puerarin profile

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	5385074
CHEMBL ID	1319403
CHEBI ID	182286
SCHEMBL ID	13906069
MeSH ID	M0104187
PubMed CID	5281807
CHEMBL ID	486386
CHEBI ID	8633
SCHEMBL ID	8581666
MeSH ID	M0104187

Synonym
AC-702
7-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-8-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]chromen-4-one
CHEBI:182286
1,5-anhydro-1-[7-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxo-4h-chromen-8-yl]hexitol
pneranin
7-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-8-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydropyran-2-yl]chromen-4-one
hexitol, 1,5-anhydro-1-c-[7-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxo-4h-1-benzopyran-8-yl]-
nsc380711
puerarin ,
3681-99-0
NCGC00096060-01
AKOS005720902
STL146384
BBL030170
mfcd00063399
MLS006011792
smr004703482
SCHEMBL13906069
CHEMBL1319403
Q4392082
7-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-8-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]-4h-chromen-4-one
VS-09655
SB17421
SY075296
BIDD:ER0101
AC-20294
kakonein
4h-1-benzopyran-4-one, 8-beta-d-glucopyranosyl-7-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-
nsc 380711
brn 0064198
8-beta-d-glucopyranosyl-7-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one
nsc-380711
puerarin, >=98.0% (hplc)
smr001397270
MLS002473178
chebi:8633 ,
puerarin 80 mm
npi 031g
daidzein 8-c-glucoside
CHEMBL486386
7-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-8-[(3r,4r,5s,6r)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]chromen-4-one
hkeafjykmmkdor-vpricqmdsa-
inchi=1/c21h20o9/c22-7-14-17(26)18(27)19(28)21(30-14)15-13(24)6-5-11-16(25)12(8-29-20(11)15)9-1-3-10(23)4-2-9/h1-6,8,14,17-19,21-24,26-28h,7h2/t14-,17-,18+,19-,21+/m1/s1
AKOS007930376
7-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-8-[(2s,3r,4r,5s,6r)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]chromen-4-one
AC1NQZ4N ,
HMS2198M10
daidzein-8-c-glucoside
4-19-00-03200 (beilstein handbook reference)
7,4'-dihydroxy-8-c-glucosylisoflavone
z9w8997416 ,
unii-z9w8997416
AKOS015965556
KS-5191
puerarin [inci]
puerarin [who-dd]
4h-1-benzopyran-4-one, 8-.beta.-d-glucopyranosyl-7-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-
7-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-8-[(2s,3r,4r,5s,6r)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydropyran-2-yl]chromen-4-one
SCHEMBL8581666
(1s)-1,5-anhydro-1-[7-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxo-4h-1-benzopyran-8-yl]-d-glucitol
4',7-dihydroxy-8-c-glucosylisoflavone
HKEAFJYKMMKDOR-VPRICQMDSA-N
(1s)-1,5-anhydro-1-[7-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxo-4h-chromen-8-yl]-d-glucitol
7-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-8-((2s,3r,4r,5s,6r)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2h-pyran-2-yl)-4h-chromen-4-one
surecn8581666
8-(beta-d-glucopyranosyl-7-hydroxy-3- (4-hydroxyphenyl)-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one
bdbm50129558
HY-N0145
CS-6158
puerarin, analytical standard
8-glucosyldaidzein
8-c-glucoside
8-glucopyranosyldaidzein
DB12290
Q63408673
DTXSID30958020
gtpl12553
Z1494829516

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Puerarin protects different cell types from damage caused by a variety of toxic stimuli. Puerarin was also relatively safe clinically. A safe and effective delivery system with a submicron emulsion for puerarin was studied.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" These data suggest the long-term daily oral consumption of NPI-028 as a part of the daily diet for 3 months, at the doses studied, is safe in rats."	( Toxicity study of an antidipsotropic Chinese herbal mixture in rats: NPI-028. Baker, JI; Boucher, TA; Keyler, DE; Lee, DY; Lenz, SK; Overstreet, DH, 2002)	0.31
"A safe and effective delivery system with a submicron emulsion for puerarin was studied."	( The study to reduce the hemolysis side effect of puerarin by a submicron emulsion delivery system. Cong, LB; Hai-Long Yuan, HL; Liu, ZG; Wang, LJ; Xiao, XH; Xie, H; Yue, PF; Zhu, WF, 2008)	0.35
" Recent studies showed that puerarin protects different cell types from damage caused by a variety of toxic stimuli."	( Protective effect of Puerarin on β-amyloid-induced neurotoxicity in rat hippocampal neurons. Cai, F; Lin, F; Wu, G; Xie, B, 2012)	0.38
" Clinical efficacy, the attack rate of angina pectoris, oxygen consumption, indices on electrocardiogram, haemorheology and other adverse reactions among the two groups were compared."	( [A clinical efficacy and safety study on coronary heart disease and angina treatment with Puerarin Injection]. Li, HM; Liu, Y; Luo, ZK, 2012)	0.38
" During the treatment, no significant adverse events were noticed in both of the two groups of patients."	( [A clinical efficacy and safety study on coronary heart disease and angina treatment with Puerarin Injection]. Li, HM; Liu, Y; Luo, ZK, 2012)	0.38
"Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), a brominated flame retardant, is detected commonly in aquatic environments, where it is thought to be highly toxic to the development of aquatic life."	( Protective effects of puerarin against tetrabromobisphenol a-induced apoptosis and cardiac developmental toxicity in zebrafish embryo-larvae. Ding, Z; Sun, F; Wang, S; Wu, F; Xu, F; Yang, S; Zhang, M, 2015)	0.42
" Six adverse drug reactions (ADRs) from puerarin injection were reported in two studies."	( Efficacy and safety of puerarin injection in treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Wu, J; Zhang, B; Zhang, X, 2014)	0.4
" Puerarin was also relatively safe clinically."	( Efficacy and safety of puerarin injection in treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Wu, J; Zhang, B; Zhang, X, 2014)	0.4
" Adverse reactions related to the puerarin injection were also examined."	( Efficacy and safety of puerarin injection in curing acute ischemic stroke: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Feng, ZT; Li, XL; Mei, QX; Mei, ZG; Tan, LJ; Wang, JF; Xiong, L; Yang, SB; Zheng, QH, 2017)	0.46
" Eleven trials reported that the adverse reactions related to the puerarin injection included facial flushing, dizziness, vomiting, nausea, and other mild gastrointestinal discomfort and allergic reaction."	( Efficacy and safety of puerarin injection in curing acute ischemic stroke: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Feng, ZT; Li, XL; Mei, QX; Mei, ZG; Tan, LJ; Wang, JF; Xiong, L; Yang, SB; Zheng, QH, 2017)	0.46
"Puerarin injection may be more effective and relatively safe in clinic for treating acute ischemic stroke."	( Efficacy and safety of puerarin injection in curing acute ischemic stroke: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Feng, ZT; Li, XL; Mei, QX; Mei, ZG; Tan, LJ; Wang, JF; Xiong, L; Yang, SB; Zheng, QH, 2017)	0.46
" This paper is aimed to evaluate the safety of puerarin injection in clinical use and explore the related factors that may cause its adverse reactions (ADRs), so as to find the warning signal of safety medication in time, put forward early warning, make early judgment and treatment, and ensure the safety of drug use."	( [Evaluation on safety of puerarin injection in clinical use]. Dong, YZ; Mu, DP; Pan, XL; Xie, XS; Zhang, FY, 2018)	0.48
"Puerarin belongs to one of the most familiar tradition medicines of China, but adverse effects of puerarin during the clinical treatment have been found for years, the mechanisms of which remain unclear."	( Exploring adverse effects of puerarin on catalase by multiple spectroscopic investigations and docking studies in vitro. Li, M; Wang, Q; Zhai, A; Zhang, B, 2019)	0.51
" Therefore, our work provides a new strategy for the modification of natural drugs and PPue is expected to become a new safe and reliable nano-drug delivery platform."	( Synthesis, characterization, and formulation of poly-puerarin as a biodegradable and biosafe drug delivery platform for anti-cancer therapy. Chen, X; Huang, J; Kang, Y; Wu, J; Xiong, H; Yi, T, 2019)	0.51

