inhibition at high Na:K ratios; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. 4-hydroxyphenytoin : A imidazolidine-2,4-dione that consists of hydantoin bearing phenyl and 4-hydroxyphenyl substituents at position 5.		3.110imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
phenols		metabolite
chlordesmethyldiazepam
[no description available]		2.0410benzodiazepine
stavudine
Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase		5.1130dihydrofuran;
nucleoside analogue;
organic molecular entity		antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
doxifluridine
doxifluridine : A pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside that is 5-fluorouridine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position is replaced by a hydrogen. It is an oral prodrug of the antineoplastic agent 5-fluorouracil. Designed to circumvent the rapid degradation of 5-fluorouracil by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in the gut wall, it is converted into 5-fluorouracil in the presence of pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase.		3.360organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
dicloxacillin
Dicloxacillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE.. dicloxacillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]formyl group.		4.86100dichlorobenzene;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate
Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.		2.3920fluorescein isothiocyanate
asulam
asulam: wild oat herbicide used in prairie regions for control of wild oats in cereal grains such as wheat; RN given refers to parent cpd. asulam : A carbamate ester that is methyl carbamate substituted by a (4-aminophenyl)sulfonyl group at the nitrogen atom. A dihydropteroate synthase inhibitor, it is used (normally as the corresponding sodium salt, asulam-sodium) as a herbicide, mainly for killing bracken.		2.0610carbamate ester;
primary amino compound;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide		agrochemical;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
benzolamide
Benzolamide: Selective renal carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. It may also be of use in certain cases of respiratory failure.		2.8840
sabinene
sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.		2.5220thujeneplant metabolite
improsan
improsan: synonyms NSC-102627, alkylating agent 864 & yoshi 864 refer to HCl; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410organosulfonic ester
mannose
mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.		1.9810D-aldohexose;
D-mannose;
mannopyranose		metabolite
dithiothreitol
1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.		3.36701,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol;
butanediols;
dithiol;
glycol;
thiol		chelator;
human metabolite;
reducing agent
cyclacillin
Cyclacillin: A cyclohexylamido analog of PENICILLANIC ACID.		2.4520penicillinantibacterial drug
iproclozide
iproclozide: structure		2.0510aromatic ether
megestrol
Megestrol: A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer.. megestrol : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is pregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a hydroxy group at position 17.		3.231017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antineoplastic agent;
appetite enhancer;
contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
cephaloglycin
Cephaloglycin: A cephalorsporin antibiotic.. cefaloglycin : A cephalosporin antibiotic containing at the 7beta-position of the cephem skeleton an (R)-amino(phenyl)acetamido group.		2.4220beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin		antimicrobial agent
phenoxyacetic acid
phenoxyacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the O-phenyl derivative of glycolic acid. A metabolite of 2-phenoxyethanol, it is used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, fungicides and dyes.		2.0310aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid		allergen;
Aspergillus metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant growth retardant
meclofenoxate hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
tranylcypromine
Tranylcypromine: A propylamine formed from the cyclization of the side chain of amphetamine. This monoamine oxidase inhibitor is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in panic and phobic disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311). tranylcypromine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine. An irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor that is used as an antidepressant (INN tranylcypromine).. (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1R,2S)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine.		2.91402-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine
diloxanide furoate
diloxanide furoate: structure. diloxanide furoate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of furan-2-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of 2,2-dichloro-N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-N-methylacetamide. It is a drug used for the treatment of asymptomatic amebiasis.		1.9610carboxylic ester;
furans;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		antiamoebic agent;
prodrug
bpmc
BPMC: structure. fenobucarb : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 2-sec-butylphenol with methylcarbamic acid.		2.4520carbamate esteragrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
insecticide
sulfamethomidine
sulfamethomidine: structure given in first source		2.0510organic molecular entity
streptomycin
[no description available]		6.99241antibiotic antifungal drug;
antibiotic fungicide;
streptomycins		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
antimicrobial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
chloric acid
[no description available]		2.1110chlorine oxoacid
salithion
salithion: causes irreversible ataxia in chicken, mice & sheep; structure in Pesticide Index, 5th ed, p.202		2.4520organic thiophosphate
carbonates
Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.		8.1194carbon oxoanion
butylhydroxybutylnitrosamine
Butylhydroxybutylnitrosamine: A substituted carcinogenic nitrosamine.. N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine : A nitrosamine that has butyl and 4-hydroxybutyl substituents. In mice, it causes high-grade, invasive cancers in the urinary bladder, but not in any other tissues.		1.9710nitrosamine;
primary alcohol		carcinogenic agent
piperacetazine
piperacetazine: was MH 1975-91 (see under PHENOTHIAZINE TRANQUILIZERS 1975-90)		2.0410phenothiazines
azatadine
azatadine: indulian (UD 21;71k) is dimaleate; do not confuse with AZACITIDINE. azatadine : A benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine having a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group at the 11-position.		2.0210benzocycloheptapyridine;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
nitroxoline
nitroxoline: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6475; RN given refers to parent cpd. nitroxoline : A monohydroxyquinoline in which the hydroxy group is positioned at C-8 with a nitro group trans to it at C-5.		2.0810C-nitro compound;
monohydroxyquinoline		antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
renal agent
dideoxyadenosine
Dideoxyadenosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is an inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal side effect is nephrotoxicity. In vivo, dideoxyadenosine is rapidly metabolized to DIDANOSINE (ddI) by enzymatic deamination; ddI is then converted to dideoxyinosine monophosphate and ultimately to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, the putative active metabolite.		1.9810adenosines;
purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside		EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor;
EC 4.6.1.1 (adenylate cyclase) inhibitor
2-octanol
2-octanol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. octan-2-ol : An octanol carrying the hydroxy group at position 2.		2.0510octanol;
secondary alcohol		plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
clonidine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.9640dichlorobenzene
cladribine
[no description available]		4.7690organochlorine compound;
purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent
mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate: RN given refers to parent cpd. mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : The mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.		3.110phthalic acid monoester
beclomethasone
[no description available]		3.558011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
corticosteroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug
pyrodifenium bromide
pyrodifenium bromide: was heading 1976-94 (see under PYRROLIDINES 1976-90); PRIFINIUM BROMIDE was see PYRODIFENIUM BROMIDE 1976-94: use PYRROLIDINES to search PYRODIFENIUM BROMIDE 1976-94; quaternary ammonium anticholinergic agent more specific for the gastrointestinal tract than atropine		2.0510organic molecular entity
ethylene dimethanesulfonate
ethylene dimethanesulfonate: antispermatogenic agent; structure		2.4620
carbenicillin
Carbenicillin: Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function.. carbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-2-carboxy-2-phenylacetamido side-chain.		4.0740penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
1-naphthalenemethanol
1-naphthalenemethanol: structure given in first source. (1-naphthyl)methanol : A naphthylmethanol that is methanol in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by a naphthalen-1-yl group.		3.110naphthylmethanolmouse metabolite
carbenicillin disodium
[no description available]		2.0510organic sodium salt
dehydroemetine
dehydroemetine: was MH 1991-94 (see under EMETINE 1976-90); use EMETINE to search DEHYDROEMETINE 1976-94; amebicide, derivative of emetine. dehydroemetine : A pyridoisoquinoline which was developed in response to the cardiovascular toxicity associated with emetine and results from the dehydrogenation of the heterotricylic ring of emetine. It is an antiprotozoal agent and displays antimalarial, antiamoebic, and antileishmanial properties.		2.0510aromatic ether;
isoquinolines;
pyridoisoquinoline		antileishmanial agent;
antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug
estradiol enanthate
[no description available]		2.0210steroid ester
noxiptilin
noxiptilin: proposed tricyclic antidepressent; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search DIBENZOCYCLOHEPTENES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4520organic tricyclic compound
benorilate
benorilate: was heading 1980-94 (see under SALICYLATES 1980-90); was BENORYLATE see under SALICYLATES 1975-79; BENORYLATE was see BENORILATE 1980-94; use SALICYLATES to search BENORILATE 1980-90 & BENORYLATE 1975-79; an ester of aspirin and paracetamol with analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activity used in the treatment of rheumatoid diseases; it has less severe side effects than aspirin		2.4520carbonyl compound
trimetazidine
Trimetazidine: A vasodilator used in angina of effort or ischemic heart disease.		2.420aromatic amine
dexpropranolol
[no description available]		3.520propranolol
buthionine sulfoximine
Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.		4.0250diastereoisomeric mixture;
homocysteines;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
sulfoximide		EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer
metocurine
metocurine: from Chinese herb Cyclea hainanensis Mrr		2.7530isoquinolines
norleucine
Norleucine: An unnatural amino acid that is used experimentally to study protein structure and function. It is structurally similar to METHIONINE, however it does not contain SULFUR.. L-norleucine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino group at C-2. It does not occur naturally.		1.97102-aminohexanoic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
floxacillin
Floxacillin: Antibiotic analog of CLOXACILLIN.. flucloxacillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido] side-chain.		3.75100penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
clomacran
clomacran: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		4.0840acridines
mexiletine hydrochloride
mexiletine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride composed of equimolar amounts of mexiletine and hydrogen chloride.		2.9640hydrochlorideanti-arrhythmia drug
pentaquine
pentaquine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
dihydrostreptomycin sulfate
Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate: A semi-synthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic that is used in the treatment of TUBERCULOSIS.		1.9510
beclomethasone dipropionate
beclomethasone dipropionate : A steroid ester comprising beclomethasone having propionyl groups at the 17- and 21-positions.		2.743011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
corticosteroid;
enone;
glucocorticoid;
propanoate ester;
steroid ester		anti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
vidarabine
adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.		2.7530beta-D-arabinoside;
purine nucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
nucleoside antibiotic
iprindole
Iprindole: A tricyclic antidepressant that has actions and uses similar to those of AMITRIPTYLINE, but has only weak antimuscarinic and sedative effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p257)		2.4520indoles
betamethasone-17,21-dipropionate
[no description available]		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
propanoate ester;
steroid ester		antipsoriatic
iodinated glycerol
iodinated glycerol: secretolytic agent; RN given refers to cpd without iodine locant		4.3841dioxolane
dimethindene
Dimethindene: A histamine H1 antagonist. It is used in hypersensitivity reactions, in rhinitis, for pruritus, and in some common cold remedies.		2.0210indene
methenamine hippurate
methenamine hippurate: both parts of molecule contribute to its antibacterial action		3.520N-acylglycine
isometheptene
isometheptene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5040		2.0410secondary amino compound
limonene
Limonene: A naturally-occurring class of MONOTERPENES which occur as a clear colorless liquid at room temperature. Limonene is the major component in the oil of oranges which has many uses, including as flavor and fragrance. It is recognized as safe in food by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).. limonene : A monoterpene that is cyclohex-1-ene substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4 respectively.		2.0510cycloalkene;
p-menthadiene		human metabolite
olsalazine
olsalazine: cpd with 2 salicylate molecules linked together by an azo bond. olsalazine : An azobenzene that consists of two molecules of 4-aminosalicylic acid joined by an azo linkage. A prodrug for mesalazine, an anti-inflammatory drug, it is used (as the disodium salt) in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.		5.01120azobenzenes;
dicarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
cyclophosphamide
cyclophosphamide hydrate : The monohydrate of cyclophosphamide.		2.0310hydratealkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
immunosuppressive agent
suxamethonium chloride
succinylcholine chloride (anhydrous) : A chloride salt in which the negative charge of the chloride ions is balanced by succinylcholine dications.		2.0310chloride saltmuscle relaxant
cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride
cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of cyclobenzaprine. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used in the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		2.4420hydrochlorideantidepressant;
muscle relaxant
n-methylaspartate
N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.		3.5180amino dicarboxylic acid;
D-alpha-amino acid;
D-aspartic acid derivative;
secondary amino compound		neurotransmitter agent
3-deazaadenosine
3-deazaadenosine: RN given refers to parent cpd.		2.4420
tiadenol
tiadenol: structure		2.0510aliphatic sulfide
terodiline
[no description available]		2.7430diarylmethane
trimethaphan
Trimethaphan: A nicotinic antagonist that has been used as a ganglionic blocker in hypertension, as an adjunct to anesthesia, and to induce hypotension during surgery.. trimethaphan : A complex heterocyclic sulfonium compound with an imidazolium core, used to treat hypertension.		5.6100sulfonium compoundanaesthesia adjuvant;
antihypertensive agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
1-(4-carboxyphenyl)-3,3-dimethyltriazene
1-(4-carboxyphenyl)-3,3-dimethyltriazene: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
metoclopramide hydrochloride
metoclopramide hydrochloride : A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of metoclopramide monohydrochloride.		2.9640
isoetharine mesylate
[no description available]		2.4420
hepes
[no description available]		1.9710HEPES;
organosulfonic acid
etidronate disodium
etidronate disodium : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of two protons from etidronic acid (one from from each of the phosphonic acid groups) by sodium ions.		2.0810organic sodium saltantineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
chelator
molindone
Molindone: An indole derivative effective in schizophrenia and other psychoses and possibly useful in the treatment of the aggressive type of undersocialized conduct disorder. Molindone has much lower affinity for D2 receptors than most antipsychotic agents and has a relatively low affinity for D1 receptors. It has only low to moderate affinity for cholinergic and alpha-adrenergic receptors. Some electrophysiologic data from animals indicate that molindone has certain characteristics that resemble those of CLOZAPINE. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p283)		2.0410indoles
lanthanum
[no description available]		3.2560f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom;
scandium group element atom
manganese
Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.		3.0440elemental manganese;
manganese group element atom		Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient
mercury
Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.		10.51220elemental mercury;
zinc group element atom		neurotoxin
palladium
Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.		6.9710metal allergen;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
platinum
Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.		9.2741elemental platinum;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
ruthenium
Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.		2.0610iron group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
samarium
Samarium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sm, atomic number 62, and atomic weight 150.36. The oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.		3.4111f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
silver
Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.		3.0440copper group element atom;
elemental silver		Escherichia coli metabolite
technetium
Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.		6.12311manganese group element atom
terbium
Terbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tb, atomic number 65, and atomic weight 158.92.		1.9910f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
actinium
Actinium: A trivalent radioactive element and the prototypical member of the actinide family. It has the atomic symbol Ac, and atomic number 89. Its principal isotope is 227 and it decays primarily by beta-emission.		1.9410actinoid atom;
f-block element atom;
scandium group element atom
arsine
arsine: structure. arsine : Arsane (AsH3) and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups: RAsH2, R2AsH, R3As (R =/= H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary arsines, respectively. A specific arsine is preferably named as a substituted arsane.		1.9610arsanes;
arsine;
mononuclear parent hydride
cadmium
Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.		7.53920cadmium molecular entity;
zinc group element atom
chromium
Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.		3.92120chromium group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
gadolinium
Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.		10.0591f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
gold
Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.		9.8660copper group element atom;
elemental gold
holmium
Holmium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ho, atomic number 67, and atomic weight 164.93.		2.610f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
uranium
Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors.		2.6730actinoid atom;
f-block element atom;
monoatomic uranium
vanadium
Vanadium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs.		3.4680elemental vanadium;
vanadium group element atom		micronutrient
xenon
Xenon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic.		3.2160monoatomic xenon;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom
zalcitabine
Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.. zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase.		5.16140pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
magnesium sulfate
Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.		12.25121magnesium salt;
metal sulfate;
organic magnesium salt		anaesthetic;
analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
anticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
fertilizer;
tocolytic agent
mercuric chloride
Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.. mercury dichloride : A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.		3.92130mercury coordination entitysensitiser
acetylglucosamine
Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine : An N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.		1.9810N-acetyl-D-glucosamineepitope
hexocyclium
hexocyclium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410amine
metocurine iodide
[no description available]		2.4520aromatic ether
sodium nitrate
sodium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of sodium.		1.9710inorganic nitrate salt;
inorganic sodium salt		fertilizer;
NMR chemical shift reference compound
cesium chloride
cesium chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. caesium chloride : The inorganic chloride salt of caesium; each caesium ion is coordinated by eight chlorine ions.		2.4120inorganic caesium salt;
inorganic chloride		phase-transfer catalyst;
vasoconstrictor agent
hypochlorous acid
Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.		1.9810chlorine oxoacid;
reactive oxygen species		EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite
propionylpromazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
camptothecin
NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source		3.2960delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
quinoline alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
isopentenyladenosine
Isopentenyladenosine: N(6)-[delta(3)-isopentenyl]adenosine. Isopentenyl derivative of adenosine which is a member of the cytokinin family of plant growth regulators.. N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenosine : A nucleoside analogue in which adenosine has been modified by substitution at the 6-amino nitrogen by a Delta(2)-isopentenyl group.		2.4620N-ribosyl-N(6)-isopentenyladenine;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent;
plant growth regulator;
plant metabolite
bromine
Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.		4.2741diatomic bromine
potassium nitrate
potassium nitrate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-HNO3; when combined with charcoal and sulfur it can form EXPLOSIVE AGENTS. potassium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of potassium.		3.0510inorganic nitrate salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
sodium sulfate
[no description available]		9.6890inorganic sodium salt
tricalcium phosphate
tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.		2.4120calcium phosphate
chromates
Chromates: Salts of chromic acid containing the CrO(2-)4 radical.. chromate(2-) : A chromium oxoanion resulting from the removal of two protons from chromic acid.		2.420chromium oxoanion;
divalent inorganic anion		oxidising agent
silver nitrate
Silver Nitrate: A silver salt with powerful germicidal activity. It has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.		2.7130inorganic nitrate salt;
silver salt		astringent
sodium thiosulfate
sodium thiosulfate: do not confuse synonym sodium hyposulfite with sodium hyposulfite, synonym for di-Na salt of dithionous acid. sodium thiosulfate : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and thiosulfate ions in a 2:1 ratio.		4.3130inorganic sodium saltantidote to cyanide poisoning;
antifungal drug;
nephroprotective agent
deuterium
Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.		2.420dihydrogen
fluorine
Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.		2.3620diatomic fluorine;
gas molecular entity		NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine
Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.		6.93402diatomic chlorine;
gas molecular entity		bleaching agent
potassium chromate(vi)
potassium chromate(VI): RN given refers to cpd with MF of K2-CrH2O4. potassium chromate : A potassium salt consisting of potassium and chromate ions in a 2:1 ratio.		1.9610potassium saltcarcinogenic agent;
oxidising agent
butylated hydroxyanisole
[no description available]		3.110
galactose
aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.		1.9410
vasotocin
Vasotocin: A nonapeptide that contains the ring of OXYTOCIN and the side chain of ARG-VASOPRESSIN with the latter determining the specific recognition of hormone receptors. Vasotocin is the non-mammalian vasopressin-like hormone or antidiuretic hormone regulating water and salt metabolism.. vasotocin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is homologous to oxytocin and vasopressin. It is a pituitary hormone that acts as an endocrine regulator for water balance, osmotic homoeostasis and is involved in social and sexual behavior in non-mammalian vertebrates.		8.1650
ozone
Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.		3.6280elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity;
reactive oxygen species;
triatomic oxygen		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
electrophilic reagent;
greenhouse gas;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
tracer
thallium sulfate
thallium sulfate: RN given refers to unspecified Tl salt. thallium sulfate : A metal sulfate in which the counterion is thallium and the ratio of thallium to sulfate is 2:1. It is a rodenticide used to control rats, squirrels, mice, moles, prairie dogs, ants and cockroaches. It is no longer registered for pesticide use in the United States.		1.9810metal sulfate;
thallium molecular entity		insecticide;
rodenticide
sodium selenite
disodium selenite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and selenite ions in a 2:1 ratio.		2.730inorganic sodium salt;
selenite salt		nutraceutical
cadmium chloride
Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.		2.4520cadmium coordination entity
4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan
4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan: A benzofuran derivative used as a protein reagent since the terminal N-NBD-protein conjugate possesses interesting fluorescence and spectral properties. It has also been used as a covalent inhibitor of both beef heart mitochondrial ATPase and bacterial ATPase.. 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan : A benzoxadiazole that is 2,1,3-benzoxadiazole which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine and at position 7 by a nitro group.		2.0510benzoxadiazole;
C-nitro compound;
organochlorine compound		EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.1.3 (adenosinetriphosphatase) inhibitor;
fluorescent probe;
fluorochrome
nsc-145,668
[no description available]		2.0310hydrochlorideantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
ancitabine
Ancitabine: Congener of CYTARABINE that is metabolized to cytarabine and thereby maintains a more constant antineoplastic action.. ancitabine : An organic heterotricyclic compound resulting from the formal condensation of the oxo group of cytidine to the 2' position with loss of water to give the corresponding cyclic ether. A prodrug, it is metabolised to the antineoplastic agent cytarabine, so is used to maintain a more constant antineoplastic action.		2.4420diol;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
amopyroquine
amopyroquine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0510
barium chloride
barium chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. barium chloride : The inorganic dichloride salt of barium.		3.3670barium salt;
inorganic chloride		potassium channel blocker
chlormerodrin
Chlormerodrin: A mercurial compound that has been used as a diuretic but is now superseded by more potent and less toxic drugs. The radiolabeled form has been used as a diagnostic and research tool.. chlormerodrin : Urea in which one of the hydrogens is substituted by a 3-chloromercury-2-methoxyprop-1-yl group. It was formerly used as a diuretic, but more potent and less toxic drugs are now available. Its radiolabelled ((197)Hg, (203)Hg) forms were used in diagnostic aids in renal imaging and brain scans.		4.02150organomercury compound;
ureas		diagnostic agent;
diuretic
trolamine salicylate
Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		6.0180
clortermine
[no description available]		2.0410amphetamines
stanozolol
Stanozolol: A synthetic steroid that has anabolic and androgenic properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1194). stanozolol : An organic heteropentacyclic compound resulting from the formal condensation of the 3-keto-aldehyde moiety of oxymetholone with hydrazine. Like oxymetholone, it is a synthetic anabolic steroid. It has both anabolic and androgenic properties, and has been used to treat hereditary angioedema and various vascular disorders. It has also been widely abused by professional athletes.		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		anabolic agent;
androgen
phenacid
phenacid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410
rhamnose
[no description available]		2.2110L-rhamnose
clodronic acid
Clodronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.. clodronic acid : An organochlorine compound that is methylene chloride in which both hydrogens are replaced by phosphonic acid groups. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification, and is used (often as the disodium salt tetrahydrate) as an adjunct in the treatment of severe hypercalcaemia associated with malignancy, and in the management of osteolytic lesions and bone pain associated with skeletal metastases.		2.98401,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
one-carbon compound;
organochlorine compound		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent
carbendazim
carbendazim: carcinogen when combined with sodium nitrite; principle metabolite of thiophanate methyl & benomyl; structure. carbendazim : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 2-aminobenzimidazole in which the primary amino group is substituted by a methoxycarbonyl group. A fungicide, carbendazim controls Ascomycetes, Fungi Imperfecti, and Basidiomycetes on a wide variety of crops, including bananas, cereals, cotton, fruits, grapes, mushrooms, ornamentals, peanuts, sugarbeet, soybeans, tobacco, and vegetables.		2.4620benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		antifungal agrochemical;
antinematodal drug;
metabolite;
microtubule-destabilising agent
nicofuranose
nicofuranose: derivative of nicotinic acid that produces fewer side effects than pure nicotinic acid; used in peripheral vascular disease; also proposed as anticholesteremic; minor descriptor (75-84); on-line search NIACIN/AA (75-84); Index Medicus search NIACIN/AA (83-84), NICOTINIC ACIDS (75-82)		2.0410organooxygen compound
ammonium chloride
Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.		7.05452ammonium salt;
inorganic chloride		ferroptosis inhibitor
mafenide acetate
[no description available]		2.0810carboxylic acid
reproterol
reproterol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.4620oxopurine
ethionine
L-ethionine : An S-ethylhomocysteine that has S-configuration at the chiral centre.		2.7530S-ethylhomocysteineantimetabolite;
carcinogenic agent
3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene
3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd		3.110ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene
(1S,2R)-tranylcypromine
(1S,2R)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1S,2R)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine.		2.07102-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine
apazone
Apazone: An anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. It also has uricosuric properties and has been used to treat gout.. apazone : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2-dihydro-1,2,4-benzotriazine bearing a dimethylamino substitutent at position 3 and a methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the nitrogens at positions 1 and 2 are both acylated by a carboxy group of propylmalonic acid.		3.2360benzotriazinesnon-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
uricosuric drug
hydrocortisone-17-butyrate
cortisol 17-butyrate : Cortisol esterified with butyric acid at the 17-hydroxy group.		2.0510butyrate ester;
cortisol ester;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		dermatologic drug;
drug allergen
diacerein
diacerein: chelates with bivalent metals; a quinone which possesses redox properties; metabolized to active rhein; proposed mechanisms include inhibiting IL1 and metalloproteinases; called a slow acting symptomatic drug in osteoarthritis; no effect of cyclooxygenase;		2.0810anthraquinone
tiletamine hydrochloride
Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.		1.9910
parbendazole
parbendazole: anthelmintic used against a variety of gastrointestinal parasites; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search BENZIMIDAZOLES; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0710benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester
cloforex
cloforex: carbamic ethyl ester of chlorphentermine; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #2275		2.4520amphetamines
xipamide
Xipamide: A sulfamoylbenzamide analog of CLOPAMIDE. It is diuretic and saluretic with antihypertensive activity. It is bound to PLASMA PROTEINS, thus has a delayed onset and prolonged action.		12.6134benzamides
selegiline
Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.		5.02120selegiline;
terminal acetylenic compound		geroprotector
selegiline hydrochloride, (r)-isomer
[no description available]		2.4720hydrochloride;
terminal acetylenic compound		antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
levamisole
Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.		3.14506-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazoleantinematodal drug;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
immunological adjuvant;
immunomodulator
clobutinol
clobutinol: was minor as SILOMAT mapped to AMINO ALCOHOLS (63-79)		2.0410benzenes;
organic amino compound
benserazide hydrochloride
benserazide hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of benserazide. An aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase inhibitor (DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor) that does not enter the central nervous system, it is used as an adjunct to levodopa in the treatment of parkinsonism. By preventing the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, it causes an increase in the amount of levodopa reaching the central nervous system and so reduces the required dose. Benserazide hydrochloride has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.		2.4420hydrochlorideantiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
4-n-Pentylphenol
[no description available]		3.5220phenols
clemastine
Clemastine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as the hydrogen fumarate in hay fever, rhinitis, allergic skin conditions, and pruritus. It causes drowsiness.. clemastine : 2-[(2R)-1-Methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group is substituted by a 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-phenylethyl group (R configuration). An antihistamine with antimuscarinic and moderate sedative properties, it is used as its fumarate salt for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions such as rhinitis, urticaria, conjunctivitis and in pruritic (severe itching) skin conditions.		4.4160monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpyrrolidine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
thiamphenicol
[no description available]		2.7530monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfone		antimicrobial agent;
immunosuppressive agent
pancuronium bromide
pancuronium bromide : A bromide salt consisting of two bromide ions and one pancuronium dication.		2.7430bromide saltcholinergic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
pizotyline
Pizotyline: Serotonin antagonist used against MIGRAINE DISORDERS and vascular headaches.. pizotifen : A benzocycloheptathiophene that is 9,10-dihydro-4H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophene 4-ylidene)-1-methylpiperidine which is joined from the 4 position to the 4 position of an N-methylpiperidine moiety by a double bond. It is a sedating antihistamine, with strong serotonin antagonist and weak antimuscarinic activity. It is generally used as the malate salt for the treatment of migraine and the prevention of headache attacks during cluster periods.		2.0510benzocycloheptathiophenehistamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
cephalexin
Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.		5.72150beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
cromolyn sodium
Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized MAST CELLS. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.. disodium cromoglycate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of cromoglycic acid.		5.5592organic sodium saltanti-asthmatic drug;
drug allergen
isosorbide-5-mononitrate
isosorbide-5-mononitrate: for prevention of angina pectoris; structure given in first source; a Russian drug		11.67154glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
pentamethylmelamine
pentamethylmelamine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
ferric nitrilotriacetate
ferric nitrilotriacetate: induces diabetes in animals (iron loading)		1.9710iron chelatecarcinogenic agent;
mutagen
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.		5.15180acetate ester;
diester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetradecanoate ester		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mitogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase C agonist;
reactive oxygen species generator
ornidazole
Ornidazole: A nitroimidazole antiprotozoal agent used in ameba and trichomonas infections. It is partially plasma-bound and also has radiation-sensitizing action.. ornidazole : A C-nitro compound that is 5-nitroimidazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are replaced by 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl and methyl groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of susceptible protozoal infections and for the treatment of anaerobic bacterial infections.		2.0810C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
organochlorine compound;
secondary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antitrichomonal drug;
epitope
fluorides
[no description available]		4.7371halide anion;
monoatomic fluorine
calusterone
calusterone: was MH 1975-92 (see under METHYLTESTOSTERONE 1975-90); use METHYLTESTOSTERONE to search CALUSTERONE 1975-92		2.04103-hydroxy steroidandrogen
danazol
Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.		5.8517017beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		anti-estrogen;
estrogen antagonist;
geroprotector
9-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene
9-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd		3.110ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene
didesethylflurazepam
didesethylflurazepam: major metbolite of flurazepam; RN given refers to parent cpd. didesethylflurazepam : A primary amino compound resulting from the dealkylation of both ethyl groups of the anti-insomnia drug flurazepam. It is the major metabolite of flurazepam.		2.04101,4-benzodiazepinone;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound;
primary amino compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
drug metabolite;
GABAA receptor agonist;
sedative
metergoline
Metergoline: A dopamine agonist and serotonin antagonist. It has been used similarly to BROMOCRIPTINE as a dopamine agonist and also for MIGRAINE DISORDERS therapy.. metergoline : An ergoline alkaloid that is the N-benzyloxycarbonyl derivative of lysergamine. A 5-HT2 antagonist. Also 5-HT1 antagonist and 5-HT1D ligand. Has moderate affinity for 5-HT6 and high affinity for 5-HT7.		2.7430carbamate ester;
ergoline alkaloid		dopamine agonist;
geroprotector;
serotonergic antagonist
clonixin
Clonixin: Anti-inflammatory analgesic.. clonixin : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid substituted at position 2 by a (2-methyl-3-chlorophenyl)amino group. Used (as its lysine salt) for treatment of renal colic, muscular pain and moderately severe migraine attacks.		5.5651aminopyridine;
organochlorine compound;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
fenclozic acid
fenclozic acid: an analgesic & antipyretic with anti-inflammatory properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search THIAZOLES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd		4.140
lisuride
Lisuride: An ergot derivative that acts as an agonist at dopamine D2 receptors (DOPAMINE AGONISTS). It may also act as an antagonist at dopamine D1 receptors, and as an agonist at some serotonin receptors (SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS).		2.730monocarboxylic acid amideantidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
serotonergic agonist
etoprine
etoprine: do not confuse with 3,5-dicarbethoxy-2,6-dimethyl-4-ethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine, also called DDEP		2.0410
laxagetten 4,4'-diacetoxydiphenylpyridylemethane
[no description available]		3.5920
mercaptomerin
mercaptomerin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5700		1.9610
iodine
[no description available]		3.9850halide anion;
monoatomic iodine		human metabolite
daunorubicin
Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.		5.0170aminoglycoside antibiotic;
anthracycline;
p-quinones;
tetracenequinones		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
razoxane
Razoxane: An antimitotic agent with immunosuppressive properties.		2.4420N-alkylpiperazine
capobenic acid
[no description available]		2.0710benzamides
cephapirin
Cephapirin: Cephalosporin antibiotic, partly plasma-bound, that is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.. cephapirin : A cephalosporin with acetoxymethyl and 2(pyridin-4-ylsulfanyl)acetamido substituents at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used (as its sodium salt) as an antibiotic, being effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.		2.940cephalosporinantibacterial drug
diftalone
[no description available]		2.0710
fludarabine phosphate
fludarabine phosphate: structure given in first source. fludarabine phosphate : A purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate having 2-fluoroadenine as the nucleobase. A prodrug, it is rapidly dephosphorylated to 2-fluoro-ara-A and then phosphorylated intracellularly by deoxycytidine kinase to the active triphosphate, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP. Once incorporated into DNA, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP functions as a DNA chain terminator. It is used for the treatment of adult patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who have not responded to, or whose disease has progressed during, treatment with at least one standard alkylating-agent containing regimenas.		4.0840nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
cyanazine
cyanazine: structure. cyanazine : A chloro-1,3,5-triazine that is 2-chloro-1,3,5-triazine substituted by an ethyl amino and a (2-cyanopropan-2-yl)amino group at positions 6 and 4 respectively.		2.06101,3,5-triazinylamino nitrile;
chloro-1,3,5-triazine		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
disopyramide phosphate
[no description available]		2.9640organoammonium phosphate
alclofenac
alclofenac: was heading 1975-94 (was see under PHENYLACETATES 1975-90); use PHENYLACETATES to search ALCLOFENAC 1975-94; an anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis; acts also as an analgesic and an antipyretic. alclofenac : An aromatic ether in which the ether oxygen links an allyl group to the 4-position of (3-chlorophenyl)acetic acid.A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the UK market in 1979 due to concerns with its association with vasculitis and rash.		3.8630aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		drug allergen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
carbimazole
Carbimazole: An imidazole antithyroid agent. Carbimazole is metabolized to METHIMAZOLE, which is responsible for the antithyroid activity.. carbimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is methimazole in which the nitrogen bearing a hydrogen is converted into its ethoxycarbonyl derivative. A prodrug for methimazol, carbimazole is used for the treatment of hyperthyroidism.		2.76301,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones;
carbamate ester		antithyroid drug;
prodrug
2-bromoergocryptine mesylate
[no description available]		2.0510methanesulfonate saltantiparkinson drug
bromocriptine
Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.		6.61161indole alkaloidantidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
hormone antagonist
ergocristine
ergocristine: an ergot alkaloid; one of the three components of ergotoxine; has alpha blocking action, stimulates smooth muscles & antagonizes serotonin; used as oxytocic & in peripheral disorders; minor descriptor (77-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search EROLINES (77-86); RN given refers to ((5'alpha)-isomer). ergocristine : Ergotaman bearing benzyl, hydroxy, and isopropyl groups at the 5', 12' and 2' positions, respectively, and oxo groups at positions 3', 6', and 18. It is a natural ergot alkaloid.		2.4420ergot alkaloid
fenitrothion
Fenitrothion: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.. fenitrothion : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl O-phenyl phosphorothioate substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and a nitro group at position 4.		2.0610C-nitro compound;
organic thiophosphate		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
insecticide
zingerone
zingerone: pungent principle of ginger; structure. zingerone : A methyl ketone that is 4-phenylbutan-2-one in which the phenyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by methoxy and hydroxy groups respectively. The major pungent component in ginger.		2.0510methyl ketone;
monomethoxybenzene;
phenols		anti-inflammatory agent;
antiemetic;
antioxidant;
flavouring agent;
fragrance;
plant metabolite;
radiation protective agent
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		6.27202benzenes;
phenyl acetates
n-phenylethanolamine
[no description available]		3.110aralkylamine
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous
tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.		5.3741chloride salt;
organic chloride salt		antiseptic drug;
surfactant
4-ethylphenol
4-ethylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-ethylphenol : A member of the class of phenols carrying an ethyl substituent at position 4.		3.5220phenolsfungal xenobiotic metabolite
isopentyl alcohol
isopentyl alcohol: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. isoamylol : An primary alcohol that is butan-1-ol in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a methyl group.		2.0510alkyl alcohol;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		antifungal agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
xenobiotic metabolite
paraldehyde
Paraldehyde: A hypnotic and sedative with anticonvulsant effects. However, because of the hazards associated with its administration, its tendency to react with plastic, and the risks associated with its deterioration, it has largely been superseded by other agents. It is still occasionally used to control status epilepticus resistant to conventional treatment. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p608-9). paraldehyde : A trioxane that is 1,3,5-trioxane substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 4 and 6.		1.9410trioxanesedative
pyrrolidine
[no description available]		2.110azacycloalkane;
pyrrolidines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
picrotoxin
Cocculus: A plant genus of the family MENISPERMACEAE. Members contain sinococuline, coccuvine and other ALKALOIDS.		2.0510
triamcinolone
Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.		512011beta-hydroxy steroid;
16alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
oxyphenisatin
[no description available]		3.8730indoles
azetepa
[no description available]		2.0410phosphoramide
tetrachloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene: A chlorinated hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent and cooling liquid in electrical transformers. It is a potential carcinogen.		2.0510chlorocarbon;
chloroethenes		nephrotoxic agent
fludrocortisone
Fludrocortisone: A synthetic mineralocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity.		8.5828311beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
mineralocorticoid		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
ursodeoxycholic acid
Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		5.53120bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pregnanolone
Pregnanolone: A pregnane found in the urine of pregnant women and sows. It has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one : The 3alpha-stereoisomer of 3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one.		4.61803-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid		human metabolite;
intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
butylated hydroxytoluene
2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-methylphenol substituted by tert-butyl groups at positions 2 and 6.		4.0540phenolsantioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
food additive;
geroprotector
pyrene
pyrene: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7746. pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings, resulting in a flat aromatic system.		2.0310ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenefluorescent probe;
persistent organic pollutant
metipranolol
Metipranolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist effective for both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors. It is used as an antiarrhythmic, antihypertensive, and antiglaucoma agent.. metipranolol : 3-(Propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is substituted by a 4-acetoxy-2,3,5-trimethylphenoxy group. A non-cardioselective beta-blocker, it is used to lower intra-ocular pressure in the management of open-angle glaucoma.		2.9140acetate ester;
aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
proquazone
proquazone: nonsteroid anti-inflammatory agent; structure		2.0410pyrimidines
benzonidazole
benzonidazole: used in treatment of Chagas' disease. benznidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the aromatic amino group of benzylamine. Used for treatment of Chagas disease.		2.7530C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antiprotozoal drug
halazepam
halazepam: structure		2.7330organic molecular entity
butachlor
butachlor : An aromatic amide that is 2-choro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide in which the amide nitrogen has been replaced by a butoxymethyl group.		2.0510aromatic amide;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
4-methoxyamphetamine
4-methoxyamphetamine: para-methoxy derivative to amphetamine with hallucinogenic properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search AMPHETAMINES (75-86); RN given refers to parent compound without isomeric designation		2.3110
du-21220
Ritodrine: An adrenergic beta-2 agonist used to control PREMATURE LABOR.. 4-[2-[[1-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]amino]ethyl]phenol : A secondary amino compound that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl group.		4.790benzyl alcohols;
polyphenol;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate
8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.		3.991403',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
adenyl ribonucleotide;
organobromine compound		antidepressant;
protein kinase agonist
transferrin
Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.		1.9510
rose bengal b disodium salt
[no description available]		2.4720
propamocarb
propamocarb: RN given refers to parent cpd. propamocarb : A carbamate ester that is the propyl ester of 3-(dimethylamino)propylcarbamic acid. It is a systemic fungicide, used (normally as the hydrochloride salt) for the control of soil, root and leaf diseases caused by oomycetes, particularly Phytophthora and Pythium species.		2.110carbamate ester;
carbamate fungicide;
tertiary amino compound		antifungal agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
clobetasol propionate
Clobetasol Propionate: This is the form in trademark preparations.. clobetasol propionate : The 17-O-propionate ester of clobetasol. A potent corticosteroid, it is used to treat various skin disorders, including exzema and psoriasis.		2.492011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid		anti-inflammatory drug
androstane-3,17-diol
Androstane-3,17-diol: The unspecified form of the steroid, normally a major metabolite of TESTOSTERONE with androgenic activity. It has been implicated as a regulator of gonadotropin secretion.		21017-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid
alkenes
[no description available]		2.0510
calcium oxalate
Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi.. calcium oxalate : The calcium salt of oxalic acid, which in excess in the urine may lead to formation of oxalate calculi (kidney stones).		2.6830organic calcium salt
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		5.36180glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
dexchlorpheniramine
dexchlorpheniramine: RN given refers to parent cpd(S)-isomer		3.9130chlorphenamine
glucaric acid
Glucaric Acid: A sugar acid derived from D-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups.. D-glucaric acid : The D-enantiomer of glucaric acid.. glucaric acid : A hexaric acid derived by oxidation of sugar such as glucose with nitric acid.		1.9510glucaric acidantineoplastic agent
ribostamycin
Ribostamycin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial isolated from Streptomyces ribosifidicus.. ribostamycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is 4,6-diaminocyclohexane-1,2,3-triol having a 2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-glucosyl residue attached at position 1 and a beta-D-ribosyl residue attached at position 2. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces ribosidificus (formerly S. thermoflavus).		2.0410amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
metabolite
clometacin
clometacin: structure		3.5920N-acylindole
cefazolin
Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		10.06130beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
tetrazoles;
thiadiazoles		antibacterial drug
o,o-diisopropyl-s-benzylthiophosphate
O,O-diisopropyl-S-benzylthiophosphate: structure. iprobenfos : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-benzyl O,O-diisopropyl ester of phosphorothioic acid. Used as a rice fungicide to control leaf and ear blast, stem rot and sheath blight.		2.0310organic thiophosphateantifungal agrochemical;
phospholipid biosynthesis inhibitor
ripazepam
[no description available]		2.4420benzenes
sodium azide
Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).		2.9340inorganic sodium saltantibacterial agent;
explosive;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
mutagen
azides
Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.		3.3670pseudohalide anionmitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
halofenate
Halofenate: An antihyperlipoproteinemic agent and uricosuric agent.		3.4820
amoxicillin
Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.		5.92310penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
timolol
(S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.		12.19281timololanti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
indoramin
Indoramin: An alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist that is commonly used as an antihypertensive agent.		3.4370tryptamines
carfecillin
Carfecillin: The phenyl ester of CARBENICILLIN that, upon oral administration, is broken down in the intestinal mucosa to the active antibacterial. It is used for urinary tract infections.		2.0510penicillin
almitrine
Almitrine: A respiratory stimulant that enhances respiration by acting as an agonist of peripheral chemoreceptors located on the carotid bodies. The drug increases arterial oxygen tension while decreasing arterial carbon dioxide tension in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It may also prove useful in the treatment of nocturnal oxygen desaturation without impairing the quality of sleep.. almitrine : A triamino-1,3,5-triazine compound having allylamino substituents at the 2- and 4-positions and a 4-(bis(p-fluorophenyl)methyl)-1-piperazinyl group at the 6-position.		2.0610piperazines;
triamino-1,3,5-triazine		central nervous system stimulant
nicergoline
Nicergoline: An ergot derivative that has been used as a cerebral vasodilator and in peripheral vascular disease. It may ameliorate cognitive deficits in CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS.		2.0510organic heterotetracyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
benthiocarb
Saturn: The sixth planet in order from the sun. It is one of the five outer planets of the solar system. Its twelve natural satellites include Phoebe and Titan.		2.4520monochlorobenzenes;
monothiocarbamic ester
nigericin
Nigericin: A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nigericin : A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus.		3.2360polycyclic etherantibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite;
potassium ionophore
oxcarbazepine
Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.		9.0840cyclic ketone;
dibenzoazepine		anticonvulsant;
drug allergen
carbidopa
carbidopa (anhydrous) : 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used (commonly as its hydrate) in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.		4.1140catechols;
hydrazines;
monocarboxylic acid		antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
prednimustine
Prednimustine: Ester of CHLORAMBUCIL and PREDNISOLONE used as a combination alkylating agent and synthetic steroid to treat various leukemias and other neoplasms. It causes gastrointestinal and bone marrow toxicity.		2.0410corticosteroid hormone
toloxatone
toloxatone: oxazolidinone derivative; psychotropic drug; structure. toloxatone : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-toloxatone. It is a reversible monoamine oxidase A inhibitor and antidepressant.. 5-(hydroxymethyl)-3-(3-methylphenyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one : A member of the class of oxazolidinones that is 5-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one substituted by a 3-methylphenyl group at position 3.		2.4520oxazolidinone;
primary alcohol;
toluenes
moricizine hydrochloride
moricizine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt obtained from equimola amounts of moricizine and hydrogen chloride.		2.4620hydrochlorideanti-arrhythmia drug
moricizine
Moricizine: An antiarrhythmia agent used primarily for ventricular rhythm disturbances.. moricizine : A phenothiazine substituted on the nitrogen by a 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propanoyl group, and at position 2 by an (ethoxycarbonyl)amino group.		4.2450carbamate ester;
morpholines;
phenothiazines		anti-arrhythmia drug
amygdalin
[no description available]		2.0410cyanogenic glycoside;
disaccharide derivative;
gentiobioside		plant metabolite
amineptin
amineptin: used in treatment of neuroses with psychoasthenic, anxio-phobic & depressive manifestations; synonym S 1694 refers to HCl; structure. amineptine : A carbocyclic fatty acid that is 5-aminoheptanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulen-5-yl group. A tricyclic antidepressant, it was never approved in the US and was withdrawn from the French market in 1999 due to concerns over abuse, dependence and severe acne.		4.5570amino acid;
carbocyclic fatty acid;
carbotricyclic compound;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor
bitolterol
bitolterol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bitolterol : The di-4-toluate ester of (+-)-N-tert-butylnoradrenaline (colterol). A pro-drug for colterol, a beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist, bitolterol is used as its methanesulfonate salt for relief of bronchospasm in conditions such as asthma, chronic bronchitis and emphysema.		2.0210carboxylic ester;
diester;
ethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
prodrug
zidovudine
Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.		7.13350azide;
pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
feprazone
Feprazone: A pyrazole that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It has been used in mild to moderate pain, fever, and inflammation associated with musculoskeletal and joint disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p15)		2.4620organic molecular entity
pirprofen
pirprofen: anti-inflammatory agent used in therapy of rheumatoid arthritis; prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor; more potent than indomethacin; structure		10.9171pyrroline
medifoxamine
medifoxamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		210aromatic ether
sisomicin
Sisomicin: Antibiotic produced by Micromonospora inyoensis. It is closely related to gentamicin C1A, one of the components of the gentamicin complex (GENTAMICINS).		2.4520amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic;
beta-L-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative
serentil
mesoridazine besylate : The benzenesulfonate salt of mesoridazine prepared using equimolar amounts of mesoridazine and benzenesulfonic acid.		2.4620organosulfonate saltdopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
amdinocillin
Amdinocillin: An amidinopenicillanic acid derivative with broad spectrum antibacterial action.. mecillinam : A penicillin in which the 6beta substituent is [(azepan-1-yl)methylidene]amino; an extended-spectrum penicillin antibiotic that binds specifically to penicillin binding protein 2 (PBP2), and is only considered to be active against Gram-negative bacteria.		2.0410penicillinantibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent
4-ipomeanol
4-ipomeanol: lung-toxic furanoterpenoid produced in moldy sweet potatoes in response to fungus infection; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		3.0610aromatic ketone
tobramycin
Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.		5.54161amino cyclitol glycosideantibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
toxin
paclitaxel
Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).		5.86170taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
buspirone hydrochloride
buspirone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of buspirone and hydrogen chloride.		2.4420hydrochlorideanxiolytic drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
sedative;
serotonergic agonist
etoposide
[no description available]		6.67280beta-D-glucoside;
furonaphthodioxole;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
substance p
[no description available]		3.0750peptideneurokinin-1 receptor agonist;
neurotransmitter;
vasodilator agent
6-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene
6-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source		3.110ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene
propafenone hydrochloride
propafenone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of propafenone. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.		2.9640hydrochlorideanti-arrhythmia drug
dobutamine
Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.		12.03498catecholamine;
secondary amine		beta-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
ticarcillin
Ticarcillin: An antibiotic derived from penicillin similar to CARBENICILLIN in action.. ticarcillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[(2R)-2-carboxy-2-thiophen-3-ylacetyl]amino side-group.		3.1150penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
phenyl-2-aminoethyl sulfide
phenyl-2-aminoethyl sulfide: dopamine-beta-hydroxylase substrate; structure given in first source		2.110
trimazosin
trimazosin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.4420N-arylpiperazine
etazolate hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
n,n'-bis(2-hydroxybenzyl)ethylenediamine-n,n'-diacetic acid
[no description available]		2.4320
halofantrine
halofantrine: used in treatment of mild to moderate acute malaria		2.4520phenanthrenes
imidazole-2-hydroxybenzoate
imidazole-2-hydroxybenzoate: 2-hydroxybenzoic acid compounded with imidazole		3.3711
butaclamol
[no description available]		2.0310amino alcohol;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist
penbutolol
Penbutolol: A nonselective beta-blocker used as an antihypertensive and an antianginal agent.		7.66144ethanolamines
fenclorac
fenclorac: structure; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0210
etidocaine
Etidocaine: A local anesthetic with rapid onset and long action, similar to BUPIVACAINE.. etidocaine : An amino acid amide in which 2-[ethyl(propyl)amino]butanoic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. Used as a local anaesthetic (amide caine), it has rapid onset and long action properties, similar to bupivacaine, and is given by injection during surgical procedures and during labour and delivery.		2.4420amino acid amidelocal anaesthetic
ribavirin
Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename		5.171401-ribosyltriazole;
aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
primary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
adinazolam
adinazolam: structure in first source. adinazolam : A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a dimethylaminomethyl group at the 1-position, a phenyl group at the 6-position and a chloro substituent at the 8-position.		2.7430triazolobenzodiazepineanticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
sedative
amikacin
Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.		6.54141alpha-D-glucoside;
amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside;
carboxamide		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
nephrotoxin
phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate
Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems.		2.6830butyrate ester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
tolamolol
[no description available]		2.4720
flunixin
flunixin : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenylamino group. A relatively potent non-narcotic, nonsteroidal analgesic with anti-inflammatory, anti-endotoxic and anti-pyretic properties; used in veterinary medicine (usually as the meglumine salt) for treatment of horses, cattle and pigs.		2.3720aminopyridine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
carbidopa
[no description available]		3.2960catechols;
hydrate;
hydrazines;
monocarboxylic acid		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
cephradine
Cephradine: A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic.. cephradine : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a methyl substituent at position 3, and a (2R)-2-amino-2-cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-ylacetamido substituent at position 7, of the cephem skeleton.		11.1291beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
hydroxymaprotilin
hydroxymaprotilin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0510
ticrynafen
Ticrynafen: A novel diuretic with uricosuric action. It has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.. tienilic acid : An aromatic ketone that is 2,3-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a thiophenecarbonyl group. A loop diuretic used to treat hypertension, it was withdrawn from the market in 1982 due to links with hepatitis.		5.24160aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		antihypertensive agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
loop diuretic
guanadrel
guanadrel: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. guanadrel : A spiroketal resulting from the formal condensation of the keto group of cyclohexanone with the hydroxy groups of 1-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)guanidine. A postganglionic adrenergic blocking agent formerly used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the management of hypertension, it has been largely superseded by other drugs less likely to cause orthostatic hypotension (dizzy spells on standing up or stretching).		2.0210guanidines;
spiroketal		adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
methyldopa
Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		12.261077L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
hapten;
peripheral nervous system drug;
sympatholytic agent
tocainide
Tocainide: An antiarrhythmic agent which exerts a potential- and frequency-dependent block of SODIUM CHANNELS.. tocainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide in which 2,6-dimethylphenylaniline and isobutyric acid have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.		3.4270monocarboxylic acid amideanti-arrhythmia drug;
local anaesthetic;
sodium channel blocker
sulbenicillin
Sulbenicillin: Semisynthetic penicillin-type antibiotic.. sulbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-[phenyl(sulfo)acetamido] side-chain.		2.4520penicillin
bezafibrate
[no description available]		8.5480aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
sq-11725
Nadolol: A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for MIGRAINE DISORDERS and for tremor.. nadolol : Nadolol is a diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of the four possible 2,3-cis-isomers of 5-[3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,3-diol.		7.03241
diltiazem
Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.		7.443615-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetateantihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
flunixin meglumine
flunixin meglumine : An organoammonium salt obtained by combining flunixin with one molar equivalent of 1-deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A relatively potent non-narcotic, nonsteroidal analgesic with anti-inflammatory, anti-endotoxic and anti-pyretic properties; used in veterinary medicine for treatment of horses, cattle and pigs.		8.7721organoammonium saltantipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimustine
Nimustine: Antineoplastic agent especially effective against malignant brain tumors. The resistance which brain tumor cells acquire to the initial effectiveness of this drug can be partially overcome by the simultaneous use of membrane-modifying agents such as reserpine, calcium antagonists such as nicardipine or verapamil, or the calmodulin inhibitor, trifluoperazine. The drug has also been used in combination with other antineoplastic agents or with radiotherapy for the treatment of various neoplasms.. nimustine : An organochlorine compound that is urea in which the two hydrogens on one of the amino groups are replaced by nitroso and 2-chloroethyl groups and one hydrogen from the other amino group is replaced by a 4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-ylmethyl] group. An antineoplastic agent especially effective against malignant brain tumors.		2.0410aminopyrimidine;
N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
levobunolol
Levobunolol: The L-Isomer of bunolol.. levobunolol : A cyclic ketone that is 3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1-one substituted at position 5 by a 3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy group (the S-enantiomer). A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist used (as its hydrochloride salt) for treatment of glaucoma.		2.0210aromatic ether;
cyclic ketone;
propanolamine		antiglaucoma drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium
1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.		2.7230pyridinium ionapoptosis inducer;
herbicide;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
neurotoxin
nonachlazine
Nonachlazine: Coronary vasodilator with a novel mechanism of action; proposed as antianginal agent.		2.4620
lonidamine
lonidamine: structure. lonidamine : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole that is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by 2,4-dichlorobenzyl and carboxy groups, respectively.		2.4620dichlorobenzene;
indazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		antineoplastic agent;
antispermatogenic agent;
EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
vecuronium bromide
Vecuronium Bromide: Monoquaternary homolog of PANCURONIUM. A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with shorter duration of action than pancuronium. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination as well as its short duration of action and easy reversibility provide advantages over, or alternatives to, other established neuromuscular blocking agents.. vecuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidinino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.		4.5351organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent;
nicotinic antagonist
vecuronium
vecuronium : A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.		3.2310acetate ester;
androstane;
quaternary ammonium ion		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent;
nicotinic antagonist
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester
NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.		4.4210alpha-amino acid ester;
L-arginine derivative;
methyl ester;
N-nitro compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
4-isopropylbicyclophosphate
4-isopropylbicyclophosphate: highly toxic cpd used in spectroscopic studies, potential flame retardants, vinyl resin stabilizers, & antioxidants; are not cholinesterase inhibitors; structure		1.9610
dexibuprofen
dexibuprofen: structure in first source		3.5220ibuprofennon-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
benoxaprofen
benoxaprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. benoxaprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl group. It was used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug until 1982 when it was withdrawn from the market due to adverse side-effects including liver necrosis, photosensitivity, and carcinogenicity in animals.		5.28901,3-benzoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antipsoriatic;
antipyretic;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
nephrotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
protein kinase C agonist
permethrin
hemoglobin Atlanta-Coventry: Leu replaced by Pro at beta75 and Leu deleted at beta141		2.9640cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
cyclopropanes		agrochemical;
ectoparasiticide;
pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide;
scabicide
pinazepam
pinazepam: structure		2.0510benzodiazepine
exifone
[no description available]		3.5920benzophenones
quisqualic acid
Quisqualic Acid: An agonist at two subsets of excitatory amino acid receptors, ionotropic receptors that directly control membrane channels and metabotropic receptors that indirectly mediate calcium mobilization from intracellular stores. The compound is obtained from the seeds and fruit of Quisqualis chinensis.		2.0310non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
pirfenidone
pirfenidone : A pyridone that is 2-pyridone substituted at positions 1 and 5 by phenyl and methyl groups respectively. An anti-inflammatory drug used for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.		2.4520pyridoneantipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid
[no description available]		2.5120chromanol;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
radical scavenger;
Wnt signalling inhibitor
mefloquine
(-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-mefloquine : An optically active form of [2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol having (-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-configuration. An antimalarial agent, used in racemic form, which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.		4.4530[2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanolantimalarial
desogestrel
Desogestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone used often as the progestogenic component of combined oral contraceptive agents (ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED).		2.472017beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
flecainide acetate
flecainide acetate : An acetate salt obtained by combining flecainide with one molar equivalent of acetic acid. An antiarrhythmic agent used to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).		2.9640acetate saltanti-arrhythmia drug
meptazinol
Meptazinol: A narcotic antagonist with analgesic properties. It is used for the control of moderate to severe pain.		2.7230azepanes
nicardipine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.9640dihydropyridinegeroprotector
muzolimine
Muzolimine: A pyrazole diuretic with long duration and high capacity of action. It was proposed for kidney failure and hypertension but was withdrawn worldwide because of severe neurological effects.		8.62234dichlorobenzene
butibufen
butibufen: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4520monoterpenoid
nitazoxanide
nitazoxanide: a 5-nitrothiazolyl derivative used for a broad range of intestinal parasitic infections including CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and GIARDIA; it is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide prodrug		3.6120benzamides;
carboxylic ester
sufentanil
Sufentanil: An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.. sufentanil : An anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of 4-(methoxymethyl)-N-phenyl-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		4.5470anilide;
ether;
piperidines;
thiophenes		anaesthesia adjuvant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
acarbose
[no description available]		3.6120tetrasaccharide derivativeEC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent
torsemide
Torsemide: A pyridine and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a sodium-potassium chloride symporter inhibitor (loop diuretic). It is used for the treatment of EDEMA associated with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY; and LIVER DISEASES. It is also used for the management of HYPERTENSION.. torasemide : An N-sulfonylurea obtained by formal condensation of [(3-methylphenyl)amino]pyridine-3-sulfonic acid with the free amino group of N-isopropylurea. It is a potent loop diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and edema in patients with congestive heart failure.		18.6517262aminopyridine;
N-sulfonylurea;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
loop diuretic
medroxalol
medroxalol: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.0410salicylamides
epirubicin
Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.		5.35100aminoglycoside;
anthracycline antibiotic;
anthracycline;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
p-quinones;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
spiromustine
[no description available]		2.0410
cefmetazole
Cefmetazole: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted.. cefmetazole : A second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having N(1)-methyltetrazol-5-ylthiomethyl, {[(cyanomethyl)sulfanyl]acetyl}amino and methoxy side-groups at positions 3, 7beta and 7alpha respectively of the parent cephem bicyclic structure.		2.9240cephalosporinantibacterial drug
2-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene
2-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source		3.110ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene
desflurane
Desflurane: A fluorinated ether that is used as a volatile anesthetic for maintenance of general anesthesia.		7.7130organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
indacrinone
indacrinone: polyvalent saluretic; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure		6.14250
prenalterol
Prenalterol: A partial adrenergic agonist with functional beta 1-receptor specificity and inotropic effect. It is effective in the treatment of acute CARDIAC FAILURE, postmyocardial infarction low-output syndrome, SHOCK, and reducing ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION in the SHY-RAGER SYNDROME.		5.3853aromatic ether
diaziquone
diaziquone: RN given refers to parent cpd. diaziquone : A 1,4-benzoquinone that is substituted at positions 2 and 5 have been replaced by aziridin-1-yl groups and at positions 3 and 6 by (ethoxycarbonyl)amino groups.		2.04101,4-benzoquinones;
aziridines;
carbamate ester;
enamine		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
Flamprop
[no description available]		2.110benzamides
lorcainide
[no description available]		3.4370acetamides
idarubicin
Idarubicin: An orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. The compound has shown activity against BREAST NEOPLASMS; LYMPHOMA; and LEUKEMIA.		4.6580anthracycline antibiotic;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative
laurocapram
laurocapram: enhances percutaneous absorption of different chemicals; structure given in first source		2.0210
ceforanide
ceforanide: RN given refers to (6R-(trans))-isomer. ceforanide : A second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with {[1-(carboxymethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and 2-(aminomethyl)phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is effective against many coliforms, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter and Proteus, and most strains of Salmonella, Shigella, Hemophilus, Citrobacter and Arizona species.		2.0410cephalosporinantibacterial drug
cefonicid
Cefonicid: A second-generation cephalosporin administered intravenously or intramuscularly. Its bactericidal action results from inhibition of cell wall synthesis. It is used for urinary tract infections, lower respiratory tract infections, and soft tissue and bone infections.. cefonicid : A cephalosporin bearing {[1-(sulfomethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and (R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		2.4320cephalosporinantibacterial drug
piperacillin
Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		6.3111penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
cefotiam
Cefotiam: One of the CEPHALOSPORINS that has a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotiam : A cephalosporin with ({1-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-1H-tetrazol-5-yl}sulfanyl)methyl and (2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)acetamido substituents at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. A third generation beta-lactam cephalosporin antibiotic, it is active against a broad spectrum of both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.		3.3711beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
paroxetine
Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.		5.17140aromatic ether;
benzodioxoles;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
P450 inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
triciribine phosphate
[no description available]		2.0410
captopril
Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.		16.6830648alkanethiol;
L-proline derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
bopindolol
bopindolol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. bopindolol : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bopindolol and (S)-bopindolol. It is a non-selective antagonist of beta1- and beta2-adrenoceptors and a prodrug in which the ester group is hydrolysed to form the corresponding hydroxy derivative.. 1-(tert-butylamino)-3-[(2-methyl-1H-indol-4-yl)oxy]propan-2-yl benzoate : A methylindole that is 2-methyl-1H-indol-4-ol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(benzoyloxy)-3-(tert-butylamino)propyl group.		1.9710aromatic ether;
benzoate ester;
methylindole;
secondary amino compound
progabide
progabide: GABA agonist; structure		2.0510diarylmethane
cefoperazone
Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.. cefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance.		9.7490cephalosporinantibacterial drug
staurosporine
[no description available]		2.7630indolocarbazole alkaloid;
organic heterooctacyclic compound		apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
geroprotector
terazosin hydrochloride anhydrous
[no description available]		2.4420
foscarnet sodium
trisodium phosphonoformate : The trisodium salt of phosphonoformic acid. It is used as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.		2.7430one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antiviral drug
lodoxamide
[no description available]		2.0210organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
indalpine
indalpine: selective 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0710indoles
5,5-diphenylbarbituric acid
5,5-diphenylbarbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
atracurium
Atracurium: A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with short duration of action. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and its lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination provide clinical advantage over alternate non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents.. atracurium : A diester compound consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxyls bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups.		4.460diester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
atracurium besylate
atracurium besylate : The bisbenzenesulfonate salt of atracurium.		2.0810organosulfonate salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
butoconazole nitrate
butoconazole nitrate : An organic nitrate salt obtained by reaction of equimolar amounts of butaconazole and nitric acid. An antifungal agent, it is used in gynaecology for treatment of vulvovaginal infections caused by Candida species, particularly Candida albicans.		2.4620aryl sulfide;
conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
organic nitrate salt
butoconazole
butoconazole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. butoconazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1H-imidazole in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)sulfanyl]butyl group. An antifungal agent, it is used as its nitrate salt in gynaecology for treatment of vulvovaginal infections caused by Candida species, particularly Candida albicans.		2.0210aryl sulfide;
conazole antifungal drug;
dichlorobenzene;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes
moxalactam
Moxalactam: Broad- spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic similar in structure to the CEPHALOSPORINS except for the substitution of an oxaazabicyclo moiety for the thiaazabicyclo moiety of certain CEPHALOSPORINS. It has been proposed especially for the meningitides because it passes the blood-brain barrier and for anaerobic infections.. moxalactam : A broad-spectrum oxacephem antibiotic in which the oxazine ring is substituted with a tetrazolylthiomethyl group and the azetidinone ring carries methoxy and 2-carboxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido substituents.		2.9240cephalosporin;
oxacephem		antibacterial drug
lidamidine
lidamidine: synonym WHR-1142A refers to HCl; structure		2.0710ureas
nicorandil
Nicorandil: A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.. nicorandil : A pyrimidinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(nitrooxy)ethyl group. It has both nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator properties, and is used for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris.		2.9440nitrate ester;
pyridinecarboxamide		potassium channel opener;
vasodilator agent
endralazine
BQ 22-708: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410benzamides
naftifine
naftifine: allylamine der; RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. naftifine : A tertiary amine in which the nitrogen is substituted by methyl, alpha-naphthylmethyl, and (1E)-cinnamyl groups. It is used (usually as its hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of fungal skin infections.		2.0210allylamine antifungal drug;
naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
bw-755c
4,5-Dihydro-1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-amine: A dual inhibitor of both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways. It exerts an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the formation of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The drug also enhances pulmonary hypoxic vasoconstriction and has a protective effect after myocardial ischemia.		2.0410
pergolide
Pergolide: A long-acting dopamine agonist which has been used to treat PARKINSON DISEASE and HYPERPROLACTINEMIA but withdrawn from some markets due to potential for HEART VALVE DISEASES.. pergolide : A diamine that is ergoline in which the beta-hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by a (methylthio)methyl group and the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is replaced by a propyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used as the mesylate salt in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.		3.8430diamine;
methyl sulfide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
pergolide mesylate
pergolide mesylate : A methanesulfonate salt obtained from pergolide by mixing eqimolar amount of pergolide and methanesulfonic acid. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.		2.7430methanesulfonate saltantiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
geroprotector
ranitidine hydrochloride
label : A role played by a part of a molecular entity distinguishable by the observer but not by the system and used to identify a tracer.		2.0310
colforsin
Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.		4.9360acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
labdane diterpenoid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
triol		adenylate cyclase agonist;
anti-HIV agent;
antihypertensive agent;
plant metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
protein kinase A agonist
cefadroxil anhydrous
Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.. cefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		5.61130cephalosporinantibacterial drug
encainide
Encainide: One of the ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS, it blocks VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS and slows conduction within the His-Purkinje system and MYOCARDIUM.. encainide : 4-Methoxy-N-phenylbenzamide in which the hydrogen at the 2 position of the phenyl group is substituted by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group. A class Ic antiarrhythmic, the hydrochloride was used for the treatment of severe or life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, but it was associated with increased death rates in patients who had asymptomatic heart rhythm abnormalities after a recent heart attack and was withdrawn from the market.		3.2860benzamides;
piperidines		anti-arrhythmia drug;
sodium channel blocker
talniflumate
talniflumate: an anti-inflammatory molecule for the treatment of cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma		2.4820benzofurans
fenoldopam mesylate
[no description available]		2.0810benzazepine
tiotidine
tiotidine: UD gives slightly different structure for this cpd; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source		2.4320thiazoles
nedocromil
Nedocromil: A pyranoquinolone derivative that inhibits activation of inflammatory cells which are associated with ASTHMA, including EOSINOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MACROPHAGES; MAST CELLS; MONOCYTES; AND PLATELETS.		5.5692dicarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fialuridine
[no description available]		4.2750
doxofylline
doxofylline : An oxopurine that is a derivative of xanthine, methylated at N-1 and N-3 and carrying a 1,3-dioxolan-2-ylmethyl group at N-7, used in the treatment of asthma.		2.0410oxopurineanti-asthmatic drug;
antitussive;
bronchodilator agent
pimonidazole
pimonidazole: structure given in first source		2.0210
cefaclor anhydrous
Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		5.0570cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
bucindolol
bucindolol: an indolyl-tert-butyl-phenoxypropanolamine benzonitrile derivative		2.0410
pefloxacin
Pefloxacin: A synthetic broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.. pefloxacin : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7 by ethyl, carboxy, fluorine, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.		3.74100fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
mitoxantrone hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620hydrochlorideantineoplastic agent
alfentanil
Alfentanil: A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.. alfentanil : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine having a 2-(4-ethyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl group at the 1-position as well as N-phenylpropanamido- and methoxymethyl groups at the 4-position.		5.01120monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		central nervous system depressant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
fomesafen
fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.		6.47141aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
organofluorine compound;
phenols		agrochemical;
EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor;
herbicide
miglustat
miglustat: a glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor. miglustat : A hydroxypiperidine that is deoxynojirimycin in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a butyl group.		3.8530piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
EC 2.4.1.80 (ceramide glucosyltransferase) inhibitor
alo 2145
apraclonidine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of apraclonidine.		2.0310hydrochloridealpha-adrenergic agonist;
antiglaucoma drug
haloperidol decanoate
[no description available]		3.2310organic molecular entity
dazoxiben
dazoxiben: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4120
cefotetan
Cefotetan: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotetan : A semi-synthetic second-generation cephamycin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl, methoxy and {[4-(2-amino-1-carboxy-2-oxoethylidene)-1,3-dithietan-2-yl]carbonyl}amino groups at the 3, 7alpha, and 7beta positions, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is resistant to a wide range of beta-lactamases and is active against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms.		4.85100
recainam
recainam: structure given in first source		3.4370
lovastatin
Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).		5.22150delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		anticholesteremic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
prodrug
flupirtine
flupirtine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		4.6761aminopyridine
tolrestat
tolrestat: RN & structure given in first source		4.2750naphthalenesEC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
enoximone
Enoximone: A selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with vasodilating and positive inotropic activity that does not cause changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. It is used in patients with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE.		5.5692aromatic ketone
stepronin
[no description available]		2.0810N-acyl-amino acid
bm 13505
daltroban: thromboxane antagonist		2.6730
piritrexim
piritrexim: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.7430
levocabastine
levocabastine: for the temporary relief of the signs and symptoms of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis		8.8221piperidines
simvastatin
Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.		7.46211delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
statin (semi-synthetic)		EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
prodrug
idazoxan
Idazoxan: A benzodioxane-linked imidazole that has alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity.. idazoxan : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 has been replaced by a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group.		3.4370benzodioxine;
imidazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist
remoxipride
Remoxipride: An antipsychotic agent that is specific for dopamine D2 receptors. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of schizophrenia.		3.5780dimethoxybenzene
quinpirole
Quinpirole: A dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist.. quinpirole : A pyrazoloquinoline that is (4aR,8aR)-4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a,9-octahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-g]quinoline substituted by a propyl group at position 5. It acts as a dopamine agonist.		1.9810pyrazoloquinolinedopamine agonist
balsalazide
balsalazide: a mesalamine 5-aminosalicylate prodrug; 99% of ingested drug remains intact through the stomach and is delivered to and activated in the colon; used for inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis and radiation-induced proctosigmoiditis but avoided in patients with known hypersensitivity reaction to salicylates or mesalamine; structure in first source. balsalazide : A monohydroxybenzoic acid consisting of 5-aminosalicylic acid (mesalazine) linked to 4-aminobenzoyl-beta-alanine via an azo bond.		3.2310
pravastatin
Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.		7.351913-hydroxy carboxylic acid;
carbobicyclic compound;
carboxylic ester;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol;
statin (semi-synthetic)		anticholesteremic drug;
environmental contaminant;
metabolite;
xenobiotic
cabergoline
Cabergoline: An ergoline derivative and dopamine D2-agonist that inhibits PROLACTIN secretion. It is used in the management of HYPERPROLACTINEMIA, and to suppress lactation following childbirth for medical reasons. Cabergoline is also used in the management of PARKINSON DISEASE.. cabergoline : An N-acylurea that is (8R)-ergoline-8-carboxamide in which the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is substituted by an allyl group and the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen are substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group and an N-ethylcarbamoyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist, cabergoline is used in the management of Parkinson's disease and of disorders associated with hyperprolactinaemia.		4.0840N-acylureaantineoplastic agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
caracemide
[no description available]		2.0410
bambuterol
bambuterol: selective inhibitor of butyrylcholinesterase & acetylcholinesterase. bambuterol : A carbamate ester that is terbutaline in which both of the phenolic hydroxy groups have been protected as the corresponding N,N-dimethylcarbamates. A long acting beta-adrenoceptor agonist used in the treatment of asthma, it is a prodrug for terbutaline.		3.1550carbamate ester;
phenylethanolamines		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
prodrug;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
atomoxetine hydrochloride
Atomoxetine Hydrochloride: A propylamine derivative and selective ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER.. atomoxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of atomoxetine.		2.4720hydrochlorideadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant
atomoxetine
atomoxetine : A secondary amino compound having methyl and 3-(2-methylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropan-1-yl substituents.		4.95110aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound;
toluenes		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
benfuracarb
benfuracarb: a procarbamate insecticide		2.06101-benzofurans;
carbamate ester;
ethyl ester		agrochemical;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
quinapril
Quinapril: A tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME inhibitor that is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. quinapril : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is (3S)-2-L-alanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in which the alpha-amino group of the alanyl residue has been substituted by a 1-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group (the all-S isomer). A prodrug for quinaprilat (by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		4.85100dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
isoquinolines;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
alpidem
[no description available]		4.6880imidazoles
raloxifene hydrochloride
Raloxifene Hydrochloride: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.. raloxifene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride.		2.7330hydrochloridebone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
cicletanine
[no description available]		10.180organochlorine compound
gepirone
gepirone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.0510N-arylpiperazine
mifepristone
Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.		4.64803-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		abortifacient;
contraceptive drug;
hormone antagonist;
synthetic oral contraceptive
piroximone
piroximone: structure in first source		2.0510
5-propynylarabinofuranosyluracil
5-propynylarabinofuranosyluracil: potent inhibitor of VZV		2.4620
itraconazole
Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.		2.7530aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
cyclic ketal;
dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
quinpirole hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
temelastine
[no description available]		2.4220pyrimidone
dopexamine
dopexamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.4520catecholamine
amifloxacin
amifloxacin: structure in UD		2.0210quinolines
trospectomycin
trospectomycin: active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae; RN refers to 2R-(2alpha,4abeta,5abeta,6beta,7beta,8beta,9beta,9alpha,9aalpha,10abeta)-(9CI)-isomer		2.4520dioxanes
imazodan
imazodan: RN & structure given in first source;		2.0310
iopentol
[no description available]		1.9810amidobenzoic acid
difloxacin
difloxacin: RN & structure given in first source. difloxacin : A quinolone that is pefloxacin in which the ethyl group at position 1 of the quinolone has been replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group. A broad-spectrum antibiotic effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, it is used (usually as the monohydrochloride salt) for the treatment of bacterial infections in dogs.		2.4320fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
sarafloxacin
sarafloxacin: RN & structure given in first source		2.0510quinolines
lonapalene
RS 43179: used in treatment of psoriasis		2.0710naphthalenes;
organochlorine compound
cilazapril, anhydrous
Cilazapril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors) used for hypertension. It is a prodrug that is hydrolyzed after absorption to its main metabolite cilazaprilat.. cilazapril : A pyridazinodiazepine resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of cilazaprilat with ethanol. It is a drug used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.		5.0352dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
pyridazinodiazepine		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
fosphenytoin
fosphenytoin: structure given in first & second source		3.5620imidazolidine-2,4-dione
pravadoline
[no description available]		2.0810
salmeterol xinafoate
Salmeterol Xinafoate: A selective ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTOR agonist that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR when administered by inhalation. It is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.		2.9940naphthoic acid
ranolazine
Ranolazine: An acetanilide and piperazine derivative that functions as a SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and prevents the release of enzymes during MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA. It is used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS.. N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. ranolazine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-ranolazine. Used for treatment of chronic angina.		3.620aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monomethoxybenzene;
N-alkylpiperazine;
secondary alcohol
ipsapirone
[no description available]		2.0710N-arylpiperazine
fura-2
Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.		3.78110
finasteride
Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.		9.941103-oxo steroid;
aza-steroid;
delta-lactam		androgen antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
carmoxirole
carmoxirole : An indolecarboxylic acid that is indole-5-carboxylic acid bearing an additional 4-(4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-1-yl)butyl substituent at position 3. Selective, peripherally acting dopamine D2 receptor agonist. Modulates noradrenalin release and sympathetic activation. Displays antihypertensive properties in vivo.		210indolecarboxylic acid;
tertiary amino compound;
tetrahydropyridine		antihypertensive agent;
dopamine agonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
imiquimod
Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.		2.0810imidazoquinolineantineoplastic agent;
interferon inducer
rufloxacin
rufloxacin: structure in first source		210fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolines;
quinolone antibiotic
sematilide
sematilide: RN refers to HCl; structure given in first source		2.9740
fadrozole
Fadrozole: A selective aromatase inhibitor effective in the treatment of estrogen-dependent disease including breast cancer.		3.7921imidazopyridine
esmolol
methyl 3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl}propanoate : A methyl ester that is methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl group.. esmolol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. A cardioselective and short-acting beta1 receptor blocker with rapid onset but lacking intrinsic sympathomimetic and membrane-stabilising properties, it is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, and for the control of hypertension and tachycardia during surgery. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both enantiomers contribute to lowering blood pressure.		4.93110aromatic ether;
ethanolamines;
methyl ester;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
s 8666
S 8666: inhibits glutathione transferase in rat liver cytosol		3.0750
temafloxacin
temafloxacin: structure given in first source. temafloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-temafloxacin. Both enantiomers both exhibit similar pharmacological profiles. Temafloxacin was briefly used (either as the free base or as the hydrochloride salt) as an antibacterial drug but was withdrawn worldwide in 1992 following reports of serious side effects, including severe hypoglycaemia, haemolytic anaemia, liver and kidney dysfunction, anaphylaxis, and death.. 1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-6-fluoro-7-(3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 1, 6, and 7 by 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluorine, and 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.		2.4620amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound
clinafloxacin
clinafloxacin: structure given in first source; RN given is for monoHCl		3.1550quinolines
sertindole
sertindole : A phenylindole that is 1H-indole which is substituted on the nitrogen by a p-chlorophenyl group, at position 5 by chlorine, and at position 3 by a piperidin-4-yl group, which is itself substituted on the nitrogen by a 2-(2-oxoimidazolidin-1-yl)ethyl group.		2.0810heteroarylpiperidine;
imidazolidinone;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
phenylindole		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
adapalene
Adapalene: A naphthalene derivative that has specificity for RETINOIC ACID RECEPTORS. It is used as a DERMATOLOGIC AGENT for the treatment of ACNE.. adapalene : A naphthoic acid that is CD437 in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been converted to its methyl ether.		2.4520adamantanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
naphthoic acid		dermatologic drug;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
adefovir
adefovir: inhibitor of African swine fever virus. adefovir(1-) : A organophosphonate oxoanion obtained by removal of a proton from the phosphonate group of adefovir, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).. adefovir : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)ethoxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(t-butoxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (dipivoxil ester) prodrug is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.		5.27906-aminopurines;
ether;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
nephrotoxic agent
loxiglumide
loxiglumide: cholecystokinin receptor antagonist; RN refers to (+-)-isomer; structure in first source		2.4520organic molecular entity
aromasil
[no description available]		3.863017-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sparfloxacin
[no description available]		3.91120fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone
zileuton
[no description available]		5.111301-benzothiophenes;
ureas		anti-asthmatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
leukotriene antagonist;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
remacemide
remacemide: structure given in first source		2.0710stilbenoid
tebufelone
tebufelone: structure given in first source		2.0210
enalkiren
[no description available]		1.9710peptide
niguldipine
[no description available]		2.0810diarylmethane
orbifloxacin
orbifloxacin: structure given in first source in error (quinolone nitrogen atom not shown)		2.0510quinolines
clopidogrel
Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.		6.1480methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
cidofovir anhydrous
Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.		5.2790phosphonic acids;
pyrimidone		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
photosensitizing agent
tiagabine
Tiagabine: A nipecotic acid derivative that acts as a GABA uptake inhibitor and anticonvulsant agent. It is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY, for refractory PARTIAL SEIZURES.. tiagabine : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is (R)-nipecotic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 1,1-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)but-1-en-4-yl group. A GABA reuptake inhibitor, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of epilepsy.		4.4160beta-amino acid;
piperidinemonocarboxylic acid;
tertiary amino compound;
thiophenes		anticonvulsant;
GABA reuptake inhibitor
marbofloxacin
[no description available]		2.0510quinolines
mibefradil dihydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
mibefradil
Mibefradil: A benzimidazoyl-substituted tetraline that selectively binds and inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, T-TYPE.		3.84110tetralinsT-type calcium channel blocker
topotecan
Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.. topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks.		10.37100pyranoindolizinoquinolineantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
eliprodil
1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[4-(4-fluorobenzyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethanol : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine substituted by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl group at position 1 and by a 4-fluorobenzyl group at position 4.		2.4720monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
piperidines;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound
tenidap
tenidap: structure given in first source; RN refers to (Z)-isomer		2.9940
bromfenac
bromfenac: bromfenac sodium is the active cpd; structure in first source. bromfenac : Amfenac in which the the hydrogen at the 4 position of the benzoyl group is substituted by bromine. It is used for the management of ocular pain and treatment of postoperative inflammation in patients who have undergone cataract extraction. It was withdrawn from the US market in 1998, following concerns over off-label abuse and hepatic failure.		5.03120aromatic amino acid;
benzophenones;
organobromine compound;
substituted aniline		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gemcitabine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0810hydrochloride;
organofluorine compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent
gemcitabine
gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.		4.460organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
photosensitizing agent;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
ibutilide
ibutilide: RN & structure in first source; RN refers to the fumarate salt		4.0640benzenes;
organic amino compound
technetium tc 99m mertiatide
Technetium Tc 99m Mertiatide: A technetium diagnostic aid used in renal function determination.		11.31605
aripiprazole