Pharmacokinetics

The aim was to investigate the pharmacokinetic interaction between puerarin and edaravone, and the effect of borneol on the brain distribution kinetics of puvarin in rats. The peak concentration of puarin appeared at about 1 h and then reduced gradually.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using the 3P97 pharmacokinetic software package."	( Pharmacokinetic, tissue distribution, and excretion of puerarin and puerarin-phospholipid complex in rats. Chan, AS; Chen, SL; Li, Y; Pan, WS; Xu, HX; Yang, DJ, 2006)	0.33
"This study was undertaken to assess the pharmacokinetic profile of puerarin, the major isoflavone found in a kudzu (Pueraria lobata) extract after acute and repeated administration."	( Pharmacokinetic profile of the isoflavone puerarin after acute and repeated administration of a novel kudzu extract to human volunteers. Lee, DY; Lukas, SE; Ma, Z; Penetar, DM; Teter, CJ; Tracy, M, )	0.13
"Participants were given either single or repeated doses of kudzu extract, and blood samples were collected for either 8 or 72 hours for subsequent pharmacokinetic analyses of puerarin."	( Pharmacokinetic profile of the isoflavone puerarin after acute and repeated administration of a novel kudzu extract to human volunteers. Lee, DY; Lukas, SE; Ma, Z; Penetar, DM; Teter, CJ; Tracy, M, )	0.13
"A highly sensitive and specific atmospheric pressure chemical ionization liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for serum pharmacokinetic studies of puerarin in rats."	( Pharmacokinetic study of puerarin in rat serum by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Acosta, E; Arabshahi, A; Barnes, S; Meezan, E; Moore, R; Peng, N; Prasain, JK; Wyss, JM, 2007)	0.34
" The pharmacokinetic parameters were separately as following."	( [Pharmacokinetics of puerarin in the aqueous humor and vitreous of rabbit eye following systemic administration]. Deng, X; Gao, Y; Hu, S; Yan, L; Zhang, Q, 2006)	0.33
" The clearance of the compound were slower and half-life were longer in aqueous humor and vitreous, that can provide principle basis for treating eye diseases with puerarin by systemic administration."	( [Pharmacokinetics of puerarin in the aqueous humor and vitreous of rabbit eye following systemic administration]. Deng, X; Gao, Y; Hu, S; Yan, L; Zhang, Q, 2006)	0.33
"A high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the simultaneous determination and pharmacokinetic studies of safflor yellow A, puerarin, 3'-methoxyl-puerarin, and puerarinapioside in the plasma and tissues of rats that had been administered with the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) preparation Naodesheng via the caudal vein."	( HPLC determination of safflor yellow A and three active isoflavones from TCM Naodesheng in rat plasma and tissues and its application to pharmacokinetic studies. Bi, K; Gao, X; Yu, Z; Zhao, Y, 2007)	0.34
" The pharmacokinetic behaviors of three different SEDDS formulations were investigated in beagle dogs."	( Formulation development and pharmacokinetics of puerarin self-emulsifying drug delivery systems. Dong-Qin, Q; Gui-Xia, X; Xiang-Gen, W, )	0.13
" The pharmacokinetic behaviors of three different SEDDS formulations (F2, F3, F4) were investigated in Beagle dogs."	( Formulation optimization of self-emulsifying preparations of puerarin through self-emulsifying performances evaluation in vitro and pharmacokinetic studies in vivo. Quan, DQ; Xu, GX, 2007)	0.34
"To explore pharmacokinetic features of puerarin in pueraria spray and calculate pharmacokinetic parameters according to puerarin of drug-time curve in rabbits."	( [Pharmacokinetics of pueraria for intranasal on spray in rabbits]. Lu, Y; Tao, JS; Xu, LY; Zhang, T, 2007)	0.34
" The 3P87 program was used to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters."	( [Pharmacokinetics of pueraria for intranasal on spray in rabbits]. Lu, Y; Tao, JS; Xu, LY; Zhang, T, 2007)	0.34
" The main pharmacokinetic parameters of Pueraria spray were: t(l/2(beta)) =0."	( [Pharmacokinetics of pueraria for intranasal on spray in rabbits]. Lu, Y; Tao, JS; Xu, LY; Zhang, T, 2007)	0.34
" The on-line SPE column switching HPLC-MS system was applied to pharmacokinetic (PK) study of puerarin after a single orally dose in beagles."	( Quantification of puerarin in plasma by on-line solid-phase extraction column switching liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and its applications to a pharmacokinetic study. Chen, F; Dai, S; Li, X; Ou, L; Shang, M; Song, H; Sun, X; Wang, Q; Zhu, B, 2008)	0.35
"Quantification of puerarin in serum was achieved using a simple and rapid HPLC method for pharmacokinetic study."	( Pharmacokinetic comparison of puerarin after oral administration of Jiawei-Xiaoyao-San to healthy volunteers and patients with functional dyspepsia: influence of disease state. Huang, X; Qin, F; Ren, P; Zhang, HM, 2009)	0.35
"There were statistically significant differences in the pharmacokinetic parameters of puerarin including the values for Cmax, AUC0-360, Cl/F and MRT0-360 between healthy volunteers and patients with functional dyspepsia."	( Pharmacokinetic comparison of puerarin after oral administration of Jiawei-Xiaoyao-San to healthy volunteers and patients with functional dyspepsia: influence of disease state. Huang, X; Qin, F; Ren, P; Zhang, HM, 2009)	0.35
" The mean plasma concentration-time profiles of puerarin and hydrochlorothiazide at different dosages of medication administration were processed by 3P97 pharmacokinetic software and SPSS statistics 17."	( [Pharmacokinetics of puerarin and hydrochlorothiazide from maijunan tablets in rats]. Chen, Y; Du, P; Han, FM; Zhang, X, 2009)	0.35
" The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by software program 3P97 according to one-compartment mode."	( [Preparation and lacrimal pharmacokinetics of eye drops of puerarin liposomes in rabbit tears]. Deng, Y; Li, X; Xu, J, 2010)	0.36
"The aim was to investigate the pharmacokinetic interaction between puerarin and edaravone, and the effect of borneol on the brain distribution kinetics of puerarin in rats."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between puerarin and edaravone, and effect of borneol on the brain distribution kinetics of puerarin in rats. Gao, C; Li, X; Li, Y; Wang, L; Xue, M, 2010)	0.36
" The detection method was successfully applied to compare the pharmacokinetic interaction and brain distribution kinetics of puerarin and edaravone using in-situ microdialysis sampling in rats after intravenous administration and co-administration with a single dose."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between puerarin and edaravone, and effect of borneol on the brain distribution kinetics of puerarin in rats. Gao, C; Li, X; Li, Y; Wang, L; Xue, M, 2010)	0.36
"HPLC method was established to determine serum concentration of Puerarin and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated."	( [Effect of decoction method on pharmacokinetics of puerarin in dogs]. Wang, L; Zhao, Y, 2010)	0.36
"Decoction method has significant effect on pharmacokinetic parameters of puerarin in dogs."	( [Effect of decoction method on pharmacokinetics of puerarin in dogs]. Wang, L; Zhao, Y, 2010)	0.36
"A crossover design was use to detect the pharmacokinetic parameters of Puerarin self-microemulsion and suspension in Beagle dogs."	( [Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of Puerarin self-microemulsion in Beagle dogs]. Chen, XX; Li, G; Liang, YY; Long, CF; Xie, CS; Yuan, S; Zhou, X, 2011)	0.37
" The peak concentration of puerarin appeared at about 1 h and then reduced gradually."	( [Ocular pharmacokinetics of puerarin in anesthetic rabbits by microdialysis]. Liang, R; Mu, H; Qu, T; Sun, K; Wang, A; Wei, D; Yao, C; Zhou, X, 2011)	0.37
"To study pharmacokinetic of puerarin in rats following different methods of administration of Tongqiao Sanyu prescription."	( [Study on pharmacokinetics of puerarin in rats following different methods of administration of Tongqiao Sanyu prescription]. Chen, X; Du, S; Li, P; Lu, Y; Song, X; Wang, S; Zhao, X, 2011)	0.37
" The pharmacokinetic parameters and bioavailability were calculated with Kinetica software."	( [Study on pharmacokinetics of puerarin in rats following different methods of administration of Tongqiao Sanyu prescription]. Chen, X; Du, S; Li, P; Lu, Y; Song, X; Wang, S; Zhao, X, 2011)	0.37
"The main pharmacokinetic parameters were as follows: AUC(0-infinity) of caudal vein injection was (787."	( [Study on pharmacokinetics of puerarin in rats following different methods of administration of Tongqiao Sanyu prescription]. Chen, X; Du, S; Li, P; Lu, Y; Song, X; Wang, S; Zhao, X, 2011)	0.37
" For the assessment of the pharmacokinetic parameters the developed formulations have been intravenous administered to beagle dogs."	( Formulation and pharmacokinetics evaluation of puerarin nanocrystals for intravenous delivery. Du, Y; Liu, Z; Ma, Y; Wang, Y; Zhang, D; Zhang, Q, 2012)	0.38
" The validated method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of the three flavonoid glycosides in beagle dog plasma after intravenous administration of the traditional Chinese medicinal preparation: Kudiezi injection."	( UFLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of luteolin-7-O-gentiobioside, luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucoside and luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucuronide in beagle dog plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study after administration of traditional Chinese med Bi, K; Chen, X; Han, F; Liu, R; Tang, Z; Yin, R; Zhao, X, 2013)	0.39
" After oral administration in the two groups, their bloods were sampled at different time points to determine the drug concentration of puerarin in rat blood and calculate pharmacokinetic parameters."	( [Effect of phenformin hydrochloride on pharmacokinetics of puerarin in rats]. Cui, M; Deng, Y; Li, FM; Li, N; Xiong, ZL, 2012)	0.38
"After oral administration with pueraria extracts and phenformin hydrochloride combined with pueraria extracts, the two groups showed main pharmacokinetic parameters as follows: Cmax were (2."	( [Effect of phenformin hydrochloride on pharmacokinetics of puerarin in rats]. Cui, M; Deng, Y; Li, FM; Li, N; Xiong, ZL, 2012)	0.38
"Phenformin hydrochloride can slow down the absorption process of puerarin and change the pharmacokinetic process of puerarin to some extent."	( [Effect of phenformin hydrochloride on pharmacokinetics of puerarin in rats]. Cui, M; Deng, Y; Li, FM; Li, N; Xiong, ZL, 2012)	0.38
" An ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed to determine the concentrations of glibenclamide and puerarin in rat plasma for the study of pharmacokinetic interaction between them."	( Determination of glibenclamide and puerarin in rat plasma by UPLC-MS/MS: application to their pharmacokinetic interaction study. Deng, Y; Li, F; Li, N; Qiao, Y; Wang, D, 2013)	0.39
" The study investigated the pharmacokinetic behavior of puerarin-7-O-glucuronide (without enzymatic hydrolysis), puerarin and daidzin when total flavonoid from Gegen was administered in normal and blood stasis animals or in blood stasis animals alone or in combination with Sanqi."	( Pharmacokinetic comparisons of puerarin, daidzin and the glucuronide metabolite of puerarin after administration of total flavonoid from Gegen alone and total flavonoid from Gegen combined with total saponin from Sanqi in rats under different physiologica Gao, E; Liu, X; Liu, Z; Yu, Z; Zhao, X; Zhao, Y, 2013)	0.39
" Pharmacokinetic analysis showed that β-d-fructofuranosyl-(2→6)-puerarin (2) was able to maintain higher plasma concentrations and have a longer mean residence time in the blood than puerarin."	( Isolation, identification and pharmacokinetic analysis of fructosyl puerarins from enzymatic glycosylation. Chu, J; He, B; Wu, X; Xu, T, 2013)	0.39
" In the pharmacokinetic study, we observed an increasing of Cmax and AUC and a decreasing of CL/F with the decreasing of particle size."	( Effects of particle size on the pharmacokinetics of puerarin nanocrystals and microcrystals after oral administration to rat. Feng, J; Hu, F; Hu, K; Tu, L; Wu, W; Yi, Y, 2013)	0.39
"To establish a sensitive and rapid liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the quantitative analysis of dehydrated puerarin in rat plasma, and its application for pharmacokinetic studies."	( LC-MS/MS method for the determination of a new puerarin derivative and its application in pharmacokinetic studies in rats. Gao, J; Liu, AC; Lou, HX; Xing, J; Zhao, LX, 2013)	0.39
"To analyse and compare the characteristics of the intestinal absorption of puerarin, baicalin, berberine and liquiritin in different combinations of Gegenqinlian decoction based on pharmacokinetic parameters, a sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method was applied for the quantification of four components in rat's plasma."	( [Analysis and comparison of intestinal absorption of components of Gegenqinlian decoction in different combinations based on pharmacokinetic parameters]. An, R; Gu, QQ; Wang, XH; Wang, Y; Yuan, J; Zhang, YZ, 2013)	0.39
" The validated method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic study of the seven components in female rat plasma after oral administration of Ge-Gen Decoction aqueous extract."	( Simultaneous determination of puerarin, daidzin, daidzein, paeoniflorin, albiflorin, liquiritin and liquiritigenin in rat plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study of Ge-Gen Decoction by a liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem m Chai, CZ; Huo, LX; Wang, DW; Wu, J; Xiao, HH; Yan, Y; Yu, BY; Zhu, DN, 2014)	0.4
" The validated LC-MS/MS method was further successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of AP and PUE in rats following intravenous and oral administration."	( Simultaneous determination of acetylpuerarin and puerarin in rat plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: Application to a pharmacokinetic study following intravenous and oral administration. Li, Q; Sun, C; Sun, D; Wu, J; Xue, A; Yu, J; Zhang, B, 2015)	0.42
" Pharmacokinetic studies on beagle dog showed that comparing to raw puerarin powder, both of the Cmax and AUC of puerarin nanocrystals were enhanced."	( The construction of puerarin nanocrystals and its pharmacokinetic and in vivo-in vitro correlation (IVIVC) studies on beagle dog. Feng, J; Hu, K; Tu, L; Wu, W; Yi, Y, 2015)	0.42
"To establish a HPLC method for simultaneously determining plasma concentrations of gastrodin (Gas) and its metabolites hydroxybenzyl alcohol (HBA), puerarin (Pur) and internal standard (IS) p-hydroxyphenylethanol (Tyr) in rats and studying the pharmacokinetic process and interactions of gastrodin and puerarin after single and combined intravenous injection and oral administration."	( [Pharmacokinetic study on combined application of gastrodin and puerarin in rats]. Jiang, L; Wang, YR; Xu, GL; Yan, XJ; Yu, LB; Zhang, QY, 2015)	0.42
" FQ-PCR assays of rabbits' vertebrobasilar arterial tissue were performed to determine the pharmacodynamic profiles of the four GGDs."	( Relevance of the Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Profiles of Puerariae lobatae Radix to Aggregation of Multi-Component Molecules in Aqueous Decoctions. Hu, J; Kan, Y; Pang, W; Su, B; Xie, J, 2016)	0.43
"In the present study, a simple, rapid and reliable ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated to determine simultaneously epalrestat (EPA) and puerarin (PUE) in rat plasma for evaluation of the pharmacokinetic interaction of these two drugs."	( Simultaneous determination of epalrestat and puerarin in rat plasma by UHPLC-MS/MS: Application to their pharmacokinetic interaction study. Bo, Y; Sun, H; Wu, X; Xiong, Z; Zhang, M; Zhao, L; Zhou, M, 2017)	0.46
" In the comparison of main pharmacokinetic parameters between two groups: AUC0-∞=(11."	( [Effect of puerarin in Longmaining formula on pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics correlation in rats with myocardial ischemia]. Dong, LJ; Liu, SY; Song, X; Wang, CL; Zhang, WJ, 2016)	0.43
" Furthermore, the method was successfully applied for pharmacokinetic study of these seven components in rat serum after oral administration of NDS."	( Validated LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of seven components of Naodesheng in rat serum after oral administration and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. Kang, J; Liang, S; Luo, L; Qi, Y; Zhao, W, 2019)	0.51
"2% to 112%, which demonstrated that the LC-MS/MS method could be used to evaluate the pharmacokinetic feature of the six compounds in rats after oral administration of DLT."	( A network pharmacology integrated pharmacokinetics strategy for uncovering pharmacological mechanism of compounds absorbed into the blood of Dan-Lou tablet on coronary heart disease. Chang, YX; Chen, S; Ding, M; Gao, XM; Li, J; Li, Y; Ma, W; Mao, H; Wang, H; Wang, Q; Wang, X; Wei, J; Yang, X; Yang, Y; Zou, S, 2019)	0.51
"The aim of this study was to confirm pharmacokinetic screening of multiple components in healthy Korean subjects after oral administration of Samso-eum and perform quantitation of active components in the human plasma."	( LC-MS/MS analysis of puerarin and 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid in human plasma after oral administration of Samso-eum and its application to pharmacokinetic study. Jeong, JH; Kim, BN; Lee, GY; Lee, SY; Park, SJ; Park, YC, 2020)	0.56
" The similar modes of action of puerarin and metformin in diabetic models suggest their positive pharmacodynamic interactions."	( Pharmacodynamic Interactions between Puerarin and Metformin in Type-2 Diabetic Rats. Dai, L; Gao, P; Li, Z; Mo, Y; Wang, S; Wang, X; Zhang, S; Zhao, D, 2022)	0.72

Compound-Compound Interactions

The aim of the present study was to investigate the inhibitive effects of puerarin combined with 5‑fluorouracil (5‑FU) on Eca‑109 esophageal cancer cells. The study investigated the pharmacokinetic behavior of pu. Puerarin is more effective for improving the renal function and remission of islet function than using avandia alone.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Anoter 62 cases in group C were administered with puerarin combined with avandia for 12 weeks."	( [Puerarin combined with avandia for diabetic nephropathy]. Ao, X; Hou, Q; Li, G; Zhang, Y, 2012)	0.38
" Puerarin combined with avandia is more effective for improving the renal function and remission of islet function than using avandia alone."	( [Puerarin combined with avandia for diabetic nephropathy]. Ao, X; Hou, Q; Li, G; Zhang, Y, 2012)	0.38
"To explore the effect of puerarin combined with felodipine on the mRNA and protein expression of apelin and APJ in renal tissue of renovascular hypertensive rat."	( [Effect of puerarin combined with felodipine on mRNA and protein expression of apelin and APJ in renovascular hypertensive rat]. Bai, S; Chen, L; Ding, BP; Huang, ZG; Wang, JT, 2013)	0.39
" The study investigated the pharmacokinetic behavior of puerarin-7-O-glucuronide (without enzymatic hydrolysis), puerarin and daidzin when total flavonoid from Gegen was administered in normal and blood stasis animals or in blood stasis animals alone or in combination with Sanqi."	( Pharmacokinetic comparisons of puerarin, daidzin and the glucuronide metabolite of puerarin after administration of total flavonoid from Gegen alone and total flavonoid from Gegen combined with total saponin from Sanqi in rats under different physiologica Gao, E; Liu, X; Liu, Z; Yu, Z; Zhao, X; Zhao, Y, 2013)	0.39
"In vivo and in vitro MTX absorption in rats were enhanced in combination with PUR."	( MDR1 and OAT1/OAT3 mediate the drug-drug interaction between puerarin and methotrexate. Huo, X; Liu, K; Liu, Q; Ma, X; Meng, Q; Peng, J; Sun, H; Sun, P; Wang, C, 2014)	0.4
" The aim of the present study was to investigate the inhibitive effects of puerarin combined with 5‑fluorouracil (5‑FU) on Eca‑109 esophageal cancer cells in vitro and in vivo."	( Synergistic effects of puerarin combined with 5-fluorouracil on esophageal cancer. Dong, WG; Guo, XF; Song, J; Wang, J; Yang, ZR; Zhang, JX, 2014)	0.4
" The present research was conducted to observe the clinical efficacy of puerarin combined with naloxone in the treatment of traumatic cerebral infarction (TCI)."	( Clinical efficacy and CT perfusion of puerarin combined with naloxone in the treatment of traumatic cerebral infarction. Houfa, N; Lubo, L; Sulin, N; Zhimei, D, 2020)	0.56
"In order to evaluate the effects of puerarin combined with poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA)/tricalcium phosphate (TCP)/puerarin on osteocalcin and sialoprotein of mandibular defects, the obtained rat jaw cells are analyzed."	( Effects of Puerarin Combined with PLGA/TCP/Puerarin on Osteocalcin and Sialoprotein of Mandibular Defects. Guo, Y; Li, C; Lv, X; Mi, N; Wang, H; Zhang, Q, 2022)	0.72
"The crude methanol extract of Pueraria lobata was investigated by dual high-resolution α-glucosidase inhibition and radical scavenging profiling combined with hyphenated HPLC-HRMS-SPE-NMR."	( Dual high-resolution α-glucosidase and radical scavenging profiling combined with HPLC-HRMS-SPE-NMR for identification of minor and major constituents directly from the crude extract of Pueraria lobata. Jäger, AK; Kongstad, KT; Liu, B; Nyberg, NT; Qinglei, S; Staerk, D, 2015)	0.42