Aripiprazole: A piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent. It is a partial agonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT1A and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS, where it also functions as a post-synaptic antagonist, and an antagonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT2A. It is used for the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER, and as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of depression.. aripiprazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders.		4.350aromatic ether;
delta-lactam;
dichlorobenzene;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone		drug metabolite;
H1-receptor antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic agonist
remifentanil
Remifentanil: A piperidine-propionate derivative and opioid analgesic structurally related to FENTANYL. It functions as a short-acting MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and is used as an analgesic during induction or maintenance of general anesthesia, following surgery, during childbirth, and in mechanically ventilated patients under intensive care.. remifentanil : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is methyl piperidine-4-carboxylate in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl group and the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted the nitrogen of N-propanoylaniline.		4.2450alpha-amino acid ester;
anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidinecarboxylate ester		intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
sedative
atorvastatin calcium anhydrous
[no description available]		2.0810organic calcium salt
atorvastatin
[no description available]		5.71140aromatic amide;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrroles;
statin (synthetic)		environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
befloxatone
befloxatone: selectively inhibits monoamine oxidase A; structure in first source; RN given refers to (R)-isomer		2.0610
lamivudine
[no description available]		5.86170monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
oxacycle;
primary alcohol		allergen;
anti-HBV agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
duloxetine hydrochloride
Duloxetine Hydrochloride: A thiophene derivative and selective NEUROTRANSMITTER UPTAKE INHIBITOR for SEROTONIN and NORADRENALINE (SNRI). It is an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT and ANXIOLYTIC, and is also used for the treatment of pain in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS and FIBROMYALGIA.. (S)-duloxetine hydrochloride : A duloxetine hydrochloride in which the duloxetine moiety has S configuration.		2.0810duloxetine hydrochlorideantidepressant
duloxetine
[no description available]		3.5920duloxetine
irinotecan
[no description available]		5.54120carbamate ester;
delta-lactone;
N-acylpiperidine;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
ring assembly;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
aptiganel hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
pobilukast
pobilukast: a leukotriene receptor antagonist; an antiasthmatic agent; structure in first source; RN refers to (R-(R*,S*)-isomer		1.9810
valsartan
Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.		10.8316biphenylyltetrazole;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ibandronic acid
Ibandronic Acid: Aminobisphosphonate that is a potent inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION. It is used in the treatment of HYPERCALCEMIA associated with malignancy, for the prevention of fracture and bone complications in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases, and for the treatment and prevention of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		4.140
ziprasidone
ziprasidone: a benzisothiazoylpiperazine derivative; has combined dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist activity; structurally related to tiospirone. ziprasidone : A piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms.		4.66801,2-benzisothiazole;
indolones;
organochlorine compound;
piperazines		antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
zanamivir
Zanamivir: A guanido-neuraminic acid that is used to inhibit NEURAMINIDASE.		2.9640guanidinesantiviral agent;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor
zolmitriptan
zolmitriptan: an antimigraine compound; a serotonin (5HT)-1D receptor agonist. zolmitriptan : A member of the class of tryptamines that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the indole ring has been replaced by a [(4S)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-4-yl]methyl group. A serotonin 5-HT1 B and D receptor agonist, it is used for the treatment of migraine.		4.2650oxazolidinone;
tryptamines		anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
3-iodobenzylguanidine
3-Iodobenzylguanidine: A guanidine analog with specific affinity for tissues of the sympathetic nervous system and related tumors. The radiolabeled forms are used as antineoplastic agents and radioactive imaging agents. (Merck Index, 12th ed) MIBG serves as a neuron-blocking agent which has a strong affinity for, and retention in, the adrenal medulla and also inhibits ADP-ribosyltransferase.		4.942organoiodine compound
simendan
Simendan: A hydrazone and pyridazine derivative; the levo-form is a phosphodiesterase III inhibitor, calcium-sensitizing agent, and inotropic agent that is used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE.		12.4883
adefovir dipivoxil
bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine: structure given in first source. adefovir pivoxil : An organic phosphonate that is the dipivoxil ester of adefovir. A prodrug for adefovir, an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, adefovir pivoxil is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.		2.47206-aminopurines;
carbonate ester;
ether;
organic phosphonate		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
nephrotoxic agent;
prodrug
emtricitabine
Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.		4.6140monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidone		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
mifobate
mifobate: has antiatherosclerotic properties		2.0510trialkyl phosphate
tasosartan
tasosartan: angiotensin II antagonist; structure given in first source		4.2850biphenyls
saquinavir monomethanesulfonate
[no description available]		2.4620organic molecular entity
tiludronic acid
tiludronic acid: a bone resorption inhibitor; an antihypercalcemic agent; used in the tratment of Paget's disease; used in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis; structure given in first source		3.8430organochlorine compound
relcovaptan
relcovaptan: a nonpeptide vasopressin V1 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		3.1410proline derivative
tirofiban
Tirofiban: Tyrosine analog and PLATELET GLYCOPROTEIN GPIIB-IIIA COMPLEX antagonist that inhibits PLATELET AGGREGATION and is used in the treatment of ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. tirofiban : A member of the class of piperidines that is L-tyrosine in which a hydrogen attached to the amino group is replaced by a butylsulfonyl group and in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 4-(piperidin-4-yl)butyl group.		3.8530L-tyrosine derivative;
piperidines;
sulfonamide		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
platelet glycoprotein-IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist
capecitabine
Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.		3.5920carbamate ester;
cytidines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		7.56290adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
phenelzine sulfate
[no description available]		2.4420organic molecular entity
perfluoroisobutylene
[no description available]		1.9910
2,5-bis(1-aziridinyl)-3,6-bis(2-methoxyethoxy)-4-benzoquinone
2,5-bis(1-aziridinyl)-3,6-bis(2-methoxyethoxy)-4-benzoquinone: structure		2.04101,4-benzoquinones
octyl gallate
[no description available]		3.110gallate esterfood antioxidant;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite
allyl formate
[no description available]		2.4620
1-n-butylimidazole
[no description available]		2.0510
d-lactic acid
(R)-lactic acid : An optically active form of lactic acid having (R)-configuration.		2.1102-hydroxypropanoic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
gallium nitrate
gallium nitrate: RN given refers to parent cpd		4.8621
vanadates
Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.		4.18170trivalent inorganic anion;
vanadium oxoanion		EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
florisil
Florisil: hard, porous, granular substance used in vitamin analysis, chromatography, & antibiotic processing		3.1610
acridine orange
Acridine Orange: A cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms.. acridine orange : Fluorescent dye useful for cell cycle determination. It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions respectively.. acridine orange free base : A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine carrying two dimethylamino substituents at positions 3 and 6. The hydrochloride salt is the fluorescent dye 'acridine orange', used for cell cycle determination.		1.9710aminoacridines;
aromatic amine;
tertiary amino compound		fluorochrome;
histological dye
morzid
morzid: structure		2.0410morpholines
caloreen
caloreen: glucose polymer with average length of five glucose units for dietary energy supplement. dextrin : Glucans produced by the hydrolysis of starch or glycogen. They are mixtures of polymers of D-glucose units linked by alpha(1->4) or alpha(1->6) glycosidic bonds.		2.6630
colestipol
Colestipol: Highly crosslinked and insoluble basic anion exchange resin used as anticholesteremic. It may also may reduce triglyceride levels.. colestipol : A high molecular weight copolymer of diethylenetriamine and epichlorohydrin (hydrochloride), with approximately 1 out of 5 amine nitrogens protonated. Due to the highly cross-linked and insoluble nature of the material, no structural formula has been assigned and no specific molecular weight information is available. A basic anion exchange resin, it is used as its hydrochloride for binding bile acids in the intestine, inhibiting their reabsorption.		3.7521
fluoxetine hydrochloride
fluoxetine hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine hydrochloride. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.		2.4420hydrochloride;
N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine
paroxetine hydrochloride
paroxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of paroxetine. It is an antidepressant drug.		2.4820hydrochlorideantidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
P450 inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
desferrioxamine b mesylate
desferrioxamine B mesylate : A methanesulfonate salt obtained by reaction of desferrioxamine B with one molar equivalent of methanesulfonic acid. It is an iron-chelating medicine used to remove excess iron from the body. It binds to iron in the blood, which is then passed out in the urine.		2.7330methanesulfonate saltantidote;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
iron chelator
propranolol hydrochloride
Inderex: combination of above cpds; used in treatment of hypertension		2.9440hydrochloride
bupropion hydrochloride
[no description available]		3.1550aromatic ketone
cisatracurium
cisatracurium: RN refers to (1R-(1alpha,2alpha(1'R*,2'R*)))-isomer. cisatracurium : A diester that is the (1R,1'R,2R,2'R)-diastereoisomer of atracurium, a quaternary ammonium ion consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxy functions bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups. The active species in the skeletal muscle relaxant cisatracurium besylate.		2.0410diester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
halofuginone
[no description available]		2.0510quinazolines
diltiazem hydrochloride
Carex: fluoride (1.8%) containing varnish; no further information available 8/91. diltiazem hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of diltiazem and hydrogen chloride. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.		2.4520hydrochlorideantihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
venlafaxine hydrochloride
Venlafaxine Hydrochloride: A cyclohexanol and phenylethylamine derivative that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.		2.520hydrochloride
trazodone hydrochloride
Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.		4.38190hydrochlorideadrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
hydrochlorothiazide-triamterene
hydrochlorothiazide-triamterene: Russian drug; saluretic containing above 2 cpds; do not confuse with Triampur synonym for triamterene; Dyazide & Maxzide have different proportions		4.8521
fosinoprilat
fosinoprilat: active phosphinic acid metabolite of prodrug fosenopril, which is activated by esterases in vivo; structure given in first source; binds zinc with phosphinic acid group. fosinoprilat : A phosphinic acid-containing N-acyl derivative of (4S)-cyclohexyl-L-proline. An inhibitor of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), it is used as the phosphinate ester pro-drug fosinopril for treatment of hypertension and chronic heart failure.		2.0410L-proline derivative;
phosphinic acids		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
ortho-cept
ethinyl estradiol-desogestrel combination: Ethinyl Estradiol and Desogestrell given in fixed proportions; has proved to be an effective & well-tolerated oral contraceptive, which improves cycle control & has a beneficial effect on acne		2.0510
trovafloxacin
trovafloxacin: a trifluoronaphthyridone derivative of 7-(3-azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexyl)naphthyridone; has antineoplastic activity. trovafloxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and 6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively. A broad-spectrum antibiotic that was withdrawn from the market due to risk of liver failure.		5.17140
verapamil hydrochloride
verapamil hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil hydrochloride and (S)-verapamil hydrochloride.		3.3160
cefprozil
[no description available]		4.0640cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
doxazosin mesylate
Cardura: Trade name in United States.		2.7430methanesulfonate saltgeroprotector
ciprofloxacin hydrochloride anhydrous
[no description available]		2.4620hydrochlorideantibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
terfenadine
[no description available]		2.4420diarylmethane
sertraline hydrochloride
sertraline hydrochloride : A hydrochloride resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of sertraline and hydrogen chloride. A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.		2.0510hydrochlorideantidepressant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
methylprednisolone aceponate
methylprednisolone aceponate: RN given for (6alpha,11beta)-isomer		2.0210corticosteroid hormone
dexamethasone 17-valerate
dexamethasone 17-valerate: RN given refers to (11beta,16alpha)-isomer; structure		2.021021-hydroxy steroid
dexamethasone dipropionate
[no description available]		2.0210corticosteroid hormone
4-[1-[4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]phenyl]-2-phenylbut-1-enyl]phenol
[no description available]		3.5320stilbenoid
febrifugine
febrifugine: antimalarials; structure		2.0410quinazolines
efavirenz
efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		5.5380acetylenic compound;
benzoxazine;
cyclopropanes;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nelfinavir
Nelfinavir: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children.. nelfinavir : An aryl sulfide that is used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of HIV and also exhibits some anticancer properties.		5.3190aryl sulfide;
benzamides;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
phenols;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
HIV protease inhibitor
amantadine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.9640hydrochlorideantiviral agent;
dopamine agonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist
u 37883a
U 37883A: an antagonist of vascular ATP-sensitive potassium channel openers; structure given in first source		2.9140
rolofylline
rolofylline: selective antagonist for adenosine receptors; a cardiovascular agent		10.57185oxopurine
doxapram hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510hydrochloridecentral nervous system stimulant
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer
beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.		11.52532D-glucopyranoseepitope;
mouse metabolite
anisodamine
anisodamine: alkaloid isolated from Chinese solanacea plant		3.4811
mevastatin
mevastatin: antifungal metabolite from Penicillium brevicopactum; potent inhibitory activity to sterol synthesis; structure. mevastatin : A carboxylic ester that is pravastatin that is lacking the allylic hydroxy group. A hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) isolated from Penicillium citrinum and from Penicillium brevicompactum, its clinical use as a lipid-regulating drug ceased following reports of toxicity in animals.		2.46202-pyranones;
carboxylic ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		antifungal agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
Penicillium metabolite
bupivacaine hydrochloride
bupivacaine hydrochloride (anhydrous) : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine hydrochloride and levobupivacaine hydrochloride. The monohydrate form is commonly used as a local anaesthetic.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide with one molar equivalent of hydrochloric acid.		2.0810hydrochloride;
racemate		adrenergic antagonist;
amphiphile;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
local anaesthetic
chloroquine diphosphate
[no description available]		2.6930
fenofibric acid
fenofibric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. fenofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-methylpropanoic acid substituted by a 4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenoxy group at position 2. It is a metabolite of the drug fenofibrate.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
chlorobenzophenone;
monocarboxylic acid		drug metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
2',7'-dichlorofluorescein
2',7'-dichlorofluorescein: RN given refers to parent cpd		3.1102-benzofuransfluorochrome
ursolic acid
[no description available]		2.0510hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		geroprotector;
plant metabolite
propamidine
propamidine: structure given in first source. propamidine : A polyether that is the bis(4-guanidinophenyl) ether of propane-1,3-diol. Used (as its isethionate salt) for the treatment of minor eye or eyelid infections, such as conjunctivitis and blepharitis.		2.0510aromatic ether;
guanidines;
polyether		antimicrobial agent;
antiseptic drug
n-methylnicotinamide
N-methylnicotinamide: structure. N-methylnicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the amide hydrogens is substituted by a methyl group.		3.1150pyridinecarboxamidemetabolite
3-aminoisobutyric acid
3-aminoisobutyric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-aminoisobutyric acid : A beta-amino-acid that is isobutyric acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by an amino group.		210amino acid zwitterion;
beta-amino acid		metabolite
1,5-anhydroglucitol
1,5-anhydroglucitol: structure. 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol : An anhydro sugar of D-glucitol.		2.4120anhydro sugarhuman metabolite
18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone
18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone: structure given in first source		5.354118-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid
betulinic acid
[no description available]		2.0510hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		anti-HIV agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
plant metabolite
arctigenin
arctigenin: precursor to catechols; in many plants		1.9710lignan
baicalin
[no description available]		2.4620dihydroxyflavone;
glucosiduronic acid;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative		antiatherosclerotic agent;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
plerixafor
plerixafor: a bicyclam derivate, highly potent & selective inhibitor of HIV-1 & HIV-2. plerixafor : An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma.		3.6120azacycloalkane;
azamacrocycle;
benzenes;
crown amine;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 antagonist;
immunological adjuvant
amprenavir
[no description available]		5.280carbamate ester;
sulfonamide;
tetrahydrofuryl ester		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
oseltamivir
Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.		3.8930acetamides;
amino acid ester;
cyclohexenecarboxylate ester;
primary amino compound		antiviral drug;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
succinyldisalicylic acid
succinyldisalicylic acid: acylates hemoglobin and sickle hemoglobin		1.9910
thymine arabinoside
thymine arabinoside: selectively inhibits replication of herpes simplex virus		2.0410N-glycosyl compound
epsilon-dinitrophenyllysine
epsilon-dinitrophenyllysine: RN given refers to (L-Lys)-isomer. N(6)-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-L-lysine : The L-stereoisomer of N(6)-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)lysine, a lysine derivative having a 2,4-dinitrophenyl substituent at the N(6)-position.		1.9910N(6)-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)lysine
psicofuranine
[no description available]		2.0410psicose derivative;
purine nucleoside
lissamine rhodamine b
lissamine rhodamine B: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lissamine Rhodamine B refers to Na salt		2.0710
dobutamine hydrochloride
dobutamine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of dobutamine. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.		2.9640hydrochloridebeta-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
desipramine hydrochloride
desipramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of desipramine.		2.7130hydrochloridedrug allergen
ticlopidine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0810hydrochloride
dopamine hydrochloride
P 498: structure in first source; do not confuse with dopamine chloride, also known as P 498		2.4420catecholamine
proadifen hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
epirubicin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0810
glutathione disulfide
Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.		2.7630glutathione derivative;
organic disulfide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
fenclofenac
fenclofenac: RN given refers to parent cpd		9.4670aromatic ether
triciribine
[no description available]		2.0410nucleoside analogueEC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
4-nitrobenzylthioinosine
4-nitrobenzylthioinosine: inhibitor of nucleoside transport; acts on ENT1		2.9240purine nucleoside
betamethasone sodium phosphate
betamethasone sodium phosphate: phosphate ester of betamethasone; RN given refers to the di-Na salt (11beta,16beta)-isomer; structure in Negwer,5th ed, 4975. betamethasone sodium phosphate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of betamethasone phosphate.		2.3110organic sodium salt;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
sinefungin
[no description available]		2.0510adenosines;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid		antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent
iopamidol
Iopamidol: A non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiological procedures.. iopamidol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a (2S)-2-hydroxypropanamido group at the 5-position.		3.4170benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound;
pentol		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
proxicromil
proxicromil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0710
sulconazole, mononitrate, (+-)-isomer
[no description available]		2.4620conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
organic nitrate salt
5-chloro-2'-deoxyuridine
[no description available]		2.0410
histamine phosphate
histamine phosphate : A phosphate salt that is the diphosphate salt of histamine.		3.2310phosphate salthistamine agonist
cephalosporin c
cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.		6.35222cephalosporinfungal metabolite
16-hydroxytestosterone
16-hydroxytestosterone: RN given refers to (16alpha,17beta)-isomer. 16alpha-hydroxytestosterone : A C19-steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at the 16alpha position has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.11016alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
androstanoid;
C19-steroid;
diol;
secondary alcohol		androgen
imipramine n-oxide
imipramine N-oxide: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410dibenzooxazepine
tilbroquinol
[no description available]		3.5920organohalogen compound;
quinolines
bendamustine
[no description available]		4.0840benzimidazoles
erdosteine
[no description available]		2.0510N-acyl-amino acid
ritipenem
ritipenem: carbapenem antibiotic; structure given in first source		2.0210
tienoxolol
tienoxolol: structure given in first source		1.9810
droxicam
droxicam: structure given in first source. droxicam : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 2H,5H-[1,3]oxazino[5,6-c][1,2]benzothiazine-2,4(3H)-dione 6,6-dioxide substituted at positions 3 and 5 by pyridin-2-yl and methyl groups respectively. A prodrug of piroxicam, it is used for the relief of pain and inflammation in musculoskeletal disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.		3.8730organic heterotricyclic compound;
pyridines		cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prodrug
trofosfamide
trofosfamide: cyclophosphamide analog; structure		2.0410ifosfamides
caroverine
caroverine: structure		2.4520quinoxaline derivative
metrifudil
[no description available]		2.0310
n-acetylaminoantipyrine
4-acetamidoantipyrine : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is antipyrine substituted by an acetylamino group at position 4. It is a drug metabolite of metamizole.		1.9610acetamides;
pyrazoles		drug metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
rutecarpine
rutacarpine: from Evodia rutaecarpa; an ingredient in zhuyu hewei zhitong capsules		2.4420beta-carbolines
ceftezole
ceftezole: RN given refers to (6R-(trans))-isomer; structure. ceftezole : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having (1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-ylsulfanyl)methyl and [2-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)acetamido side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		2.0410cephalosporin;
thiadiazoles
4-aminobenzoic acid-n-xyloside
4-aminobenzoic acid-N-xyloside: K 247 refers to Na salt; RN given refers to (D)-isomer		2.0410
etofibrate
etofibrate: analog of clofibrate with nicotinic acid substituted on the 2-carbon of the ethyl ester group; structure; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510monocarboxylic acid
fotrin
fotrin: ethyleneamine derivative; antineoplastic; Russian drug; structure		2.0410
sufosfamide
sufosfamide: stronger immunosuppressive activity than cyclophosphamide; structure		2.0410
dexverapamil
dexverapamil : A 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile that has R configuration. It competitively inhibits the multidrug resistance efflux pump P-glycoprotein (MDR-1, EC 3.6.3.44), thereby potentially increasing the effectiveness of a wide range of antineoplastic drugs which are inactivated by MDR-1 mechanisms. Dexverapamil exhibits lower calcium antagonistic activity and toxicity than racemic verapamil.		2.05102-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrileEC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
tobanum
tobanum: tobanum is for (+-)-isomer, HCl salt; RN given refers to parent cpd		6.9710dichlorobenzene
carebastine
carebastine: active carboxylic acid metablite of ebastine; structure given in first source		210diarylmethane
flomoxef
flomoxef: structure given in first source; RN given refers to sodium salt. flomoxef : A second-generation oxacephem antibiotic in which the oxazine ring is substituted at C-3 with a hydroxyethyl-substituted tetrazolylthiomethyl group and the azetidinone ring carries 7alpha-methoxy and 7beta-{2-[(difluoromethyl)thiomethyl]acetamido} substituents.		2.0210N-acyl-amino acid;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
oxacephem		antibacterial drug
ebrotidine
ebrotidine: an H2-receptor antagonist and gastric mucosa protector		3.5920sulfonamide
torbafylline
torbafylline: structure given in first source		2.0710
mizolastine
[no description available]		2.0510benzimidazoles
cgs 9343b
[no description available]		2.0810benzimidazoles
dexloxiglumide
dexloxiglumide: a CCK receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		2.7430glutamic acid derivative
goralatide
goralatide: from fetal calf bone marrow; exerts a high inhibitory activity on the proliferation of hematopoietic pluripotent stem cells. goralatide : A tetrapeptide that is Ser-Asp-Lys-Pro in which the N-terminal amino group carries an acetyl group. It is selective inhibitor of primitive haematopoietic cell proliferation and exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, and pro-angiogenic properties.		3.3811oligopeptide;
tetrapeptide		anti-inflammatory agent;
pro-angiogenic agent
intoplicine
intoplicine: structure in first source		2.4520pyridoindole
pazufloxacin
[no description available]		2.0810quinolines
repaglinide
[no description available]		5.2890piperidines
iobitridol
[no description available]		5.7622benzenedicarboxamide;
hexol;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
telmisartan
Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.		7.96251benzimidazoles;
biphenyls;
carboxybiphenyl		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
inogatran
inogatran: a direct low molecular weight thrombin inhibitor		2.4420
trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420aralkylamine
thioridazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420hydrochloridefirst generation antipsychotic;
geroprotector
procainamide hydrochloride
procainamide hydrochloride : A hydrochloride which has procainamide as the amino component.		2.0310hydrochlorideanti-arrhythmia drug
siquil
[no description available]		2.4420hydrochlorideanticoronaviral agent
hexestrol bis(diethylaminoethyl ether)
hexestrol bis(diethylaminoethyl ether): minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search HEXESTROL/AA (75-84); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.4520stilbenoid
sotalol hydrochloride
sotalol hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt that is the monohydrochloride of sotalol. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.		2.0310hydrochlorideanti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
oxymetazoline hydrochloride
oxymetazoline hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar quantities of oxymetazoline and hydrogen chloride. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with marked alpha-adrenergic activity, it is a vasoconstrictor that is used to relieve nasal congestion.		2.4420hydrochloridealpha-adrenergic agonist;
nasal decongestant;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
propatyl nitrate
propatyl nitrate: structure given in first source		2.0410nitrate ester
dexfenfluramine
Dexfenfluramine: The S-isomer of FENFLURAMINE. It is a serotonin agonist and is used as an anorectic. Unlike fenfluramine, it does not possess any catecholamine agonist activity.. (S)-fenfluramine : The S-enantiomer of fenfluramine. It stimulates the release of serotonin and selectively inhibits its reuptake, but unlike fenfluramine it does not possess catecholamine agonist activity. It was formerly given by mouth as the hydrochloride in the treatment of obesity, but, like fenfluramine, was withdrawn wolrdwide following reports of valvular heart defects.		3.2960fenfluramineappetite depressant;
serotonergic agonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
alprenolol hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420hydrochloride
2-methoxyestradiol
2-methoxy-17beta-estradiol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid, being 17beta-estradiol methoxylated at C-2.		4.396017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
estradiol-3-sulfate
estradiol-3-sulfate: RN given refers to (17beta)-isomer. 17beta-estradiol 3-sulfate : A steroid sulfate obtained by the formal condensation of sulfuric acid with the 3-hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol.		21017beta-hydroxy steroid;
steroid sulfate		mammalian metabolite
4-phenylbenzoic acid
4-phenylbenzoic acid: RN given refers to 4-carboxylic cpd		2.0210
sulfamidochrysoidine
sulfamidochrysoidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. prontosil : A diphenyldiazene compound having two amino substituents at the 2- and 4-positions and an aminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position. It was the first antibacterial drug, (introduced 1935) and the first of the sulfonamide antibiotics.		2.0410
synthalin a
synthalin A: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. synthalin : A hydrochloride resulting from the reaction of decamethylenediguanidine with 2 mol eq. of hydrogen chloride.. synthalin A : A member of the class of guanidines that is decane having guanidino groups at the 1- and 10-positions.		2.4620guanidineshepatotoxic agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
nephrotoxin
ethinyl estradiol-17-sulfate
ethinyl estradiol-17-sulfate: RN given refers to the (17alpha)-isomer		2.0410
thiamorpholine
thiamorpholine: RN given refers to parent cpd. thiomorpholine : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is an analogue of morpholine where the oxygen atom is replaced by sulfur.		2.110saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent;
thiomorpholines
phenoxazine
phenoxazine: RN given refers to 10H-phenoxazine. 10H-phenoxazine : A member of the class of phenoxazines that is morpholine which is ortho-fused to two benzene rings at positions 2-3 and 5-6.		2.0510phenoxazineferroptosis inhibitor;
radical scavenger
fluphenazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420phenothiazinesanticoronaviral agent
cresatin
[no description available]		2.0510benzoate ester;
phenols
1,7-phenanthroline
[no description available]		1.9710phenanthroline
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		3.821101,2,3-triazole
tryptamine monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
guanidinopropionic acid
guanidinopropionic acid: alters creatine metabolism; structure. 3-guanidinopropanoic acid : A guanidine compound bearing an N-(2-carboxyethyl) substituent. It is a creatine analogue that has been found to decreases plasma glucose levels		2.0410guanidines;
zwitterion		hypoglycemic agent
4-trifluoromethylphenol
4-trifluoromethylphenol: metabolite of fluoxetine; structure in first source. 4-(trifluoromethyl)phenol : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is p-cresol in which the methyl group is perfluorinated. It is a metabolite of the drug fluoxetine.		2.0210(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
phenols		drug metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
delphinidin
Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology.. delphinidin chloride : An anthocyanidin chloride that has delphinidin as the cationic counterpart.		2.4120anthocyanidin chloride
5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1-naphthol
5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1-naphthol : 1-naphthol hydrogenated at C-5, -6, -7 and -8.		3.110tetralins
coproporphyrin i
coproporphyrin I: RN given refers to cpd with specified locants; see also record for coproporphyrin III; zinc coproporphyrin I is fluorescent and a characteristic component of meconium		2.2510
trimethobenzamide monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620
clomipramine hydrochloride
clomipramine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of clomipramine and hydrogen chloride. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.		2.4420hydrochlorideanticoronaviral agent;
antidepressant;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonergic drug
amiloride hydrochloride
amiloride hydrochloride dihydrate : A hydrate that is the dihydrate of amiloride hydrochloride.		2.9640hydratediuretic;
sodium channel blocker
prazosin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420hydrochloride
fenquizone
fenquizone: structure		3.3411quinazolines
mianserin hydrochloride
mianserin hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of mianserin, a tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects.		2.4420hydrochloridegeroprotector
miconazole nitrate
miconazole nitrate : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole nitrate. An antifungal used for the treatment of athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.		2.0810
ibopamine
ibopamine: structure given in UD 31;67a & in 2nd source		6.78107benzoate ester;
phenols
disobutamide
[no description available]		2.4520acetamides
alfatradiol
alfatradiol: used for treating androgenetic alopecia. 17alpha-estradiol : An estradiol that is estra-1,3,5(10)-triene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 17 (the 17alpha stereoisomer).		3.11017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
estradiol		estrogen;
geroprotector
ethinylestradiol-3-sulfate
ethinylestradiol-3-sulfate: binds to albumin at 2 sites		2.041017beta-hydroxy steroid;
steroid sulfate		antineoplastic agent;
estrogen
econazole nitrate
econazole nitrate : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole nitrate. Used to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.		2.4620
medetomidine
Medetomidine: An agonist of RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 that is used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and sedative properties. It is the racemate of DEXMEDETOMIDINE.		2.0510imidazoles
fluorodeoxyglucose f18
Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)		6.121622-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose;
2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
sertraline
Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.		5.11130dichlorobenzene;
secondary amino compound;
tetralins		antidepressant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
lomefloxacin hydrochloride
lomefloxacin hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of lomefloxacin. It is administered by mouth to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used topically as eye drops for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis, and as ear drops for the treatment of otitis externa and otitis media.		2.9640hydrochlorideantimicrobial agent;
antitubercular agent;
photosensitizing agent
fenspiride hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
nilverm
[no description available]		2.4420organic molecular entity
sanguinarine chloride
[no description available]		2.7330
picosulfate sodium
picosulfate sodium: contains two active ingredients, sodium picosulfate and magnesium citrate, which are both laxatives; structure		2.0510aryl sulfate;
pyridines
cefcanel
cefcanel: RN given refers to (6R-(6 alpha,7 beta(R*)))-isomer; structure		2.4520
pumitepa
pumitepa: structure; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd		2.0410
arbekacin
arbekacin: structure given in first source. arbekacin : A kanamycin that is kanamycin B bearing an N-(2S)-4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group on the aminocyclitol ring.		2.0610aminoglycoside;
kanamycins		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
ibuproxam
ibuproxam: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #6312. ibuproxam : A hydroxamic acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of ibuprofen with the amino group of hydroxylamine. Used for treatment of pain and inflammation associated with musculoskeletal and joint disorders.		2.0610hydroxamic acidiron chelator;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
rilmenidine
Rilmenidine: Oxazole derivative that acts as an agonist for ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION.		2.4120isourea
doxaminol
doxaminol: dibenzoxepine derivative		1.9610
antrafenine
antrafenine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.3411piperazines
ropinirole hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420indoles
zoledronic acid
Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.		5.71401,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
imidazoles		bone density conservation agent
epristeride
epristeride: structure given in first source		2.7430steroid acid
talinolol
[no description available]		2.7430ureas
pirlindole
pirlindole: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym pyrazidol refers to mono-HCl; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #2812		2.0510carbazoles
elmustine
elmustine: structure		2.0410
artemisinin
(+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.		2.0810organic peroxide;
sesquiterpene lactone		antimalarial;
plant metabolite
plasmenylserine
plasmenylserine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. O-phospho-L-serine : The L-enantiomer of O-phosphoserine.. O-phosphoserine : A serine derivative that is serine substituted at the oxygen atom by a phosphono group.		2.0310O-phosphoserineEC 1.4.7.1 [glutamate synthase (ferredoxin)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.49 (O-acetylhomoserine aminocarboxypropyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
brinzolamide
brinzolamide: an antiglaucoma agent		2.0810sulfonamide;
thienothiazine		antiglaucoma drug;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
dienogest
[no description available]		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
aliphatic nitrile;
steroid hormone		progesterone receptor agonist;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
flunoxaprofen
flunoxaprofen: structure given in first source. flunoxaprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl group (the S-enantiomer). Although it was shown to be effective in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, the clinical use of flunoxaprofen was discontinued due to possible hepatotoxic side-effects.		2.73301,3-benzoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound		antirheumatic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
protein kinase C agonist
tianeptine
tianeptine: structure given in first source. tianeptine : A racemate comprising of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tianeptine. It is an atypical antidepressant used in Europe to treat patients who respond poorly to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).. 7-[(3-chloro-6-methyl-5,5-dioxido-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[c,f][1,2]thiazepin-11-yl)amino]heptanoic acid : A member of the class of dibenzothiazepines that is 3-chloro-6-methyl-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[c,f][1,2]thiazepine 5,5-dioxide substituted by a (6-carboxyhexyl)amino group at position 11.. (S)-tianeptine : The S-enantiomer of tianeptine.		2.4620dibenzothiazepine;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound
drospirenone
drospirenone: a progestational compound with antimineralocorticoid and antiandrogenic activity; structure given in first source		2.08103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
steroid lactone		aldosterone antagonist;
contraceptive drug;
progestin
carprazidil
carprazidil: vasoactive antihypertensive agent which does not produce tachycardia or water & sodium retention; structure given in first source		1.9610
oxindanac
oxindanac: structure given in first source		3.3611
forphenicinol
[no description available]		2.0410
artemether
Artemether: An artemisinin derivative that is used in the treatment of MALARIA.. artemether : An artemisinin derivative that is artemisinin in which the lactone has been converted to the corresponding lactol methyl ether. It is used in combination with lumefantrine as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.		2.4720artemisinin derivative;
cyclic acetal;
organic peroxide;
semisynthetic derivative;
sesquiterpenoid		antimalarial
4-aminopyrimidine
[no description available]		1.9610aminopyrimidine
4-hydroxyquinoline
4-quinolone : A quinolone that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 4.		3.110monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone
3-propylphenol
3-propylphenol: insect bait; RN from File CHEMID		2.0510
5-aminovaleric acid hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
glycyl-glycyl-glycyl-glycine
[no description available]		2.110
diumide
[no description available]		3.3411organic molecular entity
indole-3-carboxylic acid
indole-3-carboxylic acid : An indole-3-carboxylic acid carrying a carboxy group at position 3.		2.0310indol-3-yl carboxylic acidbacterial metabolite;
human metabolite
2-(aminomethyl)phenol
[no description available]		1.9610
morphazinamide
morphazinamide: RN given refers to parent cpd; RN in Chemline for mono-HCL: 1473-73-0; structure in Merck Index		2.0510morpholines;
pyrazines;
secondary carboxamide
n-acetyltryptamine
N-acetyltryptamine: antagonizes the melatonin-induced inhibition of dopamine release from retina; RN given refers to parent cpd. N-acetyltryptamine : A tryptamine compound having an acetyl substituent attached to the side-chain amino function.		2.0310acetamides;
indoles
dansylglycine
[no description available]		210
D-serine
[no description available]		2.0310D-alpha-amino acid;
serine zwitterion;
serine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
dipropylacetamide
dipropylacetamide: structure. valpromide : A fatty amide derived from valproic acid.		3.8530fatty amidegeroprotector;
metabolite;
teratogenic agent
denaverine
denaverine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410diarylmethane
pafenolol
pafenolol: structure given in first source		2.4620
acamprosate
Acamprosate: Structural analog of taurine that is used for the prevention of relapse in individuals with ALCOHOLISM.. acamprosate : An organosulfonic acid that is propane-1-sulfonic acid substituted by an acetylamino group at position 3.		3.5920acetamides;
organosulfonic acid		environmental contaminant;
neurotransmitter agent;
xenobiotic
isaxonine
isaxonine: promotes nerve growth		3.5920aminopyrimidine
dihydroergotamine mesylate
dihydroergotamine mesylate : The methanesulfonic acid salt of dihydroergotamine, a semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine. Both the mesylate and the tartrate salts are used for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.		2.4420methanesulfonate saltnon-narcotic analgesic;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
n-methylscopolamine
N-Methylscopolamine: A muscarinic antagonist used to study binding characteristics of muscarinic cholinergic receptors.		2.4620
enrofloxacin
Enrofloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial and antimycoplasma agent that is used in veterinary practice.. enrofloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 4, a fluoro group at position 6, a cyclopropyl group at position 1 and a 4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 7. It is a veterinary antibacterial agent used for the treatment of pets.		2.7730cyclopropanes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent
cromakalim
Cromakalim: A potassium-channel opening vasodilator that has been investigated in the management of hypertension. It has also been tried in patients with asthma. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p352)		2.3920
6-amino-1-hydroxyhexane-1,1-diphosphonate
6-amino-1-hydroxyhexane-1,1-diphosphonate: used for therapy of Paget's disease of bone & malignant hypercalcaemia		2.05101,1-bis(phosphonic acid)
rentiapril
rentiapril: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		1.9610
ethofenprox
ethofenprox: synthetic pyrethroid for insecticidal efficacy against mosquito larvae & on non-target organisms. etofenprox : An aromatic ether that is the 3-phenoxybenzyl ether of 2-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-2-methylpropan-1-ol.		2.0610aromatic etherpyrethroid ether insecticide
diprafenone
diprafenone: structure given in first source		2.7230aromatic compound
tiracizine
tiracizine: structure given in first source		1.9710dibenzooxazepine
erythromycin propionate
erythromycin propionate: form in which erythromycin estolate is principally absorbed		2.0210erythromycin derivative
ranolazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
nebivolol
2,2'-iminobis[1-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-2-yl)ethanol] : A member of the class of chromanes that is 2,2'-iminodiethanol in which one hydrogen attached to each hydroxy-bearing carbon is replaced by a 6-fluorochroman-2-yl group.		3.8730chromanes;
diol;
organofluorine compound;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
uk 68798
[no description available]		4.7690aromatic ether;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
potassium channel blocker
danofloxacin
[no description available]		2.0510quinolines
ljc 10627
biapenem: structure given in first source. biapenem : A carbapenem antibiotic in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and pyrazolo[1,2-a][1,2,4]triazolium-6-ylthio substituents respectively.		2.7330carbapenems;
organic sulfide;
pyrazolotriazole		antibacterial drug
hp 873
iloperidone: an atypical, negative symptom antipsychotic agent. iloperidone : A member of the class of piperidines that is the 4-acetyl-2-methoxyphenyl ether of 3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-ol which is substituted at position 4 of the piperidine ring by a 6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl group. A member of the group of second generation antipsychotics (also known as an atypical antipsychotics), it is used for the treatment of schizophrenia.		3.61201,2-benzoxazoles;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone;
monoamine;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
dexrazoxane
Dexrazoxane: The (+)-enantiomorph of razoxane.		4.2550razoxaneantineoplastic agent;
cardiovascular drug;
chelator;
immunosuppressive agent
masoprocol
Masoprocol: A potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. The compound also inhibits formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase to a lesser extent. It also serves as an antioxidant in fats and oils.. masoprocol : The meso-form of nordihydroguaiaretic acid. An antioxidant found in the creosote bush, Larrea divaricata, it is a potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. It also inhibits (though to a lesser extent) formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase.		1.9810nordihydroguaiaretic acidantineoplastic agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite
loxapine succinate
[no description available]		2.7430succinate saltgeroprotector
guanfacine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420acetamidesgeroprotector
pirenzepine dihydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310hydrochloride
tocophersolan
tocophersolan: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0110tocol
labetalol hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420salicylamides
acecainide hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
loperamide hydrochloride
loperamide hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining loperamide with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Used for treatment of diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.		2.9640hydrochlorideanticoronaviral agent;
antidiarrhoeal drug;
mu-opioid receptor agonist
premafloxacin
[no description available]		2.0310quinolines
fenoxypropazine
[no description available]		3.5920aromatic ether
antebate
betamethasone butyrate propionate: a topical corticosteroid		2.0210corticosteroid hormone
maprotiline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420anthracenes
protoporphyrin ix, disodium salt
[no description available]		2.0310
opipramol hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510
voriconazole
Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.		4.0840conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
pyrimidines;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		P450 inhibitor
inproquone
inproquone: major descriptor (78-80); replaced major descriptor Bayer E39 (63-77); on-line search AZIRINES (66-80); Index Medicus search Bayer E39 (63-77), INPROQUONE (78-80)		2.0410
betamipron
[no description available]		2.9640organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
rexigen
clobenzorex: RN given refers to (+)-isomer; structure		2.0510
mepindolol
mepindolol: 2-methyl deriv of pindolol; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0710indoles
fpl 52791
FPL 52791: also has anti-allergic properties; related to sodium cromoglycate; structure		2.0710
bufuralol
bufuralol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		3.4370benzofurans
carazolol
carazolol: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.110carbazoles
uroxatral
[no description available]		2.0810hydrochloride
aceclofenac
[no description available]		4.0940amino acid;
carboxylic ester;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clociguanil
clociguanil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.7430
parvaquone
parvaquone: structure given in first source		2.4220
nitrefazole
[no description available]		3.5920imidazoles
tebuquine
[no description available]		2.0510
alacepril
[no description available]		2.0810dipeptide;
thioacetate ester		EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
epanolol
epanolol: structure given in first source		2.4320acetamides
panipenem
panipenem: synthetic cpd; structure given in first source		2.4420organic molecular entity
perindoprilat
perindoprilat : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of N-[(1S)-1-carboxyethyl]-L-norvaline with the amino group of (2S,3aS,7aS)-octahydroindole-2-carboxylic acid. The major active metabolite of perindopril.		3.821dicarboxylic acid;
dipeptide;
L-alanine derivative;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antihypertensive agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
fluparoxan
fluparoxan: structure given in first source		2.0610
cyclobutyrol
cyclobutyrol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyclobutyrol : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid in which the hydroxy group is geminal to a 1-carboxypropyl group on a cyclohexane ring.		2.0510hydroxy monocarboxylic acidbile therapy drug
thiocolchicoside
[no description available]		2.0810glycoside
terlipressin
terlivaz: first FDA approved injection to improve kidney function in adults with hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) with rapid reduction in kidney function.		2.0510polypeptide
siguazodan
[no description available]		2.0310pyridazinone
tolmesoxide
tolmesoxide: structure		2.0510
tizolemide
tizolemide: HOE 740 refers to mono-HCl; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source		4.3122
ubenimex
ubenimex: growth inhibitor		4.0440
3-octadecanamido-2-ethoxypropylphosphocholine
3-octadecanamido-2-ethoxypropylphosphocholine: anti-HIV agent; RN & structure given in first source		2.0310
7-hydroxystaurosporine
[no description available]		2.0410
methotrimeprazine
Methotrimeprazine: A phenothiazine with pharmacological activity similar to that of both CHLORPROMAZINE and PROMETHAZINE. It has the histamine-antagonist properties of the antihistamines together with CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM effects resembling those of chlorpromazine. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methotrimeprazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a (2R)-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group and a methoxy group at positions 10 and 2 respectively.		3.1450phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
4-o-methyl-12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate
[no description available]		1.9710
isoflavone
[no description available]		2.0510isoflavones
chelerythrine chloride
[no description available]		2.7330
clevudine
[no description available]		2.0510
lividomycin
[no description available]		2.0410lividomycinsmetabolite
gentamicin c1
[no description available]		2.4520
9-aminocamptothecin
[no description available]		2.0410pyranoindolizinoquinoline
leupeptin
[no description available]		2.420aldehyde;
tripeptide		bacterial metabolite;
calpain inhibitor;
cathepsin B inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.4 (trypsin) inhibitor;
serine protease inhibitor
sch 34343
Sch 34343: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (5R-(5alpha,6alpha))-isomer		2.7330
grepafloxacin
grepafloxacin: structure in first source		2.7230fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolines;
quinolone antibiotic
oleandomycin
[no description available]		2.110oleandomycins
squalamine
squalamine: from dogfish shark Squalus acanthias; structure given in first source		2.0410bile acid
4-formylaminoantipyrine
4-formylaminoantipyrine: metabolite of aminopyrine in man. 4-formylaminoantipyrine : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a formaylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It is a metabolite of aminophenazone.		1.9610formamides;
pyrazolone		drug metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
5,6-dihydro-9-hydroxy-10-methoxybenzo(g)-1,3-benzodioxolo(5,6-a)quinolizinium chloride
[no description available]		2.2510alkaloid
2-(4'-methylpiperazino-1-methyl)-1,3-diazafluoranthene 1-oxide
2-(4'-methylpiperazino-1-methyl)-1,3-diazafluoranthene 1-oxide: structure		2.4520
neplanocin a
neplanocin A: neplanocins are antitumor antibiotics & carbocyclic analogs of purine nucleosides from Ampullarilla regularis A11079; see also neplanocin B, neplanocin C, neplanocin D & neplanocin F; structure in first source; a potent inhibitor of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase		2.0410
tetrandrine
tetrandrine: a bisbenzylisoquinoline that exhibits antifibrogenic activity		2.0510bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines
tosyllysine chloromethyl ketone
[no description available]		2.4420
bax 439
Bax 439: decreases concentrating ability of kidney; RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9710
doripenem
Doripenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of infections such as HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA, and complicated intra-abdominal or urinary-tract infections, including PYELONEPHRITIS.		3.6120carbapenems
5-(n-methyl-n-isobutyl)amiloride
5-(N-methyl-N-isobutyl)amiloride: inhibitor of the Na+-H+ antiporter		2.4420
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine dihydrochloride
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from anileridine and two molar equivalents of hydrogen chloride.		2.4420hydrochlorideEC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
amperozide hydrochloride
amperozide hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of amperozide.		2.4420hydrochlorideanxiolytic drug;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
geroprotector;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid
[no description available]		2.4420
agroclavine
agroclavine: structure. agroclavine : An ergot alkaloid that is ergoline which contains a double bond between positions 8 and 9, and which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 6 and 8.		2.0310ergot alkaloid
bilobalide
[no description available]		2.0110sesquiterpene lactone
oxazolidin-2-one
Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.		2.0410carbamate ester;
oxazolidinone		metabolite
2-naphthylisothiocyanate
[no description available]		2.4620
triphenylmethylphosphonium
triphenylmethylphosphonium: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.3620
atovaquone
Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.		5.690hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
s-methylisothiourea sulfate
[no description available]		2.0310
p-Aminobenzamidine dihydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420organic molecular entity
phenylalanyl-phenylalanyl-phenylalanine
phenylalanyl-phenylalanyl-phenylalanine: RN given refers to all (L)-isomer		2.110oligopeptide
cyclobutanol
cyclobutanol: structure in first source		2.0510
4-chloro-5-sulfamoylanthranilic acid
4-chloro-5-sulfamoylanthranilic acid: hydrolysis product of furosemide		4.76100benzenes;
sulfonamide
3-(4-methoxybenzoyl)propionic acid
3-(4-methoxybenzoyl)propionic acid: a selectin inhibitor		2.110
dimethylaminopropanol
dimethylaminopropanol: dimethylamine precursor		2.110
6-carboxyfluorescein
6-carboxyfluorescein: originally sold as 6-carboxyfluorescein, but commercial product is a mixture of two isomers; correct name is 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein		1.9910monocarboxylic acid
1-ethoxysilatrane
[no description available]		2.0410
1-benzylimidazole
1-benzylimidazole: inhibits human thromboxane synthetase		2.4620
rivastigmine
[no description available]		4.7990carbamate ester;
tertiary amino compound		cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
frovatriptan
[no description available]		4.0840carbazoles
eletriptan
eletriptan: 5-HT(1B/1D) receptor agonist; structure in first source. eletriptan : An N-alkylpyrrolidine, that is N-methylpyrrolidine in which the pro-R hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a {5-[2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}methyl group.		4.0940indoles;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
sulfone		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
rosiglitazone
[no description available]		8.79213aminopyridine;
thiazolidinediones		EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
insulin-sensitizing drug
tamiflu
[no description available]		2.0810phosphate salt
2-amino-5-bromobenzoic acid
2-amino-5-bromobenzoic acid: structure in first source		2.0510
benzamidine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
cryptolepine
cryptolepine: fused indole-quinoline; structure in first source; from CRYPTOLEPIS sanguinolenta. cryptolepine : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 5H-indolo[3,2-b]quinoline in which the hydrogen at position N-5 is replaced by a methyl group.		2.0510indole alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound		anti-inflammatory agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
cysteine protease inhibitor;
plant metabolite
bexarotene
[no description available]		3.6120benzoic acids;
naphthalenes;
retinoid		antineoplastic agent
s20098
[no description available]		2.0810acetamides
flunisolide
flunisolide: flunisolide HFA is a formulation of flunisolide using hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) as propellant in place of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) ones		3.145011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
4-nitrophenylglucuronide
4-nitrophenyl beta-D-glucuronide : A beta-D-glucosiduronic acid having a 4-nitrophenyl substituent at the anomeric position.		2.4220beta-D-glucosiduronic acid;
C-nitro compound		chromogenic compound
4-phenylbutylamine
4-phenylbutylamine: used as a drug partition into lipid bilayers in a cubic liquid-crystalline phase. 4-phenylbutylamine : A phenylalkylamine that is benzene in which one of the hydrogens is substituted by a 4-aminobutyl group.		2.110benzenes;
phenylalkylamine;
primary amino compound
chloroquine diphosphate
[no description available]		2.4620
orphenadrine citrate
orphenadrine citrate : A citrate salt which comprises equimolar amounts of orphenadrine and citric acid.		2.4620citrate saltH1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
parasympatholytic
acetaminophen glucuronide
acetaminophen glucuronide: acetaminophen metabolite in rats. acetaminophen O-beta-D-glucosiduronic acid : A beta-D-glucosiduronic acid that is the O-glucuronide of paracetamol (acetaminophen).		2.4220beta-D-glucosiduronic aciddrug metabolite
ketorolac tromethamine
Ketorolac Tromethamine: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent used for analgesia for postoperative pain and inhibits cyclooxygenase activity.. ketorolac tromethamine : An organoammonium salt resulting from the mixture of equimolar amounts of ketorolac and tromethamine (tris). It has potent non-sedating analgesic and moderate anti-inflammatory effects. It is used in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.		3.2760organoammonium saltanalgesic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
clarithromycin
Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.		5.46190macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
protein synthesis inhibitor;
xenobiotic
5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide
5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide: structure in first source		2.0510
4-methylumbelliferyl sulfate
4-methylumbelliferyl sulfate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-methylumbelliferone sulfate : A member of the class of coumarins that is umbelliferone sulfate which carries a methyl group at position 4. It is a metabolite of 4-methylumbelliferone.		210aryl sulfate;
coumarins		human xenobiotic metabolite
1,2-dibenzoyl-tert-butylhydrazine
1,2-dibenzoyl-tert-butylhydrazine: structure given in first source		2.4520bisacylhydrazine insecticide
cp094
1,2-diethyl-3-hydroxypyridin-4-one: structure given in first source		210
3',5-dichlorodiphenylamine-2-carboxylic acid
3',5-dichlorodiphenylamine-2-carboxylic acid: structure given in first source		1.9810
coenzyme a
[no description available]		2.4220adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphatecoenzyme;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
glycinexylidide
glycinexylidide: dealkylated metabolite of lidocaine; structure; RN given refers to parent cpd with dimethylphenyl moiety in positions 2,6. glycinexylidide : A amino acid amide with 2,6-dimethylaniline and glycine components; an active metabolite of lidocaine, formed by oxidative deethylation. Used as an indicator of hepatic function.		2.110amino acid amidedrug metabolite
Trp-Trp
tryptophyltryptophan: an antigelation agent. Trp-Trp : A dipeptide formed from two L-tryptophan residues.		2.110dipeptideMycoplasma genitalium metabolite
kampirone
1-(2-pyrimidinyl)piperazine: metabolite of buspirone; structure given in first source		2.110N-arylpiperazine
methionine sulfoximine
L-methionine sulfoximine : A methionine sulfoximine in which the amino group has S-stereochemistry.		2.0310L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-methionine derivative;
methionine sulfoximine;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		EC 6.3.1.2 (glutamate--ammonia ligase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
tretazicar
tretazicar: minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search AZIRIDINES (75-84)		2.4420
orellanine
orellanine: isolated from Cortinarius orellanus		1.9710bipyridines
nicotine
(S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.		7.172703-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridineanxiolytic drug;
biomarker;
immunomodulator;
mitogen;
neurotoxin;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent;
xenobiotic
nsc-172755
butocin: S-substituted analog of mercaptopurine which functions as a cytostatic agent; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line search 6-MERCAPTOPURINE/AA (75-84); Index Medicus search MERCAPTOPURINE/analogs (75-84)		2.0410
carbetapentane citrate
[no description available]		2.4420carbonyl compound
n-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)succinimide
N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)succinimide: nephrotoxic; post-treatment enhanced induction of renal cell tumors in rats by dimethylnitrosamine, pre-treatment inhibited induction of tumors, & alone caused interstitial nephritis but no tumors		2.4620pyrrolidines
cinchonine
[no description available]		2.0510(8xi)-cinchonan-9-ol;
cinchona alkaloid		metabolite
fibrinogen
Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.		8.3570iditolfungal metabolite
moexipril
[no description available]		4.0740peptide
phentolamine mesylate
[no description available]		2.9640
sennoside B
sennoside B : A member of the class of sennosides that is (9R,9'S)-9,9',10,10'-tetrahydro-9,9'-bianthracene-2,2'-dicarboxylic acid which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 4', by beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy groups at positions 5 and 5', and by oxo groups at positions 10 and 10'.		2.0410oxo dicarboxylic acid;
sennosides
17-alpha-hydroxypregnenolone
17-alpha-Hydroxypregnenolone: A 21-carbon steroid that is converted from PREGNENOLONE by STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE. It is an intermediate in the delta-5 pathway of biosynthesis of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and the adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.. 17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone : A hydroxypregnenolone carrying an alpha-hydroxy group at position 17.		3.11017alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
hydroxypregnenolone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
streptovitacin a
streptovitacin A: structure		2.0410
equol
Equol: A non-steroidal ESTROGEN generated when soybean products are metabolized by certain bacteria in the intestines.		1.9910hydroxyisoflavans
mephentermine
sphinganine : A 2-aminooctadecane-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.		2.44202-aminooctadecane-1,3-diolEC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
oxybutynin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.9640hydrochloride
acid green 50
[no description available]		1.9610
3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol
3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol: noradrenaline metabolite in mouse brain; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethyleneglycol : A tetrol composed of ethyleneglycol having a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group at the 1-position.		2.0210catechols;
tetrol		metabolite;
mouse metabolite
homocysteine
Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.		2.0110amino acid zwitterion;
homocysteine;
serine family amino acid		fundamental metabolite;
mouse metabolite
cephacetrile
Cephacetrile: A derivative of 7-aminocephalosporanic acid.		1.9510cephalosporin
methylglucoside
[no description available]		1.9610
1-cyano-2-hydroxy-3-butene
[no description available]		2.0510secondary alcohol
5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin
5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin: metabolite of phenytoin; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		3.110
gliquidone
gliquidone: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4720isoquinolines
acetylsalicylic acid lysinate
acetylsalicylic acid lysinate: RN given refers to (L)-lysine, unspecified salicylate salt		5.3753
8-((4-chlorophenyl)thio)cyclic-3',5'-amp
8-((4-chlorophenyl)thio)cyclic-3',5'-AMP: lowers cAMP in heart & fat cells; cAMP-dependent kinase inhibitor. 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the purine fragment is replaced by a 4-chlorophenylthio group.		2.89403',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
adenyl ribonucleotide;
aryl sulfide;
organochlorine compound		protein kinase agonist
nimustine
nimustine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining nimustine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. An antineoplastic agent especially effective against malignant brain tumors.		2.0310hydrochlorideantineoplastic agent
triflumizol
triflumizol: structure given in first source. triflumizole : A carboxamidine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of 4-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)aniline with the oxygen of the acetyl group of N-(propoxyacetyl)imidazole. A sterol demethylation inhibitor, it is used as a fungicide for the control of powdery mildew, scab and other diseases on a variety of crops.		2.0510
cordium
bepridil hydrochloride monohydrate : The hydrochloride monohydrate of bepridril.		2.7430hydrate;
hydrochloride
sk&f 95282
zolantidine: structure given in first source		210piperidines
tebufenozide
tebufenozide: structure given in first source. tebufenozide : A carbohydrazide that is hydrazine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by tert-butyl, 3,5-dimethylbenzoyl and 4-ethylbenzoyl groups respectively. It is an insecticide used widely against caterpillars.		2.4520carbohydrazideecdysone agonist;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
chlorfenapyr
chlorfenapyr: an experimental pour-on formulation, a new generation pyrethroid available to producers. chlorfenapyr : A member of the class of pyrroles that is 4-bromo-1H-pyrrole-3-carbonitrile which is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by ethoxymethyl, p-chlorophenyl and trifluoromethyl groups, respectively. A proinsecticide used for termite control and crop protection against several insects and mite pests.		2.0610hemiaminal ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
nitrile;
organochlorine acaricide;
organochlorine insecticide;
organofluorine acaricide;
organofluorine insecticide;
pyrroles		proacaricide;
proinsecticide
L-2-aminoadipic acid
L-2-aminoadipic acid : The L-enantiomer of 2-aminoadipic acid.		2.03102-aminoadipic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
prilocaine hydrochloride
prilocaine hydrochloride : The monohydrochloride salt of prilocaine.		2.4420hydrochloridelocal anaesthetic
n-hexadecyl-n,n-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate
[no description available]		2.0510
7-amino-4-methylcoumarin
7-amino-4-methylcoumarin: RN given refers to parent cpd		3.1107-aminocoumarinsfluorochrome
lekoptin
(S)-verapamil : A 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile that has S configuration.		2.05102-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile
cb 10375
trimelamol: structure given in first source		2.0410
mor-14
N-methyldeoxynojirimycin: glucosidase inhibitor		2.0310hydroxypiperidine;
piperidine alkaloid;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
zofenopril
zofenopril: structure given in first source; SQ 26900 refers to K salt & SQ 26991 to Ca salt. zofenopril : A proline derivative that is 4-(phenylsulfanyl)-L-proline in which the amine proton is replaced by a (2S)-3-(benzoylsulfanyl)-2-methylpropanoyl group. A prodrug for zofenoprilat.		3.1510aryl sulfide;
L-proline derivative;
N-acyl-L-amino acid;
thioester		anticonvulsant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug;
vasodilator agent
mci 9038
[no description available]		4.5940peptide
lopinavir
[no description available]		5.0770amphetamines;
dicarboxylic acid diamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
11-hydroxyprogesterone, (11alpha)-isomer
11alpha-hydroxyprogesterone : A 11alpha-hydroxy steroid that is pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione substituted by a hydroxy group at position 11.		3.11011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid
brexanolone
brexanolone: a mixture of allopregnanolone and sulfobutylether‐beta‐cyclodextrin for treatment of postpartum depression. brexanolone : A 3-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has alpha-configuration. It is a metabolite of the sex hormone progesterone and used for the treatment of postpartum depression in women.		3.82303-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-oneantidepressant;
GABA modulator;
human metabolite;
intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
3,5-diiodothyronine, (l)-isomer
[no description available]		3.110phenylalanine derivative
indole-3-lactic acid
indole-3-lactic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-(indol-3-yl)lactic acid : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is lactic acid substituted by a 1H-indol-3-yl group at position 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan.		1.9610hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
indol-3-yl carboxylic acid		human metabolite
firefly luciferin
Firefly Luciferin: A benzothaizole which is oxidized by LUCIFERASES, FIREFLY to cause emission of light (LUMINESCENCE).. Photinus luciferin : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid consisting of 3,5-dihydrothiophene-4-carboxylic acid having a 6-hydroxybenzothiazol-2-yl group at the 2-position.		2.08101,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid;
benzothiazoles;
imidothioate		luciferin
tyrphostin 8
tyrphostin 8: a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (a tyrphostin)		2.1310phenols
isopelletierine
isopelletierine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; synonym pelletierine refers to (-)-isomer		2.110citraconoyl group
glycidyl nitrate
glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.		2.4720
glycylsarcosine
glycylsarcosine : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of glycine with the amino group of sarcosine.		3.8230dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide
carbenicillin indanyl
carbenicillin indanyl: acid stable indanyl ester of carbenicillin for oral use; same side-effects as carbenicillin; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search CARBENICILLIN/AA (75-86); RN given refers to (mono-Na salt(2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta))-isomer)		2.0410penicillin
phenylisopropyladenosine
[no description available]		2.0310aromatic amine;
benzenes;
hydrocarbyladenosine;
purine nucleoside;
secondary amino compound		adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
neuroprotective agent
fenpropimorph
[no description available]		2.110alkylbenzene
levcromakalim
[no description available]		2.07101-benzopyran
cp 41
CP 41: structure in first source		210
hexamethonium chloride
[no description available]		2.0310
n-acetyltryptophanamide
[no description available]		2.0310acetamides;
L-tryptophan derivative;
primary carboxamide;
secondary carboxamide
dimethacrine
dimethacrine: minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search ACRIDINES (75-84); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.0410acridines
quinidine gluconate
quinidine gluconate: RN given refers to (9S)-isomer & ratio of [1:1]		1.9610D-gluconate adduct
cortisol octanoate
[no description available]		2.0310corticosteroid hormone
1-ethyl-2-methyl-3-hydroxypyridin-4-one
[no description available]		210
1-(2-pyridinyl)piperazine
1-(2-pyridinyl)piperazine: metabolite of buspirone & gepirone		2.110
harmol hydrochloride
[no description available]		3.110
glucuronic acid
Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.		3.4370D-glucuronic acidalgal metabolite
cb 1837
CB 1837: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410
desethylchloroquine
desethylchloroquine: metabolite of chloroquine		2.0510aminoquinoline
6-(4-nitrobenzylthio)guanosine
6-(4-nitrobenzylthio)guanosine: inhibitor of nucleoside transport		2.4420
imidazoleacetic acid
imidazoleacetic acid: RN given refers to cpd without specific location of acetic acid attachment identified; structure. imidazol-5-ylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by an imidazol-5-yl group.. imidazol-4-ylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by an imidazol-4-yl group.		2.0310imidazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		metabolite;
mouse metabolite
hexaphosphamide
hexaphosphamide: structure		2.0410
dipin
dipin: structure		2.0410
phosphazine
phosphazine: structure		2.0410
s-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)glutathione
S-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)glutathione : A glutathione conjugate in which the thiol hydrogen of glutathione has been replaced by a 2,4-dinitrophenyl group.		2.0510glutathione conjugate
3-aminopropylphosphonic acid
3-aminopropylphosphonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. (3-aminopropyl)phosphonic acid : A phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorus of phosphonic acid is substituted by a 3-aminopropyl group. It is a partial agonist of GABAB receptors.		2.0310phosphonic acids;
primary amino compound;
zwitterion		GABAB receptor agonist
2-chloromandelic acid
2-chloromandelic acid: structure in first source		2.0510
5'-n-methylcarboxamideadenosine
5'-N-methylcarboxamideadenosine: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer		2.0310
diiodobenzotepa
diiodobenzotepa: structure		2.0410
diosgenin
[no description available]		3.1103beta-sterol;
hexacyclic triterpenoid;
sapogenin;
spiroketal		antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
apoptosis inducer;
metabolite
sarsasapogenin, (3beta,5alpha,25r)-isomer
tigogenin : A widely used steroidal sapogenin isolated from several plant species and used for synthesizing steroid drugs.		3.110sapogeningout suppressant;
plant metabolite
3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine
3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine: potent & selective in vivo antagonist of adenosine analogs		2.0310
zpck
ZPCK: alkylates histidine residue at active center of bovine chymotrypsin		2.4420
foxes
Foxes: Any of several carnivores in the family CANIDAE, that possess erect ears and long bushy tails and are smaller than WOLVES. They are classified in several genera and found on all continents except Antarctica.		2.1710
icig 1163
ICIG 1163: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source		2.0410
8-chloro-cyclic adenosine monophosphate
[no description available]		1.9810
wr 159412
[no description available]		2.0510
bimolane
bimolane: structure given in first source		2.0410
thiodipin
thiodipin: structure		2.0410
n(6)-phenyladenosine
[no description available]		2.0310purine nucleoside
fluoxydine
fluoxydine: structure		2.0410
moxifloxacin hydrochloride
moxifloxacin hydrochloride : A hydrochloride comprising equimolar amounts of moxifloxacin and hydrogen chloride.		2.0810hydrochlorideantibacterial drug
cinchonidine
cinchonidine: has antimalarial activity; diastereoisomer of cinchonine with distinct physiochemical properties; RN given refers to parent cpd(8alpha,9R)-isomer. cinchonidine : 8-epi-Cinchonan in which a hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by hydroxy (R configuration). A diasteroisomer of cinchonine, it occurs in the bark of most varieties of Cinchona shrubs, and is frequently used for directing chirality in asymmetric synthesis.		2.0510(8xi)-cinchonan-9-ol;
cinchona alkaloid		metabolite
tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone
tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone: RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta)-isomer		3.145021-hydroxy steroid
3 alpha,17 alpha-dihydroxy-5 beta-pregnan-20-one
3alpha,17alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one carrying an additional hydroxy group at position 17alpha.		3.11017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
C21-steroid;
corticosteroid hormone		human urinary metabolite
imiphos
imiphos: structure		2.0410
2-methoxyestriol
[no description available]		3.110
n-methyladenosine
N-methyladenosine: is a inhibitor of cell differentiation. N(6)-methyladenosine : A methyladenosine compound with one methyl group attached to N(6) of the adenine nucleobase.		2.0310methyladenosine
benzyloxyamine
benzyloxyamine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510
hexylcaine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0710
phenglutarimide
phenglutarimide: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0510piperidines
cobalt
Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.		2.7330cobalt group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
p-methoxy-n-methylphenethylamine
p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine: A potent mast cell degranulator. It is involved in histamine release.. N,O-dimethyltyramine : A secondary amino compound that is tyramine in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.		1.9910aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound		metabolite
fulvestrant
Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.		3.612017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		antineoplastic agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid: structure in first source		1.9910polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		chelator
mizoribine
[no description available]		2.7530imidazolesanticoronaviral agent
1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane
1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane: RN given refers to (cis)-isomer		2.0310
chlorates
Chlorates: Inorganic salts of chloric acid that contain the ClO3- ion.		3.4620chlorine oxoanion;
monovalent inorganic anion
tert-butylbicyclophosphorothionate
tert-butylbicyclophosphorothionate: binds to GABA & ion recognition sites; structure given in first source		2.420organic thiophosphate
u 73122
1-(6-((3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: structure given in first source. U-73122 : An aza-steroid that is 3-O-methyl-17beta-estradiol in which the 17beta-hydroxy group is replaced by a 6-(maleimid-1-yl)hexylamino group. An inibitor of phospholipase C.		2.7130aromatic ether;
aza-steroid;
maleimides		EC 3.1.4.11 (phosphoinositide phospholipase C) inhibitor
vitamin b 6
Vitamin B 6: VITAMIN B 6 refers to several PICOLINES (especially PYRIDOXINE; PYRIDOXAL; & PYRIDOXAMINE) that are efficiently converted by the body to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, and aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into PYRIDOXAMINE phosphate. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990). Most of vitamin B6 is eventually degraded to PYRIDOXIC ACID and excreted in the urine.		3.6411
imipenem, anhydrous
Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.		2.9740beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carbapenems;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug
cremophor el
cremophor EL: solvent for Althesin & Propanidid implicated as possible cause of similar adverse effects polyethoxylated castor oil; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF; see also records for cremophor & cremophor A		2.110
sn 38
SN-38 : A member of the class of pyranoindolizinoquinolines that is (4S)-pyrano[3',4':6,7]indolizino[1,2-b]quinoline-3,14-dione bearing two additional ethyl substituents at positions 4 and 11 as well as two additional hydroxy substituents at positions 4 and 9. It is the active metabolite of irinotecan and is ~1000 times more active than irinotecan itself.		3.1210delta-lactone;
phenols;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
drug metabolite;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
alphaxalone
alphaxalone: RN given refers to (3alpha,5alpha)-isomer; structure		2.4220corticosteroid hormone
sr141716
[no description available]		2.7630amidopiperidine;
carbohydrazide;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrazoles		anti-obesity agent;
appetite depressant;
CB1 receptor antagonist
s-nitrosoglutathione
[no description available]		2.0310glutathione derivative;
nitrosothio compound		bronchodilator agent;
nitric oxide donor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
signalling molecule
bosentan anhydrous
Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.		5.35170primary alcohol;
pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
bicuculline methiodide
[no description available]		2.0310
cp-55,940
[no description available]		2.4420
vanoxerine
vanoxerine dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt that is obtained by reaction of vanoxerine with two equivalents of hydrogen chloride. Potent, competitive inhibitor of dopamine uptake (Ki = 1 nM for inhibition of striatal dopamine uptake). Has > 100-fold lower affinity for the noradrenalin and 5-HT uptake carriers. Also a potent sigma ligand (IC50 = 48 nM). Centrally active following systemic administration.		2.4420hydrochloridedopamine uptake inhibitor
2-hydroxyamino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine
2-hydroxyamino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine: directly acting genotoxic metabolite of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine. N-hydroxy-PhIP : An imidazopyridine that is 1H--imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine which is substituted at positions 1, 2, and 6 by methyl, hydoxyamino, and phenyl groups, respectively. The active metabolite of the dietary carcinogen PhIP.		3.110hydroxylamine;
imidazopyridine		carcinogenic agent;
genotoxin;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
neurotoxin;
rat metabolite
1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1h-imidazole
1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1H-imidazole: inhibits platelet aggregation & Ca2+ entry into platelets. SKF-96365 free base : An ether that is 2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been substituted by a 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propyl group.		2.4520ether;
imidazoles;
monomethoxybenzene		TRP channel blocker
fluo-3
Fluo-3: fluorescent Ca(2+) indicator; permits continuous monitoring of Ca without interference with use of UV-sensitive caged compounds		2.4620xanthene dyefluorochrome
methyl 6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate
methyl 6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate: structure given in first source		3.5180beta-carbolines
fpl 55712
FPL 55712: inhibitor of SRS-A and LTC4 and LTD4 receptors		2.0710aromatic ketone
methoxyfenozide
methoxyfenozide: structure in first source. methoxyfenozide : A carbohydrazide that is hydrazine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by 3-methoxy-2-methylbenzoyl, 3,5-dimethylbenzoyl, and tert-butyl groups respectively.		2.4520carbohydrazide;
monomethoxybenzene		environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
xenobiotic
selenomethionine
[no description available]		2.0510amino acid zwitterion;
selenomethionine		plant metabolite
artesunic acid
[no description available]		210
bradykinin, des-arg(9)-
bradykinin, des-Arg(9)-: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9910oligopeptidebradykinin receptor B2 agonist
vinpocetine
[no description available]		2.0810
u 69593
U 69593: selective ligand for opioid K-receptor. U69593 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of phenylacetic acid and the secodary amino group of (5R,7S,8S)-N-methyl-7-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-oxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-amine.		2.4420monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound		anti-inflammatory agent;
diuretic;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist
indobufen
indobufen: thromboxane A2 antagonist		2.0610isoindoles
thiamethoxam
Thiamethoxam: A nitro-oxazine and thiazole derivative that is used as a broad spectrum neonicotinoid insecticide.. thiamethoxam : An oxadiazane that is tetrahydro-N-nitro-4H-1,3,5-oxadiazin-4-imine bearing (2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl and methyl substituents at positions 3 and 5 respectively.		2.06101,3-thiazoles;
2-nitroguanidine derivative;
organochlorine compound;
oxadiazane		antifeedant;
carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
neonicotinoid insectide;
xenobiotic
u 78517f
U 78517F: iron-catalyzed lipid peroxidation inhibitor; structure given in first source; RN given is for diHCl		2.0510
eudragit-e
Eudragit-E: a cationic polymer, used as a embolic material for arteriovenous malformations and as a taste masker		2.1710
cv 3988
CV 3988: platelet activating factor antagonist; structure given in first source		2.4420
l-lactic acid
(S)-lactic acid : An optically active form of lactic acid having (S)-configuration.		2.110(2S)-2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
2-hydroxypropanoic acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
cgp 35348
CGP 35348: antagonizes both GABA-A and GABA-B receptors		2.4220
beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester
beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester: structure given in first source		2.4420beta-carbolines
sivelestat
sivelestat: inhibitor of neutrophil elastase; structure given in first source		2.0710N-acylglycine;
pivalate ester
aldophosphamide
aldophosphamide: metabolite of cyclophosphamide		2.0410nitrogen mustard
amiloride, hydrochlorothiazide drug combination
amiloride, hydrochlorothiazide drug combination: amiloride hydrochloride and hydrochlorothiazide drug combination.		4.3122
racecadotril
racecadotril: parenterally active enkephalinase inhibitor		2.0810N-acyl-amino acid
methoctramine
methoctramine: structure given in first source. methoctramine : A tetramine that is N,N'-bis(6-aminohexyl)octane-1,8-diamine where the primary amino groups both carry 2-methoxybenzyl substituents.. methoctramine tetrahydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining methoctramine with four molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid.		2.4420hydrochloridemuscarinic antagonist
pyronaridine
[no description available]		2.0510aminoquinoline
saikosaponin d
[no description available]		2.0310
perindopril
Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline		5.9981alpha-amino acid ester;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
hypotaurine
[no description available]		2.0310aminosulfinic acid;
zwitterion		human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
procyanidin
Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.		3.5680proanthocyanidin
dihydrokainate
[no description available]		2.0310dicarboxylic acid
gabazine
[no description available]		2.0310
sr 95531
[no description available]		3.5280methoxybenzenes
asulacrine
asulacrine: derivative of amsacrine; structure given in first source		2.0410acridines
bretazenil
bretazenil: RN given for (S) isomer		1.9910
ecopipam
ecopipam: structure given in first source		3.110benzazepine
deguelin
deguelin: a natural product from Mundulea sericea; RN refers to (7aS-cis)-isomer; structure given in first source. deguelin : A rotenone that is 13,13a-dihydro-3H-chromeno[3,4-b]pyrano[2,3-h]chromen-7(7aH)-one substituted by methoxy groups at positions 9 and 10, and by two methyl groups at position 3 (the 7aS,13aS-stereoisomer). It exists in abundant quantities in the bark, roots, and leaves of the Leguminosae family of plants and reported to exert anti-tumour effects in various cancers.		2.0810aromatic ether;
diether;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
rotenones		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor;
plant metabolite
cl 218872
CL 218872: shows specific action on benzodiazepine receptors; structure		2.0310pyridazines;
ring assembly
betaxolol hydrochloride
betaxolol hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of betaxolol.		2.4420hydrochlorideantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
catechin
(+)-catechin monohydrate : The monohydrate of (+)-catechin.		2.0310hydrategeroprotector
hydroxycotinine
hydroxycotinine: metabolite of nicotine; RN given refers to (S)-isomer; structure. trans-3-hydroxycotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is cotinine substituted at position C-3 by a hydroxy group (the 3R,5S-diastereomer).		2.0410N-alkylpyrrolidine;
pyridines;
pyrrolidin-2-ones;
pyrrolidine alkaloid
1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-4-(4-(2-phthalimido)butyl)piperazine
NAN 190 hydrobromide : A hydrobromide obtained by reaction of NAN 190 with one equivalent of hydrobromic acid.		2.4420hydrobromideserotonergic antagonist
s-methylthiocitrulline
S-methylthiocitrulline: a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; structure in first source. S-methyl-L-thiocitrulline : An L-arginine derivative in which the guanidino NH2 group of L-arginine is replaced by a methylsufanyl group.		2.4620imidothiocarbamic ester;
L-arginine derivative;
L-ornithine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
fingolimod
fingolimod : An aminodiol that consists of propane-1,3-diol having amino and 2-(4-octylphenyl)ethyl substituents at the 2-position. It is a sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator used for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. A prodrug, fingolimod is phosphorylated by sphingosine kinase to active metabolite fingolimod-phosphate, a structural analogue of sphingosine 1-phosphate.		2.0510aminodiol;
primary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
CB1 receptor antagonist;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug;
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
dihydrocapsaicin
[no description available]		2.0310capsaicinoid
triptolide
[no description available]		2.0810diterpenoid;
epoxide;
gamma-lactam;
organic heteroheptacyclic compound		antispermatogenic agent;
plant metabolite
quinaprilat
quinaprilat: metabolite of quinapril. quinaprilat : A dicarboxylic acid resulting from the hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group of quinapril to give the corresponding dicarboxylic acid. The active angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) of the prodrug quinapril.		2.9640dicarboxylic acid;
isoquinolines;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
ml 9
[no description available]		2.4220
2-hydroxyimipramine
2-hydroxyimipramine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4520dibenzoazepine
parthenolide
[no description available]		2.4420germacranolide
rx 821002
2-methoxyidazoxan: 2-methoxy analog of idazoxan. 2-methoxyidazoxan : A benzodioxine that is idazoxan substituted at position 2 by a methoxy group.		2.4420benzodioxine;
cyclic ketal;
imidazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist
benzamil
[no description available]		3.73100guanidines;
pyrazines
sch 28080
Sch 28080: not related structurally to other known anti-ulcer agents; inhibits histamine-stimulated gastric secretion; prevents gastric lesions induced by aspirin, indomethacin & ethanol		1.9710imidazopyridine
ecteinascidin 743
[no description available]		2.4520acetate ester;
azaspiro compound;
bridged compound;
hemiaminal;
isoquinoline alkaloid;
lactone;
organic heteropolycyclic compound;
organic sulfide;
oxaspiro compound;
polyphenol;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
angiogenesis modulating agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
marine metabolite
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine
Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.		4.06312-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
bronchoconstrictor agent;
hematologic agent;
vasodilator agent
exp3174
losartan carboxylic acid: structure given in first source. losartan carboxylic acid : A biphenylyltetrazole that is losartan with the hydroxymethyl group at position 5 on the imidazole ring replaced with a carboxylic acid.		3.0850biphenylyltetrazole;
imidazoles;
organochlorine compound		metabolite
deoxyglucose
Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.		3.3670
tadalafil
[no description available]		8.9430benzodioxoles;
pyrazinopyridoindole		EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
3,6-bis(5-chloro-2-piperidyl)-2,5-piperazinedione
3,6-bis(5-chloro-2-piperidyl)-2,5-piperazinedione: isolated from Streptomyces griseoluteus fermentation broth; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.0410
diclofenac hydroxyethylpyrrolidine
[no description available]		3.4511organic salt
3',4'-dichlorobenzamil
3',4'-dichlorobenzamil: inhibits Na-Ca exchange in membrane vesicle & papillary muscle preparations from guinea pig heart		2.4420guanidines;
pyrazines
5-hydroxydopamine
5-hydroxydopamine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4520catecholamine
valerates
Valerates: Derivatives of valeric acid, including its salts and esters.		1.9510short-chain fatty acid anion;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion		plant metabolite
oxymatrine
oxysophoridine: an alkaloid isolated from Sophra alope; structure in first source		2.0410alkaloid;
tertiary amine oxide
ibuprofen, (r)-isomer
[no description available]		3.5420ibuprofen
thromboxanes
thromboxane : A class of oxygenated oxane derivatives, originally derived from prostaglandin precursors in platelets, that stimulate aggregation of platelets and constriction of blood vessels.		4.0431
pd 123177
PD 123177: nonpeptide angiotensin AII-2 inhibitor		1.9710diarylmethane
opc 21268
OPC 21268: structure given in first source; vasopressin V1 receptor antagonist		2.4220
11-hydroxytestosterone
11-hydroxytestosterone: RN given refers to (11 beta,17 beta)-isomer. 11beta-hydroxytestosterone : An androstanoid that is testosterone carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at the 11beta-position.		3.11011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
androstanoid;
C19-steroid		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
marine metabolite
1-(carboxymethylthio)tetradecane
1-(carboxymethylthio)tetradecane: structure given in first source; alkylthio acetic acid, non-beta-oxidizable		2.0310straight-chain fatty acid
zinc coproporphyrin iii
coproporphyrin III: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; see also record for coproporphyrin I		2.2510
norbuprenorphine
norbuprenorphine: metabolite of buprenorphine found in urine & feces; RN given refers to (5alpha,7alpha)-isomer; structure given in first source		4.0220phenanthrenes
rh-0345
N-4-chlorobenzoyl-N'-benzoyl-N'-tert-butylhydrazine: structure in first source		2.4520bisacylhydrazine insecticide;
monochlorobenzenes
geraniin
Geraniin: in various plants; structure in first source		2.1710
dihydro-dids
[no description available]		2.6730
dimethyldioxirane
dimethyldioxirane: structure given in first source; powerful oxidizing agent		2.0310
1-(4-ethynylphenyl)-4-propyl-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo(2.2.2)octane
1-(4-ethynylphenyl)-4-propyl-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo(2.2.2)octane: GABA(A) receptor ligand for autoradiography		2.4220
paliperidone
3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.. paliperidone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-paliperidone. Paliperidone is the primary active metabolite of the older antipsychotic risperidone and is used for treatment of schizophrenia.		3.23101,2-benzoxazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine;
secondary alcohol
2-iodomelatonin
[no description available]		2.0310acetamides
nitisinone
[no description available]		3.5920(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
cyclohexanones;
mesotrione		EC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor
tafenoquine
tafenoquine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tafenoquine.. N(4)-{2,6-dimethoxy-4-methyl-5-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]quinolin-8-yl}pentane-1,4-diamine : An aminoquinoline that is 8-aminoquinoline which is substituted by methoxy groups at positions 2 and 6, a methyl group at position 4, and a m-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5, and in which the amino substituent at position 8 is itself substituted by a 5-aminopentan-2-yl group.		2.0510(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aminoquinoline;
aromatic ether;
primary amino compound;
secondary amino compound
plavix
[no description available]		2.0810azaheterocycle sulfate salt;
organoammonium sulfate salt		anticoagulant;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
chymosin
Chymosin: The predominant milk-clotting enzyme from the true stomach or abomasum of the suckling calf. It is secreted as an inactive precursor called prorennin and converted in the acid environment of the stomach to the active enzyme. EC 3.4.23.4.		3.4711
arcaine, sulfate
[no description available]		2.0310
marimastat
marimastat: a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor active in patients with advanced carcinoma of the pancreas, prostate, or ovary. marimastat : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the foraml condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[(1S)-1-hydroxy-2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the alpha-amino group of N,3-dimethyl-L-valinamide.		2.0510hydroxamic acid;
secondary carboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
7-methoxytacrine
[no description available]		2.3110
clofarabine
[no description available]		3.8730adenosines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
sr 48692
SR 48692: structure in first source; a neurotensin receptor-1 antagonist		2.4320N-acyl-amino acid
imidazenil
imidazenil: partial positive allosteric modulator of gamma-aminobutyric acid action at GABA(A) receptors; structure given in first source		1.9910
2-aminomethyl-4-t-butyl-6-iodophenol
2-aminomethyl-4-t-butyl-6-iodophenol: has gastric antisecretory activity; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.6630
benzo(a)pyrene-3,6-quinol
[no description available]		3.110
mozavaptan
mozavaptan: aquaretic agent; vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		4.8981benzamidesaquaretic
elacridar
Elacridar: inhibitor of MDR1 PROTEIN; structure given in first source		2.7630
gr 113808
GR 113808: structure given in first source; a 5-HT(4) receptor antagonist: GR 125487 is the HCl salt. GR 113808 : An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of 1-methylindole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of N-{2-[4-(hydroxymethyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}methanesulfonamide.		2.4420indolyl carboxylate ester;
piperidines;
sulfonamide		serotonergic antagonist
caprylates
Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.		1.9810fatty acid anion 8:0;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion		human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1,1,2-trichloroethanol
1,1,2-trichloroethanol: metabolite of 1,1,2-trichloroethylene		2.0410
gallopamil hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
gamma-glutamylaminomethylsulfonic acid
[no description available]		2.0310
buthionine sulfoximine
L-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine : A 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid which has S-configuration. It is a inhibitor of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase and glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis and is capable of enhancing the apoptotic effects of several chemotherapeutic agents.		2.44202-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acidEC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer
pramipexole
Pramipexole: A benzothiazole derivative and dopamine agonist with antioxidant properties that is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. pramipexole : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 6-pro-S-positions are substituted by amino and propylamino groups, respectively.		4.3930benzothiazoles;
diamine		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
radical scavenger
deramciclane
deramciclane: structure in first source; RN refers to (exo-EGYT 3886)-isomer		2.110
valdecoxib
[no description available]		3.6120isoxazoles;
sulfonamide		antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gamma-hydroxyphenylbutazone
gamma-hydroxyphenylbutazone: metabolite of phenylbutazone; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation		1.9610
hydroquinidine
hydroquinidine: urinary quinine metabolite; RN given refers to (9S)-isomer; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4703		2.0110cinchona alkaloid
sch 39370
Sch 39370: RN given refers to (D)-hydroxy-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 9/89; structure given in first source; inhibits neutral metalloendopeptidase		2.3920
sb 204070a
SB 204070A: structure given in first source; a selective 5-HT(4) receptor antagonist		2.4420
mitiglinide
mitiglinide: a rapid and short-acting hypoglycemic agent; acts on sulfonylurea receptor closing KATP channels; considered one of the glinides-an imprecise grouping; structure given in first source		2.0510benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid
ezogabine
ezogabine: structure in first source. ezogabine : A substituted aniline that is benzene-1,2,4-triamine bearing ethoxycarbonyl and 4-fluorobenzyl substituents at positions N-1 and N-4 respectively. An anticonvulsant used to treat seizures associated with epilepsy in adults.		3.5620carbamate ester;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		anticonvulsant;
potassium channel modulator
fpl-52694
FPL-52694: mast cell stabilizer; RN given refers to parent cpd; FPL-52694 is mono-Na salt; structure given in first source		2.0710
egta acetoxymethyl ester
EGTA acetoxymethyl ester: membrane-permeable form of EGTA		2.4420
1-(2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl)-4-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine
LY 165163: structure given in first source; a serotonin agonist. LY-165163 : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by 2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl and 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl groups at positions 1 and 4, respectively. It is a selective 5-HT1A serotonin receptor agonist and 5-HT1D serotonin receptor antagonist.		2.4420(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
primary arylamine;
substituted aniline		geroprotector;
serotonergic agonist
dansyllysine
dansyllysine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. N(6)-dansyl-L-lysine : An L-lysine derivative with a dansyl group at the N(6)-position.		1.9910L-lysine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
sulfonamide		epitope
desethylamodiaquine
desethylamodiaquine: metabolite of amodiaquine		2.0510
l 655240
L 655240: thromboxane and prostaglandin endoperoxide receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; RN given is for parent cpd		2.0310methylindole
angiotensin ii, sar(1)-ile(5)-
angiotensin II, Sar(1)-Ile(5)-: RN given refers to (5-L-Ile)-isomer		1.9710
san 58035
[no description available]		2.4420
dansylsarcosine
[no description available]		2.4120
pk 14105
PK 14105: structure given in first source		1.9810
3-deoxy-3-fluoro-d-glucose
[no description available]		1.9710
1-((beta-mercapto-beta)beta cyclopentamethylenepropionic acid)-2-(o-ethyl-tyr)-4-val-9-des-gly-arginine vasopressin
1-((beta-mercapto-beta)beta cyclopentamethylenepropionic acid)-2-(O-ethyl-Tyr)-4-Val-9-des-Gly-arginine vasopressin: vasopressin receptor antagonist; RN given refers to (D-Tyr)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 8/89		1.9710
efaproxiral
efaproxiral: RN & structure given in first source; allosteric effector of hemoglobin		210
deriphyllin
[no description available]		2.0510
n,n-dideethylchloroquine
[no description available]		2.0510
n-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-n-methyl-4-(2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-2,6-dioxo-1,3-dipropyl-1h-purin-8-yl)benzenesulfonamide
N-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-N-methyl-4-(2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-2,6-dioxo-1,3-dipropyl-1H-purin-8-yl)benzenesulfonamide: structure given in first source; purinergic receptor antagonist		1.9810
1-adamantaneacetic acid
[no description available]		2.0510
imatinib mesylate
imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.		4.0740methanesulfonate saltanticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
levalbuterol
Levalbuterol: The R-isomer of albuterol.		210albuterol
almotriptan
almotriptan : An indole compound having a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group at the 3-position and a (pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)methyl group at the 5-position.		4.0840indoles;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amine		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
mk 0663
[no description available]		2.7530bipyridines;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tazobactam
Tazobactam: A penicillanic acid and sulfone derivative and potent BETA-LACTAMASE inhibitor that enhances the activity of other anti-bacterial agents against beta-lactamase producing bacteria.. tazobactam : A member of the class of penicillanic acids that is sulbactam in which one of the exocyclic methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1,2,3-triazol-1-yl group; used (in the form of its sodium salt) in combination with ceftolozane sulfate for treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections and complicated urinary tract infections.		2.0410penicillanic acids;
triazoles		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
gefitinib
[no description available]		10.48110aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
morpholines;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
mk 912
[no description available]		2.0510
n(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-n-methylcarboxamidoadenosine
N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine: structure given in first source; a selective A(3) adenosine receptor agonist. 3-iodobenzyl-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and one of the hydrogens of the exocyclic amino function is substituted by a 3-iodobenzyl group.		2.4520adenosines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organoiodine compound		adenosine A3 receptor agonist
(3,4-dihydroxyphenylamino)-2-imidazoline
(3,4-dihydroxyphenylamino)-2-imidazoline: potent agonist at dopamine receptors mediating neuronal inhibition; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in UD indicates phenyl-imino group		1.9610
bay x 1005
2-(4-(quinolin-2-yl-methoxy)phenyl)-2-cyclopentylacetic acid: inhibits synthesis of leukotriene B4 and 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid; inhibits five-lipoxygenase activating protein(FLAP)and leukotriene A4 hydrolase(LTA4H); structure given in first source;		2.0810
nnc 711
NNC 711: structure in first source		2.0310
4-carboxyfluorescein
[no description available]		210monocarboxylic acidfluorochrome
cgp 42112a
CGP 42112A: a hexapeptide analog of angiotensin II; activation of Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2 results in vasodilation. CGP-42112A : A hexapeptide consisting of L-tyrosine, L-lysine, L-histidine, L-proline and L-isoleucine amino acid residues coupled in sequence and in which the amino group of the L-tyrosyl residue is substituted by a (pyridin-3-ylcarbonyl)nitrilo group and in which the L-lysyl side chain amino group is substituted by a {N(2)-[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]-L-arginyl}nitrilo group. It is a potent angiotensin II receptor type 2 (AT2 receptor) agonist.		2.7130benzyl ester;
oligopeptide;
pyridinecarboxamide		angiotensin receptor agonist;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
vasodilator agent
technetium tc 99m hydroxymethylene diphosphonate
technetium Tc 99m hydroxymethylene diphosphonate: bone-seeking radiopharmaceutical		1.9610
polytrimethylene carbonate
trimethylene carbonate: structure in first source		2.0310
hoe 694
3-methylsulfonyl-4-piperidinobenzoyl guanidine: structure given in first source; a potent inhibitor of the Na+/H+ exchanger		210
3-(2,2,2-trimethylhydrazine)propionate