Bioavailability

Puerarin reached a maximum concentration in the blood of 140-230 μg/L within 1h of oral dosing. Carbopol 980NF/HPMC E4M can be a viable alternative to conventional puerarin eye drops to enhance ocular bioavailability and patient compliance.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"To evaluate the bioavailability of puerarin from Pueraria lobata isoflavone self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDS) and Yufengningxin tablets, a rapid and specific liquid chromatography--mass spectrometric method was developed and validated to determine puerarin in rabbit serum."	( Study on the bioavailability of puerarin from Pueraria lobata isoflavone self-microemulsifying drug-delivery systems and tablets in rabbits by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Chen, D; Cui, S; He, Z; Tang, X; Zhao, C, 2005)	0.33
" In order to conduct clinical studies of Kudzu's efficacy, a method for measuring its bioavailability and pharmacokinetic profile is needed."	( Determination of puerarin in human plasma by high performance liquid chromatography. Lee, DY; Lukas, SE; Ma, Z; Tracy, M; Wu, Q, 2005)	0.33
" From these investigations, an optimized formulation was selected and its dissolution and bioavailability were compared with a tablet formulation in beagle dogs."	( Self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDS) for improving in vitro dissolution and oral absorption of Pueraria lobata isoflavone. Chen, D; Cui, S; He, Z; Zhao, C, 2005)	0.33
" A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry procedure was used to investigate the metabolism and bioavailability of puerarin and daidzin."	( Contrasting effects of puerarin and daidzin on glucose homeostasis in mice. Barnes, S; Jones, K; Meezan, E; Meezan, EM; Moore, R; Prasain, JK, 2005)	0.33
"To evaluate the bioavailability of puerarin sustained release tablet (SR-Tab."	( Quantitative determination of puerarin in dog plasma by HPLC and study on the relative bioavailability of sustained release tablets. Cui, J; Jing, Q; Ma, H; Ren, F; Shen, Y, 2006)	0.33
" But its poor oral bioavailability restricts its clinical application."	( Pharmacokinetic, tissue distribution, and excretion of puerarin and puerarin-phospholipid complex in rats. Chan, AS; Chen, SL; Li, Y; Pan, WS; Xu, HX; Yang, DJ, 2006)	0.33
" These results demonstrate that the Carbopol 980NF/HPMC E4M can be a viable alternative to conventional puerarin eye drops to enhance ocular bioavailability and patient compliance."	( Preparation and evaluation of a Carbopol/HPMC-based in situ gelling ophthalmic system for puerarin. Chen, W; Hou, S; Huang, C; Li, W; Qi, H; Su, C; Wu, C, 2007)	0.34
" It appears that ocular bioavailability can be increased more readily by using the in situ gelling and mucoadhesive vehicle."	( Development of a poloxamer analogs/carbopol-based in situ gelling and mucoadhesive ophthalmic delivery system for puerarin. Chen, C; Chen, W; Huang, C; Li, L; Li, W; Qi, H; Wu, C, 2007)	0.34
" The bioavailability of puerarin was compared using the pharmacokinetic parameters, peak plasma concentration (C(max)), time to reach peak plasma concentration (T(max)), and total area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC(0-infinity))."	( Formulation development and pharmacokinetics of puerarin self-emulsifying drug delivery systems. Dong-Qin, Q; Gui-Xia, X; Xiang-Gen, W, )	0.13
"5%) was selected and its absolute bioavailability in beagle dogs after oral administration was about 24."	( Studies on preparation and absolute bioavailability of a self-emulsifying system containing puerarin. Quan, DQ; Wu, XG; Xu, GX, 2007)	0.34
" The bioavailability was compared using the pharmacokinetic parameters, peak plasma concentration (C(max)), time to reach peak plasma concentration (T(max)) and total area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC(0-t))."	( Formulation optimization of self-emulsifying preparations of puerarin through self-emulsifying performances evaluation in vitro and pharmacokinetic studies in vivo. Quan, DQ; Xu, GX, 2007)	0.34
"The main purpose of this study was to prepare puerarin microemulsion system to improve oral bioavailability of puerarin."	( Enhanced oral bioavailability of puerarin using microemulsion vehicle. Lu, C; Min, Z; Wu, H; Zhang, Y; Zhou, A, 2009)	0.35
" Meanwhile, the combination also promoted the absorption rate and the bioavailability, prolonged the action time and the accumulation time of hydrochlorothiazide in vivo."	( [Pharmacokinetics of puerarin and hydrochlorothiazide from maijunan tablets in rats]. Chen, Y; Du, P; Han, FM; Zhang, X, 2009)	0.35
"802 mg/ml showed about the same bioavailability (AUC(0-t)) in tear fluid as that of the puerarin eye drops."	( Preparation and evaluation of a contact lens vehicle for puerarin delivery. Li, X; Sun, F; Xu, J, 2010)	0.36
"The main objective of the study was to investigate the efficacy of microemulsion (ME) to facilitate bioavailability of puerarin (PUE) after oral and nasal administration."	( Formulation optimization and bioavailability after oral and nasal administration in rabbits of puerarin-loaded microemulsion. Cao, F; Cui, J; Gao, Y; Wang, H; Wang, J; Yu, A; Zhai, G, 2011)	0.37
" The systemic bioavailability of oral puerarin co-administered with lipid was only 16% in the lymph duct-cannulated rats compared with 40% in the controls."	( Examination of lymphatic transport of puerarin in unconscious lymph duct-cannulated rats after administration in microemulsion drug delivery systems. Lu, C; Wang, L; Wu, H; Zhou, A, 2011)	0.37
"Puerarin has various pharmacological effects; however, poor water-solubility and low oral bioavailability limit its clinical utility."	( Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and relative bioavailability of puerarin solid lipid nanoparticles following oral administration. Chen, MS; Huang, BY; Liu, SM; Liu, XW; Luo, CF; Xiong, W; Yuan, M; Zhu, L, 2011)	0.37
" However, the low oral bioavailability of puerarin limits its further application."	( Anti-oxidative and TNF-α suppressive activities of puerarin derivative (4AC) in RAW264.7 cells and collagen-induced arthritic rats. Bauer, R; Dong, X; He, X; Li, J; Liu, C; Lu, A; Niu, X; Xiao, C; Yang, D; Zhong, G, 2011)	0.37
" Complex formation resulted in an obvious increase in bioavailability of puerarin after topical administration to rabbit according to the above LC-MS/MS assay method."	( Determination of puerarin in rabbit aqueous humor by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry using microdialysis sampling after topical administration of puerarin PAMAM dendrimer complex. Mu, HJ; Shao, YF; Sun, KX; Wang, WY; Yao, C, 2011)	0.37
"To estabolish a quantitative analysis method for pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of Puerarin self-microemulsion in Beagle dogs."	( [Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of Puerarin self-microemulsion in Beagle dogs]. Chen, XX; Li, G; Liang, YY; Long, CF; Xie, CS; Yuan, S; Zhou, X, 2011)	0.37
" The bioavailability of Puerarin self-microemulsion relative to Puerarin suspension were 354."	( [Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of Puerarin self-microemulsion in Beagle dogs]. Chen, XX; Li, G; Liang, YY; Long, CF; Xie, CS; Yuan, S; Zhou, X, 2011)	0.37
"Puerarin self-microemulsion can significantly improve the bioavailability in Beagle dogs."	( [Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of Puerarin self-microemulsion in Beagle dogs]. Chen, XX; Li, G; Liang, YY; Long, CF; Xie, CS; Yuan, S; Zhou, X, 2011)	0.37
" The pharmacokinetic parameters and bioavailability were calculated with Kinetica software."	( [Study on pharmacokinetics of puerarin in rats following different methods of administration of Tongqiao Sanyu prescription]. Chen, X; Du, S; Li, P; Lu, Y; Song, X; Wang, S; Zhao, X, 2011)	0.37
" The absolute bioavailability of puerarin was 47."	( [Study on pharmacokinetics of puerarin in rats following different methods of administration of Tongqiao Sanyu prescription]. Chen, X; Du, S; Li, P; Lu, Y; Song, X; Wang, S; Zhao, X, 2011)	0.37
"The bioavailability of nasal administration is higher than oral administration significantly, this result can provide some scientific foundantion for the method of administration and the reform of dosage form of Tongqiao Sanyu prescription."	( [Study on pharmacokinetics of puerarin in rats following different methods of administration of Tongqiao Sanyu prescription]. Chen, X; Du, S; Li, P; Lu, Y; Song, X; Wang, S; Zhao, X, 2011)	0.37
" Herein, we investigated the possibility of PAMAM dendrimers for promoting the solubility and oral bioavailability of puerarin."	( Polyamidomine dendrimers: an excellent drug carrier for improving the solubility and bioavailability of puerarin. Chou, X; Gu, L; He, H; Jiao, F; Ma, X; Qi, X; Wen, X; Wu, Zh; Zhang, M, )	0.13
"The present study aims to develop self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDS) in sustained-release pellets of puerarin to enhance the oral bioavailability of puerarin."	( Characterization and evaluation of self-microemulsifying sustained-release pellet formulation of puerarin for oral delivery. Shen, Q; Wang, R; Wu, J; Zhang, Y, 2012)	0.38
"An efficient and solvent-free procedure was developed to improve the solubility and bioavailability of the poorly water-soluble drug puerarin by mechanochemical technology."	( Improvement in solubility and bioavailability of puerarin by mechanochemical preparation. Shi, X; Su, W; Wang, P; Xie, J; Yang, F; Zhu, X, 2013)	0.39
"Puerarin (P), an isoflavone derived from kudzu roots, has strong biological activities, but its bioavailability is often limited by its low water solubility."	( Enzymatic synthesis of puerarin glucosides using Leuconostoc dextransucrase. Jeong, HJ; Kim, D; Kim, JH; Kim, JS; Kim, YM; Ko, JA; Lee, WS; Park, SJ; Park, TS; Ryu, YB, 2012)	0.38
" The relative oral bioavailability of Pur in combined administration was 10."	( Simultaneous determination of gastrodin and puerarin in rat plasma by HPLC and the application to their interaction on pharmacokinetics. Dai, J; Du, Q; Huang, Z; Jiang, L; Lin, J; Wang, Y, 2013)	0.39
" In nanoemulsion, nanosuspension and oil suspension group, the systemic bioavailability of oral puerarin was 11%, 16% and 11% for lymph-cannulated rats, 41%, 67% and 18% for control rats."	( Lymphatic transport of puerarin occurs after oral administration of different lipid-based formulations to unconscious lymph duct-cannulated rats. Lu, C; Lu, T; Wan, M; Wang, L; Wu, H; Zhou, A, 2014)	0.4
"6-fold of that of raw puerarin suspension, with an absolute bioavailability of 21."	( Effects of particle size on the pharmacokinetics of puerarin nanocrystals and microcrystals after oral administration to rat. Feng, J; Hu, F; Hu, K; Tu, L; Wu, W; Yi, Y, 2013)	0.39
"The purpose of the present work was to determine the mechanisms by which microemulsions (MEs) enhance the oral bioavailability of puerarin."	( Mechanisms of microemulsion enhancing the oral bioavailability of puerarin: comparison between oil-in-water and water-in-oil microemulsions using the single-pass intestinal perfusion method and a chylomicron flow blocking approach. Hu, XB; Liao, DH; Liu, XY; Tang, TT; Xiang, DX, 2013)	0.39
"The aim of this research was to increase the oral bioavailability of puerarin by N-trimethyl chitosan-modified microemulsions (TMC-MEs) loaded with puerarin."	( N-trimethyl chitosan (TMC)-modified microemulsions for improved oral bioavailability of puerarin: preparation and evaluation. Dai, W; Han, M; Kang, R; Liao, D; Liu, X; Ou, G; Tang, T; Xiang, D; Yang, S; Zhang, K, 2015)	0.42
" When buspirone was orally administered in rats with the 10 mg/kg intravenous puerarin coadministration, both total area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to time infinity and the extent of absolute oral bioavailability were significantly increased."	( In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the effect of puerarin on hepatic cytochrome p450-mediated drug metabolism. Cho, HJ; Cho, SJ; Chong, S; Chung, SJ; Kim, DD; Kim, KS; Kim, SB; Kim, YS; Yoon, IS, 2014)	0.4
" The absorption rate constant (K(a)) of puerarin increased gradually until the concentration reached 160 µg · mL(-1), after which its absorption became saturated and the apparent permeability (P(app)) values significantly decreased."	( Transport properties of puerarin and effect of extract of Radix Angelicae dahuricae on puerarin intestinal absorption using in situ and in vitro models. Cao, YC; Guan, YM; Liang, XL; Liao, ZG; Zhao, GW; Zhao, LJ; Zhu, JY, 2014)	0.4
" In conclusion, core-shell type pH-sensitive mucoadhesive microparticles loaded with puerarin could enhance puerarin bioavailability and have the potential to alleviate ethanol-mediated gastric ulcers."	( Mucoadhesive microparticles for gastroretentive delivery: preparation, biodistribution and targeting evaluation. Cui, YL; Gao, LN; Hou, JY; Meng, FY, 2014)	0.4
" From the above results, we can conclude that nanocrystal technique is an efficient technology to improve the oral bioavailability of puerarin."	( The construction of puerarin nanocrystals and its pharmacokinetic and in vivo-in vitro correlation (IVIVC) studies on beagle dog. Feng, J; Hu, K; Tu, L; Wu, W; Yi, Y, 2015)	0.42
" Specifically, the relative bioavailability of the combined oral ad-inistration of Pur was 10."	( [Pharmacokinetic study on combined application of gastrodin and puerarin in rats]. Jiang, L; Wang, YR; Xu, GL; Yan, XJ; Yu, LB; Zhang, QY, 2015)	0.42
" The results suggested the potential of S-SMEDDS could improve the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drug, such as puerarin."	( Preparation and In Vitro/In Vivo Evaluation of Puerarin Solid Self-Microemulsifying Drug Delivery System by Spherical Crystallization Technique. Cheng, G; Gao, S; Gui, Y; Hu, R; Li, X; Tang, J; Wang, B; Ye, L, 2016)	0.43
"Concurrent oral administration of (+)-catechin and puerarin significantly increased the absolute oral bioavailability of puerarin, but decreasing that of (+)-catechin."	( Absorptive interactions of concurrent oral administration of (+)-catechin and puerarin in rats and the underlying mechanisms. Fu, Y; Gong, T; Lin, Q; Su, HF; Sun, X; Wang, XY; Zhang, ZR, 2016)	0.43
" Simply increasing the dose does not effectively increase bioavailability and might lead to toxicity and side effects."	( Recent Advances in Methods of Puerarin Biotransformation. Liu, G; Liu, Z; Yuan, S, 2016)	0.43
"RGD modified and PEGylated solid lipid nanoparticles loaded with puerarin (RGD/PEG-PUE-SLN) were developed to improve bioavailability of PUE, to prolong retention time in vivo and to enhance its protective effect on acute myocardial ischemia model."	( RGD modified and PEGylated lipid nanoparticles loaded with puerarin: Formulation, characterization and protective effects on acute myocardial ischemia model. Dong, Z; Du, Y; Guo, J; Lu, Q; Xing, X; Zhang, X, 2017)	0.46
" We found that the absorption rate constant(Ka) and the apparent coefficient(Papp) of puerarin had no significant difference between GG-CSL and FFLMN groups, but significantly higher in GG and GG-CX groups(P<0."	( [Effect of compound Longmaining decoction with different combinations on intestinal absorption of puerarin]. Bai, XH; Liu, SY; Song, X; Wang, CL; Wang, J, 2017)	0.46
" However, there is little information on the oral bioavailability and tissue distribution of puerarin with respect to its pharmacodynamic activities."	( Absolute oral bioavailability and disposition kinetics of puerarin in female rats. Anukunwithaya, T; Hunsakunachai, N; Khemawoot, P; Malaivijitnond, S; Poo, P; Rodsiri, R, 2018)	0.48
"Puerarin reached a maximum concentration in the blood of 140-230 μg/L within 1 h of oral dosing, and had an absolute oral bioavailability of approximately 7%."	( Absolute oral bioavailability and disposition kinetics of puerarin in female rats. Anukunwithaya, T; Hunsakunachai, N; Khemawoot, P; Malaivijitnond, S; Poo, P; Rodsiri, R, 2018)	0.48
"The absolute oral bioavailability of puerarin was approximately 7% at doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg."	( Absolute oral bioavailability and disposition kinetics of puerarin in female rats. Anukunwithaya, T; Hunsakunachai, N; Khemawoot, P; Malaivijitnond, S; Poo, P; Rodsiri, R, 2018)	0.48
"To study the bioavailability of pueraria flavonoids bio-adhesive and floating pellets, the absorption of puerarin was studied using Caco-2 cell monolayer by liquid chromatography (HPLC) method, comparing the P(app) of pueraria flavonoids bio-adhesive and floating pellets with different bio-adhesive materials."	( [Bioavailability in vivo and in vitro transepithelial transport across Caco-2 cell monolayer of pueraria flavonoids bio-adhesive and floating pellets]. He, YL; Li, Y; Song, YQ; Zhu, CY, 2016)	0.43
" Rat single-pass intestinal perfusion model was established, and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to detect the concentration of puerarin in rat intestinal perfusion solution, assay the absorption rate constant (Ka) and the intestinal apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) of NSSPE in duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon, which were compared with those of raw material, nanocrystal and normal emulsion, respectively."	( [Intestinal absorption of puerarin nanocrystalline self-stabilizing pickering emulsion in rats]. Li, QQ; Wang, F; Wang, S; Yi, T; Zhang, JF, 2018)	0.48
" In vivo, the oral absolute bioavailability of sCT in CS-sCT/PR-NPs was 12."	( Enhancement of oral bioavailability of salmon calcitonin through chitosan-modified, dual drug-loaded nanoparticles. Gao, JQ; Liu, L; Lou, Y; Lu, XY; Miao, J; Wu, JY; Yang, H, 2019)	0.51
" However, the poor solubility and low bioavailability of puerarin has restricted its application in the pharmaceutical industry."	( Colon-specific microspheres loaded with puerarin reduce tumorigenesis and metastasis in colitis-associated colorectal cancer. Cui, YL; Deng, XQ; Wang, GF; Wang, QS; Xu, D; Zhang, HB; Zhang, WY, 2019)	0.51
"Recent work has highlighted the potential of puerarin (PU) as a valuable compound to treat Parkinson's disease (PD), but its undesirable water solubility and bioavailability have constrained its utility."	( Nanoparticles Mediating the Sustained Puerarin Release Facilitate Improved Brain Delivery to Treat Parkinson's Disease. Chen, T; Chen, X; Fang, S; Li, D; Liu, W; Wang, Q; Wu, Z; Xiong, S, 2019)	0.51
" However,its low oral bioavailability has limited its clinical application."	( [Pharmaceutics research advances in oral administration of puerarin]. Li, WD; Wu, WT; Zhu, WF; Zou, B, 2019)	0.51
" In this study, a novel puerarin nanoemulsion (nanoPue) was developed to improve the solubility and bioavailability of puerarin."	( Nano-puerarin regulates tumor microenvironment and facilitates chemo- and immunotherapy in murine triple negative breast cancer model. An, S; Guan, K; Hu, M; Huang, L; Li, J; Li, L; Liu, M; Wang, M; Xu, H; Zhang, J, 2020)	0.56
" In our previous studies, we proved that the bioavailability of puerarin increased as particle sizes of nanocrystals decreased; however, we have not optimized the best process parameters for nanocrystals."	( Fabrication of Fine Puerarin Nanocrystals by Box-Behnken Design to Enhance Intestinal Absorption. Cheng, M; Feng, J; Jin, Y; Liu, J; Liu, W; Tu, L; Yuan, F, 2020)	0.56
"Enzymatic glycosylation is an efficient way to increase the water solubility and the bioavailability of flavonoids."	( One-pot bi-enzymatic cascade synthesis of puerarin polyfructosides. Amaya-Delgado, L; Arrizon, J; Gschaedler, A; Hernández, L; Morel, S; Musacchio, A; Núñez-López, G; Remaud-Simeon, M, 2020)	0.56
" Nevertheless, the bioavailability of pristine PUE is limited due to its poor solubility and low intestinal permeability."	( Enhancing the Physiochemical Properties of Puerarin via L-Proline Co-Crystallization: Synthesis, Characterization, and Dissolution Studies of Two Phases of Pharmaceutical Co-Crystals. Hu, X; Inam, M; Liu, L; Phan, CU; Shen, J; Tang, G; Wang, JW; Yu, KX; Zhang, WH, 2021)	0.62
"A drug nanocrystals self-stabilized Pickering emulsion (NSSPE) with a unique composition and microstructure has been proven to significantly increase the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs."	( A Novel Solid Nanocrystals Self-Stabilized Pickering Emulsion Prepared by Spray-Drying with Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin as Carriers. Wang, J; Wang, Y; Yi, T; Zhang, J, 2021)	0.62
"Acylation has become one of the most widely used methods to improve the lipid solubility and bioavailability of flavonoids."	( Evaluation of the digestion and transport profiles and potential immunocompetence of puerarin and its acylated derivatives. He, N; Li, XF; Ma, JJ; Mo, L; Xiao, XL; Yu, YG; Zhao, GL, 2021)	0.62
"To improve the bioavailability of puerarin in liver, the optimized preparation method of puerarin-PLGA nanoparticles (Pue-PLGA-nps) and the effect of Pue-PLGA-nps on alcoholism mice were studied."	( Puerarin Loaded PLGA Nanoparticles: Optimization Processes of Preparation and Anti-alcohol Intoxication Effects in Mice. Chen, K; Han, Q; Liu, X; Luo, X; Su, C, 2021)	0.62
" PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The low water solubility and poor bioavailability of PUE and DAI limit their application."	( Interactions between puerarin/daidzein and micellar casein. Qin, J; Wa, W; Wang, Y; Yang, M, 2022)	0.72
" In eleven articles, the bioavailability of puerarin was discussed."	( Puerarin: A review of its mechanisms of action and clinical studies in ophthalmology. Guo, B; Li, KW; Ma, YQ; Meng, F; Niu, FJ, 2022)	0.72
" HPLC results showed that PUE-NP reached its peak in mice after 1 h, and the content percentage was twice that of puerarin preparation alone, and the distribution time of puerarin concentration in vivo was prolonged, indicating that PLGA nanoparticles had a loading and slow-release effect on puerarin and increased the bioavailability of puerarin in mice."	( Changes in the content of Puerarin-PLGA nanoparticles in mice under the influence of alcohol and analysis of their antialcoholism. Gu, L; Han, Q; Kuang, Y; Qiang, S; You, Y; Zhao, M, )	0.13
"01) and had a relative bioavailability of 122%."	( [Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and tissue distribution of oral co-loaded puerarin/daidzein mixed micelles in rats]. Ge, SC; Guo, ZL; Kuang, WL; Li, WD; Liu, P; Wang, SD; Wu, WT; Zhou, ZW; Zhu, WF, 2023)	0.91

Dosage Studied

The solubility and release rate of puerarin are increased by the formation of inclusion complex with HP-beta-CD. The aim of this review is to provide literature basis for the development of new dosage forms and new technologies.

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" Puerarin at the effective dosage to lower higher plasma glucose increased plasma beta-endorphin-like immunoreactivity (BER) in STZ-diabetic rats."	( Mediation of beta-endorphin by the isoflavone puerarin to lower plasma glucose in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Chen, WC; Cheng, JT; Hayakawa, S; Liu, IM; Su, HC; Yamamoto, T, 2004)	0.32
"Puerarin Injection can ameliorate the hemorheology in acute blood-stasis model rats, and it has a dose-response relationship."	( [Experimental study of puerarin injection on the hemorheology in acute blood-stasis model rats]. Huang, KW; Huang, ZQ; Li, LL; Pan, HP; Yang, JZ; Yi, F, 2003)	0.32
" The method was applied to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters and the time course of puerarin in rat cortex, following a single dosage of intravenous administration of flavonoids from Puerariae radix at 32 mg/kg of puerarin to male Wistar rats."	( Determination of puerarin in rat cortex by high-performance liquid chromatography after intravenous administration of Puerariae flavonoids. Du, L; Wang, D; Wang, W; Xing, D; Yan, B; Zhang, L, 2006)	0.33
" Three times a day dosing is recommended as accumulation will not occur, and plasma levels remain at levels that are biologically active, even 8 hours after the last steady-state dose."	( Pharmacokinetic profile of the isoflavone puerarin after acute and repeated administration of a novel kudzu extract to human volunteers. Lee, DY; Lukas, SE; Ma, Z; Penetar, DM; Teter, CJ; Tracy, M, )	0.13
" The steady-flow J of high, middle and low dosage groups of puerarin eye drops with borneol were increased by 49%, 32%, 5% respectively, and permeability parameter Kp increased by 49%, 32%, 5% respectively, as compared to that of the control group."	( Promoting effect of borneol on the permeability of puerarin eye drops and timolol maleate eye drops through the cornea in vitro. Guo, P; Hou, SX; Huang, QW; Qi, HY; Wu, CJ, 2006)	0.33
" The influence of different dosage on relevant indexes were measured through cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model rat covered by Fecl3, and cerebral ischemia-reperfusion model rat after 2VO."	( [Protective effects of 3'-methoxy-puerarin on rat brain suffering from ischemia]. Cao, CY; Cui, HF; Du, GY; Liu, S; Xiong, YL; Zhang, YB; Zhao, Y, 2008)	0.35
"To prepare a novel floating micropellets containing hydroxy propyl-beta-oyclodextrin(puerarin-HP-beta-CD) for gastroretentive dosage form and evaluate its pharmaceutical characteristics in vitro."	( [Preparation and in vitro evaluation of gastroretentive dosage form containing puerarin-HP-beta-CD inclusion complex]. Cui, JH; Miao, WJ; Qian, Y; Xia, Q, 2008)	0.35
"The solubility and release rate of puerarin are increased by the formation of inclusion complex with HP-beta-CD and its gastroretentive dosage forms displayed satisfied floating and sustained release characteristics."	( [Preparation and in vitro evaluation of gastroretentive dosage form containing puerarin-HP-beta-CD inclusion complex]. Cui, JH; Miao, WJ; Qian, Y; Xia, Q, 2008)	0.35
"Compared with model control group, high and middle dosage of puerarin can decreased ADRP gene mRNA expression in fatty tissue obviously, FBG, IR level in each puerarin group and FINS in high and middle dosage puerarin groups decreased obviously."	( [Effects of puerarin on ADRP gene expression in fatty tissue of type 2 diabetes mellitus rats]. Liu, GL; Nian, H; Sun, W; Xu, QL; Zheng, XZ, 2008)	0.35
"After oral administration of low, middle, high dose of simulative Maijunan tablets to SD rats and puerarin, hydrochlorothiazide at middle dosage to SD rats separately, plasma samples were collected at different times and treated with acetonitrile to precipitate protein."	( [Pharmacokinetics of puerarin and hydrochlorothiazide from maijunan tablets in rats]. Chen, Y; Du, P; Han, FM; Zhang, X, 2009)	0.35
" SD rats were operated for lymph duct cannulation and were orally dosed with 3ml puerarin microemulsion (0."	( Examination of lymphatic transport of puerarin in unconscious lymph duct-cannulated rats after administration in microemulsion drug delivery systems. Lu, C; Wang, L; Wu, H; Zhou, A, 2011)	0.37
"The bioavailability of nasal administration is higher than oral administration significantly, this result can provide some scientific foundantion for the method of administration and the reform of dosage form of Tongqiao Sanyu prescription."	( [Study on pharmacokinetics of puerarin in rats following different methods of administration of Tongqiao Sanyu prescription]. Chen, X; Du, S; Li, P; Lu, Y; Song, X; Wang, S; Zhao, X, 2011)	0.37
"Used the ratio of dosage liquid and extraction time as the examination factor,the content of puerarin for the extraction percentage as the index."	( [Optimal extraction of puerarin from Pueraria lobata based on central composite design and response surface methodology]. Luo, XM; Sun, XY; Zhang, YL; Zhang, ZW, 2012)	0.38
" These changes could enhance drug efficacy, but could also make drug accumulation to increase adverse effects, so it was suggested that the dosage should be adjusted or the drug concentration in plasma should be monitored if glibenclamide and puerarin were co-administered."	( Determination of glibenclamide and puerarin in rat plasma by UPLC-MS/MS: application to their pharmacokinetic interaction study. Deng, Y; Li, F; Li, N; Qiao, Y; Wang, D, 2013)	0.39
" Nowadays, nanocrystals technique has become a preferred way to develop oral dosage form."	( Effects of particle size on the pharmacokinetics of puerarin nanocrystals and microcrystals after oral administration to rat. Feng, J; Hu, F; Hu, K; Tu, L; Wu, W; Yi, Y, 2013)	0.39
" The development of oral formulation is urgently needed and nanocrystal technique has become a preferred way to develop oral dosage form, nowadays."	( The construction of puerarin nanocrystals and its pharmacokinetic and in vivo-in vitro correlation (IVIVC) studies on beagle dog. Feng, J; Hu, K; Tu, L; Wu, W; Yi, Y, 2015)	0.42
" Puerarin at each dosage significantly eliminated elevations of ICAM-1 and TNF-α levels in model rats (p<0."	( Effect of Puerarin on Expression of ICAM-1 and TNF-α in Kidneys of Diabetic Rats. Pan, X; Pu, Y; Wang, H; Wang, J; Yao, J, 2015)	0.42
" In this study, puerarin significantly prolonged ventricular action potential duration (APD) with a dosage dependent manner in the micromolar range on isolated rat ventricular myocytes."	( The Effects of Puerarin on Rat Ventricular Myocytes and the Potential Mechanism. Gu, Y; He, L; Huang, Q; Jiang, H; Ke, X; Liang, S; Ma, L; Wang, Q; Xiao, Y; Xu, H; Ye, L; Zhang, H; Zhang, L; Zhao, M, 2016)	0.43
" The aim of this review is to provide literature basis for the development of new dosage forms and new technologies for multivariate compound drug delivery system to improve the bioavailability of oral puerarin,and to propose ways to improve the bioavailability of BCS Ⅳ drugs derived from traditional Chinese medicine by fully enlarging the synergistic effect of multi-components or reasonably using the inhibitory effect between components."	( [Pharmaceutics research advances in oral administration of puerarin]. Li, WD; Wu, WT; Zhu, WF; Zou, B, 2019)	0.51
" Moreover, puerarin dosed at ZT10 generated stronger pharmacological effects than drug dosed at ZT22 consistent with diurnally rhythmic expression of Rev-erbα (a high expression at ZT10 and a low expression at ZT22)."	( Chronopharmacological targeting of Rev-erbα by puerarin alleviates hyperhomocysteinemia in mice. Chen, M; Wu, B; Xu, H; Zhang, T; Zhou, C, 2020)	0.56
" Therefore, the development of oral dosage is urgently needed."	( Fabrication of Fine Puerarin Nanocrystals by Box-Behnken Design to Enhance Intestinal Absorption. Cheng, M; Feng, J; Jin, Y; Liu, J; Liu, W; Tu, L; Yuan, F, 2020)	0.56
" The type 2 diabetic rats were established by a combination of small dosage of streptozotocin (STZ) injection with high-fat diet."	( Puerarin suppresses the hepatic gluconeogenesis via activation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in diabetic rats and HepG Cai, M; Chen, Q; Han, X; Hao, L; Liu, Y; Qiu, Y, 2021)	0.62