3-(2,2,2-trimethylhydrazine)propionate: structural analog of gamma-butyrobetaine, also of carnitine; antianginal compound; MET-88 is dihydrate; structure given in first source. meldonium : An ammonium betaine that is beta-alaninate in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a trimethylamino group. A clinically used cardioprotective drug that is used for treatment of heart failure, myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, atherosclerosis and diabetes.		2.1510ammonium betainecardioprotective agent;
EC 1.14.11.1 (gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
ramatroban
[no description available]		2.4720organic molecular entity
sodium-binding benzofuran isophthalate
sodium-binding benzofuran isophthalate: structure given on p.19451 of first source. sodium-binding benzofuran isophthalate : A crown compound that is 1,4,10-trioxa-7,13-diazacyclopentadecane in which the hydrogens of the amino groups at position 7 and 13 are replaced by 2-(2,4-dicarboxyphenyl)-5-methoxy-1-benzofuran-6-yl groups. It is a cell-impermeant fluorescent sodium indicator.		1.99101-benzofurans;
aromatic ether;
crown compound;
tetracarboxylic acid		fluorochrome
tak 044
TAK 044: endothelin receptor antagonist		3.4211
bradykinin, leu(8)-des-arg(9)-
bradykinin, Leu(8)-des-Arg(9)-: RN given refers to (L)-isomer		1.9910
4-(alpha-(4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-methoxybenzyl)-n,n-diethylbenzamide
4-(alpha-(4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-methoxybenzyl)-N,N-diethylbenzamide: a highly-selective, nonpeptide delta opioid receptor agonist; structure given in first source		2.4420diarylmethane
6-methoxy-n-(3-sulfopropyl)quinolinium
6-methoxy-N-(3-sulfopropyl)quinolinium: structure given in first source		2.8940
3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionic acid
3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionic acid: structure in first source. 2-(2-carboxyethyl)-4-methyl-5-propylfuran-3-carboxylic acid : A furoic acid that is furan-3-carboxylic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 4, a propyl group at position 5 and a 2-carboxyethyl group at position 2. It is a potent uremic toxin that has been found to accumulate in human serum of patients with chronic kidney diseases.		3.7921dicarboxylic acid;
furoic acid		human metabolite;
uremic toxin
sk&f 86466
benalfocin: RN & RR given from first source; RN not in Chemline 9/28/83; structure given in first source		2.0510benzazepine
zd 7288
ICI D2788: a sinoatrial node modulator; may be of use in treatment of ischaemic heart disease by increasing heart rate without impairing cardiac function		2.520
e 64
E 64: cysteine protease inhibitor of microbial origin, which inhibits cathepsin B (EC 3.4.22.1) and cathepsin L (EC 3.4.22.-)		2.7330dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
epoxy monocarboxylic acid;
guanidines;
L-leucine derivative;
zwitterion		antimalarial;
antiparasitic agent;
protease inhibitor
subecholine
subecholine: dicholinic ester of suberic acid; structure		2.3620
desloratadine
desloratadine: major metabolite of loratadine. desloratadine : Loratadine in which the ethoxycarbonyl group attached to the piperidine ring is replaced by hydrogen. The major metabolite of loratidine, desloratadine is an antihistamine which is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and chronic urticaria. It does not readily enter the central nervous system, so does not cause drowsiness.		3.6120benzocycloheptapyridineanti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug metabolite;
H1-receptor antagonist
azetidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid
azetidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid: activates neuronal metabotropic receptors; RN given refers to (trans-isomer); RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 10/93		2.0310
cp 66713
CP 66713: adenosine receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		1.9810
2,3-dibenzylbutane-1,4-diol
2,3-dibenzylbutane-1,4-diol: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9710
w 7
[no description available]		2.0510
desvenlafaxine
O-desmethylvenlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-hydroxyphenyl group. It is a metabolite of the drug venlafaxine.		3.2310cyclohexanols;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
drug metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
n-(4-carboxycyclohexylmethyl)maleimide n-hydroxysuccinimide ester
N-(4-carboxycyclohexylmethyl)maleimide N-hydroxysuccinimide ester: used in the preparation of rabbit Fab'-peroxidase conjugates. succinimidyl 4-(N-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate : An N-hydroxysuccinimide ester derived from 4-(N-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid.		210maleimides;
N-hydroxysuccinimide ester
pre 084
2-(4-morpholino)ethyl-1-phenylcyclohexane-1-carboxylate: structure given in first source		2.4420morpholines
iremycin
iremycin: anthracycline antibiotic from Streptomyces violaceus subsp. iremyceticus; RN given refers to parent cpd(7R-trans)-isomer		2.0410
gyki 53655
GYKI 53655: an AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate) receptor antagonist		2.0810
methotrexate
[no description available]		8.06550dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
3,6-diamino-9-(4-(methylsulfonyl)aminophenyl)aminoacridine
[no description available]		2.0510
1-(2-allylphenoxy)-3-((8-bromoacetylamino-4-menthane-1-yl)amino)-1-propanol
1-(2-allylphenoxy)-3-((8-bromoacetylamino-4-menthane-1-yl)amino)-1-propanol: irreversibly inactivates the dihydroalprenolol binding site; alprenolol analog; isopropylamino group of alprenolol replaced by 8-bromoacetylamino-1-amino-p-menthane moiety in the 1 position; structure given in first source		2.4420
l 640035
L 640035: inhibits human platelet aggregation induced by arachidonic acid, collagen & prostaglandin endoperoxide analog of U44069		1.9610
n,n'-bis((2-chloroethyl)nitrosocarbamoyl)cystamine
N,N'-bis((2-chloroethyl)nitrosocarbamoyl)cystamine: structure given in first source		2.0410
hainanensine
hainanensine: structure in first source		2.0410
1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-4-phenyl-1-((3-phenyl-3-cyclohexen-1-yl)methyl)pyridine
1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-4-phenyl-1-((3-phenyl-3-cyclohexen-1-yl)methyl)pyridine: RN refers to (R)-isomer; a dopamine autoreceptor agonist; structure given in first source		2.0210
sr 2640
SR 2640: leukotriene D4 and E4 antagonist		2.4420quinolines
ne 58051
NE 58051: inhibits tumor cell adhesion to extracellular matrices; structure in first source		2.0510
3-methyl-4',6-dihydroxy-3',5'-dibromoflavone
3-methyl-4',6-dihydroxy-3',5'-dibromoflavone: structure given in first source		1.9810
xaliproden
xaliproden : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine which is substituted on the nitrogen by a 2-(2-naphthyl)ethyl group and at position 4 by a m-trifluoromethylphenyl group.		2.0710(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
naphthalenes;
tertiary amino compound;
tetrahydropyridine		serotonergic agonist
tamsulosin
[no description available]		5.95715-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamidealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
rufinamide
rufinamide: for treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome; structure in first source		3.2310aromatic amide;
heteroarene
na 0345
NA 0345: structure given in first source; SF 2370 derivative		1.9810
ici 204448
[no description available]		2.0310
antiprimod
azaspirane: structure given in first source		2.0510
n-isobutyrylcysteine
N-isobutyrylcysteine: RN given refers to L-isomer		2.0710
sulbactam
[no description available]		4.4160penicillanic acids
olmesartan medoxomil
Olmesartan Medoxomil: An ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to manage HYPERTENSION.		4.9260biphenyls
dexpanthenol
dexpanthenol: The alcohol of pantothenic acid		3.8630amino alcohol;
monocarboxylic acid amide		cholinergic drug;
provitamin
ketoprofen glucuronide
ketoprofen glucuronide: principal metabolite of ketoprofen		2.4320benzophenones
8-(dicyclopropylmethyl)-1,3-dipropylxanthine
8-(dicyclopropylmethyl)-1,3-dipropylxanthine: selective A1 adenosine receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		2.3820
fosamprenavir
fosamprenavir: a prodrug of the protease inhibitor amprenavir. fosamprenavir : A sulfonamide with a structure based on that of sulfanilamide substituted on the sulfonamide nitrogen by a (2R,3S)-4-phenyl-2-(phosphonooxy)-3-({[(3S)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy]carbonyl}amino)butyl group. It is a pro-drug of the HIV protease inhibitor and antiretroviral drug amprenavir.		3.2310sulfonamideprodrug
cgs 22652
CGS 22652: has thromboxane receptor antagonism combined with thromboxane synthase inhibition; structure given in first source		1.9810
4-amino-1-(6-chloro-2-pyridyl)piperidine hydrochloride
4-amino-1-(6-chloro-2-pyridyl)piperidine hydrochloride: has high affinity and selectivity for 5-HT3 receptors; structure given in first source		2.0310
quilostigmine
quilostigmine: RN given for (3aS,cis)-isomer; structure in first source		2.0710pyrroloindole
cyclazosin
cyclazosin: an alpha(1D)-adrenoceptor antagonist; structure given in first source; RN given for (cis)-isomer. cyclazosin : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of furoic acid with the secondary amino group of 6,7-dimethoxy-2-[(4aR,8aS)-octahydroquinoxalin-1-yl]quinazolin-4-amine.		2.0110aromatic amide;
aromatic ether;
furans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
quinazolines;
quinoxaline derivative		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist
n,n-di-n-hexyl-2-(4-fluorophenyl)indole-3-acetamide
N,N-di-n-hexyl-2-(4-fluorophenyl)indole-3-acetamide: binds with high affinity to glial mitochondrial diazepam binding inhibitor receptors & increases mitochondrial steroidogenesis		2.4420phenylindole
ilomastat
CS 610: matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; structure in first source. ilomastat : An N-acyl-amino acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the amino group of N-methyl-L-tryptophanamide. A cell permeable broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor		2.0510hydroxamic acid;
L-tryptophan derivative;
N-acyl-amino acid		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.24.24 (gelatinase A) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
4-(benzodioxan-5-yl)-1-(indan-2-yl)piperazine
[no description available]		2.0510
3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl n-acetyltryptophan
3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl N-acetyltryptophan: structure given in first source; substance P and neurokinin receptor antagonist		2.4720
omega-n-methylarginine
omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.		4.8542amino acid zwitterion;
arginine derivative;
guanidines;
L-arginine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
abiraterone
[no description available]		2.08103beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
pyridines		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.99.9 (steroid 17alpha-monooxygenase) inhibitor
ru 58841
[no description available]		2.0510
ivabradine
Ivabradine: A benzazepine derivative and selective HYPERPOLARIZATION-ACTIVATED CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-GATED CHANNELS inhibitor that lowers the heart rate. It is used in the treatment of CHRONIC STABLE ANGINA in patients unable to take BETA-ADRENERGIC BLOCKERS, and in the treatment of HEART FAILURE.. ivabradine : A member of the class of benzazepines that is 7,8-dimethoxy-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepin-2-one in which the amide hydrogen is replaced by a [{[(7S)-3,4-dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-7-yl]methyl}(methyl)amino]propyl} group. Used (as its hydrochloride salt) to treat patients with angina who have intolerance to beta blockers and/or heart failure.		2.5120aromatic ether;
benzazepine;
carbobicyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		cardiotonic drug
8-cyclopentyl-3-(3-((4-(fluorosulfonyl)benzoyl)oxy)propyl)-1-propylxanthine
8-cyclopentyl-3-(3-((4-(fluorosulfonyl)benzoyl)oxy)propyl)-1-propylxanthine: structure given in first source		2.4420
ml-3000
[no description available]		2.0810
5-carboxyfluorescein diacetate
[no description available]		2.4620
imiloxan
[no description available]		2.0710benzodioxine
l 741626
3-(4-(4-chlorophenyl-4-hydroxypiperidino)methyl)indole: structure in first source		2.4420piperidines
wr 242511
WR 242511: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510
h 77
H 77: angiotensinogen (6-13)-octapeptide in which the peptide bond -CO-NH- at the Leu(9)-Leu(11) linkage is replaced by a -CH2-NH- bond; RN given refers to (D)-isomer		1.9710
febuxostat
Febuxostat: A thiazole derivative and inhibitor of XANTHINE OXIDASE that is used for the treatment of HYPERURICEMIA in patients with chronic GOUT.. febuxostat : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid that is 4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a 3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl group at position 2. It is an orally-active, potent, and selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic hyperuricaemia in patients with gout.		4.67401,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid;
aromatic ether;
nitrile		EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
dilevalol
(R,R)-labetalol : A 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide that has 1R,2R-configuration.		2.45202-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide
nisoxetine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
aspartame
[no description available]		2.4920carboxylic acid;
dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide;
methyl ester		apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
sweetening agent;
xenobiotic
pomalidomide
3-aminophthalimidoglutarimide: structure in first source		2.1310aromatic amine;
dicarboximide;
isoindoles;
piperidones		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
immunomodulator
h 142
H 142: decapeptide inhibitor of human renin; RN given refers to all L-isomer		1.9610
xylose
xylopyranose: structure in first source		3.1250D-xylose
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester
N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid.		2.0310hydrochlorideEC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
tilarginine acetate
[no description available]		2.0310
alpha-guanidinoglutaric acid
alpha-guanidinoglutaric acid: identified in the convulsive period of cobalt-induced seizures from cat cerebral cortex; RN given for cpd with unspecified guanidino-locant		2.0310L-glutamic acid derivative
3,4-dichloro-n-methyl-n-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-(+-)-isomer
[no description available]		2.4420
cd 437
CD 437: selective for retinoic acid receptors gamma. CD437 : A naphthoic acid that is 6-phenylnaphthylene-2-carboxyic acid in which the phenyl substituent has been substituted at positions 3 and 4 by adamant-1-yl and hydroxy groups, respectively. It acts as a selective agonist of retinoic acid receptor (RAR)gamma and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in various cancer cells.		2.0810adamantanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
naphthoic acid;
phenols		apoptosis inducer;
retinoic acid receptor gamma agonist
tempol
[no description available]		2.0710aminoxyls;
hydroxypiperidine		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
catalyst;
hepatoprotective agent;
nephroprotective agent;
neuroprotective agent;
radical scavenger
ritrosulfan
ritrosulfan: RN given refers to parent cpd(R*,S*)-isomer; structure		2.0410
imidazole-4-acetic acid hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
proline
Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.		9.14456amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proline;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
escitalopram
Escitalopram: S-enantiomer of CITALOPRAM. Belongs to a class of drugs known as SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS, used to treat depression and generalized anxiety disorder.. escitalopram : A 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile that has S-configuration at the chiral centre. It is the active enantiomer of citalopram.		3.23101-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrileantidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
lexapro
Lexapro: Trade name of escitalopram, the active S-enantiomer of the racemic citalopram.		2.0810
10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin
10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin: structure in first source. pralatrexate : A pteridine that is the N-4-[1-(2,4-diaminopteridin-6-yl)pent-4-yn-2-yl]benzoyl derivative of L-glutamic acid. Used for treatment of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma, an aggressive form of non-Hodgkins lymphoma.		3.6320N-acyl-L-glutamic acid;
pteridines;
terminal acetylenic compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
docetaxel
[no description available]		3.1450hydrate;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antineoplastic agent
docetaxel anhydrous
Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.		4.0940secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
perifosine
[no description available]		2.0810ammonium betaine;
phospholipid		EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
yh 439
YH 439: structure given in first source		1.9910aromatic amide;
isopropyl ester;
secondary carboxamide
irofulven
irofulven: structure in first source		2.0410cyclohexenones
atazanavir
atazanavir : A heavily substituted carbohydrazide that is an antiretroviral drug of the protease inhibitor (PI) class used to treat infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).		4.6440carbohydrazideantiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
ym 872
YM 872: structure in first source		2.0410
tariquidar
[no description available]		3.1510benzamides
nsc-141549
[no description available]		2.9640
levofloxacin
Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.		6.12209-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
ezetimibe
Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).		4.7750azetidines;
beta-lactam;
organofluorine compound		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antimetabolite
ertapenem
Ertapenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial infections including intra-abdominal infections, acute gynecological infections, complicated urinary tract infections, skin infections, and respiratory tract infections. It is also used to prevent infection in colorectal surgery.. ertapenem : Meropenem in which the one of the two methyl groups attached to the amide nitrogen is replaced by hydrogen while the other is replaced by a 3-carboxyphenyl group. The sodium salt is used for the treatment of moderate to severe susceptible infections including intra-abdominal and acute gynaecological infections, pneumonia, and infections of the skin and of the urinary tract.		3.5820carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial drug
dx 8951
[no description available]		2.0410pyranoindolizinoquinoline
cox 189
lumiracoxib: a COX-2 inhibitor. lumiracoxib : An amino acid that is phenylacetic acid which is substituted at position 2 by the nitrogen of 2-chloro-6-fluoroaniline and at position 5 by a methyl group. A highly selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it was briefly used for the treatment of osteoarthritis, but was withdrawn due to concersns of hepatotoxicity.		4.0940amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cilomilast
[no description available]		2.7430methoxybenzenes
conivaptan
conivaptan : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 4-[(biphenyl-2-ylcarbonyl)amino]benzoic acid with the benzazepine nitrogen of 2-methyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d][1]benzazepine. It is an antagonist for two of the three types of arginine vasopressin (AVP) receptors, V1a and V2. It is used as its hydrochloride salt for the treatment of hyponatraemia (low blood sodium levels) caused by syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH).		7.99101benzazepineaquaretic;
vasopressin receptor antagonist
cariporide
cariporide: a selective sodium-hydrogen exchange subtype 1 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0510
tezosentan
tezosentan: structure in first source		3.8330
mk 767
5-((2,4-dioxo-5-thiazolidinyl)methyl)-2-methoxy-N-((4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)benzamide: an antihyperlipidemic agent that also functions as an insulin sensitizer, PPARalpha agonist, and PPARgamma agonist; structure in first source		2.0810
vatalanib
[no description available]		2.0710monochlorobenzenes;
phthalazines;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
sabarubicin
sabarubicin: structure given in first source		2.0410
2-chloro-2-deoxyglucose
[no description available]		2.0310
damvar
damvar: structure		2.0410
moxifloxacin
Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.		4.7690aromatic ether;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
pyrrolidinopiperidine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug
pralnacasan
pralnacasan: NSAID, ICE inhibitor & metastasis inhibitor; RN & structure in first source		3.5920
cvt 124
1,3-dipropyl-8-(2-(5,6-epoxy)norbornyl)xanthine: CVT-124 is the (S)-isomer		6.1552
clevidipine
clevidipine: a calcium channel blocker and antihypertensive agent; structure in first source		9.1140dihydropyridine
jtt 501
JTT 501: an insulin sensitizer; structure in first source		2.0510
solifenacin
[no description available]		4.0840isoquinolines
dexmethylphenidate
dexmethylphenidate : A methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate in which both stereocentres have R configuration. It is the active enantiomer in the racemic drug methylphenidate.		3.2310methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetateadrenergic agent
bazedoxifene acetate
[no description available]		2.0810
hyoscyamine
Hyoscyamine: The 3(S)-endo isomer of atropine.. (S)-atropine : An atropine with a 2S-configuration.		2.4820tropane alkaloid
idazoxan hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
phorbols
Phorbols: The parent alcohol of the tumor promoting compounds from CROTON OIL (Croton tiglium).		1.9610diterpene;
terpenoid fundamental parent
isoguvacine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
cyanopindolol
[no description available]		1.9810indoles
xamoterol
Xamoterol: A phenoxypropanolamine derivative that is a selective beta-1-adrenergic agonist.		4.6761morpholines
8-methoxymethyl-3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
8-methoxymethyl-3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine: inhibitor of phosphodiesterase I		2.0310oxopurine
disopyramide, (s)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0410
naproxen
Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.		14.57533methoxynaphthalene;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
canertinib
[no description available]		2.0810monochlorobenzenes;
morpholines;
organofluorine compound;
quinazolines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
cinacalcet
cinacalcet : A secondary amino compound that is (1R)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethanamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propyl group.		11.8971(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
naphthalenes;
secondary amino compound		calcimimetic;
P450 inhibitor
birb 796
[no description available]		2.0810aromatic ether;
morpholines;
naphthalenes;
pyrazoles;
ureas		EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator
hydroxyl radical
Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.		2.6630oxygen hydride;
oxygen radical;
reactive oxygen species
lactitol
lactitol : A glycosyl alditol consisting of beta-D-galactopyranose and D-glucitol joined by a 1->4 glycosidic bond. It is used as a laxative, as an excipient, and as replacement bulk sweetener in some low-calorie foods.		2.0710glycosyl alditolcathartic;
excipient;
laxative
lubiprostone
[no description available]		3.2310
satavaptan
satavaptan: a vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		6.1251
olmesartan
olmesartan: an active metabolite of CS 866		4.2650biphenylyltetrazoleangiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
telbivudine
[no description available]		3.6120pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
tipifarnib
[no description available]		2.0810imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound;
quinolone		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor
singlet oxygen
Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.		6.9910chalcogen;
monoatomic oxygen;
nonmetal atom		macronutrient
metabisulfite
metabisulfite: see also related Na metabisulfite & K metabisulfite		10.6454sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion
clofibride
clofibride: structure		2.0410monocarboxylic acid
cyc 202
seliciclib : 2,6-Diaminopurine carrying benzylamino, (2R)-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl and isopropyl substituents at C-6, C-2-N and N-9 respectively. It is an experimental drug candidate in the family of pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors.		3.15502,6-diaminopurinesantiviral drug;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
Serotonin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310tryptamines
n-phthaloylglutamic acid
N-phthaloyl-L-glutamic acid : A glutamic acid derivative that is L-glutamic acid in which the two hydrogens on the amino group are substituted by a phthaloyl group.		2.0310L-glutamic acid derivative;
phthalimides
cortolone
[no description available]		3.11021-hydroxy steroid
aldosterone 18-glucuronide
[no description available]		1.9610steroid glucosiduronic acid
benzo-tepa
benzo-tepa: structure		2.0410
tevenel
tevenel: sulfamoyl analog of D-threo-chloramphenicol; structure		2.0410sulfonamide
1,3-dipropyl-7-methylxanthine
1,3-dipropyl-7-methylxanthine: structure given in first source		2.0310
glycyrrhetyl 3-monoglucuronide
glycyrrhetyl 3-monoglucuronide: RN given for (3beta,20beta)-isomer. glycyrrhetic acid 3-O-glucuronide : A triterpenoid saponin that is the 3-O-beta-glucuronide of glycyrrhetic acid. It is a metabolite of glycyrrhizin contained in licorice and potentially a causative agent in the pathogenesis of pseudoaldosteronism.		2.0310beta-D-glucosiduronic acid;
enone;
monosaccharide derivative;
oxo dicarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid;
triterpenoid saponin		anti-allergic agent;
EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite;
sweetening agent
ag 3-5
icilin: a cooling compound that activates TRPM8		2.0310C-nitro compound
fpl 52757
FPL 52757: FPL 52758 is Na salt of FPL 52757; structure in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0710
7-thiomethylspirolactone
7-thiomethylspirolactone: spironolactone metabolite; RN refers to (7alpha,17alpha)-isomer; structure given in first source		3.3811
deacetyltrimepranol
deacetyltrimepranol: RN given refers to parent cpd; VUFB 6502 is synonymous to HCl		1.9910
desmethylnaproxen
desmethylnaproxen: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. desmethylnaproxen : A member of the class of naphthols that is naproxen in which the 6-methoxy group has been demethylated.		1.9810
hydroxytriamterene sulfate ester
hydroxytriamterene sulfate ester: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.6630
tac 278
TAC 278: prodrug of 5-fluorouracil; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation		2.0410
sr 43845
SR 43845: RN given refers to (S-(R*,R*))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 8/89		1.9810
ibuprofen acyl glucuronide
ibuprofen acyl glucuronide: structure given in first source; metabolite of ibuprofen; 13% of ibuprofen administered to humans is excreted in urine as its acyl glucuronide		2.0610terpene glycoside
abanoquil
[no description available]		2.0410
paromomycin
Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.		4.0940amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic		anthelminthic drug;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
anidulafungin
Anidulafungin: Echinocandin antifungal agent that is used in the treatment of CANDIDEMIA and CANDIDIASIS.. anidulafungin : A semisynthetic echinocandin anti-fungal drug. It is active against Aspergillus and Candida species and is used for the treatment of invasive candidiasis.		3.5820antibiotic antifungal drug;
azamacrocycle;
echinocandin;
heterodetic cyclic peptide;
semisynthetic derivative
avasimibe
[no description available]		2.0510monoterpenoid
technetium tc 99m pentetate
Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate: A technetium imaging agent used in renal scintigraphy, computed tomography, lung ventilation imaging, gastrointestinal scintigraphy, and many other procedures which employ radionuclide imaging agents.		9.92793
clorazepate dipotassium
Clorazepate Dipotassium: A water-soluble benzodiazepine derivative effective in the treatment of anxiety. It has also muscle relaxant and anticonvulsant actions.		1.9610potassium saltanticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator;
prodrug
anacardic acid
anacardic acid: isolated from Anacardium occidentale; monophenol monooxygenase inhibitor. anacardic acid : A hydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by a pentadecyl group at position 6. It is a major component of cashew nut shell liquid and exhibits an extensive range of bioactivities.		2.5820hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxybenzoic acid		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
n-n-propylnorapomorphine
[no description available]		2.0310aporphine alkaloid
urapidil monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
benzmetanide
[no description available]		1.9710
1,3-dipropylxanthine
1,3-dipropylxanthine: has high affinity for adenosine receptors; structure given in first source		1.9710
aminopterin
Aminopterin: A folic acid derivative used as a rodenticide that has been shown to be teratogenic.		3.1550dicarboxylic acidEC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
mutagen
azepexole, dihydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate
17 alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate: Hydroxyprogesterone derivative that acts as a PROGESTIN and is used to reduce the risk of recurrent MISCARRIAGE and of PREMATURE BIRTH. It is also used in combination with ESTROGEN in the management of MENSTRUATION DISORDERS.		3.2310corticosteroid hormone
varenicline
Varenicline: A benzazepine derivative that functions as an ALPHA4-BETA2 NICOTINIC RECEPTOR partial agonist. It is used for SMOKING CESSATION.. varenicline : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that acts as a partial agonist for nicotinic cholinergic receptors and is used (in the form of its tartate salt) as an aid to giving up smoking.		4.3830
2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
biotin
vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.		2.7530biotins;
vitamin B7		coenzyme;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
prosthetic group;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
(4r)-3-((2s)-3-mercapto-2-methylpropanoyl)-4- thiazolidinecarboxylic acid
[no description available]		2.0410
angiotensin ii
Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).		15.835333amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin II		human metabolite
abt 980
[no description available]		2.4420
fiduxosin
fiduxosin: fiduxosin (ABT-980) is the (3aR,9bR)-isomer; structure in first source		3.5920
lixivaptan
[no description available]		4.0620
fpl 59257
FPL 59257: abolishes cough response & partly inhibits bronchoconstriction produced by leukotrienes C & D		2.0710
sk&f 75670
SK&F 75670: RN refers to HBr; N-methyl derivative of SK&F 38393		2.4420
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		11.29480
7-hydroxy-5,11-dioxotetranorprostane-1,16-dioic acid
[no description available]		3.4111prostanoid
esatenolol
esatenolol : The (S)-enantiomer of atenolol.		2.0310atenololbeta-adrenergic antagonist
lignin
Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.		4.68250
ropivacaine
Ropivacaine: An anilide used as a long-acting local anesthetic. It has a differential blocking effect on sensory and motor neurons.. ropivacaine : The piperidinecarboxamide obtained by the formal condensation of N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline.. (S)-ropivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide-based amide-type local anaesthetic (amide caine) in which (S)-N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline are combined to form the amide bond.		2.9640piperidinecarboxamide;
ropivacaine		local anaesthetic
sb 203580
[no description available]		2.0810imidazoles;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
nbi 27914
[no description available]		2.4420dialkylarylamine;
tertiary amino compound
sb 216763
[no description available]		2.4420indoles;
maleimides
enzastaurin
[no description available]		2.0810indoles;
maleimides
erlotinib
[no description available]		5.0870aromatic ether;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
terminal acetylenic compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist;
protein kinase inhibitor
piboserod
Serotonin 5-HT4 Receptor Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate SEROTONIN 5-HT4 RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of SEROTONIN or SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS.		2.0810
organophosphonates
hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.		2.4620divalent inorganic anion;
phosphite ion
zeneca zd 6169
Zeneca ZD 6169: an ATP-sensitive potassium channel opener; structure given in first source		2.0710
l 694,458
DMP 777: structure given in first source		2.4520
l 163191
[no description available]		2.0810
asimadoline
asimadoline: structure in first source		210
dizocilpine
[no description available]		2.0510secondary amino compound;
tetracyclic antidepressant		anaesthetic;
anticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist
(R)-atenolol
(R)-atenolol : The (R)-enantiomer of atenolol.		2.0310atenolol
memantine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420hydrochlorideantidepressant;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
naproxen glucuronide
naproxen glucuronide: structure in first source		2.0610
l 158809
L 158809: RN & structure given in first source; angiotensin receptor antagonist		2.3920
melagatran
[no description available]		2.9640azetidines;
carboxamidine;
dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
secondary amino compound		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
serine protease inhibitor
sibenadet
sibenadet: structure in first source		2.0710
pefabloc
[no description available]		2.0310
aflatoxin b1
Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.		2.4620aflatoxin;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone		carcinogenic agent;
human metabolite
isospaglumic acid
isospaglumic acid: mediator in the sensitivity of animals to hyperbaric oxygenation; Naaxia is the tradename; apparently can have both a neuroprotective and a neurotoxic effect. Ac-Asp-Glu : A dipeptide composed of N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid and L-glutamic acid joined by a peptide linkage.		1.9910dipeptidehuman metabolite
bd 1047
N-(2-(3,4-Dichlorphenyl)ethyl)-N,N',N'-trimethyl-1,2-ethandiamin: sigma receptor ligand; putative sigma receptor antagonist with antidystonic activity		2.0810primary amine
ezlopitant
ezlopitant: structure in first source		2.0210
pongidae
[no description available]		2.4420
deflazacort
deflazacort: structure		2.7330corticosteroid hormone
hexestrol diphosphate
[no description available]		2.0410
carbocysteine
Carbocysteine: A compound formed when iodoacetic acid reacts with sulfhydryl groups in proteins. It has been used as an anti-infective nasal spray with mucolytic and expectorant action.. S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine : An L-cysteine thioether that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen of the thiol group has been replaced by a carboxymethyl group.		4.0240L-cysteine thioether;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		mucolytic
etravirine
[no description available]		3.2310aminopyrimidine;
aromatic ether;
dinitrile;
organobromine compound		antiviral agent;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
succinylproline
[no description available]		2.0310N-acyl-amino acid
latrepirdine
latrepirdine: structure		2.0710methylpyridines;
pyridoindole		geroprotector
sb 205384
SB 205384: structure in first source		2.7330thienopyridine
hydrastine
[no description available]		2.4420isoquinolinesmetabolite
gabaculine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
olpadronic acid
[no description available]		2.0510
etiron monohydrobromide
[no description available]		2.0310
troleandomycin
Troleandomycin: A macrolide antibiotic that is similar to ERYTHROMYCIN.. troleandomycin : A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic obtained by acetylation of the three free hydroxy groups of oleandomycin. Troleandomycin is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.		5.1580acetate ester;
epoxide;
macrolide antibiotic;
monosaccharide derivative;
polyketide;
semisynthetic derivative		EC 1.14.13.97 (taurochenodeoxycholate 6alpha-hydroxylase) inhibitor;
xenobiotic
alyssin
[no description available]		2.0710sulfoxide
dronedarone
Dronedarone: A non-iodinated derivative of amiodarone that is used for the treatment of ARRHYTHMIA.. dronedarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans used for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		3.23101-benzofurans;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
tesaglitazar
tesaglitazar: structure in first source		2.7430
ramelteon
ramelteon: melatonin MT1/MT2 receptor agonist		3.8830indanes
lapatinib
[no description available]		5.3190furans;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
quinazolines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
bmy 7378
[no description available]		2.0310
vesamicol
[no description available]		2.0310
darunavir
Darunavir: An HIV PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of AIDS and HIV INFECTIONS. Due to the emergence of ANTIVIRAL DRUG RESISTANCE when used alone, it is administered in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.. darunavir : An N,N-disubstituted benzenesulfonamide bearing an unsubstituted amino group at the 4-position, used for the treatment of HIV infection. A second-generation HIV protease inhibitor, darunavir was designed to form robust interactions with the protease enzyme from many strains of HIV, including those from treatment-experienced patients with multiple resistance mutations to other protease inhibitors.		3.2310carbamate ester;
furofuran;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
deferasirox
Deferasirox: A triazole and benzoate derivative that acts as a selective iron chelator. It is used in the management of chronic IRON OVERLOAD due to blood transfusion or non-transfusion dependent THALASSEMIA.. deferasirox : A member of the class of triazoles, deferasirox is 1,2,4-triazole substituted by a 4-carboxyphenyl group at position 1 and by 2-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 5. An orally active iron chelator, it is used to manage chronic iron overload in patients receiving long-term blood transfusions.		4.0940benzoic acids;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols;
triazoles		iron chelator
bms204352
BMS204352: a calcium-sensitive opener of maxi-K potassium channels; structure in first source		4.0640
fosfluconazole
fosfluconazole: prodrug of fluconazole		2.0410conazole antifungal drug;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		prodrug
dabigatran
Dabigatran: A THROMBIN inhibitor which acts by binding and blocking thrombogenic activity and the prevention of thrombus formation. It is used to reduce the risk of stroke and systemic EMBOLISM in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.. dabigatran : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{[(4-carbamimidoylphenyl)amino]methyl}-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxylic acid with the secondary amoino group of N-pyridin-2-yl-beta-alanine. The active metabolite of the prodrug dabigatran etexilate, it acts as an anticoagulant which is used for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism.		3.9421aromatic amide;
benzimidazoles;
beta-alanine derivative;
carboxamidine;
pyridines		anticoagulant;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
tbc-11251
sitaxsentan: endothelin A receptor antagonist; structure in first source		3.8730benzodioxoles
tolvaptan
[no description available]		15.246432benzazepine;
benzenedicarboxamide		aquaretic;
vasopressin receptor antagonist
sorafenib
[no description available]		4.9660(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenylureas;
pyridinecarboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
lenalidomide
[no description available]		4.1340aromatic amine;
dicarboximide;
isoindoles;
piperidones		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
immunomodulator
solifenacin succinate
Solifenacin Succinate: A quinuclidine and tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and selective M3 MUSCARINIC ANTAGONIST. It is used as a UROLOGIC AGENT in the treatment of URINARY INCONTINENCE.		3.4811isoquinolines
N-[4-(3-chloro-4-fluoroanilino)-3-cyano-7-ethoxy-6-quinolinyl]-4-(dimethylamino)-2-butenamide
[no description available]		2.0810aminoquinoline
regadenoson
[no description available]		3.2310purine nucleoside
roxindole
[no description available]		210indolesalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
serotonergic drug
sr 142806
[no description available]		2.0810
lacosamide
Lacosamide: An acetamide derivative that acts as a blocker of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, for adjunctive or monotherapy, in the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES.		3.6120N-acyl-amino acid
cp 101,606
traxoprodil mesylate: a selective NMDA antagonist; structure given in first source		2.4520
demecolcine
Demecolcine: An alkaloid isolated from Colchicum autumnale L. and used as an antineoplastic.. (-)-demecolcine : A secondary amino compound that is (S)-colchicine in which the N-acetyl group is replaced by an N-methyl group. Isolable from the autumn crocus, Colchicum autumnale, it is less toxic than colchicine and is used as an antineoplastic.		2.0410alkaloid;
secondary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent
cholic acid
Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.		4.356012alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
7alpha-hydroxy steroid;
bile acid;
C24-steroid;
trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
sitosterol, (3beta)-isomer
Sobatum: tradename; active fraction of Solanum trilobatum; reduces side-effects of radiation-induced toxicity. sitosterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is stigmast-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3.		2.05103beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
C29-steroid;
phytosterols;
stigmastane sterol		anticholesteremic drug;
antioxidant;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
sterol methyltransferase inhibitor
erythritol
[no description available]		1.9610butane-1,2,3,4-tetrolantioxidant;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
deoxycholic acid
Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.		2.3820bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human blood serum metabolite
estradiol 3-benzoate
17beta-estradiol 3-benzoate : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of benzoic acid with the phenolic hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol.		2.743017beta-hydroxy steroid;
benzoate ester		estrogen receptor agonist;
xenoestrogen
cortisone
[no description available]		5.4821011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dromostanolone propionate
dromostanolone propionate: RN given refers to (2alpha,5alpha,17beta)-isomer		2.04103-oxo-5alpha-steroid;
steroid ester		antineoplastic agent
isoflupredone acetate
isoflupredone acetate: RN refers to (11beta)-isomer; structure		3.4811corticosteroid hormone
fludrocortisone acetate
fludrocortisone acetate : An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the primary hydroxy group of fludrocortisone with acetic acid. A synthetic corticosteroid, it has glucocorticoid actions about 10 times as potent as hydrocortisone, while its mineralocorticoid actions are over 100 times as potent. It is used in partial replacement therapy for primary and secondary adrenocortical insufficiency in Addison's disease and for the treatment of salt-losing adrenal hyperplasia.		2.462011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
fluorinated steroid;
mineralocorticoid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
epinastine
dexamethasone acetate: RN given refers to (11beta,16alpha)-isomer		2.0410corticosteroid hormone
vincaleukoblastine
[no description available]		3.8730acetate ester;
indole alkaloid fundamental parent;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite
5 alpha-androstane-3 beta,17 beta-diol
5alpha-androstane-3beta,17beta-diol : An androstane-3,17-diol that is 5alpha-androstane substituted by beta-hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a metabolite of dihydrotestosterone.		4.022017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy steroid;
androstane-3,17-diol		Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite
cortol
[no description available]		3.11021-hydroxy steroid
21-hydroxypregnenolone
21-hydroxypregnenolone: RN given refers to (3beta)-isomer;. 21-hydroxypregnenolone : A hydroxypregnenolone that is pregnenolone which has been substituted by a hydroxy group at position 21.		3.11021-hydroxy steroid;
hydroxypregnenolone;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		mouse metabolite
2-hydroxyestradiol
2-hydroxyestradiol: catechol estrogen; RN given refers to (17 beta)-isomer. 2-hydroxy-17beta-estradiol : A 2-hydroxy steroid that consists of 17beta-estradiol having an additional hydroxy group at position 2.		3.11017beta-hydroxy steroid;
2-hydroxy steroid		carcinogenic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prodrug
epietiocholanolone
epietiocholanolone : A 3beta-hydroxy steroid that is 5beta-androstane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3beta and an oxo group at position 17. It is a metabolite of testosterone.		3.11017-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
animal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
rat metabolite
vincristine sulfate
[no description available]		3.1550organic sulfate saltantineoplastic agent;
geroprotector
19-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione
[no description available]		4.053117-oxo steroid;
19-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo steroid;
androstanoid		mouse metabolite
benzofurans
Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.		3.4980
sodium bromide
sodium bromide: RN given refers to parent cpd. sodium bromide : An inorganic sodium salt having bromide as the counterion.		1.9910bromide salt;
inorganic sodium salt
benzarone
benzarone: antihemorrhagic agent; structure		4.24501-benzofurans
nsc-89199
estramustine phosphate : A steroid phosphate which is the 17-O-phospho derivative of estramustine.		2.7430carbamate ester;
organochlorine compound;
steroid phosphate
estramustine
Estramustine: A nitrogen mustard linked to estradiol, usually as phosphate; used to treat prostatic neoplasms; also has radiation protective properties.. estramustine : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol with the carboxy group of bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamic acid.		4.517017beta-hydroxy steroid;
carbamate ester;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
radiation protective agent
lupeol
[no description available]		2.0510pentacyclic triterpenoid;
secondary alcohol		anti-inflammatory drug;
plant metabolite
n-methylserotonin oxalate salt
[no description available]		2.0310
nsc 95397
[no description available]		2.44201,4-naphthoquinones
phenethicillin
phenethicillin: minor descriptor (85); major descriptor (63-84); on-line search PENICILLIN, PHENOXYMETHYL/AA (66-85); Index Medicus search PHENETHICILLIN (63-84); RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta))-isomer. phenethicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-phenoxypropanamido group.		3.1550penicillin allergen;
penicillin
noscapine
Noscapine: A naturally occurring opium alkaloid that is a centrally acting antitussive agent.. (-)-noscapine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline which is substituted by a 4,5-dimethoxy-3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-1-yl group at position 1, a methylenedioxy group at positions 6-7 and a methoxy group at position 8. Obtained from plants of the Papaveraceae family, it lacks significant painkilling properties and is primarily used for its antitussive (cough-suppressing) effects.		2.7530aromatic ether;
benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
cyclic acetal;
isobenzofuranone;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
antitussive;
apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
indicine-n-oxide
indicine-N-oxide: RN given refers to (1R-(1alpha,7(2R*,3S*),7abeta))-isomer; structure		2.0410
homoharringtonine
Homoharringtonine: Semisynthetic derivative of harringtonine that acts as a protein synthesis inhibitor and induces APOPTOSIS in tumor cells. It is used in the treatment of MYELOID LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC.. omacetaxine mepesuccinate : A cephalotaxine-derived alkaloid ester obtained from Cephalotaxus harringtonia; used for the treatment of chronic or accelerated phase chronic myeloid leukaemia.		2.0510alkaloid ester;
enol ether;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
protein synthesis inhibitor
acivicin
[no description available]		2.9640isoxazoles;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		antileishmanial agent;
antimetabolite;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.3.2.2 (gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor;
glutamine antagonist;
metabolite
elesclomol
[no description available]		2.0810carbohydrazide;
thiocarbonyl compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer
wortmannin
[no description available]		3.2860acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
delta-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Penicillium metabolite;
radiosensitizing agent
menthofuran
menthofuran: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; derives from cyclization of pulegone. menthofuran : A monoterpenoid that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1-benzofuran substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 6.		2.07101-benzofurans;
monoterpenoid		nematicide;
plant metabolite
sorbinil
sorbinil: aldose reductase inhibitor. sorbinil : An azaspiro compound having a monofluoro-substituted chromane skeleton spiro-linked to an imidazolidinedione ring.		2.110azaspiro compound;
chromanes;
imidazolidinone;
organofluorine compound;
oxaspiro compound		antioxidant;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination
Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.		2.9340
o-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol
O-(Chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol: Semisynthetic analog of fumagillin (a cyclohexane-sesquiterpene antibiotic isolated from ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS) that inhibits angiogenesis.. O-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol : A carbamate ester that is fumagillol in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding N-(chloroacetyl)carbamate derivative.		2.0510carbamate ester;
organochlorine compound;
semisynthetic derivative;
sesquiterpenoid;
spiro-epoxide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor;
retinoic acid receptor alpha antagonist
nsc 663284
NSC 663284: structure in first source		2.0810quinolone
taurochenodeoxycholic acid
Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of chenodeoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as detergent to solubilize fats in the small intestine and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurochenodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurochenodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. taurochenodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of chenodeoxycholic acid.		2.0710bile acid taurine conjugatehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
bortezomib
[no description available]		4.2750amino acid amide;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
protease inhibitor;
proteasome inhibitor
neocryptolepine
neocryptolepine: isolated from the roots of the African plant Cryptolepis sanguinolenta; structure in first source		2.0510
calcein am
calcein AM: a non-fluorescent compound cleaved to a fluorescent compound by non-specific intracellular esterases. calcein am : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is calcein in which all four carboxy group hydrogens have been substituted by (acetyloxy)methoxy groups and the hyrodgens of the two hydroxy groups have been substituted by acetyl groups. It is a a non-fluorescent probe cleaved to a fluorescent probe by non-specific intracellular esterases.		2102-benzofurans;
acetate ester;
gamma-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
xanthene dye		fluorochrome
ritonavir
Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.		5.971901,3-thiazoles;
carbamate ester;
carboxamide;
L-valine derivative;
ureas		antiviral drug;
environmental contaminant;
HIV protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
bardoxolone methyl
methyl 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oate: structure in first source		2.0810cyclohexenones
tryptoquivaline
fumitremorgin C : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is a mycotoxic indole alkaloid produced by several fungi. A potent and specific inhibitor of the breast cancer resistance protein multidrug transporter.		4.1420aromatic ether;
indole alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		breast cancer resistance protein inhibitor;
mycotoxin
1-hydroxypentane-1,1-bisphosphonate
[no description available]		2.0510
cimadronate
cimadronate: increases serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in rats via stimulating renal 1-hydroxylase activity; structure given in first source		2.0510
1,1-hydroxyoctanodiphosphonate
[no description available]		2.0510
nexavar
[no description available]		2.0510organosulfonate salt
dihydropyridines
Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.		4.0631
lanatosides
Lanatosides: Glycosides from DIGITALIS lanata leaf. Lanatoside C has actions similar to DIGOXIN. Mixtures of lanatosides A, B, and C have also been used. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p670)		3.3470
protoverin
Protoveratrines: Mixtures of closely related hypotensive alkaloids from Veratrum album (Liliaceae). They have been used in the treatment of hypertension but have largely been replaced by drugs with fewer adverse effects.		1.9510
nsc 23766
[no description available]		2.0810aminopyrimidine;
aminoquinoline;
primary amino compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		antiviral agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.6.5.2 (small monomeric GTPase) inhibitor;
muscarinic antagonist
povidone-iodine
Povidone-Iodine: An iodinated polyvinyl polymer used as topical antiseptic in surgery and for skin and mucous membrane infections, also as aerosol. The iodine may be radiolabeled for research purposes.		4.1131
leupeptins
Leupeptins: A group of acylated oligopeptides produced by Actinomycetes that function as protease inhibitors. They have been known to inhibit to varying degrees trypsin, plasmin, KALLIKREINS, papain and the cathepsins.		1.9710
carboplatin
[no description available]		5.5951
rimiterol
rimiterol: was heading 1977-94 (see under CATECHOLS 1977-90); use CATECHOLS to search RIMITEROL 1977-94; predominantly a beta 2 stimulant, therefore affects the cardiovascular system less than isoproterenol, but its action is of shorter duration than that of albuterol		2.7330catechols
lithium chloride
Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.		3.0950inorganic chloride;
lithium salt		antimanic drug;
geroprotector
glycogen
glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.		5.8793
arabinose
[no description available]		2.2110L-arabinoseEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
bradykinin
[no description available]		7.96313oligopeptidehuman blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent
canavanine
L-canavanine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-homoserine substituted at oxygen with a guanidino (carbamimidamido) group. Although structurally related to L-arginine, it is non-proteinogenic.		2.0310amino acid zwitterion;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite
glucosamine
D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.		6.9781D-glucosamineEscherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
mouse metabolite
carnosine
polaprezinc: stimulates bone growth		210amino acid zwitterion;
dipeptide		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
raffinose
Raffinose: A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal.. raffinose : A trisaccharide composed of alpha-D-galactopyranose, alpha-D-glucopyranose and beta-D-fructofuranose joined in sequence by 1->6 and 1<->2 glycosidic linkages, respectively.		2.7230raffinose family oligosaccharide;
trisaccharide		mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
naringenin
(S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.		9.2150(2S)-flavan-4-one;
naringenin		expectorant;
plant metabolite
5-hydroxytryptophan
hydroxytryptophan : A hydroxy-amino acid that is tryptophan substituted by at least one hydroxy group at unspecified position.. 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan : The L-enantiomer of 5-hydroxytryptophan.		2.03105-hydroxytryptophan;
amino acid zwitterion;
hydroxy-L-tryptophan;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
diaminopimelic acid
Diaminopimelic Acid: A diamino derivative of heptanedioic acid with amino groups at C-2 and C-6 and the general formula (COOH)CH(NH2)CH2CH2CH2CH(NH2)(COOH).. LL-2,6-diaminopimelic acid : A 2,6-diaminopimelic acid in which both chiral centres have S configuration. It is a component of bacterial cell wall.		2.03102,6-diaminopimelic acid;
amino acid zwitterion		Escherichia coli metabolite
oxytocin
Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.		5.57230heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone		oxytocic;
vasodilator agent
bekanamycin
bekanamycin: kanendomycin is the sulfate of bekanamycin; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410kanamycins
tryptophanamide
tryptophanamide: used as inhibitor of chymotrypsin; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. L-tryptophanamide : An amino acid amide that is the carboxamide of L-tryptophan.		2.0310amino acid amide;
tryptophan derivative		human metabolite
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.		1.9610myo-inositol trisphosphatemouse metabolite
ouabain
Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.		12.95446211alpha-hydroxy steroid;
14beta-hydroxy steroid;
5beta-hydroxy steroid;
alpha-L-rhamnoside;
cardenolide glycoside;
steroid hormone		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
plant metabolite
salicin
[no description available]		2.0710aromatic primary alcohol;
aryl beta-D-glucoside;
benzyl alcohols		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
puromycin
[no description available]		2.6830puromycinsantiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor;
nucleoside antibiotic;
protein synthesis inhibitor
taxifolin
(+)-taxifolin : A taxifolin that has (2R,3R)-configuration.		2.0410taxifolinmetabolite
tosylphenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone
Tosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl Ketone: An inhibitor of Serine Endopeptidases. Acts as alkylating agent and is known to interfere with the translation process.. N-tosyl-L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone : The N-tosyl derivative of L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone.		2.0310alpha-chloroketone;
sulfonamide		alkylating agent;
serine proteinase inhibitor
tartaric acid
tartaric acid: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-tartaric acid : The D-enantiomer of tartaric acid.		3.411tartaric acidEscherichia coli metabolite
pentostatin
Pentostatin: A potent inhibitor of ADENOSINE DEAMINASE. The drug induces APOPTOSIS of LYMPHOCYTES, and is used in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity.. pentostatin : A member of the class of coformycins that is coformycin in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced with a hydrogen. It is a drug used for the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia.		4.0740coformycinsantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
monoiodotyrosine
Monoiodotyrosine: A product from the iodination of tyrosine. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE), tyrosine is first iodized to monoiodotyrosine.. iodotyrosine : A tyrosine derivative which has at least one iodo-substituent on the benzyl moiety.. monoiodotyrosine : An iodotyrosine carrying a single iodo substituent.. 3-iodo-L-tyrosine : The monoiodotyrosine that is L-tyrosine carrying an iodo-substituent at position C-3 of the benzyl group.		2.0310amino acid zwitterion;
L-tyrosine derivative;
monoiodotyrosine;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
taurolithocholic acid
Taurolithocholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver from lithocholic acid conjugation with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It solubilizes fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurolithocholic acid : The bile acid taurine conjugate of lithocholic acid.		2.7530bile acid taurine conjugate;
monocarboxylic acid amide		human metabolite
nitroarginine
Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6). N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group.		2.730guanidines;
L-arginine derivative;
N-nitro compound;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
willardiine
willardiine: isolated from seeds of Acacia willariana; structure. 3-(uracil-1-yl)-L-alanine : The 3-(uracil-1-yl) derivative of L-alanine.		2.0310amino acid zwitterion;
L-alanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
trimethyllysine
trimethyllysine: stimulates growth of tumor cells; RN given refers to (S)-isomer		210alpha-amino-acid cationhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
adenosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate)
adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate): RN given refers to cpd with unspecified locant for thio group; see also records for 1-thio & 2-thio-isomers. adenosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is ATP in which one of the oxygens attached to 3-phosphate group is replaced by sulfur.		2.0210nucleoside triphosphate analogue
2-hydroxyestrone
2-hydroxyestrone: catechol estrogen which is a major metabolite of estradiol in man & animals; RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-hydroxyestrone : A 2-hydroxy steroid that is estrone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.		3.1102-hydroxy steroid;
catechols		human metabolite
cortodoxone
Cortodoxone: 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A 17-hydroxycorticosteroid with glucocorticoid and anti-inflammatory activities.. 11-deoxycortisol : A deoxycortisol that is cortisol in which the hydroxy group at position 11 has been replaced by a hydrogen.		3.150deoxycortisol;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
estradiol-3-glucuronide
estradiol-3-glucuronide: RN given refers to (beta-D)-glucopyranosiduronic acid (17beta)-isomer. 17beta-estradiol 3-glucosiduronic acid : A steroid glucosiduronic acid that consists of 17beta-estradiol having a beta-glucuronyl residue attached at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage.		21017beta-hydroxy steroid;
beta-D-glucosiduronic acid;
steroid glucosiduronic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
(+)-limonene
(4R)-limonene : An optically active form of limonene having (4R)-configuration.		2.4620limoneneplant metabolite
cellulase
Cellulase: An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans.. beta-cellotriose : A cellotriose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.		2.5320cellotriose
strychnine
Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.		3.0850monoterpenoid indole alkaloid;
organic heteroheptacyclic compound		avicide;
cholinergic antagonist;
glycine receptor antagonist;
neurotransmitter agent;
rodenticide
quinidine
Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.		13.26610cinchona alkaloidalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
muscarinic antagonist;
P450 inhibitor;
potassium channel blocker;
sodium channel blocker
meropenem
Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.		4.86100alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
organic sulfide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
griseofulvin
Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.		6.022101-benzofurans;
antibiotic antifungal drug;
benzofuran antifungal drug;
organochlorine compound;
oxaspiro compound		antibacterial agent;
Penicillium metabolite
monensin
Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.		3.4780cyclic hemiketal;
monocarboxylic acid;
polyether antibiotic;
spiroketal		antifungal agent;
coccidiostat;
ionophore
cefoxitin
Cefoxitin: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.. cefoxitin : A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic which, in addition to the methoxy group at the 7alpha position, has 2-thienylacetamido and carbamoyloxymethyl side-groups. It is resistant to beta-lactamase.		4.8100beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
cephamycin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
digitoxin
Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.		7.4371cardenolide glycosideEC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
moxalactam disodium
[no description available]		2.7330
saquinavir
Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.		6.21170L-asparagine derivative;
quinolines		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
pentazocine
Pentazocine: The first mixed agonist-antagonist analgesic to be marketed. It is an agonist at the kappa and sigma opioid receptors and has a weak antagonist action at the mu receptor. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1991, p97)		2.6530benzazocine
pancuronium
Pancuronium: A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than CURARE but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.. pancuronium : A steroid ester in which a 5alpha-androstane skeleton is C-3alpha- and C-17beta-disubstituted with acetoxy groups and 2beta- and 16beta-disubstituted with 1-methylpiperidinium-1-yl groups. It is a non-depolarizing curare-mimetic muscle relaxant.		10.651acetate ester;
steroid ester		cholinergic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
rocuronium
Rocuronium: An androstanol non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent. It has a mono-quaternary structure and is a weaker nicotinic antagonist than PANCURONIUM.. rocuronium : A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-hydroxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-morpholino- and 16beta-N-allyllyrrolidinium substituents.		2.49203alpha-hydroxy steroid;
acetate ester;
androstane;
morpholines;
quaternary ammonium ion;
tertiary amino compound		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
abacavir
abacavir: a carbocyclic nucleoside with potent selective anti-HIV activity. abacavir : A 2,6-diaminopurine that is (1S)-cyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in which the pro-R hydrogen at the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl group. A nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with antiretroviral activity against HIV, it is used (particularly as the sulfate) with other antiretrovirals in combination therapy of HIV infection.		5.3902,6-diaminopurinesantiviral drug;
drug allergen;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
epiandrosterone
epiandrosterone : A 3beta-hydroxy steroid that is (5alpha)-androstane substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17.		3.11017-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
human metabolite
netilmicin
Netilmicin: Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of SISOMYCIN, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity.		10.19111
trimethaphan camsylate
trimethaphan camsylate : The (S)-camphorsulfonate salt of trimethaphan.		2.0510
perindopril erbumine
[no description available]		2.0810addition compoundantihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
miglitol
[no description available]		4.2650piperidines
amiodarone hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420aromatic ketone
mometasone furoate
Mometasone Furoate: A pregnadienediol derivative ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENT and ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENT that is used in the management of ASTHMA and ALLERGIC RHINITIS. It is also used as a topical treatment for skin disorders.		4.123111beta-hydroxy steroid;
2-furoate ester;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
organochlorine compound;
steroid ester		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
dicyclomine hydrochloride
dicyclomine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of dicyclomine. An anticholinergic, it is used to treat or prevent spasm in the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly that associated with irritable bowel syndrome.		2.4420hydrochlorideantispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
metyrosine
alpha-methyl-L-tyrosine : An L-tyrosine derivative that consists of L-tyrosine bearing an additional methyl substituent at position 2. An inhibitor of the enzyme tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with pheochromocytoma.		4.2550L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor
rocuronium bromide
rocuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha androstane compound having 3alpha-hydroxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-morpholino- and 16beta-N-allyllyrrolidinium substituents.		2.4520organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
nortriptyline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.9640organic tricyclic compoundgeroprotector
erythromycin estolate
Erythromycin Estolate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. It is the lauryl sulfate salt of the propionic ester of erythromycin. This erythromycin salt acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.		3.3260aminoglycoside sulfate salt;
erythromycin derivative		enzyme inhibitor
kanamycin sulfate
[no description available]		2.4620aminoglycoside sulfate saltantibacterial drug;
geroprotector
paromomycin sulfate
paromomycin sulfate : An aminoglycoside sulfate salt resulting from the treatment of paromomycin with sulfuric acid. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.		2.7430
terconazole
terconazole: structure & RN for (cis)-isomer from first source. terconazole : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (2R,4S)- and (2S,4R)-terconazole. It has broad-spectrum antifungal activitiy and is used for the treatment of vaginal yeast infections (Candida).. (2R,4S)-terconazole : A 1-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)-4-isopropylpiperazine in which positions 2 and 4 of the 1,3-dioxolane moiety have R and S configuration, respectively.		2.02101-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)-4-isopropylpiperazine
bacampicillin
bacampicillin: ester prodrug that is hydrolyzed to ampicillin after its absorption from the gastrointestinal tract; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bacampicillin : A penicillanic acid ester that is the 1-ethoxycarbonyloxyethyl ester of ampicillin. It is a semi-synthetic, microbiologically inactive prodrug of ampicillin.		2.4320penicillanic acid esterprodrug
linezolid
[no description available]		4.5570acetamides;
morpholines;
organofluorine compound;
oxazolidinone		antibacterial drug;
protein synthesis inhibitor
(S)-bicalutamide
(S)-bicalutamide : A N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide that is the (S)-enantiomer of bicalutamide.		2.0710N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide
canaline
canaline: structure		2.0510amino acid zwitterion;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite
norpseudoephedrine
norpseudoephedrine: major metabolite of diethylpropion in man under acidic urine conditions; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation;. cathine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1S,2S-stereoisomer).		2.110amphetamines;
phenethylamine alkaloid		central nervous system stimulant;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug
phalloidine
Phalloidine: Very toxic polypeptide isolated mainly from AMANITA phalloides (Agaricaceae) or death cup; causes fatal liver, kidney and CNS damage in mushroom poisoning; used in the study of liver damage.. phalloidin : A homodetic bicyclic heptapeptide having a sulfide bridge.		1.9610homodetic cyclic peptide
indican
[no description available]		3.7821beta-D-glucoside;
exopolysaccharide;
indolyl carbohydrate
ryanodine
Ryanodine: A methylpyrrole-carboxylate from RYANIA that disrupts the RYANODINE RECEPTOR CALCIUM RELEASE CHANNEL to modify CALCIUM release from SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM resulting in alteration of MUSCLE CONTRACTION. It was previously used in INSECTICIDES. It is used experimentally in conjunction with THAPSIGARGIN and other inhibitors of CALCIUM ATPASE uptake of calcium into SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM.. ryanodine : An insecticide alkaloid isolated from South American plant Ryania speciosa.		210
angustibalin
angustibalin: sesquiterpene lactone from Balduina angustifolia (Pursh) Robins; structure		2.0410sesquiterpene lactone
naringin
[no description available]		4.3430(2S)-flavan-4-one;
4'-hydroxyflavanones;
dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
neohesperidoside		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
metabolite
ochratoxin a
ochratoxin A: structure in first source & in Merck, 9th ed, #6549. ochratoxin A : A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid (ochratoxin alpha). It is among the most widely occurring food-contaminating mycotoxins, produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium verrucosum.		2.6930isochromanes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acyl-L-phenylalanine;
organochlorine compound;
phenylalanine derivative		Aspergillus metabolite;
calcium channel blocker;
carcinogenic agent;
mycotoxin;
nephrotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
teratogenic agent
Dubinidine
[no description available]		2.0310organic heterotricyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound;
oxacycle
cyclopamine
[no description available]		2.4520piperidinesglioma-associated oncogene inhibitor
lignans
Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)		2.420
s-(4-azidophenacyl)glutathione
S-(4-azidophenacyl)glutathione: photoaffinity label deriv of glutathione; inhibits glyoxalase I (EC 4.4.1.5)		2.0310peptide
6-prenylchrysin
6-prenylchrysin: structure in first source. 6-(3,3-dimethylallyl)chrysin : A dihydroxyflavone that is chrysin substituted by a prenyl group at position 6.		3.51107-hydroxyflavonol;
dihydroxyflavone
1-alpha-terpineol
(S)-(-)-alpha-terpineol : The (S)-enantiomer of alpha-terpineol.		3.110alpha-terpineolplant metabolite
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine
N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.		2.420tripeptide
hydroxylamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420organic molecular entity
devazepide
Devazepide: A derivative of benzodiazepine that acts on the cholecystokinin A (CCKA) receptor to antagonize CCK-8's (SINCALIDE) physiological and behavioral effects, such as pancreatic stimulation and inhibition of feeding.. devazepide : An indolecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-2-carboxylic acid with the exocyclic amino group of (3S)-3-amino-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one. A cholecystokinin antagonist used for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.		2.73301,4-benzodiazepinone;
indolecarboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
cholecystokinin antagonist;
gastrointestinal drug
teprotide
Teprotide: A synthetic nonapeptide (Pyr-Trp-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gln-Ile-Pro-Pro) which is identical to the peptide from the venom of the snake, Bothrops jararaca. It inhibits kininase II and ANGIOTENSIN I and has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.		4.6690peptide
chloramphenicol palmitate
chloramphenicol palmitate: RN given refers to ((R-(R*,R*))-isomer)		2.7130hexadecanoate ester
clindamycin phosphate
[no description available]		3.2310
hetacillin
[no description available]		2.0410penicillinantibacterial drug
sb 228357
SB 228357: a neuroleptic with equivalent or higher antagonist affinity for 5-HT2 than for dopamine D2 receptor		2.4420indolyl carboxylic acid
diprenorphine
Diprenorphine: A narcotic antagonist similar in action to NALOXONE. It is used to remobilize animals after ETORPHINE neuroleptanalgesia and is considered a specific antagonist to etorphine.		3.110morphinane alkaloid
sodium arsenite
sodium arsenite : An inoganic sodium salt with formula with formula NaAsO2.		2.8910arsenic molecular entity;
inorganic sodium salt		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
herbicide;
insecticide;
rodenticide
3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine
(S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine : A glycine derivative that is L-alpha-phenylglycine substituted at positions 3 and 5 on the phenyl ring by hydroxy groups.		2.0310amino acid zwitterion;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
resorcinols
actinonin
actinonin: natural hydroxamic acid, pseudopeptide antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces species; structure		2.4420
calcium pantothenate
[no description available]		2.4620polymer
pemirolast potassium salt
[no description available]		2.0810
eplerenone
Eplerenone: A spironolactone derivative and selective ALDOSTERONE RECEPTOR antagonist that is used in the management of HYPERTENSION and CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, post-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		9.68403-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
epoxy steroid;
gamma-lactone;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid acid ester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
tolterodine
[no description available]		4.4260tertiary amineantispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant
ergonovine
Ergonovine: An ergot alkaloid (ERGOT ALKALOIDS) with uterine and VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE contractile properties.. ergometrine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is lysergamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-hydroxypropan-2-yl group (S-configuration). An ergot alkaloid that has a particularly powerful action on the uterus, its maleate (and formerly tartrate) salt is used in the active management of the third stage of labour, and to prevent or treat postpartum of postabortal haemorrhage caused by uterine atony: by maintaining uterine contraction and tone, blood vessels in the uterine wall are compressed and blood flow reduced.		2.3520ergot alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
primary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		diagnostic agent;
fungal metabolite;
oxytocic;
toxin
doxorubicin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.7530anthracycline
halcinonide
Halcinonide: A glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of DERMATITIS; ECZEMA; or PSORIASIS. It may cause skin irritation.		2.0710organic molecular entitySMO receptor agonist
metrizamide
Metrizamide: A solute for density gradient centrifugation offering higher maximum solution density without the problems of increased viscosity. It is also used as a resorbable, non-ionic contrast medium.		2.4620amino sugar
medigoxin
Medigoxin: A semisynthetic digitalis glycoside with the general properties of DIGOXIN but more rapid onset of action. Its cardiotonic action is prolonged by its demethylation to DIGOXIN in the liver. It has been used in the treatment of congestive heart failure (HEART FAILURE).		2.6730cardenolide glycoside
dironyl
dironyl: pronounced antifertility agent in rats; lactation suppressor in other species; serotonin antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		210organic molecular entity
erythromycin ethylsuccinate
Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. This compound is an ester of erythromycin base and succinic acid. It acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin ethylsuccinate : A erythromycin derivative that is erythromycin A in which the hydroxy group at position 3R is substituted by a (4-ethoxy-4-oxobutanoyl)oxy group. It is used for the treatment of a wide variety of bacterial infections.		2.4420cyclic ketone;
erythromycin derivative;
ethyl ester;
succinate ester
vinpocetine
vinpocetine: whole issue of Arzneim Forsch (23 articles) discuss this drug; Arzneim Forsch 26(10a);1976; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation		2.7530alkaloidgeroprotector
amcinonide
amcinonide: structure		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
acetate ester;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
spiroketal		anti-inflammatory drug
betamethasone acetate
[no description available]		2.432011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
acetate ester;
fluorinated steroid;
steroid ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
ao 128
AO 128: alpha-glucosidase inhibitor; structure given in first source		2.4720organic molecular entity
loteprednol etabonate
Loteprednol Etabonate: An androstadiene derivative corticosteroid that is used as an ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENT for the treatment of inflammatory and allergic eye conditions.		2.081011beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
etabonate ester;
organochlorine compound;
steroid acid ester;
steroid ester		anti-inflammatory drug
darifenacin
darifenacin : 2-[(3S)-1-Ethylpyrrolidin-3-yl]-2,2-diphenylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens at the 2-position of the ethyl group is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl group. It is a selective antagonist for the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, which is primarily responsible for bladder muscle contractions, and is used as the hydrobromide salt in the management of urinary incontinence.		3.58201-benzofurans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolidines		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
dihydroergocristine monomesylate
dihydroergocristine mesylate : The methanesulfonic acid salt of dihydroergocristine. It has been used as the for the symptomatic treatment of mental deterioration associated with cerebrovascular insufficiency and in peripheral vascular disease. It is also a component of ergoloid mesylate (codergocrine mesilate), a mixture of ergot alkaloid derivatives that is used as a vasodilator and has shown mild benefits in the treatment of vascular dementia.		2.4420methanesulfonate saltalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
vasodilator agent
fluticasone propionate
fluticasone propionate : A trifluorinated corticosteroid that consists of 6alpha,9-difluoro-11beta,17alpha-dihydroxy-17beta-{[(fluoromethyl)sulfanyl]carbonyl}-16-methyl-3-oxoandrosta-1,4-diene bearing a propionyl substituent at position 17; has anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic and anti-allergic activity.		2.462011beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
propanoate ester;
steroid ester;
thioester		adrenergic agent;
anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
dermatologic drug
betadex
beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.		3.72100cyclodextrin
acarbose
[no description available]		3.5580amino cyclitol;
glycoside
maleic acid
maleic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd(Z)-isomer which is maleic acid; all RR's given refer to (Z)-isomer; (E)-isomer is fumaric acid. maleic acid : A butenedioic acid in which the double bond has cis- (Z)-configuration.		2.4620butenedioic acidalgal metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
e-z cinnamic acid
cinnamic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acrylic acid bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position. It is found in Cinnamomum cassia.. trans-cinnamic acid : The E (trans) isomer of cinnamic acid		2.110cinnamic acidplant metabolite
ergosterol
[no description available]		3.1103beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
ergostanoid;
phytosterols		fungal metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tretinoin
Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		5.73150retinoic acid;
vitamin A		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
AP-1 antagonist;
human metabolite;
keratolytic drug;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
retinoid X receptor agonist;
signalling molecule
arachidonic acid
icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.		7.59213icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
fumaric acid
fumaric acid: see also record for ferrous fumarate; use FUMARATES for general fumaric acid esters. fumaric acid : A butenedioic acid in which the C=C double bond has E geometry. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.		2.4110butenedioic acidfood acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
phosphoramidon
phosphoramidon: a membrane metallo-endopeptidase & endothelin-converting enzyme inhibitor; thermolysin inhibitor from culture filtrate of Streptomyces tanashiensis; structure. phosphoramidon : A dipeptide isolated from the cultures of Streptomyces tanashiensis.		1.9710deoxyaldohexose phosphate;
dipeptide		bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.4.24.11 (neprilysin) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.71 (endothelin-converting enzyme 1) inhibitor
resveratrol
trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.		2.9740resveratrolantioxidant;
phytoalexin;
plant metabolite;
quorum sensing inhibitor;
radical scavenger
retinol
Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).		5.2390retinol;
vitamin A		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
latrunculin a
latrunculin A: 16-membered macrolide attached to 2-thiazolidinone moiety; from Red Sea sponge Latrunculia magnifica; see also latrunculin B; structure given in first source. latrunculin A : A bicyclic macrolide natural product consisting of a 16-membered bicyclic lactone attached to the rare 2-thiazolidinone moiety. It is obtained from the Red Sea sponge Latrunculia magnifica and from the Fiji Islands sponge Cacospongia mycofijiensis. Latrunculin A inhibits actin polymerisation, microfilament organsation and microfilament-mediated processes.		2.1110cyclic hemiketal;
macrolide;
oxabicycloalkane;
thiazolidinone		actin polymerisation inhibitor;
metabolite;
toxin
cyanoginosin lr
cyanoginosin LR: cyclic heptapeptide from cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. microcystin-LR : A microcystin consisting of D-alanyl, L-leucyl, (3S)-3-methyl-D-beta-aspartyl,L-arginyl, 2S,3S,4E,6E,8S,9S)-3-amino-4,5,6,7-tetradehydro-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldecanoyl, D-gamma-glutamyl, and 2,3-didehydro-N-methylalanyl residues joined into a 25-membered macrocycle. Produced by the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, it is the most studied of the microcystins.		2.4620microcystinbacterial metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
alpha-D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate
alpha-D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate : A D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate with an alpha-configuration at the anomeric position.		2.0510D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate
docosahexaenoate
efalex: a mixture of fish oil and primrose oil; used as a high-docosahexaenoic acid fatty acid supplement. docosahexaenoic acid : Any C22 polyunsaturated fatty acid containing six double bonds.. docosahexaenoate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of docosahexaenoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.. all-cis-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid : A docosahexaenoic acid having six cis-double bonds at positions 4, 7, 10, 13, 16 and 19.		2.0510docosahexaenoic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		algal metabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
Daphnia tenebrosa metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
oleic acid
Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.		10.71140octadec-9-enoic acidantioxidant;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
solvent
tacrolimus
Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.		7.52161macrolide lactambacterial metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
ferulic acid
ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.		3.110ferulic acidsanti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
MALDI matrix material;
plant metabolite
pectins
Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.		3.1850D-galactopyranuronic acid
cerivastatin
cerivastatin: cerivastatin is the ((E)-(+))-isomer; structure given in first source. cerivastatin : (3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid in which the (7E)-hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,6-diisopropyl-5-(methoxymethyl)pyridin-3-yl group. Formerly used (as its sodium salt) to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.		3.6690dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pyridines;
statin (synthetic)
rosuvastatin
rosuvastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-{4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-[methyl(methylsulfonyl)amino]-6-(propan-2-yl)pyrimidin-5-yl} hept-6-enoic acid carrying two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-diastereomer).		4.5570dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrimidines;
statin (synthetic);
sulfonamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
antilipemic drug;
cardioprotective agent;
CETP inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cocaine
Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.		5.93231benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound;
tropane alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
eicosapentaenoic acid
icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.		2.0510icosapentaenoic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		anticholesteremic drug;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
fungal metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
thapsigargin
Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.		3.4170butyrate ester;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
sesquiterpene lactone		calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
mycophenolic acid
Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		5.771102-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		anticoronaviral agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
xenobiotic
mupirocin
Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing.. mupirocin : An alpha,beta-unsaturated ester resulting from the formal condensation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of 9-hydroxynonanoic acid with the carboxy group of (2E)-4-[(2S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid in which the tetrahydropyranyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by hydroxy groups and at position 5 by a {(2S,3S)-3-[(2S,3S)-3-hydroxybutan-2-yl]oxiran-2-yl}methyl group. Originally isolated from the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, it is used as a topical antibiotic for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections.		2.4520alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester;
epoxide;
monocarboxylic acid;
oxanes;
secondary alcohol;
triol		antibacterial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clindamycin
Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.		4.86100
brivudine
brivudine: anti-herpes agent		2.4520
5,11-diethyl-5,6,11,12-tetrahydrochrysene-2,8-diol
5,11-diethyl-5,6,11,12-tetrahydrochrysene-2,8-diol: estrogen receptor ligand; structure in first source. (R,R)-5,11-diethyl-5,6,11,12-tetrahydro-2,8-chrysenediol : A carbotetracyclic compound that is 5,6,11,12-tetrahydrochrysene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 8 and by ethyl groups at positions 5 and 11 (the 5R,11R-stereoisomer). It is an agonist of ER-alpha and antagonist of ER-beta receptors.		2.4420carbotetracyclic compound;
polyphenol		estrogen receptor agonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent
fosfomycin
Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.		4.92110epoxide;
phosphonic acids		antimicrobial agent;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
zithromax
Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.		5.3160macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
formycin
[no description available]		2.0410formycinantineoplastic agent
2-amino-3-(5-tert-butyl-3-(phosphonomethoxy)-4-isoxazolyl)propionic acid
2-amino-3-(5-tert-butyl-3-(phosphonomethoxy)-4-isoxazolyl)propionic acid: structure in first source		2.0310
drf 2725
ragaglitazar: a phenoxazine analogue of phenyl propanoic acid; Ragaglitazar is a coligand of PPARalpha and PPARgamma		2.7530
gw 3965
GW 3965: a liver X receptor ligand		2.0810diarylmethane
y 27632
Y 27632: RN given for di-HCl salt; inhibits Rho-associated protein kinase; inhibits calcium sensitization to affect smooth muscle relaxation; structure in first source. Y-27632 : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is trans-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]cyclohexanecarboxamide in which one of the nitrogens of the aminocarbony group is substituted by a pyridine nucleus. It has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity against Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) enzyme.		2.0810aromatic amide
adenosine-5'-(n-ethylcarboxamide)
Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide): A stable adenosine A1 and A2 receptor agonist. Experimentally, it inhibits cAMP and cGMP phosphodiesterase activity.. N-ethyl-5'-carboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by an N-ethylcarboxamido group.		3.150adenosines;
monocarboxylic acid amide		adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
adenosine A2A receptor agonist;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
benzoylecgonine
benzoylecgonine: cocaine is benzoyl methyl ecgonine; RN given refers to (1R-(exo,exo))-isomer; structure. ecgonine benzoate : A benzoate ester metabolite of cocaine formed by hydrolysis of the methyl ester group, catalysed by carboxylesterases.		2.4110benzoate ester;
tropane alkaloid		epitope;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
prostaglandin d2
Prostaglandin D2: The principal cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. It is released upon activation of mast cells and is also synthesized by alveolar macrophages. Among its many biological actions, the most important are its bronchoconstrictor, platelet-activating-factor-inhibitory, and cytotoxic effects.. prostaglandin D2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins D that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9 and 15 and an oxo group at position 11 (the 5Z,9alpha,13E,15S- stereoisomer).		1.9810prostaglandins Dhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
diethylstilbestrol
Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.		4.570olefinic compound;
polyphenol		antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inducer;
calcium channel blocker;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
endocrine disruptor;
xenoestrogen
bms 214662
7-cyano-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1-(1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)-3-(phenylmethyl)-4-(2-thienylsulfonyl)-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine: a farnesyltransferase inhibitor; structure in first source. BMS-214662 : A member of the class of benzodiazepines that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine substituted by (1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl, benzyl, (thiophen-2-yl)sulfonyl, and cyano groups at positions 1, 3R, 4 and 7, respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of farnesyltransferase (IC50 = 1.35nM) which was under clinical development for the treatment of solid tumors.		2.0410benzenes;
benzodiazepine;
imidazoles;
nitrile;
sulfonamide;
thiophenes		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor
octreotide
[no description available]		3.2310
eptifibatide
[no description available]		3.5820homodetic cyclic peptide;
macrocycle;
organic disulfide		anticoagulant;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime
6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime: structure in first source. 6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime : A member of the class of biindoles that is indirubin substituted at position 6 by a bromo group and in which the keto group at position 3' has undergone condensation with hydroxylamine to form the corresponding oxime.		2.4720
purvalanol b
purvalanol B: protein kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0810purvalanolprotein kinase inhibitor
y-700
[no description available]		2.0810
repsox
RepSox: inhibits TGF-beta signaling; structure in first source appears to be incorrect		2.0810pyrazolopyridine
zeatin
Zeatin: An aminopurine factor in plant extracts that induces cell division. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dict, 5th ed)		2.0710zeatinplant metabolite
alitretinoin
Alitretinoin: A retinoid that is used for the treatment of chronic hand ECZEMA unresponsive to topical CORTICOSTEROIDS. It is also used to treat cutaneous lesions associated with AIDS-related KAPOSI SARCOMA.		2.0510retinoic acidantineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
metabolite;
retinoid X receptor agonist
L-cycloserine
L-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has S configuration. An antibiotic isolated from Erwinia uredovora.		2.03104-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-oneanti-HIV agent;
anticonvulsant;
EC 2.3.1.50 (serine C-palmitoyltransferase) inhibitor
h 89
N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source. N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is the sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of isoquinoline-5-sulfonic acid with the primary amino group of N(1)-[3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]ethane-1,2-diamine. It is a protein kinase A inhibitor.. (E)-N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		2.9340N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide
gs 4071
GS 4071: The acid form.. oseltamivir acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 3, 4, and 5 by pentan-3-yloxy, acetamido, and amino groups, respectively (the 3R,4R,5S enantiomer). An antiviral drug, it is used as the corresponding ethyl ester prodrug, oseltamivir, to slow the spread of influenza.		2.7430acetate ester;
amino acid;
cyclohexenecarboxylic acid;
primary amino compound		antiviral drug;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
imidazolidines
[no description available]		2.1510azacycloalkane;
imidazolidines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
decitabine
[no description available]		4.26502'-deoxyribonucleoside
1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-d-arabinitol
[no description available]		2.0310
sm 8668
Sch 39304: Sch 42427 is the active entantiomer of the antifungal agent Sch 39304 which consists of Sch 42426 & Sch 42427; Sch 42426, the (S,S)-isomer, is inactive		2.4520
phorbol-12,13-didecanoate
phorbol-12,13-didecanoate: RN given refers to (1aR-(1a alpha,1b beta,4a beta,7a alpha,7b alpha,8 alpha,9 beta,9a alpha))-isomer		2.0310
teniposide
[no description available]		4.6680aromatic ether;
beta-D-glucoside;
cyclic acetal;
furonaphthodioxole;
gamma-lactone;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols;
thiophenes		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
iridoids
Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).		2.0410
troxacitabine
troxacitabine: shows good anti-HIV activity without cytotoxicity		2.0410carbohydrate derivative;
nucleobase-containing molecular entity
valrubicin
[no description available]		2.0810anthracycline;
trifluoroacetamide
ketoconazole
(2R,4S)-ketoconazole : A cis-1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine which dioxolane moiety has (2R,4S)-configuration.		3.7120cis-1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine
purvalanol a
6-((3-chloro)anilino)-2-(isopropyl-2-hydroxyethylamino)-9-isopropylpurine: purvalanol A is the (1R)-isomer;		2.4520purvalanol
cefamandole
Cefamandole: Semisynthetic wide-spectrum cephalosporin with prolonged action, probably due to beta-lactamase resistance. It is used also as the nafate.. cefamandole : A cephalosporin compound having (R)-mandelamido and N-methylthiotetrazole side-groups.		4.4580cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
dactinomycin
Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)		4.97120actinomycinmutagen
tiazofurin
tiazofurin: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer; structure given in first source. tiazofurine : A C-glycosyl compound that is 1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl group. It is metabolised to thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide (TAD), a selective inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP dehydrogenase).		2.95401,3-thiazoles;
C-glycosyl compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
prodrug
azaserine
Azaserine: Antibiotic substance produced by various Streptomyces species. It is an inhibitor of enzymatic activities that involve glutamine and is used as an antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent.. azaserine : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of diazoacetic acid with the alcoholic hydroxy group of L-serine. An antibiotic produced by a Streptomyces species.		2.9740carboxylic ester;
diazo compound;
L-serine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		antifungal agent;
antimetabolite;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
glutamine antagonist;
immunosuppressive agent;
metabolite
melphalan
Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.		6.88210L-phenylalanine derivative;
nitrogen mustard;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
sitafloxacin
[no description available]		2.7430fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolines;
quinolone antibiotic
enkephalin, leucine
Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.		2.4120pentapeptide;
peptide zwitterion		analgesic;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
neurotransmitter;
rat metabolite
tenofovir
tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.		5.0670nucleoside analogue;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
posaconazole
[no description available]		4.4530aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxolanes;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		trypanocidal drug
dibekacin
Dibekacin: Analog of KANAMYCIN with antitubercular as well as broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties.. dibekacin : A kanamycin that is kanamycin B lacking the 3- and 4-hydroxy groups on the 2,6-diaminosugar ring.		2.9240kanamycinsantibacterial agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
rubitecan
rubitecan: RN refers to (+-)-isomer; anti-HIV agent; DNA Topoisomerases, Type I inhibitor. rubitecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline that is camptothecin in which the hydrogen at position 9 has been replaced by a nitro group. It is a prodrug for 9-aminocamptothecin.		2.4720C-nitro compound;
delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
semisynthetic derivative;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
micafungin
Micafungin: A cyclic lipo-hexapeptide echinocandin antifungal agent that is used for the treatment and prevention of CANDIDIASIS.. micafungin : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic which exerts its effect by inhibiting the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall. It is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, and of aspergillosis in patients who are intolerant of other therapy.		4.6240antibiotic antifungal drug;
echinocandin		antiinfective agent
4,4-difluoro-N-[(1S)-3-[3-(3-methyl-5-propan-2-yl-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl]-1-phenylpropyl]-1-cyclohexanecarboxamide
[no description available]		2.0810tropane alkaloid
riboflavin
vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).		10.9171flavin;
vitamin B2		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food colouring;
fundamental metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
maltitol
maltitol : An alpha-D-glucoside consisting of D-glucitol having an alpha-D-glucosyl residue attached at the 4-position. Used as a sugar substitute.		2.4620alpha-D-glucoside;
glycosyl alditol		laxative;
metabolite;
sweetening agent
sodium thiocyanate
sodium thiocyanate: RN given refers to thiocyanic acid, Na salt. sodium thiocyanate : An organic sodium salt which is the monosodium salt of thiocyanic acid.		1.9610organic sodium salt
sodium bicarbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.		9.59312one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antacid;
food anticaking agent
potassium bicarbonate
potassium hydrogencarbonate : A potassium salt that is the monopotassium salt of carbonic acid. It has fungicidal properties and is used in organic farming for the control of powdery mildew and apple scab.		2.3920organic salt;
potassium salt		antifungal agrochemical;
buffer;
food acidity regulator;
raising agent
sodium chlorate
sodium chlorate : An inorganic sodium salt that has chlorate as the counter-ion. An oxidising agent, it is used for bleaching paper and as a herbicide. It is also used in the manufacture of dyes, explosives and matches.		3.0910chlorate salt;
inorganic sodium salt		herbicide
sodium acetate, anhydrous
Sodium Acetate: The trihydrate sodium salt of acetic acid, which is used as a source of sodium ions in solutions for dialysis and as a systemic and urinary alkalizer, diuretic, and expectorant.		2.0510organic sodium saltNMR chemical shift reference compound
sodium benzoate
Sodium Benzoate: The sodium salt of BENZOIC ACID. It is used as an antifungal preservative in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. It may also be used as a test for liver function.. sodium benzoate : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of benzoic acid by a sodium ion.		2.0510organic sodium saltalgal metabolite;
antimicrobial food preservative;
drug allergen;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
sodium dichloroacetate
CPC 211: for intravenous use in patients with closed head injuries and stroke patients; no further information available 12/99		2.1310
arsenic trioxide
Tetraarsenic Oxide: A form of As2O3 that exists as As4O6 in the solid state. It dissociates to As2O3 upon heating to the vapor phase above 800 degrees Celsius.		3.8630arsenic oxideantineoplastic agent;
insecticide
dipyrone
Dipyrone: A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.. metamizole sodium : An organic sodium salt of antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfonatomethyl)amino group, commonly used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic.		4.7571organic sodium saltanti-inflammatory agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug;
prodrug
sodium perchlorate
sodium perchlorate : An inorganic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and perchlorate ions.		1.9610inorganic sodium salt
ditiocarb sodium
[no description available]		2.0510organic molecular entity
Tetrahydropiperine
[no description available]		2.0510benzodioxoles
tolfenamic acid
tolfenamic acid: structure. tolfenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-chloro-2-methylphenyl group. Tolfenamic acid is used specifically for relieving the pain of migraine. It also shows anticancer activity.		1.9910aminobenzoic acid;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
4-[[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]methyl]-2,6-ditert-butylphenol
[no description available]		2.0410alkylbenzene
idarubicin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620anthracycline
aceglatone
aceglatone: structure in Merck		2.0410organic molecular entity
sch 22219
alclometasone dipropionate : A prednisolone compound having an alpha-chloro substituent at the 7-position, an alpha-methyl substituent at the 16-position and O-propanoyl groups at the 17- and 21-positions.		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
propanoate ester;
steroid ester		anti-inflammatory drug
sr 90107
fondaparinux sodium : An organic sodium salt, being the decasodium salt of fondaparinux.		3.2310
carbenoxolone sodium
Carbenoxolone: An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity.		2.9240triterpenoid
carbenoxolone
[no description available]		2.7430
cefpiramide
cefpiramide: antipseudomonal cephalosporin derivative. cefpiramide : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (R)-2-{[(4-hydroxy-6-methylpyridin-3-yl)carbonyl]amino}-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It has a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity.		2.0210carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
meglumine iodipamide
[no description available]		3.2310organoammonium saltradioopaque medium
3-coumaric acid
3-coumaric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation in Chemline. trans-3-coumaric acid : A 3-coumaric acid that is phenol substituted with trans-2-propenoic acid at position C-3.. 3-coumaric acid : A monohydroxycinnamic acid in which the hydroxy substituent is located at C-3 of the phenyl ring.		2.05103-coumaric acid
trans-4-coumaric acid
hydroxycinnamic acid : Any member of the class of cinnamic acids carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. trans-4-coumaric acid : The trans-isomer of 4-coumaric acid.. 4-coumaric acid : A coumaric acid in which the hydroxy substituent is located at C-4 of the phenyl ring.		2.05104-coumaric acidfood component;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
geraniol
[no description available]		3.1103,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol;
monoterpenoid;
primary alcohol		allergen;
fragrance;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
glycosides
[no description available]		10.71260
isomethyleugenol
Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		2.6930isomethyleugenol
piperine
piperine : A N-acylpiperidine that is piperidine substituted by a (1E,3E)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-oxopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl group at the nitrogen atom. It is an alkaloid isolated from the plant Piper nigrum.		2.4120benzodioxoles;
N-acylpiperidine;
piperidine alkaloid;
tertiary carboxamide		food component;
human blood serum metabolite;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
plant metabolite
stilbenes
Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.		4.1160stilbene
isoliquiritigenin
[no description available]		2.4420chalconesantineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
GABA modulator;
geroprotector;
metabolite;
NMDA receptor antagonist
thyrotropin-releasing hormone
PR 546: no other info available 9/89. protirelin : A tripeptide composed of L-pyroglutamyl, L-histidyl and L-prolinamide residues joined in sequence.		3.2310peptide hormone;
tripeptide		human metabolite
chloroquine diphosphate
[no description available]		2.2510chloroquine
ilepcimide
ilepcimide: structure given in first source; RN given refers to compound with no isomeric designation		2.0510benzodioxoles
alpha-cyanocinnamate
alpha-cyanocinnamate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		1.9910
sorbic acid
Sorbic Acid: Mold and yeast inhibitor. Used as a fungistatic agent for foods, especially cheeses.. (2E,4E)-hexa-2,4-dienoic acid : A sorbic acid having trans-double bonds at positions 2 and 4; a food preservative that can induce cutaneous vasodilation and stinging upon topical application to humans. It is the most thermodynamically stable of the four possible geometric isomers possible, as well as the one with the highest antimicrobial activity.. sorbic acid : A hexadienoic acid with double bonds at C-2 and C-4; it has four geometrical isomers, of which the trans,trans-form is naturally occurring.		2.110alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
sorbic acid
rauwolscine
Rauwolscine: A stereoisomer of yohimbine.		2.0310methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate
discodermolide
[no description available]		2.0510diterpenoid
flavin-adenine dinucleotide
Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide: A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)		2.3720flavin adenine dinucleotide;
vitamin B2		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prosthetic group
flavin mononucleotide
[no description available]		2.0410flavin mononucleotide;
vitamin B2		bacterial metabolite;
coenzyme;
cofactor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
cannabidiol
Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.. cannabidiol : An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.		2.0510olefinic compound;
phytocannabinoid;
resorcinols		antimicrobial agent;
plant metabolite
lypressin
Lypressin: The porcine antidiuretic hormone (VASOPRESSINS). It is a cyclic nonapeptide that differs from ARG-VASOPRESSIN by one amino acid, containing a LYSINE at residue 8 instead of an ARGININE. Lys-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.		3.0650cyclic peptide
arginine vasopressin
Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.		12.16716vasopressincardiovascular drug;
hematologic agent;
mitogen
pyrophosphate
Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.		3.630diphosphate ion
etorphine
[no description available]		2.0310alcohol;
morphinane alkaloid		opioid analgesic;
opioid receptor agonist;
sedative
gw9662
2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide: pretreatment of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors with GW9662 results in the irreversible loss of ligand binding		2.4420benzamides
s 1033
[no description available]		4.4530(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
imidazoles;
pyridines;
pyrimidines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
calmidazolium
calmidazolium chloride : The organic choride salt of calmidazolium.		2.4420organic chloride saltapoptosis inducer;
calmodulin antagonist
mezlocillin
Mezlocillin: Semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin. It has been proposed for infections with certain anaerobes and may be useful in inner ear, bile, and CNS infections.. mezlocillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2R)-2-[3-(methanesulfonyl)-2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		3.1450penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
amygdalin
(R)-amygdalin : An amygdalin in which the stereocentre on the cyanohydrin function has R-configuration.		2.4620amygdalinantineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
cefsulodin
Cefsulodin: A pyridinium-substituted semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibacterial used especially for Pseudomonas infections in debilitated patients.. cefsulodin : A pyridinium-substituted semi-synthetic, broad-spectrum, cephalosporin antibiotic.		210cephalosporin;
organosulfonic acid;
primary carboxamide		antibacterial drug
chloramphenicol succinate
chloramphenicol succinate: inactive precursor (PRODRUGS) of chloramphenicol; used for parenteral administration of chloramphenicol; RN given refers to (R-(R*,R*))-isomer		1.9810amphetamines;
hemisuccinate
trilostane
trilostane: inhibits conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone; adrenal blocking agent used in treatment of Cushing's syndrome. trilostane : An epoxy steroid that is 3,17beta-dihydroxy-5alpha-androst-2-ene-2-carbonitrile in which the oxygen of the epoxy group is joined to the 4alpha and 5 alpha positions.		7.894017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid;
epoxy steroid;
nitrile		abortifacient;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.210 [3beta(or 20alpha)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase] inhibitor
canrenoic acid
Canrenoic Acid: A synthetic pregnadiene derivative with anti-aldosterone activity.		9.9225103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
monocarboxylic acid;
steroid acid
omapatrilat
omapatrilat: structure in first source		8.3911dipeptide
lanatoside c
lanatoside C: RN given refers to (3beta,5beta,12beta)-isomer		2.1310
polidocanol
Polidocanol: An alkyl polyglycol ether of LAURYL ALCOHOL, chemically defined as an alcohol ethoxylate having an average alkyl chain of 12–14 carbon atoms, and an ethylene oxide chain of 9 ethylene oxide units. It is used as a detergent, and medically as a local anesthetic, and as a sclerosing agent for the treatment of ESOPHAGEAL AND GASTRIC VARICES and VARICOSE VEINS.. polidocanol : A hydroxypolyether that is nonaethylene glycol in which one of the terminal hydroxy functions is substituted by a lauryl (dodecyl) group.		1.9710hydroxypolyetherhepatotoxic agent;
nonionic surfactant;
sclerotherapy agent
cholinophyllin
[no description available]		2.0210
mitobronitol
Mitobronitol: Brominated analog of MANNITOL which is an antineoplastic agent appearing to act as an alkylating agent.		2.4420alcohol;
organobromine compound
tropisetron hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
tropisetron
Tropisetron: An indole derivative and 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist that is used for the prevention of nausea and vomiting.. tropisetron : An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of tropine.		2.0410indolyl carboxylic acid
sodium metabisulfite
sodium metabisulfite: request from searcher; RN given refers to disulfurous acid, di-Na salt. sodium disulfite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and disulfite ions in a 2:1 ratio.		10.864inorganic sodium saltfood antioxidant
iaa 94
[no description available]		1.9610indanones
Reactive blue 2
[no description available]		2.0310anthraquinone
5,6-dichloro-1-ethyl-1,3-dihydro-2h-benzimidazol-2-one
5,6-dichloro-1-ethyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one: stimulates Cl- secretion in the mouse jejunum		2.0310dichlorobenzene
prednisolone hemisuccinate
prednisolone hemisuccinate: RN given refers to (11 beta)-isomer. prednisolone succinate : A hemisuccinate resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy group prednisolone with one of the carboxy groups of succinic acid. It is used to treat mild to moderate non-infectious eye allergies and inflammation, including damage caused by chemical and thermal burns.		2.041011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
hemisuccinate;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug
quinidine sulfate
[no description available]		2.4420
leuprolide acetate
leuprolide acetate : An acetate salt obtained by combining the nonapeptide leuprolide with acetic acid. A long lasting GnRH analog, LH-Rh agonist. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.		2.0810acetate saltantineoplastic agent;
gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
leuprolide
Leuprolide: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.. leuprolide : An oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, D-leucyl, leucyl, arginyl, and N-ethylprolinamide residues joined in sequence. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant (particularly as the acetate salt) for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.		3.1450oligopeptideanti-estrogen;
antineoplastic agent;
gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
octotropine methylbromide
octotropine methylbromide: minor descriptor (65-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search TROPANES (69-86); RN given refers to endo-isomer. anisotropine methylbromide : A quaternary ammonium salt resulting from the reaction of the amino group of anisotropine with methyl bromide.		2.7430
fludarabine
[no description available]		2.7230purine nucleoside
propylthiouracil
Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.		5.23150pyrimidinethioneantidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antimetabolite;
antioxidant;
antithyroid drug;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
hormone antagonist
nsc 4347
NSC 4347: structure in first source		2.0410
ipratropium bromide anhydrous
[no description available]		2.7330
ipratropium
[no description available]		2.0710
methamilane methiodide
[no description available]		2.0310
pilocarpine nitrate
[no description available]		2.0310
r 59949
R 59949: diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor		2.4420diarylmethane
n(6)-cyclopentyladenosine
[no description available]		2.4420
methylatropine nitrate
[no description available]		2.4420
prothionamide
Prothionamide: Antitubercular agent similar in action and side effects to ETHIONAMIDE. It is used mostly in combination with other agents.		2.0510pyridines
sesquiterpenes
[no description available]		210
chlorprothixene
Chlorprothixene: A thioxanthine with effects similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics.. (Z)-chlorprothixene : A chlorprothixene in which the double bond adopts a (Z)-configuration.		4.4260chlorprothixene
dienestrol
Dienestrol: A synthetic, non-steroidal estrogen structurally related to stilbestrol. It is used, usually as the cream, in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal symptoms.. dienestrol : An olefinic compound that is hexa-2,4-diene substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 4 respectively.		3.110
doxepin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.110
etomidate
Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.		4.5570ethyl ester;
imidazoles		intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
mercaptopurine
Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.		6.13240aryl thiol;
purines;
thiocarbonyl compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
methylthiouracil
Methylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent that inhibits the synthesis of thyroid hormone. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism.		2.0710pyrimidone
dexketoprofen
dexketoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is (S)-hydratropic acid substituted at position 3 on the phenyl ring by a benzoyl group. A cyclooxygenase inhibitor, it is used to relieve short-term pain, such as muscular pain, dental pain and dysmenorrhoea.		1.9910benzophenones;
monocarboxylic acid		cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
sb 366791
N-(3-methoxyphenyl)-4-chlorocinnamanilide: a TRPV1 antagonist; structure in first source		2.4420
ag-213
tyrphostin 47: inhibits protein-tyrosine kinase activity of EGF-R both in vitro and in living cells;		2.4420
3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene
3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene: demethyl derivative of isorhapontigenin; structure in first source; a Syk kinase inhibitor; found in heartwood of FABACEAE; inhibitor of photosynthesis in spinach chloroplasts; may be inhibitor of plant growth; RN given refers to (E)-isomer. piceatannol : A stilbenol that is trans-stilbene in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4, while the other phenyl group is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5.		2.4420catechols;
polyphenol;
resorcinols;
stilbenol		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
bemesetron
[no description available]		2.4420
thioinosine
Thioinosine: Sulfhydryl analog of INOSINE that inhibits nucleoside transport across erythrocyte plasma membranes, and has immunosuppressive properties. It has been used similarly to MERCAPTOPURINE in the treatment of leukemia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p503)		2.6930
crotamiton
[no description available]		2.0710
(S)-(-)-pindolol
[no description available]		2.0310pindolol
levosulpiride
(S)-(-)-sulpiride : An optically active form of sulpiride having (S)-configuration. The active enantiomer of the racemic drug sulpiride. Selective D2-like dopamine antagonist (Ki values are ~ 0.015. ~ 0.013, 1, ~ 45 and ~ 77 muM at D2, D3, D4, D1 and D5 receptors respectively).		2.4620sulpirideantidepressant;
antiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
caffeic acid
trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.		2.0310caffeic acidgeroprotector;
mouse metabolite
captax
captax: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,3-benzothiazole-2-thiol : 1,3-Benzothiazole substituted at the 2-position with a sulfanyl group.		3.110aryl thiol;
benzothiazoles		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite
rg108
RG108: DNA methyltransferase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0810indolyl carboxylic acid
pyrantel
Pyrantel: A depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking agent, that causes persistent nicotinic activation resulting in spastic paralysis of susceptible nematodes. It is a drug of second-choice after benzimidazoles for treatment of ascariasis, hookworm, and pinworm infections, being effective after a single dose. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p920). pyrantel : A carboxamidine that is 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine that is substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and at position 2 by an (E)-2-(2-thienyl)vinyl group. It is used, particularly as the embonate [4,4'-methylenebis(3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate)] salt, as an anthelmintic that is effective against intestinal nematodes including threadworms, roundworms and hookworms, and is included in the WHO 'Model List of Essential Medicines'.		3.23101,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidines;
carboxamidine;
thiophenes		antinematodal drug
4-fluorophenyl-L-alanine
4-fluorophenyl-L-alanine : A L-phenylalanine derivative that is L-phenylalanine in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a fluoro group.		2.44204-fluorophenylalanine;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
phenylthiazolylthiourea
Phenylthiazolylthiourea: A dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitor.		2.0510
stf 083010
[no description available]		2.0810
lobeline
[no description available]		2.0410
urocanic acid
Urocanic Acid: 4-Imidazoleacrylic acid.. urocanic acid : An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is prop-2-enoic acid substituted by a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3. It is a metabolite of hidtidine.. trans-urocanic acid : A urocanic acid in which the double bond of the carboxyethene moiety has E configuration.		2.0310urocanic acidhuman metabolite
N-(3-cyano-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1-benzothiophen-2-yl)-1-naphthalenecarboxamide
[no description available]		2.0810naphthalenecarboxamide
(2'-(4-aminophenyl)-(2,5'-bi-1h-benzimidazol)-5-amine)
[no description available]		2.0510benzimidazoles
cotinine
Cotinine: The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.. (-)-cotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum.		2.9640N-alkylpyrrolidine;
pyridines;
pyrrolidin-2-ones;
pyrrolidine alkaloid		antidepressant;
biomarker;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
flunarizine
Flunarizine: Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy.		2.7630diarylmethane
thiothixene
[no description available]		5.0470N-methylpiperazineanticoronaviral agent
eszopiclone
Eszopiclone: A pyridine, pyrazine, and piperazine derivative that is used as a HYPNOTIC AND SEDATIVE in the treatment of INSOMNIA.. eszopiclone : The (5S)- (active) enantiomer of zopiclone. Unlike almost all other hypnotic sedatives, which are approved only for the relief of short-term (6-8 weeks) insomnia, eszopiclone is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for long-term use.		3.6120zopiclonecentral nervous system depressant;
sedative
dieldrin
Dieldrin: An organochlorine insecticide whose use has been cancelled or suspended in the United States. It has been used to control locusts, tropical disease vectors, in termite control by direct soil injection, and non-food seed and plant treatment. (From HSDB). dieldrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the epoxidation of the double bond of aldrin. It is the active metabolite of the proinsecticde aldrin.		2.0210epoxide;
organochlorine compound;
organochlorine insecticide		carcinogenic agent;
xenobiotic
curcumin
Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.		8.3372aromatic ether;
beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
contraceptive drug;
dye;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
food colouring;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
immunomodulator;
iron chelator;
ligand;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical;
radical scavenger
cct018159
CCT018159: structure in first source. CCT-018159 : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole carrying 1,4-benzodioxane-6-yl and 5-ethyl-2,4-dihydroxyphenyl substituents at positions 4 and 5 respectively.		2.0810benzodioxine;
pyrazoles;
resorcinols		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
Hsp90 inhibitor
secinh3
SecinH3: a small molecule antagonist of cytohesins; structure in first source		2.0810triazoles
jk184
JK184: structure in first source		2.0810
benztropine
Benztropine: A centrally active muscarinic antagonist that has been used in the symptomatic treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE. Benztropine also inhibits the uptake of dopamine.. benzatropine : Tropane in which a hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a diphenylmethoxy group (endo-isomer). An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used (particularly as its methanesulphonate salt) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.		4.4260diarylmethane
nootkatone
nootkatone: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source. (+)-nootkatone : A sesquiterpenoid that is 4,4a,5,6,7,8-hexahydronaphthalen-2(3H)-one which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4 and 4a, and by an isopropenyl group at position 6 (the 4R,4aS,6R stereoisomer).		2.0710carbobicyclic compound;
enone;
sesquiterpenoid		fragrance;
insect repellent;
plant metabolite
thiouracil
Thiouracil: Occurs in seeds of Brassica and Crucifera species. Thiouracil has been used as antithyroid, coronary vasodilator, and in congestive heart failure although its use has been largely supplanted by other drugs. It is known to cause blood dyscrasias and suspected of terato- and carcinogenesis.. thiouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the oxo group at C-2 is replaced by a thioxo group.		2.4420nucleobase analogue;
thiocarbonyl compound		antithyroid drug;
metabolite
methimazole
Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.		5.81601,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thionesantithyroid drug
cinnarizine
Cinnarizine: A piperazine derivative having histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity with vasodilating and antiemetic properties but it induces PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS.		3.1550diarylmethane;
N-alkylpiperazine;
olefinic compound		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
sulindac
Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.		9.07347monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		analgesic;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent
capsaicin
ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.		11.92122capsaicinoidnon-narcotic analgesic;
TRPV1 agonist;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
enclomiphene
Enclomiphene: The trans or (E)-isomer of clomiphene.		2.6730
terbinafine
[no description available]		9.7590acetylenic compound;
allylamine antifungal drug;
enyne;
naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor;
sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
cysteine sulfinic acid
3-sulfino-L-alanine : The organosulfinic acid arising from oxidation of the sulfhydryl group of L-cysteine.		2.0310organosulfinic acid;
S-substituted L-cysteine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist;
mouse metabolite
epalrestat
epalrestat : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1,3-thiazolidine which is substituted on the nitrogen by a carboxymethyl group, at positions 2 and 4 by thioxo and oxo groups, respectively, and at position 5 by a 2-methyl-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-ylidene group. It is an inhibitor of aldose reductase (which catalyses the conversion of glucose to sorbitol) and is used for the treatment of some diabetic complications, including neuropathy.		2.0810monocarboxylic acid;
thiazolidines		EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
1,4-benzoquinone guanylhydrazone thiosemicarbazone
1,4-benzoquinone guanylhydrazone thiosemicarbazone: structure given in first source		2.0410
d-ap7
[no description available]		2.0310
drotaverin
drotaverin: Hungarian drug; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.1550isoquinolines
chlorogenic acid
caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		3.5720cinnamate ester;
tannin		food component;
plant metabolite
tg 003
TG 003: a Clk inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0510
thioguanine anhydrous
Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.		4.77902-aminopurinesanticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
1,3-dimethylthiourea
[no description available]		2.1110
(1R,2S)-tranylcypromine hydrochloride
(1R,2S)-tranylcypromine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid.		2.9640hydrochloride
tacrine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.9840
thiourea
Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.		2.8330one-carbon compound;
thioureas;
ureas		antioxidant;
chromophore
sodium propionate
sodium propionate: was term of propionic acid (1986-2006). sodium propionate : An organic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and propionate ions.		2.0510organic sodium saltantifungal drug;
food preservative
indigo carmine
Indigo Carmine: Indolesulfonic acid used as a dye in renal function testing for the detection of nitrates and chlorates, and in the testing of milk.. indigo carmine : An organic sodium salt resulting from the formal condensation of indigo carmine (acid form) with two equivalents of sodium hydroxide. It is an indicator at pH 11.5-14, changing from blue to yellow.		2.6730
D-fructopyranose
[no description available]		4.8460cyclic hemiketal;
D-fructose;
fructopyranose		sweetening agent
thioacetamide
Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.		2.7530thiocarboxamidehepatotoxic agent
4-bromotetramisole, oxalate (1:1), salt(s)-isomer
[no description available]		2.4420
unithiol
Unithiol: A chelating agent used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning.		2.3620
ferric ferrocyanide
ferric ferrocyanide: antidote to thallium poisoning; RN given refers to Fe(+3)[3:4] salt; structure		1.9710
succimer
Succimer: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.. succimer : A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning.		6.0891dicarboxylic acid;
dithiol;
sulfur-containing carboxylic acid		chelator
digoxin
Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.		16.3829133cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
6-thioguanosine
6-thioguanosine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0410purine nucleoside
3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
1-(3-chlorophenyl)biguanide hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
4-chlorophenylalanine methyl ester, hydrochloride, (dl)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
streptozocin
[no description available]		4.6680
capsazepine
capsazepine: modified capsaicin molecule; a capsaicin receptor antagonist. capsazepine : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-2-benzazepine which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 8 and on the nitrogen atom by a 2-(p-chlorophenyl)ethylaminothiocarbonyl group. A synthetic analogue of capsaicin, it was the first reported capsaicin receptor antagonist.		2.4420benzazepine;
catechols;
monochlorobenzenes;
thioureas		capsaicin receptor antagonist
fumonisin b1
fumonisin B1: isolated from Fusarium moniliforme MRC 826; structure given in first source; has cancer-promoting activity; inhibits ceramide synthase. fumonisin B1 : A diester that results from the condensation of the 1-carboxy groups of two molecules of propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid with hydroxy groups at positions 14 and 15 of (2S,3S,5R,10R,12S,14S,15R,16R)-2-amino-12,16-dimethylicosane-3,5,10,14,15-pentol.		1.9810diester;
fumonisin;
primary amino compound;
triol		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite
diphenyleneiodium chloride
dibenziodolium chloride : An organic chloride salt having dibenziodolium as the counterion.		2.4420organic chloride saltEC 1.6.3.1. [NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming)] inhibitor;
G-protein-coupled receptor agonist
2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide
2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide: partial structure given in first source; endothelium-derived relaxing factor antagonist		2.0310
azetidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid, (cis)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
tamoxifen citrate
[no description available]		2.7430citrate saltangiogenesis inhibitor;
anticoronaviral agent
tamoxifen
[no description available]		6.18240stilbenoid;
tertiary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
sodium taurodeoxycholate
Taurodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic, also industrially as a fat emulsifier.. taurodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of deoxycholic acid.. taurodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurodeoxycholic acid.		2.0710bile acid taurine conjugatehuman metabolite
4-methylumbelliferyl glucoside
4-methylumbelliferyl glucoside: RN given refers to (beta)-isomer. 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-glucoside : A beta-D-glucoside having a 4-methylumbelliferyl substituent at the anomeric position.		2.110beta-D-glucoside;
coumarins;
monosaccharide derivative		chromogenic compound
nadp
[no description available]		3.4420
pimagedine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
Betaine Aldehyde Chloride
[no description available]		2.0310quaternary ammonium salt
hc-067047
HC-067047: a TRPA1 antagonist; structure in first source		2.0810
bi-78d3
[no description available]		2.0810aryl sulfide
ethionamide
Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide.		4.5370pyridines;
thiocarboxamide		antilipemic drug;
antitubercular agent;
fatty acid synthesis inhibitor;
leprostatic drug;
prodrug
gsk 3787
[no description available]		2.0810
cancidas
[no description available]		4.4230
methyl-thiohydantoin-tryptophan
methyl-thiohydantoin-tryptophan: structure in first source		2.0810organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
eskazine
[no description available]		2.4420
2-[2-chloro-6-ethoxy-4-[(3-methyl-5-oxo-1-phenyl-4-pyrazolylidene)methyl]phenoxy]acetic acid methyl ester
[no description available]		2.0810monocarboxylic acid
3-(n,n-dimethylsulfonamido)-4-methyl-nitrobenzene
BRL-50481 : A C-nitro compound that is benzene substituted by N,N-dimethylaminosulfonyl, methyl and nitro groups at positions 1, 2 and 5, respectively. It is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor selective for the PDE7 subtype (Ki = 180 nM).		2.0510C-nitro compound;
sulfonamide;
toluenes		bone density conservation agent;
EC 3.1.4.53 (3',5'-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
4-(5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1h-pyrazol-1-yl)benzenesulfonamide
[no description available]		2.0810sulfonamide
monastrol
monastrol: stops mitosis by fostering formation of monopolar spindles; structure in first source. (S)-monastrol : An ethyl 4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-6-methyl-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate that has S configuration.. monastrol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-monastrol.. ethyl 4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-6-methyl-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate : A member of the class of thioureas that is 3,4-dihydropyrimidine-2(1)-thione substituted by a 3-hydroxyphenyl group at position 4, an ethoxycarbonyl group at position 5, and a methyl group at position 6.		2.0310enoate ester;
ethyl ester;
phenols;
racemate;
thioureas		antileishmanial agent;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
zeranol
Zeranol: A non-steroidal estrogen analog.		2.0410macrolide
fusidic acid
Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.		4.557011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
steroid acid;
steroid antibiotic;
sterol ester		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
scopolamine
[no description available]		2.07103-hydroxy carboxylic acid
artemotil
artemotil: structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0510artemisinin derivative
lincomycin
Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.. lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.		4.6680carbohydrate-containing antibiotic;
L-proline derivative;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide;
S-glycosyl compound		antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
valinomycin
Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.		5.5260cyclodepsipeptide;
macrocycle		antimicrobial agent;
antiviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
potassium ionophore
thiopental
Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		5.24121barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative;
xenobiotic
estrone sulfate
estrone sulfate: sulfoconjugated estrone; RN given refers to parent cpd		4.517017-oxo steroid;
steroid sulfate		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
ranitidine
Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.		6.9201C-nitro compound;
furans;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
H2-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
aplaviroc
aplaviroc: a spiro-diketo-piperazine; a potent noncompetitive allosteric antagonist of the CCR5 receptor with concomitantly potent antiviral effects for HIV-1; structure in first source		3.5920
thiocarlide
thiocarlide: major descriptor (68-85); on-line search PHENYLTHIOUREA/AA (68-85); Index Medicus search THIOCARLIDE (68-85); Antitubercular Agent		2.0410thioureas
hmr 3647
[no description available]		4.7790
latoconazole
latoconazole: RN refers to cpd without isomeric designation; latoconazole is (E)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.0810conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug
maraviroc
[no description available]		4.140tropane alkaloid
LSM-1318
[no description available]		2.0810oxa-steroid
toremifene citrate
[no description available]		2.0810stilbenoidanticoronaviral agent
toremifene
Toremifene: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Like TAMOXIFEN, it is an estrogen agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is antagonistic on mammary and uterine tissue.		4.4160aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amine		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
u 0126
U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.7730aryl sulfide;
dinitrile;
enamine;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
osteogenesis regulator;
vasoconstrictor agent
rwj 67657
RWJ 67657: inhibits p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase; structure in first source		2.0810
dieckol
dieckol: found in brown Eisenia and Ecklonia algae, have several pharmacologically beneficial effects such as anti-inflammation; structure in first source. dieckol : A phlorotannin isolated from a brown alga Ecklonia cava which exhibits antioxidant, hepatoprotective and anticoagulant activities.		2.4110aromatic ether;
oxacycle;
phlorotannin		anticoagulant;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
metabolite;
radical scavenger
telaprevir
[no description available]		2.0510cyclopentapyrrole;
cyclopropanes;
oligopeptide;
pyrazines		antiviral drug;
hepatitis C protease inhibitor;
peptidomimetic
nelarabine
nelarabine: prodrug of ara-G. nelarabine : A purine nucleoside in which O-methylguanine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. Inhibits DNA synthesis and causes cell death; a prodrug of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylguanine (ara-G).		3.8730beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
purine nucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
prodrug
laccase
Laccase: A copper-containing oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 4-benzenediol to 4-benzosemiquinone. It also has activity towards a variety of O-quinols and P-quinols. It primarily found in FUNGI and is involved in LIGNIN degradation, pigment biosynthesis and detoxification of lignin-derived products.		2.5920
glycylproline
Gly-Pro : A dipeptide consisting of L-proline having a glycyl residue attached to its alpha-amino group.		3.5720dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide		metabolite
4-diphenylacetoxy-n-methylpiperidine methiodide
4-DAMP methiodide : A quaternary ammonium salt obtained by combining equimolar amounts of 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine and iodomethane.		2.4420iodide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		cholinergic antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
2-[(2-ethoxyphenoxy)-phenylmethyl]morpholine
[no description available]		2.7430aromatic ether
6-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)pyridine
6-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)pyridine: an mGlu5 antagonist. 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine : A methylpyridine that coinsists of 2-methylp[yridine bearing an additional phenylethynyl group at position 6. Potent and highly selective non-competitive antagonist at the mGlu5 receptor subtype (IC50 = 36 nM) and a positive allosteric modulator at mGlu4 receptors. Centrally active following systemic administration in vivo. Reverses mechanical hyperalgesia in the inflamed rat hind paw.		2.0810acetylenic compound;
methylpyridines		anxiolytic drug;
metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
bms 387032
N-(5-(((5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-2-oxazolyl)methyl)thio)-2-thiazolyl)-4-piperidinecarboxamide: a CDK2 inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source. N-(5-{[(5-tert-butyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)piperidine-4-carboxamide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of piperidine-4-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 5-{[(5-tert-butyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-amine. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of CDK2, CDK7 and CDK9 kinases and exhibits anti-cancer properties.		2.08101,3-oxazoles;
1,3-thiazoles;
organic sulfide;
piperidinecarboxamide;
secondary carboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
lithium
Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.		10.38764alkali metal atom
prosultiamine
prosultiamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		1.9710
zineb
Zineb: An agricultural fungicide of the dithiocarbamate class. It has relatively low toxicity and there is little evidence of human injury from exposure.. zineb : A polymeric complex of zinc with the ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand. Formerly used as an agricultural fungicide for the control of downy mildews and rusts, its use is no longer permitted in the US or the EU.		2.1310dithiocarbamate salt;
macromolecule;
zinc coordination entity		antifungal agrochemical
albutoin
albutoin: structure		2.0410organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
thiobutabarbital
thiobutabarbital: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9910
iodothiouracil
[no description available]		2.0410organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
nitrogen dioxide
Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.		2.4920nitrogen oxide
maneb
Maneb: Manganese derivative of ethylenebisdithiocarbamate. It is used in agriculture as a fungicide and has been shown to cause irritation to the eyes, nose, skin, and throat.. maneb : A polymeric complex of manganese with the ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand. An agrochemical fungicide, it is used to control a variety of diseases including blight, leaf spot, rust, downy mildew and scab.		2.1310
dermatan sulfate
Dermatan Sulfate: A naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found mostly in the skin and in connective tissue. It differs from CHONDROITIN SULFATE A (see CHONDROITIN SULFATES) by containing IDURONIC ACID in place of glucuronic acid, its epimer, at carbon atom 5. (from Merck, 12th ed). alpha-L-IdopA-(1->3)-beta-D-GalpNAc4S : An oligosaccharide sulfate that is 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactopyranose in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding alpha-L-idopyranuronoside.. dermatan sulfate : Any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeating units consisting of variously sulfated beta1->4-linked L-iduronyl-(alpha1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine units.		3.2310amino disaccharide;
glycosylgalactose derivative;
iduronic acids;
oligosaccharide sulfate
dezocine
dezocine: potent analgesic; RN given refers to ((5R-(5alpha,11alpha,13S*)))-isomer (dezocin); structure. dezocine : (7S,8S)-7-Amino-8-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ol in which the hydrogen at position 8 and one of the hydrogens at position 6 are substituted by each end of a tetramethylene bridge. A synthetic opioid analgesic, it has mixed opiod agonist and antagonist properties. Although it is used for pain management, it can produce opioid withdrawal syndrome in patients already dependent on other opioids, and its clinical application is limited by side effects such as dizziness.		2.0210phenols;
primary amino compound		opioid analgesic
dapiprazole
[no description available]		2.0210N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
pyridines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antipsychotic agent;
miotic;
ophthalmology drug
nizatidine
Nizatidine: A histamine H2 receptor antagonist with low toxicity that inhibits gastric acid secretion. The drug is used for the treatment of duodenal ulcers.. nizatidine : A member of the class of 1,3-thiazoles having a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at position 2 and an alkylthiomethyl moiety at position 4.		2.1310
droloxifene
[no description available]		2.0510stilbenoid
raclopride
Raclopride: A substituted benzamide that has antipsychotic properties. It is a dopamine D2 receptor (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE D2) antagonist.		2.9540salicylamides
dolasetron
[no description available]		3.5820indolyl carboxylic acid
or 1259
[no description available]		2.4520hydrazone;
nitrile;
pyridazinone		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
mannomustine
Mannomustine: Nitrogen mustard derivative alkylating agent used as antineoplastic. It causes severe bone marrow depression and is a powerful vesicant.		2.0410amino alcohol
almokalant
almokalant: structure given in first source		3.8330
gestodene
Gestodene: synthetic steroid with progestational activity; RN given refers to (17alpha)-isomer		3.1550steroidestrogen
glucametacin
glucametacin: indomethacin analog; structure		2.4520
orlistat
Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.		5.7961beta-lactone;
carboxylic ester;
formamides;
L-leucine derivative		anti-obesity agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
idoxifene
idoxifene: structure given in first source		2.0510stilbenoid
loreclezole
loreclezole: RN given for Z-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/90		3.2560
quinine
[no description available]		7.36460cinchona alkaloidantimalarial;
muscle relaxant;
non-narcotic analgesic
zofenoprilate
zofenoprilate: RN given refers to ((1(R*),2alpha,4alpha)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 9/90. zofenoprilat : A proline derivative that is 4-(phenylsulfanyl)-L-proline in which the amine proton is replaced by a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. The active metabolite of zofenopril.		210aryl sulfide;
L-proline derivative;
N-acyl-L-amino acid;
thiol		anticonvulsant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
androstane-3,17-diol glucuronide
androstane-3,17-diol glucuronide: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified glucuronide locant		210steroid ester
((5,6-dichloro-2,3,9,9a-tetrahydro-3-oxo-9a-propyl-1h-fluoren-7-yl)oxy)acetic acid
L 644711: RN given refers to (R)-isomer; structure given in first source; HCO3(-)/Cl(-) antiporter antagonist		1.9810
glycodeoxycholic acid
Glycodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with glycine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. glycodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate of deoxycholic acid.		2.6730bile acid glycine conjugatehuman metabolite
1-(4-hydroxybenzyl)imidazole-2-thiol
1-(4-hydroxybenzyl)imidazole-2-thiol: RN & structure given in first source; RN not in Chemline 3/87		2.0310
fk 838
FK 838: an adenosine subtype-1 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		2.0110
1-(2-(2-(4-pyridyl)-2-imidazoline-1-yl)ethyl)-3-(4-carboxyphenyl)urea
1-(2-(2-(4-pyridyl)-2-imidazoline-1-yl)ethyl)-3-(4-carboxyphenyl)urea: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source		2.0410
2-chloro-n(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)adenosine-5'-n-methyluronamide
2-chloro-N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)adenosine-5'-N-methyluronamide: structure given in first source		2.4420
cystine
[no description available]		210
u-50488
3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer: A non-peptide, kappa-opioid receptor agonist which has also been found to stimulate the release of adrenocorticotropin (ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE) via the release of hypothalamic arginine vasopressin (ARGININE VASOPRESSIN) and CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997;280(1):416-21). U50488 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of 3,4-dichlorophenylacetic acid and the secondary amino group of (1R,2R)-N-methyl-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanamine		210dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-alkylpyrrolidine		analgesic;
antitussive;
calcium channel blocker;
diuretic;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist
alpha-hydroxytamoxifen
alpha-hydroxytamoxifen: structure in first source		3.1210stilbenoid
sch 23390
SCH 23390: a selective D1-receptor antagonist. SCH 23390 : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1, a methyl substituent at position 3, a chloro substituent at position 7 and a hydroxy substituent at position 8.		3.5320benzazepine
isepamicin
[no description available]		2.0410
ifetroban
ifetroban: thromboxane receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; a 7-oxabicyclo(2.2.1)heptane derivative		2.7230benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid
lamifiban
lamifiban: a nonpeptide glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist; prevents platelet loss during experimental cardiopulmonary bypass		2.4420N-acylglycine
bp 897
BP 897: a dopamine D3 receptor agonist; structure in first source		2.4420naphthalenecarboxamide
fospropofol
[no description available]		3.2310alkylbenzene
tandutinib
[no description available]		2.0810aromatic ether;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-carbamoylpiperazine;
phenylureas;
piperidines;
quinazolines;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
vx-745
[no description available]		2.4820aryl sulfide;
dichlorobenzene;
difluorobenzene;
pyrimidopyridazine		anti-inflammatory drug;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
corlanor
ivabradine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining ivabradine with one molar equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Used to treat patients with angina who have intolerance to beta blockers and/or heart failure.		2.0810hydrochloridecardiotonic drug
azilect
[no description available]		2.0810
rasagiline
[no description available]		3.6920indanes;
secondary amine;
terminal acetylenic compound		EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
deracoxib
SC 046: structure in first source. deracoxib : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole which is substituted at positions 1, 3, and 5 by 4-sulfamoylphenyl, difluoromethyl and 3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl groups, respectively. A selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it is used in veterinary medicine for the control of pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis in dogs.		2.0710organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfonamide		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
trequinsin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
dasatinib
N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide: a dasatinib prodrug; structure in first source. dasatinib (anhydrous) : An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN).		5.2801,3-thiazoles;
aminopyrimidine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
neboglamine
neboglamine: potential memory enhancer		2.0310
2-aminohippuric acid
[no description available]		2.0710N-acylglycine
zd 6474
CH 331: structure in first source		3.930aromatic ether;
organobromine compound;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinazolines;
secondary amine		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
telavancin
telavancin: an anti-infective agent; structure in first source. telavancin : A glycopeptide that is vancomycin substituted at position N-3'' by a 2-(decylamino)ethyl group and at position C-29 by a (phosphonomethyl)aminomethyl group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of adults with complicated skin and skin structure infections caused by bacteria.		2.0410glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
n-(ethoxycarbonylmethyl)-6-methoxyquinolinium
[no description available]		2.6830
ici 199441
ICI 199441: structure given in first source; RN refers to (monohydrochloride, (S))-isomer; a potent & selective kappa agonist		2.0710
ici 199441
[no description available]		210acetamides
olivomycins
Olivomycins: A mixture of several closely related glycosidic antibiotics obtained from Actinomyces (or Streptomyces) olivoreticuli. They are used as fluorescent dyes that bind to DNA and prevent both RNA and protein synthesis and are also used as antineoplastic agents.		1.9510
cytellin
cytellin: a phytosterol preparation of mainly B-sitosterol, that was marketed by Eli Lilly to lower cholesterol 1957 to 1982		2.4420
tamitinol
[no description available]		210
silybin
[no description available]		2.0510
zankiren hydrochloride
zankiren hydrochloride: structure given in first source		3.3711
susalimod
susalimod: analogue of sulphasalazine, was designed for use in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis		2.0210
alatrofloxacin
alatrofloxacin: prodrug of trovafloxacin		2.0610
compound 968
compound 968: a glutaminase inhibitor. 5-[3-bromo-4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-2,2-dimethyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydrobenzo[a]phenanthridin-4(1H)-one : A partially hydrogenated benzophenanthridine carrying an oxo group at C-4, geminal methyl groups at C-2 and a 3-bromo-4-(dimethylamino)phenyl group at C-5.		2.0810benzophenanthridineEC 3.5.1.2 (glutaminase) inhibitor
benzatropine methanesulfonate
benzatropine mesylate : The methanesulfonate salt of benzatropine. An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.		2.4420
sb 203186
[no description available]		2.0310indolyl carboxylic acid
2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline
2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline: structure given in first source; neuroprotectant for cerebral ischemia; AMPA receptor antagonist		2.0110naphthalenes;
sulfonic acid derivative
n-(1-methyl-5-indolyl)-n'-(3-methyl-5-isothiazolyl)urea
N-(1-methyl-5-indolyl)-N'-(3-methyl-5-isothiazolyl)urea: a 5-HT(2B) receptor antagonist; structure given in first source. 1-(1-methylindol-5-yl)-3-(3-methyl-1,2-thiazol-5-yl)urea : A member of ther class of ureas that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens has been replaced by an N-methylindol-5-yl group, while a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen has been replaced by a 3-methyl-1,2-thiazol-5-yl group. It is a potent and selective antagonist for the 5-hydroxytryptamine 2B (5-HT2B) receptor.		2.44201,2-thiazoles;
indoles;
ureas		receptor modulator;
serotonergic antagonist
ovalbumin
Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.		3.0950
rs-130830
RS-130830: orally-active broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor		2.0710
sb-224289
SB 224289 : A member of the class of benzamides obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2'-methyl-4'-(5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid with the secondary amino group of 1'-methyl-6,7-dihydro-5H-spiro[furo[2,3-f]indole-3,4'-piperidine]. Selective 5-HT1B receptor antagonist (pKi = 8.2). Displays >60-fold selectivity over 5-HT1D, 5-HT1A, 5-HT1E, 5-HT1F, 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors in radioligand binding and functional assays. Centrally active following oral administration in vivo.		2.08101,2,4-oxadiazole;
azaspiro compound;
benzamides;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		serotonergic antagonist
gw 7647
GW 7647: a PPAR-alpha agonist; structure in first source. GW 7647 : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-(phenylsulfanyl)isobutyric acid in which the phenyl group is substituted at the para- position by a 3-aza-7-cyclohexylhept-1-yl group in which the nitrogen is acylated by a (cyclohexylamino)carbonyl group.		2.7430aryl sulfide;
monocarboxylic acid;
ureas		PPARalpha agonist
sodium dodecyl sulfate
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.		2.8940organic sodium saltdetergent;
protein denaturant
ro 41-0960
[no description available]		2.4420
cgp 13501
CGP 13501: structure in first source		2.0310alkylbenzene
n-(2-(4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)-3-methoxybenzamide
N-(2-(4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)-3-methoxybenzamide: dopamine D4 ligand; structure in first source		2.4420
chloramine-t
chloramine-T: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. chloramine T : An organic sodium salt derivative of toluene-4-sulfonamide with a chloro substituent in place of an amino hydrogen.		2.0510organic sodium saltallergen;
antifouling biocide;
disinfectant
l 663536
MK-886: orally active leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitor. 3-[3-(tert-butylsulfanyl)-1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-5-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid : A member of the class of indoles that is 1H-indole substituted by a isopropyl group at position 5, a tert-butylsulfanediyl group at position 3, a 4-chlorobenzyl group at position 1 and a 2-carboxy-2-methylpropyl group at position 2. It acts as an inhibitor of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase.		2.4720aryl sulfide;
indoles;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
leukotriene antagonist
brl 15572
3-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-1,1-diphenylpropan-2-ol : An N-alkylpiperazine that is 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine carrying a 3,3-diphenyl-2-hydroxyprop-1-yl group at position 4. A selective h5-HT1D antagonist, displaying 60-fold selectivity over h5-HT1B, and exhibiting little or no affinity for a range of other receptor types.		2.4420monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
secondary alcohol		geroprotector;
serotonergic antagonist
mrs 1523
2,3-diethyl-4,5-dipropyl-6-phenylpyridine-3-thiocarboxylate-5-carboxylate: adenosine A3 receptor antagonist		2.4420
6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione
6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.		2.9440quinoxaline derivative
1-[6-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-imidazo[2,1-b]thiazolyl]-N-[(3,4-dichlorophenyl)methoxy]methanimine
[no description available]		2.0810imidazoles
or486
OR486: structure given in first source		2.0310
fg 9041
FG 9041: structure given in first source		3.1450quinoxaline derivative
N4-ethyl-N6,1,2-trimethyl-N4-phenylpyrimidin-1-ium-4,6-diamine
[no description available]		2.0810aromatic amine;
tertiary amino compound
alpha-chymotrypsin
Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.		1.9810
2-[[2-[2-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-ylamino)-2-oxoethyl]-1-oxo-5-isoquinolinyl]oxy]propanoic acid ethyl ester
[no description available]		2.0810isoquinolines
iik7
IIK7: structure in first source		2.0310
sb 415286
3-(3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenylamino)-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: a glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.4420C-nitro compound;
maleimides;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenols;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
dm 235
DM 235: structure in first source		2.4420
17-ketosteroids
17-Ketosteroids: Steroids that contain a ketone group at position 17.. 17-oxo steroid : Any oxo steroid carrying the oxo group at position 17.		2.3520
naphthoquinones
Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.		2.7330
sch 79797
[no description available]		2.0810quinazolines
jhw 015
[no description available]		2.4420indolecarboxamide
bw 723c86
[no description available]		2.4420tryptamines
sc 560
SC560 : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole which is substituted at positions 1, 3 and 5 by 4-methoxyphenyl, trifluoromethyl and 4-chlorophenyl groups, respectively. Unlike many members of the diaryl heterocycle class of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors, SC-560 is selective for COX-1.		2.7230aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
sc-19220
[no description available]		2.0310aromatic ether
le 300
[no description available]		2.4420indoles
digitoxigenin
Digitoxigenin: 3 beta,14-Dihydroxy-5 beta-card-20(22)enolide. A cardenolide which is the aglycon of digitoxin. Synonyms: Cerberigenin; Echujetin; Evonogenin; Thevetigenin.. digitoxigenin : A 5beta-cardenolide that is 5beta-cardanolide with hydroxy substituents at the 3beta- and 14beta-positions and double bond unsaturation at C(20)-C(22).		3.11014beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy steroid
sitagliptin
sitagliptin : A triazolopyrazine that exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		4.5570triazolopyrazine;
trifluorobenzene		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
hypoglycemic agent;
serine proteinase inhibitor;
xenobiotic
lupitidine
[no description available]		210
icodextrin
Icodextrin: A glucan that is structurally related to maltodextrin, with more than 85% of its molecules having molecular weights between 1640 and 45 000 Daltons (Da), and a weight-average molecular weight of about 20 000 Da; it is used in dialysis fluids as an alternative to glucose-based solutions, and to reduce adhesions after gynecological or abdominal surgery. It has also been used as a vehicle for drugs given via the peritoneal cavity.		2.0410
flosequinan
[no description available]		2.4420quinolines
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1h-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide: a TGF-beta type I receptor kinase activity inhibitor		2.0810benzamides;
benzodioxoles;
imidazoles;
pyridines		EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
rhodamine 123
Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.		2.0310organic cation;
xanthene dye		fluorochrome
ly 367265
LY 367265: a 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter inhibitor; a 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonist; structure in first source. LY-367,265 : A fluoroindole that is 1H-indole in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 6 are replaced by 1-[2-(2,2-dioxo-5,6-dihydro-4H-2lambda(6)-[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[4,3,2-ij]quinolin-1(2H)-yl)ethyl]-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl and fluoro groups, respectively. It is an inhibitor of the 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter (Ki = 2.3 nM) and an antagonist of 5-hydroxytryptamine(2A) receptor (Ki = 0.81 nM).		2.4420dihydropyridine;
fluoroindole;
tertiary amino compound;
thiadiazoloquinoline		antidepressant;
geroprotector;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
tolcapone
Tolcapone: A benzophenone and nitrophenol compound that acts as an inhibitor of CATECHOL O-METHYLTRANSFERASE, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of DOPAMINE and LEVODOPA. It is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE in patients for whom levodopa is ineffective or contraindicated.. tolcapone : Benzophenone substituted on one of the phenyl rings at C-3 and C-4 by hydroxy groups and at C-5 by a nitro group, and on the other phenyl ring by a methyl group at C-4. It is an inhibitor of catechol O-methyltransferase.		5.681402-nitrophenols;
benzophenones;
catechols		antiparkinson drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
myelin basic protein
Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.		2.0310
1-(4-Fluorophenyl)-3-(3-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl)-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)azetidin-2-one
[no description available]		2.0810monobactam
alsterpaullone
alsterpaullone: structure in first source. alsterpaullone : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1-benzazepin-2-one which shares its 4-5 bond with the 3-2 bond of 5-nitro-1H-indole.		2.0510C-nitro compound;
caprolactams;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		anti-HIV-1 agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor
diclofenac sodium
Diclofenac Sodium: The sodium form of DICLOFENAC. It is used for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties.. diclofenac sodium : The sodium salt of diclofenac.		2.9640organic sodium salt
cgp 7930
2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-(3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylpropyl)phenol: structure in first source		2.4420alkylbenzene
1,3,5-tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-propyl-1h-pyrazole
4,4',4''-(4-propylpyrazole-1,3,5-triyl)trisphenol : A pyrazole that is 1H-pyrazole bearing three 4-hydroxyphenyl substituents at positions 1, 3 and 5 as well as a propyl substituent at position 4. Potent, subtype-selective estrogen receptor agonist (EC50 ~ 200 pM); displays 410-fold selectivity for ERalpha over ERbeta. Prevents ovariectomy-induced weight gain and loss of bone mineral density, and induces gene expression in the hypothalamus following systemic administration in vivo.		2.4420phenols;
pyrazoles		estrogen receptor agonist
imd 0354
N-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzamide: a cardioprotective agent that inhibits IkappaB kinase beta (IKKbeta); structure in first source		2.0810benzamides
ex 527
6-chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxamide: structure in first source. 6-chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxamide : A member of the class of carbazoles that is 2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole which is substituted at position 1 by an aminocarbohyl group and at position 6 by a chlorine.		2.0810carbazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound
sib 1757
SIB 1757: a selective mGluR5 antagonist; structure in first source		2.4420
diethyl maleate
diethyl maleate : A maleate ester resulting from the formal condensation of both carboxy groups of maleic acid with ethanol. A colourless liquid at room temperature (m.p. -10degreeC) with boiling point 220degreeC at 1 atm., it is commonly used as a dienophile for Diels-Alder-type cycloaddition reactions in organic synthesis.		1.9710ethyl ester;
maleate ester		glutathione depleting agent
sq 109
N-geranyl-N'-(2-adamantyl)ethane-1,2-diamine: has antitubercular activity		3.5110
sphingosine
sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.		2.420sphing-4-eninehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
quercetin
[no description available]		4.851007-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
bilirubin
[no description available]		10.36334biladienes;
dicarboxylic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		10.499813prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
dinoprost
Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.		8.85222monocarboxylic acid;
prostaglandins Falpha		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
biochanin a
[no description available]		2.04104'-methoxyisoflavones;
7-hydroxyisoflavones		antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.5.1.99 (fatty acid amide hydrolase) inhibitor;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
tylosin
[no description available]		2.110aldehyde;
disaccharide derivative;
enone;
leucomycin;
macrolide antibiotic;
monosaccharide derivative		allergen;
bacterial metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
apigenin
Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.		6.74101trihydroxyflavoneantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
luteolin
[no description available]		3.53803'-hydroxyflavonoid;
tetrahydroxyflavone		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
nephroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
linoleic acid
Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.		3.4311octadecadienoic acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
plant metabolite
calcitriol
dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes		7.67181D3 vitamins;
hydroxycalciol;
triol		antineoplastic agent;
antipsoriatic;
bone density conservation agent;
calcium channel agonist;
calcium channel modulator;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
scopoletin
[no description available]		3.110hydroxycoumarinplant growth regulator;
plant metabolite
vitamin k semiquinone radical
vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.		3.2260
beta carotene
beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.		2.7530carotenoid beta-end derivative;
cyclic carotene		antioxidant;
biological pigment;
cofactor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
provitamin A
leukotriene b4
Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.		1.9810dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid;
leukotriene;
long-chain fatty acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasoconstrictor agent
thromboxane a2
Thromboxane A2: An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2. The compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. It is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS).. thromboxane A2 : A thromboxane which is produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation.		4.9791epoxy monocarboxylic acid;
thromboxanes A		mouse metabolite
retinol palmitate
retinol palmitate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. retinyl palmitate : A palmitate ester of retinol with undefined geometry about the C=C bonds.. all-trans-retinyl palmitate : An all-trans-retinyl ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of palmitic (hexadecanoic acid) with the hydroxy group of all-trans-retinol. It is used in cosmetic products to treat various skin disorders such as acne, skin aging, wrinkles, dark spots, and also protect against psoriasis.		2.4620all-trans-retinyl ester;
retinyl palmitate		antioxidant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite
hymecromone
Hymecromone: A coumarin derivative possessing properties as a spasmolytic, choleretic and light-protective agent. It is also used in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES for the determination of NITRIC ACID.		3.5220hydroxycoumarinantineoplastic agent;
hyaluronic acid synthesis inhibitor
daphnetin
[no description available]		2.4420hydroxycoumarin
8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid
8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid: A 20-carbon-chain fatty acid, unsaturated at positions 8, 11, and 14. It differs from arachidonic acid, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, only at position 5.. all-cis-icosa-8,11,14-trienoic acid : An icosatrienoic acid having three cis double bonds at positions 8, 11 and 14.		1.9810fatty acid 20:3;
long-chain fatty acid		fungal metabolite;
human metabolite;
nutraceutical
15-keto-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin e2
15-keto-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin E2: RN given refers to (5Z,11alpha)-isomer; structure in first source. 13,14-dihydro-15-oxo-prostaglandin E2 : The 13,14-dihydro derivative of 15-oxo-prostaglandin E2.		1.9610prostaglandins E
alprostadil
[no description available]		5.53161prostaglandins Eanticoagulant;
human metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
5-hydroxy-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid
5(S)-HETE : A HETE having a (5S)-hydroxy group and (6E)-, (8Z)-, (11Z)- and (14Z)-double bonds.. 5-HETE : A HETE having a 5-hydroxy group and (6E)-, (8Z)-, (11Z)- and (14Z)-double bonds.		210HETEhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
vitamin d 2
Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.		6.691hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-ergostane;
vitamin D		bone density conservation agent;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
rodenticide
cholecalciferol
Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.		5.9171D3 vitamins;
hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane;
secondary alcohol;
steroid hormone		geroprotector;
human metabolite
rutin
Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.		2.3520disaccharide derivative;
quercetin O-glucoside;
rutinoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antioxidant;
metabolite
bilirubin diglucuronide
[no description available]		3.1510
kaempferol
[no description available]		2.58207-hydroxyflavonol;
flavonols;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
leukotriene e4
Leukotriene E4: A biologically active principle of SRS-A that is formed from LEUKOTRIENE D4 via a peptidase reaction that removes the glycine residue. The biological actions of LTE4 are similar to LTC4 and LTD4. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene E4 : A leukotriene that is (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5 (5S) and an L-cystein-S-yl group at position 6 (6R).		3.3811amino dicarboxylic acid;
L-cysteine thioether;
leukotriene;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
secondary alcohol
prostaglandin g2
[no description available]		1.9710prostaglandins Ghuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha
6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.		8.9307prostaglandins Falphahuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
alpha-linolenic acid
linolenic acid : A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins.. linolenate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of either alpha- or gamma-linolenic acid.		2.5420linolenic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
prostaglandin f1
prostaglandin F1: was EN to PROSTAGLANDINS F (75-81); RN given refers to (9 alpha,11 alpha,13E,15S)-isomer		4.0431prostaglandins Falphahuman metabolite
genistein
[no description available]		3.53807-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b
Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.		11.68300antibiotic antifungal drug;
macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antiamoebic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
bacterial metabolite
clavulanic acid
Clavulanic Acid: A beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus. It is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase.. clavulanate : The conjugate base of clavulanic acid.. clavulanic acid : Antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes.		3.4470oxapenamantibacterial drug;
anxiolytic drug;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
pulmicort
Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.		5.113011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic acetal;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
drug allergen
oxymetholone
Oxymetholone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. It is used mainly in the treatment of anemias. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002), this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). oxymetholone : A 3-oxo-5alpha- steroid that is 4,5alpha-dihydrotestosterone which is substituted by a hydroxymethylidene group at position 2 and by a methyl group at the 17alpha position. A synthetic androgen, it was mainly used for the treatment of anaemias until being replaced by treatments with fewer side effects.		4.0940
eprosartan
eprosartan: angiotensin II receptor antagonist. eprosartan : A member of the class of imidazoles and thiophenes that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used for the treatment of high blood pressure.		4.7790dicarboxylic acid;
imidazoles;
thiophenes		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
montelukast
montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		4.95110aliphatic sulfide;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolines		anti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
leukotriene antagonist
mivacurium
Mivacurium: An isoquinoline derivative that is used as a short-acting non-depolarizing agent.		3.5820isoquinolines
timolol maleate
(S)-timolol maleate : The maleic acid salt of the active (S)-enantiomer of timolol, comprising equimolar amounts of (S)-timolol and maleic acid.		2.9640maleate saltanti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
brompheniramine maleate
brompheniramine maleate : The maleic acid salt of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		3.1550maleate saltanti-allergic agent
chlorpheniramine maleate
[no description available]		2.9640organic molecular entity
clemastine fumarate
clemastine fumarate : The fumaric acid salt of clemastine. An antihistamine with antimuscarinic and moderate sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions such as rhinitis, urticaria, conjunctivitis and in pruritic (severe itching) skin conditions.		2.9640fumarate saltanti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
dexchlorpheniramine maleate
[no description available]		2.0810organic molecular entity
olopatadine
[no description available]		2.7430
methylergonovine maleate
[no description available]		2.9640ergoline alkaloidgeroprotector
hemabate
carboprost tromethamine : The tromethamine salt of carboprost. It is used as an abortifacient agent that is effective in both the first and second trimesters of pregnancy.		3.2310
ethchlorvynol
Ethchlorvynol: A sedative and hypnotic that has been used in the short-term management of INSOMNIA. Its use has been superseded by other drugs.. ethchlorvynol : Propargyl alcohol in which the methylene hydrogens are substituted by ethyl and 2-chlorovinyl groups. A hypnotic and sedative, it is used for treatment of insomnia in some cases where an intolerance or allergy to more commonly used drugs exists.		2.3820
mycophenolate mofetil
mycophenolate mofetil : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between the carboxylic acid group of mycophenolic acid and the hydroxy group of 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethanol. In the liver, it is metabolised to mycophenolic acid, an immunosuppressant for which it is a prodrug. It is widely used to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants as well as for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		3.8730carboxylic ester;
ether;
gamma-lactone;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
bw b1090u
[no description available]		2.0210isoquinolines
entacapone
entacapone: structure given in first source. entacapone : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N,N-diethylprop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a cyano group and the hydrogen at the 3E position is substituted by a 3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl group.		5.27902-nitrophenols;
catechols;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
central nervous system drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
paricalcitol
[no description available]		4.2650hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane		antiparathyroid drug
astaxanthine
astaxanthine: a keto form of carotene; pigment in flesh of Scottish salmon (Salmo salar) crustacoa-lobster (Homarus gammarus, flamingo feathers; structure; a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. astaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.		2.7430carotenol;
carotenone		animal metabolite;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
food colouring;
plant metabolite
harman
harman: a beta-carboline; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. harman : An indole alkaloid fundamental parent with a structure of 9H-beta-carboline carrying a methyl substituent at C-1. It has been isolated from the bark of Sickingia rubra, Symplocus racemosa, Passiflora incarnata, Peganum harmala, Banisteriopsis caapi and Tribulus terrestris, as well as from tobacco smoke. It is a specific, reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A.		2.4420harmala alkaloid;
indole alkaloid fundamental parent;
indole alkaloid		anti-HIV agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
usambarensine
usambarensine: structure given in first source		2.0510harmala alkaloid
esculetin
esculetin: used in filters for absorption of ultraviolet light; structure. esculetin : A hydroxycoumarin that is umbelliferone in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is used in filters for absorption of ultraviolet light.		3.4920hydroxycoumarinantioxidant;
plant metabolite;
ultraviolet filter
7-hydroxycoumarin
7-oxycoumarin: derivatives have anti-oxidant properties. umbelliferone : A hydroxycoumarin that is coumarin substituted by a hydroxy group ay position 7.		3.110hydroxycoumarinfluorescent probe;
food component;
plant metabolite
humulene
humulene: structure given in first source. (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene : The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene.		3.110alpha-humulene
zearalenone
Zearalenone: (S-(E))-3,4,5,6,8,10-Hexahydro-14,16-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1H-2-benzoxacyclotetradecin-1,7(8H)-dione. One of a group of compounds known under the general designation of resorcylic acid lactones. Cis, trans, dextro and levo forms have been isolated from the fungus Gibberella zeae (formerly Fusarium graminearum). They have estrogenic activity, cause toxicity in livestock as feed contaminant, and have been used as anabolic or estrogen substitutes.. zearalenone : A macrolide comprising a fourteen-membered lactone fused to 1,3-dihydroxybenzene; a potent estrogenic metabolite produced by some Giberella species.		1.9810macrolide;
resorcinols		fungal metabolite;
mycoestrogen
baicalein
[no description available]		3.110trihydroxyflavoneangiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hormone antagonist;
plant metabolite;
prostaglandin antagonist;
radical scavenger
chrysin
chrysin : A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7.		3.82307-hydroxyflavonol;
dihydroxyflavone		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
plant metabolite
diosmin
[no description available]		2.0510dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monomethoxyflavone;
rutinoside		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant
fisetin
[no description available]		3.1103'-hydroxyflavonoid;
7-hydroxyflavonol;
tetrahydroxyflavone		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
metabolite;
plant metabolite
galangin
5,7-dihydroxyflavonol: antimicrobial from the twigs of Populus nigra x Populus deltoides; structure in first source. galangin : A 7-hydroxyflavonol with additional hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5 respectively; a growth inhibitor of breast tumor cells.		3.1107-hydroxyflavonol;
trihydroxyflavone		antimicrobial agent;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
morin
morin: a light yellowish pigment found in the wood of old fustic (Chlorophora tinctoria). morin : A pentahydroxyflavone that is 7-hydroxyflavonol bearing three additional hydroxy substituents at positions 2' 4' and 5.		2.74307-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		angiogenesis modulating agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
myricetin
[no description available]		2.77307-hydroxyflavonol;
hexahydroxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
food component;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite
coumestrol
Coumestrol: A daidzein derivative occurring naturally in forage crops which has some estrogenic activity.. coumestrol : A member of the class of coumestans that is coumestan with hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9.		2.0710coumestans;
delta-lactone;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
plant metabolite
daidzein
[no description available]		2.46207-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite
cynarine
cynarine: active principle of the artichoke; functions primarily as a cholagogue and choleretic and also as antilipemic agent		2.7430alkyl caffeate ester;
quinic acid		plant metabolite
caffeic acid phenethyl ester
phenethyl caffeate : An alkyl caffeate ester in which 2-phenylethyl is the alkyl component.		2.4420alkyl caffeate esteranti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
rottlerin
rottlerin: an angiogenesis inhibitor; an inhibitor of protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta) and calmodulin kinase III; RN refers to (E)-isomer; do not confuse this chalcone with an anthraquinone that is also called rottlerin (RN 481-72-1);. rottlerin : A chromenol that is 2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7, a 3-acetyl-2,4,6-trihydroxy-5-methylbenzyl group at position 6 and a (1E)-3-oxo-1-phenylprop-1-en-3-yl group at position 8. A potassium channel opener, it is isolated from Mallotus philippensis.		2.4420aromatic ketone;
benzenetriol;
chromenol;
enone;
methyl ketone		anti-allergic agent;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
K-ATP channel agonist;
metabolite
flupenthixol
cis-flupenthixol : A flupenthixol in which the double bond adopts a cis-configuration.		3.2960flupenthixoldopaminergic antagonist
sdz psc 833
valspodar: nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporin analog which is a potent multidrug resistance modifier; 7-10 fold more potent than cyclosporin A; a potent P glycoprotein inhibitor; MW 1215		2.7530homodetic cyclic peptide
estradiol-17 beta-glucuronide
17beta-estradiol 17-glucosiduronic acid : A steroid glucosiduronic acid that consists of 17beta-estradiol having a beta-glucuronyl residue attached at position 17 via a glycosidic linkage.		4.24503-hydroxy steroid;
steroid glucosiduronic acid
l 660,711
[no description available]		4.4260quinolines
coenzyme q10
coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.		2.0510ubiquinonesantioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite
tectochrysin
tectochrysin: structure in first source. tectochrysin : A monohydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 7 respectively.		3.5110monohydroxyflavone;
monomethoxyflavone		antidiarrhoeal drug;
antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
anandamide
anandamide : An N-acylethanolamine 20:4 resulting from the formal condensation of carboxy group of arachidonic acid with the amino group of ethanolamine.		2.420endocannabinoid;
N-acylethanolamine 20:4		human blood serum metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
vasodilator agent
n-oleoyldopamine
N-oleoyldopamine: putative capsaicin receptor ligand; produces hyperalgesia; isolated from the brain. N-oleoyldopamine : A fatty amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of oleic acid with the amino group of dopamine. Synthesised in catecholaminergic neurons, it crosses the blood-brain barrier and might be considered as a carrier of dopamine into the brain. It is a transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) receptor agonist.		2.4420catechols;
fatty amide;
N-(fatty acyl)-dopamine;
secondary carboxamide		TRPV1 agonist
pheniramine maleate
Naphcon A: tradename; contains above compounds; ophthalmic solution		2.7430organic molecular entity
sorivudine
[no description available]		2.0510organic molecular entity
rokitamycin
rokitamycin: structure in first source		2.0410organic molecular entity
travoprost
Travoprost: A cloprostenol derivative that is used as an ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT in the treatment of OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.. travoprost : The isopropyl ester of prostaglandin F2alpha in which the pentyl group is replaced by a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxymethyl group. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin F2alpha, ophthalmic solutions of travoprost are used as a topical medication for controlling the progression of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension, by reducing intraocular pressure. It is a pro-drug; the isopropyl ester group is hydrolysed by esterases in the cornea to the biologically active free acid, fluprostenol.		2.0810(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
isopropyl ester;
prostaglandins Falpha		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
ophthalmology drug;
prodrug;
prostaglandin receptor agonist
tranilast
tranilast: antiallergic drug; potent inhibitor of homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. tranilast : An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl group.		3.3260amidobenzoic acid;
cinnamamides;
dimethoxybenzene;
secondary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
calcium channel blocker;
hepatoprotective agent;
nephroprotective agent
7432 s
Ceftibuten: A cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.. ceftibuten : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl]amino substituent at the 7 position of the cephem skeleton. An orally-administered agent, ceftibuten is used as the dihydrate to treat urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.		3.8430cephalosporin;
dicarboxylic acid		antibacterial drug
4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid
4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic Acid: A non-penetrating amino reagent (commonly called SITS) which acts as an inhibitor of anion transport in erythrocytes and other cells.		8.541130stilbenoid
4,4'-dinitro-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid
4,4'-dinitro-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.38204,4'-dinitrostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid
8-epi-prostaglandin f2alpha
8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha: a potent preglomerular vasoconstrictor acting principally through thromboxane A2 receptor activation. 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha : An isoprostane that is prostaglandin F2alpha having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.		3.6530F2-isoprostanebiomarker;
bronchoconstrictor agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
trimipramine maleate
[no description available]		2.4420maleate saltantidepressant
4-hydroxyestradiol
4-hydroxyestradiol: catechol estrogen. 4-hydroxy-17beta-estradiol : A 4-hydroxy steroid that consists of 17beta-estradiol having an additional hydroxy group at position 4.		3.1104-hydroxy steroidmetabolite
imipenem
[no description available]		2.0810carbapenems
etretinate
retinoid : Oxygenated derivatives of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-1,3,5,7-tetraene and derivatives thereof.		2.9640enoate ester;
ethyl ester;
retinoid		keratolytic drug
isotretinoin
Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.		5.53120retinoic acidantineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
teratogenic agent
misoprostol
Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.. misoprostol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form.		2.7330
xylometazoline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
flunarizine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420diarylmethane
ketotifen fumarate
ketotifen fumarate : An organoammonium salt consisting of equimolar amounts of ketotifen(1+) and fumarate(1-) ions. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is a non-bronchodilator anti-asthmatic drug.		2.7430organoammonium saltanti-asthmatic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
epoprostenol
[no description available]		4.0640prostaglandins Imouse metabolite
indocyanine green
[no description available]		3.85301,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate;
benzoindole;
cyanine dye
dinoprost tromethamine
[no description available]		2.0810organic molecular entity
ozagrel
ozagrel: RN refers to (E)-isomer		2.420cinnamic acids
triprolidine
Triprolidine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic rhinitis; ASTHMA; and URTICARIA. It is a component of COUGH and COLD medicines. It may cause drowsiness.. triprolidine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is acrivastine in which the pyridine ring is lacking the propenoic acid substituent. It is a sedating antihistamine that is used (generally as the monohydrochloride monohydrate) for the relief of the symptoms of uticaria, rhinitis, and various pruritic skin disorders.		4.4260N-alkylpyrrolidine;
olefinic compound;
pyridines		H1-receptor antagonist
pitavastatin
pitavastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]hept-6-enoic acid in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-stereoisomer). Used as its calcium salt for treatment of hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood) on patients unable to sufficiently lower their cholesterol levels by diet and exercise.		3.8730cyclopropanes;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
quinolines;
statin (synthetic)		antioxidant
rosuvastatin calcium
S 4522: structure in first source		2.0810N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphinganine-1-phosphoethanolamine;
organic calcium salt		anti-inflammatory agent;
cardioprotective agent;
CETP inhibitor
terbinafine hydrochloride
terbinafine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of terbinafine with one molar equivalent of hydrogen chloride.		2.0810allylamine antifungal drug;
hydrochloride		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
cis-flupenthixol dihydrochloride
cis-flupenthixol dihydrochloride : The dihydrochloride salt of cis-flupenthixol.		2.7430hydrochloridegeroprotector
ethamolin
monoethanolamine oleate: used for treatment of pyogenic granuloma		3.2310long-chain fatty acid
betamethasone benzoate
[no description available]		2.021021-hydroxy steroid
alatrofloxacin mesylate
[no description available]		3.5920
homatropine
[no description available]		2.0710tropane alkaloid
16,16-dimethylprostaglandin e2
16,16-Dimethylprostaglandin E2: A synthetic prostaglandin E analog that protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers. The protective effect is independent of acid inhibition. It is also a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors.. 16,16-dimethylprostaglandin E2 : A prostanoid that is prostaglandin E2 in which both of the hydrogens at position 16 have been replaced by methyl groups. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E2, it is a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors. It also protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers.		1.9710cyclopentanones;
monocarboxylic acid;
prostanoid;
secondary allylic alcohol		anti-ulcer drug;
gastrointestinal drug;
radiation protective agent
2,3-dinor-6-ketoprostaglandin f1alpha
2,3-dinor-6-ketoprostaglandin F1alpha: formed from 6-keto-PGF1alpha by Mycobacterium rhodochrous; RN given refers to (1R-(1alph,2beta(1E,3S*)))-isomer; structure given in first source. 2,3-dinor-6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostanoid that is prostaglandin F1alpha lacking two methylenes in the carboxyalkyl chain and bearing an oxo group at the 6-position.		3.41114-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
prostanoid;
secondary alcohol		metabolite
thromboxane b2
Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.		7.67267thromboxanes Bhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
20-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid
20-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid: stimulator of renal sodium, potassium atpase; RN given is for the (all-Z) isomer. 20-HETE : A HETE that consists of arachidonic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 20.		4.341HETE;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
n-arachidonylglycine
N-arachidonylglycine: structure in first source. N-arachidonoylglycine : Biologically active derivative of anandamide		2.4420fatty amide;
N-acylglycine
n-oleoylethanolamine
N-oleoylethanolamine: ceramidase inhibitor. oleoyl ethanolamide : An N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine that is the ethanolamide of oleic acid. The monounsaturated analogue of the endocannabinoid anandamide.		2.4420endocannabinoid;
N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine;
N-acylethanolamine 18:1		EC 3.5.1.23 (ceramidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
PPARalpha agonist
1-monooleoyl-rac-glycerol
Peceol: lipid excipient containing readily dispersible mixture of mono- & diglycerides of oleic acid. 1-oleoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride where the acyl group is oleoyl.. monooleoylglycerol : A monoglyceride in which the acyl group is oleoyl with the position of acylation unspecified.		2.01101-acylglycerol 18:1;
monooleoylglycerol		plant metabolite
menaquinone 6
menaquinone 6: RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer		2.5120
hyodeoxycholic acid
hyodeoxycholic acid: differs from deoxycholic acid in that the 6 alpha-OH is in the 12 position in the former; RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta,6alpha)-isomer. hyodeoxycholic acid : A member of the class of 5beta-cholanic acids that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by alpha-hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 6.		3.1105beta-cholanic acids;
6alpha,20xi-murideoxycholic acid;
bile acid;
C24-steroid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
codeine
[no description available]		6.51190morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antitussive;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
opioid analgesic;
opioid receptor agonist;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
cyclosporine
ramihyphin A: one of the metabolites produced by Fusarium sp. S-435; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF		6.96290homodetic cyclic peptideanti-asthmatic drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antirheumatic drug;
carcinogenic agent;
dermatologic drug;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
metabolite
phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.9640organic molecular entity
phenylephrine hydrochloride
Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.		4.131hydrochloride
natamycin
[no description available]		2.7530antibiotic antifungal drug;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
epoxide;
macrolide antibiotic;
monosaccharide derivative;
polyene antibiotic		antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial food preservative;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
ophthalmology drug
mepyramine maleate
histosol: proprietary mixture of synthetic aromatic hydrocarbons forming an extremely nonpolar organic solvent		2.4420
oleyl alcohol
oleyl alcohol: structure; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0210fatty alcohol 18:1;
long-chain primary fatty alcohol		metabolite;
nonionic surfactant
acetyldigitoxin
Acetyldigitoxins: Cardioactive derivatives of lanatoside A or of DIGITOXIN. They are used for fast digitalization in congestive heart failure.. 3'''-O-acetyldigitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside compound consisting of digitoxin having an acetyl substituent at the 3-position on the D-ribo-hexopyranosyl residue at the non-reducing end.		1.9610cardenolide glycosideanti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
enzyme inhibitor
acitretin
Acitretin: An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of ETRETINATE with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate.. acitretin : A retinoid that consists of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid having a 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl group attached at position 9.		4.6780acitretin;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
retinoid		keratolytic drug
acrivastine
acrivastine: a second generation antihistamine. acrivastine : A member of the class of pyridines that is (pyridin-2-yl)acrylic acid substituted at position 6 by a [(1E)-1-(4-methylphenyl)-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)prop-1-en-1-yl group. It is a non-sedating antihistamine used for treatment of hayfever, urticaria, and rhinitis.		2.7330alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
olefinic compound;
pyridines		H1-receptor antagonist
cloprednol
cloprednol: relative anti-inflammatory potency twice prednisolone; synthetic glucocorticoid; structure		2.041021-hydroxy steroid
cyproterone
Cyproterone: An anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate (CYPROTERONE ACETATE), also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma, and, in combination with estrogen, for the therapy of severe acne and hirsutism in females.		2.743017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		androgen antagonist
dihydrocodeine
dihydrocodeine: RN refers to parent cpd(5alpha,6alpha)-isomer		2.9740morphinane alkaloid
dorzolamide
dorzolamide: topically effective ocular hypotensive carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; RN refers to mono-HCl (4S-trans)-isomer. dorzolamide : 5,6-Dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-b]thiopyran-2-sulfonamide 7,7-dioxide in which hydrogens at the 4 and 6 positions are substituted by ethylamino and methyl groups, respectively (4S, trans-configuration). A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it is used as the hydrochloride in ophthalmic solutions to lower increased intraocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.		2.4620sulfonamide;
thiophenes		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
dothiepin
[no description available]		2.0510dothiepin
estropipate
estropipate: used therapeutically in menopausal patients		3.5820piperazinium salt;
steroid sulfate
ethisterone
Ethisterone: 17 alpha-Hydroxypregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one. A synthetic steroid hormone with progestational effects.. ethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 17beta hydrogen is replaced by an ethynyl group. Ethisterone was the first orally active progestin and is a metabolite of danazol.		1.941017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound;
tertiary alcohol		drug metabolite;
progestin
hydrocodone
Hydrocodone: Narcotic analgesic related to CODEINE, but more potent and more addicting by weight. It is used also as cough suppressant.. hydrocodone : A morphinane-like compound that is a semi-synthetic opioid synthesized from codeine.		2.0710morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antitussive;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
hydromorphone
Hydromorphone: An opioid analgesic made from MORPHINE and used mainly as an analgesic. It has a shorter duration of action than morphine.. hydromorphone : A morphinane alkaloid that is a hydrogenated ketone derivative of morphine. A semi-synthetic drug, it is a centrally acting pain medication of the opioid class.		10.1480morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
hydroxystilbamidine
hydroxystilbamidine: minor descriptor (63-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search STILBAMIDINES (66-86); RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
iodopyracet
Iodopyracet: An ionic monomeric contrast medium that was formerly used for a variety of diagnostic procedures. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706). diodone : A 4-pyridone in which the pyridone is iodo-substituted at C-3 and -5 and has a carboxymethyl substituent on nitrogen; used as a radiocontrast agent urography.		2.6530
levetiracetam
Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.		4.2750pyrrolidin-2-onesanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ly 163892
loracarbef: 1-carbacephem antibiotic; has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity; structure given in first source; carbacephems differ from cephalosporins in the substitution of a sulfur atom in the dihydrothiazine ring with a methylene group to form a tetrahydropyridine ring. loracarbef : A synthetic "carba" analogue of cefaclor, with carbon replacing sulfur at position 1. Used to treat a wide range of infections caused by both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.		4.6680carbacephem;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
meprednisone
[no description available]		2.041021-hydroxy steroid
nabilone
nabilone: cannabinol deriv; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		3.2310
nalmefene
nalmefene: RN given refers to 5-alpha isomer		4.5270morphinane alkaloid
nalorphine
Nalorphine: A narcotic antagonist with some agonist properties. It is an antagonist at mu opioid receptors and an agonist at kappa opioid receptors. Given alone it produces a broad spectrum of unpleasant effects and it is considered to be clinically obsolete.		4.750morphinane alkaloid
naloxone
Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.		6.58260morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
oxycodone
Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.. oxycodone : A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain.		10.2590organic heteropentacyclic compound;
semisynthetic derivative		antitussive;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
oxymorphone
Oxymorphone: An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE, apart from an absence of cough suppressant activity. It is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including pain in obstetrics. It may also be used as an adjunct to anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1092)		9.8860morphinane alkaloid
vitamin k 1
Vitamin K 1: A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity.. phylloquinone : A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones.		3.2310phylloquinones;
vitamin K		cofactor;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
acepreval
acepreval: topical steroid used for skin disease therapy		2.0410corticosteroid hormone
proscillaridin
Proscillaridin: A cardiotonic glycoside isolated from Scilla maritima var. alba (Squill).		2.7430organic molecular entity
sirolimus
Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.		4.7950antibiotic antifungal drug;
cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol		antibacterial drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
topiramate
Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.		6.06140cyclic ketal;
ketohexose derivative;
sulfamate ester		anticonvulsant;
sodium channel blocker
trospium chloride
trospium chloride : An organic chloride salt of trospium. It is an antispasmodic drug used for the treatment of overactive bladder.		3.2310
6alpha-hydroxy-17beta-estradiol
6alpha-hydroxy-17beta-estradiol : A 4-hydroxy steroid that consists of 17beta-estradiol bearing an additional 6alpha-hydroxy substituent.		3.1106alpha-hydroxy steroid
brefeldin a
[no description available]		2.9640macrolide antibioticPenicillium metabolite
alvocidib
alvocidib: structure given in first source. alvocidib : A synthetic dihydroxyflavone that is 5,7-dihydroxyflavone which is substituted by a 3-hydroxy-1-methylpiperidin-4-yl group at position 8 and by a chlorine at the 2' position (the (-)-3S,4R stereoisomer). A cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) inhibitor, it has been studied for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia, arthritis and atherosclerotic plaque formation.		3.8330dihydroxyflavone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
seocalcitol
seocalcitol: structure given in first source		2.0510
fenretinide
Fenretinide: A synthetic retinoid that is used orally as a chemopreventive against prostate cancer and in women at risk of developing contralateral breast cancer. It is also effective as an antineoplastic agent.. 4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide : A retinoid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of all-trans retinoic acid and the anilino group of 4-hydroxyaniline. Synthetic retinoid agonist. Antiproliferative, antioxidant and anticancer agent with a long half-life in vivo. Apoptotic effects appear to be mediated by a mechanism distinct from that of 'classical' retinoids.		2.9740monocarboxylic acid amide;
retinoid		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant
topiroxostat
FYX-051: xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor		3.5110
geldanamycin
[no description available]		2.05101,4-benzoquinones;
ansamycin;
carbamate ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
cysteine protease inhibitor;
Hsp90 inhibitor
calcipotriene
[no description available]		2.0210cyclopropanes;
hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane;
secondary alcohol;
triol		antipsoriatic;
drug allergen
morphine
Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.		10.24722morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		anaesthetic;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
pactamycin
Pactamycin: Antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pactum used as an antineoplastic agent. It is also used as a tool in biochemistry because it inhibits certain steps in protein synthesis.		2.0410
demycarosylturimycin h
[no description available]		2.4720
su 9516
[no description available]		2.0510
4-(2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-1-propenyl)benzoic acid
4-(2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-1-propenyl)benzoic acid: RN refers to (E)-isomer; structure given in first source. arotinoid acid : A retinoid that consists of benzoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 2-(5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)prop-1-en-1-yl group. It is a synthetic retinoid that acts as a selective agonist for the retinoic acid receptors (RAR).		2.4420benzoic acids;
naphthalenes;
retinoid		antineoplastic agent;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
teratogenic agent
ter 199
[no description available]		2.0810
ar c67085mx
PSB-0413: a selective antagonist radioligand for platelet P2Y12 receptors		2.0710
l-2-(carboxypropyl)glycine
[no description available]		2.0310
4-aminocrotonic acid
[no description available]		2.4420
acipimox
acipimox: lipolysis inhibitor		2.0810pyrazinecarboxylic acid
anthramycin
[no description available]		2.0410
arachidonylcyclopropylamide
arachidonylcyclopropylamide: a potent and selective agonist of neuronal cannabinoid receptor; structure in first source		2.0810
atosiban
[no description available]		2.0810oligopeptide
benzphetamine
Benzphetamine: A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It is used in the treatment of obesity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1222). benzphetamine : Dextroamphetamine in which the the hydrogens attached to the amino group are substituted by a methyl and a benzyl group. A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to dextroamphetamine, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the treatment of obesity.		3.5920amphetamines;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
appetite depressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
sympathomimetic agent
bimatoprost
Bimatoprost: A cloprostenol-derived amide that is used as an ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT in the treatment of OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.		2.0810monocarboxylic acid amideantiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent
cicaprost
cicaprost: RN given refers to (3aS-(2E,3aalpha,4alpha(3R*,4R*),5beta,6aalpha))-isomer		2.0410monoterpenoid
clobetasol
Clobetasol: A derivative of PREDNISOLONE with high glucocorticoid activity and low mineralocorticoid activity. Absorbed through the skin faster than FLUOCINONIDE, it is used topically in treatment of PSORIASIS but may cause marked adrenocortical suppression.. clobetasol : A 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid that is 16beta-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione bearing hydroxy groups at the 11beta and 17alpha positions, fluorine at position 9, and a chlorine substituent at position 21. It is used as its 17alpha-propionate ester to treat various skin disorders, including exzema and psoriasis.		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
SMO receptor agonist
denopamine
denopamine: structure given in first source		2.730dimethoxybenzene
deamino arginine vasopressin
Deamino Arginine Vasopressin: A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR.		8.08175heterodetic cyclic peptidediagnostic agent;
renal agent;
vasopressin receptor agonist
desoximetasone
Desoximetasone: A topical anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used in DERMATOSES, skin allergies, PSORIASIS, etc.. desoximetasone : Dexamethasone in which the hydroxy group at the 17alpha position is substituted by hydrogen. A synthetic corticosteroid with glucocorticoid activity, it is used as an anti-inflammatory and anti-pruritic in the treatment of various skin disorders, including skin allergies and psoriasis.		2.472011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antipruritic drug
dexmedetomidine
[no description available]		10.541medetomidinealpha-adrenergic agonist;
analgesic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sedative
fluprostenol
fluprostenol: synthetic prostaglandin F 2 alpha analog used as an abortifacient; RN given refers to ((1alpha(Z),2beta(1E,3R*),3alpha,5alpha)-(+-))-isomer. fluprostenol : An organofluorine compound that is racemic prostaglandin F2alpha in which the pentyl group is replaced by a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxymethyl group. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin F2alpha, ophthalmic solutions of its isopropyl ester prodrug, travoprost, are used as a topical medication for controlling the progression of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension, by reducing intraocular pressure. The isopropyl ester group of travoprost is hydrolysed to the biologically active free acid by esterases in the cornea.		1.9610(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
prostaglandins Falpha		abortifacient;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
female contraceptive drug;
prostaglandin receptor agonist
fluticasone
Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis.		4.163111beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
thioester		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug
herbimycin
herbimycin: herbicidal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces sp.; see also herbimycin B; structure for herbimycin A in second source. herbimycin : A 19-membered macrocyle incorporating a benzoquinone ring and a lactam functionality. It is an ansamycin antibiotic that induces apoptosis and displays antitumour effects.		2101,4-benzoquinones;
lactam;
macrocycle		antimicrobial agent;
apoptosis inducer;
herbicide;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
fr 173657
FR 173657: structure given in first source		210
kallidin
Kallidin: A decapeptide bradykinin homolog cleaved from kininogen by kallikreins. It is a smooth-muscle stimulant and hypotensive agent that acts by vasodilatation.		1.9810peptide
goserelin
Goserelin: A synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. Goserelin is used in treatments of malignant NEOPLASMS of the prostate, uterine fibromas, and metastatic breast cancer.		3.2310organic molecular entity
halobetasol
halobetasol: used in ointment to treat psoriasis; Ulobetasol cream contains 0.05% 6-fluoroclobetasol 17-propionate		2.0210corticosteroid hormone
iloprost
Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.		3.2860carbobicyclic compound;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol		platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
l 365260
L 365260: a CCK-B antagonist; structure given in first source; potent & selective CCK-B & gastrin receptor ligand; L 365260 and L 365346 are (R)- and (S)-stereoisomers, respectively		210benzodiazepine
l 655,708
[no description available]		2.4420
lacidipine
[no description available]		4.131cinnamate ester;
tert-butyl ester
latanoprost
Latanoprost: A prostaglandin F analog used to treat OCULAR HYPERTENSION in patients with GLAUCOMA.. latanoprost : A prostaglandin Falpha that is the isopropyl ester prodrug of latanoprost free acid. Used in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.		2.4520isopropyl ester;
prostaglandins Falpha;
triol		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor;
prodrug
ly 320135
LY 320135: cannabinoid receptor antagonist; structure in first source		2.0810benzofurans
cytochalasin b
Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.		3.2360cytochalasin;
lactam;
lactone;
organic heterotricyclic compound		actin polymerisation inhibitor;
metabolite;
mycotoxin;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
ml 10302
2-piperidinoethyl 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoate: structure in first source		2.0510
nalbuphine
Nalbuphine: A narcotic used as a pain medication. It appears to be an agonist at KAPPA RECEPTORS and an antagonist or partial agonist at MU RECEPTORS.		10.1380organic heteropentacyclic compoundmu-opioid receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic
ro 41-1049
Ro 41-1049: structure given in first source		2.0310
nateglinide
Nateglinide: A phenylalanine and cyclohexane derivative that acts as a hypoglycemic agent by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas. It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.. nateglinide : An N-acyl-D-phenylalanine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of D-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of trans-4-isopropylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid. An orally-administered, rapidly-absorbed, short-acting insulinotropic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		4.4260phenylalanine derivative
neurokinin a
Neurokinin A: A mammalian neuropeptide of 10 amino acids that belongs to the tachykinin family. It is similar in structure and action to SUBSTANCE P and NEUROKININ B with the ability to excite neurons, dilate blood vessels, and contract smooth muscles, such as those in the BRONCHI.		4.0631
nf 279
[no description available]		2.0110
pd 123319
PD123319 : An imidazopyridine consisting of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine having 4-(dimethylamino)-3-methylbenzyl, diphenylacetyl and carboxy and groups at positions 1, 5 and 6 respectively		2.6930imidazopyridineangiotensin receptor antagonist;
endothelin receptor antagonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
11-dehydrocorticosterone
11-dehydrocorticosterone : An 11-oxo steroid that is corticosterone in which the hydroxy substituent at the 11beta position has been oxidised to give the corresponding ketone.		1.981011-oxo steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
corticosteroid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
calyculin a
calyculin A: RN given refers to (5S-(5alpha(2R*(1S*,3S*,4S*,5R*,6R*,7E,9E,11E,13Z),3R*),7beta(E(S*)),*beta,9alpha))-isomer		2.4220
pd 166285
[no description available]		2.0810
rimexolone
[no description available]		2.021020-oxo steroid
sb 200646a
[no description available]		2.4420
sb 223412
SB 223412: SB-223412 is the (S)-(-)-isomer; RN given for (S)-isomer; structure in first source		2.0710
seglitide
seglitide: more potent than somatostatin for inhibition of insulin, glucagon & growth hormone release; used experimentally in treatment of Alzheimer's disease; somatostatin receptor antagonist		2.4420
sib 1893
SIB 1893: a selective mGluR5 antagonist; structure in first source		2.0310
sq 29548
SQ 29548: SQ-26538 is the ((1S-1alpha,2beta(5Z),3beta(1E,3R*),4alpha))-isomer; thromboxane A2 antagonist; thromboxane receptor antagonist		1.9610
stiripentol
stiripentol: structure		2.1310
vinorelbine
[no description available]		4.6580acetate ester;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
ring assembly;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
zuclopenthixol
zuclopenthixol : The (Z)-isomer of clopenthixol.		210clopenthixolalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
cl 316243
disodium (R,R)-5-(2-((2-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-amino)propyl)-1,3-benzodioxole-2,3-dicarboxylate: structure given in first source		2.0110
silodosin
silodosin: an alpha(1a)-adrenoceptor-selective antagonist; structure given in first source		3.2310indolecarboxamide
kn 62
KN 62: inhibitor of Ca/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II		2.0810piperazines
su 6656
SU 6656: a c-Src kinase inhibitor; used to probe growth signaling; structure in first source. SU6656 : A member of the class of oxindoles that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which the hydrogeh at position 5 has been replaced by a dimethylaminosulfonyl group and in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group has been replaced by a 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-indol-2-yl group. It is a specific inhibitor of Src family kinase.		2.7430
cinnamyl alcohol
cinnamyl alcohol: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. (E)-cinnamyl alcohol : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamyl alcohol.. cinnamyl alcohol : A primary alcohol comprising an allyl core with a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position and a phenyl substituent at the 3-position (geometry of the C=C bond unspecified).		3.110cinnamyl alcoholplant metabolite
kaempferol 3-o-rhamnoside
kaempferol 3-O-rhamnoside: from apple (Malus domestica) leaves; structure in first source. afzelin : A glycosyloxyflavone that is kaempferol attached to an alpha-L-rhamnosyl residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.2510glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative;
trihydroxyflavone		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
plant metabolite
irisquinone
irisquinone: from seeds of Iris pallasii Iridaceae; RN given refers to (Z)-isomer		2.0410
licochalcone a
licochalcone A: has both anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic activities; structure given in first source; isolated from root of Glycyrrhiza inflata; RN given refers to (E)-isomer		2.4620chalcones
furazolidone
[no description available]		2.9840
fluvoxamine
Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.		4.85100(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
ag 538
AG 538: an IGF-1 receptor kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0510
tyrphostin ag 555
[no description available]		2.4420
tyrphostin ag-494
AG 494: tyrphostin that blocks Cdk2 activation; structure in first source		2.0310
tyrphostin b44
tyrphostin B44: inhibits protein kinases; an analog of tyrphostin B46; B44(+) is B50, and is the stereoisomer of B44(-)		2.4420
ag-490
[no description available]		2.4420catechols;
enamide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile;
secondary carboxamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
STAT3 inhibitor
ag 112
[no description available]		2.4420
ag 183
AG 183: structure given in first source		2.4420
bosutinib
4-((2,4-dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)amino)-6-methoxy-7-(3-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)propoxy)-3-quinolinecarbonitrile: a Src kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		3.7120aminoquinoline;
aromatic ether;