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Role	Description
plant metabolite	Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in plants, the kingdom that include flowering plants, conifers and other gymnosperms.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
isoflavonoid	Any 1-benzopyran with an aryl substituent at position 3. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.
C-glycosyl compound	A glycosyl compound arising formally from the elimination of water from a glycosidic hydroxy group and an H atom bound to a carbon atom, thus creating a C-C bond.
C-glycosyl compound	A glycosyl compound arising formally from the elimination of water from a glycosidic hydroxy group and an H atom bound to a carbon atom, thus creating a C-C bond.
hydroxyisoflavone	Member of the class of isoflavones bearing at least one hydroxy group.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Chain A, TYROSYL-DNA PHOSPHODIESTERASE	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	1.0000	0.0040	23.8416	100.0000	AID485290
Chain A, HADH2 protein	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	31.6228	0.0251	20.2376	39.8107	AID893
Chain B, HADH2 protein	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	31.6228	0.0251	20.2376	39.8107	AID893
Chain A, 2-oxoglutarate Oxygenase	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	28.1838	0.1778	14.3909	39.8107	AID2147
Chain A, Ferritin light chain	Equus caballus (horse)	Potency	35.4813	5.6234	17.2929	31.6228	AID485281
aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	31.6228	0.0112	12.4002	100.0000	AID1030
15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase [NAD(+)] isoform 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	25.1189	0.0018	15.6638	39.8107	AID894
thioredoxin reductase	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	31.6228	0.1000	20.8793	79.4328	AID588456
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Carbonic anhydrase 12	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.5150	0.0002	1.1043	9.9000	AID1254159
Carbonic anhydrase 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	10.0000	0.0000	1.3726	10.0000	AID1254155
Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	10.0000	0.0000	0.7236	9.9200	AID1254156
Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	10.0000	0.0002	1.9720	9.9200	AID1254157
Carbonic anhydrase 7	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.4526	0.0002	1.3737	9.9000	AID1254158
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
estrous cycle	Carbonic anhydrase 12	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride ion homeostasis	Carbonic anhydrase 12	Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic process	Carbonic anhydrase 12	Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic process	Carbonic anhydrase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
morphogenesis of an epithelium	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cellular pH reduction	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
angiotensin-activated signaling pathway	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of monoatomic anion transport	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
secretion	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of intracellular pH	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron cellular homeostasis	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of dipeptide transmembrane transport	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of chloride transport	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
carbon dioxide transport	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic process	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
bicarbonate transport	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic process	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic	Carbonic anhydrase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cellular pH reduction	Carbonic anhydrase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron cellular homeostasis	Carbonic anhydrase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of chloride transport	Carbonic anhydrase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of intracellular pH	Carbonic anhydrase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic process	Carbonic anhydrase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
zinc ion binding	Carbonic anhydrase 12	Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 12	Homo sapiens (human)
arylesterase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Carbonic anhydrase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Carbonic anhydrase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
hydro-lyase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cyanamide hydratase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
arylesterase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
cyanamide hydratase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Carbonic anhydrase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 12	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 12	Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 12	Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 12	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 12	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Carbonic anhydrase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosome	Carbonic anhydrase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
myelin sheath	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
apical part of cell	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosome	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
apical part of cell	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
rough endoplasmic reticulum	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatus	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
trans-Golgi network	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
external side of plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
transport vesicle membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
secretory granule membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
brush border membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasm	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosome	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Carbonic anhydrase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Carbonic anhydrase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID1347083	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347082	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347086	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1794808	Fluorescence-based screening to identify small molecule inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum apicoplast DNA polymerase (Pf-apPOL).	2014	Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 19, Issue:6	A High-Throughput Assay to Identify Inhibitors of the Apicoplast DNA Polymerase from Plasmodium falciparum.
AID1794808	Fluorescence-based screening to identify small molecule inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum apicoplast DNA polymerase (Pf-apPOL).
AID1745845	Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID504810	Antagonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign	2010	Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7	A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID651635	Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID504812	Inverse Agonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign	2010	Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7	A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID1447213	Inhibition of alpha glucosidase (unknown origin) using alpha PNPG as substrate at 0.0625 mg/mL preincubated for 15 mins followed by substrate addition measured after 15 mins relative to control	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-01, Volume: 27, Issue:9	Constituents with potent α-glucosidase inhibitory activity from Pueraria lobata (Willd.) ohwi.
AID493896	Glucose uptake enhancing activity in insulin-stimulated mouse 3T3L1 cells at 10 uM after 4 days by FLIPR based 2-DG uptake assay relative to control	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-01, Volume: 20, Issue:15	Glucose uptake enhancing activity of puerarin and the role of C-glucoside suggested from activity of related compounds.
AID355943	Antihyperglycemic effect in STZ- induced diabetic Wistar rat model assessed as reduction in plasma glucose level at 20 mg/kg, iv measured after 30 mins	2003	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 66, Issue:6	Antihyperglycemic effect of puerarin in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
AID1447212	Inhibition of alpha glucosidase (unknown origin) using alpha PNPG as substrate at 0.125 mg/mL preincubated for 15 mins followed by substrate addition measured after 15 mins relative to control	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-01, Volume: 27, Issue:9	Constituents with potent α-glucosidase inhibitory activity from Pueraria lobata (Willd.) ohwi.
AID1447211	Inhibition of alpha glucosidase (unknown origin) using alpha PNPG as substrate at 0.25 mg/mL preincubated for 15 mins followed by substrate addition measured after 15 mins relative to control	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-01, Volume: 27, Issue:9	Constituents with potent α-glucosidase inhibitory activity from Pueraria lobata (Willd.) ohwi.
AID355936	Antihyperglycemic activity against STZ- induced diabetic Wistar rat soleus muscle assessed as 2-[1-14C]-deoxy-D-glucose uptake at 0.01 umol/L after 30 mins relative to control	2003	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 66, Issue:6	Antihyperglycemic effect of puerarin in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
AID1317004	Hepatoprotective activity against N-acetyl-p-aminophenol-induced cell injury in human HepG2 cells assessed as cell survival at 10 uM after 48 hrs by MTT assay (Rvb = 39.87%)	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-01, Volume: 26, Issue:21	Six new compounds from Atractylodes lancea and their hepatoprotective activities.
AID355940	Induction of GLUT4 protein level in STZ- induced diabetic Wistar rat soleus muscle at 15 mg/kg, iv tid every 8 hrs for 3 days by Western blot relative to vehicle treated normal rat	2003	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 66, Issue:6	Antihyperglycemic effect of puerarin in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
AID772994	Relative antioxidant activity assessed as resorcinol equivalents of hydroperoxyl scavenging activity at acidic pH by BR oscillating reaction method	2013	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 68	Chemopreventive and antioxidant activity of 6-substituted imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles.
AID355939	Induction of GLUT4 mRNA level in STZ- induced diabetic Wistar rat soleus muscle at 15 mg/kg, iv tid every 8 hrs for 3 days by Northern blot relative to beta-actin expression	2003	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 66, Issue:6	Antihyperglycemic effect of puerarin in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
AID355937	Antihyperglycemic effect in STZ- induced diabetic Wistar rat model assessed as decrease in plasma glucose level at 15 mg/kg, iv measured after 15 mins of glucose challenge by intravenous glucose challenge test	2003	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 66, Issue:6	Antihyperglycemic effect of puerarin in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
AID355938	Antihyperglycemic activity against STZ- induced diabetic Wistar rat soleus muscle assessed as 2-[1-14C]-deoxy-D-glucose uptake at 100 umol/L after 30 mins relative to control	2003	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 66, Issue:6	Antihyperglycemic effect of puerarin in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
AID1254156	Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 2 preincubated for 15 mins at room temperature/6 hrs at 4 deg C by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 23, Issue:22	New natural product carbonic anhydrase inhibitors incorporating phenol moieties.
AID1204997	Antioxidant activity of the compound assessed as inhibition of ABTS radicals after 20 mins by spectrophotometric analysis	2015	Journal of natural products, Feb-27, Volume: 78, Issue:2	Dual high-resolution α-glucosidase and radical scavenging profiling combined with HPLC-HRMS-SPE-NMR for identification of minor and major constituents directly from the crude extract of Pueraria lobata.
AID355941	Antihyperglycemic effect in STZ- induced diabetic Wistar rat model assessed as decrease in plasma glucose level at 15 mg/kg, iv tid every 8 hrs for 3 days	2003	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 66, Issue:6	Antihyperglycemic effect of puerarin in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
AID1254155	Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 1 preincubated for 15 mins at room temperature/6 hrs at 4 deg C by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 23, Issue:22	New natural product carbonic anhydrase inhibitors incorporating phenol moieties.
AID355933	Antihyperglycemic effect in iv dosed STZ- induced diabetic Wistar rat model assessed as reduction in plasma glucose level measured after 30 mins	2003	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 66, Issue:6	Antihyperglycemic effect of puerarin in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
AID402365	Activity at human estrogen receptor expressed in transgenic Arabidopsis plant at >100 ug/mL by pER8-GFP reporter assay	2005	Journal of natural products, Jul, Volume: 68, Issue:7	The transgenic Arabidopsis plant system, pER8-GFP, as a powerful tool in searching for natural product estrogen-agonists/antagonists.
AID1254157	Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 4 preincubated for 15 mins at room temperature/6 hrs at 4 deg C by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 23, Issue:22	New natural product carbonic anhydrase inhibitors incorporating phenol moieties.
AID1254158	Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 7 preincubated for 15 mins at room temperature/6 hrs at 4 deg C by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 23, Issue:22	New natural product carbonic anhydrase inhibitors incorporating phenol moieties.
AID355942	Antihyperglycemic effect in STZ- induced diabetic Wistar rat model assessed as reduction in plasma glucose level at 15 mg/kg, iv measured after 30 mins by intravenous glucose challenge test	2003	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 66, Issue:6	Antihyperglycemic effect of puerarin in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
AID355934	Antihyperglycemic effect in STZ- induced diabetic Wistar rat model assessed as reduction in plasma glucose level at 15 mg/kg, iv measured after 30 mins	2003	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 66, Issue:6	Antihyperglycemic effect of puerarin in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
AID1447210	Inhibition of alpha glucosidase (unknown origin) using alpha PNPG as substrate at 0.5 mg/mL preincubated for 15 mins followed by substrate addition measured after 15 mins relative to control	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-01, Volume: 27, Issue:9	Constituents with potent α-glucosidase inhibitory activity from Pueraria lobata (Willd.) ohwi.
AID1204996	Inhibition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae alpha-glucosidase type 1 assessed as 4-nitrophenol cleavage product by high-resolution biochromatogram	2015	Journal of natural products, Feb-27, Volume: 78, Issue:2	Dual high-resolution α-glucosidase and radical scavenging profiling combined with HPLC-HRMS-SPE-NMR for identification of minor and major constituents directly from the crude extract of Pueraria lobata.
AID355931	Antihyperglycemic activity against STZ- induced diabetic Wistar rat soleus muscle assessed as 2-[1-14C]-deoxy-D-glucose uptake after 30 mins	2003	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 66, Issue:6	Antihyperglycemic effect of puerarin in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
AID1447219	Inhibition of alpha glucosidase (unknown origin) using alpha PNPG as substrate preincubated for 15 mins followed by substrate addition measured after 15 mins	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-01, Volume: 27, Issue:9	Constituents with potent α-glucosidase inhibitory activity from Pueraria lobata (Willd.) ohwi.
AID355932	Induction of beta-tubulin level in STZ- induced diabetic Wistar rat soleus muscle at 15 mg/kg, iv tid every 8 hrs for 3 days by Western blot relative to beta-actin expression	2003	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 66, Issue:6	Antihyperglycemic effect of puerarin in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
AID355935	Antihyperglycemic effect in STZ- induced diabetic Wistar rat model assessed as decrease in plasma glucose level at 15 mg/kg, iv measured after 5 mins of glucose challenge by intravenous glucose challenge test	2003	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 66, Issue:6	Antihyperglycemic effect of puerarin in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
AID1254159	Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 12 preincubated for 15 mins at room temperature/6 hrs at 4 deg C by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 23, Issue:22	New natural product carbonic anhydrase inhibitors incorporating phenol moieties.
AID1347411	qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Mechanism Interrogation Plate v5.0 (MIPE) Libary	2020	ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7	High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	19 (1.71)	18.7374
1990's	41 (3.69)	18.2507
2000's	264 (23.78)	29.6817
2010's	570 (51.35)	24.3611
2020's	216 (19.46)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	33 (2.94%)	5.53%
Trials	0 (0.00%)	5.53%
Reviews	34 (3.03%)	6.00%
Reviews	0 (0.00%)	6.00%
Case Studies	2 (0.18%)	4.05%
Case Studies	0 (0.00%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	1,054 (93.86%)	84.16%
Other	14 (100.00%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Effect of Puerarin Supplementation on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Men: a Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, 2-way Crossover Trial [NCT03676296]	Phase 2	217 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-09-05	Completed
The Effect of Qingkailing Injection on Corticosteroids Withdrawal Rate in Patients With Active Rheumatoid Arthritis [NCT02264301]		150 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2014-08-31	Enrolling by invitation
The Effect of Puerarin Injection on Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis, a Controlled and Randomized Trial [NCT02254655]	Phase 2	119 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-11-30	Completed
Alkontrol-herbal (Isoflavone) Effects on Alcohol Drinking in an Outpatient Setting [NCT03099590]	Phase 2	28 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-01-01	Completed
Puerarin (NPI-031G) Effects on Alcohol Drinking - A Natural Settings Study [NCT00854724]	Phase 2	16 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-02-28	Completed
The Effect of Puerarin Tablets in Treating Metabolism Syndrome in Patients With Chronic Rheumatic Diseases [NCT02219191]		150 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2014-08-31	Active, not recruiting
Evaluation of Esthetic Satisfaction and Bone Augmentation Quality Using Purabone Added to β-tricalcium Phosphate Versus β-tricalcium Phosphate Alone in Secondry Alveolar Cleft Grafting . Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial [NCT03016793]	Phase 2	20 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-01-31	Not yet recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial	Outcome
NCT00854724 (1) [back to overview]	Amount of Alcohol Consumed

Intervention	Number of drinks consumed (Mean)
Placebo, Then Puerarin	3.46
Puerarin, Then Placebo	2.36