dichlorobenzene;
N-methylpiperazine;
nitrile;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
semaxinib
semaxanib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethylpyrrol-2-yl group.		2.9740olefinic compound;
oxindoles;
pyrroles		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
orantinib
orantinib: an antiangiogenic agent. orantinib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is substituted by a 2-(2-carboxyethyl)-3,5-dimethylpyrrol-3-yl group. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase activity of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1.		2.0510
su 11248
[no description available]		4.9660monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrroles		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
neuroprotective agent;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
palbociclib
[no description available]		2.0810aminopyridine;
aromatic ketone;
cyclopentanes;
piperidines;
pyridopyrimidine;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
jnj-7706621
[no description available]		2.0810sulfonamide
mitoguazone
Mitoguazone: Antineoplastic agent effective against myelogenous leukemia in experimental animals. Also acts as an inhibitor of animal S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase.. mitoguazone : A hydrazone obtained by formal condensation of the two carbonyl groups of methylglyoxal with the primary amino groups of two molecules of aminoguanidine.		2.4520guanidines;
hydrazone		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 4.1.1.50 (adenosylmethionine decarboxylase) inhibitor
stilbamidine
stilbamidine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.7430
romidepsin
depsipeptide : A natural or synthetic compound having a sequence of amino and hydroxy carboxylic acid residues (usually alpha-amino and alpha-hydroxy acids), commonly but not necessarily regularly alternating.		2.0410cyclodepsipeptide;
heterocyclic antibiotic;
organic disulfide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
lead
Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.		6.09350carbon group element atom;
elemental lead;
metal atom		neurotoxin
sulindac sulfide
sulindac sulfide: sulfated analog of indomethacin & inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis in vitro; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source. sulindac sulfide : An aryl sulfide that is a metabolite of sulindac. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, which also has anticancer activity.		3.3511aryl sulfide;
monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid
12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid: A lipoxygenase metabolite of ARACHIDONIC ACID. It is a highly selective ligand used to label mu-opioid receptors in both membranes and tissue sections. The 12-S-HETE analog has been reported to augment tumor cell metastatic potential through activation of protein kinase C. (J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995; 274(3):1545-51; J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86(15):1145-51)		2.730
8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine
8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine: adenosine antagonist. 8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine : Caffeine substituted at its 8-position by an (E)-3-chlorostyryl group.		2.4420monochlorobenzenes;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
bay 11-7085
BAY11-7085 : A sulfone that is benzene substituted by [(E)-2-cyanoethenyl]sulfonyl and tert-butyl groups at position 1 and 4, respectively. It is an irreversible inhibitor of IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in cells (IC50 = 10 muM) and prevents the activation of NF-kappaB.		2.4420benzenes;
nitrile;
sulfone		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
bw b70c
BW B70C: arachidonic acid antagonist. BW B70C : A hydroxamic acid that is urea in which both the hydrogens attached to one of the nitrogens are replaced by a hydroxy and a (1E)-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)phenyl]but-1-en-3-yl group. A selective inhibitor of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase, it can be used for the treatment of asthma.		2.0510aromatic ether;
hydroxamic acid;
organofluorine compound;
ureas		EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is N-isopropylindole which is substituted at position 3 by a p-fluorophenyl group and at position 2 by a 6-carboxy-3,5-dihydroxyhex-1-en-1-yl group. It has four possible diastereoisomers.		5.35170dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
indoles;
organofluorine compound
molsidomine
[no description available]		2.7530ethyl ester;
morpholines;
oxadiazole;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
diamide
Diamide: A sulfhydryl reagent which oxidizes sulfhydryl groups to the disulfide form. It is a radiation-sensitizing agent of anoxic bacterial and mammalian cells.		2.03101,1'-azobis(N,N-dimethylformamide)
oxiconazole
oxiconazole: RN given refers to parent cpd(Z)-isomer; structure given in first source. oxiconazole : An oxime O-ether that is the 2,4-dichlorobenzyl ether of the oxime obtained by formal condensation of hydroxylamine with the carbonyl group of acetopnenone in which the phenyl group is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 4, and in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by a 1H-imidazol-1-yl group. An antifungal agent, it is used (generally as the nitrate salt) in creams and powders for the topical treatment of fungal skin infections.		2.0210conazole antifungal drug;
dichlorobenzene;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
oxime O-ether		antiinfective agent
15-hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid
15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid: A stable prostaglandin endoperoxide analog which serves as a thromboxane mimetic. Its actions include mimicking the hydro-osmotic effect of VASOPRESSIN and activation of TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983;224(1): 108-117; Biochem J 1984;222(1):103-110)		2.420
cesium
Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.		3.3770alkali metal atom
octylmethoxycinnamate
[no description available]		2.4620cinnamate ester
barium
Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.		11.4550alkaline earth metal atom;
elemental barium
rubidium
Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.		6.941140alkali metal atom
nomifensine maleate
[no description available]		2.4420
codeine phosphate
[no description available]		2.110
aluminum
Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.		7.8840boron group element atom;
elemental aluminium;
metal atom
levorphanol
Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection.		4.0520morphinane alkaloid
levallorphan
Levallorphan: An opioid antagonist with properties similar to those of NALOXONE; in addition it also possesses some agonist properties. It should be used cautiously; levallorphan reverses severe opioid-induced respiratory depression but may exacerbate respiratory depression such as that induced by alcohol or other non-opioid central depressants. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p683)		2.3920morphinane alkaloid
dihydromorphine
Dihydromorphine: A semisynthetic analgesic used in the study of narcotic receptors.		2.4620morphinane alkaloid
thallium
Thallium: A heavy, bluish white metal, atomic number 81, atomic weight [204.382; 204.385], symbol Tl.. thallium : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant green line in its flame spectrum (from Greek thetaalphalambdalambdaomicronsigma, a green shoot).		4.21180boron group element atom
arsenic
Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		5.27190metalloid atom;
pnictogen		micronutrient
naltrexone
Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.		6.17170cyclopropanes;
morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
environmental contaminant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
morphine-6-glucuronide
morphine-6-glucuronide: RN given refers to (5alpha,6alpha)-isomer		4.0540morphinane alkaloid
dextromethorphan
Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.		5.94716-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthreneantitussive;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
oneirogen;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
nalbuphine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420hydrochloride
gallium
Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72.. gallium atom : A metallic element predicted as eka-aluminium by Mendeleev in 1870 and discovered by Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Named in honour of France (Latin Gallia) and perhaps also from the Latin gallus cock, a translation of Lecoq.		4.8621boron group element atom
butorphanol
Butorphanol: A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.. butorphanol : Levorphanol in which a hydrogen at position 14 of the morphinan skeleton is substituted by hydroxy and one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl. A semi-synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic, it is used as its (S,S)-tartaric acid salt for relief or moderate to severe pain.		9.92110morphinane alkaloidantitussive;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
cefodizime
cefodizime: RN given refers to (6R-(6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer. cefodizime : A cephalosporin compound having 5-(carboxymethyl)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		2.93401,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor
methylnaltrexone
methylnaltrexone: RN given refers to parent cpd(5alpha)-isomer		2.0410phenanthrenes
cefixime
[no description available]		5.02120cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
delapril
delapril: RN refers to HCl; structure given in first source		1.9810peptide
lisinopril
Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		9.23404dipeptideEC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
benazepril
benazepril: structure given in first source. benazepril : A benzazepine that is benazeprilat in which the carboxy group of the 2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid moiety has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester. It is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a prodrug for the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor benazeprilat in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.		7.61163benzazepine;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
lactam		EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
ramipril
Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles.		9.43310azabicycloalkane;
cyclopentapyrrole;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester		bradykinin receptor B2 agonist;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor;
prodrug
candoxatril
candoxatril : The 2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-5-yl ester of the active enantiomer of candoxatrilat. Candoxatril is an orally active prodrug of candoxatrilat, a potent neutral endopeptidase (NEP, neprilysin) inhibitor used in the treatment of chronic heart failure.		4.3522
verteporfin
(2R,2(1)S)-8-ethenyl-2(1),2(2)-bis(methoxycarbonyl)-17-(3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl)-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13-propanoic acid : The 2(1),2(2),17-trimethyl ester of (2R,2(1)S)-2(1),2(2)-dicarboxy-8-ethenyl-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13,17-dipropanoic acid.		3.2310
indinavir sulfate
Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.		5.35170dicarboxylic acid diamide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
piperazinecarboxamide		HIV protease inhibitor
sulfur
Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.		3.1450chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		macronutrient
zimeldine
Zimeldine: One of the SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS formerly used for depression but was withdrawn worldwide in September 1983 because of the risk of GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME associated with its use. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p385)		4.4360styrenes
piperic acid
piperinic acid: from Piper longum; structure in first source. (E,E)-piperic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is (E)-penta-2,4-dienoic acid substituted by a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl group at position 5. It has been isolated from black pepper (Piper nigrum).		2.0510alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
benzodioxoles		plant metabolite
isoalloxazine
isoalloxazine: structure		2.0310benzo[g]pteridine-2,4-dione
7-hydroxymethotrexate
[no description available]		1.9710folic acids
3,3',4,5'-tetramethoxy-trans-stilbene
(E)-3,4,3',5'-tetramethoxystilbene: from the leaves of Eugenia rigida; structure in first source		3.5110
enalapril maleate
enalapril maleate : The maleic acid salt of enalapril. It contains one molecule of maleic acid for each molecule of enalapril. Following oral administration, the ethyl ester group of enalapril is hydrolysed to afford the corresponding carboxylic acid, enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. Enalapril is thus a prodrug for enalaprilat (which, unlike enalapril, is not absorbed by mouth), and its maleate is used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients.		2.7630maleate saltantihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
enalapril
Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).		13.611517dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
prodrug
vinblastine sulfate
[no description available]		2.9640
nitrofurazone
Nitrofurazone: A topical anti-infective agent effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is used for superficial WOUNDS AND INJURIES and skin infections. Nitrofurazone has also been administered orally in the treatment of TRYPANOSOMIASIS.. nitrofurazone : A semicarbazone resulting from the formal condensation of semicarbazide with 5-nitrofuraldehyde. A broad spectrum antibacterial drug, although with little activity against Pseudomonas species, it is used as a local application for burns, ulcers, wounds and skin infections.		2.9940
trientine hydrochloride
[no description available]		3.8630
n-methylscopolamine bromide
scopolamine methobromide : A quaternary ammonium salt resulting from the reaction of the amino group of scopolamine with methyl bromide.		3.5720
cisplatin
[no description available]		2.0810diamminedichloroplatinumantineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
cross-linking reagent;
ferroptosis inducer;
genotoxin;
mutagen;
nephrotoxin;
photosensitizing agent
fumarates
Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)		3.921butenedioate;
C4-dicarboxylate		human metabolite;
metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
bleomycin
[no description available]		3.5920bleomycinantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
cysteine
Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.		6.88122cysteiniumfundamental metabolite
silicon
Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].		7.7730carbon group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom
phosphorus
Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.		8.34542monoatomic phosphorus;
nonmetal atom;
pnictogen		macronutrient
boron
Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.		2.1710boron group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
heroin
Heroin: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed). heroin : A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses.		2.8740morphinane alkaloidmu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
prodrug
dextromethorphan hydrobromide
dextromethorphan hydrobromide : The hydrobromide and monohydrate of the antitussive drug dextromethorphan.		2.9640hydrate;
hydrobromide
indinavir sulfate
[no description available]		2.0510azaheterocycle sulfate salt
enalaprilat anhydrous
Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.. enalaprilat dihydrate : The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.. enalaprilat (anhydrous) : Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate.		7.53232dicarboxylic acid;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
normorphine
normorphine: RN given refers to (5 alpha,6 alpha)-isomer		3.5420morphinane alkaloid
naloxone hydrochloride
naloxone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride resulting from the formal reaction of equimolar amounts of naloxone and hydrogen chloride. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.		2.0310hydrochlorideantidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
imidapril
imidapril: structure given in first source. imidapril : A member of the class of imidazolidines that is (4S)-1-methyl-2-oxoimidazolidine-4-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the imidazolidine nitrogen has been substituted by (1S)-1-{[(2S)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl]amino}ethyl group. It is the prodrug for imidaprilat, an ACE inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic heart failure.		2.4920dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester;
imidazolidines;
N-acylurea;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
s-trans,trans-farnesylthiosalicylic acid
farnesylthiosalicylic acid: structure in first source		2.4420sesquiterpenoid
sulindac sulfone
sulindac sulfone: inhibits K-ras-dependent cyclooxygenase-2; sulfated analog of indomethacin;; CP248 is an antineoplastic agent that fosters microtubule depolymerization; structure in first source. sulindac sulfone : A sulfone metabolite of sulindac that inhibits cell growth by inducing apoptosis independently of cyclooxygenase inhibition. It inhibits the development and induces regression of premalignant adenomatous polyps. Lipoxygenase and Cox-2 inhibitor.		2.7330monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfone		apoptosis inducer;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor
pepstatin
pepstatin: inhibits the aspartic protease endothiapepsin		2.940pentapeptide;
secondary carboxamide		bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.4.23.* (aspartic endopeptidase) inhibitor
ximelagatran
ximelagatran: prodrug (via hydroxylation) of melagatran & a direct thrombin inhibitor; liver toxicity concerns so AZD0837 being developed to replace this. ximelagatran : A member of the class of azetidines that is melagatran in which the carboxylic acid group has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester and in which the amidine group has been converted into the corresponding amidoxime. A prodrug for melagatran, ximelagatran was the first orally available direct thrombin inhibitor to be brought to market as an anticoagulant, but was withdrawn in 2006 following reports of it causing liver damage.		4.0840amidoxime;
azetidines;
carboxamide;
ethyl ester;
hydroxylamines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary carboxamide		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
prodrug;
serine protease inhibitor
cefuroxime
[no description available]		5.031203-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin;
furans;
oxime O-ether		drug allergen
ceftriaxone
[no description available]		5.291601,2,4-triazines;
1,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
cefepime
Cefepime: A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. It is effective against PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA and may also be used in the empiric treatment of FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA.. cefepime : A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		4.460cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug
hr 810
cefpirome: structure in first source. cefpirome : A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having 6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[b]pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		2.0410cephalosporin;
cyclopentapyridine
pafuramidine
pafuramidine: a prodrug of furamidine		3.5920
norbinaltorphimine
norbinaltorphimine: kappa opiate receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		2.0710isoquinolines
ceftazidime
[no description available]		4.85100cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
ici 118551
ICI 118551: RN given refers to (R*,R*)-(+-)-isomer; structure in first source; ICI 111581 is hydrochloride of ICI 118551. ICI 118551 : An indane substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 4 by a 3-(isopropylamino)-2-hydroxybutoxy group (the 2R,3S-diastereomer).		1.9910aromatic ether;
indanes;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic antagonist
trandolapril
trandolapril : A heterobicylic compound that is (2S,3aR,7aS)-1-[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the amino group is substituted by a (2R)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group. It is a angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a prodrug used for the treatment of hypertension.		4.6780dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
morphine-3-glucuronide
morphine-3-glucuronide: RN given refers to (5alpha,6alpha)-isomer		3.5520morphinane alkaloid
naltrexone hydrochloride
naltrexone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of oxycodone with one molar equivalent of hydrochloric acid. it is a mu-opioid receptor antagonist that is used to treat alcohol dependence.		2.4420hydrochlorideantidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
enkephalin, ala(2)-mephe(4)-gly(5)-
Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-: An enkephalin analog that selectively binds to the MU OPIOID RECEPTOR. It is used as a model for drug permeability experiments.		2.4320
lespenefril
lespenefril: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. kaempferol 3,7-di-O-alpha-L-rhamnoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is kaempferol attached to alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl residues at positions 3 and 7 respectively via glycosidic linkages. It has been isolated from the aerial parts of Vicia faba and Lotus edulis.		7.3820alpha-L-rhamnoside;
dihydroxyflavone;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
bone density conservation agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
immunomodulator;
plant metabolite
strontium radioisotopes
Strontium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of strontium that decay or disintegrate spontaneously emitting radiation. Sr 80-83, 85, and 89-95 are radioactive strontium isotopes.		2.4220
troxerutin
troxerutin: used in treatment of venous disorders; structure; venoruton & oxerutin is a mixture of hydroxyethyl rutinosides		1.9610
naltrindole benzofuran
naltrindole benzofuran: structure given in first source		3.110morphinane alkaloid
pregabalin
Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.		3.6120gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker
tiotropium
tiotropium : A quaternary ammonium ion obtained by methylation of the tertiary amino group of (1alpha,2beta,4beta,5alpha,7beta)-7-[(hydroxydi-2-thienylacetyl)oxy]-9-methyl-3-oxa-9-azoniatricyclo[3.3.1.0(2,4)]nonane. Used (in the form of the bromide hydrate) for maintenance treatment of airflow obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.		2.0710
cefetamet
cefetamet: active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae; structure given in first source. cefetamet : A cephalosporin compound having methyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side-groups; a cephalosporin antibiotic active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae.		2.7430cephalosporin
alvimopan anhydrous
alvimopan: mu opioid receptor antagonist; intended to treat constipation in patients taking opiates for pain		3.6120peptide
oxyfedrine
Oxyfedrine: A drug used in the treatment of angina pectoris, heart failure, conduction defects, and myocardial infarction. It is a partial agonist at beta adrenergic receptors and acts as a coronary vasodilator and cardiotonic agent.		2.4620aromatic ketone
guanylin
guanylin: from rat jejunum; contains 15 amino acids; activator of intestinal guanylate cyclase; stimulates this enzyme through the same receptor binding region as the heat-stable enterotoxins; amino acid sequence given in first source; GenBank Z73607 (pig)		1.9810
aliskiren
aliskiren: orally active nonpeptidic renin inhibitor. aliskiren : A monomethoxybenzene compound having a 3-methoxypropoxy group at the 2-position and a multi-substituted branched alkyl substituent at the 4-position.		9.9621monocarboxylic acid amide;
monomethoxybenzene		antihypertensive agent
vx680
[no description available]		2.0810N-arylpiperazine
naltrindole
naltrindole: delta opioid receptor antagonist		3.5120isoquinolines
guanabenz acetate
[no description available]		2.7430dichlorobenzenegeroprotector
guanabenz
Guanabenz: An alpha-2 selective adrenergic agonist used as an antihypertensive agent.		3.82110dichlorobenzene
nylidrin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420alkylbenzene
triprolidine hydrochloride anhydrous
triprolidine hydrochloride (anh.) : A hydrochloride resulting from the formal reaction of equimolar amounts of triprolidine and hydrogen chloride. Its monohydrate is used for the symptomatic relief of uticaria, rhinitis, and various pruritic skin disorders.		2.4420hydrochlorideH1-receptor antagonist
famotidine
[no description available]		5.632301,3-thiazoles;
guanidines;
sulfonamide		anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
fenoterol
fenoterol hydrobromide : The hydrobromide salt of fenoterol. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.		2.7430hydrobromidebeta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent
tiapridex
Tiapride Hydrochloride: A benzamide derivative that is used as a dopamine antagonist.		2.0310benzamides
quipazine maleate
[no description available]		2.4420
n-(2-aminoethyl)-4-chlorobenzamide hydrochloride
Ro 16-6491: structure given in first source		2.0310
tulobuterol hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420organic molecular entity
hp 029
[no description available]		2.4420
bafilomycin a
[no description available]		2.110
abscisic acid
Abscisic Acid: Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.. (S)-2-trans-abscisic acid : A 2-trans-abscisic acid with (S)-configuration at the chiral centre.. (+)-abscisic acid : The naturally occurring (1'S)-(+) enantiomer of abscisic acid. It is an important sesquiterpenoid plant hormone which acts as a regulator of plant responses to environmental stresses such as drought and cold.		3.01202-trans-abscisic acid
25-hydroxyvitamin d 2
25-Hydroxyvitamin D 2: 9,10-Secoergosta-5,7,10(19),22-tetraene-3,25-diol. Biologically active metabolite of vitamin D2 which is more active in curing rickets than its parent. The compound is believed to attach to the same receptor as vitamin D2 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3.		1.9910hydroxycalciol;
seco-ergostane;
vitamin D		bone density conservation agent;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
nutraceutical
cefotaxime
Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.		4.981201,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
aztreonam
[no description available]		5.09130beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
monobactam		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
nw 1029
Ralfinamide: Sodium Channel Blocker; structure in first source		2.0710
n,n,n-trimethyl-1-(4-stilbenoxy)-2-propylammonium iodide
[no description available]		2.0310
1,2-dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine
1,2-dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine: RN given refers to (E,E)-isomer; member of a class of cationic lipid formulations called cytofectins		2.110
6-(bromomethylene)tetrahydro-3-(1-naphthaleneyl)-2h-pyran-2-one
6-(bromomethylene)tetrahydro-3-(1-naphthaleneyl)-2H-pyran-2-one: structure given in first source; potent irreversible, mechanism-based inhibitor of myocardial calcium-independent phospholipase A2		2.4420naphthalenes
nf023
[no description available]		2.0310
nf 449
[no description available]		2.4420
magnesium citrate
magnesium citrate : A magnesium salt composed of magnesium and dibasic citrate ions in a 1:1 ratio.. trimagnesium dicitrate : A magnesium salt composed of magnesium and citrate ions in a 3:2 ratio.		210magnesium saltlaxative
ajmaline
Ajmaline: An alkaloid found in the root of RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA, among other plant sources. It is a class 1-A antiarrhythmic agent that apparently acts by changing the shape and threshold of cardiac action potentials.. ajmaline : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that consists of ajmalan substituted at positions 17 and 21 by hydroxy groups.		1.9410
7-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-phenyl-1,8-naphthyridine
[no description available]		2.4420
4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid
4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid: An inhibitor of anion conductance including band 3-mediated anion transport.		8.411030
gr 46611
GR 46611: known to lower body temperature in guinea pigs		2.0310
proguanil
Proguanil: A biguanide compound which metabolizes in the body to form cycloguanil, an anti-malaria agent.. proguanil : A biguanide compound which has isopropyl and p-chlorophenyl substituents on the terminal N atoms. A prophylactic antimalarial drug, it works by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which is involved in the reproduction of the malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax within the red blood cells.		4.0540biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
cci 15641
[no description available]		2.9540cephalosporin
rifamycin sv
rifamycin SV: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #8009. rifamycin SV : A member of the class of rifamycins that exhibits antibiotic and antitubercular properties.		2.9940acetate ester;
cyclic ketal;
lactam;
macrocycle;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
polyphenol;
rifamycins		antimicrobial agent;
antitubercular agent;
bacterial metabolite
ginkgolide b
[no description available]		2.4520
ro 42-5892
remikiren : An L-histidine derivative that is L-histidine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a (2S)-2-[(2-methylpropane-2-sulfonyl)methyl]-3-phenylpropanoyl group and the carboxy group is replaced by a [(2S,3R,4S)-1-cyclohexyl-4-cyclopropyl-3,4-dihydroxybutan-2-yl]amino group. It is a renin inhibitor which was under development for the treatment of hypertension (now discontinued).		3.1250cyclopropanes;
diol;
L-histidine derivative;
secondary carboxamide;
sulfone		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.23.15 (renin) inhibitor;
peptidomimetic;
vasodilator agent
saralasin
Saralasin: An octapeptide analog of angiotensin II (bovine) with amino acids 1 and 8 replaced with sarcosine and alanine, respectively. It is a highly specific competitive inhibitor of angiotensin II that is used in the diagnosis of HYPERTENSION.		6.54380oligopeptide
tetrodotoxin
Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.		4.51240azatetracycloalkane;
oxatetracycloalkane;
quinazoline alkaloid		animal metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
marine metabolite;
neurotoxin;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
selenium
Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.		1.9710chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
ceftiofur
[no description available]		2.0410
oxalates
Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.		4.95120
cefpodoxime
[no description available]		3.5620carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
palonosetron
Palonosetron: Isoquinoline and quinuclidine derivative that acts as a 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used in the prevention of nausea and vomiting induced by cytotoxic chemotherapy, and for the prevention of post-operative nausea and vomiting.. palonosetron : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is an antiemetic used (as its hydrochloride salt) in combination with netupitant (under the trade name Akynzeo) to treat nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy.		3.5820azabicycloalkane;
delta-lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antiemetic;
serotonergic antagonist
epoprostenol sodium
[no description available]		2.0510prostanoid
tenofovir disoproxil fumarate
tenofovir disoproxil fumarate : A fumarate salt prepared from equimolar amounts of tenofovir disoproxil and fumaric acid. It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.		2.0810fumarate saltantiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
diacetylmonoxime
diacetylmonoxime: used diagnostically for determining urea in blood; structure; myosin ATPase antagonist. diacetylmonoxime : A ketoxime obtained via formal condensation of butane-2,3-dione with hydroxylamine. It is a reversible myosin ATPase inhibitor.		2.0310
cefatrizine
Cefatrizine: Orally active semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with broad-spectrum activity.. cefatrizine : A cephalosporin compound having (1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-ylsulfanyl)methyl and [(2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)]acetamido side-groups. An antibacterial drug first prepared in the 1970s, it has more recently been found to be an inhibitor of eukaryotic elongation factor-2 kinase (eEF2K), which is known to regulate apoptosis, autophagy and ER stress in many types of human cancers.		3.3160amino acid amide;
carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin;
phenols;
semisynthetic derivative;
triazoles		antibacterial drug;
EC 2.7.11.20 (elongation factor 2 kinase) inhibitor
d 4476
[no description available]		2.0810imidazoles
homatropine hydrobromide, (endo-(+-)-isomer)
[no description available]		2.4420
dihydroergotoxine
Dihydroergotoxine: A mixture of three different hydrogenated derivatives of ERGOTAMINE: DIHYDROERGOCORNINE; DIHYDROERGOCRISTINE; and DIHYDROERGOCRYPTINE. Dihydroergotoxine has been proposed to be a neuroprotective agent and a nootropic agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic actions is not clear, but it can act as an alpha-adrenergic antagonist and a dopamine agonist. The methanesulfonate salts of this mixture of alkaloids are called ERGOLOID MESYLATES.		3.9740
enclomiphene citrate
[no description available]		2.0510
vancomycin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
moxisylyte hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310monoterpenoid
dizocilpine maleate
Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.		3.1350maleate salt;
tetracyclic antidepressant		anaesthetic;
anticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist
antimycin a
Antimycin A: An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). antimycin A : A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison.		2.3720amidobenzoic acid
cyc 116
4-methyl-5-(2-(4-morpholinophenylamino)pyrimidin-4-yl)thiazol-2-amine: an aurora kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0810
diphenoxylate hydrochloride
diphenoxylate hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenoxylate.		2.4620hydrochlorideantidiarrhoeal drug
eniporide
eniporide: inhibits NHE-1 isoform; structure in first source		2.0410
robenacoxib
robenacoxib: an NSAID, COX-2 inhibitor, and analgesic. robenacoxib : An aromatic amino acid that is 2-amino-5-ethylphenylacetic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl group. A selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor that is used in veterinary medicine for the relief of pain and inflammation in cats and dogs.		2.5320aromatic amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
phenylacetic acids;
secondary amino compound		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
bay 19-8004
BAY 19-8004: a PDE4 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0810
beta-aminopropionitrile fumarate
beta-aminopropionitrile fumarate: RN given refers to unspecified fumarate		2.0310
dexbrompheniramine maleate
dexbrompheniramine maleate : The maleic acid salt of the (pharmacologically active) (S)-(+)-enantiomer of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		2.0810brompheniramine maleateanti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
mg 624
triethyl-(beta-4-stilbenoxyethyl)ammonium: inhibits alpha7 nicotinic receptors; structure in first source		2.0510
hygromycin a
hygromycin A: a cinnamide derivative produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus; structure differs from HYGROMYCIN B		1.9810hydroxycinnamic acidmetabolite
bongkrekic acid
Bongkrekic Acid: An antibiotic produced by Pseudomonas cocovenenans. It is an inhibitor of MITOCHONDRIAL ADP, ATP TRANSLOCASES. Specifically, it blocks adenine nucleotide efflux from mitochondria by enhancing membrane binding.. bongkrekic acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is docosa-2,4,8,10,14,18,20-heptaenedioic acid substituted at positions 2 ,5 and 17 by methyl groups, at positions 6 by a methoxy group and at position 20 by a carboxymethyl group. It is produced by the bacterium Burkholderia gladioli and implicated in outbreaks of food-borne illness involving coconut and corn-based products in Indonesia and China.		2.0410ether;
olefinic compound;
tricarboxylic acid		apoptosis inhibitor;
ATP/ADP translocase inhibitor;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
toxin
flupirtine
[no description available]		2.4420
tiacrilast
tiacrilast: structure given in first source		2.4620
cilastatin
[no description available]		2.7330carboxamide;
L-cysteine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organic sulfide		EC 3.4.13.19 (membrane dipeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
zimelidine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
ozolinone
ozolinone: active metabolite of etozolin; RN refers to (Z)-isomer; structure in first source		5.05101
rifaximin
[no description available]		3.6120acetate ester;
cyclic ketal;
lactam;
macrocycle;
organic heterohexacyclic compound;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative		antimicrobial agent;
gastrointestinal drug;
orphan drug
bafilomycin a1
bafilomycin A1: from Streptomyces griseus; structure given in first source. bafilomycin A1 : The most used of the bafilomycins, a family of toxic macrolide antibiotics derived from Streptomyces griseus.		2.420cyclic hemiketal;
macrolide antibiotic;
oxanes		apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inhibitor;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.14 (H(+)-transporting two-sector ATPase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
fungicide;
potassium ionophore;
toxin
ergonovine maleate
ergometrine maleate : A maleate salt resulting form the reaction of equimolar amounts of maleic acid and ergometrine. It is used in the active management of the third stage of labour, and to prevent or treat postpartum of postabortal haemorrhage caused by uterine atony: by maintaining uterine contraction and tone, blood vessels in the uterine wall are compressed and blood flow reduced.		2.4620maleate saltdiagnostic agent;
oxytocic
sibiromycin
[no description available]		2.0410aminoglycoside antibiotic;
hemiaminal;
phenols;
pyrrolobenzodiazepine		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
2-methyl-3-(4-(3-pyridinylmethyl)phenyl)-2-propenoic acid
2-methyl-3-(4-(3-pyridinylmethyl)phenyl)-2-propenoic acid: RN refers to (E)-isomer		1.9610
concanamycin a
concanamycin A: from Streptomyces diastatochromogenes S-45; inhibits vacuolar H+ ATPase. concanamycin A : A concanamycin in which the lactone ring contains 4 double bonds and is substituted by 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxy groups, 2 methoxy groups and an ethyl group.		2.0310carbamate ester;
concanamycin		antifungal agent;
EC 3.6.3.14 (H(+)-transporting two-sector ATPase) inhibitor;
metabolite
bis(1,3-dibutylbarbiturate)trimethine oxonol
bis(1,3-dibutylbarbiturate)trimethine oxonol: fluorescent probe for membrane potentials		210
ici d1542
ICI D1542: redirects arachidonic acid metabolism; an inhibitor of thromboxane A2 synthetase and of thromboxane receptors		2.0710
disufenton sodium
disufenton sodium: a nitrone benzene bissulfonate in development for stroke; has neuroprotective activity; structure in first source		3.4111
everolimus
[no description available]		3.6120cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
mycophenolic acid glucuronide
[no description available]		2.0210
trk 820
TRK 820: structure in first source		2.4110phenanthrenes
ixabepilone
[no description available]		3.86301,3-thiazoles;
beta-hydroxy ketone;
epoxide;
lactam;
macrocycle		antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent
pregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dione, (17z)-isomer
[no description available]		2.4420
ganglioside, gd2
[no description available]		210
gavestinel
[no description available]		2.4520
axitinib
[no description available]		2.0810aryl sulfide;
benzamides;
indazoles;
pyridines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
pai 039
tiplaxtinin: inhibitor of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1		2.0810indole-3-acetic acids
su 4312
SU4312 : A member of the class of oxindoles that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group has been replaced by a p-(dimethylamino)phenyl group. SU 4312 is a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor protein tyrosine kinase 1/2 and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor inhibitor. It also inhibits the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and exhibits neuroprotection against NO-mediated neurotoxicity.		2.4420
rilpivirine
[no description available]		3.5110aminopyrimidine;
nitrile		EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
technetium tc 99m pyrophosphate
Technetium Tc 99m Pyrophosphate: A radionuclide imaging agent used primarily in scintigraphy or tomography of the heart to evaluate the extent of the necrotic myocardial process. It has also been used in noninvasive tests for the distribution of organ involvement in different types of amyloidosis and for the evaluation of muscle necrosis in the extremities.		1.9610
19-hydroxycholesterol
19-hydroxycholesterol: structure given in first source		3.110cholestanoid
dirithromycin
[no description available]		2.0210macrolide antibioticprodrug
beta-escin
Escin: Pentacyclic triterpene saponins, biosynthesized from protoaescigenin and barringtogenol, occurring in the seeds of AESCULUS. It inhibits edema formation and decreases vascular fragility.		1.9510triterpenoid saponin
nifuroxime
5-nitro-2-furaldehyde oxime: structure in first source		2.4420
azlocillin
Azlocillin: A semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin.. azlocillin : A semisynthetic penicillin having a 6beta-{(2R)-2-[(2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carbonyl)amino]-2-phenylacetyl}amino side-group. It is an antibiotic used in treating infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae.		2.9740penicillin allergen;
penicillin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
verlukast
verlukast: LTD4 receptor antagonist		2.4620
gw 1929
GW 1929: activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma; structure in first source		2.4420benzophenones
cefpodoxime proxetil
cefpodoxime proxetil: structure given in first source; prodrug for cefpodoxime. cefpodoxime proxetil : The 1-[(isopropoxycarbonyl)oxy]ethyl (proxetil) ester prodrug of cefpodoxime. After swallowing, hydrolysis of the ester group occurs in the intestinal epithelium, to release active cefpodoxime in the bloodstream. It is used to treat acute otitis media, pharyngitis, and sinusitis.		2.7430carboxylic acid;
carboxylic ester;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug;
prodrug
ceftizoxime
[no description available]		5.1680cephalosporinantibacterial drug
rosaramicin
rosaramicin: RN given refers to parent cpd. rosaramicin : A macrolide antibiotic with activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis.		2.110aldehyde;
enone;
epoxide;
macrolide antibiotic;
monosaccharide derivative		bacterial metabolite
cefclidin
cefclidin: structure given in first source. cefclidin : A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having (4-carbamoyl-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1-yl)methyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		2.0210cephalosporin;
thiadiazoles
1-methyl-d-lysergic acid butanolamide
[no description available]		4.2650ergot alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide		serotonergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
carumonam
carumonam: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,3alpha(Z))-isomer. carumonam : An N-sulfonated monobactam antibiotic.		2.0410monobactamantibacterial drug
beta-escin
[no description available]		4.790
borneol
[no description available]		3.110borneol
fluphenazine
[no description available]		2.0810
protriptyline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420hydrochlorideantidepressant
n(4)-chloroacetylcytosine arabinoside
[no description available]		2.0310
n-(3-(cyclohexylidene-(1h-imidazol-4-ylmethyl))phenyl)ethanesulfonamide
[no description available]		2.4420
n-(4-amino-2-chlorophenyl)phthalimide
N-(4-amino-2-chlorophenyl)phthalimide: has anticonvulsant activity; structure in first source		2.0310
cb 34
CB 34: ligand for peripheral benzodiazepine receptors; structure in first source		2.0310
b 43
RK-24466 : A member of the class of pyrrolopyrimidines that is 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted by amino, 4-phenoxyphenyl, and cyclopentyl groups at positions 4, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of Lck that inhibits Lck (64-509) and LckCD isoforms (IC50 of less than 1 and 2 nM, respectively).		2.4420aromatic amine;
aromatic ether;
cyclopentanes;
primary amino compound;
pyrrolopyrimidine		EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
(8R)-7-methyl-5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinoline-2,13,14-triol
[no description available]		2.0310aporphine alkaloid
(8R)-7-propyl-5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinoline-2,13,14-triol
[no description available]		2.0310aporphine alkaloid
3-(6-chloro-3-pyridazinyl)-3,8-diazabicyclo(3.2.1)octane
3-(6-chloro-3-pyridazinyl)-3,8-diazabicyclo(3.2.1)octane: structure in first source		2.0310
2-(3,3-diphenylpropylamino)acetamide
[no description available]		2.4420diarylmethane
4-(2-(phenylsulfonylamino)ethylthio)-2,6-difluorophenoxyacetamide
4-(2-(phenylsulfonylamino)ethylthio)-2,6-difluorophenoxyacetamide: structure given in first source		2.0310
gr 103545
[no description available]		210
gw2974
GW2974: quinazoline derivative, which is able to block the activation of both the EGFR and erbB2		2.4620pyridopyrimidine
l 162313
L 162313: a biphenylimidazole derivative; a non-peptide angiotensin agonist; no further information available 2/95		2.4420
l-165041
4-(3-(2-propyl-3-hydroxy-4-acetyl)phenoxy)propyloxyphenoxy acetic acid: a PPAR-delta agonist has regulatory effects on a variety of adipokines, and these effects might explain some of their metabolic function.		2.0310aromatic ketone
mrs 1754
[no description available]		2.0310oxopurine
s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine
S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is one of the NITRIC OXIDE DONORS.		2.0310nitroso compound;
nitrosothio compound		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
pd 404182
[no description available]		2.0310
5-(4-phenylbutoxy)psoralen
5-(4-phenylbutoxy)psoralen: structure in first source. psora 4 : A member of the class of psoralens that is psoralen substituted by a 4-phenylbutoxy group at position 5. It is a potent inhibitor of the voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.3 (EC50 = 3 nM).		2.0510aromatic ether;
benzenes;
psoralens		geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
potassium channel blocker
sb 222200
[no description available]		2.4420quinolines
dantrolene sodium
dantrolene sodium (anhydrous) : The anhydrous sodium salt of dantrolene.		3.1550
cr 2945
CR 2945: a member of non-peptide CCKB receptor antagonist		2.4420
nitrofurantoin
Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.		7.16260imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
hepatotoxic agent
sb 218795
SB 218795: structure in first source		2.4420quinolines
dihydroceramide
N-acetylsphinganine : A dihydroceramide in which the ceramide acyl group is specified as acetyl.		2.0310N-acylsphinganine
nifurtimox
Nifurtimox: A nitrofuran thiazine that has been used against TRYPANOSOMIASIS.		2.9240nitrofuran antibiotic
ispinesib
[no description available]		2.0810benzamides
epinephrine bitartrate
[no description available]		2.4420
bicuculline methobromide
[no description available]		2.4420
butylscopolammonium bromide
Butylscopolammonium Bromide: Antimuscarinic quaternary ammonium derivative of scopolamine used to treat cramps in gastrointestinal, urinary, uterine, and biliary tracts, and to facilitate radiologic visualization of the gastrointestinal tract.		3.1650
butaclamol hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
dioxotechnetium
technetium dioxide : A metal oxide with formula TcO2.		2.4110metal oxide;
technetium molecular entity
gadolinium dtpa
Gadolinium DTPA: A complex of gadolinium with a chelating agent, diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA see PENTETIC ACID), that is given to enhance the image in cranial and spinal MRIs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706)		4.36200gadolinium coordination entityMRI contrast agent
morphinans
Morphinans: Compounds based on a partially saturated iminoethanophenanthrene, which can be described as ethylimino-bridged benzo-decahydronaphthalenes. They include some of the OPIOIDS found in PAPAVER that are used as ANALGESICS.		2.4110isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parent;
morphinane alkaloid
ergoline
Ergolines: A series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure.. ergoline : An indole alkaloid whose structural skeleton is found in many naturally occurring and synthetic ergolines which are known to bind to neurotransmitter receptors, such as dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin receptors and function as unselective agonists or antagonists at these receptors.		4.0631diamine;
ergoline alkaloid;
indole alkaloid fundamental parent;
indole alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound
sq-23377
Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.		3.2460cyclic ether;
enol;
polyunsaturated fatty acid;
very long-chain fatty acid		calcium ionophore;
metabolite
eritoran
eritoran : A lipid A derivative used for the treatment of severe sepsis.		2.0410lipid As
dantrolene
[no description available]		4.6780
roxithromycin
(E)-roxithromycin : A major geometrical isomer of roxithromycin.		2.9940roxithromycinenvironmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cefdinir
[no description available]		3.8930cephalosporin;
ketoxime		antibacterial drug
fumagillin
[no description available]		2.0410antibiotic antifungal drug;
carboxylic ester;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
meroterpenoid;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic;
spiro-epoxide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
fungal metabolite;
methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor
etonogestrel
[no description available]		3.231017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin
a 38503
[no description available]		2.4420
bisoprolol, fumarate (1:1) salt
[no description available]		2.4720
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin hydrobromide
[no description available]		2.0310
sk&f 89976-a
[no description available]		2.0310
cv 1808
2-phenylaminoadenosine: has coronary & cardiohemodynamic effects		2.4420purine nucleoside
pentopril
CGS 13945: structure given in first source		6.9710
8-(n,n-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510
artesunate
artesunic acid: RN given for (3R-(3alpha,5abeta,6beta,8abeta,9alpha,10alpha,12beta,(2aR*))-isomer; succinic ester of artemether		2.9740artemisinin derivative;
cyclic acetal;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
hemisuccinate;
semisynthetic derivative;
sesquiterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
ferroptosis inducer
tipredane
[no description available]		2.07103-hydroxy steroidandrogen
beraprost
beraprost: stable prostacyclin analog; structure given in first source. beraprost : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is (3aS,8bS)-2,3,3a,8b-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]cyclopenta[d]furan in which the hydrogens at positions 1R, 2R and 5 are replaced by (3S)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl, hydroxy and 3-carboxypropyl groups, respectively. It is a prostaglandin receptor agonist which is approved to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension in Asia.		2.4420enyne;
monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol;
secondary allylic alcohol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antihypertensive agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin receptor agonist;
vasodilator agent
lanreotide
[no description available]		2.0510
etoposide phosphate
[no description available]		2.0810furonaphthodioxole
dexniguldipine
niguldipine: structure given in first source; clinical modulator of multidrug resistance		2.0410diarylmethane
ciclesonide
ciclesonide: nasal spray approved for seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis		2.0810organic molecular entity
napsagatran
napsagatran: structure given in first source		2.4420
temsirolimus
[no description available]		4.0940macrolide lactam
dutasteride
Dutasteride: A 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE INHIBITOR that is reported to inhibit both type-1 and type2 isoforms of the enzyme and is used to treat BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. dutasteride : An aza-steroid that is inasteride in which the tert-butyl group is replaced by a 2,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group. A synthetic 4-azasteroid, dutasteride is a selective inhibitor of both the type 1 and type 2 isoforms of steroid 5alpha-reductase, an intracellular enzyme that converts testosterone to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Dutasteride is used for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia in men with an enlarged prostate gland.		3.6120(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aza-steroid;
delta-lactam		antihyperplasia drug;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
ganaxolone
ganaxolone: a selective, high-affinity, steroid modulator of the GABA(A) receptor; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3alpha,5alpha)-isomer		2.0210corticosteroid hormone
tekturna
[no description available]		2.0810fumarate saltantihypertensive agent
pd 184352
2-(2-chloro-4-iodophenylamino)-N-cyclopropylmethoxy-3,4-difluorobenzamide: inhibits MAP kinase kinase; structure in first source		2.0810aminobenzoic acid
isavuconazole
isavuconazole : A 1,3-thiazole that is butan-2-ol which is substituted at positions 1, 2, and 3 by 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl, 2,5-difluorophenyl, and 4-(p-cyanophenyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl groups, respectively. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis and invasive mucormycosis.		3.51101,3-thiazoles;
conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
nitrile;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor;
ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitor;
orphan drug
lu 208075
ambrisentan: an ET(A) receptor antagonist and antihypertensive agent; studied for use in pulmonary arterial hypertension		4.140diarylmethane
bms188797
[no description available]		2.0410
bibx 1382bs
BIBX 1382BS: an ErbB receptor kinase inhibitor; no further information available 4/2001		3.8830substituted aniline
vildagliptin
[no description available]		2.0810amino acid amide
fesoterodine
fesoterodine: a muscarinic antagonist for treatment of overactive bladder		3.2310diarylmethane
hdac-42
HDAC-42: structure in first source		2.0810amidobenzoic acid
bentiromide
bentiromide: chymotrypsin labile peptide used diagnostically as an index of exocrine pancreas function. bentiromide : The dipeptide obtained by condensation of N-benzoyl-L-tyrosine with 4-aminobenzoic acid. Used as a noninvasive screening test for exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and to monitor the adequacy of supplemental pancreatic therapy, it is given by mouth: the amount of 4-aminobenzoic acid and its metabolites excreted in the urine is taken as a measure of the chymotrypsin-secreting activity of the pancreas.		2.0710dipeptidediagnostic agent;
indicator;
reagent
phenylalanylphenylalanine
Phe-Phe : A dipeptide formed from two L-phenylalanine residues.		2.110dipeptide;
L-aminoacyl-L-amino acid zwitterion		human blood serum metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
cyclo(glycyltryptophyl)
cyclo(glycyltryptophyl): structure in first source		2.0310indolesmetabolite
acetylcarnitine
O-acetyl-L-carnitine : An O-acyl-L-carnitine where the acyl group specified is acetyl. It facilitates movement of acetyl-CoA into the matrices of mammalian mitochondria during the oxidation of fatty acids.		2.4220O-acetylcarnitine;
saturated fatty acyl-L-carnitine		human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
staurosporine
staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.		3.2660ammonium ion derivative
n-(4-methylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(6-phenylpyridazin-3-ylthio)acetamide
N-(4-methylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(6-phenylpyridazin-3-ylthio)acetamide: a KCC2 cotransporter antagonist		2.1110pyridazines;
ring assembly
hypericum
Hypericum: Genus of perennial plants in the family CLUSIACEAE (sometimes classified as Hypericaceae). Herbal and homeopathic preparations are used for depression, neuralgias, and a variety of other conditions. Hypericum contains flavonoids; GLYCOSIDES; mucilage, TANNINS; volatile oils (OILS, ESSENTIAL), hypericin and hyperforin.. 6-formamidopenicillanic acid : A penicillanic acid having a (6R)-formamido substituent.		2.0110penicillanic acids
phosphocreatine
Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.		4.0531phosphagen;
phosphoamino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
[4-[[4-(1-benzothiophen-2-yl)-2-pyrimidinyl]amino]phenyl]-[4-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-piperidinyl]methanone
[no description available]		2.0810benzamides;
N-acylpiperidine
chlorhexidine
Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.		4.5251biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent
furaltadon
furaltadon: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. furaltadone : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidin-2-one substituted at position 1 by a (5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group and at position 5 by a morpholin-4-ylmethyl group. An antibacterial formerly used oraly but withdrawn due to toxicity, it is used topically (as the hydrochloride salt) for treatment of ear disorders.		2.1310
sgd 301-76
[no description available]		2.0810conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
organic nitrate salt		antiinfective agent
fluvoxamine maleate
[no description available]		2.7430(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
thioacetazone
Thioacetazone: A thiosemicarbazone that is used in association with other antimycobacterial agents in the initial and continuation phases of antituberculosis regimens. Thiacetazone containing regimens are less effective than the short-course regimen recommended by the International Union Against Tuberculosis and are used in some developing countries to reduce drug costs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p217). thiosemicarbazone : A hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of an aldehyde or ketone with the non-thioacylated nitrogen of thiosemicarbazide or its substituted derivatives.		2.4620
s 1743
Esomeprazole: The S-isomer of omeprazole.. esomeprazole : A 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole that has S configuration at the sulfur atom. An inhibitor of gastric acid secretion, it is used (generally as its sodium or magnesium salt) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, dyspepsia, peptic ulcer disease, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.		2.1710magnesium saltanti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
azimilide
azimilide: structure given in first source; RN given refers to dihydrochloride		2.0410imidazolidine-2,4-dione
chlorproguanil
chlorproguanil: dichloro-derivative of chloroguanide; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0510dichlorobenzene
nifurtoinol
nifurtoinol : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group and at position 3 by a hydroxymethyl group.		2.0510hydrazone;
imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
hepatotoxic agent
cefozopran
[no description available]		2.0210cephalosporin;
imidazopyridazine;
thiadiazoles
gemifloxacin
Gemifloxacin: A naphthyridine and fluoroquinolone derivative antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia and acute bacterial infections associated with chronic bronchitis.. gemifloxacin : A 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a substituted pyrrolin-1-yl group at the 7-position.		3.6201,8-naphthyridine derivative;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone
3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone: a neuroprotective agent; structure given in first source		2.1310
fenpyroximate
fenpyroximate: structure in first source		2.6620pyrazole acaricide;
tert-butyl ester		mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
dexlansoprazole
Dexlansoprazole: The R-isomer of lansoprazole that is used to treat severe GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE.		3.6120benzimidazoles;
sulfoxide
cid-2745687
[no description available]		2.0810
gemifloxacin mesylate
gemifloxacin mesylate : The mesylate salt of gemifloxacin.		2.0810methanesulfonate saltantimicrobial agent;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
naloxone benzoylhydrazone
[no description available]		2.4420
fosinopril
[no description available]		4.7650
armodafinil
armodafinil : A 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide that has R configuration at the sulfur atom. Like its racemate, modafinil, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. Peak concentration in the blood later occurs later following administration than with modafinil, so it is thought that armodafinil may be more effective than modafinil in treating people with excessive daytime sleepiness.		3.23102-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamidecentral nervous system stimulant;
eugeroic
2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine hydrochloride
2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt obtained by reaction of 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Potent and highly selective non-competitive antagonist at the mGlu5 receptor subtype (IC50 = 36 nM) and a positive allosteric modulator at mGlu4 receptors. Centrally active following systemic administration in vivo. Reverses mechanical hyperalgesia in the inflamed rat hind paw.		2.4420hydrochlorideanxiolytic drug;
metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
iniparib
[no description available]		2.0810carbonyl compound;
organohalogen compound
amiprilose
[no description available]		2.0310
(R)-fluoxetine hydrochloride
(R)-fluoxetine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of (R)-fluoxetine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid.		2.4420hydrochlorideantidepressant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
ro 8-4304
[no description available]		2.0510
mk 0752
[no description available]		2.0810
utibapril
utibapril: structure given in first source; prodrug for FPL 63547 diacid		2.0710
gw 501516
GW 501516: a selective PPARdelta agonist; structure in first source. GW 501516 : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and at position 4 by a (1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethyl)sulfanediyl group, and in which the 1,3-thiazolyl group is substituted at positions 2 and 4 by p-trifluoromethylphenyl and methyl groups, respectively.		2.48201,3-thiazoles;
aromatic ether;
aryl sulfide;
monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound		carcinogenic agent;
PPARbeta/delta agonist
eflucimibe
eflucimibe: a powerful and systemic acylcoenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor		2.0510
av 412
[no description available]		2.0810
ag-041r
AG-041R: structure in first source		2.0810
telatinib
[no description available]		2.0810
amoxicillin-potassium clavulanate combination
Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination: A fixed-ratio combination of amoxicillin trihydrate and potassium clavulanate.		2.4520
tomopenem
[no description available]		2.4520
cp 547632
3-(4-bromo-2,6-difluorobenzyloxy)-5-(3-(4-pyrrolidin-1-ylbutyl)ureido)isothiazole-4-carboxylic acid amide: inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 tyrosine kinase; structure in first source		2.0810
timcodar
timcodar: a mutlidrug resistance inhibitor; structure in first source		3.5110
sacubitril
[no description available]		4.2821biphenyls
spc-839
SPC-839: an inhibitor of activator protein 1; structure in first source		2.0810
lenvatinib
lenvatinib : A member of the class of quinolines that is the carboxamide of 4-{3-chloro-4-[(cyclopropylcarbamoyl)amino]phenoxy}-7-methoxyquinoline-6-carboxylic acid. A multi-kinase inhibitor and orphan drug used (as its mesylate salt) for the treatment of various types of thyroid cancer that do not respond to radioiodine.		2.0810aromatic amide;
aromatic ether;
cyclopropanes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenylureas;
quinolines		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist;
orphan drug;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
andarine
[no description available]		2.0810acetamides;
anilide
gw843682x
[no description available]		2.0810(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
pd 0325901
mirdametinib: has antineoplastic activity; appears to be a MEK inhibitor. PD 0325901 : A hydroxamic acid ester that is benzhydroxamic acid (N-hydroxybenzamide) in which the hydroxamic acid group has been converted to the corresponding 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester and in which the benzene ring has been substituted at position 2 by a (2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino group and at positions 3 and 4 by fluorines (the R enantiomer).		2.0810difluorobenzene;
hydroxamic acid ester;
monofluorobenzenes;
organoiodine compound;
propane-1,2-diols;
secondary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.12.2 (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase) inhibitor
midostaurin
midostaurin : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is the N-benzoyl derivative of staurosporine.		2.0810benzamides;
gamma-lactam;
indolocarbazole;
organic heterooctacyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
sincalide
Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.		570oligopeptide
tapentadol
Tapentadol: An opioid analgesic, MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, and of pain associated with DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES.		3.2310alkylbenzene
reparixin
reparixin: inhibits CXCR1 to prevent polymorphonuclear cell recruitment		2.0210monoterpenoid
ag 14361
[no description available]		2.0810benzimidazoles
etomoxir
[no description available]		2.4820aromatic ether
n(6)-cyclohexyladenosine
N(6)-cyclohexyladenosine: structure given in first source; receptors, purinergic P1 agonist		1.9910
sb 265610
[no description available]		2.0810
zd 9379
ZD 9379: structure given in first source		2.0710
ly 450139
[no description available]		2.0710peptide
ursodoxicoltaurine
tauroursodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of tauroursodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. tauroursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate derived from ursoodeoxycholic acid.		2.0510bile acid taurine conjugateanti-inflammatory agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
bone density conservation agent;
cardioprotective agent;
human metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
bb-83698
BB-83698: peptide deformylase inhibitor		2.0410
pentagastrin
Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.		3.830organic molecular entity
cangrelor
cangrelor: platelet P(2T) receptor antagonist. cangrelor : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is 5'-O-[({[dichloro(phosphono)methyl](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl]adenosine carrying additional 2-(methylsulfanyl)ethyl and (3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)sulfanyl substituents at positions N6 and C2 respectively. Used (in the form of its tetrasodium salt) as an intravenous antiplatelet drug that prevents formation of harmful blood clots in the coronary arteries.		2.0710adenosine 5'-phosphate;
aryl sulfide;
nucleoside triphosphate analogue;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
desmethylselegiline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
3-morpholino-sydnonimine monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
sb 242235
SB 242235: p38 MAP kinase antagonist		2.0210
fr 148083
5Z-7-oxozeaenol : A macrolide that is the 7-oxo derivative of zeaenol (the 5Z stereoisomer). Isolated from Fungi, it exhibits cytotoxic, antibacterial and inhibitory activity against NF-kappaB.		2.0810aromatic ether;
macrolide;
phenols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
metabolite;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
mocetinostat
mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).		3.5680aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
mirabegron
mirabegron: a beta3-adrenergic receptor agonist; structure in first source. mirabegron : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-ylacetic acid with the anilino group of (1R)-2-{[2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl]amino}-1-phenylethanol. Used for the treatment of overactive bladder syndrome.		2.15101,3-thiazoles;
aromatic amide;
ethanolamines;
monocarboxylic acid amide		beta-adrenergic agonist
sch 527123
[no description available]		2.0710
sc 236
4-(5-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzenesulfonamide: SC58236 = SC236 re email from Harris, Ray 		2.0310
osi 930
OSI 930: inhibits both receptor tyrosine kinase Kit and kinase insert domain receptor; structure in first source		2.0810aromatic amide
ki 20227
[no description available]		2.0810
abt-770
ABT-770: structure in first source		2.4520
cefditoren
cefditoren: structure given in first source; RN given refers to the (6R-(3(Z),6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer. cefditoren : A broad spectrum, third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with (Z)-2-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethenyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. Generally administered as its orally absorbed pivaloyloxymethyl ester prodrug, it is used for the treatment of mild to moderate infections caused by susceptible strains of microorganisms in acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, community-acquired pneumonia, pharyngitis/tonsillitis, and uncomplicated skin and skin-structure infections.		3.2310carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
scio-469
SCIO-469: a small-molecule p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase inhibitor for potential oral therapy for inflammatory disorders; in phase lib clinical trials for rheumatoid arthritis 4/2004. talmapimod : An indolecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-chloro-3-[(dimethylamino)(oxo)acetyl]-1-methylindole-5-carboxylic acid with the secondary amino group of (2S,5R)-1-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-2,5-dimethylpiperazine. It is a potent inhibitor of MAPK and exhibits anti-cancer properties.		2.0810aromatic amide;
aromatic ketone;
chloroindole;
dicarboxylic acid diamide;
indolecarboxamide;
monofluorobenzenes;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-alkylpiperazine		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
ssr 69071
SSR 69071: structure in first source		2.0810pyridopyrimidine
t 1032
T 1032: a cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.4420
cp 724714
2-methoxy-N-(3-(4-((3-methyl-4-((6-methyl-3-pyridinyl)oxy)phenyl)amino)-6-quinazolinyl)-2-propenyl)acetamide: CP-724714 is the ((2E)-isomer, 1:1.5 succinate); structure in first source		2.1102-methoxy-N-[3-[4-[3-methyl-4-[(6-methyl-3-pyridinyl)oxy]anilino]-6-quinazolinyl]prop-2-enyl]acetamideantineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
rivaroxaban
Rivaroxaban: A morpholine and thiophene derivative that functions as a FACTOR XA INHIBITOR and is used in the treatment and prevention of DEEP-VEIN THROMBOSIS and PULMONARY EMBOLISM. It is also used for the prevention of STROKE and systemic embolization in patients with non-valvular ATRIAL FIBRILLATION, and for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in patients after an ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. rivaroxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 4-{4-[(5S)-5-(aminomethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]phenyl}morpholin-3-one. An anticoagulant used for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with knee or hip replacement surgery.		7.4920aromatic amide;
lactam;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
morpholines;
organochlorine compound;
oxazolidinone;
thiophenes		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
zotarolimus
zotarolimus: synthetic analog of rapamycin; structure in first source		2.0410lactam;
macrolide
treosulfan
treosulfan: immunosuppressant; RN given refers to (S-(R*,R*))-isomer		2.0410methanesulfonate ester
molindone hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620indoles
pexacerfont
[no description available]		2.0510pyrazolopyridine
qx-314 bromide
[no description available]		2.0310
(S)-fluoxetine hydrochloride
(S)-fluoxetine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of (S)-fluoxetine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid.		2.4420hydrochlorideantidepressant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
pi103
PI103: pyridofuropyrimidine antineoplastic; a potent inhibitor of class I phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases (PI3K); structure in first soruce		2.0810aromatic amine;
morpholines;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
mTOR inhibitor
sb 210313
[no description available]		2.0810
l 365260
[no description available]		210
dapagliflozin
[no description available]		10.4152aromatic ether;
C-glycosyl compound;
monochlorobenzenes		hypoglycemic agent;
sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
sr 59230a
3-(2-ethylphenoxy)-1-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphth-1-ylamino)-2-propanol oxalate: structure given in first source		2.4420
gw 4064
[no description available]		2.0810stilbenoid
u 74389g
[no description available]		2.4420
9-n-(1-propyl)erythromyclamine
9-N-(1-propyl)erythromyclamine: structure given in first source		2.4520
gentamicin sulfate
[no description available]		3.5680
1-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
y 27632, dihydrochloride, (4(r)-trans)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
sa 4503
[no description available]		2.0810
ic 87114
IC 87114: structure in first source		2.08106-aminopurines;
biaryl;
quinazolines		EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
mepitiostane
mepitiostane: orally active anti-estrogenic steroid; RN refers to (2alpha,3alpha,5alpha,17beta)-isomer; structure		1.9810organic molecular entity
bn 52020
[no description available]		2.4520
dmp 696
DMP 696: a CRF(1) receptor antagonist; structure in first source		2.0510
n1-phenyl-3,5-dinitro-n4,n4-di-n-propylsulfanilamide
N1-phenyl-3,5-dinitro-N4,N4-di-n-propylsulfanilamide: a potent, selective antimitotic agent against kinetoplastid parasites; structure in first source		2.0510
zibotentan
ZD4054: a potent endothelin receptor A antagonist that inhibits ovarian carcinoma cell proliferation		2.0810phenylpyridine
tivozanib
N-(2-chloro-4-((6,7-dimethoxy-4-quinolyl)oxy)phenyl)-N'-(5-methyl-3-isoxazolyl)urea: KNR-951 is the HCl, monohydrate salt; an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source		3.6620aromatic ether
hki 272
[no description available]		2.4920nitrile;
quinolines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
thiocolchicoside
thiocolchicoside: used in combination with glafenine and meprobamate to tranquilize patients undergoing hysterosalpingography; structure		2.0510glycoside
nkp 608
[no description available]		2.0410
norcodeine
norcodeine: RN given refers to (5 alpha,6 alpha)-isomer. norcodeine : A morphinane-like compound that is the N-demethylated derivative of codeine.		3.5420morphinane alkaloid
sb 203186
[no description available]		2.0510
tofacitinib
tofacitinib : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted at position 4 by an N-methyl,N-(1-cyanoacetyl-4-methylpiperidin-3-yl)amino moiety. Used as its citrate salt to treat moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis.		2.4920N-acylpiperidine;
nitrile;
pyrrolopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound		antirheumatic drug;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
bibr 1532
[no description available]		2.0810
n-(6-chloro-7-methoxy-9h-beta-carbolin-8-yl)-2-methylnicotinamide
[no description available]		2.0810
tryprostatin a
tryprostatin A: isolated from Aspergillus fumigatus; a mammalian cell cycle inhibitor; structure given in first source. tryprostatin A : A cyclic dipeptide that is brevianamide F (cyclo-L-Trp-L-Pro) substituted at positions 2 and 6 on the indole ring by prenyl and methoxy groups respectively.		2.1310aromatic ether;
dipeptide;
indole alkaloid;
indoles;
pyrrolopyrazine		breast cancer resistance protein inhibitor
rucaparib
AG14447: Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0810azepinoindole;
caprolactams;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
noscapine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
cediranib
[no description available]		2.0810aromatic ether
gw0742
GW 610742: structure in first source		2.0810monocarboxylic acid
4-n-butyl-1-(4-(2-methylphenyl)-4-oxo-1-butyl)-piperidine hydrogen chloride
[no description available]		2.110
ps1145
PS1145: IkappaB kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0810beta-carbolines
a 77636
(1R,3S)-3-(adamantan-1-yl)-1-(aminomethyl)-3,4-dihydroisochromene-5,6-diol hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt obtained by mixing equimolar amounts of (1R,3S)-3-(adamantan-1-yl)-1-(aminomethyl)-3,4-dihydroisochromene-5,6-diol with hydrochloric acid. Potent and selective dopamine D1-like receptor agonist (pEC50 values are 8.97 and < 5 for D1-like and D2-like receptors respectively). Displays anti-Parkinsonian activity following oral administration in vivo.		2.4420hydrochlorideantiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
linaprazan
linaprazan: structure in first source		2.0710
bay 41-8543
BAY 41-8543: structure in first source		2.0810pyrazolopyridine
cgp 55845a
CGP 55845A: GABA-B receptor antagonist; RN refers to cpd with no isomeric designation; CGP 55845 is the (1S,2S)-isomer		2.0510
chir 99021
Chir 99021: structure in first source. CHIR 99021 : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 2-aminopyrimidine substituted at positions N2, 5 and 6 by (5-cyanopyridin-2-yl)ethyl, 4-methylimidazol-2-yl and 2,4-dichlorophenyl groups respectively.		2.0810aminopyridine;
aminopyrimidine;
cyanopyridine;
diamine;
dichlorobenzene;
imidazoles;
secondary amino compound		EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor
sb 525334
6-(2-tert-butyl-5-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl)quinoxaline: a TGF-betaR kinase inhibitor		2.0810quinoxaline derivative
4-hydroxyestrone
4-hydroxyestrone : A 4-hydroxy steroid that is estrone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4.		3.11017-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
4-hydroxy steroid;
catechols;
phenolic steroid		carcinogenic agent;
estrogen;
human urinary metabolite
ganu
GANU: differs from chlorozotocin by placement of cytotoxic group on C-1 of the glucose ring; less myelosuppressive than chlorozotocin; structure		2.0410
5-hydroxyrofecoxib
5-hydroxyrofecoxib: structure in first source		3.1210
aluminum oxide
Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.		2.2510
n-ethylsuccinimido-s-glutathione
N-ethylsuccinimido-S-glutathione: RN given refers to all (L)-isomer		2.0510
cgp 20712a
CGP 20712A: structure given in first source; CGP 26505, a beta1-selective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, is the (S)-isomer of CGP 20712A		2.4420
azacosterol
Azacosterol: Diaza derivative of cholesterol which acts as a hypocholesteremic agent by blocking delta-24-reductase, which causes the accumulation of desmosterol.		2.4520
way-362450
[no description available]		2.0810indoles
bicuculline methochloride
bicuculline methochloride: guaternary analog of bicuculline; specific GABA antagonist in spinal cord; structure		1.9610
4-[(2-butyl-6,7-dichloro-2-cyclopentyl-1-oxo-3H-inden-5-yl)oxy]butanoic acid
[no description available]		1.9610indanones
masitinib
[no description available]		2.08101,3-thiazoles;
benzamides;
N-alkylpiperazine;
pyridines		antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
bx795
BX795: structure in first source		2.0810ureas
pazopanib
pazopanib: a protein kinase inhibitor. pazopanib : A pyrimidine that is 5-(pyrimidin-2-yl}amino-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide substituted at position 4 by a (2,3-dimethylindazol-6-yl)(methyl)amino group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of kidney cancer.		4.2950aminopyrimidine;
indazoles;
sulfonamide		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
lecozotan
lecozotan: structure in first source		2.0710
tribulus
Tribulus: A plant genus of the family ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. Members contain steroidal saponins. Ingestion by grazing animals causes PHOTOSENSITIVITY DISORDERS called geeldikkop (yellow thick head) in South Africa.		2.0110
sepantronium
sepantronium: a survivin suppressant with antineoplastic activity. sepantronium : An organic cation that is 1-(2-methoxyethyl)-2-methyl-1H-naphtho[2,3-d]imidazole-4,9-dione in which the nitrogen at position 3 of the napthoimidazole moiety has been alkylated by a pyrazin-2-ylmethyl group.		2.0810organic cation
azd 6244
AZD 6244: a MEK inhibitor		2.4720benzimidazoles;
bromobenzenes;
hydroxamic acid ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
levodopa methyl ester hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
chromafenozide
chromafenozide: has partial ecdysone agonist activity; structure in first source		2.4520bisacylhydrazine insecticide
prasugrel hydrochloride
Prasugrel Hydrochloride: A piperazine derivative and PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITOR that is used to prevent THROMBOSIS in patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; UNSTABLE ANGINA and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, as well as in those undergoing PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTIONS.. prasugrel hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-prasugrel hydrochloride. Used to prevent blood clots in people with acute coronary syndrome who are undergoing a procedure after a recent heart attack or stroke, and in people with certain disorders of the heart or blood vessels.		3.2310
1-(2-(1-adamantyl)ethyl)-1-pentyl-3-(3-(4-pyridyl)propyl)urea
1-(2-(1-adamantyl)ethyl)-1-pentyl-3-(3-(4-pyridyl)propyl)urea: structure in first source		2.0810
apixaban
[no description available]		2.1510aromatic ether;
lactam;
piperidones;
pyrazolopyridine		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
bibw 2992
[no description available]		2.2510aromatic ether;
enamide;
furans;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
quinazolines;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
vitamin u
Vitamin U: A vitamin found in green vegetables. It is used in the treatment of peptic ulcers, colitis, and gastritis and has an effect on secretory, acid-forming, and enzymatic functions of the intestinal tract.. S-methyl-L-methioninate : A sulfonium betaine that is a conjugate base of S-methyl-L-methionine obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group.		210methyl-L-methionine;
sulfonium betaine
nps r-467
NPS R-467: calcimimetic compound; structure given in first source		7.0210
N-(3-cyanophenyl)-2'-methyl-5'-(5-methyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)biphenyl-4-carboxamide
N-(3-cyanophenyl)-2'-methyl-5'-(5-methyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)biphenyl-4-carboxamide : A member of the class of biphenyls that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2'-methyl-5'-(5-methyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 3-cyanoaniline.		2.08101,3,4-oxadiazoles;
benzamides;
biphenyls;
nitrile		EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
benalfocin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
artenimol
artenimol: derivative of antimalarial drug artemisinin (quinghaosu)		2.0510
ar c155858
AR C155858: an MCT1 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.4820
decanoylcarnitine
decanoylcarnitine: therapeutic agent for diabetic acidosis; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. O-decanoylcarnitine : An O-acylcarnitine compound having decanoyl as the acyl substituent.		2.110decanoate ester;
O-acylcarnitine		human urinary metabolite
4-phenoxyphenoxyethyl thiocyanate
4-phenoxyphenoxyethyl thiocyanate: has antiparasitic activity; structure in first source		2.0510
edoxaban
edoxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is used (as its tosylate monohydrate) for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.		2.1710chloropyridine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound;
thiazolopyridine		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
11 beta-hydroxyandrosterone
11 beta-hydroxyandrosterone: RN given refers to (3alpha,5alpha,11beta)-isomer; structure		3.1103-hydroxy steroidandrogen
aee 788
AEE 788: structure in first source		2.08106-{4-[(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl]phenyl}-N-(1-phenylethyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amineangiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist;
trypanocidal drug
saracatinib
[no description available]		2.0810aromatic ether;
benzodioxoles;
diether;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
oxanes;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
radiosensitizing agent
lu 19005
[no description available]		2.4420
sd-208
[no description available]		2.0810
ko 143
[no description available]		3.8930beta-carbolines;
tert-butyl ester
eledoisin
Eledoisin: A peptide extracted from the posterior salivary glands of certain small octopi (Eledone spp., Mollusca), or obtained by synthesis. Its actions resemble those of SUBSTANCE P; it is a potent vasodilator and increases capillary permeability. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1364)		1.9710peptide
2-hydroxyestriol
2-hydroxyestriol: structure		3.110
vx 702
VX 702: a p38 MAP kinase inhibitor		2.0810phenylpyridine
benoxathian hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
((2-n-butyl-6,7-dichloro-2-cyclopentyl-2,3-dihydro-1-oxo-1h-inden-5-yl)oxy)acetic acid, (+)-isomer
[no description available]		2.6930
6-chlorotacrine
6-chlorotacrine: structure given in first source		2.3110
n-cyclopropyl adenosine-5'-carboxamide
[no description available]		2.0310
homatropine methylbromide
homatropine methylbromide: RN given refers to bromide (endo-(+-))-isomer		2.4620
volasertib
BI 6727: a polo-like kinase inhibitor with broad antitumor activity; structure in first source		2.0810
PB28
PB28 : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin that is substituted by 3-(4-cyclohexylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl and methoxy groups at positions 1 and 5, respectively. It is a sigma 2 (sigma2) receptor agonist (Ki = 0.68 nM) and exhibits antineoplastic and anti SARS-CoV-2 activities.		2.0810aromatic ether;
piperazines;
tetralins		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
sigma-2 receptor agonist
amg 009
AMG 009: an anti-inflammatory agent; structure in first source		2.0810
vinflunine
vinflunine: inhibits tubulin assembly; structure in first source. vinflunine : An organic heteropentacyclic compound and an organic heterotetracyclic compound that is vinorelbine in which the tetrahydropyridine moiety of the heterotetracyclic part of the molecule has been redced to the corresponding piperidine, and in which the ethyl group attached to this ring has been replaced by a 1,1-difluoroethyl group.		2.0510acetate ester;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
semisynthetic derivative;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent
cefotaxime sodium
[no description available]		2.4620organic sodium salt
baci-im
[no description available]		4.2650homodetic cyclic peptide;
polypeptide;
zwitterion		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent
acebutolol
alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-mannose : An alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha configuration.		3.1650alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose
lactulose
Lactulose: A synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887). lactulose : A synthetic galactosylfructose disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.		2.3920
metamelfalan
[no description available]		2.0410
azd 7762
[no description available]		2.0810aromatic amide;
thiophenes
cariprazine
cariprazine: Structure in first source. cariprazine : An N-alkylpiperazine that is N,N-dimethyl-N'-{trans-4-[2-(piperazin-1-yl)ethyl]cyclohexyl}urea substituted at position 4 on the piperazine ring by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group. Used (as the hydrochloride salt) for treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.		2.4110
krp-203
[no description available]		2.0810
mk 0354
[no description available]		2.0810
regorafenib
[no description available]		3.6620(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
phenylureas;
pyridinecarboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
calpain inhibitor iii
calpain inhibitor III: potential anticataract drug		2.4420
acetic acid 2-[4-methyl-8-(4-morpholinylsulfonyl)-1,3-dioxo-2-pyrrolo[3,4-c]quinolinyl]ethyl ester
[no description available]		2.0810pyrroloquinoline
6-[[5-fluoro-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyanilino)-4-pyrimidinyl]amino]-2,2-dimethyl-4H-pyrido[3,2-b][1,4]oxazin-3-one
[no description available]		2.4820methoxybenzenes;
substituted aniline
brivanib
[no description available]		2.0810aromatic ether;
diether;
fluoroindole;
pyrrolotriazine;
secondary alcohol		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
drug metabolite;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist
brimonidine tartrate
Brimonidine Tartrate: A quinoxaline derivative and ADRENERGIC ALHPA-2 RECEPTOR AGONIST that is used to manage INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE associated with OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.		2.7130
icg 001
[no description available]		2.0810peptide
bms 477118
[no description available]		3.2310adamantanes;
azabicycloalkane;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile;
tertiary alcohol		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
cyclo(tyrosyl-tyrosyl)
cyclo(L-tyrosyl-L-tyrosyl) : A cyclo(tyrosyl-tyrosyl) in which both stereocentres have L-configuration. Synthesized by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.		2.0310cyclo(tyrosyl-tyrosyl)metabolite
mp470
[no description available]		2.0810N-arylpiperazine
nystatin a1
Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.		5.68150nystatins
nu 7441
8-dibenzothiophen-4-yl-2-morpholin-4-yl-chromen-4-one: structure in first source		2.0810dibenzothiophenes
at 7519
4-(2,6-dichlorobenzamido)-N-(piperidin-4-yl)-pyrazole-3-carboxamide : A member of the class of pryrazoles that is 4-amino-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid in which the primary amino group has been acylated by a 2,6-dichlorobenzoyl group and in which the carboxylic acid has been converted into a carboxamide by formal condensation with the primary amino group of 4-aminopiperidine.		2.0810dichlorobenzene;
piperidines;
pyrazoles;
secondary carboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
bi 2536
[no description available]		2.0810
danusertib
[no description available]		2.0810piperazines
N-[4-(2-tert-butylphenyl)sulfonylphenyl]-2,3,4-trihydroxy-5-[(2-propan-2-ylphenyl)methyl]benzamide
[no description available]		2.0810benzamides
N-[5-[[5-[(4-acetyl-1-piperazinyl)-oxomethyl]-4-methoxy-2-methylphenyl]thio]-2-thiazolyl]-4-[(3,3-dimethylbutan-2-ylamino)methyl]benzamide
[no description available]		2.0810benzamides
cp 154526
CP 154526: structure in first source		2.0510
abt 869
[no description available]		2.0810aromatic amine;
indazoles;
phenylureas		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
GR 127935 hydrochloride
GR 127935 hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of GR 127935 with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Potent and selective 5-HT1B/1D receptor antagonist (pKi values are 8.5 for both guinea pig 5-HT1D and rat 5-HT1B receptors). Displays > 100-fold selectivity over 5HT1A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C receptors and other receptor types. Centrally active following oral administration.		2.4420hydrochlorideserotonergic antagonist
dorsomorphin
dorsomorphin: an AMPK inhibitor. dorsomorphin : A pyrazolopyrimidine that is pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine which is substituted at positions 3 and 6 by pyridin-4-yl and p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]phenyl groups, respectively. It is a potent, selective, reversible, and ATP-competitive inhibitor of AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase, EC 2.7.11.31) and a selective inhibitor of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling.		2.0810aromatic ether;
piperidines;
pyrazolopyrimidine;
pyridines		bone morphogenetic protein receptor antagonist;
EC 2.7.11.31 {[hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH)] kinase} inhibitor
ac 261066
[no description available]		2.0810
mrs 1845
[no description available]		2.4420
carfilzomib
[no description available]		2.0810epoxide;
morpholines;
tetrapeptide		antineoplastic agent;
proteasome inhibitor
cytidine diphosphate choline
[no description available]		2.4620nucleotide-(amino alcohol)s;
phosphocholines		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sitagliptin phosphate
Sitagliptin Phosphate: A pyrazine-derived DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBITOR and HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT that increases the levels of the INCRETIN hormones GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.		2.1110
gw9508
GW9508: structure in first source		2.0810aromatic amine
jnj 26854165
[no description available]		2.0810
pf 573228
6-(4-(3-(methylsulfonyl)benzylamino)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)-3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-one: structure in first source		2.0810quinolines
gw 2580
5-(3-methoxy-4-((4-methoxybenzyl)oxy)benzyl)pyrimidine-2,4-diamine: a cFMS kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0810
milnacipran
[no description available]		3.2310acetamides
idelalisib
idelalisib: an antineoplastic agent and p110delta inhibitor; structure in first source. idelalisib : A member of the class of quinazolines that is 5-fluoro-3-phenylquinazolin-4-one in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a (1S)-1-(3H-purin-6-ylamino)propyl group. used for for the treatment of refractory indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia.		2.0810aromatic amine;
organofluorine compound;
purines;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
crizotinib
Crizotinib: A piperidine and aminopyridine derivative that acts as an inhibitor of RECEPTOR PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASES, including ANAPLASTIC LYMPHOMA KINASE (ALK) and HEPATOCYTE GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR (HGFR; c-Met). It is used in the treatment of NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. crizotinib : A 3-[1-(2,6-dichloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethoxy]-5-[1-(piperidin-4-yl)pyrazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-amine that has R configuration at the chiral centre. The active enantiomer, it acts as a kinase inhibitor and is used for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)		2.08103-[1-(2,6-dichloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethoxy]-5-[1-(piperidin-4-yl)pyrazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-amineantineoplastic agent;
biomarker;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
5-(5,6-dimethoxy-1-benzimidazolyl)-3-[(2-methylsulfonylphenyl)methoxy]-2-thiophenecarbonitrile
[no description available]		2.0810benzimidazoles
4-[2-(2-chloro-4-fluoroanilino)-5-methyl-4-pyrimidinyl]-N-[(1S)-1-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxamide
Vx-11e: ERK1-2 inhibitor		2.0810aromatic amide;
heteroarene
osi 906
[no description available]		2.0810cyclobutanes;
quinolines
vindesine
[no description available]		2.7330
ly2109761
[no description available]		2.0810
chir-265
[no description available]		2.0810aromatic ether
motesanib
[no description available]		2.0810pyridinecarboxamide
fostamatinib
fostamatinib: a spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) inhibitor, metabolized to R406		3.5110
az-628
AZ-628: a multikinase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0810benzamides
trametinib
[no description available]		2.0810acetamides;
aromatic amine;
cyclopropanes;
organofluorine compound;
organoiodine compound;
pyridopyrimidine;
ring assembly		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
pf-562,271
[no description available]		2.0810indoles
losartan potassium
Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.		4.5151
hypoglycin a
hypoglycin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. hypoglycin A : A diastereoisomeric mixture of (2S,4R)- and (2S,4S)- hypoglycin A, found in the edible part of the fruit of the Ackee, Blighia sapida (where the 2S,4R diastereoisomer is more dominant (17% d.e.) than its 2S,4S counterpart) as well as in the sycamore maple tree (Acer pseudoplatanus).		2.0510L-alpha-amino acid
lolitrem b
lolitrem B: neurotoxin from staggers-producing ryegrass pastures; MF C42-H55-N-O7		3.4711
empagliflozin
[no description available]		5.2432aromatic ether;
C-glycosyl compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
tetrahydrofuryl ether		hypoglycemic agent;
sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
moxestrol
moxestrol: RN given refers to (11beta,17alpha)-isomer; structure		2.02103-hydroxy steroid
diflucortolone
Diflucortolone: A topical glucocorticoid used in various DERMATOSES. It is absorbed through the skin, bound to plasma albumin, and may cause adrenal suppression. It is also administered as the valerate.		2.452021-hydroxy steroid
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
alaproclate hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
ubenimex
[no description available]		2.4420peptide
3-chloroalanine hydrochloride, (l-ala)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
dsp 4 hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
calcimycin
Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.		5.6240benzoxazole
(2-(2',6'-dimethoxy)phenoxyethylamino)methylbenzodioxan hydrochloride
N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylmethyl)-2-(2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethanamine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt that is obtained by reaction of N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylmethyl)-2-(2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethanamine with one equivalent of hydrogen chloride. An alpha1A-adrenergic selective antagonist.		2.4420hydrochloridealpha-adrenergic antagonist
2-cyclooctyl-2-hydroxyethylamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
cirazoline monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
adtn
[no description available]		2.4420
apocodeine hydrochloride, (r)-isomer
[no description available]		2.4420
2-hydroxyapomorphine, (r)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0510
Dihydro-beta-erythroidine hydrobromide
[no description available]		2.0310indoles
lilly 78335
[no description available]		2.4420
efaroxan hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
fenoldopam hydrobromide
[no description available]		2.4420
1-[2-(benzhydryloxy)ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine dihydrochloride
1-[2-(benzhydryloxy)ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt that is obtained by reaction of 1-[2-(benzhydryloxy)ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine with two equivalents of hydrogen chloride. Potent and selective inhibitor of dopamine uptake (KD = 5.5 nM in rat striatal membranes).		2.4420hydrochloridedopamine uptake inhibitor
guvacine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
7-hydroxy-2-n,n-dipropylaminotetralin hydrobromide
[no description available]		2.4420
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin hydrobromide, (r)-isomer,
[no description available]		2.4420organic molecular entity
1-(2-(4-(4-fluoro-benzoyl)-piperidin-1-yl)-ethyl)-3,3-dimethyl-1,2-dihydro-indol-2-one
LY-310762 hydrochloride : A hydrochloride resulting from the formal reation of equimolar amount of LY-310762 with hydrogen chloride. A potent and selective antagonist for the 5-hydroxytryptamine 1D (5-HT1D) receptor.		2.4420hydrochloridereceptor modulator;
serotonergic antagonist
4-iodoclonidine
[no description available]		2.4420
dextrothyroxine
[no description available]		2.1110
4-methylpyrazole monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
tele-methylhistamine
[no description available]		2.0310
alpha-methyltyrosine methyl ester, monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
octoclothepine maleate
[no description available]		2.4420
2-(n-phenethyl-n-propyl)amino-5-hydroxytetralin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
du 24565
[no description available]		2.4420
2-methoxyidazoxan hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
N-methyl-6-chloro-1-(3-methylphenyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol hydrobromide
N-methyl-6-chloro-1-(3-methylphenyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol hydrobromide : A hydrobromide salt prepared from N-methyl-6-chloro-1-(3-methylphenyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol and one equivalent of hydrogen bromide. Dopamine D1-like receptor partial agonist (Ki values are 1.18, 7.56, 920 and 399 nM for rat D1, D5, D2 and D3 receptors respectively). May act as an antagonist in vivo, producing anti-Parkinsonian effects and antagonising the behavioral effects of cocaine.		2.0510hydrobromidedopamine agonist;
prodrug
ro 25-6981
[no description available]		2.4420
sk&f 77434
N-allyl-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol hydrobromide : A hydrobromide salt prepared from N-allyl-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol and one equivalent of hydrogen bromide. Selective dopamine D1-like receptor partial agonist (IC50 values are 19.7 and 2425 nM for binding to D1-like and D2-like receptors respectively). Centrally active following systemic administration in vivo.		2.4420hydrobromidedopamine agonist;
prodrug
3-[(6aR,9R,10aR)-7-methyl-6,6a,8,9,10,10a-hexahydro-4H-indolo[4,3-fg]quinoline-9-yl]-1,1-diethylurea
[no description available]		2.4420organic heterotetracyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
veliparib
[no description available]		2.0810benzimidazolesEC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
ku-0060648
[no description available]		2.0810dibenzothiophenes
indocyanine green
Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.		4.13601,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate;
benzoindole;
cyanine dye
scopolamine hydrobromide
[no description available]		5.07130
dactolisib
dactolisib: antineoplastic agent that inhibits both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mTOR. dactolisib : An imidazoquinoline that is 3-methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline substituted at position 1 by a 4-(1-cyanoisopropyl)phenyl group and at position 8 by a quinolin-3-yl group. A dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor used in cancer treatment.		2.4920imidazoquinoline;
nitrile;
quinolines;
ring assembly;
ureas		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
mTOR inhibitor
pituitrin
Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).		13.891377
palomid 529
[no description available]		2.0810
pf 03491390
[no description available]		2.0510
demethylcantharidin
demethylcantharidin: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source		2.4420
atropine sulfate
[no description available]		2.7430
dihydrotachysterol
Dihydrotachysterol: A VITAMIN D that can be regarded as a reduction product of vitamin D2.. dihydrotachysterol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is 9,10-secoergosta-5,7,22-triene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3. A synthetic analogue of vitamin D that acts a bone density conservation agent.		8.9740
2-((3-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosoureido)glucopyranose
[no description available]		2.0410
ro 6-4563
glibornuride: was MH 1975-92 (see under SULFONYLUREA COMPOUNDS 1975-90); use SULFONYLUREA COMPOUNDS to search GLIBORNURIDE 1975-92; an oral, sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion		2.0410monoterpenoid
acid phosphatase
Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.		2.8940
1-deoxynojirimycin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
ants
Ants: Insects of the family Formicidae, very common and widespread, probably the most successful of all the insect groups. All ants are social insects, and most colonies contain three castes, queens, males, and workers. Their habits are often very elaborate and a great many studies have been made of ant behavior. Ants produce a number of secretions that function in offense, defense, and communication. (From Borror, et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p676)		2.4320
felypressin
Felypressin: A synthetic analog of LYPRESSIN with a PHENYLALANINE substitution at residue 2. Felypressin is a vasoconstrictor with reduced antidiuretic activity.. felypressin : A synthetic nonapeptide comprising cysteinyl, phenylalanyl, phenylalanyl, glutaminyl, asparaginyl, cysteinyl, prolyl, lysyl, and glycinamide residues in sequence, with a disulfide bridge joining the two cysteine residues. Its antidiuretic effects are less than those of vasopressin. It is used as a vasoconstrictor in local anaesthetic injections for dental use, and is an ingredient of preparations that have been used for treatment of pain and inflammation of the mouth.		1.9510heterodetic cyclic peptidevasoconstrictor agent;
vasopressin receptor agonist
deoxoartemisinin
deoxoartemisinin: structure given in first source		2.0510
rabeprazole sodium
[no description available]		2.0810organic sodium salt
icatibant
icatibant: a potent bradykinin (B2) receptor antagonist; WIN 65365 is an L-Tic(7) stereoisomer. icatibant : A ten-membered synthetic oligopeptide consisting of D-Arg, Arg, Pro, Hyp, Gly, Thi, Ser, D-Tic, Oic, and Arg residues joined in sequrence. A bradykinin receptor antagonist used as its acetate salt for the treatment of acute attacks of hereditary angioedema in adult patients.		5.5461
win 62577
[no description available]		2.4420
tosedostat
[no description available]		2.0810carboxylic ester;
hydroxamic acid;
secondary carboxamide
nad
NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.		3.0550organophosphate oxoanioncofactor;
human metabolite;
hydrogen acceptor;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mdv 3100
[no description available]		2.0810(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
benzamides;
imidazolidinone;
monofluorobenzenes;
nitrile;
thiocarbonyl compound		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
ku 60019
[no description available]		2.0810
gsk 461364
GSK 461364: an antineoplastic agent that inhibits polo-like kinase 1		2.0810(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
n-(3,4-difluoro-2-(2-fluoro-4-iodophenylamino)-6-methoxyphenyl)-1-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)cyclopropane-1-sulfonamide
N-(3,4-difluoro-2-(2-fluoro-4-iodophenylamino)-6-methoxyphenyl)-1-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)cyclopropane-1-sulfonamide: a MEK inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0810
nvp-tae684
[no description available]		2.0810piperidines
amodiaquine hydrochloride
[no description available]		3.5680
clindamycin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620S-glycosyl compound
cytochrome c-t
Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.		2.4320
4-methyl-3-(2-(2-morpholinoethylamino)quinazolin-6-yl)-n-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)benzamide
4-methyl-3-(2-(2-morpholinoethylamino)quinazolin-6-yl)-N-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)benzamide: structure in first source		2.0810
bisaramil
[no description available]		2.0410
gsk 269962a
[no description available]		2.0810
cosyntropin
Cosyntropin: A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. ACTH (1-24), a segment similar in all species, contains the biological activity that stimulates production of CORTICOSTEROIDS in the ADRENAL CORTEX.. cosyntropin : A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin). A segment similar in all species, it contains the biological activity that stimulates production of corticosteroids in the adrenal cortex. It is used diagnostically to investigate adrenocortical insufficiency.		4.4551
melitten
Melitten: Basic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It contains 26 amino acids, has cytolytic properties, causes contracture of muscle, releases histamine, and disrupts surface tension, probably due to lysis of cell and mitochondrial membranes.		1.9710
cholecystokinin
Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.		8.0650
ceruletide
Ceruletide: A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.. ceruletide : A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.		2.3720oligopeptidediagnostic agent;
gastrointestinal drug
dynorphins
Dynorphins: A class of opioid peptides including dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and smaller fragments of these peptides. Dynorphins prefer kappa-opioid receptors (RECEPTORS, OPIOID, KAPPA) and have been shown to play a role as central nervous system transmitters.		2.0110
bivalirudin
bivalirudin: designed to bind to the alpha-thrombin catalytic site and anion-binding exosite for fibrin(ogen) recognition. bivalirudin : A synthetic peptide of 20 amino acids, comprising D-Phe, Pro, Arg, Pro, Gly, Gly, Gly, Gly, Asn, Gly, Asp, Phe, Glu, Glu, Ile, Pro, Glu, Glu, Tyr, and Leu in sequence. A congener of hirudin (a naturally occurring drug found in the saliva of the medicinal leech), it a specific and reversible inhibitor of thrombin, and is used as an anticoagulant.		3.6120polypeptideanticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
somatostatin
[no description available]		2.0810heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone
atrial natriuretic factor
Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.		12.0413223polypeptide
teicoplanin
teicoplanin A2-1 : A teicoplanin A2 that has (4Z)-dec-4-enoyl as the variable N-acyl group.		2.4520
tannins
gallotannin : A class of hydrolysable tannins obtained by condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid (and its polymeric derivatives) with the hydroxy groups of a monosaccharide (most commonly glucose).		2.0510tannin
enfuvirtide
Enfuvirtide: A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide that corresponds to the heptad repeat sequence of HIV-1 gp41. It blocks HIV cell fusion and viral entry and is used with other anti-retrovirals for combination therapy of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. enfuvirtide : A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide consisting of N-acetyltyrosyl, threonyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, histidyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, seryl, glutaminyl, asparaginyl, glutaminyl, glutaminyl, alpha-glutamyl, lysyl, asparaginyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, leucyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, alpha-aspartyl, lysyl, tryptophyl, alanyl, seryl, leucyl, tryptophyl, asparaginyl, tryptophyl, and phenylalaninamide residues joined in sequence. An HIV fusion inhibitor, it was the first of a novel class of antiretroviral drugs used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. It interferes with entry of HIV into cells by binding to the gp41 sub-unit of the viral envelope glycoprotein, so inhibiting fusion of viral and cellular membranes.		3.2310
ganirelix
[no description available]		3.2310polypeptide
renin inhibitory peptide
renin inhibitory peptide: angiotensinogen analog		1.9710
gastrins
Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.		2.3620
gramicidin a
Gramicidin: A group of peptide antibiotics from BACILLUS brevis. Gramicidin C or S is a cyclic, ten-amino acid polypeptide and gramicidins A, B, D are linear. Gramicidin is one of the two principal components of TYROTHRICIN.		2.6730
glucagon
Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.		6.2270peptide hormone
beta-endorphin
beta-Endorphin: A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.. beta-endorphin : A polypeptide consisting of 31 amino acid residues in the sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu. It is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter found in the neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous system and results from processing of the precursor protein proopiomelanocortin (POMC).		2.9440
neuropeptide y
Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.		4.0731
heliodermin
heliodermin: MW 5,900 peptide with secretin-like properties		1.9810
teriparatide
[no description available]		3.2310polypeptide
anaritide
anaritide: anaritide is a synthetic 25-amino acid atrial natriuretic factor corresponding to the (102-126) sequence of ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR PROHORMONE; WY-47,663 is the acetate salt; RN & structure given in USAN; see also ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR; ALPHA-ATRIAL NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE, HUMAN (NM); ATRIAL NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE, RAT (NM).		1.9610
ularitide
Ularitide: a 32-amino acid peptide derived from (95-126 residues) of ANP PROHORMONE (1-126 residues); not biologically inactivated by a peptidase from dog kidney cortex membranes		5.243
angiotensinogen
Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of about 453 amino acids, depending on the species. It is produced by the liver in response to lowered blood pressure and secreted into blood circulation. Angiotensinogen is the inactive precursor of the ANGIOTENSINS produced in the body by successive enzyme cleavages. Cleavage of angiotensinogen by RENIN yields the decapeptide ANGIOTENSIN I. Further cleavage of angiotensin I (by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME) yields the potent vasoconstrictor octapeptide ANGIOTENSIN II; and then, via other enzymes, other angiotensins also involved in the hemodynamic-regulating RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM.		3.84120
salmon calcitonin
[no description available]		3.2310heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone;
polypeptide		bone density conservation agent;
metabolite
tannins
Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.		3.72100
oligonucleotides
[no description available]		2.4110
ly-146032
[no description available]		4.0840heterodetic cyclic peptide;
lipopeptide antibiotic;
lipopeptide;
macrocycle;
macrolide		antibacterial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
calcium-dependent antibiotics
dalbavancin
[no description available]		2.0410carbohydrate acid derivative;
glycopeptide;
monosaccharide derivative;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ilys-prolyl-alaninamide
acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ILys-prolyl-alaninamide: FE-200486 is the acetate salt		3.2310polypeptide
exenatide
[no description available]		3.2310
natriuretic peptide, c-type
Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type: A PEPTIDE of 22 amino acids, derived mainly from cells of VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM. It is also found in the BRAIN, major endocrine glands, and other tissues. It shares structural homology with ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR. It has vasorelaxant activity thus is important in the regulation of vascular tone and blood flow. Several high molecular weight forms containing the 22 amino acids have been identified.		1.9810
warfarin sodium
warfarin sodium : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin sodium. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.		2.0810
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		4.6250glycoside
quinine sulfate
[no description available]		2.9640hydrate
quercetin
[no description available]		2.4420
endothelin-1
Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)		5.66102
phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.		4501,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
a-83-01
A-83-01: an ALK-5 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0810
(9R)-9-chloro-11,17-dihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxy-1-oxoethyl)-10,13,16-trimethyl-6,7,8,11,12,14,15,16-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one
Beclomethasone: An anti-inflammatory, synthetic glucocorticoid. It is used topically as an anti-inflammatory agent and in aerosol form for the treatment of ASTHMA.. beclomethasone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is prednisolone in which the hydrogens at the 9alpha and 16beta positions are substituted by a chlorine and a methyl group, respectively.		4.063121-hydroxy steroid
3-[(1-methyl-3-indolyl)methylidene]-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-one
[no description available]		2.0810indoles
rv 538, (r-(r*,r*))-isomer
[no description available]		2.4420
3,4-dichloro-n-methyl-n-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (1s-cis)-isomer
[no description available]		2.4420
vx-770
ivacaftor: a CFTR potentiator; structure in first source. ivacaftor : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 5-amino-2,4-di-tert-butylphenol. Used for the treatment of cystic fibrosis.		2.0810aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
phenols;
quinolone		CFTR potentiator;
orphan drug
buparlisib
NVP-BKM120: a pan class I PI3 kinase inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source		2.0810aminopyridine;
aminopyrimidine;
morpholines;
organofluorine compound		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
azd 1480
[no description available]		2.0810
chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.		4.75280chlorophyll;
methyl ester		cofactor
fedratinib
fedratinib: a selective small-molecule inhibitor of JAK2		2.0810sulfonamide
gsk690693
[no description available]		2.08101,2,5-oxadiazole;
acetylenic compound;
aromatic amine;
aromatic ether;
imidazopyridine;
piperidines;
primary amino compound;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor
cnf 2024
[no description available]		2.08102-aminopurines;
aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
pyridines		antineoplastic agent;
Hsp90 inhibitor
ku 0063794
Ku 0063794: an mTOR inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0810benzyl alcohols;
monomethoxybenzene;
morpholines;
pyridopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
mTOR inhibitor
azd 7545
AZD 7545: an anilide tertiary carbinol; a pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 2 inhibitor. AZD7545 : A sulfone that is benzene substituted by [4-(dimethylcarbamoyl)phenyl]sulfonyl, chloro and [(2R)-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl]amino groups at positions 1, 3 and 4, respectively. It is a potent and non-ATP-competitive inhibitor of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 2 (PDHK2) with IC50 of 6.4 nM and exhibits glucose-lowering activity. Also inhibits PDHK1 at higher levels (IC50 = 36.8 nM).		2.4820benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
secondary carboxamide;
sulfone;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary carboxamide		EC 2.7.11.2 - [pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring)] kinase inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
nutlin-3b
[no description available]		2.0810Nutlin;
piperazinone		anticoronaviral agent
pravastatin sodium
pravastatin sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of pravastatin. A reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA), it is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.		2.0810organic sodium salt;
statin (semi-synthetic)		anticholesteremic drug
alendronate sodium
[no description available]		2.0810
xu 62-320
fluvastatin sodium : A racemate that is the sodium salt of fluvastatin. An HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, it is used to reduce triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol, and increase HDL-chloesterol, in the treatment of hyperlipidaemia.		1.9910
sodium salicylate
[no description available]		8.0750organic molecular entity
valproate sodium
Epilim: oral sodium valproate used as antidepressive agent. sodium valproate : The sodium salt of valproic acid.. valproate : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of valproic acid.		2.7430organic sodium saltgeroprotector
ubiquinone
Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.		2.8940
pf 04217903
[no description available]		2.0810quinolines
gdc 0941
pictrelisib : A sulfonamide composed of indazole, morpholine, and methylsulfonyl-substituted piperazine rings bound to a thienopyrimidine ring.		2.0810indazoles;
morpholines;
piperazines;
sulfonamide;
thienopyrimidine		EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
sm 164
SM 164: a bivalent Smac mimetic with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source		2.0810benzenes;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
secondary carboxamide;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
radiosensitizing agent
sl 80.0750
[no description available]		2.0810
flucloronide
flucloronide: synthetic glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory properties; minor descriptor (75-83); on-line & Index Medicus search PREGNADIENETROLS (75-83); RN given refers to (6alpha,11beta,16alpha)-isomer; structure		2.041021-hydroxy steroid
k-strophanthin-beta
strophanthin K: induces arrhythmias; see also K-strophanthin-beta		1.9610cardenolide glycoside;
steroid aldehyde
hydrocortisone sodium phosphate
hydrocortisone sodium phosphate: RN given refers to (11beta)-isomer. cortisol phosphate(2-) : A steroid phosphate oxoanion which is the dianion obtained by deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups of cortisol phosphate.		2.1510steroid phosphate oxoanion
lucifer yellow
lucifer yellow: RN given refers to di-Li salt		2.4120organic lithium saltfluorochrome
cefotiam hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620
furosemide glucuronide
furosemide glucuronide: urinary metabolite of furosemide		5.03130
menotropins
Menotropins: Extracts of urine from menopausal women that contain high concentrations of pituitary gonadotropins, FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE and LUTEINIZING HORMONE. Menotropins are used to treat infertility. The FSH:LH ratio and degree of purity vary in different preparations.		1.9810
chitosan
[no description available]		6.16113
potassium-magnesium citrate
potassium-magnesium citrate: molar ratio of 4:1:2 for potassium, magnesium & citrate		3.5111
ph 797804
PH 797804: an NSAID; structure in first source. PH 797804 : A member of the class of benzamides obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-{3-bromo-4-[(2,4-difluorobenzyl)oxy]-6-methyl-2-oxopyridin-1-yl}-4-methylbenzoic acid with the amino group of methylamine.		2.0810aromatic ether;
benzamides;
organobromine compound;
organofluorine compound;
pyridone		anti-inflammatory agent;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
pha 408
PHA 408: an IKK-2 antagonist; structure in first source		2.0810
technetium tc 99m sestamibi
Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi: A technetium imaging agent used to reveal blood-starved cardiac tissue during a heart attack.		3.110
bis(1,3-dibutylbarbiturate)trimethine oxonol
bis(1,3-dibutylbarbituric acid)pentamethine oxonol: a bis-oxonol dye		2.0110
s-nitro-n-acetylpenicillamine
S-nitro-N-acetylpenicillamine: a NO donor		2.4220
optimark
[no description available]		2.0110
gsk 1016790a
GSK1016790A : A tertiary carboxamide that is piperazine in which one of the amino groups has undergone condensation with the carboxy group of N-[(2,4-dichlorophenyl)sulfonyl]-L-serine, while the other has undergone condensation with the carboxy group of N-(1-benzothiophen-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-leucine. It is a cell-permeable, potent and selective agonist of the TRPV4 (transient receptor potential vanilloid 4) channel.		2.08101-benzothiophenes;
aromatic primary alcohol;
dichlorobenzene;
N-acylpiperazine;
sulfonamide;
tertiary carboxamide		TRPV4 agonist
mesna
Mesna: A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.		11.1191organosulfonic acid
potassium aminobenzoate
[no description available]		2.4620
u 63557a
[no description available]		2.0310
bucladesine
Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.		6.443403',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
ampicillin sodium
[no description available]		2.0510organic sodium salt
cerivastatin sodium
cerivastatin sodium : The sodium salt of cerivastatin. Formerly used to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.		2.0510organic sodium salt;
statin (synthetic)
clavulanate potassium
potassium clavulanate : A potassium salt having clavulanate as the counterion. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes and has only weak anitbiotic activity when administered alone. However it can be used in combination with amoxicillin trihydrate (under the trade name Augmentin) for treatment of a variety of bacterial infections, where it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamases.		2.4820potassium saltantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
cefamandole nafate
[no description available]		2.0210organic sodium saltantibacterial drug;
prodrug
sodium hypochlorite
Sodium Hypochlorite: It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). sodium hypochlorite : An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.		210inorganic sodium saltbleaching agent;
disinfectant
cytomel
liothyronine sodium : The sodium salt of liothyronine. Thought to be more active than levothyroxine and with a rapid (few hours) onset and short duration of action, liothyronine sodium is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism, particularly in cases of hypothyroid coma.		2.0710organic sodium salt
taurocholic acid, monosodium salt
[no description available]		4.0640bile salt
sodium lactate
Sodium Lactate: The sodium salt of racemic or inactive lactic acid. It is a hygroscopic agent used intravenously as a systemic and urinary alkalizer.. sodium lactate : An organic sodium salt having lactate as the counterion.		3.2310lactate salt;
organic sodium salt		food acidity regulator;
food preservative
cefmetazole sodium
cefmetazole sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of cefmetazole.		2.0310organic sodium saltantimicrobial agent
piperacillin sodium
[no description available]		2.0810organic sodium salt
monensin
[no description available]		2.0510
sodium iothalamate
[no description available]		3.5920
methicillin sodium
[no description available]		2.4620organic sodium salt
nafcillin sodium
[no description available]		2.4620organic sodium salt
oxacillin sodium
[no description available]		2.4720organic sodium salt
prorenoate potassium
prorenoate potassium: RN given refers to (6 alpha,7 alpha,17 alpha)-isomer; structure		1.9510
sodium nitrite
Sodium Nitrite: Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines.. sodium nitrite : An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning.		2.6930inorganic sodium salt;
nitrite salt		antidote to cyanide poisoning;
antihypertensive agent;
antimicrobial food preservative;
food antioxidant;
poison
penicillin g sodium
[no description available]		2.4620organic sodium salt
cefamandole nafate
cefamandole sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of cefamandole.		2.4620organic sodium saltantibacterial drug
sodium diatrizoate
histopaque: used for separating mononuclear & other cells. sodium amidotrizoate : The sodium salt of a benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, often as a mixture with the meglumine salt, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.		2.0510organic sodium salt;
organoiodine compound		radioopaque medium
fusidate sodium
[no description available]		2.4420
kw 3635
KW 3635: structure given in first source; thromboxane A2 antagonist		1.9810
cephapirin sodium
cephapirin sodium : The sodium salt of cephapirin. A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, it is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms. Being more resistant to beta-lactamases than penicillins, it is effective agains most staphylococci, though not methicillin-resistant staphylococci.		2.7430cephalosporin;
organic sodium salt		antibacterial drug
sodium cephalothin
[no description available]		2.7430organic sodium salt
cefazolin sodium
cefazolin sodium : A cephalosporin organic sodium salt having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups.		2.7430organic sodium salt
dicloxacillin sodium
[no description available]		2.4620hydrate
5-hydroxydecanoic acid, monosodium salt
[no description available]		2.0310
diumide-k continus
Diumide-K continus: combination of furosemide & controlled-release potassium chloride		5.3653
ru 28318
[no description available]		3.7821
ro13-9904
Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.		5.11101
phenytoin sodium
[no description available]		2.0310
cr 1409
lorglumide sodium : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-lorglumide sodium.		2.0310
azlocillin sodium
[no description available]		2.7630organic sodium salt
sodium pertechnetate tc 99m
Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular and cerebral circulation, brain, thyroid, and joints.		1.9710
mersalyl
Mersalyl: A toxic thiol mercury salt formerly used as a diuretic. It inhibits various biochemical functions, especially in mitochondria, and is used to study those functions.		4.4470
cortisol succinate, sodium salt
hydrocortisone hemisuccinate: RN given refers to (11beta)-isomer; Synonyms Solu-Cortef & sopolcort H refer to Na salt		4.131organic molecular entity
piperacillin, tazobactam drug combination
Piperacillin, Tazobactam Drug Combination: An antibiotic combination product of piperacillin and tazobactam, a penicillanic acid derivative with enhanced beta-lactamase inhibitory activity, that is used for the intravenous treatment of intra-abdominal, pelvic, and skin infections and for community-acquired pneumonia of moderate severity. It is also used for the treatment of PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA INFECTIONS.		2.5720
olaparib
[no description available]		2.0810cyclopropanes;
monofluorobenzenes;
N-acylpiperazine;
phthalazines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
hygromycin b
[no description available]		1.9810
picrotoxinin
picrotoxinin: toxic component of PICROTOXIN; structure; noncompetitive antagonist of ionotropic GABA-A receptors. picrotoxinin : A picrotoxane sesquiterpenoid that is 3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-indene-3,7-dicarboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 3a, 6, and 7a by methyl, isopropenyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively; in which the double bond at position 2-3 has been epoxidised; and in which the carboxy groups at positions 3 and 7 have undergone gamma-lactone formation by O-alkylation to positions 4 and 5, respectively. A component of picrotoxin.		2.3920
srt1720
[no description available]		2.0810
plx 4720
PLX 4720: a B-Raf(V600E) kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0810aromatic ketone;
difluorobenzene;
organochlorine compound;
pyrrolopyridine;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
B-Raf inhibitor
cx 4945
[no description available]		2.0810
cudc 101
7-(4-(3-ethynylphenylamino)-7-methoxyquinazolin-6-yloxy)-N-hydroxyheptanamide: a histone deacetylase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0810
s-adenosylmethionine
(R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.		1.9910organic cation;
sulfonium compound		coenzyme;
cofactor;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mln 8237
MLN 8237: an aurora kinase A inhibitor		2.0810benzazepine
lde225
sonidegib: specific Smoothened/Smo antagonist. sonidegib : A member of the classo of biphenyls that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-methyl-4'-(trifluoromethoxy)[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 6-(2,6-dimethylmorpholin-4-yl)pyridin-3-amine. Used (as its phosphate salt) for treatment of locally advanced basal cell carcinoma.		2.0810aminopyridine;
aromatic ether;
benzamides;
biphenyls;
morpholines;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor;
SMO receptor antagonist
gdc 0449
HhAntag691: inhibits the hedgehog pathway and ABC transporters; has antineoplastic activity		3.6620benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
sulfone		antineoplastic agent;
Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor;
SMO receptor antagonist;
teratogenic agent
sgx 523
[no description available]		2.0810aryl sulfide;
biaryl;
pyrazoles;
quinolines;
triazolopyridazine		c-Met tyrosine kinase inhibitor;
nephrotoxic agent
preminent
[no description available]		2.1310
bms 777607
N-(4-(2-amino-3-chloropyridin-4-yloxy)-3-fluorophenyl)-4-ethoxy-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carboxamide: a Met kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0810aromatic amide
sgi 1776
SGI 1776: a Pim kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0810imidazoles
picrotoxin
Picrotoxin: A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.. picrotoxin : A mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of picrotoxinin and picrotin found in the climbing plant Anamirta cocculus.		3.94130
canagliflozin
canagliflozin hydrate : A hydrate that is the hemihydrate form of canagliflozin. Used for treatment of type II diabetes via inhibition of sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2.		2.4110C-glycosyl compound;
organofluorine compound;
thiophenes		hypoglycemic agent;
sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
pci 32765
ibrutinib: a Btk protein inhibitor. ibrutinib : A member of the class of acrylamides that is (3R)-3-[4-amino-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl]piperidine in which the piperidine nitrogen is replaced by an acryloyl group. A selective and covalent inhibitor of the enzyme Bruton's tyrosine kinase, it is used for treatment of B-cell malignancies.		2.0810acrylamides;
aromatic amine;
aromatic ether;
N-acylpiperidine;
pyrazolopyrimidine;
tertiary carboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
ponatinib
[no description available]		3.6620(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
acetylenic compound;
benzamides;
imidazopyridazine;
N-methylpiperazine		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
ethyl cellulose
[no description available]		7.0510glycoside
amg 900
N-(4-((3-(2-amino-4-pyrimidinyl)-2-pyridinyl)oxy)phenyl)-4-(4-methyl-2-thienyl)-1-phthalazinamine: a pan-aurora kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0810
mk-1775
adavosertib: a Wee1 kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0810piperazines
bag956
BAG956: an imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline; dual PI3K/PDK-1 inhibitor, used in antileukemic therapies		2.0810
quizartinib
[no description available]		2.0810benzoimidazothiazole;
isoxazoles;
morpholines;
phenylureas		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
necroptosis inhibitor
N-[4-[3-[[[7-(hydroxyamino)-7-oxoheptyl]amino]-oxomethyl]-5-isoxazolyl]phenyl]carbamic acid tert-butyl ester
CAY10603: a HDAC6 inhibitor		2.0810carbamate ester
tak 733
[no description available]		2.0810
mk 2206
MK 2206: a protein kinase inhibitor and antineoplastic agent		2.0810organic heterotricyclic compoundEC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
navitoclax
[no description available]		2.0810aryl sulfide;
monochlorobenzenes;
morpholines;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
organofluorine compound;
piperazines;
secondary amino compound;
sulfone;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor
sns 314
SNS 314: an aurora kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0810ureas
jzl 184
JZL 184: inhibits monoacylglycerol lipase; structure in first source		2.0810benzodioxoles
n-(cyanomethyl)-4-(2-((4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl)amino)-4-pyrimidinyl)benzamide
N-(cyanomethyl)-4-(2-((4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl)amino)-4-pyrimidinyl)benzamide: a Janus kinase 1 and Janus kinase 2 inhibitor; structure in first source. momelotinib : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-{2-[4-(morpholin-4-yl)anilino]pyrimidin-4-yl}benzoic acid with the primary amino group of aminoacetonitrile. It is an ATP-competitive JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor with IC50 of 11 nM and 18 nM, respectively. Used for the treatment of patients with intermediate- or high-risk myelofibrosis.		2.0810aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
morpholines;
nitrile;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-anaemic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
cardiovascular agents
Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.		11.493210
dcc-2036
rebastinib: an inhibitor of Tie2 tyrosine kinase receptor and antineoplastic agent		2.0810organofluorine compound;
phenylureas;
pyrazoles;
pyridinecarboxamide;
quinolines		tyrosine kinase inhibitor
cetrorelix
cetrorelix: LHRH antagonist. cetrorelix : A synthetic ten-membered oligopeptide comprising N-acetyl-3-(naphthalen-2-yl)-D-alanyl, 4-chloro-D-phenylalanyl, 3-(pyridin-3-yl)-D-alanyl, L-seryl, L-tyrosyl, N(5)-carbamoyl-D-ornithyl, L-leucyl, L-arginyl, L-prolyl, and D-alaninamide residues coupled in sequence. A gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist, it is used for treatment of infertility and of hormone-sensitive cancers of the prostate and breast.		3.5820oligopeptideantineoplastic agent;
GnRH antagonist
neurotensin
neurotensin, Tyr(11)-: RN given refers to parent cpd & (D)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 5/91		2.3920peptide hormonehuman metabolite;
mitogen;
neurotransmitter;
vulnerary
hainanolide
hainanolide: from bark of Cephalotaxux hainensis		2.0410
cabozantinib
cabozantinib: a multikinase inhibitor. cabozantinib : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that is N-phenyl-N'-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropane-1,1-dicarboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the phenyl ring is substituted by a (6,7-dimethoxyquinolin-4-yl)oxy group. A multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor, used (as its malate salt) for the treatment of progressive, metastatic, medullary thyroid cancer.		2.0810aromatic ether;
dicarboxylic acid diamide;
organofluorine compound;
quinolines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
N-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-5-[3-[2-[5-ethyl-2-methoxy-4-[4-(4-methylsulfonyl-1-piperazinyl)-1-piperidinyl]anilino]-4-pyrimidinyl]-2-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridinyl]-2-methoxybenzamide
[no description available]		2.0810benzamides
incb-018424
[no description available]		2.0810nitrile;
pyrazoles;
pyrrolopyrimidine		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
tolterodine tartrate
Tolterodine Tartrate: An ANTIMUSCARINIC AGENT selective for the MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS of the BLADDER that is used in the treatment of URINARY INCONTINENCE and URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE.		2.1510tartrate salt
bix 01294
[no description available]		2.5320piperidines
cobicistat
[no description available]		3.51101,3-thiazoles;
carbamate ester;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
morpholines;
ureas		P450 inhibitor
pf 3845
PF 3845: inhibits fatty acid amide hydrolase		2.0810piperidines
gsk 2126458
omipalisib: inhibitor of mTOR protein. omipalisib : A member of the class of quinolines that is quinoline which is substituted by pyridazin-4-yl and 5-[(2,4-difluorobenzene-1-sulfonyl)amino]-6-methoxypyridin-3-yl groups at positions 4 and 6, respectively. It is a highly potent inhibitor of PI3K and mTOR developed by GlaxoSmithKline and was previously in human phase 1 clinical trials for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and solid tumors.		2.0810aromatic ether;
difluorobenzene;
pyridazines;
pyridines;
quinolines;
sulfonamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inducer;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
mTOR inhibitor;
radiosensitizing agent
ixazomib
ixazomib: a proteasome inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; MLN2238 is the biologically active form of MLN9708; structure in first source. ixazomib : A glycine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-(2,5-dichlorobenzoyl)glycine with the amino group of [(1R)-1-amino-3-methylbutyl]boronic acid. The active metabolite of ixazomib citrate, it is used in combination therapy for treatment of multiple myeloma.		2.0810benzamides;
boronic acids;
dichlorobenzene;
glycine derivative		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
drug metabolite;
orphan drug;
proteasome inhibitor
ldn 193189
LDN 193189: inhibits bone morphogenetic protein signaling		2.0810pyrimidines
nitrogenase
Nitrogenase: An enzyme system that catalyzes the fixing of nitrogen in soil bacteria and blue-green algae (CYANOBACTERIA). EC 1.18.6.1.		2.3820
guanidinosuccinic acid
guanidinosuccinic acid: a metabolite in uremia; metabolic product of amino acid metabolism; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. N-amidino-L-aspartate(1-) : Conjugate base of N-amidino-L-aspartate arising from deprotonation of the carboxy groups and protonation of the guanidino group; major species at pH 7.3.		2.0410L-alpha-amino acid anion
phosphinothricin
phosphinothricin: RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure. phosphinothricin(1-) : Conjugate base of phosphinothricin arising from deprotonation of the phosphinate function.		1.9810organic anion
gliocladic acid
gliocladic acid: from Gliocladium virens, Chaetomium globosum & Trichoderma viride; structure given in first source		2.0410p-menthane monoterpenoid
plx4032
[no description available]		2.0810aromatic ketone;
difluorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrrolopyridine;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
B-Raf inhibitor
(2S)-2-[[2-(2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-5-yloxy)-9-[(4-phenylphenyl)methyl]-6-purinyl]amino]-3-phenyl-1-propanol
[no description available]		2.0810biphenyls
a 967079
A 967079: a TRPA1 channel antagonist; structure in first source		2.0710
gsk 1363089
GSK 1363089: a multikinase inhibitor that acts on Met, RON, Axl, and VEGFR; structure in first source		2.0810aromatic ether
kin-193
[no description available]		2.0810pyridopyrimidine
glycolipids
[no description available]		2.3720
bay 869766
[no description available]		2.0810
4-[6-[4-(methoxycarbonylamino)phenyl]-4-(4-morpholinyl)-1-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidinyl]-1-piperidinecarboxylic acid methyl ester
WYE-354: an mTOR inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0810carbamate ester
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		7.41285
pht 427
4-dodecyl-N-(1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source		2.4620
6-[(3-aminophenyl)methyl]-4-methyl-2-methylsulfinyl-5-thieno[3,4]pyrrolo[1,3-d]pyridazinone
ML-265: a small molecule activator of PKM2		2.0810organic heterobicyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound;
organosulfur heterocyclic compound
interleukin-8
Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.		5.2341
3-[[4-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-ylsulfonyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]sulfonyl]aniline
[no description available]		2.0810benzenes;
sulfonamide
cp 466722
[no description available]		2.0810quinazolines
cleistanthin
cleistanthin: lignan lactone toxic glycoside from Cleistanthus collinus (Roxb); structure. cleistanthin A : A member of the class of cleistanthins that is the 4-O-3,4-di-O-methyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside of 1,3-dihydronaphtho[2,3-c]furan-4-ol which is substituted by an oxo group at position 1, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7, and a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl group at position 9. It is one of the toxic principles in Cleistanthus collinus.		2.0410cleistanthins;
xylose derivative		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
CAY10626
[no description available]		2.0810ureas
thiopental sodium
[no description available]		2.0810organochlorine compound;
piperazines;
pyrimidines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
colistin
Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.		2.6430
fosinopril
Fosinopril: A phosphinic acid-containing angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of hypertension. It is a prodrug that is converted to its active metabolite fosinoprilat.. fosinopril : A phosphinate ester-containing N-acyl derivative of (4S)-cyclohexyl-L-proline. It is used for the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. A pro-drug, it is hydrolysed in vivo to the corresponding phosphininc acid, fosinoprilat, which is the active metabolite.		2.0310
exenatide
Exenatide: A synthetic form of exendin-4, a 39-amino acid peptide isolated from the venom of the Gila monster lizard (Heloderma suspectum). Exenatide increases CYCLIC AMP levels in pancreatic acinar cells and acts as a GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR (GLP-1) agonist and incretin mimetic, enhancing insulin secretion in response to increased glucose levels; it also suppresses inappropriate glucagon secretion and slows gastric emptying. It is used an anti-diabetic and anti-obesity agent.		2.0710
pha 793887
[no description available]		2.0810piperidinecarboxamide
unc 0638
UNC 0638: inhibits lysine methyltransferases G9a and GLP; structure in first source		2.2110quinazolines
nvp-bsk805
[no description available]		2.0810
xmd 8-92
XMD8-92 : A dimethylpyrimido[4,5-b][1,4]benzodiazepin-6-one carrying at C-2 on the pyrimidine ring a [2-ethoxy-4-(4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl)phenyl]amino substituent. It is an inhibitor of the BMK1 kinase pathway.		2.0810pyrimidobenzodiazepineprotein kinase inhibitor
jq1 compound
[no description available]		2.0810carboxylic ester;
organochlorine compound;
tert-butyl ester;
thienotriazolodiazepine		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
bromodomain-containing protein 4 inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
ferroptosis inducer
jnj38877605
[no description available]		2.0810quinolines
N-[3-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)-5,6-dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-c]pyrrol-2-yl]acetamide
[no description available]		2.0810benzothiazoles
alectinib
[no description available]		3.5110aromatic ketone;
morpholines;
nitrile;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
piperidines		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
torin 1
torin 1 : A member of the class of pyridoquinolines that is 9-(quinolin-3-yl)benzo[h][1,6]naphthyridin-2-one bearing an additional 4-(4-propionylpiperazin-1-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent at position 1. It is a potent inhibitor of mTOR and exhibits anti-cancer properties.		2.0810N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridoquinoline;
quinolines		antineoplastic agent;
mTOR inhibitor
ly2940680
[no description available]		2.0810
1-[4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-(5-pyridin-4-yl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)urea
[no description available]		2.0810ureas
nimorazole
[no description available]		2.0410
ro 4929097
[no description available]		2.0810dibenzoazepine;
dicarboxylic acid diamide;
lactam;
organofluorine compound		EC 3.4.23.46 (memapsin 2) inhibitor
gsk4112
GSK4112: a Rev-erbalpha agonist; structure in first source		2.0810
methylcellulose
Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.		9.0931
butyrolactone i
butyrolactone I: selective inhibitor of cdk2 & cdc2 kinase; structure given in first source		2.0510butenolide
torin 2
torin 2 : A member of the class of pyridoquinolines that is benzo[h][1,6]naphthyridin-2-one carrying additional 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and 6-aminopyridin-3-yl substituents at positions 1 and 9 respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of mTOR and exhibits anti-cancer properties.		2.0810aminopyridine;
organofluorine compound;
primary amino compound;
pyridoquinoline		antineoplastic agent;
mTOR inhibitor
pf-4708671
[no description available]		2.0810
vasoactive intestinal peptide
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).		3.92130
natriuretic peptide, brain
Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.		15.796830polypeptide
heme
Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.		3.7430
N-[4-(1-benzoyl-4-piperidinyl)butyl]-3-(3-pyridinyl)-2-propenamide
[no description available]		2.0810benzamides;
N-acylpiperidine
2-methoxy-N-[3-[4-[3-methyl-4-[(6-methyl-3-pyridinyl)oxy]anilino]-6-quinazolinyl]prop-2-enyl]acetamide
2-methoxy-N-[3-[4-[3-methyl-4-[(6-methyl-3-pyridinyl)oxy]anilino]-6-quinazolinyl]prop-2-enyl]acetamide : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by {3-methyl-4-[(6-methylpyridin-3-yl)oxy]phenyl}amino and 3-(2-methoxyacetamido)prop-1-en-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 6, respectively.		2.0810aromatic ether;
methylpyridines;
olefinic compound;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
toluenes
belinostat
[no description available]		2.0810olefinic compound
lesinurad
lesinurad: a uric acid reabsorption inhibitor. lesinurad : A member of the class of triazoles that is [(3-bromo-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]acetic acid substituted at position 1 of the triazole ring by a 4-cyclopropylnaphthalen-1-yl group. Used for treatment of gout.		2.1310aryl sulfide;
cyclopropanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
naphthalenes;
organobromine compound;
triazoles		uricosuric drug
chondroitin
Chondroitin: A mucopolysaccharide constituent of chondrin. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		3.2710
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		11.82302ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
raltegravir
[no description available]		3.23101,2,4-oxadiazole;
dicarboxylic acid amide;
hydroxypyrimidine;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrimidone;
secondary carboxamide		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
novobiocin
Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.		5.79110carbamate ester;
ether;
hexoside;
hydroxycoumarin;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		12.2390
chlortetracycline
Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.		3.360
oxytetracycline, anhydrous
Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.		4.7790
minocycline
Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.		5.11130
salicylates
Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.		10.45492monohydroxybenzoateplant metabolite
dicumarol
Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.		3.1150hydroxycoumarinanticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
vitamin K antagonist
piroxicam
[no description available]		13.67432benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
roquinimex
roquinimex: structure in first source		2.7530aromatic amide
acenocoumarol
Acenocoumarol: A coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. Its actions and uses are similar to those of WARFARIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p233). acenocoumarol : A hydroxycoumarin that is warfarin in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is replaced by a nitro group.		3.4270C-nitro compound;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone		anticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
meclocycline
[no description available]		2.0210
bactobolin
bactobolin: from Pseudomonas sp. BN-183; has MF C14-H20-Cl2-N2-O6; RN given refers to parent cpd(R*)-isomer		2.0410amino acid amide
lfm a13
LFM-A13 : An enamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2Z)-2-cyano-3-hydroxybut-2-enoic acid with the amino group of 2,5-dibromoaniline. It is a dual-function inhibitor of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) and Polo-like kinases (PLK) that exhibits anticancer properties.		2.0310aromatic amide;
dibromobenzene;
enamide;
enol;
nitrile;
secondary carboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.21 (polo kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
mobic
Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.		8.062041,3-thiazoles;
benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobiflex
tenoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also indicated for short term treatment of acute musculoskeletal disorders including strains, sprains and other soft-tissue injuries.		4.23170heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
isoxicam
isoxicam : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is piroxicam in which the pyrid-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the market in the 1980s following its association with cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome.		3.85110benzothiazine;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antirheumatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ethyl 1-benzyl-3-hydroxy-2(5h)-oxopyrrole-4-carboxylate
ethyl 1-benzyl-3-hydroxy-2(5H)-oxopyrrole-4-carboxylate: RN & structure given in first source		2.0810carboxylic acid;
pyrroline
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		9.46683benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
bephenium hydroxynaphthoate
bephenium hydroxynaphthoate: structure		2.0410
demeclocycline
Demeclocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog having a 7-chloro and a 6-methyl. Because it is excreted more slowly than tetracycline, it maintains effective blood levels for longer periods of time.. demeclocycline : Tetracycline which lacks the methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the hydrogen para- to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by chlorine. Like tetracycline, it is an antibiotic, but being excreted more slowly, effective blood levels are maintained for longer. It is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.		5.31100
phenprocoumon
Phenprocoumon: Coumarin derivative that acts as a long acting oral anticoagulant.. phenprocoumon : A hydroxycoumarin that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenylpropyl group.		3.5990hydroxycoumarinanticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
tipranavir
tipranavir: inhibits HIV-1 protease. tipranavir : A pyridine-2-sulfonamide substituted at C-5 by a trifluoromethyl group and at the sulfonamide nitrogen by a dihydropyrone-containing m-tolyl substituent. It is an HIV-1 protease inhibitor.		4.4360sulfonamideantiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
chlortetracycline hydrochloride
Alexomycin: a thiopeptide; a cyclic peptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces arginensis isolated from the soil		2.4620
l 701324
L 701324: a glycine/NMDA receptor antagonist		2.0310quinolines
4-hydroxycoumarin
2-hydroxychromone: structure		3.110hydroxycoumarin
rolitetracycline
Rolitetracycline: A pyrrolidinylmethyl TETRACYCLINE.. rolitetracycline : A derivative of tetracycline in which the amide function is substituted with a pyrrolidinomethyl group.		2.9740
sudoxicam
sudoxicam: proposed ant-inflammatory agent; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search THIAZINES (75-86)		2.9540
methacycline monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620
ethyl biscoumacetate
Ethyl Biscoumacetate: A coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. It has actions similar to those of WARFARIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p226)		1.9410hydroxycoumarin
hispidin
hispidin: metabolite of Basidiomycete Polyporus hispidus. hispidin : Fungal metabolite first found in basidiomycete Inonotus hispidus (formerly Polyporus hispidus).		2.44202-pyranones;
catechols		antioxidant;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite
minocycline hydrochloride
[no description available]		3.1550
demeclocycline hydrochloride
demeclocycline hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of demeclocycline. A tetracycline antibiotic, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.		2.9640
tigecycline
[no description available]		9.2950
(S)-warfarin
(S)-warfarin : A 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one that has (S)-configuration (the racemate is warfarin, an anticoagulant drug and rodenticide).		2.07104-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one
sancycline
sancycline: RN given refers to parent cpd		210
lornoxicam
lornoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain, primarily resulting from inflammatory diseases of the joints, osteoarthritis, surgery, sciatica and other inflammations.		5.7661heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
omadacycline
omadacycline: demonstrated in vitro activity against a broad range of Gram-positive and select Gram-negative pathogens; structure in first source		2.610tetracyclines
a 769662
[no description available]		2.0810biphenyls
epidermal growth factor
Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.		2.940
kaolinite
Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.		2.4220aluminosilicate mineral;
mixture		antidiarrhoeal drug;
excipient
clay
Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.		2.7630
plasmalyte a
Plasmalyte A: resuscitation fluid; contains sodium, potassium, chlorides, calcium, magnesium & bicarbonates		2.0510
charybdotoxin
[no description available]		2.6930
normosol r
normosol R: diluent for packed erythrocytes; Abbott Labs, contains NaCl, Na acetate, Na gluconate, KCl, MgCl (Am Drug Ind)		2.110
transforming growth factor beta
Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.		3.3320
robustoxin
robustoxin: from venom of male Sidney spider, Atrax robustus; amino acid sequence given in first source		210
semaglutide
[no description available]		6.0522lipopeptide;
polypeptide		anti-obesity agent;
appetite depressant;
glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist;
hypoglycemic agent;
neuroprotective agent
LimKi 3
LIMKi3: LIMK inhibitor. LimKi 3 : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazole which is substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 3 and by a 2-(isobutyrylamino)-1,3-thiazol-5-yl group at position 5. It is a a potent cell-permeable inhibitor of LIM kinase 1 and 2.		2.08101,3-thiazoles;
dichlorobenzene;
organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
secondary carboxamide		LIM kinase inhibitor
1-[4-amino-7-[3-(2-methoxyethylamino)propyl]-5-(4-methylphenyl)-6-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidinyl]-2-fluoroethanone
[no description available]		2.0810pyrroles
okadaic acid
Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.		7.6930ketal
2-[5-[(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)methylidene]-4-methoxy-2-pyrrolylidene]indole
[no description available]		2.0810dipyrrins
N-hydroxy-3-[4-[[2-(2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)ethylamino]methyl]phenyl]-2-propenamide
[no description available]		2.0810tryptamines
3-[(5-tert-butyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methylidene]-6-(phenylmethylene)piperazine-2,5-dione
[no description available]		2.0810pyrazines
gsk837149a
GSK837149A: structure in first source		2.0810
N-[4-(3-chloro-4-fluoroanilino)-7-[[(3S)-3-oxolanyl]oxy]-6-quinazolinyl]-4-(dimethylamino)-2-butenamide
[no description available]		2.0810quinazolines
N-[4-(3-chloro-4-fluoroanilino)-7-methoxy-6-quinazolinyl]-4-(1-piperidinyl)-2-butenamide
[no description available]		2.0810quinazolines
wnt-c59
2-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)phenyl)-N-(4-(pyridin-3-yl)phenyl)acetamide: a PORCN acyltransferase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0810
5-[1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-pyridin-4-yl-4-pyrazolyl]-2,3-dihydroinden-1-one oxime
[no description available]		2.0810indanes
pyrethrins
[no description available]		210
ajmaline
[no description available]		2.4320
osimertinib
osimertinib: an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor. osimertinib : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 4-(1-methylindol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2-methoxy-4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl](methyl)amino-5-acrylamidophenyl group. Used (as the mesylate salt) for treatment of EGFR T790M mutation positive non-small cell lung cancer.		2.2510acrylamides;
aminopyrimidine;
biaryl;
indoles;
monomethoxybenzene;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
agar
Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.		2.4110
glutaminase
[no description available]		3.0510
fertinex
[no description available]		3.2310
cefiderocol
cefiderocol: structure in first source. cefiderocol : A fourth-generation siderophore cephalosporin antibiotic having {1-[2-(2-chloro-3,4-dihydroxybenzamido)ethyl]pyrrolidinium-1-yl}methyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-{[(2-carboxypropan-2-yl)oxy]imino}acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively, developed to combat a variety of bacterial pathogens, including beta-lactam- and carbapenem-resistant organisms.		3.5611carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug;
siderophore
oligomycins
Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).		4.6690
imidacloprid
(E)-imidacloprid : The E-isomer of imidacloprid.		2.4520imidacloprid;
imidazolidines;
monochloropyridine		environmental contaminant;
genotoxin;
neonicotinoid insectide;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
nitrophenols
Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.		2.3720
angiotensin i
Angiotensin I: A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.. angiotensin I : A ten amino acid peptide formed by renin cleavage of angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I has no direct biological function except that high levels can stimulate catecholamine production. It is metabolized to its biologically active byproduct angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) through cleavage of the two terminal amino acids.. angiotensin I dizwitterion : A peptide zwitterion that is the dizwitterionic form of angiotensin I having both carboxy groups deprotonated and the aspartyl amino group and arginine side-chain protonated. It is the major species at pH 7.3.		13.6293angiotensin;
peptide zwitterion		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter agent
ferric oxide, saccharated
Ferric Oxide, Saccharated: A glucaric acid-iron conjugate that is used in the treatment of IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA, including in patients with chronic kidney disease, when oral iron therapy is ineffective or impractical.		3.4811
hyaluronoglucosaminidase
Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.		6.2342
carbopol 941
Carbopol 981: high molecular mucoadhesive polymer substance		2.110
adrenomedullin
Adrenomedullin: A 52-amino acid peptide with multi-functions. It was originally isolated from PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA and ADRENAL MEDULLA but is widely distributed throughout the body including lung and kidney tissues. Besides controlling fluid-electrolyte homeostasis, adrenomedullin is a potent vasodilator and can inhibit pituitary ACTH secretion.		2.4620
angiotensin iii
Angiotensin III: A heptapeptide formed from ANGIOTENSIN II after the removal of an amino acid at the N-terminal by AMINOPEPTIDASE A. Angiotensin III has the same efficacy as ANGIOTENSIN II in promoting ALDOSTERONE secretion and modifying renal blood flow, but less vasopressor activity (about 40%).		3.0650
gibberellins
[no description available]		2.610
nonactin
nonactin: macrolide tetrolide antibiotic isolated from cycloheximide-producing species of Streptomyces; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search ANTIBIOTICS (75-86)		1.9610
vitamin b 12
Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.		4.4651
aconitine
Aconitine: A C19 norditerpenoid alkaloid (DITERPENES) from the root of ACONITUM; DELPHINIUM and larkspurs. It activates VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It has been used to induce ARRHYTHMIAS in experimental animals and it has anti-inflammatory and anti-neuralgic properties.. aconitine : A diterpenoid that is 20-ethyl-3alpha,13,15alpha-trihydroxy-1alpha,6alpha,16beta-trimethoxy-4-(methoxymethyl)aconitane-8,14alpha-diol having acetate and benzoate groups at the 8- and 14-positions respectively.		2.2510
insulin glargine
Insulin Glargine: A recombinant LONG ACTING INSULIN and HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT that is used to manage BLOOD GLUCOSE in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS.		2.0810
s 8932
[no description available]		2.610aromatic amine;
C-nucleoside;
carboxylic ester;
nitrile;
phosphoramidate ester;
pyrrolotriazine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral drug;
prodrug
oxyntomodulin
Glucagon-Like Peptides: Peptides derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of pancreatic GLUCAGON. Despite expression of proglucagon in multiple tissues, the major production site of glucagon-like peptides (GLPs) is the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLPs include glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon-like peptide 2, and the various truncated forms.		6.0522
transforming growth factor alpha
Transforming Growth Factor alpha: An EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR related protein that is found in a variety of tissues including EPITHELIUM, and maternal DECIDUA. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form which binds to the EGF RECEPTOR.		1.9710
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		9.71305
cytochalasin d
Cytochalasin D: A fungal metabolite that blocks cytoplasmic cleavage by blocking formation of contractile microfilament structures resulting in multinucleated cell formation, reversible inhibition of cell movement, and the induction of cellular extrusion. Additional reported effects include the inhibition of actin polymerization, DNA synthesis, sperm motility, glucose transport, thyroid secretion, and growth hormone release.. cytochalasin D : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a mycotoxin produced by Helminthosporium and other moulds which is cell permeable and a potent inhibitor of actin polymerisation and DNA synthesis.		2.4420
digitonin
Digitonin: A glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars. Digitonin solubilizes lipids, especially in membranes and is used as a tool in cellular biochemistry, and reagent for precipitating cholesterol. It has no cardiac effects.. digitonin : A spirostanyl glycoside that is digitogenin in which the 3-hydroxy group is substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl group. It is a steroidal saponin isolated from the foxglove plant, Digitalis purpurea. It is used extensively as a mild non-ionic detergent for extracting proteins from membranes for structure and function studies.		1.9710
tomatine
Tomatine: An alkaloid that occurs in the extract of leaves of wild tomato plants. It has been found to inhibit the growth of various fungi and bacteria. It is used as a precipitating agent for steroids. (From The Merck Index, 11th ed). tomatine : A steroid alkaloid that is tomatidine in which the hydroxy group at position 3 is linked to lycotetraose, a tetrasaccharide composed of two units of D-glucose, one unit of D-xylose, and one unit of D-galactose.		1.9610
2-amino-4-methylsulfonyl butane thiol
[no description available]		2.0210
orabase
Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers		2.9640
technetium tc 99m medronate
Technetium Tc 99m Medronate: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used primarily in skeletal scintigraphy. Because of its absorption by a variety of tumors, it is useful for the detection of neoplasms.		2.6630
thromboplastin
Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.		2.3520
muramidase
Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.		3.0650
technetium tc 99m dimercaptosuccinic acid
Technetium Tc 99m Dimercaptosuccinic Acid: A nontoxic radiopharmaceutical that is used in the diagnostic imaging of the renal cortex.		6.16123
entecavir
entecavir (anhydrous) : Guanine substituted at the 9 position by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl group. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, it is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Entecavir is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.		3.87302-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
chir 258
[no description available]		3.6620
acyclovir
Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.		6.372902-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug
osi 027
OSI 027: inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2; structure in first source		2.0810
levoleucovorin
Levoleucovorin: A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN.. (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : The pharmacologically active (6S)-stereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.		4.18505-formyltetrahydrofolic acidantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
cyclic gmp
Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.		8.683223',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
guanyl ribonucleotide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sepiapterin
sepiapterin: A substrate of sepiapterin reductase		2.0310sepiapterin
deoxyguanosine
[no description available]		2.1510purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside;
purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine monophosphate
Guanosine Monophosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety and found widely in nature.. guanosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.		2.4110guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
guanosine triphosphate
Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		2.3920guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanine
[no description available]		2.47202-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
purine nucleobase		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hypoxanthine
[no description available]		210nucleobase analogue;
oxopurine;
purine nucleobase		fundamental metabolite
inosine
[no description available]		3.2360inosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		5.36180folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
viomycin
[no description available]		2.3820heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide antibiotic		antitubercular agent
guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate)
Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.		2.0510nucleoside triphosphate analogue
isoxanthopterin
[no description available]		2.0310dihydroxypteridine
pheophytin a
pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S*,11S*),4beta,21beta))-isomer		2.4920
rifampin
Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)		7.43330cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine
Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.		6.49330benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
GABA antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
xenobiotic
dacarbazine
(E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		5.11130dacarbazine
didanosine
Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS.		5.22150purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
ganciclovir
[no description available]		5.291602-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antiinfective agent;
antiviral drug
valtrex
[no description available]		2.0810organic molecular entity
valacyclovir
Valacyclovir: A prodrug of acyclovir that is used in the treatment of HERPES ZOSTER and HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION of the skin and mucous membranes, including GENITAL HERPES.		5.1880L-valyl esterantiviral drug
sildenafil
sildenafil : A pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a propyl substituent at the 3-position and a 2-ethoxy-5-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)sulfonyl]phenyl group at the 5-position.		4.86100piperazines;
pyrazolopyrimidine;
sulfonamide		EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
olanzapine
Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.		5.53120benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
penciclovir
penciclovir : A member of the class of 2-aminopurines that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)but-1-yl group. An antiviral drug, it is administered topically for treatment of herpes labialis. A prodrug, famciclovir, is used for oral administration.		3.14502-aminopurines;
propane-1,3-diols		antiviral drug
oxypurinol
Oxypurinol: A xanthine oxidase inhibitor.. alloxanthine : A pyrazolopyrimidine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine substituted by oxo groups at positions 4 and 6.		4.8942pyrazolopyrimidinedrug metabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
zaprinast
zaprinast: anaphylaxis inhibitor; structure		2.9640triazolopyrimidines
raltitrexed
[no description available]		2.4720N-acyl-amino acid
vardenafil
vardenafil : The sulfonamide resulting from formal condensation of the sulfo group of 4-ethoxy-3-(5-methyl-7-propylimidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(1H)-one-2-yl)benzenesulfonic acid and the secondary amino group of 4-ethylpiperazine.		4.0840imidazotriazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-sulfonylpiperazine		EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
allopurinol
Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.		8.86372nucleobase analogue;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimetabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
gout suppressant;
radical scavenger
hli 373
[no description available]		2.0810
azaguanine
Azaguanine: One of the early purine analogs showing antineoplastic activity. It functions as an antimetabolite and is easily incorporated into ribonucleic acids.. 8-azaguanine : A triazolopyrimidine that consists of 3,6-dihydro-7H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine bearing amino and oxo substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively.		2.0410nucleobase analogue;
triazolopyrimidines		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor
citrovorum factor
[no description available]		4.0940tetrahydrofolic acid
leucovorin
5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : A formyltetrahydrofolic acid in which the formyl group is located at position 5.		4.5470formyltetrahydrofolic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
guanylyl imidodiphosphate
Guanylyl Imidodiphosphate: A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg2+. The nucleotide is a potent stimulator of ADENYLYL CYCLASES.. guanosine 5'-[beta,gamma-imido]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is GTP in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta- to the gamma- phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, it binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg(2+).		1.9510nucleoside triphosphate analogue
phenylamil
phenylamil: irreversible inhibitor of sodium channels in the toad urinary bladder		2.7130guanidines;
pyrazines
xanthopterin
[no description available]		1.9410
rifapentine
rifapentine: cyclopentyl derivative of rifampicin		3.6120N-alkylpiperazine;
N-iminopiperazine;
rifamycins		antitubercular agent;
leprostatic drug
thiolactomycin
thiolactomycin: from actinomycetes; structure given in first source		2.4520
2,4-diaminohypoxanthine
2,4-diaminohypoxanthine: do not confuse abbreviation DAHP with various dehydro-deoxy-arabino-heptulosonic acid phosphates which also use DAHP; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0310hydroxypyrimidine
alanosine
[no description available]		2.4520
3,4,5-trihydroxybenzamidoxime
3,4,5-trihydroxybenzamidoxime: structure given in first source		2.0510benzenetriol
bl 4162a
anagrelide: imidazoquinazoline derivative which lowers platelet count probably by inhibiting thrombopoiesis and reduces platelet aggregation; used for thrombocythemia; structure in first source. anagrelide : A 1,5-dihydroimidazo[2,1-]quinazoline having an oxo substituent at the 2-position and chloro substituents at the 6- and 7-positions.		3.5920imidazoquinazolineanticoagulant;
antifibrinolytic drug;
cardiovascular drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
tegaserod
tegaserod: a nonbenzamide 5-hydroxytryptamine(4) agonist; used in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome; marketing suspended 2007 in US due to higher incidence of MI, stroke, and unstable angina; structure given in first source		4.0840carboxamidine;
guanidines;
hydrazines;
indoles		gastrointestinal drug;
serotonergic agonist
norclozapine
norclozapine: structure given in first source. N-desmethylclozapine : A dibenzodoazepine substituted with chloro and piperazino groups which is a major metabolite of clozapine; a potent and selective 5-HT2C serotonin receptor antagonist.		3.5420dibenzodiazepine;
organochlorine compound;
piperazines		delta-opioid receptor agonist;
metabolite;
serotonergic antagonist
pemetrexed
pemetrexed disodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of N-{4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl}-L-glutamic acid. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).		3.8930N-acyl-L-glutamic acid;
pyrrolopyrimidine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.2.2 (phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase) inhibitor
7-deazaguanosine
7-deazaguanosine: structure given in first source		2.0410
2-amino-5-iodo-6-phenyl-4-pyrimidinone
[no description available]		1.9610
bropirimine
[no description available]		1.9610pyrimidines
tirapazamine
Tirapazamine: A triazine derivative that introduces breaks into DNA strands in hypoxic cells, sensitizing tumor cells to the cytotoxic activity of other drugs and radiation.. tirapazamine : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,4-benzotriazine carrying an amino substituent at position 3 and two oxido substituents at positions 1 and 4.		2.4520aromatic amine;
benzotriazines;
N-oxide		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer
pelrinone
pelrinone: structure given in first source		2.4320
sildenafil citrate
Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.		5.0791citrate saltEC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
valganciclovir
Valganciclovir: A ganciclovir prodrug and antiviral agent that is used to treat CYTOMEGALOVIRUS RETINITIS in patients with AIDS, and for the prevention of CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS in organ transplant recipients who have received an organ from a CMV-positive donor.. valganciclovir : The L-valinyl ester of ganciclovir, into which it is rapidly converted by intestinal and hepatic esterases. It is a synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine.		3.2310L-valyl ester;
purines		antiviral drug;
prodrug
aprepitant
Aprepitant: A morpholine neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist that is used in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by DRUG THERAPY, and for the prevention of POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING.. aprepitant : A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors.		4.350(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
cyclic acetal;
morpholines;
triazoles		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
substance P receptor antagonist
fosaprepitant
fosaprepitant: a pro-drug form of aprepitant. fosaprepitant : A morpholine derivative that is the (1R)-1-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethyl ether of (3-{[(2R,3S)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxymorpholin-4-yl]methyl}-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)phosphonic acid.		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
cyclic acetal;
morpholines;
phosphoramide;
triazoles		antiemetic;
neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist;
prodrug
tegaserod maleate
[no description available]		2.0810maleate saltserotonergic agonist
ceftobiprole
ceftobiprole: BAL5788 is Ceftobiprole medocaril sodium. ceftobiprole : A fifth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having (E)-[(3'R)-2-oxo[1,3'-bipyrrolidin]-3-ylidene]methyl and [(2Z)-2-(5-amino-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)-2-(hydroxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively; developed for the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP, excluding ventilator-associated pneumonia, VAP) and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).		2.0410cephalosporin;
thiadiazoles		antimicrobial agent
pyrazofurin
pirazofurin : A C-glycosyl compound that is 4-hydroxy-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl group.		2.0410C-glycosyl compound;
pyrazoles		antimetabolite;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 4.1.1.23 (orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase) inhibitor
rifabutin
[no description available]		4.95110
quazinone
[no description available]		2.0310
xav939
XAV939: selectively inhibits beta-catenin-mediated transcription; structure in first source. XAV939 : A thiopyranopyrimidine in which a 7,8-dihydro-5H-thiopyrano[4,3-d]pyrimidine skeleton is substituted at C-4 by a hydroxy group and at C-2 by a para-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group.		2.0810(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
thiopyranopyrimidine		tankyrase inhibitor
8-bromocyclic gmp, sodium salt
sodium 8-bromo-3',5'-cyclic GMP : An organic sodium salt having 8-bromoguanosine 3',5'-cyclic phosphate as the counterion. A membrane permeable cGMP analogue that activates protein kinase G (PKG). It is 4.3-fold more potent than cGMP in activating PKG1alpha and promotes relaxation of tracheal and vascular smooth muscle tissue in vitro.		2.4420organic sodium saltmuscle relaxant;
protein kinase G agonist
8-bromocyclic gmp
8-bromo-3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic GMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the guanine ring. A membrane permeable cGMP analogue that activates protein kinase G (PKG). It is 4.3-fold more potent than cGMP in activating PKG1alpha and promotes relaxation of tracheal and vascular smooth muscle tissue in vitro.		2.9403',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
organobromine compound		muscle relaxant;
protein kinase G agonist
ag-879
AG-879: structure given in first source		2.4420
2-carboxyarabinitol 1-phosphate
[no description available]		2.0810
nintedanib
nintedanib : A member of the class of oxindoles that is a kinase inhibitor used (in the form of its ethylsulfonate salt) for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and cancer.		2.0810
n(10)-methylfolate
[no description available]		2.0410folic acids
5-methyltetrahydrohomofolic acid
5-methyltetrahydrohomofolic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine
8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.		2.1510guanosinesbiomarker
arsenazo iii
Arsenazo III: Metallochrome indicator that changes color when complexed to the calcium ion under physiological conditions. It is used to measure local calcium ion concentrations in vivo.		1.9610
formycin b
formycin B: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer		1.9710formycin
amg531
[no description available]		3.6420
formycins
Formycins: Pyrazolopyrimidine ribonucleosides isolated from Nocardia interforma. They are antineoplastic antibiotics with cytostatic properties.		1.9710
ninopterin
ninopterin: structure		2.0410
carbadox
Carbadox: An antibacterial agent that has been used in veterinary practice for treating swine dysentery and enteritis and for promoting growth. However, its use has been prohibited in the UK following reports of carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p125)		2.0710quinoxaline derivative
ver 52296
luminespib : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-(2,4-dihydroxy-5-isopropylphenyl)-4-[4-(morpholin-4-ylmethyl)phenyl]-1,2-oxazole-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of ethylamine.		2.0810aromatic amide;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
morpholines;
resorcinols		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
Hsp90 inhibitor
levomefolate calcium
levomefolate calcium: an ingredient in Contraceptives, Oral, Combined. levomefolate calcium : An organic calcium salt of (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid.		3.2310organic calcium saltantidepressant
sb-590885
N-{5-[2-{4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]phenyl}-4-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H-imidazol-5-yl]-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ylidene}hydroxylamine : A ketoxime that is the oxime of indan-1-one in which the hydrogen at position 5 has been replaced by an imidazol-5-yl group which has itself been substituted at positions 2 and 4 by p-[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]phenyl and pyridin-4-yl groups, respectively.		2.0810aromatic ether;
imidazoles;
ketoxime;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound
pf-477736
PF 00477736: a Chk1 inhibitor; structure in first source. PF-00477736 : A diazepinoindole that is 8-amino-4,5-dihydro-6H-[1,2]diazepino[4,5,6-cd]indol-6-one which is substituted at position 2 by a 1-methylpyrazol-4-yl group and in which the amino group at position 8 has undergone condensation with the carboxy group of (2R)-2-cyclohexylglycine to give the corresponding carboxamide. It is an inhibitor of checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk 1).		2.0810
fenobam
fenobam: in USAN fenobam refers to monohydrate		2.4820ureas
cholestyramine resin
Cholestyramine Resin: A strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium Cl(-) anion.		5.1531
eye
[no description available]		3.0510
potassium magnesium aspartate
Potassium Magnesium Aspartate: An intra-extracellular electrolyte exchange agent with a variety of effects.		2.0210
maltodextrin
maltodextrin : A dextrin in which the D-glucose units are linked by alpha-(1->4) glycosidic bonds.		2.5120
ferric carboxymaltose
ferric carboxymaltose: effective for treatment of postpartum anemia		2.1510
carbidopa
Carbidopa: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that prevents conversion of LEVODOPA to dopamine. It is used in PARKINSON DISEASE to reduce peripheral adverse effects of LEVODOPA. It has no anti-parkinson activity by itself.. carbidopa : The hydrate of 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.		3.7521
concanavalin a
Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.		7.6630
technetium tc 99m-ethylenedicysteine
technetium Tc 99m-ethylenedicysteine: renal imaging agent; structure given in first source		4.3822
metallothionein
Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.		6.9710
2',7'-bis(carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein
[no description available]		3.0850
phosphorus radioisotopes
Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.		2.3620
leptin
Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.		2.4110
pyrimidinones
Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.		1.9610
filipin
Filipin: A complex of polyene antibiotics obtained from Streptomyces filipinensis. Filipin III alters membrane function by interfering with membrane sterols, inhibits mitochondrial respiration, and is proposed as an antifungal agent. Filipins I, II, and IV are less important.		1.9610
phenanthrenes
Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.		3.3860
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		022.9357291
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		124.9357291
Brain Swelling
[description not available]		013.43756
Craniocerebral Injuries
[description not available]		05.8891
Brain Edema
Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)		013.43756
Craniocerebral Trauma
Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.		05.8891
Polyarthritis
[description not available]		05.7880
Blood Pressure, Low
[description not available]		010.76518
Arthritis
Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		05.7880
Hypotension
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.		010.76518
Acute Brain Injuries
[description not available]		09.21171
Brain Injuries
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.		09.21171
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		022.051,002151
Electrolytes
Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		017.2630763
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		124.051,002151
Bilirubinemia
[description not available]		03.840
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		012.3483
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		114.3483
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		07.92290
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		07.92290
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		012.699417
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria
[description not available]		04.63100
Malaria, Falciparum
Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.		04.63100
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		06.08210
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		06.08210
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		07.42530
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		07.42530
Parasite Infections
[description not available]		02.0510
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		0121821
Jejunal Diseases
Pathological development in the JEJUNUM region of the SMALL INTESTINE.		02.0510
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		127.230765
Lipidoses
Conditions characterized by abnormal lipid deposition due to disturbance in lipid metabolism, such as hereditary diseases involving lysosomal enzymes required for lipid breakdown. They are classified either by the enzyme defect or by the type of lipid involved.		02.0510
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		05.53150
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		05.53150
Encephalitis, Polio
[description not available]		02.0610
Poliomyelitis
An acute infectious disease of humans, particularly children, caused by any of three serotypes of human poliovirus (POLIOVIRUS). Usually the infection is limited to the gastrointestinal tract and nasopharynx, and is often asymptomatic. The central nervous system, primarily the spinal cord, may be affected, leading to rapidly progressive paralysis, coarse FASCICULATION and hyporeflexia. Motor neurons are primarily affected. Encephalitis may also occur. The virus replicates in the nervous system, and may cause significant neuronal loss, most notably in the spinal cord. A rare related condition, nonpoliovirus poliomyelitis, may result from infections with nonpoliovirus enteroviruses. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp764-5)		02.0610
Bile Duct Obstruction
[description not available]		04.9791
Cholestasis
Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).		04.9791
Leucocythaemia
[description not available]		03.67100
Leukemia
A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)		15.67100
Anemia, Fanconi
[description not available]		02.1310
Fanconi Anemia
Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)		02.1310
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		04.5470
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		03.3120
Dementias, Transmissible
[description not available]		03.0410
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		04.5470
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)		03.3120
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		026.621,413397
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		131.392,826794
Congenital Zika Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2510
Zika Virus Infection
A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.		02.2510
Dementia Praecox
[description not available]		02.940
Schizophrenia
A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.		14.940
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		012.4152
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		07.4152
Health Care Associated Infection
[description not available]		03.411
Cross Infection
Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.		03.411
Hypokalemia
Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)		015.0118024
Aldosteronism with Hyperplasia of the Adrenal Cortex
[description not available]		07.52501
Breathlessness
[description not available]		023.4612355
Esophageal Varices
[description not available]		02.3920
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted
[description not available]		02.3110
Pulmonary Hypertension
[description not available]		08.43493
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		019.3828172
Cor Pulmonale
[description not available]		07.85252
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure
[description not available]		011.23523
Drug Abuse, Intravenous
[description not available]		02.3110
Dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing.		120.4612355
Esophageal and Gastric Varices
Dilated blood vessels in the ESOPHAGUS or GASTRIC FUNDUS that shunt blood from the portal circulation (PORTAL SYSTEM) to the systemic venous circulation. Often they are observed in individuals with portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL).		02.3920
Hepatitis C
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.		02.3110
Hypertension, Pulmonary
Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.		08.43493
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		121.3828172
Respiratory Insufficiency
Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)		011.23523
Vascular Malformations
A spectrum of congenital, inherited, or acquired abnormalities in BLOOD VESSELS that can adversely affect the normal blood flow in ARTERIES or VEINS. Most are congenital defects such as abnormal communications between blood vessels (fistula), shunting of arterial blood directly into veins bypassing the CAPILLARIES (arteriovenous malformations), formation of large dilated blood blood-filled vessels (cavernous angioma), and swollen capillaries (capillary telangiectases). In rare cases, vascular malformations can result from trauma or diseases.		02.3110
Embolism, Pulmonary
[description not available]		08.82205
Right Ventricular Dysfunction
[description not available]		09.33154
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		021.66355109
Pulmonary Embolism
Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.		115.82205
Disease, Pulmonary
[description not available]		015.07719
Lung Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.		117.07719
Hypernatremia
Excessive amount of sodium in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)		012.42252
Hyponatremia
Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)		016.5114920
Anasarca
[description not available]		018.6840361
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		120.6840361
Dehydration
The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.		012.8510413
Abnormality, Heart
[description not available]		010.49264
Heart Defects, Congenital
Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.		010.49264
Nephrotic Syndrome
A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.		116.9916523
Cardio-Renal Syndrome
Condition where a primary dysfunction of either heart or kidney results in failure of the other organ (e.g., HEART FAILURE with worsening RENAL INSUFFICIENCY).		016.27156
Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		02.3920
Dermatitis, Contact
A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.		02.3920
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		011.57717
Milk-Alkali Syndrome
[description not available]		017.521295
Cancer of Kidney
[description not available]		05.37140
Congenital Mesoblastic Nephroma
[description not available]		02.4110
Hypercalcemia
Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.		012.521295
Kidney Neoplasms
Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.		05.37140
Infant, Premature, Diseases
Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.		015.14757
Fetal Growth Restriction
[description not available]		04.72110
Fetal Growth Retardation
Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.		04.72110
Chronic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		012.514410
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
[description not available]		04.8120
Deficiency, Vitamin D
[description not available]		03.8440
Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary
Abnormally elevated PARATHYROID HORMONE secretion as a response to HYPOCALCEMIA. It is caused by chronic KIDNEY FAILURE or other abnormalities in the controls of bone and mineral metabolism, leading to various BONE DISEASES, such as RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY.		04.8120
Vitamin D Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)		03.8440
Hyperuricemia
Excessive URIC ACID or urate in blood as defined by its solubility in plasma at 37 degrees C; greater than 0.42mmol per liter (7.0mg/dL) in men or 0.36mmol per liter (6.0mg/dL) in women. This condition is caused by overproduction of uric acid or impaired renal clearance. Hyperuricemia can be acquired, drug-induced or genetically determined (LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME). It is associated with HYPERTENSION and GOUT.		03.9340
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)		114.514410
Critical Illness
A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.		014.916021
Deaf Mutism
[description not available]		07.33411
Deafness
A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.		07.33411
Cystitis
Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.		03.78110
Bradykinesia
[description not available]		02.7620
Heart Valve Diseases
Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).		06.56183
Nycturia
[description not available]		06.3372
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		07.75132
Nocturia
Frequent URINATION at night that interrupts sleep. It is often associated with outflow obstruction, DIABETES MELLITUS, or bladder inflammation (CYSTITIS).		06.3372
Cardiomyopathies, Primary
[description not available]		08.32392
Cat Diseases
Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.		07.4261
Cardiomyopathies
A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).		08.32392
Water-Electrolyte Imbalance
Disturbances in the body's WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.		014.578415
Nephrocalcinosis
A condition characterized by calcification of the renal tissue itself. It is usually seen in distal RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS with calcium deposition in the DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULES and the surrounding interstitium. Nephrocalcinosis causes RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		09.29451
Drug-Induced Cochlear Toxicity
[description not available]		04.3150
Ototoxicity
Damage to the EAR or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.		04.3150
Hypovolemic
[description not available]		07.2192
Anorexia
The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.		03.8321
Hypovolemia
An abnormally low volume of blood circulating through the body. It may result in hypovolemic shock (see SHOCK).		07.2192
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		014.4716624
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		014.4716624
Mitral Incompetence
[description not available]		08.52335
Mitral Valve Insufficiency
Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.		08.52335
Hibernation, Myocardial
[description not available]		02.4110
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		08.72204
Benign Cerebellar Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.4110
Arachnoidal Cerebellar Sarcoma, Circumscribed
[description not available]		02.4110
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		08.72204
Medulloblastoma
A malignant neoplasm that may be classified either as a glioma or as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of childhood (see NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR, PRIMITIVE). The tumor occurs most frequently in the first decade of life with the most typical location being the cerebellar vermis. Histologic features include a high degree of cellularity, frequent mitotic figures, and a tendency for the cells to organize into sheets or form rosettes. Medulloblastoma have a high propensity to spread throughout the craniospinal intradural axis. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2060-1)		02.4110
Ischemia
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.		08.64561
Endolymphatic Hydrops
An accumulation of ENDOLYMPH in the inner ear (LABYRINTH) leading to buildup of pressure and distortion of intralabyrinthine structures, such as COCHLEA and SEMICIRCULAR CANALS. It is characterized by SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS; TINNITUS; and sometimes VERTIGO.		05.76201
Auditory Vertigo
[description not available]		06.67302
Abdominal Migraine
[description not available]		06.6462
Central Nervous System Origin Vertigo
[description not available]		04.1360
Meniere Disease
A disease of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) that is characterized by fluctuating SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS; TINNITUS; episodic VERTIGO; and aural fullness. It is the most common form of endolymphatic hydrops.		06.67302
Migraine Disorders
A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		06.6462
Vertigo
An illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. Vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear (EAR, INNER); VESTIBULAR NERVE; BRAINSTEM; or CEREBRAL CORTEX. Lesions in the TEMPORAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE may be associated with FOCAL SEIZURES that may feature vertigo as an ictal manifestation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp300-1)		04.1360
Edema, Pulmonary
[description not available]		017.4528221
Pulmonary Edema
Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.		119.4528221
Urinary Calculi
Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT. Their chemical compositions often include CALCIUM OXALATE, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), CYSTINE, or URIC ACID.		05.7140
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		018.0331046
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		018.0331046
Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction
[description not available]		09.14202
Anemia
A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.		07.74221
Transfusion Reaction
Complications of BLOOD TRANSFUSION. Included adverse reactions are common allergic and febrile reactions; hemolytic (delayed and acute) reactions; and other non-hemolytic adverse reactions such as infections and adverse immune reactions related to immunocompatibility.		09.14202
Patency of the Ductus Arteriosus
[description not available]		013.24467
Ductus Arteriosus, Patent
A congenital heart defect characterized by the persistent opening of fetal DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS that connects the PULMONARY ARTERY to the descending aorta (AORTA, DESCENDING) allowing unoxygenated blood to bypass the lung and flow to the PLACENTA. Normally, the ductus is closed shortly after birth.		013.24467
Ureteral Calculi
Stones in the URETER that are formed in the KIDNEY. They are rarely more than 5 mm in diameter for larger renal stones cannot enter ureters. They are often lodged at the ureteral narrowing and can cause excruciating renal colic.		012.45113
Ureteral Obstruction
Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.		011.071364
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		09.39133
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		111.39133
Weight Reduction
[description not available]		014.745220
Weight Loss
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.		019.745220
Tricuspid Incompetence
[description not available]		03.6890
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular
[description not available]		08.94144
Colorectal Cancer
[description not available]		02.920
Colorectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.		02.920
Actinic Keratosis
[description not available]		07.610
Keratosis, Actinic
White or pink lesions on the arms, hands, face, or scalp that arise from sun-induced DNA DAMAGE to KERATINOCYTES in exposed areas. They are considered precursor lesions to superficial SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA.		14.610
Ascites
Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.		017.9720159
Aura
[description not available]		07.17192
Epilepsy
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)		012.17192
Bleeding
[description not available]		016.24846
Equine Diseases
[description not available]		010.87646
Hemorrhage
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.		011.24846
Verruca
[description not available]		06.9964
Warts
Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin.		18.9964
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		012.33418
Diabetic Nephropathies
KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.		012.33418
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		06.03120
Anuria
Absence of urine formation. It is usually associated with complete bilateral ureteral (URETER) obstruction, complete lower urinary tract obstruction, or unilateral ureteral obstruction when a solitary kidney is present.		010.27624
Death, Sudden
The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.		03.2260
Deafness, Transitory
[description not available]		05.67290
Hearing Loss
A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.		05.67290
Aldosteronism
[description not available]		013.051246
Hyperaldosteronism
A condition caused by the overproduction of ALDOSTERONE. It is characterized by sodium retention and potassium excretion with resultant HYPERTENSION and HYPOKALEMIA.		013.051246
Kidney Stones
[description not available]		09.14451
Kidney Calculi
Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.		09.14451
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive
[description not available]		09.95627
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.		09.95627
Adenoma, Prostatic
[description not available]		05.57161
Prostatic Hyperplasia
Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.		010.57161
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		010.713610
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		112.713610
Chylopericardium
[description not available]		06.11111
Pericardial Effusion
Fluid accumulation within the PERICARDIUM. Serous effusions are associated with pericardial diseases. Hemopericardium is associated with trauma. Lipid-containing effusion (chylopericardium) results from leakage of THORACIC DUCT. Severe cases can lead to CARDIAC TAMPONADE.		06.11111
Pleural Effusion
Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.		09.27273
Suffocation
[description not available]		02.9140
Asphyxia
A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life.		07.9140
Hypercalciuria
Excretion of abnormally high level of CALCIUM in the URINE, greater than 4 mg/kg/day.		010.761
Oliguria
Decreased URINE output that is below the normal range. Oliguria can be defined as urine output of less than or equal to 0.5 or 1 ml/kg/hr depending on the age.		011.22506
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired
[description not available]		03.5790
Anemia, Hemolytic
A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).		03.5790
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		110.14271
Aortic Stenosis
[description not available]		04.4951
Aortic Valve Stenosis
A pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.		04.4951
Hydronephrosis
Abnormal enlargement or swelling of a KIDNEY due to dilation of the KIDNEY CALICES and the KIDNEY PELVIS. It is often associated with obstruction of the URETER or chronic kidney diseases that prevents normal drainage of urine into the URINARY BLADDER.		012.751359
Cochlear Hearing Loss
[description not available]		08.26362
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural
Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.		08.26362
Catheter-Associated Infections
[description not available]		02.610
Azotaemia
[description not available]		02.610
Acute-Phase Reaction
An early local inflammatory reaction to insult or injury that consists of fever, an increase in inflammatory humoral factors, and an increased synthesis by hepatocytes of a number of proteins or glycoproteins usually found in the plasma.		02.5820
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		07.6213
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		07.6213
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
[description not available]		07.43103
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Obstructive
[description not available]		03.6390
Cardiac Hypertrophy
Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.		012.4344
Hyperthyroid
[description not available]		04.480
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease, characterized by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR), frequent asymmetrical involvement of the HEART SEPTUM, and normal or reduced left ventricular volume. Risk factors include HYPERTENSION; AORTIC STENOSIS; and gene MUTATION; (FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY).		03.6390
Cardiomegaly
Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.		07.4344
Hyperthyroidism
Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.		04.480
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular
Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.		07.43103
Afibrinogenemia, Congenital
[description not available]		02.610
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis
[description not available]		06.06290
Afibrinogenemia
A deficiency or absence of FIBRINOGEN in the blood.		02.610
Pancreatitis
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.		06.06290
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		05.58170
Cancer of Esophagus
[description not available]		02.7230
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		05.58170
Esophageal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.		02.7230
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		09.96534
Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged
[description not available]		04.65100
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		09.96534
Long QT Syndrome
A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.		04.65100
Carcinoma, Anaplastic
[description not available]		03.4170
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		03.8110
Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.		08.4170
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		03.8110
Click-Murmur Syndrome
[description not available]		05.6871
Dysplastic Nevus Syndrome, Hereditary
[description not available]		02.610
Malignant Melanoma
[description not available]		02.4920
Cancer of Skin
[description not available]		02.7930
Melanoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)		19.4920
Skin Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.		02.7930
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic
[description not available]		010.75216
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		013.637744
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		013.637744
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.		010.75216
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		111.7715
Recrudescence
[description not available]		011.9468
Cancer of Pituitary
[description not available]		02.940
Adenoma, Prolactin-Secreting, Pituitary
[description not available]		02.2110
Cochlear Diseases
Pathological processes of the snail-like structure (COCHLEA) of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) which can involve its nervous tissue, blood vessels, or fluid (ENDOLYMPH).		03.5480
Pituitary Neoplasms
Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.		02.940
Genital Warts
[description not available]		07.2510
Condylomata Acuminata
Sexually transmitted form of anogenital warty growth caused by the human papillomaviruses.		02.2510
Sarcopenia
Progressive decline in muscle mass due to aging which results in decreased functional capacity of muscles.		02.930
Kidney Failure
A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.		017.197847
Renal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.		124.197847
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		019.8621874
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		019.8621874
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome
Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.		07.18122
Besnier-Boeck Disease
[description not available]		03.2460
Clubbed Fingers
[description not available]		02.2110
Hypertension, Portal
Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.		07.18122
Sarcoidosis
An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.		03.2460
Cancer of Stomach
[description not available]		02.7230
Stomach Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.		02.7230
Arachnidism
[description not available]		02.4620
Acidosis, Renal Tubular, Type I
[description not available]		09.78573
Nanism
[description not available]		02.2510
Rachitis
[description not available]		02.6730
Acidosis, Renal Tubular
A group of genetic disorders of the KIDNEY TUBULES characterized by the accumulation of metabolically produced acids with elevated plasma chloride, hyperchloremic metabolic ACIDOSIS. Defective renal acidification of URINE (proximal tubules) or low renal acid excretion (distal tubules) can lead to complications such as HYPOKALEMIA, hypercalcinuria with NEPHROLITHIASIS and NEPHROCALCINOSIS, and RICKETS.		09.78573
Dwarfism
A genetic or pathological condition that is characterized by short stature and undersize. Abnormal skeletal growth usually results in an adult who is significantly below the average height.		02.2510
Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease
[description not available]		04.3741
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		08.22206
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		08.22206
Lung Diseases, Interstitial
A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of PULMONARY ALVEOLI that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.		04.3741
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia
[description not available]		02.7730
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.		02.7730
Hyperthermia
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of inability to regulate core body temperature due to non-pathologic factors.		02.2510
Sleepiness
Compelling urge to sleep.		02.2110
Bewilderment
[description not available]		02.4520
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		06.17320
Absence Status
[description not available]		02.9540
Alveolar Echinococcosis, Hepatic
[description not available]		02.2110
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		06.17320
Status Epilepticus
A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)		07.9540
Metabolic Acidosis
[description not available]		08.12421
HbS Disease
[description not available]		03.67100
Acidosis
A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.		08.12421
Anemia, Sickle Cell
A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.		03.67100
Thoracic Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the THORAX.		03.5911
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		021.8630267
Anterior Fascicular Block
[description not available]		03.580
Infections, Respiratory
[description not available]		02.8840
Cough
A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.		07.93156
Respiratory Tract Infections
Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.		02.8840
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		010.02541
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		010.02541
Apical Ballooning Syndrome
[description not available]		03.2150
Shock, Cardiogenic
Shock resulting from diminution of cardiac output in heart disease.		06.45310
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		017.7129523
Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy
A transient left ventricular apical dysfunction or ballooning accompanied by electrocardiographic (ECG) T wave inversions. This abnormality is associated with high levels of CATECHOLAMINES, either administered or endogenously secreted from a tumor or during extreme stress.		03.2150
Anesthesia
A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.		05.73330
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		012.27738
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		017.27738
Nerve Degeneration
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.		03.74100
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		014.575220
Alkalosis
A pathological condition that removes acid or adds base to the body fluids.		010.58708
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
A chronic lung disease developed after OXYGEN INHALATION THERAPY or mechanical ventilation (VENTILATION, MECHANICAL) usually occurring in certain premature infants (INFANT, PREMATURE) or newborn infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME, NEWBORN). Histologically, it is characterized by the unusual abnormalities of the bronchioles, such as METAPLASIA, decrease in alveolar number, and formation of CYSTS.		115.34398
Preterm Birth
[description not available]		03.9740
Neonatal Death
The death of a live-born INFANT less than 28 days of age.		03.1710
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis
[description not available]		014.827217
Placental Abruption
[description not available]		03.4820
Cardiovascular Pregnancy Complications
[description not available]		06.13310
Abruptio Placentae
Premature separation of the normally implanted PLACENTA from the UTERUS. Signs of varying degree of severity include UTERINE BLEEDING, uterine MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, and FETAL DISTRESS or FETAL DEATH.		03.4820
Infant, Small for Gestational Age
An infant having a birth weight lower than expected for its gestational age.		05.9131
Pre-Eclampsia
A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.		116.827217
Premature Birth
CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).		15.9740
Left Ventricular Outflow Obstruction
[description not available]		02.2510
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
[description not available]		03.250
Adenoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		08.33292
Cancer of Parathyroid
[description not available]		05.44150
Adenoma
A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		08.33292
Parathyroid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PARATHYROID GLANDS.		05.44150
Hyperparathyroidism, Primary
A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE due to parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. It is characterized by the combination of HYPERCALCEMIA, phosphaturia, elevated renal 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis, and increased BONE RESORPTION.		03.250
Delayed Graft Function
General dysfunction of an organ occurring immediately following its transplantation. The term most frequently refers to renal dysfunction following KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		03.8230
Hypoalbuminemia
A condition in which albumin level in blood (SERUM ALBUMIN) is below the normal range. Hypoalbuminemia may be due to decreased hepatic albumin synthesis, increased albumin catabolism, altered albumin distribution, or albumin loss through the urine (ALBUMINURIA).		06.7972
Familial Hypokalemia-Hypomagnesemia
[description not available]		0340
Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease
[description not available]		02.2510
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		04.3980
Kidney Tubular Transport, Inborn Error
[description not available]		02.5920
Chondrocalcinosis
Presence of CALCIUM PYROPHOSPHATE in the connective tissues such as the cartilaginous structures of joints. When accompanied by GOUT-like symptoms, it is referred to as pseudogout.		02.2510
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		04.3980
Left Ventricular Dysfunction
[description not available]		0164511
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left
A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.		0114511
Maternal Obesity
[description not available]		02.2510
Anoxemia
[description not available]		010.85655
Pyrexia
[description not available]		06.65200
Asystole
[description not available]		06.62201
Tachyarrhythmia
[description not available]		05.91251
Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational
[description not available]		02.6320
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy
[description not available]		02.4320
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		010.85655
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		011.65200
Heart Arrest
Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.		06.62201
Tachycardia
Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.		05.91251
Tachycardia, Supraventricular
A generic expression for any tachycardia that originates above the BUNDLE OF HIS.		02.6930
Diabetes, Gestational
Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.		02.6320
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary
[description not available]		03.1650
Coronary Artery Disease
Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.		03.1650
Uremia
A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.		012.05906
Antidiuretic Hormone, Inappropriate Secretion
[description not available]		09.62460
Inappropriate ADH Syndrome
A condition of HYPONATREMIA and renal salt loss attributed to overexpansion of BODY FLUIDS resulting from sustained release of ANTIDIURETIC HORMONES which stimulates renal resorption of water. It is characterized by normal KIDNEY function, high urine OSMOLALITY, low serum osmolality, and neurological dysfunction. Etiologies include ADH-producing neoplasms, injuries or diseases involving the HYPOTHALAMUS, the PITUITARY GLAND, and the LUNG. This syndrome can also be drug-induced.		09.62460
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		04.63100
Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental
A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE.		04.63100
Infections, Coronavirus
[description not available]		04.0810
Pneumonia, Viral
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.		04.2320
Coronavirus Infections
Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).		04.0810
Experimental Lung Inflammation
Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.		06.67210
Pneumonia
Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.		011.67210
Tachypnea
Increased RESPIRATORY RATE.		14.3110
Hematuria
Presence of blood in the urine.		011.06180
Complications, Pregnancy
[description not available]		08.2351
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		022.05361331
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.		022.05361331
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung
[description not available]		05.5144
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung
A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.		05.5144
Histoplasma capsulatum Infection
[description not available]		02.3920
Histoplasmosis
Infection resulting from exposure to the fungus HISTOPLASMA. It is worldwide in distribution and particularly common in the central and eastern states, especially areas around the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys.		02.3920
Lung Adenocarcinoma
[description not available]		02.2510
Adenocarcinoma of Lung
A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.		02.2510
DRESS Syndrome
[description not available]		08.5320
Diathesis
[description not available]		03.1150
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		03.4270
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		03.4270
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic
[description not available]		02.2510
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.		02.2510
Coronary Heart Disease
[description not available]		011.54212
Coronary Disease
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.		118.54212
Gestational Hypertension
[description not available]		05.8642
Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced
A condition in pregnant women with elevated systolic (		17.8642
Puerperal Disorders
Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.		09.01155
Cardiac Death
[description not available]		02.3110
Insect Bites
[description not available]		02.9640
Insect Bites and Stings
Bites and stings inflicted by insects.		02.9640
Amentia
[description not available]		02.3110
Dementia
An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.		02.3110
Overweight
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.		02.3110
Central Hearing Loss
[description not available]		02.4110
Hypercapnia
A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.		07.81163
Brain Vascular Disorders
[description not available]		05.54170
Cerebrovascular Disorders
A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.		05.54170
Cancer of Pelvis
[description not available]		02.9540
Hyperpotassemia
[description not available]		012.71836
Hyperkalemia
Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)		017.71836
Bovine Diseases
[description not available]		05.08101
Fetal Death
Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.		05.14111
Auricular Fibrillation
[description not available]		09.12294
Drop Attack
[description not available]		03.2860
Atrial Fibrillation
Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.		014.12294
Syncope
A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9)		08.2860
Drug Overdose
Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.		03.6290
Nasal Polyps
Focal accumulations of EDEMA fluid in the NASAL MUCOSA accompanied by HYPERPLASIA of the associated submucosal connective tissue. Polyps may be NEOPLASMS, foci of INFLAMMATION, degenerative lesions, or malformations.		18.5105
Paranasal Sinus Diseases
Diseases affecting or involving the PARANASAL SINUSES and generally manifesting as inflammation, abscesses, cysts, or tumors.		04.4922
Benign Supratentorial Neoplasms
[description not available]		04.4511
Leishmaniasis, American
[description not available]		02.1510
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous
An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.		02.1510
Central Hypothyroidism
[description not available]		03.77110
Pneumothorax, Primary Spontaneous
[description not available]		02.6830
Hypothyroidism
A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.		03.77110
Pneumothorax
An accumulation of air or gas in the PLEURAL CAVITY, which may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma or a pathological process. The gas may also be introduced deliberately during PNEUMOTHORAX, ARTIFICIAL.		02.6830
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia
[description not available]		03.1450
Tachycardia, Ventricular
An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).		03.1450
Enlarged Liver
[description not available]		02.9140
Diseases, Occupational
[description not available]		04.2770
Water Intoxication
A condition resulting from the excessive retention of water with sodium depletion.		07.6131
Nephrolithiasis
Formation of stones in the KIDNEY.		02.520
Intertrochanteric Fractures
[description not available]		03.2660
Hip Fractures