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
dinitrochlorobenzene Dinitrochlorobenzene: A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds.. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : A C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene carrying a nitro substituent at each of the 2- and 4-positions.	2.17	1	0	C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes	allergen; epitope; sensitiser
phosphoserine Phosphoserine: The phosphoric acid ester of serine.	2.15	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; O-phosphoamino acid; serine derivative	human metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	2.11	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
4-hydroxybenzaldehyde [no description available]	2.05	1	0	hydroxybenzaldehyde	EC 1.14.17.1 (dopamine beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	7.07	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.	2.41	2	0	aldehyde	carcinogenic agent; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; electron acceptor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; oxidising agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; teratogenic agent
adenine [no description available]	2.86	3	0	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	2.1	1	0	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
choline [no description available]	7.31	1	0	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
coumarin 2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative	2.1	1	0	coumarins	fluorescent dye; human metabolite; plant metabolite
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	7.03	1	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
2-keto-4-methylthiobutyric acid 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid derived from L-methionine via the action of methionine transaminase.	2.05	1	0	omega-(methylthio)-2-oxocarboxylic acid
n(g),n(g')-dimethyl-l-arginine N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine	2.03	1	0	alpha-amino acid
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.	1.99	1	0	catechols; dihydroxyphenylacetic acid	human metabolite
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	7.78	3	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	2.06	1	0	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
malonic acid malonic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group.. dicarboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups.	2.01	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	human metabolite
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	2.94	4	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.	7.13	1	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom	epitope; micronutrient
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	2.57	2	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	2.46	2	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	2.03	1	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
palmitic acid Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.	2.17	1	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
phenol [no description available]	2.05	1	0	phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
propylene glycol Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.	2.13	1	0	glycol; propane-1,2-diols	allergen; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
spermine [no description available]	2.07	1	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
succinic acid Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	2.6	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	anti-ulcer drug; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical; radiation protective agent
sulfuric acid sulfuric acid : A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom.	2.05	1	0	sulfur oxoacid	catalyst
uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.	3.25	1	0	uric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	2.08	1	0	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
menthol Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.	3.07	4	0	p-menthane monoterpenoid; secondary alcohol	volatile oil component
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.	8.34	6	0	methylpyridines; phenylpyridine; tetrahydropyridine	neurotoxin
2,4-dinitrophenol 2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.	1.98	1	0	dinitrophenol	allergen; antiseptic drug; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; geroprotector; oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
3-nitropropionic acid 3-nitropropionic acid: succinate dehydrogenase inactivator; biosynthesized by FABACEAE plants from ASPARAGINE. 3-nitropropanoic acid : A C-nitro compound that is propanoic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a nitro group.	7.5	2	0	C-nitro compound	antimycobacterial drug; EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; mycotoxin; neurotoxin
4-aminopyridine [no description available]	2.02	1	0	aminopyridine; aromatic amine	avicide; orphan drug; potassium channel blocker
5-hydroxydecanoate 5-hydroxydecanoic acid: Potassium Channel Blocker; RN refers to parent cpd	7.43	2	0	medium-chain fatty acid
hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.	1.99	1	0	indole-3-acetic acids	drug metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane): water-soluble free-radical initiator	2.05	1	0	monoazo compound
acetazolamide Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)	2.05	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles	anticonvulsant; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
amlodipine Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.	7.15	1	0	dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
antipyrine Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.	2.48	2	0	pyrazolone	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	3.78	2	1	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
atenolol Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.	2.11	1	0	ethanolamines; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; sympatholytic agent; xenobiotic
benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.	7.41	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	carcinogenic agent; mouse metabolite
berberine [no description available]	5.03	12	0	alkaloid antibiotic; berberine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite; potassium channel blocker
bisbenzimidazole Bisbenzimidazole: A benzimidazole antifilarial agent; it is fluorescent when it binds to certain nucleotides in DNA, thus providing a tool for the study of DNA replication; it also interferes with mitosis.	2.07	1	0	bibenzimidazole; N-methylpiperazine	anthelminthic drug; fluorochrome
buspirone Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.	2.1	1	0	azaspiro compound; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organic heteropolycyclic compound; piperidones; pyrimidines	anxiolytic drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; sedative; serotonergic agonist
busulfan [no description available]	7.82	2	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; insect sterilant; teratogenic agent
caffeine [no description available]	2.45	2	0	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	7.45	2	0	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
cetyltrimethylammonium ion Cetrimonium: Cetyltrimethylammonium compound whose salts and derivatives are used primarily as topical antiseptics.. cetyltrimethylammonium ion : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are one hexadecyl and three methyl groups.	2.03	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
chelerythrine chelerythrine : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae.	2.03	1	0	benzophenanthridine alkaloid; organic cation	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
citalopram Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.	2.15	1	0	2-benzofurans; cyclic ether; nitrile; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound
cycloleucine Cycloleucine: An amino acid formed by cyclization of leucine. It has cytostatic, immunosuppressive and antineoplastic activities.. 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is cyclopentane substituted at position 1 by amino and carboxy groups.	2	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	EC 2.5.1.6 (methionine adenosyltransferase) inhibitor
disulfiram [no description available]	1.98	1	0	organic disulfide; organosulfur acaricide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; fungicide; NF-kappaB inhibitor
p-chloroamphetamine p-Chloroamphetamine: Chlorinated analog of AMPHETAMINE. Potent neurotoxin that causes release and eventually depletion of serotonin in the CNS. It is used as a research tool.	7.01	1	0
enoxacin Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.	2.05	1	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; amino acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
felodipine Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.	2.49	2	0	dichlorobenzene; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
flunitrazepam Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.	6.99	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; C-nitro compound; monofluorobenzenes	anxiolytic drug; GABAA receptor agonist; sedative
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	3.08	4	0	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	7.31	1	0
glyburide Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.	2.08	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	anti-arrhythmia drug; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
guanidine Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.	7.41	1	0	carboxamidine; guanidines; one-carbon compound
hydrochlorothiazide Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	7.46	2	0	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	2.83	3	0	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
2-propanol 2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.	2.03	1	0	secondary alcohol; secondary fatty alcohol	protic solvent
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	3.56	8	0	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
kynurenic acid Kynurenic Acid: A broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist used as a research tool.. kynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-4.	1.99	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	G-protein-coupled receptor agonist; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lavendustin a lavendustin A: from Streptomyces griseolavendus; structure given in first source	2	1	0	aromatic amine
lavendustin b [no description available]	2	1	0
losartan Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position	7.59	2	0	biphenylyltetrazole; imidazoles	angiotensin receptor antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source	3	4	0	chromones; morpholines; organochlorine compound	autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
edaravone [no description available]	2.48	2	0	pyrazolone	antioxidant; radical scavenger
mecamylamine Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.	7.01	1	0	primary aliphatic amine
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.	4.72	4	1	guanidines	environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
metoprolol Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.	1.98	1	0	nitroglycerol	explosive; muscle relaxant; nitric oxide donor; prodrug; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
oxidopamine Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).	2.81	3	0	benzenetriol; catecholamine; primary amino compound	drug metabolite; human metabolite; neurotoxin
papaverine Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.	1.97	1	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; dimethoxybenzene; isoquinolines	antispasmodic drug; vasodilator agent
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	2.03	1	0	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	2.69	3	0	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
tetraethylammonium Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)	2.02	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
thiram Thiram: A dithiocarbamate chemical, used commercially in the rubber processing industry and as a fungicide. In vivo studies indicate that it inactivates the enzyme GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE. It has mutagenic activity and may induce chromosomal aberrations.. thiram : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamic acid. It is widely used as a fungicidal seed treatment.	7.25	1	0	organic disulfide	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug
ticlopidine Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.	2.11	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; hematologic agent; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
corticosterone [no description available]	2.21	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
estriol hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone. chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl.	2.01	1	0	16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid	estrogen; human metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
hydroxyproline Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.	2.48	2	0	4-hydroxyproline; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
androsterone [no description available]	2.05	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid; C19-steroid	androgen; anticonvulsant; human blood serum metabolite; human metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; pheromone
pilocarpine Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.	7.1	1	0	pilocarpine	antiglaucoma drug
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	3.6	8	0	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	8.04	4	0	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.	3.7	1	1	17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	xenoestrogen
apomorphine Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.	2.08	1	0	aporphine alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic drug; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; emetic; serotonergic drug
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	2.61	2	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.	3.42	7	0	D-galactose; galactopyranose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	2.02	1	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	2.73	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
phlorhizin [no description available]	2.02	1	0	aryl beta-D-glucoside; dihydrochalcones; monosaccharide derivative	antioxidant; plant metabolite
adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.	2.41	1	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
aniline [no description available]	2.03	1	0	anilines; primary arylamine
dimethylnitrosamine Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.	2.08	1	0	nitrosamine	geroprotector; mutagen
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	7.52	2	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
mannitol [no description available]	2.01	1	0	mannitol	allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent
valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.	2.1	1	0	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	7.31	1	0	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	2.03	1	0	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
ethylene Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges	2.05	1	0	alkene; gas molecular entity	plant hormone; refrigerant
acetonitrile acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.	2.02	1	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
tert-butylhydroperoxide tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.	2.48	2	0	alkyl hydroperoxide	antibacterial agent; oxidising agent
acrylamide [no description available]	2.07	1	0	acrylamides; N-acylammonia; primary carboxamide	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; Maillard reaction product; mutagen; neurotoxin
tetrabromobisphenol a tetrabromobisphenol A: a brominated flame retardant. 3,3',5,5'-tetrabromobisphenol A : A bromobisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups and the phenyl rings are substituted by bromo groups at positions 2, 2', 6 and 6'. It is a brominated flame retardant.	7.11	1	0	brominated flame retardant; bromobisphenol
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	2.31	1	0	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
rotenone Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.	2.52	2	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; phytogenic insecticide; piscicide; toxin
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source	3.06	4	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.	1.99	1	0	mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene
alpha-chlorohydrin alpha-Chlorohydrin: A chlorinated PROPANEDIOL with antifertility activity in males used as a chemosterilant in rodents.. 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol : A chloropropane-1,2-diol that is propane-1,2-diol substituted by a chloro group at position 3.	2.31	1	0	chloropropane-1,2-diol
methyl acrylate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	enoate ester
4-butyrolactone 4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.03	1	0	butan-4-olide	metabolite; neurotoxin
ethylene dimethacrylate ethylene glycol dimethacrylate : The enoate ester that is the 1,2-bis(methacryloyl) derivative of ethylene glycol.	2.07	1	0	enoate ester	allergen; cross-linking reagent; polymerisation monomer
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.	2.25	1	0	5-oxoproline; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	algal metabolite
acrolein [no description available]	2	1	0	enal	herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; toxin
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	2.63	2	0	pyrrole; secondary amine
tetrahydrofuran oxolane : A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen.	2.21	1	0	cyclic ether; oxolanes; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; volatile organic compound	polar aprotic solvent
octylamine octylamine: RN given refers to 1-octylamine. octan-1-amine : An 8-carbon primary aliphatic amine.	7.04	1	0	primary aliphatic amine	metabolite
phenformin Phenformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). phenformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of lactic acidosis.	7.07	1	0	biguanides	antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent
n-methylpyrrolidine N-methylpyrrolidine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0
protocatechualdehyde protocatechualdehyde: found in wheat grains, wheat seedlings, & other plants; RN given refers to parent cpd; see also rancinamycins; structure	1.99	1	0	dihydroxybenzaldehyde
cupric acetate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	8.93	3	0	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
cyclopentane Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.	2.74	3	0	cycloalkane; cyclopentanes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
thiazoles [no description available]	2.06	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	4.78	9	0	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
triphenyltetrazolium triphenyltetrazolium: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium : An organic cation that is tetrazole carrying three phenyl substituents at positions 2, 3 and 5.	2.04	1	0	organic cation
monocrotaline Monocrotaline: A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment.	7.41	1	0	pyrrolizidine alkaloid
cyproterone acetate [no description available]	3.7	1	1	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; chlorinated steroid; steroid ester	androgen antagonist; geroprotector; progestin
imperatorin imperatorin: tumor necrosis factor antagonist; furanocoumarin from West African medicinal plant Clausena anisata; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #3005. imperatorin : A member of the class of psoralens that is psoralen substituted by a prenyloxy group at position 8. Isolated from Angelica dahurica and Angelica koreana, it acts as a acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.	2.52	2	0	psoralens	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; metabolite
kainic acid Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.	1.99	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid	antinematodal drug; excitatory amino acid agonist
thiazolidines Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.	2.15	1	0	thiazolidine
hesperidin Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.47	2	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; flavanone glycoside; monomethoxyflavanone; rutinoside	mutagen
flavone flavone: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure given in first source. flavone : The simplest member of the class of flavones that consists of 4H-chromen-4-one bearing a phenyl substituent at position 2.	8.31	1	0	flavones	metabolite; nematicide
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	4.75	28	0	dialdehyde	biomarker
paeonol paeonol: structure	2.04	1	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols	metabolite
glycidol glycidol: structure given in first source	7.31	1	0	epoxide; primary alcohol
3-hydroxyflavone 3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.	2.1	1	0	flavonols; monohydroxyflavone
diphenylamine Diphenylamine: In humans it may be irritating to mucous membranes. Methemoglobinemia has been produced experimentally. In veterinary use, it is one of active ingredients in topical agents for prevention and treatment of screwworm infestation. An indicator in tests for nitrate poisoning.. diphenylamine : An aromatic amine containing two phenyl substituents. It has been used as a fungicide for the treatment of superficial scald in apples and pears, but is no longer approved for this purpose within the European Union.	2.54	2	0	aromatic amine; bridged diphenyl fungicide; secondary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical; antioxidant; carotogenesis inhibitor; EC 1.3.99.29 [phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming)] inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
tetramethylpyrazine tetramethylpyrazine: found in Ligusticum chuanxiong. tetramethylpyrazine : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine in which all four hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups. An alkaloid extracted from Chuanxiong (Ligusticum wallichii).	4.78	9	0	alkaloid; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
sodium hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.03	1	0	alkali metal hydroxide
glycyrrhizic acid glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.	8.59	8	0	enone; glucosiduronic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; tricarboxylic acid; triterpenoid saponin	EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; plant metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	2.05	1	0	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.	2.15	1	0	fluorescein isothiocyanate
palmatine burasaine: structure in first source	2.07	1	0	berberine alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound	plant metabolite
fructosamine Fructosamine: An amino sugar formed when glucose non-enzymatically reacts with the N-terminal amino group of proteins. The fructose moiety is derived from glucose by the classical Amadori rearrangement.	2.43	2	0
n-methylaspartate N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.	2.44	2	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; D-alpha-amino acid; D-aspartic acid derivative; secondary amino compound	neurotransmitter agent
enbucrilate Enbucrilate: A tissue adhesive that is applied as a monomer to moist tissue and polymerizes to form a bond. It is slowly biodegradable and used in all kinds of surgery, including dental.	2.08	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; nitrile