Fractures of the FEMUR HEAD; the FEMUR NECK; (FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES); the trochanters; or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region (FEMORAL FRACTURES).		03.2660
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		05.86380
Orphan Diseases
Rare diseases that have not been well studied.		03.9240
Familial Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis
[description not available]		03.6730
Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis
An autosomal dominant familial disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of skeletal muscle weakness associated with falls in serum potassium levels. The condition usually presents in the first or second decade of life with attacks of trunk and leg paresis during sleep or shortly after awakening. Symptoms may persist for hours to days and generally are precipitated by exercise or a meal high in carbohydrates. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1483)		03.6730
Hypothermia, Accidental
[description not available]		02.8840
Ache
[description not available]		06.41232
Bullous Dermatoses
[description not available]		010.28210
Erythermalgia
[description not available]		02.1510
Erythromelalgia
A peripheral arterial disease that is characterized by the triad of ERYTHEMA, burning PAIN, and increased SKIN TEMPERATURE of the extremities (or red, painful extremities). Erythromelalgia may be classified as primary or idiopathic, familial or non-familial. Secondary erythromelalgia is associated with other diseases, the most common being MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS.		02.1510
Hypothermia
Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.		02.8840
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		06.41232
Benign Intracranial Hypertension
[description not available]		07.56240
Pseudotumor Cerebri
A condition marked by raised intracranial pressure and characterized clinically by HEADACHES; NAUSEA; PAPILLEDEMA, peripheral constriction of the visual fields, transient visual obscurations, and pulsatile TINNITUS. OBESITY is frequently associated with this condition, which primarily affects women between 20 and 44 years of age. Chronic PAPILLEDEMA may lead to optic nerve injury (see OPTIC NERVE DISEASES) and visual loss (see BLINDNESS).		012.56240
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		09.2275
Deep Vein Thrombosis
[description not available]		03.420
Erysipelas
An acute infection of the skin caused by species of STREPTOCOCCUS. This disease most frequently affects infants, young children, and the elderly. Characteristics include pink-to-red lesions that spread rapidly and are warm to the touch. The commonest site of involvement is the face.		02.1510
Bigfoot Disease
[description not available]		02.7430
Venous Thrombosis
The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.		03.420
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		04.0150
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		05.24120
Hepatic Failure
[description not available]		02.1510
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		04.0150
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		05.24120
Liver Failure
Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)		02.1510
Colicky Pain
[description not available]		0691
Abdominal Pain
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.		0691
Anesthesia Related Hyperthermia
[description not available]		02.4220
Atelectasis
[description not available]		03.8140
Emphysema
A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs.		02.6630
EBV Infections
[description not available]		02.5220
Germinoblastoma
[description not available]		05.5661
Primary Peritonitis
[description not available]		06.6891
Cardiomyopathy, Restrictive
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease in which the ventricular walls are excessively rigid, impeding ventricular filling. It is marked by reduced diastolic volume of either or both ventricles but normal or nearly normal systolic function. It may be idiopathic or associated with other diseases (ENDOMYOCARDIAL FIBROSIS or AMYLOIDOSIS) causing interstitial fibrosis.		03.2660
Endomyocardial Fibrosis
A condition characterized by the thickening of the ventricular ENDOCARDIUM and subendocardium (MYOCARDIUM), seen mostly in children and young adults in the TROPICAL CLIMATE. The fibrous tissue extends from the apex toward and often involves the HEART VALVES causing restrictive blood flow into the respective ventricles (CARDIOMYOPATHY, RESTRICTIVE).		04.7721
Lymphoma
A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.		05.5661
Peritonitis
INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.		06.6891
Epstein-Barr Virus Infections
Infection with human herpesvirus 4 (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN); which may facilitate the development of various lymphoproliferative disorders. These include BURKITT LYMPHOMA (African type), INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS, and oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).		02.5220
Elevated ICP (Intracranial Pressure)
[description not available]		05.13100
Constriction, Pathological
[description not available]		03.3970
Constriction, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.		03.3970
Intracranial Hypertension
Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including HYDROCEPHALUS; BRAIN EDEMA; intracranial masses; severe systemic HYPERTENSION; PSEUDOTUMOR CEREBRI; and other disorders.		010.13100
Bouillaud Disease
[description not available]		05.13180
Rheumatic Heart Disease
Cardiac manifestation of systemic rheumatological conditions, such as RHEUMATIC FEVER. Rheumatic heart disease can involve any part the heart, most often the HEART VALVES and the ENDOCARDIUM.		05.13180
Aneurysm, Aortic
[description not available]		04.3980
Basedow Disease
[description not available]		03.8340
Crisis, Thyrotoxic
[description not available]		02.7530
Aortic Aneurysm
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of AORTA.		04.3980
Graves Disease
A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic GOITER. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the THYROID GLAND and hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY) and the skin (Graves dermopathy).		03.8340
Urinary Lithiasis
[description not available]		03.5311
Urolithiasis
Formation of stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT, usually in the KIDNEY; URINARY BLADDER; or the URETER.		03.5311
Agranulocytosis
A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).		07.6630
Wounds, Stab
Penetrating wounds caused by a pointed object.		03.0410
Diaphragmatic Hernia, Traumatic
[description not available]		03.0410
Bronchiolitis
Inflammation of the BRONCHIOLES.		112.5832
Acute Kidney Tubular Necrosis
[description not available]		04.53250
Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute
Acute kidney failure resulting from destruction of EPITHELIAL CELLS of the KIDNEY TUBULES. It is commonly attributed to exposure to toxic agents or renal ISCHEMIA following severe TRAUMA.		04.53250
Acoustic Trauma
Usually refer to hearing loss due to a single noise event such as an explosion or shotgun blast.		04.3170
Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced
Hearing loss due to exposure to explosive loud noise or chronic exposure to sound level greater than 85 dB. The hearing loss is often in the frequency range 4000-6000 hertz.		04.3170
Clinical Deterioration
A critical disease progression, often measured by a set of clinical parameters, which activates HOSPITAL RAPID RESPONSE TEAM.		03.5311
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		07.97281
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		07.97281
Flaccid Quadriplegia
[description not available]		03.0750
Proteinuria
The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		010.6633
Light Sensitivity
[description not available]		02.2510
Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome, Posterior
[description not available]		02.2510
Bilateral Headache
[description not available]		04.67110
Headache
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.		04.67110
Polyuria
Urination of a large volume of urine with an increase in urinary frequency, commonly seen in diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETES INSIPIDUS).		07.66202
Cardiometabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.		02.5520
Metabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.		02.5520
Atherogenesis
[description not available]		05.9851
Avian Diseases
[description not available]		03.1850
Atherosclerosis
A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.		17.9851
Bone Fractures
[description not available]		03.470
Fractures, Bone
Breaks in bones.		03.470
Calcification, Pathologic
[description not available]		04.9691
Cyanosis
A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an increase in the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule.		03.9850
Atrial Septal Defect
[description not available]		03.360
Mitral Stenosis
[description not available]		08.84120
Lutembacher Syndrome
A condition characterized by a combination of OSTIUM SECUNDUM ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT and an acquired MITRAL VALVE STENOSIS.		02.1710
Calcinosis
Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.		04.9691
Mitral Valve Stenosis
Narrowing of the passage through the MITRAL VALVE due to FIBROSIS, and CALCINOSIS in the leaflets and chordal areas. This elevates the left atrial pressure which, in turn, raises pulmonary venous and capillary pressure leading to bouts of DYSPNEA and TACHYCARDIA during physical exertion. RHEUMATIC FEVER is its primary cause.		03.84120
Capillary Leak Syndrome
A condition characterized by recurring episodes of fluid leaking from capillaries into extra-vascular compartments causing hematocrit to rise precipitously. If not treated, generalized vascular leak can lead to generalized EDEMA; SHOCK; cardiovascular collapse; and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE.		04.3440
Aseptic Meningitis
[description not available]		02.1710
Kawasaki Disease
[description not available]		02.1710
Meningitis, Aseptic
A syndrome characterized by headache, neck stiffness, low grade fever, and CSF lymphocytic pleocytosis in the absence of an acute bacterial pathogen. Viral meningitis is the most frequent cause although MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS; RICKETTSIA INFECTIONS; diagnostic or therapeutic procedures; NEOPLASTIC PROCESSES; septic perimeningeal foci; and other conditions may result in this syndrome. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p745)		02.1710
Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome
An acute, febrile, mucocutaneous condition accompanied by swelling of cervical lymph nodes in infants and young children. The principal symptoms are fever, congestion of the ocular conjunctivae, reddening of the lips and oral cavity, protuberance of tongue papillae, and edema or erythema of the extremities.		02.1710
Cardiac Output, Low
A state of subnormal or depressed cardiac output at rest or during stress. It is a characteristic of CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, including congenital, valvular, rheumatic, hypertensive, coronary, and cardiomyopathic. The serious form of low cardiac output is characterized by marked reduction in STROKE VOLUME, and systemic vasoconstriction resulting in cold, pale, and sometimes cyanotic extremities.		06.69213
Dermatitis Medicamentosa
[description not available]		06.13220
ATLL
[description not available]		02.5320
Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell
Aggressive T-Cell malignancy with adult onset, caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1. It is endemic in Japan, the Caribbean basin, Southeastern United States, Hawaii, and parts of Central and South America and sub-Saharan Africa.		02.5320
Hyperhomocysteinemia
Condition in which the plasma levels of homocysteine and related metabolites are elevated (		02.1710
Blood Clot
[description not available]		07.05191
Thrombosis
Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.		07.05191
Heritable Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
[description not available]		02.1710
Precordial Catch
[description not available]		03.5980
Chest Pain
Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.		03.5980
Familial Primary Pulmonary Hypertension
Familial or idiopathic hypertension in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION which is not secondary to other disease.		02.1710
Infections, Meningococcal
[description not available]		02.4120
Carditis
[description not available]		03.86120
Meningococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS.		02.4120
Myocarditis
Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.		03.86120
Bacteremia
The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.		04.131
Choked Disk
[description not available]		07.67141
Day Blindness
[description not available]		06.2290
Papilledema
Swelling of the OPTIC DISK, usually in association with increased intracranial pressure, characterized by hyperemia, blurring of the disk margins, microhemorrhages, blind spot enlargement, and engorgement of retinal veins. Chronic papilledema may cause OPTIC ATROPHY and visual loss. (Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p175)		07.67141
Brain Emboli
[description not available]		02.1710
Air Embolism
[description not available]		03.8540
Endotoxin Shock
[description not available]		07.33161
Shock, Septic
Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.		07.33161
Lactic Acidosis
[description not available]		02.4520
Bronchospasm
[description not available]		05.5463
Acidosis, Lactic
Acidosis caused by accumulation of lactic acid more rapidly than it can be metabolized. It may occur spontaneously or in association with diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS; LEUKEMIA; or LIVER FAILURE.		02.4520
Bronchial Spasm
Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.		05.5463
Hepatitis
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.		08.5690
Bright Disease
A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.		011.84937
Group A Strep Infection
[description not available]		05.7112
Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		011.84937
Streptococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.		05.7112
Aneurysm, Thoracic Aortic
[description not available]		02.4420
Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the THORACIC AORTA. This proximal descending portion of aorta gives rise to the visceral and the parietal branches above the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.		02.4420
Hair Diseases
Diseases affecting the orderly growth and persistence of hair.		02.1710
Hyperkeratosis Palmaris et Plantaris
[description not available]		02.1710
Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy
[description not available]		02.7830
Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia
A congenital cardiomyopathy that is characterized by infiltration of adipose and fibrous tissue into the RIGHT VENTRICLE wall and loss of myocardial cells. Primary injuries usually are at the free wall of right ventricular and right atria resulting in ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.		02.7830
Infant, Newborn, Diseases
Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.		09.41300
Clasp-Knife Spasticity
[description not available]		03.5911
Injuries, Spinal Cord
[description not available]		04.4751
Muscle Spasticity
A form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper MOTOR NEURON DISEASE. Resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a free interval) followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. Tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. Spasticity is usually accompanied by HYPERREFLEXIA and variable degrees of MUSCLE WEAKNESS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p54)		03.5911
Spinal Cord Injuries
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).		04.4751
Criss-cross Heart
[description not available]		02.2110
Complex Single Ventricle
[description not available]		02.2110
Birth Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		06.63121
Joint Pain
[description not available]		05.8542
Orthopedic Disorders
[description not available]		03.5611
Musculoskeletal Diseases
Diseases of the muscles and their associated ligaments and other connective tissue and of the bones and cartilage viewed collectively.		03.5611
Arthralgia
Pain in the joint.		05.8542
Adrenal Cancer
[description not available]		08.22262
Deficiency, Thiamine
[description not available]		010.3193
Thiamine Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of THIAMINE in the diet, characterized by anorexia, irritability, and weight loss. Later, patients experience weakness, peripheral neuropathy, headache, and tachycardia. In addition to being caused by a poor diet, thiamine deficiency in the United States most commonly occurs as a result of alcoholism, since ethanol interferes with thiamine absorption. In countries relying on polished rice as a dietary staple, BERIBERI prevalence is very high. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1171)		010.3193
Dizzyness
[description not available]		02.4820
Dizziness
An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.		02.4820
Fat Necrosis
A condition in which the death of adipose tissue results in neutral fats being split into fatty acids and glycerol.		03.4370
Fetal Macrosomia
A condition of fetal overgrowth leading to a large-for-gestational-age FETUS. It is defined as BIRTH WEIGHT greater than 4,000 grams or above the 90th percentile for population and sex-specific growth curves. It is commonly seen in GESTATIONAL DIABETES; PROLONGED PREGNANCY; and pregnancies complicated by pre-existing diabetes mellitus.		02.2110
Hypocalcemia
Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)		05.69140
Aqueductal Stenosis
[description not available]		011.45237
Ureteral Diseases
Pathological processes involving the URETERS.		06.55102
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		013.8314722
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		115.8314722
Acute Autoimmune Neuropathy
[description not available]		02.5820
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
An acute inflammatory autoimmune neuritis caused by T cell- mediated cellular immune response directed towards peripheral myelin. Demyelination occurs in peripheral nerves and nerve roots. The process is often preceded by a viral or bacterial infection, surgery, immunization, lymphoma, or exposure to toxins. Common clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, loss of sensation, and loss of deep tendon reflexes. Weakness of respiratory muscles and autonomic dysfunction may occur. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1312-1314)		02.5820
Acute Coronary Syndrome
An episode of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA that generally lasts longer than a transient anginal episode that ultimately may lead to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		02.2110
Cardiac Edema
[description not available]		010.312610
Edema, Cardiac
Abnormal fluid retention by the body due to impaired cardiac function or heart failure. It is usually characterized by increase in venous and capillary pressure, and swollen legs when standing. It is different from the generalized edema caused by renal dysfunction (NEPHROTIC SYNDROME).		010.312610
Muscle Pain
[description not available]		02.2110
Myalgia
Painful sensation in the muscles.		02.2110
Urinary Retention
Inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER with voiding (URINATION).		05.2541
Colitis, Granulomatous
[description not available]		02.4420
Crohn Disease
A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.		02.4420
Acidosis, Diabetic
[description not available]		02.8940
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
A life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, primarily of TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS with severe INSULIN deficiency and extreme HYPERGLYCEMIA. It is characterized by KETOSIS; DEHYDRATION; and depressed consciousness leading to COMA.		02.8940
Laryngeal Spasm
[description not available]		02.7230
Laryngismus
A disorder in which the adductor muscles of the VOCAL CORDS exhibit increased activity leading to laryngeal spasm. Laryngismus causes closure of the VOCAL FOLDS and airflow obstruction during inspiration.		02.7230
Cramp
[description not available]		07.9240
Muscle Cramp
A sustained and usually painful contraction of muscle fibers. This may occur as an isolated phenomenon or as a manifestation of an underlying disease process (e.g., UREMIA; HYPOTHYROIDISM; MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; etc.). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1398)		07.9240
Hospital-Acquired Condition
[description not available]		05.51160
Bradyarrhythmia
[description not available]		03.84120
Bradycardia
Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.		03.84120
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		08.12232
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		08.12232
Apnea
A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.		02.3820
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome, Familial Gestational Spontaneous
[description not available]		02.6930
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome
A complication of OVULATION INDUCTION in infertility treatment. It is graded by the severity of symptoms which include OVARY enlargement, multiple OVARIAN FOLLICLES; OVARIAN CYSTS; ASCITES; and generalized EDEMA. The full-blown syndrome may lead to RENAL FAILURE, respiratory distress, and even DEATH. Increased capillary permeability is caused by the vasoactive substances, such as VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTORS, secreted by the overly-stimulated OVARIES.		02.6930
Alcoholic Cardiomyopathy
[description not available]		02.0710
Cancer of Ovary
[description not available]		03.3320
Ovarian Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.		03.3320
Acute Inferior Myocardial Infarction
[description not available]		02.0810
Pleuropericarditis
Inflammation of both the PERICARDIUM and the PLEURA.		03.3670
Sclerosis
A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.		03.6330
Pus
[description not available]		02.3920
Mediastinitis
Inflammation of the mediastinum, the area between the pleural sacs.		02.4220
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the PERICARDIUM from various origins, such as infection, neoplasm, autoimmune process, injuries, or drug-induced. Pericarditis usually leads to PERICARDIAL EFFUSION, or CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS.		03.3670
Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia
[description not available]		02.4920
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic
Thrombocytopenia occurring in the absence of toxic exposure or a disease associated with decreased platelets. It is mediated by immune mechanisms, in most cases IMMUNOGLOBULIN G autoantibodies which attach to platelets and subsequently undergo destruction by macrophages. The disease is seen in acute (affecting children) and chronic (adult) forms.		02.4920
Intraventricular Septal Defects
[description not available]		04.5190
Staphylococcal Pneumonia
[description not available]		02.3920
Bacterial Endocarditides
[description not available]		04.1760
Endocarditis, Bacterial
Inflammation of the ENDOCARDIUM caused by BACTERIA that entered the bloodstream. The strains of bacteria vary with predisposing factors, such as CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS; HEART VALVE DISEASES; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION; or intravenous drug use.		04.1760
Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular
Developmental abnormalities in any portion of the VENTRICULAR SEPTUM resulting in abnormal communications between the two lower chambers of the heart. Classification of ventricular septal defects is based on location of the communication, such as perimembranous, inlet, outlet (infundibular), central muscular, marginal muscular, or apical muscular defect.		04.5190
Pneumonia, Staphylococcal
Pneumonia caused by infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS, usually with STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.		02.3920
Breathing Sounds
[description not available]		04.6561
Respiratory Sounds
Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.		04.6561
Apnea, Sleep
[description not available]		02.420
Crow-Fukase Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0810
Sleep Apnea Syndromes
Disorders characterized by multiple cessations of respirations during sleep that induce partial arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep. Sleep apnea syndromes are divided into central (see SLEEP APNEA, CENTRAL), obstructive (see SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE), and mixed central-obstructive types.		02.420
POEMS Syndrome
A multisystemic disorder characterized by a sensorimotor polyneuropathy (POLYNEUROPATHIES), organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal gammopathy, and pigmentary skin changes. Other clinical features which may be present include EDEMA; CACHEXIA; microangiopathic glomerulopathy; pulmonary hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PULMONARY); cutaneous necrosis; THROMBOCYTOSIS; and POLYCYTHEMIA. This disorder is frequently associated with osteosclerotic myeloma. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1335; Rev Med Interne 1997;18(7):553-62)		02.0810
Gasser Syndrome
[description not available]		03.0750
Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome
A syndrome that is associated with microvascular diseases of the KIDNEY, such as RENAL CORTICAL NECROSIS. It is characterized by hemolytic anemia (ANEMIA, HEMOLYTIC); THROMBOCYTOPENIA; and ACUTE RENAL FAILURE.		03.0750
Respiration Disorders
Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.		07.6572
Systolic Heart Failure
[description not available]		07.6494
Heart Failure, Systolic
Heart failure caused by abnormal myocardial contraction during SYSTOLE leading to defective cardiac emptying.		07.6494
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		08.37364
Parodontosis
[description not available]		02.0810
Alveolar Bone Atrophy
[description not available]		02.0810
Periodontal Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.		02.0810
Thromboembolism
Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.		03.840
Nerve Pain
[description not available]		02.110
Neuralgia
Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.		02.110
Rhabdomyolysis
Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.		08.13221
Eyelid Diseases
Diseases involving the EYELIDS.		02.0810
Hepatitis B Virus Infection
[description not available]		04.6232
Hepatitis B
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.		04.6232
Dilatation, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.		08.56362
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		04.61100
Hearing Loss, High-Frequency
Hearing loss in frequencies above 1000 hertz.		02.7730
Genital Diseases, Male
Pathological processes involving the male reproductive tract (GENITALIA, MALE).		02.0810
Hypertension, Renal
Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.		012.6714414
Rotavirus Infections
Infection with any of the rotaviruses. Specific infections include human infantile diarrhea, neonatal calf diarrhea, and epidemic diarrhea of infant mice.		02.0810
Benign Frontal Childhood Epilepsy
[description not available]		02.0810
Bronchiectasis
Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi.		04.1431
Hydrothorax
A collection of watery fluid in the pleural cavity. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.9440
Biliary Cirrhosis
[description not available]		02.9340
Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cholangitis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and decreased bile secretion. Secondary biliary cholangitis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes.		02.9340
Berger Disease
[description not available]		03.1150
Glomerulonephritis, IGA
A chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by deposits of predominantly IMMUNOGLOBULIN A in the mesangial area (GLOMERULAR MESANGIUM). Deposits of COMPLEMENT C3 and IMMUNOGLOBULIN G are also often found. Clinical features may progress from asymptomatic HEMATURIA to END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE.		03.1150
Complication, Intraoperative
[description not available]		06.6144
Chronic Liver Failure
[description not available]		03.8921
Alcoholic Cirrhosis
[description not available]		09.89279
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.		09.89279
End Stage Liver Disease
Final stage of a liver disease when the liver failure is irreversible and LIVER TRANSPLANTATION is needed.		03.8921
Keratoderma Blennorrhagicum
[description not available]		02.0810
Papilloma, Squamous Cell
[description not available]		02.0810
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis
[description not available]		03.0950
Keratosis
Any horny growth such as a wart or callus.		02.0810
Papilloma
A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.0810
Psoriasis
A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.		03.0950
Heart Disease, Ischemic
[description not available]		04.980
Myocardial Ischemia
A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		04.980
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		05.262
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		010.262
Renal Artery Stenosis
[description not available]		09.17542
Renal Artery Obstruction
Narrowing or occlusion of the RENAL ARTERY or arteries. It is due usually to ATHEROSCLEROSIS; FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA; THROMBOSIS; EMBOLISM, or external pressure. The reduced renal perfusion can lead to renovascular hypertension (HYPERTENSION, RENOVASCULAR).		09.17542
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure
[description not available]		04.3270
Acute Renal Colic
[description not available]		03.0110
Goldblatt Syndrome
[description not available]		08.38541
Hypertension, Renovascular
Hypertension due to RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION or compression.		08.38541
Renal Colic
A severe intermittent and spasmodic pain in the lower back radiating to the groin, scrotum, and labia which is most commonly caused by a kidney stone (RENAL CALCULUS) passing through the URETER or by other urinary track blockage. It is often associated with nausea, vomiting, fever, restlessness, dull pain, frequent urination, and HEMATURIA.		03.0110
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		010.21743
Vascular Injuries
[description not available]		02.110
Aneurysm, Arteriovenous
[description not available]		02.110
Primate Diseases
Diseases of animals within the order PRIMATES. This term includes diseases of Haplorhini and Strepsirhini.		02.4720
Hematologic Malignancies
[description not available]		02.110
Flushing
A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, or stress.		02.110
Nausea
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.		06.98113
Hematologic Neoplasms
Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.		02.110
Cardiac Septal Defect
[description not available]		02.3920
Diverticula
[description not available]		02.9240
Polyps
Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the DIGESTIVE TRACT or the RESPIRATORY TRACT. Polyps can be spheroidal, hemispheroidal, or irregular mound-shaped structures attached to the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the lumen wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.		02.110
Cancer of the Ureter
[description not available]		02.110
Ureteral Neoplasms
Cancer or tumors of the URETER which may cause obstruction leading to hydroureter, HYDRONEPHROSIS, and PYELONEPHRITIS. HEMATURIA is a common symptom.		02.110
Thrombopenia
[description not available]		03.84120
Thrombocytopenia
A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.		08.84120
Break-Bone Fever
[description not available]		02.110
Dengue
An acute febrile disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with DENGUE VIRUS. It is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. SEVERE DENGUE is a more virulent form of dengue.		07.110
Pulsatile Tinnitus
[description not available]		06.15121
Tinnitus
A nonspecific symptom of hearing disorder characterized by the sensation of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises in the ear. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of COCHLEAR DISEASES; VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; and other conditions.		011.15121
Hemangioma, Capillary
A dull red, firm, dome-shaped hemangioma, sharply demarcated from surrounding skin, usually located on the head and neck, which grows rapidly and generally undergoes regression and involution without scarring. It is caused by proliferation of immature capillary vessels in active stroma, and is usually present at birth or occurs within the first two or three months of life. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.4520
Hematochezia
The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.		04.7470
Melena
The black, tarry, foul-smelling FECES that contain degraded blood.		02.110
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.		04.7470
Hypercoagulability
[description not available]		02.1110
Phlegmasia Alba Dolens
Inflammation that is characterized by swollen, pale, and painful limb. It is usually caused by DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS in a FEMORAL VEIN, following PARTURITION or an illness. This condition is also called milk leg or white leg.		03.0550
Thrombophlebitis
Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS).		03.0550
Thrombophilia
A disorder of HEMOSTASIS in which there is a tendency for the occurrence of THROMBOSIS.		02.1110
Mycoplasma dispar Infection
[description not available]		02.7630
Pulmonary Consumption
[description not available]		02.6830
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary
MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.		02.6830
Metastase
[description not available]		07.09112
Neoplasm Metastasis
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.		07.09112
Emergencies
Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.		09.84344
Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis
[description not available]		02.110
Idiopathic Hypoparathyroidism
A condition of low or absent PTH level and HYPOCALCEMIA. It usually occurs as part of an autoimmune syndrome.		05.97101
Hypoparathyroidism
A condition caused by a deficiency of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH). It is characterized by HYPOCALCEMIA and hyperphosphatemia. Hypocalcemia leads to TETANY. The acquired form is due to removal or injuries to the PARATHYROID GLANDS. The congenital form is due to mutations of genes, such as TBX1; (see DIGEORGE SYNDROME); CASR encoding CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR; or PTH encoding parathyroid hormone.		05.97101
Cephalgia Syndromes
[description not available]		03.8920
Back Ache
[description not available]		07.8662
Back Pain
Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions.		07.8662
Headache Disorders
Various conditions with the symptom of HEADACHE. Headache disorders are classified into major groups, such as PRIMARY HEADACHE DISORDERS (based on characteristics of their headache symptoms) and SECONDARY HEADACHE DISORDERS (based on their etiologies). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		03.8920
Cancer of Cervix
[description not available]		02.9340
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.		02.9340
Chemical Dependence
[description not available]		04.85350
Interstitial Nephritis
[description not available]		09.53250
Anorexia Nervosa
An eating disorder that is characterized by the lack or loss of APPETITE, known as ANOREXIA. Other features include excess fear of becoming OVERWEIGHT; BODY IMAGE disturbance; significant WEIGHT LOSS; refusal to maintain minimal normal weight; and AMENORRHEA. This disorder occurs most frequently in adolescent females. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)		03.3770
Nephritis, Interstitial
Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.		04.53250
Substance-Related Disorders
Disorders related to substance use or abuse.		04.85350
Gout
Metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of URIC ACID calculi.		05.88241
Envenomation, Scorpion
[description not available]		02.6930
Cancer of the Urinary Tract
[description not available]		03.0110
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell
A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.		05.0631
Angiogranuloma
[description not available]		02.1110
Malnourishment
[description not available]		02.110
Malnutrition
An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.		02.110
Binge Eating
[description not available]		02.4120
Cardiac Arrest, Sudden
[description not available]		04.8842
Bulimia
Eating an excess amount of food in a short period of time, as seen in the disorder of BULIMIA NERVOSA. It is caused by an abnormal craving for food, or insatiable hunger also known as ox hunger.		02.4120
Death, Sudden, Cardiac
Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005)		04.8842
Sicca Syndrome
[description not available]		03.8640
Sjogren's Syndrome
Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.		03.8640
Premature Rupture of Fetal Membranes
[description not available]		03.0110
Ambulation Difficulty
[description not available]		03.0110
Hypoproteinemia
A condition in which total serum protein level is below the normal range. Hypoproteinemia can be caused by protein malabsorption in the gastrointestinal tract, EDEMA, or PROTEINURIA.		011.15165
Urination Disorders
Abnormalities in the process of URINE voiding, including bladder control, frequency of URINATION, as well as the volume and composition of URINE.		06.5781
Vulvar Diseases
Pathological processes of the VULVA.		03.0110
Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture
Spontaneous tearing of the membranes surrounding the FETUS any time before the onset of OBSTETRIC LABOR. Preterm PROM is membrane rupture before 37 weeks of GESTATION.		03.0110
Fong Disease
[description not available]		02.1110
Coronary Vessel Anomalies
Malformations of CORONARY VESSELS, either arteries or veins. Included are anomalous origins of coronary arteries; ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA; CORONARY ANEURYSM; MYOCARDIAL BRIDGING; and others.		02.4420
Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		05.7781
Brain Disorders
[description not available]		08.76244
Consciousness, Loss of
[description not available]		02.3820
Brain Diseases
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.		08.76244
Brill-Symmers Disease
[description not available]		02.1110
Lymphoma, Follicular
Malignant lymphoma in which the lymphomatous cells are clustered into identifiable nodules within the LYMPH NODES. The nodules resemble to some extent the GERMINAL CENTER of lymph node follicles and most likely represent neoplastic proliferation of lymph node-derived follicular center B-LYMPHOCYTES.		02.1110
Bladder, Overactive
[description not available]		03.921
Urinary Bladder, Overactive
Symptom of overactive detrusor muscle of the URINARY BLADDER that contracts with abnormally high frequency and urgency. Overactive bladder is characterized by the frequent feeling of needing to urinate during the day, during the night, or both. URINARY INCONTINENCE may or may not be present.		03.921
Lethargy
A general state of sluggishness, listless, or uninterested, with being tired, and having difficulty concentrating and doing simple tasks. It may be related to DEPRESSION or DRUG ADDICTION.		02.4720
Genetic Predisposition
[description not available]		04.5351
Circulatory Collapse
[description not available]		07.26240
Shock
A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.		012.26240
Albuminuria
The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		08.66229
Grippe
[description not available]		03.8140
Influenza, Human
An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.		03.8140
Infantile Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		011.93368
Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return
[description not available]		02.1110
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn
A condition of the newborn marked by DYSPNEA with CYANOSIS, heralded by such prodromal signs as dilatation of the alae nasi, expiratory grunt, and retraction of the suprasternal notch or costal margins, mostly frequently occurring in premature infants, children of diabetic mothers, and infants delivered by cesarean section, and sometimes with no apparent predisposing cause.		011.93368
Acquired Metabolic Diseases, Brain
[description not available]		02.4620
Cognition Disorders
Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.		02.4420
Fracture, Pathologic
[description not available]		02.110
Dementia Multi-Infarct
[description not available]		02.110
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal
[description not available]		02.110
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal
Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.		02.110
Hyperphosphatemia
A condition of abnormally high level of PHOSPHATES in the blood, usually significantly above the normal range of 0.84-1.58 mmol per liter of serum.		02.4720
Embryopathies
[description not available]		04.22180
Cross-Transfusion, Intrauterine
[description not available]		02.1110
Colitis Gravis
[description not available]		02.420
Colitis, Ulcerative
Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.		02.420
Autoimmune Thyroiditis
[description not available]		03.6230
Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis
[description not available]		02.1110
Hashimoto Disease
Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, characterized by the presence of high serum thyroid AUTOANTIBODIES; GOITER; and HYPOTHYROIDISM.		02.1110
Extramembranous Glomerulopathy
[description not available]		03.3820
Glomerulonephritis, Membranous
A type of glomerulonephritis that is characterized by the accumulation of immune deposits (COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX) on the outer aspect of the GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE. It progresses from subepithelial dense deposits, to basement membrane reaction and eventual thickening of the basement membrane.		03.3820
Familial Turner Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1110
Enteropathy, Exudative
[description not available]		02.1110
Noonan Syndrome
A genetically heterogeneous, multifaceted disorder characterized by short stature, webbed neck, ptosis, skeletal malformations, hypertelorism, hormonal imbalance, CRYPTORCHIDISM, multiple cardiac abnormalities (most commonly including PULMONARY VALVE STENOSIS), and some degree of INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. The phenotype bears similarities to that of TURNER SYNDROME that occurs only in females and has its basis in a 45, X karyotype abnormality. Noonan syndrome occurs in both males and females with a normal karyotype (46,XX and 46,XY). Mutations in a several genes (PTPN11, KRAS, SOS1, NF1 and RAF1) have been associated the NS phenotype. Mutations in PTPN11 are the most common. LEOPARD SYNDROME, a disorder that has clinical features overlapping those of Noonan Syndrome, is also due to mutations in PTPN11. In addition, there is overlap with the syndrome called neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome due to mutations in NF1.		02.1110
Protein-Losing Enteropathies
Pathological conditions in the INTESTINES that are characterized by the gastrointestinal loss of serum proteins, including SERUM ALBUMIN; IMMUNOGLOBULINS; and at times LYMPHOCYTES. Severe condition can result in HYPOGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA or LYMPHOPENIA. Protein-losing enteropathies are associated with a number of diseases including INTESTINAL LYMPHANGIECTASIS; WHIPPLE'S DISEASE; and NEOPLASMS of the SMALL INTESTINE.		02.1110
Remission, Spontaneous
A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.		02.9140
Arteriovenous Malformations
Abnormal formation of blood vessels that shunt arterial blood directly into veins without passing through the CAPILLARIES. They usually are crooked, dilated, and with thick vessel walls. A common type is the congenital arteriovenous fistula. The lack of blood flow and oxygen in the capillaries can lead to tissue damage in the affected areas.		02.1110
ACD-MPV
[description not available]		02.940
Hypertrophy
General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).		03.86120
Persistent Fetal Circulation Syndrome
A syndrome of persistent PULMONARY HYPERTENSION in the newborn infant (INFANT, NEWBORN) without demonstrable HEART DISEASES. This neonatal condition can be caused by severe pulmonary vasoconstriction (reactive type), hypertrophy of pulmonary arterial muscle (hypertrophic type), or abnormally developed pulmonary arterioles (hypoplastic type). The newborn patient exhibits CYANOSIS and ACIDOSIS due to the persistence of fetal circulatory pattern of right-to-left shunting of blood through a patent ductus arteriosus (DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS, PATENT) and at times a patent foramen ovale (FORAMEN OVALE, PATENT).		02.940
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion
[description not available]		02.730
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda
An autosomal dominant or acquired porphyria due to a deficiency of UROPORPHYRINOGEN DECARBOXYLASE in the LIVER. It is characterized by photosensitivity and cutaneous lesions with little or no neurologic symptoms. Type I is the acquired form and is strongly associated with liver diseases and hepatic toxicities caused by alcohol or estrogenic steroids. Type II is the familial form.		07.4420
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		07.26280
Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic
[description not available]		02.1110
Encephalitis, West Nile Fever
[description not available]		02.1110
West Nile Fever
A mosquito-borne viral illness caused by the WEST NILE VIRUS, a FLAVIVIRUS and endemic to regions of Africa, Asia, and Europe. Common clinical features include HEADACHE; FEVER; maculopapular rash; gastrointestinal symptoms; and lymphadenopathy. MENINGITIS; ENCEPHALITIS; and MYELITIS may also occur. The disease may occasionally be fatal or leave survivors with residual neurologic deficits. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, p13; Lancet 1998 Sep 5;352(9130):767-71)		02.1110
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever		02.1110
Bulimia Nervosa
An eating disorder that is characterized by a cycle of binge eating (BULIMIA or bingeing) followed by inappropriate acts (purging) to avert weight gain. Purging methods often include self-induced VOMITING, use of LAXATIVES or DIURETICS, excessive exercise, and FASTING.		02.1110
Lymphatic Diseases
Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.		02.3920
Cancer of Pancreas
[description not available]		02.7930
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).		02.7930
Allergic Cutaneous Angiitis
[description not available]		03.0850
Infections, Rickettsia
[description not available]		02.1110
Rupture, Spontaneous
Tear or break of an organ, vessel or other soft part of the body, occurring in the absence of external force.		02.6830
Granulomatosis, Wegener's
[description not available]		02.1110
Cardiac Free Wall Rupture
[description not available]		02.1110
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis
A multisystemic disease of a complex genetic background. It is characterized by inflammation of the blood vessels (VASCULITIS) leading to damage in any number of organs. The common features include granulomatous inflammation of the RESPIRATORY TRACT and KIDNEYS. Most patients have measurable autoantibodies (ANTINEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC ANTIBODIES) against MYELOBLASTIN.		02.1110
Encephalopathy, Hepatic
[description not available]		07.48172
Hepatic Encephalopathy
A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)		07.48172
Eclampsia
Onset of HYPERREFLEXIA; SEIZURES; or COMA in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient (PRE-ECLAMPSIA).		06.77132
Low Bone Density
[description not available]		05.770
Bone Diseases, Metabolic
Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE.		05.770
Tuberculosis, Miliary
An acute form of TUBERCULOSIS in which minute tubercles are formed in a number of organs of the body due to dissemination of the bacilli through the blood stream.		02.1110
Vascular Calcification
Deposition of calcium into the blood vessel structures. Excessive calcification of the vessels are associated with ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES formation particularly after MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (see MONCKEBERG MEDIAL CALCIFIC SCLEROSIS) and chronic kidney diseases which in turn increase VASCULAR STIFFNESS.		02.1310
Nutritional Disorders
[description not available]		02.3920
Nutrition Disorders
Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.		02.3920
Exanthem
[description not available]		07.4420
Exanthema
Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.		07.4420
Acrocephaly
Premature closing of the lambdoid and coronal sutures.		02.1310
Blood Loss, Surgical
Loss of blood during a surgical procedure.		04.7232
Craniosynostoses
Premature closure of one or more CRANIAL SUTURES. It often results in plagiocephaly. Craniosynostoses that involve multiple sutures are sometimes associated with congenital syndromes such as ACROCEPHALOSYNDACTYLIA; and CRANIOFACIAL DYSOSTOSIS.		02.1310
Cardiac Conduction Defect
[description not available]		02.1110
Kahler Disease
[description not available]		04.82130
Brugada ECG Pattern
[description not available]		02.1110
Multiple Myeloma
A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		04.82130
Brugada Syndrome
An autosomal dominant defect of cardiac conduction that is characterized by an abnormal ST-segment in leads V1-V3 on the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM resembling a right BUNDLE-BRANCH BLOCK; high risk of VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA; or VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION; SYNCOPAL EPISODE; and possible sudden death. This syndrome is linked to mutations of gene encoding the cardiac SODIUM CHANNEL alpha subunit.		02.1110
Allergic Reaction
[description not available]		03.1150
Hypersensitivity
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.		03.1150
Gouty Arthritis
[description not available]		02.4220
Arthritis, Gouty
Arthritis, especially of the great toe, as a result of gout. Acute gouty arthritis often is precipitated by trauma, infection, surgery, etc. The initial attacks are usually monoarticular but later attacks are often polyarticular. Acute and chronic gouty arthritis are associated with accumulation of MONOSODIUM URATE in and around affected joints.		02.4220
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver
[description not available]		03.5280
Hematoma, Subdural, Acute
Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE with acute onset of neurological symptoms. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness, severe HEADACHE, and deteriorating mental status.		02.1510
Transient Tachypnea of Newborn
[description not available]		04.8420
Encephalopathy, Toxic
[description not available]		02.1310
Food Poisoning
[description not available]		02.4620
Active Hyperemia
[description not available]		04.4551
Hyperemia
The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous).		09.4551
Brain Hemorrhage
[description not available]		02.7530
Necrotizing Enterocolitis
[description not available]		02.1110
Infection
[description not available]		04.9590
Hemorrhage, Uterine
[description not available]		02.1110
Infections
Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.		04.9590
Uterine Hemorrhage
Bleeding from blood vessels in the UTERUS, sometimes manifested as vaginal bleeding.		02.1110
Intracranial Hemorrhages
Bleeding within the SKULL, including hemorrhages in the brain and the three membranes of MENINGES. The escape of blood often leads to the formation of HEMATOMA in the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces.		02.7530
Enterocolitis, Necrotizing
ENTEROCOLITIS with extensive ulceration (ULCER) and NECROSIS. It is observed primarily in LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANT.		02.1110
Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.1310
Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous
A group of lymphomas exhibiting clonal expansion of malignant T-lymphocytes arrested at varying stages of differentiation as well as malignant infiltration of the skin. MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES; SEZARY SYNDROME; LYMPHOMATOID PAPULOSIS; and PRIMARY CUTANEOUS ANAPLASTIC LARGE CELL LYMPHOMA are the best characterized of these disorders.		02.1310
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.		06.4300
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.		06.4300
Experimental Hepatoma
[description not available]		02.4220
Hydrosyringomyelia
[description not available]		02.7430
Arnold-Chiari Deformity
[description not available]		02.4820
Adrenal Gland Hypofunction
[description not available]		03.0650
Autoimmune Disease
[description not available]		03.2660
Adrenal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the production of adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS falls below the requirement of the body. Adrenal insufficiency can be caused by defects in the ADRENAL GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, or the HYPOTHALAMUS.		03.0650
Autoimmune Diseases
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.		03.2660
Hypophosphatasia
A genetic metabolic disorder resulting from serum and bone alkaline phosphatase deficiency leading to hypercalcemia, ethanolamine phosphatemia, and ethanolamine phosphaturia. Clinical manifestations include severe skeletal defects resembling vitamin D-resistant rickets, failure of the calvarium to calcify, dyspnea, cyanosis, vomiting, constipation, renal calcinosis, failure to thrive, disorders of movement, beading of the costochondral junction, and rachitic bone changes. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.1310
Vesicoureteral Reflux
[description not available]		03.76110
Vesico-Ureteral Reflux
Retrograde flow of urine from the URINARY BLADDER into the URETER. This is often due to incompetence of the vesicoureteral valve leading to ascending bacterial infection into the KIDNEY.		03.76110
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		09.51532
Edema, Fetal
[description not available]		03.1150
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		111.51532
Anhedonia
Inability to experience pleasure due to impairment or dysfunction of normal psychological and neurobiological mechanisms. It is a symptom of many PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS (e.g., DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; and SCHIZOPHRENIA).		02.1310
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		03.0750
Bleb
[description not available]		03.0650
Cancer of Paranasal Sinus
[description not available]		03.8321
Local Neoplasm Recurrence
[description not available]		05.5763
Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PARANASAL SINUSES.		03.8321
Dorsolateral Medullary Syndrome
[description not available]		03.0410
Glaucoma, Angle Closure
[description not available]		02.4520
Intraocular Pressure
The pressure of the fluids in the eye.		03.74110
Glaucoma, Angle-Closure
A form of glaucoma in which the intraocular pressure increases because the angle of the anterior chamber is blocked and the aqueous humor cannot drain from the anterior chamber.		02.4520
Urinary Incontinence
Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.		02.4220
Cognitive Decline
[description not available]		02.1310
Cognitive Dysfunction
Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.		02.1310
Bladder Cancer
[description not available]		010.8122
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis
[description not available]		02.1510
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.		05.8122
Peritoneal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.		02.1510
Angioneurotic Edema
[description not available]		02.520
Angioedema
Swelling involving the deep DERMIS, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissues, representing localized EDEMA. Angioedema often occurs in the face, lips, tongue, and larynx.		02.520
Staghorn Calculi
Renal calculi with a characteristic shape like antlers of a deer, formed as it extends into multiple calices of the RENAL PELVIS. A large number of staghorn calculi as well as other URINARY CALCULI are composed of STRUVITE.		03.5111
Aortic Dissection
[description not available]		07.6730
Familial Hyperpotassemia and Hypertension
[description not available]		03.150
Pseudohypoaldosteronism
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by renal electrolyte transport dysfunctions. Congenital forms are rare autosomal disorders characterized by neonatal hypertension, HYPERKALEMIA, increased RENIN activity and ALDOSTERONE concentration. The Type I features HYPERKALEMIA with sodium wasting; Type II, HYPERKALEMIA without sodium wasting. Pseudohypoaldosteronism can be the result of a defective renal electrolyte transport protein or acquired after KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		08.150
Cardiac Output, High
A state of elevated cardiac output due to conditions of either increased hemodynamic demand or reduced cardiac oxygen output. These conditions may include ANEMIA; ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA; THYROTOXICOSIS; PREGNANCY; EXERCISE; FEVER; and HYPOXIA. In time, compensatory changes of the heart can lead to pathological form of high cardiac output and eventual HEART FAILURE.		03.0610
Craniofacial Abnormalities
Congenital structural deformities, malformations, or other abnormalities of the cranium and facial bones.		02.1510
Apoplexy
[description not available]		03.6630
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		03.6630
Tricuspid Valve Stenosis
The pathologic narrowing of the orifice of the TRICUSPID VALVE. This hinders the emptying of RIGHT ATRIUM leading to elevated right atrial pressure and systemic venous congestion. Tricuspid valve stenosis is almost always due to RHEUMATIC FEVER.		02.1510
Lichen Planus, Oral
Oral lesions accompanying cutaneous lichen planus or often occurring alone. The buccal mucosa, lips, gingivae, floor of the mouth, and palate are usually affected (in a descending order of frequency). Typically, oral lesions consist of radiating white or gray, velvety, threadlike lines, arranged in a reticular pattern, at the intersection of which there may be minute, white, elevated dots or streaks (Wickham's striae). (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry)		02.0310
Aorticopulmonary Septal Defect
[description not available]		02.0410
Dermatitis Exfoliativa
[description not available]		02.7130
Dermatitis, Exfoliative
The widespread involvement of the skin by a scaly, erythematous dermatitis occurring either as a secondary or reactive process to an underlying cutaneous disorder (e.g., atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, etc.), or as a primary or idiopathic disease. It is often associated with the loss of hair and nails, hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles, and pruritus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.7130
Phlegmon
[description not available]		02.0410
Infections, Staphylococcal Skin
[description not available]		02.0410
Cellulitis
An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions.		02.0410
Staphylococcal Skin Infections
Infections to the skin caused by bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		02.0410
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome
[description not available]		04.0730
Demyelinating Diseases
Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.		04.0730
Angiitis
[description not available]		02.6630
Vasculitis
Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		07.6630
Myoclonic Jerk
[description not available]		02.0410
Gallstone Disease
[description not available]		03.4780
Cholelithiasis
Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).		03.4780
Hyperparathyroidism
A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH) triggering responses that increase blood CALCIUM. It is characterized by HYPERCALCEMIA and BONE RESORPTION, eventually leading to bone diseases. PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is caused by parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is increased PTH secretion in response to HYPOCALCEMIA, usually caused by chronic KIDNEY DISEASES.		014.1353
Hypermelanosis
[description not available]		02.4220
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		05.62102
Libman-Sacks Disease
[description not available]		05.44150
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		05.62102
Connective Tissue Diseases
A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides.		03.3220
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.		05.44150
Hyperpigmentation
Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased epidermal or dermal melanin pigmentation, hypermelanosis. Hyperpigmentation can be localized or generalized. The condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance.		02.4220
Extrasystole, Ventricular
[description not available]		02.4420
Anomalous Ventricular Excitation Syndrome
[description not available]		02.3820
Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome
A form of ventricular pre-excitation characterized by a short PR interval and a long QRS interval with a delta wave. In this syndrome, atrial impulses are abnormally conducted to the HEART VENTRICLES via an ACCESSORY CONDUCTING PATHWAY that is located between the wall of the right or left atria and the ventricles, also known as a BUNDLE OF KENT. The inherited form can be caused by mutation of PRKAG2 gene encoding a gamma-2 regulatory subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase.		02.3820
Dermatoses
[description not available]		07.08112
Skin Diseases
Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.		07.08112
Airway Obstruction
Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.		06.9161
Bile Duct Diseases
Diseases in any part of the ductal system of the BILIARY TRACT from the smallest BILE CANALICULI to the largest COMMON BILE DUCT.		02.0510
Hamartoma
A focal malformation resembling a neoplasm, composed of an overgrowth of mature cells and tissues that normally occur in the affected area.		02.0510
Ptosis, Eyelid
[description not available]		02.0410
Envenomation, Snakebite
[description not available]		02.0410
Embolic Infarction, Posterior Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		02.0410
Blepharoptosis
Drooping of the upper lid due to deficient development or paralysis of the levator palpebrae muscle.		02.0410
Adamantiades-Behcet Disease
[description not available]		02.0510
Behcet Syndrome
Rare chronic inflammatory disease involving the small blood vessels. It is of unknown etiology and characterized by mucocutaneous ulceration in the mouth and genital region and uveitis with hypopyon. The neuro-ocular form may cause blindness and death. SYNOVITIS; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; gastrointestinal ulcerations; RETINAL VASCULITIS; and OPTIC ATROPHY may occur as well.		02.0510
Urinary Tract Diseases
[description not available]		08.82354
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney
[description not available]		02.9240
Lymph Node Metastasis
[description not available]		02.730
Carcinoma, Renal Cell
A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.		02.9240
Impaired Glucose Tolerance
[description not available]		02.0510
Glucose Intolerance
A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.		02.0510
Diastolic Heart Failure
[description not available]		03.6630
Heart Failure, Diastolic
Heart failure caused by abnormal myocardial relaxation during DIASTOLE leading to defective cardiac filling.		03.6630
Middle Ear Effusion
[description not available]		02.0510
Conductive Hearing Loss
[description not available]		02.0510
Presbycusis
Gradual bilateral hearing loss associated with aging that is due to progressive degeneration of cochlear structures and central auditory pathways. Hearing loss usually begins with the high frequencies then progresses to sounds of middle and low frequencies.		08.1150
Otitis Media with Effusion
Inflammation of the middle ear with a clear pale yellow-colored transudate.		02.0510
Alcohol Drinking
Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.		03.2260
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain
[description not available]		02.9610
Bacterial Disease
[description not available]		05.46110
Cerebrospinal Fluid Hypovolemia
[description not available]		02.9610
Bacterial Infections
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.		05.46110
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain
A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.		02.9610
Bonnevie-Ullrich Syndrome
This syndrome that was originally observed by Ullrich, and designated as identical to TURNER SYNDROME, related the webbing of the neck, loose skin and other anomalies of the syndrome to accumulation of fluid in the embryo starting at the head and dispersing to the extremities (as observed by Bonnevie in mice). Commonly observed at birth in Turner Syndrome and NOONAN SYNDROME; EDEMA of the extremities usually recedes by one year and is an early sign of Turner syndrome, especially in female neonates.		03.2920
Turner Syndrome
A syndrome of defective gonadal development in phenotypic females associated with the karyotype 45,X (or 45,XO). Patients generally are of short stature with undifferentiated GONADS (streak gonads), SEXUAL INFANTILISM, HYPOGONADISM, webbing of the neck, cubitus valgus, elevated GONADOTROPINS, decreased ESTRADIOL level in blood, and CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS. NOONAN SYNDROME (also called Pseudo-Turner Syndrome and Male Turner Syndrome) resembles this disorder; however, it occurs in males and females with a normal karyotype and is inherited as an autosomal dominant.		03.2920
Carcinoma, Epidermoid
[description not available]		05.1662
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		05.1662
Cor Triatriatum
A malformation of the heart in which the embryonic common PULMONARY VEIN was not incorporated into the LEFT ATRIUM leaving behind a perforated fibromuscular membrane bisecting the left atrium, a three-atrium heart. The opening between the two left atrium sections determines the degree of obstruction to pulmonary venous return, pulmonary venous and pulmonary arterial hypertension.		02.0510
DDD MPGNII
[description not available]		02.4120
Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative
Chronic glomerulonephritis characterized histologically by proliferation of MESANGIAL CELLS, increase in the MESANGIAL EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX, and a thickening of the glomerular capillary walls. This may appear as a primary disorder or secondary to other diseases including infections and autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Various subtypes are classified by their abnormal ultrastructures and immune deposits. Hypocomplementemia is a characteristic feature of all types of MPGN.		02.4120
Autosomal Recessive Chronic Granulomatous Disease
[description not available]		02.0510
Granulomatous Disease, Chronic
A defect of leukocyte function in which phagocytic cells ingest but fail to digest bacteria, resulting in recurring bacterial infections with granuloma formation. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by mutations in the CYBB gene, the condition is inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by CYBA, NCF1, NCF2, or NCF4 gene mutations, the condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern.		02.0510
Acute Onset Aura Migraine
[description not available]		02.4220
Migraine with Aura
A subtype of migraine disorder, characterized by recurrent attacks of reversible neurological symptoms (aura) that precede or accompany the headache. Aura may include a combination of sensory disturbances, such as blurred VISION; HALLUCINATIONS; VERTIGO; NUMBNESS; and difficulty in concentrating and speaking. Aura is usually followed by features of the COMMON MIGRAINE, such as PHOTOPHOBIA; PHONOPHOBIA; and NAUSEA. (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		02.4220
Cancer of the Thyroid
[description not available]		04.341
Thyroid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.		04.341
Depression, Involutional
Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.		02.0610
Torsade de Pointes
[description not available]		03.1150
Depressive Disorder, Major
Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)		02.0610
Congenital Familial Lymphedema
[description not available]		04.9690
Lymphedema
Edema due to obstruction of lymph vessels or disorders of the lymph nodes.		04.9690
Hematoma
A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.		03.2360
Agnogenic Myeloid Metaplasia
[description not available]		02.0510
Enlarged Spleen
[description not available]		04.4551
Splenic Diseases
Diseases involving the SPLEEN.		02.0510
Myeloproliferative Disorders
Conditions which cause proliferation of hemopoietically active tissue or of tissue which has embryonic hemopoietic potential. They all involve dysregulation of multipotent MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS, most often caused by a mutation in the JAK2 PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE.		03.630
Primary Myelofibrosis
A de novo myeloproliferation arising from an abnormal stem cell. It is characterized by the replacement of bone marrow by fibrous tissue, a process that is mediated by CYTOKINES arising from the abnormal clone.		02.0510
Low Back Ache
[description not available]		07.7981
Low Back Pain
Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.		07.7981
Caprine Diseases
[description not available]		02.0510
Pemphigoid
[description not available]		05.4100
Pemphigoid, Bullous
A chronic and relatively benign subepidermal blistering disease usually of the elderly and without histopathologic acantholysis.		05.4100
Cryoglobulinemia
A condition characterized by the presence of abnormal quantities of CRYOGLOBULINS in the blood. Upon cold exposure, these abnormal proteins precipitate into the microvasculature leading to restricted blood flow in the exposed areas.		02.0510
Hyperlipemia
[description not available]		05.5361
Hyperlipidemias
Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.		05.5361
Itching
[description not available]		02.4420
Hives
[description not available]		04.0731
Pruritus
An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.		02.4420
Urticaria
A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.		04.0731
Licheniform Eruptions
[description not available]		02.0510
Nasal Diseases
[description not available]		03.4411
Bone Spur
[description not available]		02.0510
Ectopic Ossification
[description not available]		02.0510
Extravasation of Contrast Media
[description not available]		04.0150
Compartment Syndromes
Conditions in which increased pressure within a limited space compromises the BLOOD CIRCULATION and function of tissue within that space. Some of the causes of increased pressure are TRAUMA, tight dressings, HEMORRHAGE, and exercise. Sequelae include nerve compression (NERVE COMPRESSION SYNDROMES); PARALYSIS; and ISCHEMIC CONTRACTURE. FASCIOTOMY is often used to decompress increased pressure and eliminate pain associated with compartment syndromes.		02.0510
Alcoholic Intoxication
An acute brain syndrome which results from the excessive ingestion of ETHANOL or ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.		03.2360
Elevated Cholesterol
[description not available]		05.0131
Papulosquamous Disorders
[description not available]		03.3720
Hypercholesterolemia
A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.		17.0131
Granulomas
[description not available]		03.840
Granuloma
A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.		03.840
Kwashiorkor
A syndrome produced by severe protein deficiency, characterized by retarded growth, changes in skin and hair pigment, edema, and pathologic changes in the liver, including fatty infiltration, necrosis, and fibrosis. The word is a local name in Gold Coast, Africa, meaning displaced child. Although first reported from Africa, kwashiorkor is now known throughout the world, but mainly in the tropics and subtropics. It is considered to be related to marasmus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0510
Altitude Hypoxia
Low ambient oxygen tension associated with ALTITUDE.		07.09112
Altitude Sickness
Multiple symptoms associated with reduced oxygen at high ALTITUDE.		07.09112
Ventricular Dysfunction
A condition in which HEART VENTRICLES exhibit impaired function.		03.8221
Mast-Cell Leukemia
[description not available]		02.0510
Leukemia, Mast-Cell
A form of systemic mastocytosis (MASTOCYTOSIS, SYSTEMIC) characterized by the presence of large numbers of tissue MAST CELLS in the peripheral blood without skin lesions. It is a high-grade LEUKEMIA disease with bone marrow smear of		02.0510
Cadaver
A dead body, usually a human body.		04.9691
Deficiency Diseases
A condition produced by dietary or metabolic deficiency. The term includes all diseases caused by an insufficient supply of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals. It also includes an inadequacy of calories. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)		03.0550
Cane-Cutter Fever
[description not available]		03.3670
Leptospirosis
Infections with bacteria of the genus LEPTOSPIRA.		03.3670
Stunted Growth
[description not available]		02.6830
Labhart-Willi Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0510
Growth Disorders
Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.		02.6830
Prader-Willi Syndrome
An autosomal dominant disorder caused by deletion of the proximal long arm of the paternal chromosome 15 (15q11-q13) or by inheritance of both of the pair of chromosomes 15 from the mother (UNIPARENTAL DISOMY) which are imprinted (GENETIC IMPRINTING) and hence silenced. Clinical manifestations include MENTAL RETARDATION; MUSCULAR HYPOTONIA; HYPERPHAGIA; OBESITY; short stature; HYPOGONADISM; STRABISMUS; and HYPERSOMNOLENCE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p229)		02.0510
Hepatorenal Syndrome
Functional KIDNEY FAILURE in patients with liver disease, usually LIVER CIRRHOSIS or portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL), and in the absence of intrinsic renal disease or kidney abnormality. It is characterized by intense renal vasculature constriction, reduced renal blood flow, OLIGURIA, and sodium retention.		08.2660
Lung Injury, Acute
[description not available]		04.5830
Acute Lung Injury
A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).		111.5830
Injuries, Wrist
[description not available]		02.0610
Lacerations
Torn, ragged, mangled wounds.		02.0610
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.		04.0150
Cardiac Tamponade
Compression of the heart by accumulated fluid (PERICARDIAL EFFUSION) or blood (HEMOPERICARDIUM) in the PERICARDIUM surrounding the heart. The affected cardiac functions and CARDIAC OUTPUT can range from minimal to total hemodynamic collapse.		03.1450
Constrictive Pericarditis
[description not available]		02.3720
Digestive System Disorders
[description not available]		02.9710
Digestive System Diseases
Diseases in any part of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the accessory organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).		02.9710
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy
[description not available]		02.6730
Diabetic Neuropathies
Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)		02.6730
Delirium of Mixed Origin
[description not available]		02.0610
Delirium
A disorder characterized by CONFUSION; inattentiveness; disorientation; ILLUSIONS; HALLUCINATIONS; agitation; and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity. It may result from toxic/metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp411-2)		02.0610
Acute Rheumatic Fever
[description not available]		04.4850
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep
[description not available]		02.4520
Morbid Obesity
[description not available]		02.0610
Superior Vena Cava Obstruction
[description not available]		02.4420
Goiter, Intrathoracic
A goiter that grows behind the STERNUM and CLAVICLE.		02.0610
Obesity, Morbid
The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.		02.0610
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive
A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)		02.4520
Inappropriate GH Secretion Syndrome (Acromegaly)
[description not available]		06.8182
Acromegaly
A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excessive HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE in adults. It is characterized by bony enlargement of the FACE; lower jaw (PROGNATHISM); hands; FEET; HEAD; and THORAX. The most common etiology is a GROWTH HORMONE-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp79-80)		06.8182
Glomerular Necrosis
[description not available]		03.5730
Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular
Enlargement of the RIGHT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is often attributed to PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.		02.4520
Congenital Fissure of the Abdominal Cavity
[description not available]		03.2760
Intestinal Diseases
Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.		04.1660
Gastroschisis
A congenital defect with major fissure in the ABDOMINAL WALL lateral to, but not at, the UMBILICUS. This results in the extrusion of VISCERA. Unlike OMPHALOCELE, herniated structures in gastroschisis are not covered by a sac or PERITONEUM.		08.2760
Colonic Diseases
Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		02.0610
Altered Level of Consciousness
[description not available]		02.4220
Cyst
[description not available]		03.8240
Intestinal Perforation
Opening or penetration through the wall of the INTESTINES.		02.0610
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic
[description not available]		02.0610
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive
Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.		02.0610
Foreign-Body Reaction
Chronic inflammation and granuloma formation around irritating foreign bodies.		02.0610
Drug-Induced Stevens Johnson Syndrome
[description not available]		02.940
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive KERATINOCYTE apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement. It is often provoked by the use of drugs (e.g., antibiotics and anticonvulsants) or associated with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA. It is considered a continuum of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.		07.940
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas
[description not available]		05.67191
Chromosome Deletion
Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.		02.0610
Cystic Fibrosis
An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.		05.67191
Sclerosis, Systemic
[description not available]		03.8240
Amyloidosis
A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.		08.76110
Scleroderma, Systemic
A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.		03.8240
Bronchial Hyperreactivity
Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.		06.0684
Beuren Syndrome
[description not available]		03.3620
Encephalopathy, Hypertensive
[description not available]		02.7230
Acute Post-operative Pain
[description not available]		02.0610
Pain, Postoperative
Pain during the period after surgery.		02.0610
Cystic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		02.6630
Kidney Diseases, Cystic
A heterogeneous group of hereditary and acquired disorders in which the KIDNEY contains one or more CYSTS unilaterally or bilaterally (KIDNEY, CYSTIC).		02.6630
Palsy
[description not available]		05.06101
Paralysis
A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)		05.06101
Aberrant Tissue
[description not available]		02.0610
Mediastinal Cyst
Cysts of one of the parts of the mediastinum: the superior part, containing the trachea, esophagus, thoracic duct and thymus organs; the inferior middle part, containing the pericardium; the inferior anterior part containing some lymph nodes; and the inferior posterior part, containing the thoracic duct and esophagus.		02.4220
Pseudophakia
Presence of an intraocular lens after cataract extraction.		02.0610
Enterocele
An intestinal HERNIA.		02.0610
Lens Dislocation
[description not available]		02.0610
Afferent Pupillary Defect
[description not available]		02.0610
Glaucoma
An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)		04.4890
Hernia
Protrusion of tissue, structure, or part of an organ through the bone, muscular tissue, or the membrane by which it is normally contained. Hernia may involve tissues such as the ABDOMINAL WALL or the respiratory DIAPHRAGM. Hernias may be internal, external, congenital, or acquired.		02.0610
Eosinophilia, Tropical
[description not available]		03.0850
Allergic Angiitis
[description not available]		02.4320
Eosinophilia
Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.		03.0850
Churg-Strauss Syndrome
Widespread necrotizing angiitis with granulomas. Pulmonary involvement is frequent. Asthma or other respiratory infection may precede evidence of vasculitis. Eosinophilia and lung involvement differentiate this disease from POLYARTERITIS NODOSA.		02.4320
Bunostomiasis
[description not available]		02.0610
Hookworm Infections
Infection of humans or animals with hookworms other than those caused by the genus Ancylostoma or Necator, for which the specific terms ANCYLOSTOMIASIS and NECATORIASIS are available.		02.0610
Postcommissurotomy Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0610
Postpericardiotomy Syndrome
A nonspecific hypersensitivity reaction caused by TRAUMA to the PERICARDIUM, often following PERICARDIOTOMY. It is characterized by PERICARDIAL EFFUSION; high titers of anti-heart antibodies; low-grade FEVER; LETHARGY; loss of APPETITE; or ABDOMINAL PAIN.		02.0610
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0610
Beriberi
A disease caused by a deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1) and characterized by polyneuritis, cardiac pathology, and edema. The epidemic form is found primarily in areas in which white (polished) rice is the staple food, as in Japan, China, the Philippines, India, and other countries of southeast Asia. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.4520
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.		02.0610
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		04.1660
Left Heart Hypoplasia Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0710
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
A condition caused by underdevelopment of the whole left half of the heart. It is characterized by hypoplasia of the left cardiac chambers (HEART ATRIUM; HEART VENTRICLE), the AORTA, the AORTIC VALVE, and the MITRAL VALVE. Severe symptoms appear in early infancy when DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS closes.		02.0710
Granuloma, Hodgkin
[description not available]		03.8140
Serositis
Inflammation of a serous membrane.		02.0710
Hodgkin Disease
A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.		03.8140
Acidosis, Respiratory
Respiratory retention of carbon dioxide. It may be chronic or acute.		03.83120
Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome
HYPOVENTILATION syndrome in very obese persons with excessive ADIPOSE TISSUE around the ABDOMEN and DIAPHRAGM. It is characterized by diminished to absent ventilatory chemoresponsiveness; chronic HYPOXIA; HYPERCAPNIA; POLYCYTHEMIA; and long periods of sleep during day and night (HYPERSOMNOLENCE). It is a condition often related to OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA but can occur separately.		02.3820
Emesis
[description not available]		08.25163
Poisoning
Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.		012.07380
Vomiting
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.		013.25163
Abdominal Epilepsy
[description not available]		03.7521
Epilepsies, Partial
Conditions characterized by recurrent paroxysmal neuronal discharges which arise from a focal region of the brain. Partial seizures are divided into simple and complex, depending on whether consciousness is unaltered (simple partial seizure) or disturbed (complex partial seizure). Both types may feature a wide variety of motor, sensory, and autonomic symptoms. Partial seizures may be classified by associated clinical features or anatomic location of the seizure focus. A secondary generalized seizure refers to a partial seizure that spreads to involve the brain diffusely. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317)		03.7521
Delayed Postpartum Hemorrhage
[description not available]		02.0710
Placenta Increta
Invasion of CHORIONIC VILLI occurs deep into the MYOMETRIUM.		02.0710
Uterine Atony
[description not available]		02.3820
Placenta Praevia
[description not available]		02.0710
Postpartum Hemorrhage
Excess blood loss from uterine bleeding associated with OBSTETRIC LABOR or CHILDBIRTH. It is defined as blood loss greater than 500 ml or of the amount that adversely affects the maternal physiology, such as BLOOD PRESSURE and HEMATOCRIT. Postpartum hemorrhage is divided into two categories, immediate (within first 24 hours after birth) or delayed (after 24 hours postpartum).		02.0710
Placenta Accreta
Abnormal placentation in which all or parts of the PLACENTA are attached directly to the MYOMETRIUM due to a complete or partial absence of DECIDUA. It is associated with POSTPARTUM HEMORRHAGE because of the failure of placental separation.		02.0710
Placenta Previa
Abnormal placentation in which the PLACENTA implants in the lower segment of the UTERUS (the zone of dilation) and may cover part or all of the opening of the CERVIX. It is often associated with serious antepartum bleeding and PREMATURE LABOR.		02.0710
Uterine Inertia
Failure of the UTERUS to contract with normal strength, duration, and intervals during childbirth (LABOR, OBSTETRIC). It is also called uterine atony.		02.3820
Polydipsia, Primary
[description not available]		02.9910
Polydipsia
Excessive thirst manifested by excessive fluid intake. It is characteristic of many diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETES INSIPIDUS; and NEPHROGENIC DIABETES INSIPIDUS. The condition may be psychogenic in origin.		02.9910
Inner Ear Disease
[description not available]		010.42151
Labyrinth Diseases
Pathological processes of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) which contains the essential apparatus of hearing (COCHLEA) and balance (SEMICIRCULAR CANALS).		05.42151
Potassium Deficiency
A condition due to decreased dietary intake of potassium, as in starvation or failure to administer in intravenous solutions, or to gastrointestinal loss in diarrhea, chronic laxative abuse, vomiting, gastric suction, or bowel diversion. Severe potassium deficiency may produce muscular weakness and lead to paralysis and respiratory failure. Muscular malfunction may result in hypoventilation, paralytic ileus, hypotension, muscle twitches, tetany, and rhabomyolysis. Nephropathy from potassium deficit impairs the concentrating mechanism, producing POLYURIA and decreased maximal urinary concentrating ability with secondary POLYDIPSIA. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)		08.24324
Deficiency, Magnesium
[description not available]		07.18221
Magnesium Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of magnesium in the diet, characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and weakness. Symptoms are paresthesias, muscle cramps, irritability, decreased attention span, and mental confusion, possibly requiring months to appear. Deficiency of body magnesium can exist even when serum values are normal. In addition, magnesium deficiency may be organ-selective, since certain tissues become deficient before others. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1936)		012.18221
Mushroom Poisoning
Poisoning from ingestion of mushrooms, primarily from, but not restricted to, toxic varieties.		02.8840
Anxiety
Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.		02.8840
Hyaline Membrane Disease
A respiratory distress syndrome in newborn infants, usually premature infants with insufficient PULMONARY SURFACTANTS. The disease is characterized by the formation of a HYALINE-like membrane lining the terminal respiratory airspaces (PULMONARY ALVEOLI) and subsequent collapse of the lung (PULMONARY ATELECTASIS).		06.1371
47,XX,+21
[description not available]		02.0810
Isolated Non-compaction of the Ventricular Myocardium
[description not available]		02.4920
Down Syndrome
A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)		02.0810
Glomerulonephritis, Minimal Change
[description not available]		06.16121
Nephrosis, Lipoid
A kidney disease with no or minimal histological glomerular changes on light microscopy and with no immune deposits. It is characterized by lipid accumulation in the epithelial cells of KIDNEY TUBULES and in the URINE. Patients usually show NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA with accompanying EDEMA.		06.16121
Genetic Diseases, X-Chromosome Linked
[description not available]		02.9910
Arthritis, Degenerative
[description not available]		08.01133
Cerebral Cryptococcosis
[description not available]		02.0710
Angiitis, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		02.0710
Osteoarthritis
A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.		08.01133
Meningitis, Cryptococcal
Meningeal inflammation produced by CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS, an encapsulated yeast that tends to infect individuals with ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunocompromised states. The organism enters the body through the respiratory tract, but symptomatic infections are usually limited to the lungs and nervous system. The organism may also produce parenchymal brain lesions (torulomas). Clinically, the course is subacute and may feature HEADACHE; NAUSEA; PHOTOPHOBIA; focal neurologic deficits; SEIZURES; cranial neuropathies; and HYDROCEPHALUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp721-2)		02.0710
Glial Cell Tumors
[description not available]		05.15111
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)		010.15111
Cafe-au-Lait Spots with Pulmonic Stenosis
[description not available]		02.4520
Neurofibromatosis 1
An autosomal dominant inherited disorder (with a high frequency of spontaneous mutations) that features developmental changes in the nervous system, muscles, bones, and skin, most notably in tissue derived from the embryonic NEURAL CREST. Multiple hyperpigmented skin lesions and subcutaneous tumors are the hallmark of this disease. Peripheral and central nervous system neoplasms occur frequently, especially OPTIC NERVE GLIOMA and NEUROFIBROSARCOMA. NF1 is caused by mutations which inactivate the NF1 gene (GENES, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1) on chromosome 17q. The incidence of learning disabilities is also elevated in this condition. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1014-18) There is overlap of clinical features with NOONAN SYNDROME in a syndrome called neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome. Both the PTPN11 and NF1 gene products are involved in the SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION pathway of Ras (RAS PROTEINS).		02.4520
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever
[description not available]		02.7330
Severe Dengue
A virulent form of dengue characterized by THROMBOCYTOPENIA and an increase in vascular permeability (grades I and II) and distinguished by a positive pain test (e.g., TOURNIQUET PAIN TEST). When accompanied by SHOCK (grades III and IV), it is called dengue shock syndrome.		02.7330
Central Retinal Edema, Cystoid
[description not available]		02.4420
Macular Edema
Fluid accumulation in the outer layer of the MACULA LUTEA that results from intraocular or systemic insults. It may develop in a diffuse pattern where the macula appears thickened or it may acquire the characteristic petaloid appearance referred to as cystoid macular edema. Although macular edema may be associated with various underlying conditions, it is most commonly seen following intraocular surgery, venous occlusive disease, DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, and posterior segment inflammatory disease. (From Survey of Ophthalmology 2004; 49(5) 470-90)		07.4420
Alveolitis, Fibrosing
[description not available]		02.6830
Pulmonary Fibrosis
A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.		02.6830
Nephritis
Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.		09.4890
Aneurysm, False
Not an aneurysm but a well-defined collection of blood and CONNECTIVE TISSUE outside the wall of a blood vessel or the heart. It is the containment of a ruptured blood vessel or heart, such as sealing a rupture of the left ventricle. False aneurysm is formed by organized THROMBUS and HEMATOMA in surrounding tissue.		02.0810
Arterial Diseases, Carotid
[description not available]		02.0810
Deafness, Sudden
Complete sensorineural hearing loss which develops suddenly over a period of hours or a few days.		03.150
Carotid Artery Dissection, Internal
[description not available]		02.0810
Carotid Artery Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.		02.0810
Cancer of the Vagina
[description not available]		02.0810
Myoma
A benign neoplasm of muscular tissue. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.0810
Vaginal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the VAGINA.		02.0810
Plant Poisoning
Poisoning by the ingestion of plants or its leaves, berries, roots or stalks. The manifestations in both humans and animals vary in severity from mild to life threatening. In animals, especially domestic animals, it is usually the result of ingesting moldy or fermented forage.		03.7721
Ascites, Gelatinous
[description not available]		02.0710
Pseudomyxoma Peritonei
A peritoneal adenocarcinoma characterized by build-up of MUCUS in the PERITONEAL CAVITY. Mucus secreting cells may attach to the peritoneal lining and continue to secrete mucus. The majority of cases represent tumor spread from a primary low-grade mucinous neoplasm of the APPENDIX (NCI Thesaurus).		02.0710
Petechiae
Pinhead size (3 mm) skin discolorization due to hemorrhage.		03.9750
Purpura
Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. When the size of the discolorization is		03.9750
Acute Q Fever
[description not available]		02.0110
Meningitis, Tuberculous
[description not available]		07.7564
Tuberculosis, Meningeal
A form of bacterial meningitis caused by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS or rarely MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS. The organism seeds the meninges and forms microtuberculomas which subsequently rupture. The clinical course tends to be subacute, with progressions occurring over a period of several days or longer. Headache and meningeal irritation may be followed by SEIZURES, cranial neuropathies, focal neurologic deficits, somnolence, and eventually COMA. The illness may occur in immunocompetent individuals or as an OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION in the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunodeficiency syndromes. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp717-9)		07.7564
Pyloric Stenosis
Narrowing of the pyloric canal with varied etiology. A common form is due to muscle hypertrophy (PYLORIC STENOSIS, HYPERTROPHIC) seen in infants.		02.0110
Parasitemia
The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0110
Corridor Disease
[description not available]		02.4220
Bladder Disorder, Neurogenic
[description not available]		02.420
Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic
Dysfunction of the URINARY BLADDER due to disease of the central or peripheral nervous system pathways involved in the control of URINATION. This is often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, but may also be caused by BRAIN DISEASES or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES.		02.420
Anaphylactic Reaction
[description not available]		06.63121
Delayed Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		03.320
Anaphylaxis
An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.		06.63121
Acidosis, Renal Tubular Type IV
[description not available]		05.32130
Cancer of Head
[description not available]		02.0110
Angioma
A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of blood or lymphatic vessels that forms a tumor-like mass. Vessels in the angioma may or may not be dilated.		02.0110
Angioma, Cavernous
A tumor-like mass with large vascular space that is filled with blood or lymph.		02.3920
Abdominal Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the ABDOMEN.		02.730
Multiple Primary Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.420
Head and Neck Neoplasms
Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)		02.0110
Hemangioma
A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of BLOOD VESSELS that forms a tumor-like mass. The common types involve CAPILLARIES and VEINS. It can occur anywhere in the body but is most frequently noticed in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE. (from Stedman, 27th ed, 2000)		02.0110
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms
[description not available]		05.5292
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome
Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.		05.5292
Pancytopenia
Deficiency of all three cell elements of the blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.		03.6230
Abnormalities, Multiple
Congenital abnormalities that affect more than one organ or body structure.		02.3820
Atrial Ectopic Tachycardia
[description not available]		02.420
Fasting Hypoglycemia
HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.		03.2160
Hypotension, Postural
[description not available]		06.41163
Hypoglycemia
A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.		03.2160
Hypotension, Orthostatic
A significant drop in BLOOD PRESSURE after assuming a standing position. Orthostatic hypotension is a finding, and defined as a 20-mm Hg decrease in systolic pressure or a 10-mm Hg decrease in diastolic pressure 3 minutes after the person has risen from supine to standing. Symptoms generally include DIZZINESS, blurred vision, and SYNCOPE.		06.41163
Ebstein Anomaly
A congenital heart defect characterized by downward or apical displacement of the TRICUSPID VALVE, usually with the septal and posterior leaflets being attached to the wall of the RIGHT VENTRICLE. It is characterized by a huge RIGHT ATRIUM and a small and less effective right ventricle.		02.6730
Labyrinthitis
Inflammation of the inner ear (LABYRINTH).		02.420
Central Nervous System Syphilis
[description not available]		02.420
Vestibular Diseases
Pathological processes of the VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH which contains part of the balancing apparatus. Patients with vestibular diseases show instability and are at risk of frequent falls.		02.420
Convulsions, Grand Mal
[description not available]		03.0650
Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic
A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329)		03.0650
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease
[description not available]		03.821
Cytomegalovirus Infections
Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.		03.821
Muscular Weakness
[description not available]		02.0110
Lassitude
[description not available]		02.3720
Fatigue
The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.		02.3720
Muscle Weakness
A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)		02.0110
Sinus Infections
[description not available]		04.6821
Bilateral Nasal Obstruction
[description not available]		04.3722
Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.		06.69131
Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.		04.6821
Nasal Obstruction
Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the nose. The obstruction may be unilateral or bilateral, and may involve any part of the NASAL CAVITY.		04.3722
Urethral Obstruction
Partial or complete blockage in any part of the URETHRA that can lead to difficulty or inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER. It is characterized by an enlarged, often damaged, bladder with frequent urges to void.		05.5661
Goiter
Enlargement of the THYROID GLAND that may increase from about 20 grams to hundreds of grams in human adults. Goiter is observed in individuals with normal thyroid function (euthyroidism), thyroid deficiency (HYPOTHYROIDISM), or hormone overproduction (HYPERTHYROIDISM). Goiter may be congenital or acquired, sporadic or endemic (GOITER, ENDEMIC).		03.8121
Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia
A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin.		02.0110
Fallot's Tetralogy
[description not available]		03.9950
Hyperinsulinism
A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.		02.0110
Tetralogy of Fallot
A combination of congenital heart defects consisting of four key features including VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECTS; PULMONARY STENOSIS; RIGHT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY; and a dextro-positioned AORTA. In this condition, blood from both ventricles (oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor) is pumped into the body often causing CYANOSIS.		08.9950
Nephrosis
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY without inflammatory or neoplastic components. Nephrosis may be a primary disorder or secondary complication of other diseases. It is characterized by the NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA and HYPOALBUMINEMIA with accompanying EDEMA.		08.66100
Blood Protein Disorders
Hematologic diseases caused by structural or functional defects of BLOOD PROTEINS.		03.7840
Necrotizing Pyelonephritis
[description not available]		08.44523
Pyelonephritis
Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.		08.44523
Bilharziasis
[description not available]		05.2872
Schistosomiasis
Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.		05.2872
Asthma, Cardiac
[description not available]		04.5961
Injuries
Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.		04.4790
Wounds and Injuries
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.		04.4790
Diseases, Peripheral Vascular
[description not available]		02.0110
Peripheral Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART.		02.0110
Infections, Plasmodium
[description not available]		04.8781
Malaria
A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.		09.8781
Age-Related Osteoporosis
[description not available]		03.4780
Gastroduodenal Ulcer
[description not available]		02.3720
Osteoporosis
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.		08.4780
Peptic Ulcer
Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		02.3720
Oligohydramnios
A condition of abnormally low AMNIOTIC FLUID volume. Principal causes include malformations of fetal URINARY TRACT; FETAL GROWTH RETARDATION; GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION; nicotine poisoning; and PROLONGED PREGNANCY.		02.9440
Brain Inflammation
[description not available]		02.8740
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.		02.8740
Axonotmesis
[description not available]		02.0110
Acquired Meningomyelocele
[description not available]		02.3920
Trauma, Nervous System
Traumatic injuries to the brain, cranial nerves, spinal cord, autonomic nervous system, or neuromuscular system, including iatrogenic injuries induced by surgical procedures.		02.0110
Glomerulonephritis, Lupus
[description not available]		04.1660
Lupus Nephritis
Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).		04.1660
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		03.87120
Colitis, Ischemic
Inflammation of the COLON due to colonic ISCHEMIA resulting from alterations in systemic circulation or local vasculature.		02.0210
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		03.87120
Celiac Sprue
[description not available]		02.0110
Budd-Chiari Syndrome
A condition in which the hepatic venous outflow is obstructed anywhere from the small HEPATIC VEINS to the junction of the INFERIOR VENA CAVA and the RIGHT ATRIUM. Usually the blockage is extrahepatic and caused by blood clots (THROMBUS) or fibrous webs. Parenchymal FIBROSIS is uncommon.		02.6630
Celiac Disease
A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.		02.0110
Enuresis
Involuntary discharge of URINE after expected age of completed development of urinary control. This can happen during the daytime (DIURNAL ENURESIS) while one is awake or during sleep (NOCTURNAL ENURESIS). Enuresis can be in children or in adults (as persistent primary enuresis and secondary adult-onset enuresis).		010.3653
Asialia
[description not available]		04.3422
Xerostomia
Decreased salivary flow.		04.3422
Bacterial Pneumonia
[description not available]		02.4320
Muscle Disorders
[description not available]		04.661
Muscular Diseases
Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.		04.661
Pneumonia, Bacterial
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.		02.4320
Endometrioma
An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.		02.0210
Ovarian Diseases
Pathological processes of the OVARY.		02.0210
Hepatic Porphyria
[description not available]		02.0210
Endometriosis
A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.		02.0210
Porphyrias, Hepatic
A group of metabolic diseases due to deficiency of one of a number of LIVER enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway of HEME. They are characterized by the accumulation and increased excretion of PORPHYRINS or its precursors. Clinical features include neurological symptoms (PORPHYRIA, ACUTE INTERMITTENT), cutaneous lesions due to photosensitivity (PORPHYRIA CUTANEA TARDA), or both (HEREDITARY COPROPORPHYRIA). Hepatic porphyrias can be hereditary or acquired as a result of toxicity to the hepatic tissues.		02.0210
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		04.9791
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		04.9791
Diabetic Retinopathy
Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.		02.3920
Myxedema
A condition characterized by a dry, waxy type of swelling (EDEMA) with abnormal deposits of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and other tissues. It is caused by a deficiency of THYROID HORMONES. The skin becomes puffy around the eyes and on the cheeks. The face is dull and expressionless with thickened nose and lips.		09.1360
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic
[description not available]		04.2641
Auditory Hyperesthesia
[description not available]		02.0210
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral
[description not available]		08.7255
Hemorrhagic Diathesis
[description not available]		02.0210
Purpura, Thrombopenic
[description not available]		03.2920
Cerebral Hemorrhage
Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		08.7255
Hemorrhagic Disorders
Spontaneous or near spontaneous bleeding caused by a defect in clotting mechanisms (BLOOD COAGULATION DISORDERS) or another abnormality causing a structural flaw in the blood vessels (HEMOSTATIC DISORDERS).		02.0210
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic
Any form of purpura in which the PLATELET COUNT is decreased. Many forms are thought to be caused by immunological mechanisms.		03.2920
Foot Diseases
Anatomical and functional disorders affecting the foot.		02.0210
Malabsorption Syndromes
General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients.		02.6730
Cornea Injuries
[description not available]		02.0210
Corneal Injuries
Damage or trauma inflicted to the CORNEA by external means.		02.0210
Muscle Relaxation
That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.		09.84130
Diabetic Angiopathies
VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.		04.2841
Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular
[description not available]		04.96150
Starvation
Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.8840
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.		04.96150
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		02.4220
Cerebellar Diseases
Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, GAIT ATAXIA, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.		02.0210
Acquired Encephalocele
[description not available]		02.0210
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.		02.4220
Ascites, Chylous
[description not available]		02.0210
Injuries, Knee
[description not available]		02.0210
Bucket Handle Tears
[description not available]		02.0210
Knee Injuries
Injuries to the knee or the knee joint.		02.0210
Hemoperitoneum
Accumulations of blood in the PERITONEAL CAVITY due to internal HEMORRHAGE.		02.0210
Splenic Rupture
Rupture of the SPLEEN due to trauma or disease.		02.0210
Nasal Bleeding
[description not available]		02.6530
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia
[description not available]		02.0210
Epistaxis
Bleeding from the nose.		02.6530
Telangiectasia, Hereditary Hemorrhagic
An autosomal dominant vascular anomaly characterized by telangiectases of the skin and mucous membranes and by recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding. This disorder is caused by mutations of a gene (on chromosome 9q3) which encodes endoglin, a membrane glycoprotein that binds TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA.		02.0210
Hemolysis, Elevated Liver Enzymes, Lowered Platelets
[description not available]		02.0210
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction
[description not available]		02.0210
Altidudinal Hemianopia
[description not available]		02.0210
Hemorrhage, Retinal
[description not available]		02.8740
HELLP Syndrome
A syndrome of HEMOLYSIS, elevated liver ENZYMES, and low blood platelets count (THROMBOCYTOPENIA). HELLP syndrome is observed in pregnant women with PRE-ECLAMPSIA or ECLAMPSIA who also exhibit LIVER damage and abnormalities in BLOOD COAGULATION.		02.0210
Brain Infarction
Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.		02.0210
Connective Tissue Disease, Mixed
[description not available]		02.0210
Aortic Aneurysm, Ruptured
[description not available]		02.0210
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory
[description not available]		02.0210
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.		02.0210
Acute Febrile Neutrophilic Dermatosis
[description not available]		02.9410
Arterial Obstructive Diseases
[description not available]		02.6730
Gangrene
Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply.		01.9510
Arterial Occlusive Diseases
Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.		02.6730
Radius Fractures
Fractures of the RADIUS.		02.0210
Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning
A condition caused by ingestion of shellfish contaminated by domoic acid-producing diatoms of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia.		02.0210
Hangman Fracture
[description not available]		02.4220
Spinal Fractures
Broken bones in the vertebral column.		02.4220
Kidney, Polycystic
[description not available]		02.9140
Polycystic Kidney Diseases
Hereditary diseases that are characterized by the progressive expansion of a large number of tightly packed CYSTS within the KIDNEYS. They include diseases with autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance.		02.9140
Closed Head Injuries
[description not available]		02.0310
Bites
[description not available]		03.2920
Forearm Injuries
Injuries to the part of the upper limb of the body between the wrist and elbow.		02.0310
Cleft Spine
[description not available]		02.0310
Acoustic Nerve Diseases
[description not available]		02.9410
Neovascularization, Optic Disc
[description not available]		02.0310
Retinal Neovascularization
Formation of new blood vessels originating from the retinal veins and extending along the inner (vitreal) surface of the retina.		02.0310
Angiogenesis, Pathologic
[description not available]		02.4620
ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) Diseases
[description not available]		04.0531
Acquired Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus
[description not available]		02.0310
Asphyxia Neonatorum
Respiratory failure in the newborn. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.3920
Exertional Heat Illness
[description not available]		02.0310
Central Nervous System Disease
[description not available]		02.9410
Central Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.		02.9410
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
[description not available]		02.8840
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		02.0310
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute
Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.		14.8840
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute
An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.		02.0310
Alopecia Cicatrisata
[description not available]		03.6130
Alopecia
Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.		03.6130
Osteomyelitis
INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.		02.420
DNA Virus Infections
Diseases caused by DNA VIRUSES.		02.0310
Brittle Bone Disease
[description not available]		02.4120
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
COLLAGEN DISEASES characterized by brittle, osteoporotic, and easily fractured bones. It may also present with blue sclerae, loose joints, and imperfect dentin formation. Most types are autosomal dominant and are associated with mutations in COLLAGEN TYPE I.		02.4120
Age-Related Macular Degeneration
[description not available]		02.9410
Macular Degeneration
Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.		02.9410
Dyslipidemia
[description not available]		02.0310
Dermatomyositis, Adult Type
[description not available]		02.6830
Mediastinal Diseases
Disorders of the mediastinum, general or unspecified.		02.0310
Cold Fingers, Hereditary
[description not available]		02.6830
Dermatomyositis
A subacute or chronic inflammatory disease of muscle and skin, marked by proximal muscle weakness and a characteristic skin rash. The illness occurs with approximately equal frequency in children and adults. The skin lesions usually take the form of a purplish rash (or less often an exfoliative dermatitis) involving the nose, cheeks, forehead, upper trunk, and arms. The disease is associated with a complement mediated intramuscular microangiopathy, leading to loss of capillaries, muscle ischemia, muscle-fiber necrosis, and perifascicular atrophy. The childhood form of this disease tends to evolve into a systemic vasculitis. Dermatomyositis may occur in association with malignant neoplasms. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1405-6)		02.6830
Raynaud Disease
An idiopathic vascular disorder characterized by bilateral Raynaud phenomenon, the abrupt onset of digital paleness or CYANOSIS in response to cold exposure or stress.		02.6830
Dyslipidemias
Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.		02.0310
Hemoptysis
Expectoration or spitting of blood originating from any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT, usually from hemorrhage in the lung parenchyma (PULMONARY ALVEOLI) and the BRONCHIAL ARTERIES.		02.3920
Urinary Fistula
An abnormal passage in any part of the URINARY TRACT between itself or with other organs.		02.3820
Cardiomyopathy, Chagas
[description not available]		02.6730
Chagas Cardiomyopathy
A disease of the CARDIAC MUSCLE developed subsequent to the initial protozoan infection by TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI. After infection, less than 10% develop acute illness such as MYOCARDITIS (mostly in children). The disease then enters a latent phase without clinical symptoms until about 20 years later. Myocardial symptoms of advanced CHAGAS DISEASE include conduction defects (HEART BLOCK) and CARDIOMEGALY.		02.6730
Thyrotoxicosis
A hypermetabolic syndrome caused by excess THYROID HORMONES which may come from endogenous or exogenous sources. The endogenous source of hormone may be thyroid HYPERPLASIA; THYROID NEOPLASMS; or hormone-producing extrathyroidal tissue. Thyrotoxicosis is characterized by NERVOUSNESS; TACHYCARDIA; FATIGUE; WEIGHT LOSS; heat intolerance; and excessive SWEATING.		02.9140
Cardiac Aneurysm
[description not available]		02.4120
Sterility, Female
[description not available]		02.0310
Infertility, Female
Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.		02.0310
Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast
An invasive (infiltrating) CARCINOMA of the mammary ductal system (MAMMARY GLANDS) in the human BREAST.		02.0310
Breast Cancer, Male
[description not available]		02.0310
Bone Cancer
[description not available]		06.43101
Osteolysis
Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.		02.0310
Mandibular Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MANDIBLE.		02.0310
Bone Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.		06.43101
Breast Neoplasms, Male
Any neoplasms of the male breast. These occur infrequently in males in developed countries, the incidence being about 1% of that in females.		02.0310
Ataxia
Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.		02.3920
MODS
[description not available]		02.9240
Gastroenteritis
INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.		02.6930
Multiple Organ Failure
A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.		02.9240
Gastritis, Familial Giant Hypertrophic
[description not available]		02.0310
Cystadenoma
A benign neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cystic accumulations of retained secretions are formed. In some instances, considerable portions of the neoplasm, or even the entire mass, may be cystic. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.0410
Cancer of Mediastinum
[description not available]		02.0410
Mediastinal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MEDIASTINUM.		02.0410
Obstructive Lung Diseases
[description not available]		06.28141
Lung Diseases, Obstructive
Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.		06.28141
Respiratory Tract Diseases
Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.		03.7940
Rhinitis, Allergic, Nonseasonal
[description not available]		04.3522
Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial
Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose similar to that found in hay fever except that symptoms persist throughout the year. The causes are usually air-borne allergens, particularly dusts, feathers, molds, animal fur, etc.		04.3522
Becker Muscular Dystrophy
[description not available]		02.0310
Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophies
[description not available]		02.0310
Congenital Myotonic Dystrophy
[description not available]		02.6730
Myotonic Dystrophy
Neuromuscular disorder characterized by PROGRESSIVE MUSCULAR ATROPHY; MYOTONIA, and various multisystem atrophies. Mild INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY may also occur. Abnormal TRINUCLEOTIDE REPEAT EXPANSION in the 3' UNTRANSLATED REGIONS of DMPK PROTEIN gene is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 1. DNA REPEAT EXPANSION of zinc finger protein-9 gene intron is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 2.		02.6730
Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne
An X-linked recessive muscle disease caused by an inability to synthesize DYSTROPHIN, which is involved with maintaining the integrity of the sarcolemma. Muscle fibers undergo a process that features degeneration and regeneration. Clinical manifestations include proximal weakness in the first few years of life, pseudohypertrophy, cardiomyopathy (see MYOCARDIAL DISEASES), and an increased incidence of impaired mentation. Becker muscular dystrophy is a closely related condition featuring a later onset of disease (usually adolescence) and a slowly progressive course. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1415)		02.0310
Muscular Dystrophies, Limb-Girdle
A heterogenous group of inherited muscular dystrophy that can be autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive. There are many forms (called LGMDs) involving genes encoding muscle membrane proteins such as the sarcoglycan (SARCOGLYCANS) complex that interacts with DYSTROPHIN. The disease is characterized by progressing wasting and weakness of the proximal muscles of arms and legs around the HIPS and SHOULDERS (the pelvic and shoulder girdles).		02.0310
Anemias, Iron-Deficiency
[description not available]		02.0410
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency
Anemia characterized by decreased or absent iron stores, low serum iron concentration, low transferrin saturation, and low hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit value. The erythrocytes are hypochromic and microcytic and the iron binding capacity is increased.		02.0410
Dextro-Looped Transposition of the Great Arteries
[description not available]		03.9850
Transposition of Great Vessels
A congenital cardiovascular malformation in which the AORTA arises entirely from the RIGHT VENTRICLE, and the PULMONARY ARTERY arises from the LEFT VENTRICLE. Consequently, the pulmonary and the systemic circulations are parallel and not sequential, so that the venous return from the peripheral circulation is re-circulated by the right ventricle via aorta to the systemic circulation without being oxygenated in the lungs. This is a potentially lethal form of heart disease in newborns and infants.		03.9850
Diplopia
A visual symptom in which a single object is perceived by the visual cortex as two objects rather than one. Disorders associated with this condition include REFRACTIVE ERRORS; STRABISMUS; OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES; TROCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; ABDUCENS NERVE DISEASES; and diseases of the BRAIN STEM and OCCIPITAL LOBE.		02.0310
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment
[description not available]		02.9140
Retinal Detachment
Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).		07.9140
Anisometropia
A condition of an inequality of refractive power of the two eyes.		02.0310
Leukocytosis
A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.		02.420
Aortitis Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0410
Takayasu Arteritis
A chronic inflammatory process that affects the AORTA and its primary branches, such as the brachiocephalic artery (BRACHIOCEPHALIC TRUNK) and CAROTID ARTERIES. It results in progressive arterial stenosis, occlusion, and aneurysm formation. The pulse in the arm is hard to detect. Patients with aortitis syndrome often exhibit retinopathy.		02.0410
Leishmaniasis, Diffuse Cutaneous
A form of LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS caused by Leishmania aethiopica in Ethiopia and Kenya, L. pifanoi in Venezuela, L. braziliensis in South America, and L. mexicana in Central America. This disease is characterized by massive dissemination of skin lesions without visceral involvement.		02.0410
HIV Coinfection
[description not available]		02.4820
HIV Infections
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).		02.4820
Bedwetting
[description not available]		03.4211
Nocturnal Enuresis
Involuntary discharge of URINE during sleep at night after expected age of completed development of urinary control.		03.4211
Endocarditis, Loeffler
[description not available]		02.9510
Hypereosinophilic Syndrome
A heterogeneous group of disorders with the common feature of prolonged eosinophilia of unknown cause and associated organ system dysfunction, including the heart, central nervous system, kidneys, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and skin. There is a massive increase in the number of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, mimicking leukemia, and extensive eosinophilic infiltration of the various organs.		02.9510
Dysuria
Painful URINATION. It is often associated with infections of the lower URINARY TRACT.		02.0310
BOF Syndrome
[description not available]		02.9510
Distorted Hearing
[description not available]		09.65394
Alport Syndrome
[description not available]		02.9510
Nephritis, Hereditary
A group of inherited conditions characterized initially by HEMATURIA and slowly progressing to RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. The most common form is the Alport syndrome (hereditary nephritis with HEARING LOSS) which is caused by mutations in genes for TYPE IV COLLAGEN and defective GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE.		02.9510
Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood
[description not available]		02.0310
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe
A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321).		02.0310
Bronchiolitis, Viral
An acute inflammatory disease of the lower RESPIRATORY TRACT, caused by paramyxoviruses, occurring primarily in infants and young children; the viruses most commonly implicated are PARAINFLUENZA VIRUS TYPE 3; RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS, HUMAN; and METAPNEUMOVIRUS.		04.9731
Adjuvant Arthritis
[description not available]		02.7330
Chronic Idiopathic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction
[description not available]		02.0410
Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction
A type of ILEUS, a functional not mechanical obstruction of the INTESTINES. This syndrome is caused by a large number of disorders involving the smooth muscles (MUSCLE, SMOOTH) or the NERVOUS SYSTEM.		02.0410
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid
[description not available]		02.3920
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.		07.3920
Absent Right Atrioventricular Connection
[description not available]		02.0310
Pulmonary Stenoses
[description not available]		02.6630
Erythrophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis, Familial
[description not available]		02.0410
Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic
A group of related disorders characterized by LYMPHOCYTOSIS; HISTIOCYTOSIS; and hemophagocytosis. The two major forms are familial and reactive.		02.0410
Deficiency, Yin
[description not available]		02.0310
Female Genital Diseases
[description not available]		03.7321
Premenstrual Tension
A term used to describe the psychological aspects of PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME, such as the indescribable tension, depression, hostility, and increased seizure activity in women with seizure disorder.		02.3420
Genital Diseases, Female
Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		03.7321
Premenstrual Syndrome
A combination of distressing physical, psychologic, or behavioral changes that occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Symptoms of PMS are diverse (such as pain, water-retention, anxiety, cravings, and depression) and they diminish markedly 2 or 3 days after the initiation of menses.		02.3420
Eye Disorders
[description not available]		03.7840
Eye Diseases
Diseases affecting the eye.		03.7840
Centriacinar Emphysema
[description not available]		03.0450
Diabetes Insipidus
A disease that is characterized by frequent urination, excretion of large amounts of dilute URINE, and excessive THIRST. Etiologies of diabetes insipidus include deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (also known as ADH or VASOPRESSIN) secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS, impaired KIDNEY response to ADH, and impaired hypothalamic regulation of thirst.		08.79461
Burns
Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.		010.8691
Cachexia
General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease.		02.6630
Dermatomycoses
Superficial infections of the skin or its appendages by any of various fungi.		01.9410
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor
A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.		05.4240
Actinic Reticuloid Syndrome
[description not available]		04.4890
Malignant Hypertension
[description not available]		013.84392
Hypertension, Malignant
A condition of markedly elevated BLOOD PRESSURE with DIASTOLIC PRESSURE usually greater than 120 mm Hg. Malignant hypertension is characterized by widespread vascular damage, PAPILLEDEMA, retinopathy, HYPERTENSIVE ENCEPHALOPATHY, and renal dysfunction.		08.84392
Porphyria
[description not available]		03.9750
Porphyrias
A diverse group of metabolic diseases characterized by errors in the biosynthetic pathway of HEME in the LIVER, the BONE MARROW, or both. They are classified by the deficiency of specific enzymes, the tissue site of enzyme defect, or the clinical features that include neurological (acute) or cutaneous (skin lesions). Porphyrias can be hereditary or acquired as a result of toxicity to the hepatic or erythropoietic marrow tissues.		03.9750
Leukemia, Acute Monocytic
[description not available]		02.3620
Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute
An acute myeloid leukemia in which 80% or more of the leukemic cells are of monocytic lineage including monoblasts, promonocytes, and MONOCYTES.		02.3620
Hypertrichosis
Excessive hair growth at inappropriate locations, such as on the extremities, the head, and the back. It is caused by genetic or acquired factors, and is an androgen-independent process. This concept does not include HIRSUTISM which is an androgen-dependent excess hair growth in WOMEN and CHILDREN.		02.8740
Arsenic Encephalopathy
[description not available]		01.9610
Hemoglobinuria
The presence of free HEMOGLOBIN in the URINE, indicating hemolysis of ERYTHROCYTES within the vascular system. After saturating the hemoglobin-binding proteins (HAPTOGLOBINS), free hemoglobin begins to appear in the urine.		02.8740
Labor, Premature
[description not available]		03.9850
Cardiac Complex, Premature
[description not available]		03.0550
Liver Steatosis
[description not available]		02.8740
Fatty Liver
Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.		02.8740
Paraneoplastic Syndromes
In patients with neoplastic diseases a wide variety of clinical pictures which are indirect and usually remote effects produced by tumor cell metabolites or other products.		05.1941
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar
[description not available]		03.3470
Bipolar Disorder
A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.		03.3470
Bilateral Wilms Tumor
[description not available]		01.9510
Wilms Tumor
A malignant kidney tumor, caused by the uncontrolled multiplication of renal stem (blastemal), stromal (STROMAL CELLS), and epithelial (EPITHELIAL CELLS) elements. However, not all three are present in every case. Several genes or chromosomal areas have been associated with Wilms tumor which is usually found in childhood as a firm lump in a child's side or ABDOMEN.		01.9510
Bronze Diabetes
[description not available]		02.3720
Hemochromatosis
A disorder of iron metabolism characterized by a triad of HEMOSIDEROSIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and DIABETES MELLITUS. It is caused by massive iron deposits in parenchymal cells that may develop after a prolonged increase of iron absorption. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Syndromes & Eponymic Diseases, 2d ed)		02.3720
A-V Dissociation
[description not available]		06.9152
Addison's Disease
[description not available]		02.8640
Cushing's Syndrome
[description not available]		04.89140
Addison Disease
An adrenal disease characterized by the progressive destruction of the ADRENAL CORTEX, resulting in insufficient production of ALDOSTERONE and HYDROCORTISONE. Clinical symptoms include ANOREXIA; NAUSEA; WEIGHT LOSS; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; and HYPERPIGMENTATION of the SKIN due to increase in circulating levels of ACTH precursor hormone which stimulates MELANOCYTES.		02.8640
Cushing Syndrome
A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) or other GLUCOCORTICOIDS from endogenous or exogenous sources. It is characterized by upper body OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIRSUTISM; AMENORRHEA; and excess body fluid. Endogenous Cushing syndrome or spontaneous hypercortisolism is divided into two groups, those due to an excess of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN and those that are ACTH-independent.		04.89140
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)		07.9140
Astrocytoma, Grade IV
[description not available]		04.8342
Angioblastic Meningioma
[description not available]		04.2741
Glioblastoma
A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.		04.8342
Meningioma
A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)		04.2741
Achalasia
[description not available]		01.9610
Epiphora
[description not available]		01.9610
Adrenal Cortex Diseases
Pathological processes of the ADRENAL CORTEX.		03.5730
Esophageal Achalasia
A motility disorder of the ESOPHAGUS in which the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER (near the CARDIA) fails to relax resulting in functional obstruction of the esophagus, and DYSPHAGIA. Achalasia is characterized by a grossly contorted and dilated esophagus (megaesophagus).		01.9610
Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases
Diseases of the LACRIMAL APPARATUS.		01.9610
Infections, Togaviridae
[description not available]		01.9610
Nephrosclerosis
Hardening of the KIDNEY due to infiltration by fibrous connective tissue (FIBROSIS), usually caused by renovascular diseases or chronic HYPERTENSION. Nephrosclerosis leads to renal ISCHEMIA.		03.7840
Intradural-Extramedullary Spinal Cord Neoplasms
[description not available]		01.9610
Spinal Cord Neoplasms
Benign and malignant neoplasms which occur within the substance of the spinal cord (intramedullary neoplasms) or in the space between the dura and spinal cord (intradural extramedullary neoplasms). The majority of intramedullary spinal tumors are primary CNS neoplasms including ASTROCYTOMA; EPENDYMOMA; and LIPOMA. Intramedullary neoplasms are often associated with SYRINGOMYELIA. The most frequent histologic types of intradural-extramedullary tumors are MENINGIOMA and NEUROFIBROMA.		01.9610
Albright Hereditary Osteodystrophy
[description not available]		01.9610
Pigmentary Retinopathy
[description not available]		01.9610
Pseudohypoparathyroidism
A hereditary syndrome clinically similar to HYPOPARATHYROIDISM. It is characterized by HYPOCALCEMIA; HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA; and associated skeletal development impairment and caused by failure of response to PARATHYROID HORMONE rather than deficiencies. A severe form with resistance to multiple hormones is referred to as Type 1a and is associated with maternal mutant allele of the ALPHA CHAIN OF STIMULATORY G PROTEIN.		01.9610
Retinitis Pigmentosa
Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the retina due to death of ROD PHOTORECEPTORS initially and subsequent death of CONE PHOTORECEPTORS. It is characterized by deposition of pigment in the retina.		01.9610
Spasmophilia
[description not available]		03.9750
Adenohypophyseal Hyposecretion
[description not available]		03.2160
Hypopituitarism
Diminution or cessation of secretion of one or more hormones from the anterior pituitary gland (including LH; FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE; SOMATOTROPIN; and CORTICOTROPIN). This may result from surgical or radiation ablation, non-secretory PITUITARY NEOPLASMS, metastatic tumors, infarction, PITUITARY APOPLEXY, infiltrative or granulomatous processes, and other conditions.		08.2160
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal
[description not available]		05.74150
Pheochromocytoma
A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)		010.74150
Autonomic Failure, Progressive
[description not available]		01.9610
Fibromuscular Dysplasia
An idiopathic, segmental, nonatheromatous disease of the musculature of arterial walls, leading to STENOSIS of small and medium-sized arteries. There is true proliferation of SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS and fibrous tissue. Fibromuscular dysplasia lesions are smooth stenosis and occur most often in the renal and carotid arteries. They may also occur in other peripheral arteries of the extremity.		01.9610
Disease
A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.		08.7620
E coli Infections
[description not available]		02.6530
Escherichia coli Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.		02.6530
Leukemia, Lymphocytic
[description not available]		03.3470
Granulocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		02.8940
Leukemia, Lymphoid
Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.		03.3470
Leukemia, Myeloid
Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.		02.8940
Ventricular Fibrillation
A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.		03.5690
Kidney Papillary Necrosis
A complication of kidney diseases characterized by cell death involving KIDNEY PAPILLA in the KIDNEY MEDULLA. Damages to this area may hinder the kidney to concentrate urine resulting in POLYURIA. Sloughed off necrotic tissue may block KIDNEY PELVIS or URETER. Necrosis of multiple renal papillae can lead to KIDNEY FAILURE.		02.3720
Brain Dead
[description not available]		02.6530
Coma
A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.		09.81130
Infections, Respirovirus
[description not available]		01.9610
Coagulation Disorders, Blood
[description not available]		03.3470
Blood Coagulation Disorders
Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions.		03.3470
Cardiac Murmurs
[description not available]		02.3620
Linear Skull Fracture
[description not available]		02.3520
Facial Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the FACE.		01.9610
Cacchi Ricci Disease
[description not available]		02.3620
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.6630
Amyotrophy, Thenar, Of Carpal Origin
[description not available]		02.3820
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Entrapment of the MEDIAN NERVE in the carpal tunnel, which is formed by the flexor retinaculum and the CARPAL BONES. This syndrome may be associated with repetitive occupational trauma (CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS); wrist injuries; AMYLOID NEUROPATHIES; rheumatoid arthritis (see ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID); ACROMEGALY; PREGNANCY; and other conditions. Symptoms include burning pain and paresthesias involving the ventral surface of the hand and fingers which may radiate proximally. Impairment of sensation in the distribution of the median nerve and thenar muscle atrophy may occur. (Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1995, Ch51, p45)		02.3820
Aortitis
Inflammation of the wall of the AORTA.		06.9610
Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies
[description not available]		02.3520
Myositis
Inflammation of a muscle or muscle tissue.		02.3520
Bezoars
Concretions of swallowed hair, fruit or vegetable fibers, or similar substances found in the alimentary canal.		01.9610
Di Guglielmo Disease
[description not available]		02.6630
Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute
A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by neoplastic proliferation of erythroblastic and myeloblastic elements with atypical erythroblasts and myeloblasts in the peripheral blood.		02.6630
Adiadochokinesis
[description not available]		01.9610
Poisoning, Mercury
[description not available]		02.3620
Long Sleeper Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9610
Action Tremor
[description not available]		02.3720
Aggression
Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.		01.9610
Cerebellar Ataxia
Incoordination of voluntary movements that occur as a manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES. Characteristic features include a tendency for limb movements to overshoot or undershoot a target (dysmetria), a tremor that occurs during attempted movements (intention TREMOR), impaired force and rhythm of diadochokinesis (rapidly alternating movements), and GAIT ATAXIA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p90)		01.9610
Mercury Poisoning
Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of MERCURY or MERCURY COMPOUNDS.		02.3620
Sleep Wake Disorders
Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.		01.9610
Tremor
Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.		02.3720
Acid-Base Imbalance
Disturbances in the ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUM of the body.		04.4990
Alkalosis, Respiratory
A state due to excess loss of carbon dioxide from the body. (Dorland, 27th ed)		04.8481
Bronchitis
Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.		04.2570
Bone Diseases
Diseases of BONES.		02.3720
Meningitis, Meningococcal, Serogroup A
[description not available]		03.7521
Meningitis, Meningococcal
A fulminant infection of the meninges and subarachnoid fluid by the bacterium NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS, producing diffuse inflammation and peri-meningeal venous thromboses. Clinical manifestations include FEVER, nuchal rigidity, SEIZURES, severe HEADACHE, petechial rash, stupor, focal neurologic deficits, HYDROCEPHALUS, and COMA. The organism is usually transmitted via nasopharyngeal secretions and is a leading cause of meningitis in children and young adults. Organisms from Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, B, C, Y, and W-135 have been reported to cause meningitis. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp689-701; Curr Opin Pediatr 1998 Feb;10(1):13-8)		03.7521
Beriberi, Cerebral
[description not available]		02.3820
Diseases in Twins
Disorders affecting TWINS, one or both, at any age.		02.6530
Alcohol Abuse
[description not available]		03.4680
Alcoholism
A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)		03.4680
Venous Insufficiency
Impaired venous blood flow or venous return (venous stasis), usually caused by inadequate venous valves. Venous insufficiency often occurs in the legs, and is associated with EDEMA and sometimes with VENOUS STASIS ULCERS at the ankle.		02.3620
Brain Embolism and Thrombosis
[description not available]		03.0450
Infections, Staphylococcal
[description not available]		02.6530
Bone Inflammation
[description not available]		01.9510
Staphylococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		02.6530
Delusional Disorder
Disorder with presentation of a facade of coldness with characteristic pervasive mistrust and suspiciousness of others.		02.3720
Myoglobinuria
The presence of MYOGLOBIN in URINE usually as a result of rhabdomyolysis.		04.2670
Erythremia
[description not available]		01.9610
Polycythemia Vera
A myeloproliferative disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by abnormal proliferation of all hematopoietic bone marrow elements and an absolute increase in red cell mass and total blood volume, associated frequently with splenomegaly, leukocytosis, and thrombocythemia. Hematopoiesis is also reactive in extramedullary sites (liver and spleen). In time myelofibrosis occurs.		01.9610
Diabetic Coma
A state of unconsciousness as a complication of diabetes mellitus. It occurs in cases of extreme HYPERGLYCEMIA or extreme HYPOGLYCEMIA as a complication of INSULIN therapy.		03.4580
Coma, Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic
[description not available]		02.6530
Amyotonia Congenita
[description not available]		01.9610
Dysesthesia
[description not available]		02.6530
Neuromuscular Diseases
A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.		01.9610
Urinary Tract Infections
Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.		06.34222
Fatty Liver with Encephalopathy
[description not available]		02.6530
Meningitis, Viral
Viral infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space. TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RUBELLA; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORBIVIRUS infections; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RHABDOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; JC VIRUS infections; and RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS may cause this form of meningitis. Clinical manifestations include fever, headache, neck pain, vomiting, PHOTOPHOBIA, and signs of meningeal irritation. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp1-3)		01.9610
Breast Diseases
Pathological processes of the BREAST.		02.3520
Lymphangitis
A lymphatic disease characterized by INFLAMMATION of LYMPHATIC VESSELS.		01.9610
Infections, Pasteurella
[description not available]		01.9610
Ulcer
A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.		02.3520
Deficiency, Protein
[description not available]		03.5730
Coarctation of Aorta
[description not available]		03.260
Aortic Coarctation
A birth defect characterized by the narrowing of the AORTA that can be of varying degree and at any point from the transverse arch to the iliac bifurcation. Aortic coarctation causes arterial HYPERTENSION before the point of narrowing and arterial HYPOTENSION beyond the narrowed portion.		03.260
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.		05.7581
Aneurysm, Anterior Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		01.9610
Intracranial Aneurysm
Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (		01.9610
Apolipoprotein B-100, Familial Defective
[description not available]		01.9610
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II
A group of familial disorders characterized by elevated circulating cholesterol contained in either LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS alone or also in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins).		01.9610
Dirofilariasis
Infection with nematodes of the genus DIROFILARIA, usually in animals, especially dogs, but occasionally in man.		02.6530
Eczema, Atopic
[description not available]		04.0731
Dermatitis, Atopic
A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.		04.0731
Adolescent Gynecomastia
[description not available]		02.6530
Gynecomastia
Enlargement of the BREAST in the males, caused by an excess of ESTROGENS. Physiological gynecomastia is normally observed in NEWBORNS; ADOLESCENT; and AGING males.		02.6530
Acantholysis Bullosa
[description not available]		02.3620
Epidermolysis Bullosa
Group of genetically determined disorders characterized by the blistering of skin and mucosae. There are four major forms: acquired, simple, junctional, and dystrophic. Each of the latter three has several varieties.		02.3620
Thrombocytopathy
[description not available]		02.3520
Female Genital Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.3720
Leukocytopenia
[description not available]		03.9850
Genito-urinary Cancer
[description not available]		04.0431
Blood Platelet Disorders
Disorders caused by abnormalities in platelet count or function.		02.3520
Genital Neoplasms, Female
Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		02.3720
Leukopenia
A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).		03.9850
Urogenital Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UROGENITAL SYSTEM in either the male or the female.		04.0431
Infant Malnutrition
Malnutrition, occurring in infants ages 1 month to 24 months, which is due to insufficient intake of food, dietary nutrients, or a pathophysiologic condition which prevents the absorption and utilization of food. Growth and development are markedly affected.		01.9510
Bronchial Diseases
Diseases involving the BRONCHI.		02.6530
Shingles
[description not available]		02.6430
Herpes Zoster
An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of CHICKENPOX. It involves the SENSORY GANGLIA and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.6430
Arteriosclerosis
Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.		05.01160
Gastric Fistula
Abnormal passage communicating with the STOMACH.		01.9610
Eisenmenger Syndrome
[description not available]		02.3520
Eisenmenger Complex
A condition associated with VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT and other congenital heart defects that allow the mixing of pulmonary and systemic circulation, increase blood flow into the lung, and subsequent responses to low oxygen in blood. This complex is characterized by progressive PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; HYPERTROPHY of the RIGHT VENTRICLE; CYANOSIS; and ERYTHROCYTOSIS.		02.3520
Bladder Diseases
[description not available]		02.8640
Hirsutism
A condition observed in WOMEN and CHILDREN when there is excess coarse body hair of an adult male distribution pattern, such as facial and chest areas. It is the result of elevated ANDROGENS from the OVARIES, the ADRENAL GLANDS, or exogenous sources. The concept does not include HYPERTRICHOSIS, which is an androgen-independent excessive hair growth.		02.6530
Infection, Wound
[description not available]		03.2720
Bacteriuria
The presence of bacteria in the urine which is normally bacteria-free. These bacteria are from the URINARY TRACT and are not contaminants of the surrounding tissues. Bacteriuria can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Significant bacteriuria is an indicator of urinary tract infection.		05.04101
Cronobacter Infections
[description not available]		02.3520
Enterobacteriaceae Infections
Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.		02.3520
Spherocytosis, Hereditary
A group of familial congenital hemolytic anemias characterized by numerous abnormally shaped erythrocytes which are generally spheroidal. The erythrocytes have increased osmotic fragility and are abnormally permeable to sodium ions.		02.3820
Complications, Labor
[description not available]		02.3520
Brain Damage, Chronic
A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.		01.9510
Erythema Multiforme
A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic bull's-eye lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms.		03.7840
Angor Pectoris
[description not available]		04.4890
Angina Pectoris
The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.		09.4890
Cerebral Arteriosclerosis
[description not available]		01.9510
Intracranial Arteriosclerosis
Vascular diseases characterized by thickening and hardening of the walls of ARTERIES inside the SKULL. There are three subtypes: (1) atherosclerosis with fatty deposits in the ARTERIAL INTIMA; (2) Monckeberg's sclerosis with calcium deposits in the media and (3) arteriolosclerosis involving the small caliber arteries. Clinical signs include HEADACHE; CONFUSION; transient blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX); speech impairment; and HEMIPARESIS.		01.9510
Allergy, Milk
[description not available]		01.9810
Milk Hypersensitivity
Allergic reaction to milk (usually cow's milk) or milk products. MILK HYPERSENSITIVITY should be differentiated from LACTOSE INTOLERANCE, an intolerance to milk as a result of congenital deficiency of lactase.		01.9810
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.		01.9810
Parathyroid Disorders
[description not available]		01.9810
Parathyroid Diseases
Pathological processes of the PARATHYROID GLANDS. They usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PARATHYROID HORMONE that regulates the balance of CALCIUM; PHOSPHORUS; and MAGNESIUM in the body.		01.9810
Leg Ulcer
Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.		08.5630
Bronchospasm, Exercise-Induced
[description not available]		08.1116
Asthma, Exercise-Induced
Asthma attacks following a period of exercise. Usually the induced attack is short-lived and regresses spontaneously. The magnitude of postexertional airway obstruction is strongly influenced by the environment in which exercise is performed (i.e. inhalation of cold air during physical exertion markedly augments the severity of the airway obstruction; conversely, warm humid air blunts or abolishes it).		08.1116
Poultry Diseases
Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.		01.9810
Hyperoxaluria
Excretion of an excessive amount of OXALATES in the urine.		01.9810
Carcinoma, Bronchial
[description not available]		01.9810
Carcinoma, Bronchogenic
Malignant neoplasm arising from the epithelium of the BRONCHI. It represents a large group of epithelial lung malignancies which can be divided into two clinical groups: SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER and NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG CARCINOMA.		01.9810
Fever of Unknown Origin
Fever in which the etiology cannot be ascertained.		02.3920
Adenoma, Adrenal Cortical
[description not available]		02.6830
Adrenal Cortex Cancer
[description not available]		02.8940
Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms
Tumors or cancers of the ADRENAL CORTEX.		02.8940
Neuroses
[description not available]		02.910
Neurotic Disorders
Disorders in which the symptoms are distressing to the individual and recognized by him or her as being unacceptable. Social relationships may be greatly affected but usually remain within acceptable limits. The disturbance is relatively enduring or recurrent without treatment.		02.910
Metaplasia
A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type.		01.9810
Cold Panniculitis
[description not available]		01.9810
Postpartum Amenorrhea
[description not available]		03.3711
Heavy Menstrual Bleeding
[description not available]		03.3711
Amenorrhea
Absence of menstruation.		03.3711
Menorrhagia
Excessive uterine bleeding during MENSTRUATION.		03.3711
Abetalipoproteinemia
An autosomal recessive disorder of lipid metabolism. It is caused by mutation of the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein that catalyzes the transport of lipids (TRIGLYCERIDES; CHOLESTEROL ESTERS; PHOSPHOLIPIDS) and is required in the secretion of BETA-LIPOPROTEINS (low density lipoproteins or LDL). Features include defective intestinal lipid absorption, very low serum cholesterol level, and near absent LDL.		01.9810
Night Blindness
Failure or imperfection of vision at night or in dim light, with good vision only on bright days. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9810
Kaposi Sarcoma
[description not available]		01.9810
Sarcoma, Kaposi
A multicentric, malignant neoplastic vascular proliferation characterized by the development of bluish-red cutaneous nodules, usually on the lower extremities, most often on the toes or feet, and slowly increasing in size and number and spreading to more proximal areas. The tumors have endothelium-lined channels and vascular spaces admixed with variably sized aggregates of spindle-shaped cells, and often remain confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue, but widespread visceral involvement may occur. Kaposi's sarcoma occurs spontaneously in Jewish and Italian males in Europe and the United States. An aggressive variant in young children is endemic in some areas of Africa. A third form occurs in about 0.04% of kidney transplant patients. There is also a high incidence in AIDS patients. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, pp2105-7) HHV-8 is the suspected cause.		01.9810
Esophageal Reflux
[description not available]		01.9810
Gastroesophageal Reflux
Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.		01.9810
Cerebral Concussion
[description not available]		03.7521
Brain Concussion
A nonspecific term used to describe transient alterations or loss of consciousness following closed head injuries. The duration of UNCONSCIOUSNESS generally lasts a few seconds, but may persist for several hours. Concussions may be classified as mild, intermediate, and severe. Prolonged periods of unconsciousness (often defined as greater than 6 hours in duration) may be referred to as post-traumatic coma (COMA, POST-HEAD INJURY). (From Rowland, Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p418)		03.7521
Aneurysm, Ruptured
The tearing or bursting of the weakened wall of the aneurysmal sac, usually heralded by sudden worsening pain. The great danger of a ruptured aneurysm is the large amount of blood spilling into the surrounding tissues and cavities, causing HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK.		01.9810
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
[description not available]		01.9810
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the ABDOMINAL AORTA which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.		01.9810
Aplasia Pure Red Cell
[description not available]		01.9810
Red-Cell Aplasia, Pure
Suppression of erythropoiesis with little or no abnormality of leukocyte or platelet production.		01.9810
Endothelioma, Vascular
[description not available]		01.9810
Hemangioendothelioma
A neoplasm derived from blood vessels, characterized by numerous prominent endothelial cells that occur singly, in aggregates, and as the lining of congeries of vascular tubes or channels. Hemangioendotheliomas are relatively rare and are of intermediate malignancy (between benign hemangiomas and conventional angiosarcomas). They affect men and women about equally and rarely develop in childhood. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1866)		01.9810
Blood Diseases
[description not available]		03.6530
Hematologic Diseases
Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.		03.6530
Hyperventilation
A pulmonary ventilation rate faster than is metabolically necessary for the exchange of gases. It is the result of an increased frequency of breathing, an increased tidal volume, or a combination of both. It causes an excess intake of oxygen and the blowing off of carbon dioxide.		011.53102
Atopic Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		03.3711
Marasmus
[description not available]		01.9810
Protein-Energy Malnutrition
The lack of sufficient energy or protein to meet the body's metabolic demands, as a result of either an inadequate dietary intake of protein, intake of poor quality dietary protein, increased demands due to disease, or increased nutrient losses.		01.9810
Haemophilus influenzae Meningitis Type B
[description not available]		01.9810
Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous, Subacute
[description not available]		01.9810
Duhring Disease
[description not available]		01.9810
Dermatitis Herpetiformis
Rare, chronic, papulo-vesicular disease characterized by an intensely pruritic eruption consisting of various combinations of symmetrical, erythematous, papular, vesicular, or bullous lesions. The disease is strongly associated with the presence of HLA-B8 and HLA-DR3 antigens. A variety of different autoantibodies has been detected in small numbers in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis.		01.9810
Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous
A form of lupus erythematosus in which the skin may be the only organ involved or in which skin involvement precedes the spread into other body systems. It has been classified into three forms - acute (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC with skin lesions), subacute, and chronic (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, DISCOID).		01.9810
Argentaffinoma
[description not available]		02.3820
Dermoid
[description not available]		01.9810
Carcinoid Tumor
A usually small, slow-growing neoplasm composed of islands of rounded, oxyphilic, or spindle-shaped cells of medium size, with moderately small vesicular nuclei, and covered by intact mucosa with a yellow cut surface. The tumor can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract (and in the lungs and other sites); approximately 90% arise in the appendix. It is now established that these tumors are of neuroendocrine origin and derive from a primitive stem cell. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1182)		02.3820
Bladder Neck Obstruction
[description not available]		01.9810
Infective Endocarditis
[description not available]		02.3720
Endocarditis
Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (ENDOCARDIUM), the continuous membrane lining the four chambers and HEART VALVES. It is often caused by microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and rickettsiae. Left untreated, endocarditis can damage heart valves and become life-threatening.		02.3720
Thalassemias
[description not available]		04.2841
Thalassemia
A group of hereditary hemolytic anemias in which there is decreased synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains. There are several genetic types with clinical pictures ranging from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and fatal anemia.		04.2841
Anal Cancer
[description not available]		02.3720
Anus Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the ANAL CANAL.		02.3720
Uveal Diseases
Diseases of the uvea.		01.9910
Aortic Incompetence
[description not available]		05.6471
Great Pox
[description not available]		02.3920
Aortic Valve Insufficiency
Pathological condition characterized by the backflow of blood from the ASCENDING AORTA back into the LEFT VENTRICLE, leading to regurgitation. It is caused by diseases of the AORTIC VALVE or its surrounding tissue (aortic root).		05.6471
Syphilis
A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete TREPONEMA PALLIDUM.		02.3920
Carcinoma, Oat Cell
[description not available]		02.6730
Carcinoma, Small Cell
An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)		02.6730
Embolus
[description not available]		02.3720
Embolism
Blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved material in the blood stream.		02.3720
Infections, Chlamydia
[description not available]		01.9810
Chlamydia Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus CHLAMYDIA.		01.9810
Fusiform Aneurysm
Elongated, spindle-shaped dilation in the wall of blood vessels, usually large ARTERIES with ATHEROSCLEROSIS.		03.320
Aneurysm
Pathological outpouching or sac-like dilatation in the wall of any blood vessel (ARTERIES or VEINS) or the heart (HEART ANEURYSM). It indicates a thin and weakened area in the wall which may later rupture. Aneurysms are classified by location, etiology, or other characteristics.		03.320
Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy
A phenomenon in which symptoms of a disease are fabricated by an individual other than the patient causing unnecessary, and often painful, physical examinations and treatments. This syndrome is considered a form of CHILD ABUSE, since another individual, usually a parent, is the source of the fabrication of symptoms and presents the child for medical care.		01.9810
Separation Anxiety Disorder
[description not available]		01.9910
Anxiety, Separation
Anxiety experienced by an individual upon separation from a person or object of particular significance to the individual.		01.9910
ADPKD
[description not available]		01.9910
Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant
Kidney disorders with autosomal dominant inheritance and characterized by multiple CYSTS in both KIDNEYS with progressive deterioration of renal function.		01.9910
Ear Diseases
Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.		03.74110
Gastric Diseases
[description not available]		01.9910
Dermatitis, Contact, Phototoxic
[description not available]		02.420
Animal Diseases
Diseases that occur in VERTEBRATE animals.		02.420
Diseases, Metabolic
[description not available]		04.4351
Metabolic Diseases
Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)		04.4351
Angiomatosis Retinae
[description not available]		01.9910
Cells, Neoplasm Circulating
[description not available]		01.9910
von Hippel-Lindau Disease
An autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in a tumor suppressor gene. This syndrome is characterized by abnormal growth of small blood vessels leading to a host of neoplasms. They include HEMANGIOBLASTOMA in the RETINA; CEREBELLUM; and SPINAL CORD; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; pancreatic tumors; and renal cell carcinoma (see CARCINOMA, RENAL CELL). Common clinical signs include HYPERTENSION and neurological dysfunctions.		01.9910
Factitious Disorders
Disorders characterized by physical or psychological symptoms that are not real, genuine, or natural.		02.3820
Anaplastic Astrocytoma
[description not available]		02.3620
Hypocapnia
Clinical manifestation consisting of a deficiency of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.		01.9910
Astrocytoma
Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)		02.3620
Barotrauma
Injury following pressure changes; includes injury to the eustachian tube, ear drum, lung and stomach.		02.9110
Laryngeal Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LARYNX which coordinates many functions such as voice production, breathing, swallowing, and coughing.		02.9110
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction
[description not available]		04.4651
Cerebrovascular Moyamoya Disease
[description not available]		01.9910
Cerebral Infarction
The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).		04.4651
Cerebromeningitis
[description not available]		01.9910
Diabetes, Phosphate
[description not available]		03.8210
Hypophosphatemia, Familial
An inherited condition of abnormally low serum levels of PHOSPHATES (below 1 mg/liter) which can occur in a number of genetic diseases with defective reabsorption of inorganic phosphorus by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. This leads to phosphaturia, HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA, and disturbances of cellular and organ functions such as those in X-LINKED HYPOPHOSPHATEMIC RICKETS; OSTEOMALACIA; and FANCONI SYNDROME.		03.8210
Collagen Diseases
Historically, a heterogeneous group of acute and chronic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, progressive systemic sclerosis, dermatomyositis, etc. This classification was based on the notion that collagen was equivalent to connective tissue, but with the present recognition of the different types of collagen and the aggregates derived from them as distinct entities, the term collagen diseases now pertains exclusively to those inherited conditions in which the primary defect is at the gene level and affects collagen biosynthesis, post-translational modification, or extracellular processing directly. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1494)		02.3720
Deficiency, Pyridoxine
[description not available]		01.9910
Injuries, Soft Tissue
[description not available]		01.9910
Cancer of Rectum
[description not available]		01.9910
Rectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.		01.9910
Thyroid Diseases
Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.		03.320
Aminoaciduria, Renal
[description not available]		01.9910
Anemia, Cooley's
[description not available]		04.0831
Hemoglobinopathies
A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations within the hemoglobin molecule.		01.9910
beta-Thalassemia
A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin. There is retardation of hemoglobin A synthesis in the heterozygous form (thalassemia minor), which is asymptomatic, while in the homozygous form (thalassemia major, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, erythroblastic anemia), which can result in severe complications and even death, hemoglobin A synthesis is absent.		04.0831
Infantile Diarrhea
[description not available]		03.5830
Diarrhea, Infantile
DIARRHEA occurring in infants from newborn to 24-months old.		03.5830
Icterus
[description not available]		04.3780
Peliosis Hepatis
A vascular disease of the LIVER characterized by the occurrence of multiple blood-filled CYSTS or cavities. The cysts are lined with ENDOTHELIAL CELLS; the cavities lined with hepatic parenchymal cells (HEPATOCYTES). Peliosis hepatis has been associated with use of anabolic steroids (ANABOLIC AGENTS) and certain drugs.		01.9910
Jaundice
A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.		04.3780
Failure to Thrive
A condition of substandard growth or diminished capacity to maintain normal function.		02.3920
Brachial Paresis
[description not available]		01.9910
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.8740
Tumour Lysis Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9910
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin
Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.		02.8740
Tumor Lysis Syndrome
A syndrome resulting from cytotoxic therapy, occurring generally in aggressive, rapidly proliferating lymphoproliferative disorders. It is characterized by combinations of hyperuricemia, lactic acidosis, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia.		01.9910
Teratocarcinoma
A malignant neoplasm consisting of elements of teratoma with those of embryonal carcinoma or choriocarcinoma, or both. It occurs most often in the testis. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.420
Hepatitis, Infectious
[description not available]		04.2641
Hepatitis A
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.		04.2641
Adrenal Gland Hyperfunction
[description not available]		04.2540
Adrenocortical Hyperfunction
Excess production of ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES such as ALDOSTERONE; HYDROCORTISONE; DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE; and/or ANDROSTENEDIONE. Hyperadrenal syndromes include CUSHING SYNDROME; HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and VIRILISM.		04.2540
Hand Dermatosis
[description not available]		02.3720
Hand Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the HANDS.		02.3720
Angina at Rest
[description not available]		03.7921
Angina, Unstable
Precordial pain at rest, which may precede a MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		03.7921
Sinus Tachycardia
[description not available]		01.9910
Complications, Neoplastic Pregnancy
[description not available]		01.9910
Pregnancy in Diabetes
[description not available]		02.6530
Myositis, Multiple
[description not available]		01.9910
Polymyositis
Diseases characterized by inflammation involving multiple muscles. This may occur as an acute or chronic condition associated with medication toxicity (DRUG TOXICITY); CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES; infections; malignant NEOPLASMS; and other disorders. The term polymyositis is frequently used to refer to a specific clinical entity characterized by subacute or slowly progressing symmetrical weakness primarily affecting the proximal limb and trunk muscles. The illness may occur at any age, but is most frequent in the fourth to sixth decade of life. Weakness of pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles, interstitial lung disease, and inflammation of the myocardium may also occur. Muscle biopsy reveals widespread destruction of segments of muscle fibers and an inflammatory cellular response. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1404-9)		01.9910
Chronic Lung Injury
[description not available]		04.950
Dermatitis, Eczematous
[description not available]		02.3820
Angiolymphoid Hyperplasia with Eosinophilia
Solitary or multiple benign cutaneous nodules comprised of immature and mature vascular structures intermingled with endothelial cells and a varied infiltrate of eosinophils, histiocytes, lymphocytes, and mast cells.		0210
Eczema
A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).		02.3820
Benign Meningeal Neoplasms
[description not available]		0210
Meningeal Neoplasms
Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.		0210
Auto-PEEP
[description not available]		0210
Heartwater Disease
A tick-borne septicemic disease of domestic and wild ruminants caused by EHRLICHIA RUMINANTIUM.		03.3811
Ovine Diseases
[description not available]		04.6432
Viral Hepatitis, Human
[description not available]		07.4244
Hepatitis, Viral, Human
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D).		07.4244
Arterio-Arterial Fistula
Abnormal communication between two ARTERIES that may result from injury or occur as a congenital abnormality.		0210
Neuromuscular Blockade
The intentional interruption of transmission at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION by external agents, usually neuromuscular blocking agents. It is distinguished from NERVE BLOCK in which nerve conduction (NEURAL CONDUCTION) is interrupted rather than neuromuscular transmission. Neuromuscular blockade is commonly used to produce MUSCLE RELAXATION as an adjunct to anesthesia during surgery and other medical procedures. It is also often used as an experimental manipulation in basic research. It is not strictly speaking anesthesia but is grouped here with anesthetic techniques. The failure of neuromuscular transmission as a result of pathological processes is not included here.		0210
Bronchopulmonary Sequestration
A developmental anomaly in which a mass of nonfunctioning lung tissue lacks normal connection with the tracheobroncheal tree and receives an anomalous blood supply originating from the descending thoracic or abdominal aorta. The mass may be extralobar, i.e., completely separated from normally connected lung, or intralobar, i.e., partly surrounded by normal lung.		0210
Clostridioides difficile Infection
[description not available]		0210
Anorectal Diseases
[description not available]		0210
Abscess
Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.		02.3720
Clostridium Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM and closely related CLOSTRIDIOIDES species.		0210
Rectal Diseases
Pathological developments in the RECTUM region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		0210
Elliptocytosis, Hereditary
An intrinsic defect of erythrocytes inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. The erythrocytes assume an oval or elliptical shape.		0210
Hemiplegia, Crossed
[description not available]		02.8740
Hemiplegia
Severe or complete loss of motor function on one side of the body. This condition is usually caused by BRAIN DISEASES that are localized to the cerebral hemisphere opposite to the side of weakness. Less frequently, BRAIN STEM lesions; cervical SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and other conditions may manifest as hemiplegia. The term hemiparesis (see PARESIS) refers to mild to moderate weakness involving one side of the body.		02.8740
Eosinophilia, Pulmonary
[description not available]		0210
Pulmonary Eosinophilia
A condition characterized by infiltration of the lung with EOSINOPHILS due to inflammation or other disease processes. Major eosinophilic lung diseases are the eosinophilic pneumonias caused by infections, allergens, or toxic agents.		0210
Male Genitourinary Diseases
[description not available]		0210
Female Genitourinary Diseases
[description not available]		0210
Athletic Injuries
Injuries incurred during participation in competitive or non-competitive sports.		03.7520
Decreased Muscle Tone
[description not available]		02.3920
Chylothorax
The presence of chyle in the thoracic cavity. (Dorland, 27th ed)		0210
Gait Disorders, Animal
[description not available]		0210
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.		02.6630
B-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		0210
Immunoblastic Large-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		0210
Lymphoma, B-Cell
A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.		0210
Neutropenia
A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.		0210
Rib Fractures
Fractures of any of the RIBS.		02.3820
Abnormalities, Congenital
[description not available]		0210
Auricular Flutter
[description not available]		02.6630
Atrial Flutter
Rapid, irregular atrial contractions caused by a block of electrical impulse conduction in the right atrium and a reentrant wave front traveling up the inter-atrial septum and down the right atrial free wall or vice versa. Unlike ATRIAL FIBRILLATION which is caused by abnormal impulse generation, typical atrial flutter is caused by abnormal impulse conduction. As in atrial fibrillation, patients with atrial flutter cannot effectively pump blood into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES).		02.6630
Addiction, Opioid
[description not available]		02.9210
Opioid-Related Disorders
Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of OPIOIDS.		02.9210
Fecal Impaction
Formation of a firm impassable mass of stool in the RECTUM or distal COLON.		02.3820
Audiogenic Epilepsy
[description not available]		0210
Epilepsy, Reflex
A subtype of epilepsy characterized by seizures that are consistently provoked by a certain specific stimulus. Auditory, visual, and somatosensory stimuli as well as the acts of writing, reading, eating, and decision making are examples of events or activities that may induce seizure activity in affected individuals. (From Neurol Clin 1994 Feb;12(1):57-8)		0210
Gammapathy, Monoclonal
[description not available]		02.9210
Paraproteinemias
A group of related diseases characterized by an unbalanced or disproportionate proliferation of immunoglobulin-producing cells, usually from a single clone. These cells frequently secrete a structurally homogeneous immunoglobulin (M-component) and/or an abnormal immunoglobulin.		02.9210
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative
[description not available]		03.3911
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections
Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.		03.3911
Cerebral Malaria
[description not available]		0210
Hepatoblastoma
A malignant neoplasm occurring in young children, primarily in the liver, composed of tissue resembling embryonal or fetal hepatic epithelium, or mixed epithelial and mesenchymal tissues. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.4120
Abdominal Cramps
[description not available]		02.6830
Leprosy, Cutaneous
[description not available]		02.9210
Leprosy, Macular
[description not available]		02.9210
Cancer of the Uterus
[description not available]		0210
Choriocarcinoma
A malignant metastatic form of trophoblastic tumors. Unlike the HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, choriocarcinoma contains no CHORIONIC VILLI but rather sheets of undifferentiated cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts (TROPHOBLASTS). It is characterized by the large amounts of CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN produced. Tissue origins can be determined by DNA analyses: placental (fetal) origin or non-placental origin (CHORIOCARCINOMA, NON-GESTATIONAL).		0210
Uterine Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.		0210
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
[description not available]		02.3920
Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital
A group of inherited disorders of the ADRENAL GLANDS, caused by enzyme defects in the synthesis of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) and/or ALDOSTERONE leading to accumulation of precursors for ANDROGENS. Depending on the hormone imbalance, congenital adrenal hyperplasia can be classified as salt-wasting, hypertensive, virilizing, or feminizing. Defects in STEROID 21-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 11-BETA-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE; 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES); TESTOSTERONE 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE; or steroidogenic acute regulatory protein; among others, underlie these disorders.		02.3920
HPV Infection
[description not available]		0210
Fibroma, Shope
[description not available]		0210
Papillomavirus Infections
Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.		0210
Inguinal Hernia
[description not available]		02.3720
Hernia, Inguinal
An abdominal hernia with an external bulge in the GROIN region. It can be classified by the location of herniation. Indirect inguinal hernias occur through the internal inguinal ring. Direct inguinal hernias occur through defects in the ABDOMINAL WALL (transversalis fascia) in Hesselbach's triangle. The former type is commonly seen in children and young adults; the latter in adults.		02.3720
Injuries, Radiation
[description not available]		03.2820
Scotoma
A localized defect in the visual field bordered by an area of normal vision. This occurs with a variety of EYE DISEASES (e.g., RETINAL DISEASES and GLAUCOMA); OPTIC NERVE DISEASES, and other conditions.		0210
Space Adaptation Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9810
Deficiency, Muscle Phosphorylase
[description not available]		0210
Glycogen Storage Disease Type V
Glycogenosis due to muscle phosphorylase deficiency. Characterized by painful cramps following sustained exercise.		0210
Wallerian Degeneration
Degeneration of distal aspects of a nerve axon following injury to the cell body or proximal portion of the axon. The process is characterized by fragmentation of the axon and its MYELIN SHEATH.		02.0110
Malacoplakia
The formation of soft patches on the mucous membrane of a hollow organ, such as the urogenital tract or digestive tract.		02.9210
Intestinal Obstruction
Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.		03.5730
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning
Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.		02.8740
Community Acquired Infection
[description not available]		02.0110
Choroid Hemorrhage
Hemorrhage from the vessels of the choroid.		02.0110
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		02.0110
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.		02.0110
Neurologic Voice Disorder
[description not available]		03.3911
Voice Disorders
Pathological processes that affect voice production, usually involving VOCAL CORDS and the LARYNGEAL MUCOSA. Voice disorders can be caused by organic (anatomical), or functional (emotional or psychological) factors leading to DYSPHONIA; APHONIA; and defects in VOICE QUALITY, loudness, and pitch.		03.3911
BCKD Deficiency
[description not available]		02.0110
Maple Syrup Urine Disease
An autosomal recessive inherited disorder with multiple forms of phenotypic expression, caused by a defect in the oxidative decarboxylation of branched-chain amino acids (AMINO ACIDS, BRANCHED-CHAIN). These metabolites accumulate in body fluids and render a maple syrup odor. The disease is divided into classic, intermediate, intermittent, and thiamine responsive subtypes. The classic form presents in the first week of life with ketoacidosis, hypoglycemia, emesis, neonatal seizures, and hypertonia. The intermediate and intermittent forms present in childhood or later with acute episodes of ataxia and vomiting. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p936)		02.0110
Adenomatosis, Familial Endocrine
[description not available]		02.9210
Invasiveness, Neoplasm
[description not available]		03.320
Hematoma, Subdural
Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE between the DURA MATER and the arachnoidal layer of the MENINGES. This condition primarily occurs over the surface of a CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE, but may develop in the spinal canal (HEMATOMA, SUBDURAL, SPINAL). Subdural hematoma can be classified as the acute or the chronic form, with immediate or delayed symptom onset, respectively. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness, severe HEADACHE, and deteriorating mental status.		02.8740
Decerebrate Posturing
[description not available]		02.0110
Bronchial Pneumonia
[description not available]		02.6430
Psychoses, Drug
[description not available]		02.3720
Anochlesia
[description not available]		01.9510
Poisoning, Lead
[description not available]		02.6430
Lead Poisoning
Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of LEAD or lead compounds.		02.6430
Focal Neurologic Deficits
[description not available]		05.561
Pyoderma
Any purulent skin disease (Dorland, 27th ed).		01.9510
Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians
[description not available]		02.3720
Drowning
Death that occurs as a result of anoxia or heart arrest, associated with immersion in liquid.		01.9510
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.0650
Neoplasms, Trophoblastic
[description not available]		01.9510
Cell Transformation, Viral
An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.		01.9510
Pink Eye
[description not available]		01.9510
Conjunctivitis
INFLAMMATION of the CONJUNCTIVA.		01.9510
Chronic Insomnia
[description not available]		02.8710
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders
Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.		02.8710
Amniotic Fluid Embolism
[description not available]		01.9510
Sore Throat
[description not available]		02.3520
Pharyngitis
Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).		02.3520
Scarlet Fever
Infection with group A streptococci that is characterized by tonsillitis and pharyngitis. An erythematous rash is commonly present.		01.9510
Osteogenic Sarcoma
[description not available]		03.5830
Osteosarcoma
A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		03.5830
Experimental Leukemia
[description not available]		01.9510
Erythrocytosis
[description not available]		02.6430
Abnormalities, Autosome
[description not available]		02.8840
Clerambault Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9510
Anoxia, Brain
[description not available]		02.3620
Bruise
[description not available]		02.8640
Contusions
Injuries resulting in hemorrhage, usually manifested in the skin.		02.8640
Adam-Stokes Attacks
[description not available]		02.3520
Disgerminoma
[description not available]		02.3620
Cancer of Testis
[description not available]		02.6530
Cancer of the Urethra
[description not available]		01.9510
Dysgerminoma
A malignant ovarian neoplasm, thought to be derived from primordial germ cells of the sexually undifferentiated embryonic gonad. It is the counterpart of the classical seminoma of the testis, to which it is both grossly and histologically identical. Dysgerminomas comprise 16% of all germ cell tumors but are rare before the age of 10, although nearly 50% occur before the age of 20. They are generally considered of low-grade malignancy but may spread if the tumor extends through its capsule and involves lymph nodes or blood vessels. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1646)		02.3620
Testicular Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.		02.6530
Urethral Neoplasms
Cancer or tumors of the URETHRA. Benign epithelial tumors of the urethra usually consist of squamous and transitional cells. Primary urethral carcinomas are rare and typically of squamous cells. Urethral carcinoma is the only urological malignancy that is more common in females than in males.		01.9510
Menopause
The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.		02.3620
EHS Tumor
[description not available]		02.6430
Bladder Calculi
[description not available]		01.9510
Bends
[description not available]		01.9510
Arrhythmia, Sinoatrial
[description not available]		02.3520
Behavior Disorders
[description not available]		02.8740
Mental Disorders
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.		02.8740
Brain Abscess
A circumscribed collection of purulent exudate in the brain, due to bacterial and other infections. The majority are caused by spread of infected material from a focus of suppuration elsewhere in the body, notably the PARANASAL SINUSES, middle ear (see EAR, MIDDLE); HEART (see also ENDOCARDITIS, BACTERIAL), and LUNG. Penetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA and NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES may also be associated with this condition. Clinical manifestations include HEADACHE; SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits; and alterations of consciousness. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp712-6)		02.8710
Pyuria
The presence of white blood cells (LEUKOCYTES) in the urine. It is often associated with bacterial infections of the urinary tract. Pyuria without BACTERIURIA can be caused by TUBERCULOSIS, stones, or cancer.		01.9510
Sickle Cell Trait
The condition of being heterozygous for hemoglobin S.		02.6430
Skin Manifestations
Dermatologic disorders attendant upon non-dermatologic disease or injury.		02.3520
Cot Death
[description not available]		01.9510
Infarct
[description not available]		02.3520
Hemorrhagic Shock
[description not available]		03.260
Shock, Traumatic
Shock produced as a result of trauma.		04.8480
Agnosia
Loss of the ability to comprehend the meaning or recognize the importance of various forms of stimulation that cannot be attributed to impairment of a primary sensory modality. Tactile agnosia is characterized by an inability to perceive the shape and nature of an object by touch alone, despite unimpaired sensation to light touch, position, and other primary sensory modalities.		01.9510
Acetonemia
[description not available]		02.3620
Biliary Tract Diseases
Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.		01.9510
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis
[description not available]		01.9510
Myasthenia Gravis
A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.		01.9510
Cholangitis
Inflammation of the biliary ductal system (BILE DUCTS); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both.		01.9510
Anankastic Personality
[description not available]		01.9510
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension.		01.9510
Cerebral Pseudosclerosis
[description not available]		02.3520
Hepatolenticular Degeneration
A rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by the deposition of copper in the BRAIN; LIVER; CORNEA; and other organs. It is caused by defects in the ATP7B gene encoding copper-transporting ATPase 2 (EC 3.6.3.4), also known as the Wilson disease protein. The overload of copper inevitably leads to progressive liver and neurological dysfunction such as LIVER CIRRHOSIS; TREMOR; ATAXIA and intellectual deterioration. Hepatic dysfunction may precede neurologic dysfunction by several years.		02.3520
Crush Syndrome
Severe systemic manifestation of trauma and ischemia involving soft tissues, principally skeletal muscle, due to prolonged severe crushing. It leads to increased permeability of the cell membrane and to the release of potassium, enzymes, and myoglobin from within cells. Ischemic renal dysfunction secondary to hypotension and diminished renal perfusion results in acute tubular necrosis and uremia.		01.9510
Acid Aspiration Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9510
Pneumonia, Aspiration
A type of lung inflammation resulting from the aspiration of food, liquid, or gastric contents into the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.		01.9510
Autosomal Chromosome Disorders
[description not available]		01.9510
Inborn Errors of Metabolism
[description not available]		02.3520
Metabolism, Inborn Errors
Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.		02.3520
Pleurisy
INFLAMMATION of PLEURA, the lining of the LUNG. When PARIETAL PLEURA is involved, there is pleuritic CHEST PAIN.		02.3520
Intermittent Claudication
A symptom complex characterized by pain and weakness in SKELETAL MUSCLE group associated with exercise, such as leg pain and weakness brought on by walking. Such muscle limpness disappears after a brief rest and is often relates to arterial STENOSIS; muscle ISCHEMIA; and accumulation of LACTATE.		02.3520
Erythema
Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.		02.6530
Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion
Obstruction of the flow in the SPLANCHNIC CIRCULATION by ATHEROSCLEROSIS; EMBOLISM; THROMBOSIS; STENOSIS; TRAUMA; and compression or intrinsic pressure from adjacent tumors. Rare causes are drugs, intestinal parasites, and vascular immunoinflammatory diseases such as PERIARTERITIS NODOSA and THROMBOANGIITIS OBLITERANS. (From Juergens et al., Peripheral Vascular Diseases, 5th ed, pp295-6)		02.3520
Paroxysmal Reciprocal Tachycardia
[description not available]		02.6430
Tachycardia, Paroxysmal
Abnormally rapid heartbeats with sudden onset and cessation.		02.6430
Bone Marrow Diseases
Diseases involving the BONE MARROW.		01.9510
Chondrodysplasia Punctata
A heterogeneous group of bone dysplasias, the common character of which is stippling of the epiphyses in infancy. The group includes a severe autosomal recessive form (CHONDRODYSPLASIA PUNCTATA, RHIZOMELIC), an autosomal dominant form (Conradi-Hunermann syndrome), and a milder X-linked form. Metabolic defects associated with impaired peroxisomes are present only in the rhizomelic form.		01.9510
Abortion, Incomplete
Premature loss of PREGNANCY in which not all the products of CONCEPTION have been expelled.		01.9510
Adrenal Gland Diseases
Pathological processes of the ADRENAL GLANDS.		02.3520
Hyperidrosis
[description not available]		01.9510
Hyperhidrosis
Excessive sweating. In the localized type, the most frequent sites are the palms, soles, axillae, inguinal folds, and the perineal area. Its chief cause is thought to be emotional. Generalized hyperhidrosis may be induced by a hot, humid environment, by fever, or by vigorous exercise.		01.9510
Neoplasms, Bronchial
[description not available]		02.3520
Bronchial Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the BRONCHI.		02.3520
Atrophy, Muscle
[description not available]		01.9510
Pneumoperitoneum
A condition with trapped gas or air in the PERITONEAL CAVITY, usually secondary to perforation of the internal organs such as the LUNG and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, or to recent surgery. Pneumoperitoneum may be purposely introduced to aid radiological examination.		01.9510
Near Drowning
Non-fatal immersion or submersion in water. The subject is resuscitable.		02.3620
Muscular Atrophy
Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.		01.9510
Abortion, Septic
Any type of abortion, induced or spontaneous, that is associated with infection of the UTERUS and its appendages. It is characterized by FEVER, uterine tenderness, and foul discharge.		03.7421
Enteric Fever
[description not available]		02.3520
Typhoid Fever
An acute systemic febrile infection caused by SALMONELLA TYPHI, a serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA.		02.3520
Abdomen, Acute
A clinical syndrome with acute abdominal pain that is severe, localized, and rapid in onset. Acute abdomen may be caused by a variety of disorders, injuries, or diseases.		01.9510
Benign Paroxysmal Peritonitis
[description not available]		01.9810
Familial Mediterranean Fever
A group of HEREDITARY AUTOINFLAMMATION DISEASES, characterized by recurrent fever, abdominal pain, headache, rash, PLEURISY; and ARTHRITIS. ORCHITIS; benign MENINGITIS; and AMYLOIDOSIS may also occur. Homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in marenostrin gene encoding PYRIN result in autosomal recessive transmission; simple heterozygous, autosomal dominant form of the disease also exists with mutations in the same gene.		01.9810
Oxaluria, Primary
[description not available]		01.9810
Hyperoxaluria, Primary
A genetic disorder characterized by excretion of large amounts of OXALATES in urine; NEPHROLITHIASIS; NEPHROCALCINOSIS; early onset of RENAL FAILURE; and often a generalized deposit of CALCIUM OXALATE. There are subtypes classified by the enzyme defects in glyoxylate metabolism.		01.9810
Flail Chest
A complication of multiple RIB FRACTURES; RIB and STERNUM fractures, or thoracic surgery. A portion of the THORACIC WALL becomes isolated from the RIB CAGE and exhibits paradoxical respiration.		01.9810
Infections, Klebsiella
[description not available]		01.9710
Klebsiella Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.		01.9710
Cardiac Cancer
[description not available]		01.9710
Angiomyxoma
[description not available]		01.9710
Marfan Syndrome, Type I
[description not available]		02.3820
Marfan Syndrome
An autosomal dominant disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE with abnormal features in the heart, the eye, and the skeleton. Cardiovascular manifestations include MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE, dilation of the AORTA, and aortic dissection. Other features include lens displacement (ectopia lentis), disproportioned long limbs and enlarged DURA MATER (dural ectasia). Marfan syndrome (type 1) is associated with mutations in the gene encoding FIBRILLIN-1 (FBN1), a major element of extracellular microfibrils of connective tissue. Mutations in the gene encoding TYPE II TGF-BETA RECEPTOR (TGFBR2) are associated with Marfan syndrome type 2.		02.3820
Ankylosing Spondylarthritis
[description not available]		02.3620
Spondylitis, Ankylosing
A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the axial joints, such as the SACROILIAC JOINT and other intervertebral or costovertebral joints. It occurs predominantly in young males and is characterized by pain and stiffness of joints (ANKYLOSIS) with inflammation at tendon insertions.		02.3620
Heat Collapse
[description not available]		02.3820
Corneal Diseases
Diseases of the cornea.		01.9710
Liver Diseases, Parasitic
Liver diseases caused by infections with PARASITES, such as tapeworms (CESTODA) and flukes (TREMATODA).		03.3611
Leukemia L 1210
[description not available]		01.9710
Deficiency, Vitamin E
[description not available]		02.8910
Urinary Incontinence, Stress
Involuntary discharge of URINE as a result of physical activities that increase abdominal pressure on the URINARY BLADDER without detrusor contraction or overdistended bladder. The subtypes are classified by the degree of leakage, descent and opening of the bladder neck and URETHRA without bladder contraction, and sphincter deficiency.		01.9710
Plasma Cell Tumor
[description not available]		02.3620
Carcinoma, Krebs 2
A transplantable neoplasm of mice.		01.9710
Plasmacytoma
Any discrete, presumably solitary, mass of neoplastic PLASMA CELLS either in BONE MARROW or various extramedullary sites.		02.3620
Lichen Ruber Planus
[description not available]		01.9710
Mouth Diseases
Diseases involving the MOUTH.		01.9710
Lichen Planus
An inflammatory, pruritic disease of the skin and mucous membranes, which can be either generalized or localized. It is characterized by distinctive purplish, flat-topped papules having a predilection for the trunk and flexor surfaces. The lesions may be discrete or coalesce to form plaques. Histologically, there is a saw-tooth pattern of epidermal hyperplasia and vacuolar alteration of the basal layer of the epidermis along with an intense upper dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of T-cells. Etiology is unknown.		01.9710
Amaurosis
[description not available]		02.8910
Blindness
The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.		02.8910
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness
[description not available]		03.3611
Lipodystrophy, Intestinal
[description not available]		01.9610
Human Trichinellosis
[description not available]		02.3720
Trichinellosis
An infection with TRICHINELLA. It is caused by eating raw or undercooked meat that is infected with larvae of nematode worms TRICHINELLA genus. All members of the TRICHINELLA genus can infect human in addition to TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS, the traditional etiological agent. It is distributed throughout much of the world and is re-emerging in some parts as a public health hazard and a food safety problem.		02.3720
Batten Turner Congenital Myopathy
[description not available]		02.3620
Child Development Deviations
[description not available]		01.9710
Aspiration, Meconium
[description not available]		01.9710
Developmental Disabilities
Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)		01.9710
Meconium Aspiration Syndrome
A condition caused by inhalation of MECONIUM into the LUNG of FETUS or NEWBORN, usually due to vigorous respiratory movements during difficult PARTURITION or respiratory system abnormalities. Meconium aspirate may block small airways leading to difficulties in PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE and ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA.		01.9710
Dysembryoma
[description not available]		01.9710
Teratoma
A true neoplasm composed of a number of different types of tissue, none of which is native to the area in which it occurs. It is composed of tissues that are derived from three germinal layers, the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. They are classified histologically as mature (benign) or immature (malignant). (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1642)		01.9710
Myotonia
Prolonged failure of muscle relaxation after contraction. This may occur after voluntary contractions, muscle percussion, or electrical stimulation of the muscle. Myotonia is a characteristic feature of MYOTONIC DISORDERS.		01.9710
Dysphagia
[description not available]		01.9710
Dysarthosis
[description not available]		01.9710
Deglutition Disorders
Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.		01.9710
Pemphigus Foliaceus
[description not available]		02.3620
Pemphigus
Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by ACANTHOLYSIS and blister formation within the EPIDERMIS.		02.3620
Familial Periodic Paralysis
[description not available]		02.3620
Tuberculosis, Renal
Infection of the KIDNEY with species of MYCOBACTERIUM.		01.9710
Electric Injuries
Injuries caused by electric currents. The concept excludes electric burns (BURNS, ELECTRIC), but includes accidental electrocution and electric shock.		01.9710
Injuries, Lightning
[description not available]		01.9710
Anoxia, Fetal
[description not available]		01.9710
Fetal Hypoxia
Deficient oxygenation of FETAL BLOOD.		01.9710
Cystic Periventricular Leukomalacia
[description not available]		01.9710
Leukomalacia, Periventricular
Degeneration of white matter adjacent to the CEREBRAL VENTRICLES following cerebral hypoxia or BRAIN ISCHEMIA in neonates. The condition primarily affects white matter in the perfusion zone between superficial and deep branches of the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY. Clinical manifestations include VISION DISORDERS; CEREBRAL PALSY; PARAPLEGIA; SEIZURES; and cognitive disorders. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1021; Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1997, Ch4, pp30-1)		01.9710
External Ophthalmoplegia
[description not available]		01.9710
Abnormal Deep Tendon Reflex
[description not available]		02.3620
Reflex, Abnormal
An abnormal response to a stimulus applied to the sensory components of the nervous system. This may take the form of increased, decreased, or absent reflexes.		02.3620
Injuries, Multiple
[description not available]		01.9710
Fibrosis, Inflammatory Perianeurysmal
[description not available]		01.9710
Retroperitoneal Fibrosis
A slowly progressive condition of unknown etiology, characterized by deposition of fibrous tissue in the retroperitoneal space compressing the ureters, great vessels, bile duct, and other structures. When associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm, it may be called chronic periaortitis or inflammatory perianeurysmal fibrosis.		06.9710
Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism
[description not available]		01.9710
Hypogonadism
Condition resulting from deficient gonadal functions, such as GAMETOGENESIS and the production of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES. It is characterized by delay in GROWTH, germ cell maturation, and development of secondary sex characteristics. Hypogonadism can be due to a deficiency of GONADOTROPINS (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) or due to primary gonadal failure (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism).		01.9710
Congenital Limb Deformities
[description not available]		01.9610
Cocarcinogenesis
The combination of two or more different factors in the production of cancer.		01.9710
Hemoglobin C Disease
A disease characterized by compensated hemolysis with a normal hemoglobin level or a mild to moderate anemia. There may be intermittent abdominal discomfort, splenomegaly, and slight jaundice.		02.3720
SC Disease
[description not available]		01.9710
Hemoglobin SC Disease
One of the sickle cell disorders characterized by the presence of both hemoglobin S and hemoglobin C. It is similar to, but less severe than sickle cell anemia.		01.9710
Neoplasms, Nerve Tissue
Neoplasms composed of nerve tissue. This concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the nervous system or its component nerves.		01.9610
Conjugate Nystagmus
[description not available]		02.3720
Optic Atrophy
Atrophy of the optic disk which may be congenital or acquired. This condition indicates a deficiency in the number of nerve fibers which arise in the RETINA and converge to form the OPTIC DISK; OPTIC NERVE; OPTIC CHIASM; and optic tracts. GLAUCOMA; ISCHEMIA; inflammation, a chronic elevation of intracranial pressure, toxins, optic nerve compression, and inherited conditions (see OPTIC ATROPHIES, HEREDITARY) are relatively common causes of this condition.		01.9610
Edema, Laryngeal
[description not available]		01.9610
Laryngeal Edema
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissues of any part of the LARYNX, commonly associated with laryngeal injuries and allergic reactions.		01.9610
Adult Fanconi Syndrome
[description not available]		03.5730
Glycosuria
The appearance of an abnormally large amount of GLUCOSE in the urine, such as more than 500 mg/day in adults. It can be due to HYPERGLYCEMIA or genetic defects in renal reabsorption (RENAL GLYCOSURIA).		03.5690
Gastroenteritis, Transmissible, of Swine
A condition of chronic gastroenteritis in adult pigs and fatal gastroenteritis in piglets caused by a CORONAVIRUS.		01.9710
Empyema, Gall Bladder
[description not available]		01.9610
Antibiotic-Associated Colitis
[description not available]		01.9610
Cholecystitis
Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.		01.9610
Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous
An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization.		01.9610
Glycogenosis
[description not available]		01.9610
Acid Alpha-Glucosidase Deficiency
[description not available]		01.9610
Glycogen Storage Disease
A group of inherited metabolic disorders involving the enzymes responsible for the synthesis and degradation of glycogen. In some patients, prominent liver involvement is presented. In others, more generalized storage of glycogen occurs, sometimes with prominent cardiac involvement.		01.9610
Glycogen Storage Disease Type II
An autosomal recessively inherited glycogen storage disease caused by GLUCAN 1,4-ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASE deficiency. Large amounts of GLYCOGEN accumulate in the LYSOSOMES of skeletal muscle (MUSCLE, SKELETAL); HEART; LIVER; SPINAL CORD; and BRAIN. Three forms have been described: infantile, childhood, and adult. The infantile form is fatal in infancy and presents with hypotonia and a hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (CARDIOMYOPATHY, HYPERTROPHIC). The childhood form usually presents in the second year of life with proximal weakness and respiratory symptoms. The adult form consists of a slowly progressive proximal myopathy. (From Muscle Nerve 1995;3:S61-9; Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp73-4)		01.9610
American Trypanosomiasis
[description not available]		01.9610
Chagas Disease
Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.		01.9610
Anemia, Hypoplastic
[description not available]		02.3620
Anemia, Aplastic
A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.		02.3620
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack
[description not available]		02.6430
Ischemic Attack, Transient
Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)		02.6430
Fetal Distress
A nonreassuring fetal status (NRFS) indicating that the FETUS is compromised (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists 1988). It can be identified by sub-optimal values in FETAL HEART RATE; oxygenation of FETAL BLOOD; and other parameters.		01.9710
Hypervitaminosis A
A symptom complex resulting from ingesting excessive amounts of VITAMIN A.		01.9710
Hyperkyphosis
[description not available]		01.9710
Cleidocranial Digital Dysostosis
[description not available]		01.9710
Scoliosis
An appreciable lateral deviation in the normally straight vertical line of the spine. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9710
Cranial Epidural Hematoma
[description not available]		02.6430
Alcoholic Liver Diseases
[description not available]		01.9710
Liver Diseases, Alcoholic
Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.		01.9710
Retinal Diseases
Diseases involving the RETINA.		03.2820
Hydramnios
[description not available]		02.3620
Cancer of Larynx
[description not available]		01.9710
Laryngeal Neoplasms
Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.		01.9710
Incompetence, Pulmonary Valve
[description not available]		02.3620
Hyperphagia
Ingestion of a greater than optimal quantity of food.		01.9610
Heroin Abuse
[description not available]		01.9610
Heroin Dependence
Strong dependence or addiction, both physiological and emotional, upon HEROIN.		01.9610
Hyperprolactinaemia
[description not available]		01.9610
Hyperprolactinemia
Increased levels of PROLACTIN in the BLOOD, which may be associated with AMENORRHEA and GALACTORRHEA. Relatively common etiologies include PROLACTINOMA, medication effect, KIDNEY FAILURE, granulomatous diseases of the PITUITARY GLAND, and disorders which interfere with the hypothalamic inhibition of prolactin release. Ectopic (non-pituitary) production of prolactin may also occur. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp77-8)		01.9610
Fistula
Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body.		02.3620
Coagulation Factor 12 Deficiency
[description not available]		01.9610
Toxemia
A condition produced by the presence of toxins or other harmful substances in the BLOOD.		01.9610
Hypoventilation
A reduction in the amount of air entering the pulmonary alveoli.		03.5630
Autoimmune Demyelinating Disease, Peripheral
[description not available]		01.9610
Thoracic Diseases
Disorders affecting the organs of the thorax.		03.2720
Hospital-Addiction Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9610
Facial Palsy
[description not available]		01.9610
Coccidioides immitis Infection
[description not available]		01.9610
Fungal Lung Diseases
[description not available]		01.9610
Coccidioidomycosis
Infection with a fungus of the genus COCCIDIOIDES, endemic to the SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES. It is sometimes called valley fever but should not be confused with RIFT VALLEY FEVER. Infection is caused by inhalation of airborne, fungal particles known as arthroconidia, a form of FUNGAL SPORES. A primary form is an acute, benign, self-limited respiratory infection. A secondary form is a virulent, severe, chronic, progressive granulomatous disease with systemic involvement. It can be detected by use of COCCIDIOIDIN.		01.9610
Basal Ganglia Diseases
Diseases of the BASAL GANGLIA including the PUTAMEN; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; claustrum; AMYGDALA; and CAUDATE NUCLEUS. DYSKINESIAS (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		01.9610
Dependent Personality Disorder
A personality disorder characterized by a pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of that leads to submissive and clinging behavior and fears of separation, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts. (From DSM-IV, 1994)		01.9610
As If Personality
[description not available]		01.9610
Allergic Conjunctivitis
[description not available]		01.9610
Adenitis, Salivary Gland
[description not available]		01.9610
Salivary Gland Diseases
Diseases involving the SALIVARY GLANDS.		01.9610
Conjunctivitis, Allergic
Conjunctivitis due to hypersensitivity to various allergens.		01.9610
Bilateral Deafness
[description not available]		01.9610
Tonsillitis
Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the PALATINE TONSILS but the ADENOIDS (pharyngeal tonsils) and lingual tonsils may also be involved. Tonsillitis usually is caused by bacterial infection. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent.		02.8610
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
[description not available]		01.9410
Osseous Paget's Disease
[description not available]		01.9510
Osteitis Deformans
A disease marked by repeated episodes of increased bone resorption followed by excessive attempts at repair, resulting in weakened, deformed bones of increased mass. The resultant architecture of the bone assumes a mosaic pattern in which the fibers take on a haphazard pattern instead of the normal parallel symmetry.		01.9510
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		05.1641
Concomitant Strabismus
[description not available]		01.9410
Strabismus
Misalignment of the visual axes of the eyes. In comitant strabismus the degree of ocular misalignment does not vary with the direction of gaze. In noncomitant strabismus the degree of misalignment varies depending on direction of gaze or which eye is fixating on the target. (Miller, Walsh & Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p641)		01.9410
Rheumatism
[description not available]		03.0650
Rheumatic Diseases
Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.		03.0650
Pruritus Ani
Intense chronic itching in the anal area.		01.9510
Mastoiditis
Inflammation of the honeycomb-like MASTOID BONE in the skull just behind the ear. It is usually a complication of OTITIS MEDIA.		01.9510
Acne
[description not available]		02.3920
Acne Vulgaris
A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.		02.3920
Paralysis, Legs
[description not available]		01.9510
Paraplegia
Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.		01.9510
Hypersensitivity, Type III
[description not available]		01.9510
Endocardial Fibroelastosis
A condition characterized by the thickening of ENDOCARDIUM due to proliferation of fibrous and elastic tissue, usually in the left ventricle leading to impaired cardiac function (CARDIOMYOPATHY, RESTRICTIVE). It is most commonly seen in young children and rarely in adults. It is often associated with congenital heart anomalies (HEART DEFECTS CONGENITAL;) INFECTION; or gene mutation. Defects in the tafazzin protein, encoded by TAZ gene, result in a form of autosomal dominant familial endocardial fibroelastosis.		01.9410
Peripheral Nerve Diseases
[description not available]		01.9410
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.		01.9410
Essential Polyarteritis
[description not available]		02.3520
Eczema, Dyshidrotic
A recurrent eczematous reaction characterized by the development of vesicular eruptions on the palms and soles, particularly along the sides and between the digits. It is accompanied by pruritus, a burning sensation, and hyperhidrosis. The disease is self-limiting, lasting only a few weeks. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9410
Coxsackie Virus Infections
[description not available]		01.9510
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism
[description not available]		01.9510
Parkinson Disease, Secondary
Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)		01.9510
Embolism, Fat
Blocking of a blood vessel by fat deposits in the circulation. It is often seen after fractures of large bones or after administration of CORTICOSTEROIDS.		03.2720
Herpes Zoster, Ocular
[description not available]		02.6430
Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus
Virus infection of the Gasserian ganglion and its nerve branches characterized by pain and vesicular eruptions with much swelling. Ocular involvement is usually heralded by a vesicle on the tip of the nose. This area is innervated by the nasociliary nerve.		02.6430
Haemophilus Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus HAEMOPHILUS.		01.9510
Blast Injuries
Injuries resulting when a person is struck by particles impelled with violent force from an explosion. Blast causes pulmonary concussion and hemorrhage, laceration of other thoracic and abdominal viscera, ruptured ear drums, and minor effects in the central nervous system. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9510
Cystinuria
An inherited disorder due to defective reabsorption of CYSTINE and other BASIC AMINO ACIDS by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. This form of aminoaciduria is characterized by the abnormally high urinary levels of cystine; LYSINE; ARGININE; and ORNITHINE. Mutations involve the amino acid transport protein gene SLC3A1.		03.7420
Adhesions, Tissue
[description not available]		01.9510
Intestinal Polyps
Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the INTESTINE. A polyp is attached to the intestinal wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.		01.9510
Cataract, Membranous
[description not available]		02.8610
Cataract
Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.8610
Congenital Infection, Toxoplasma gondii
[description not available]		01.9510
Toxoplasmosis, Congenital
Prenatal protozoal infection with TOXOPLASMA gondii which is associated with injury to the developing fetal nervous system. The severity of this condition is related to the stage of pregnancy during which the infection occurs; first trimester infections are associated with a greater degree of neurologic dysfunction. Clinical features include HYDROCEPHALUS; MICROCEPHALY; deafness; cerebral calcifications; SEIZURES; and psychomotor retardation. Signs of a systemic infection may also be present at birth, including fever, rash, and hepatosplenomegaly. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p735)		01.9510
Endothelioma, Lymphatic
[description not available]		01.9510
Lymphangioma
A benign tumor resulting from a congenital malformation of the lymphatic system. Lymphangioendothelioma is a type of lymphangioma in which endothelial cells are the dominant component.		01.9510
African Sleeping Sickness
[description not available]		01.9410
Trypanosomiasis, African
A disease endemic among people and animals in Central Africa. It is caused by various species of trypanosomes, particularly T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense. Its second host is the TSETSE FLY. Involvement of the central nervous system produces African sleeping sickness. Nagana is a rapidly fatal trypanosomiasis of horses and other animals.		01.9410
Methemoglobinemia
The presence of methemoglobin in the blood, resulting in cyanosis. A small amount of methemoglobin is present in the blood normally, but injury or toxic agents convert a larger proportion of hemoglobin into methemoglobin, which does not function reversibly as an oxygen carrier. Methemoglobinemia may be due to a defect in the enzyme NADH methemoglobin reductase (an autosomal recessive trait) or to an abnormality in hemoglobin M (an autosomal dominant trait). (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9410
Dyskinesia Syndromes
[description not available]		01.9410
Endometrial Diseases
[description not available]		01.9410
Movement Disorders
Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.		01.9410
Uterine Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the UTERUS.		01.9410
Pachymeningitis
[description not available]		01.9510
Meningitis
Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)		01.9510
Infections, Pseudomonas
[description not available]		01.9510
Infections, Proteus
[description not available]		01.9510
Pseudomonas Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.		01.9510
Diaphragmatic Paralysis
[description not available]		01.9510
Aortic Arch Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9510
Infection, Postoperative Wound
[description not available]		02.3520
Aspergillus Infection
[description not available]		01.9510
Aspergillosis
Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.		01.9510
Chest Injuries
[description not available]		02.3520
Abdominal Injuries
General or unspecified injuries involving organs in the abdominal cavity.		02.3520
Splanchnoptosis
[description not available]		01.9510
Calcium Metabolism Disorders
Disorders in the processing of calcium in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization.		02.3520
Lupus Erythematosus, Chronic Cutaneous
[description not available]		03.3311
Lupus Erythematosus, Discoid
A chronic form of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, CUTANEOUS) in which the skin lesions mimic those of the systemic form but in which systemic signs are rare. It is characterized by the presence of discoid skin plaques showing varying degrees of edema, erythema, scaliness, follicular plugging, and skin atrophy. Lesions are surrounded by an elevated erythematous border. The condition typically involves the face and scalp, but widespread dissemination may occur.		03.3311
Clostridium tetani Infection
[description not available]		02.8610
Tetanus
A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form.		02.8610
Prostatic Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PROSTATE or its component tissues.		02.8610
Amelia
[description not available]		01.9410
Adjustment Disorder
[description not available]		01.9410
Adjustment Disorders
Maladaptive reactions to identifiable psychosocial stressors occurring within a short time after onset of the stressor. They are manifested by either impairment in social or occupational functioning or by symptoms (depression, anxiety, etc.) that are in excess of a normal and expected reaction to the stressor.		01.9410
Sarcoma 180
An experimental sarcoma of mice.		01.9410
Christmas Disease
[description not available]		02.3520
Hemophilia B
A deficiency of blood coagulation factor IX inherited as an X-linked disorder. (Also known as Christmas Disease, after the first patient studied in detail, not the holy day.) Historical and clinical features resemble those in classic hemophilia (HEMOPHILIA A), but patients present with fewer symptoms. Severity of bleeding is usually similar in members of a single family. Many patients are asymptomatic until the hemostatic system is stressed by surgery or trauma. Treatment is similar to that for hemophilia A. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1008)		02.3520
Prediabetes
[description not available]		02.3520
Prediabetic State
The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		02.3520
Taste Disorder, Anterior Tongue
[description not available]		01.9410
Encephalomyelitis, Inflammatory
[description not available]		01.9410
Encephalomyelitis
A general term indicating inflammation of the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD, often used to indicate an infectious process, but also applicable to a variety of autoimmune and toxic-metabolic conditions. There is significant overlap regarding the usage of this term and ENCEPHALITIS in the literature.		01.9410
Vibrio cholerae Infection
[description not available]		02.3520
Cholera
An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is VIBRIO CHOLERAE. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated.		02.3520
Abortion, Tubal
[description not available]		01.9410
Abortion, Spontaneous
Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.		01.9410
Appetite Disorders
[description not available]		01.9410
Feeding and Eating Disorders
A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake.		01.9410
Uterine Prolapse
Downward displacement of the UTERUS. It is classified in various degrees: in the first degree the UTERINE CERVIX is within the vaginal orifice; in the second degree the cervix is outside the orifice; in the third degree the entire uterus is outside the orifice.		01.9410
Hemorrhoids
Swollen veins in the lower part of the RECTUM or ANUS. Hemorrhoids can be inside the anus (internal), under the skin around the anus (external), or protruding from inside to outside of the anus. People with hemorrhoids may or may not exhibit symptoms which include bleeding, itching, and pain.		02.3520
Pancreatic Diseases
Pathological processes of the PANCREAS.		01.9410
Mixed Pineocytoma-Pineoblastoma
[description not available]		01.9410
Craniopharyngioma, Adamantinous
[description not available]		01.9410
Craniopharyngioma
A benign pituitary-region neoplasm that originates from Rathke's pouch. The two major histologic and clinical subtypes are adamantinous (or classical) craniopharyngioma and papillary craniopharyngioma. The adamantinous form presents in children and adolescents as an expanding cystic lesion in the pituitary region. The cystic cavity is filled with a black viscous substance and histologically the tumor is composed of adamantinomatous epithelium and areas of calcification and necrosis. Papillary craniopharyngiomas occur in adults, and histologically feature a squamous epithelium with papillations. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch14, p50)		01.9410
Pinealoma
Neoplasms which originate from pineal parenchymal cells that tend to enlarge the gland and be locally invasive. The two major forms are pineocytoma and the more malignant pineoblastoma. Pineocytomas have moderate cellularity and tend to form rosette patterns. Pineoblastomas are highly cellular tumors containing small, poorly differentiated cells. These tumors occasionally seed the neuroaxis or cause obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS or Parinaud's syndrome. GERMINOMA; CARCINOMA, EMBRYONAL; GLIOMA; and other neoplasms may arise in the pineal region with germinoma being the most common pineal region tumor. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2064; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p670)		01.9410
Varices
[description not available]		02.3420
Varicose Veins
Enlarged and tortuous VEINS.		02.3420
Myelopathy
[description not available]		01.9410
Spinal Cord Diseases
Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord.		01.9410
ENT Diseases
[description not available]		01.9410
Curling Ulcer
Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.		01.9410
Duodenal Ulcer
A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.		01.9410
Deficiency, Mental
[description not available]		01.9410
Intellectual Disability
Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)		01.9410
Stasis Ulcer
[description not available]		01.9410
Varicose Ulcer
Skin breakdown or ulceration in the drainage area of a VARICOSE VEIN, usually in the leg.		01.9410
Biliary Fistula
Abnormal passage in any organ of the biliary tract or between biliary organs and other organs.		01.9410
Triploid
[description not available]		02.5820
Adenoma, beta-Cell
[description not available]		02.610
Insulinoma
A benign tumor of the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS. Insulinoma secretes excess INSULIN resulting in HYPOGLYCEMIA.		02.610
Pain, Chronic
[description not available]		05.7721
Chronic Pain
Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.		05.7721
Acute Hepatic Failure
[description not available]		02.1510
Liver Failure, Acute
A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.		02.1510
Menstruation, Painful
[description not available]		03.5911
Dysmenorrhea
Painful menstruation.		03.5911
Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic
Infections of the INTESTINES with PARASITES, commonly involving PARASITIC WORMS. Infections with roundworms (NEMATODE INFECTIONS) and tapeworms (CESTODE INFECTIONS) are also known as HELMINTHIASIS.		03.4811
Parasitic Diseases, Animal
Animal diseases caused by PARASITES.		03.4811
Acute Pain
Intensely discomforting, distressful, or agonizing sensation associated with trauma or disease, with well-defined location, character, and timing.		03.9310
Carcinogenesis
The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.		02.1110
Carcinoma, Lewis Lung
A carcinoma discovered by Dr. Margaret R. Lewis of the Wistar Institute in 1951. This tumor originated spontaneously as a carcinoma of the lung of a C57BL mouse. The tumor does not appear to be grossly hemorrhagic and the majority of the tumor tissue is a semifirm homogeneous mass. (From Cancer Chemother Rep 2 1972 Nov;(3)1:325) It is also called 3LL and LLC and is used as a transplantable malignancy.		02.1110
Gastric Ulcer
[description not available]		02.1110
Stomach Ulcer
Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		02.1110
Tetraploid
[description not available]		02.5320
Chromosomal Duplication
[description not available]		02.1310
Aberrant Crypt Foci
Clusters of colonic crypts that appear different from the surrounding mucosa when visualized after staining. They are of interest as putative precursors to colorectal adenomas and potential biomarkers for colorectal carcinoma.		02.1310
Polyploid
[description not available]		02.7630
Disease Resistance
The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.		02.1310
Osteoarthritis of Knee
[description not available]		04.3411
Coxarthrosis
[description not available]		04.3411
Osteoarthritis, Hip
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the hip joint which usually appears in late middle or old age. It is characterized by growth or maturational disturbances in the femoral neck and head, as well as acetabular dysplasia. A dominant symptom is pain on weight-bearing or motion.		04.3411
Osteoarthritis, Knee
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)		04.3411
Amnesia-Memory Loss
[description not available]		02.0810
Amnesia
Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)		02.0810
Hay Fever
[description not available]		02.4320
Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal
Allergic rhinitis that occurs at the same time every year. It is characterized by acute CONJUNCTIVITIS with lacrimation and ITCHING, and regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific ALLERGENS.		02.4320
Esophagitis, Reflux
[description not available]		02.0310
Esophagitis, Peptic
INFLAMMATION of the ESOPHAGUS that is caused by the reflux of GASTRIC JUICE with contents of the STOMACH and DUODENUM.		02.0310
Gastritis
Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.		02.0310
Pain, Intractable
Persistent pain that is refractory to some or all forms of treatment.		02.9210