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	2.44	2	0	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
platinum Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.	2.25	1	0	elemental platinum; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	2.53	2	0	titanium group element atom
cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.	4.16	12	0	cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom
acetylglucosamine Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine : An N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.	2.07	1	0	N-acetyl-D-glucosamine	epitope
tricalcium phosphate tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.	2.55	2	0	calcium phosphate
calcium sulfate Calcium Sulfate: A calcium salt that is used for a variety of purposes including: building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient. It exists in various forms and states of hydration. Plaster of Paris is a mixture of powdered and heat-treated gypsum.	1.99	1	0	calcium salt; inorganic calcium salt
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	2.06	1	0	dihydrogen
nickel sulfate nickel sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni(2+)-H2SO4. nickel sulfate : A metal sulfate having nickel(2+) as the metal ion.	2.13	1	0	metal sulfate	allergen
galactose aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.	2	1	0
ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.	7.07	1	0	elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer
lead nitrate lead nitrate: RN given refers to unspecified lead nitrate	2.1	1	0	inorganic nitrate salt; lead coordination entity
daunorubicin Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.	7.15	1	0	aminoglycoside antibiotic; anthracycline; p-quinones; tetracenequinones	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	2.43	2	0	benzenes; phenyl acetates
pregnanolone Pregnanolone: A pregnane found in the urine of pregnant women and sows. It has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one : The 3alpha-stereoisomer of 3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one.	7.17	1	0	3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid	human metabolite; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.	2.03	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; adenyl ribonucleotide; organobromine compound	antidepressant; protein kinase agonist
calcium oxalate Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi.. calcium oxalate : The calcium salt of oxalic acid, which in excess in the urine may lead to formation of oxalate calculi (kidney stones).	7.41	1	0	organic calcium salt
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	3.67	9	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
timolol (S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.	7.03	1	0	timolol	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	7.61	2	0	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
substance p [no description available]	7.21	1	0	peptide	neurokinin-1 receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
ribavirin Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename	2.05	1	0	1-ribosyltriazole; aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
diltiazem Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.	2.03	1	0	5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.	8.16	5	0	pyridinium ion	apoptosis inducer; herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; neurotoxin
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.	2.77	3	0	alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
fluridone [no description available]	2.07	1	0	phenylpyridine	carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor
dihydroalprenolol Dihydroalprenolol: Hydrogenated alprenolol derivative where the extra hydrogens are often tritiated. This radiolabeled form of ALPRENOLOL, a beta-adrenergic blocker, is used to label the beta-adrenergic receptor for isolation and study.	1.96	1	0
captopril Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.	2.08	1	0	alkanethiol; L-proline derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
simvastatin Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.	2.05	1	0	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; statin (semi-synthetic)	EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; prodrug
mifepristone Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.	2.25	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	abortifacient; contraceptive drug; hormone antagonist; synthetic oral contraceptive
clopidogrel Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.	7.11	1	0	methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
valsartan Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.	2.1	1	0	biphenylyltetrazole; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
tirofiban Tirofiban: Tyrosine analog and PLATELET GLYCOPROTEIN GPIIB-IIIA COMPLEX antagonist that inhibits PLATELET AGGREGATION and is used in the treatment of ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. tirofiban : A member of the class of piperidines that is L-tyrosine in which a hydrogen attached to the amino group is replaced by a butylsulfonyl group and in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 4-(piperidin-4-yl)butyl group.	7.17	1	0	L-tyrosine derivative; piperidines; sulfonamide	anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; platelet glycoprotein-IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	2.6	1	0	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	6.51	32	0	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
anisodamine anisodamine: alkaloid isolated from Chinese solanacea plant	3.39	1	1
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	2.06	1	0	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
baicalin [no description available]	4.02	13	0	dihydroxyflavone; glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative	antiatherosclerotic agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite; prodrug
telmisartan Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.	2.41	1	0	benzimidazoles; biphenyls; carboxybiphenyl	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
isoimperatorin isoimperatorin: tumor necrosis factor antagonist isolated from Glehniae root. isoimperatorin : A member of the class of psoralens that is psoralen substituted by a prenyloxy group at position 5. Isolated from Angelica dahurica and Angelica koreana, it acts as a acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.	2.1	1	0	psoralens	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; metabolite
schizandrol b schizandrol B: from Schizandra chinensis, plant used as tonic in traditional Chinese medicine	2.25	1	0	tannin
magnolol [no description available]	2.04	1	0	biphenyls
honokiol [no description available]	2.04	1	0	biphenyls
coptisine coptisine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.1	1	0	alkaloid	metabolite
jatrorrhizine jatrorrhizine: isolated from bark of Enantia chlorantha (Annonaceae); structure given in first source	2.07	1	0	alkaloid
nodakenin nodakenin: RN given for (R)-isomer; has anti-inflammatory properties	2.25	1	0	furanocoumarin
gliclazide 18alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid: a gap junction inhibitor	2.25	1	0
bilobalide [no description available]	2.1	1	0	sesquiterpene lactone
oxazolidin-2-one Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.	2.06	1	0	carbamate ester; oxazolidinone	metabolite
triphenylmethylphosphonium triphenylmethylphosphonium: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.31	1	0
rosiglitazone [no description available]	3.83	2	1	aminopyridine; thiazolidinediones	EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; insulin-sensitizing drug
loganin [no description available]	2.25	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; cyclopentapyran; enoate ester; iridoid monoterpenoid; methyl ester; monosaccharide derivative; secondary alcohol	anti-inflammatory agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.23.46 (memapsin 2) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
equol Equol: A non-steroidal ESTROGEN generated when soybean products are metabolized by certain bacteria in the intestines.	2.98	4	0	hydroxyisoflavans
gamma-tocopherol gamma-Tocopherol: A natural tocopherol with less antioxidant activity than ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL. It exhibits antioxidant activity by virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus. As in BETA-TOCOPHEROL, it also has three methyl groups on the 6-chromanol nucleus but at different sites.. gamma-tocopherol : A tocopherol in which the chroman-6-ol core is substituted by methyl groups at positions 7 and 8. It is found particularly in maize (corn) oil and soya bean (soybean) oils.	2.05	1	0	tocopherol; vitamin E	algal metabolite; food antioxidant; plant metabolite
glucuronic acid Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.	2.1	1	0	D-glucuronic acid	algal metabolite
1,2-distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine 1,2-distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 1,2-distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine : A phosphatidylethanolamine in which the phosphatidyl acyl group at C-1 and C-2 is stearoyl.	2.15	1	0	phosphatidylethanolamine zwitterion; phosphatidylethanolamine	human metabolite
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	2.17	1	0	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
fulvestrant Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.	2.49	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist
1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane 1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane: RN given refers to (cis)-isomer	2	1	0
paxilline paxilline: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2R-(2alpha,4bbeta,6aalpha,12bbeta,12calpha,14abeta))-isomer. paxilline : An indole diterpene alkaloid with formula C27H33NO4 isolated from Penicillium paxilli. It is a potent inhibitor of large conductance Ca2(+)- and voltage-activated K(+) (BK)-type channels.	2.45	2	0	diterpene alkaloid; enone; organic heterohexacyclic compound; terpenoid indole alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	anticonvulsant; Aspergillus metabolite; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; genotoxin; geroprotector; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; potassium channel blocker
deoxypyridinoline deoxypyridinoline: structure given in first source	2.07	1	0
cyproterone acetate, ethinyl estradiol drug combination [no description available]	3.7	1	1
geniposide [no description available]	2.04	1	0	terpene glycoside
daidzin daidzin: a potent, selective, and reversible inhibitor of human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase. daidzein 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is daidzein attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. It is used in the treatment of alcohol dependency (antidipsotropic).	7.65	45	1	7-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside; hydroxyisoflavone; monosaccharide derivative	plant metabolite
schizandrin b schizandrin B: a phytogenic antineoplastic agent with anti-inflammatory activity; isolated from Schisandra plant	2.55	2	0
liquiritigenin liquiritigenin: structure given in first source; isolated from Pterocarpus marsupium. 4',7-dihydroxyflavanone : A dihydroxyflavanone in which the two hydroxy substituents are located at positions 4' and 7.. liquiritigenin : A dihydroxyflavanone compound having the two hydroxy substituents at the 4'- and 7-positions. Isolated from the root of Glycyrrhizae uralensis, it is a selective agonist for oestrogen receptor beta.	7.55	2	0	4',7-dihydroxyflavanone	hormone agonist; plant metabolite
tanshinone tanshinone: from root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge; RN given refers to tanshinone I; cardioprotective agent and neuroprotective agent	5.09	8	1	abietane diterpenoid	anticoronaviral agent
gastrodin gastrodin: the glucoside of 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (gastrodigenin); isolated from Gastrodia elata Blume;	4.36	5	0	glycoside
mannopine mannopine: mannityl opine analog; RN given refers to (S)-isomer. mannopine : A hexitol derivative that is D-mannitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is replaced by the alpha-amino group of L-glutamine. It is produced in crown gall tumours induced in a wide range of dicotyledenous plants by Agrobacterium tumefaciens.	2.01	1	0	amino acid opine; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; hexitol derivative; L-glutamine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; secondary amino compound	plant metabolite
agropine agropine: RN given refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
pyroglutamyl-histidyl-glycine pyroglutamyl-histidyl-glycine: anorexigenic peptide isolated from urine of patients with anorexia nervosa & from urine of fasted rats & mice	2.25	1	0
peroxynitrous acid Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).	3.14	5	0	nitrogen oxoacid
angiotensin ii, des-phe(8)- Ile(5)-angiotensin II (1-7) : An angiotensin compound consisting of the linear heptapeptide sequence L-Asp-L-Arg-L-Val-L-Tyr-L-Ile-L-His-L-Pro.	2.08	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin	vasodilator agent
n,n-dimethylarginine N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative having two methyl groups both attached to the primary amino moiety of the guanidino group.	2.03	1	0	dimethylarginine; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
octacalcium phosphate octacalcium phosphate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ca4-(H3PO4)3; see also record for synthos (beta-tricalcium phosphate) & calcium phosphate	2.07	1	0
methotrexate [no description available]	2.53	2	0	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
omega-n-methylarginine omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.	2.31	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; arginine derivative; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	7.31	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
schizandrin a schizandrin A: the major lignan, 2-9%, of Schisandra plant; has hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and antineoplastic activities	2.1	1	0
spinosin spinosin: isolated from seeds of Ziziph spinosa; structure given in first source. spinosin : A flavone C-glycoside that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 4', a methoxy group at position 7 and a 2-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 6 via a C-glycosidic linkage.	2.13	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; flavone C-glycoside; monomethoxyflavone	anxiolytic drug; plant metabolite
cryptotanshinone cryptotanshinone: from Salvia miltiorrhiza	2.21	1	0	abietane diterpenoid	anticoronaviral agent
cyc 202 seliciclib : 2,6-Diaminopurine carrying benzylamino, (2R)-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl and isopropyl substituents at C-6, C-2-N and N-9 respectively. It is an experimental drug candidate in the family of pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors.	2.11	1	0	2,6-diaminopurines	antiviral drug; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
sweroside [no description available]	2.04	1	0	glycoside
mirestrol miroestrol: from tuberous roots of P. candollei var. mirifica; structure in first source	2.17	1	0	organic heterotricyclic compound; organooxygen compound
2-hydroxyhemopyrroline-5-one 2-hydroxyhemopyrroline-5-one: structure	2.25	1	0
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	4.87	7	1	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
lignin Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.	7.6	1	0
dihydrodaidzein dihydrodaidzein: structure in first source. dihydrodaidzein : A hydroxyisoflavanone that is isoflavanone carrying two hydroxy substituents located at positions 4' and 7.	2.02	1	0	hydroxyisoflavanone	metabolite
scutellarin scutellarin: see scutellarein for aglycone. scutellarin : The glycosyloxyflavone which is the 7-O-glucuronide of scutellarein.	3.66	2	0	glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; proteasome inhibitor
deoxycholic acid Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.	2.05	1	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human blood serum metabolite
3-nitrotyrosine 3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	2.03	1	0	2-nitrophenols; C-nitro compound; nitrotyrosine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
benzofurans Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.	3.01	4	0
wortmannin [no description available]	3.03	4	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; delta-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Penicillium metabolite; radiosensitizing agent
glycogen glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.	2.02	1	0
3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid: from S. miltiorhiza Bge; dilates coronary artery; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	3.13	5	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; catechols
casein hydrolysate casein hydrolysate: an ingredient of trypticase soy broth; casitone is a tryptic digest of casein	7.03	1	0
taxifolin (+)-taxifolin : A taxifolin that has (2R,3R)-configuration.	2.07	1	0	taxifolin	metabolite
nitroarginine Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6). N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group.	2.11	1	0	guanidines; L-arginine derivative; N-nitro compound; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
ginsenoside re [no description available]	2.11	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; disaccharide derivative; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; nephroprotective agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
ginsenoside rg1 [no description available]	9.1	4	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	neuroprotective agent; pro-angiogenic agent
notoginsenoside r1 notoginsenoside R1 : A ginsenoside found in Panax notoginseng that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 6alpha, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy groups at positions 6 and 20 have been converted to the corresponding beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside and beta-D-glucopyranoside respectively, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	2.8	3	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; disaccharide derivative; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; neuroprotective agent; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
decursin decursin: activates protein kinase C; isolated from the root of Angelica gigas; RN given for (S)-isomer; structure in first source	2.25	1	0	coumarins
naringin [no description available]	2.04	1	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; neohesperidoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
lignans Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	2.79	3	0
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	4.07	14	0	cyclodextrin
e-z cinnamic acid cinnamic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acrylic acid bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position. It is found in Cinnamomum cassia.. trans-cinnamic acid : The E (trans) isomer of cinnamic acid	2	1	0	cinnamic acid	plant metabolite
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	2.53	2	0	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA : An alpha,omega dicarboxyacyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with one of the carboxy groups of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid.. (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA : A 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA where the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl component has (S)-configuration.	2.04	1	0	3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA; 3-hydroxy fatty acyl-CoA	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	7.25	1	0	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.	2.47	2	0	octadec-9-enoic acid	antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent
ferulic acid ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.	7.96	4	0	ferulic acids	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
thapsigargin Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.	2.15	1	0	butyrate ester; organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	calcium channel blocker; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate: RN given refers to (E,E,E)-isomer. geranylgeranyl diphosphate : A polyprenol diphosphate having geranylgeranyl as the polyprenyl component.. 2-trans,6-trans,10-trans-geranylgeranyl diphosphate : The all-trans-isomer of geranylgeranyl diphosphate.	2.17	1	0	geranylgeranyl diphosphate	mouse metabolite
iridoids Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).	2.97	4	0
schizandrin schizandrin: a dibenzocyclooctadiene lignan; schizandra is the plant name	2.25	1	0
likviriton liquiritin: isoalted from Glycyrrhizae radix. liquiritin : A flavanone glycoside that is liquiritigenin attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4' via a glycosidic linkage.	3.32	6	0	beta-D-glucoside; flavanone glycoside; monohydroxyflavanone; monosaccharide derivative	anti-inflammatory agent; anticoronaviral agent; plant metabolite
ammonium acetate ammonium acetate : An ammonium salt obtained by reaction of ammonia with acetic acid. A deliquescent white crystalline solid, it has a relatively low melting point (114degreeC) for a salt. Used as a food acidity regulator, although no longer approved for this purpose in the EU.	2.02	1	0	acetate salt; ammonium salt	buffer; food acidity regulator
alpha-asarone asarone: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #847. asarone : A phenylpropanoid that is benzene substituted by methoxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 4 and a propen-1-yl group at position 5. It has been isolated from Acorus.. alpha-asarone : The trans-isomer of asarone.	2.17	1	0	asarone	anticonvulsant; GABA modulator
cinnamaldehyde 3-phenylprop-2-enal : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is prop-2-enal in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group. The configuration of the double bond is not specified; the name "cinnamaldehyde" is widely used to refer to the E (trans) isomer.. (E)-cinnamaldehyde : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamaldehyde, the parent of the class of cinnamaldehydes.	7	1	0	3-phenylprop-2-enal; cinnamaldehydes	antifungal agent; EC 4.3.1.24 (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; sensitiser; vasodilator agent
trans-4-coumaric acid hydroxycinnamic acid : Any member of the class of cinnamic acids carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. trans-4-coumaric acid : The trans-isomer of 4-coumaric acid.. 4-coumaric acid : A coumaric acid in which the hydroxy substituent is located at C-4 of the phenyl ring.	2.21	1	0	4-coumaric acid	food component; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
glycosides [no description available]	5.23	15	0
chalcone trans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.	2.75	3	0	chalcone	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	3.86	3	0	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
rhodanine 2-mercaptothiazolinone: metabolite in urine from persons exposed to CS2; structure	2.15	1	0	thiazolidinone
epalrestat epalrestat : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1,3-thiazolidine which is substituted on the nitrogen by a carboxymethyl group, at positions 2 and 4 by thioxo and oxo groups, respectively, and at position 5 by a 2-methyl-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-ylidene group. It is an inhibitor of aldose reductase (which catalyses the conversion of glucose to sorbitol) and is used for the treatment of some diabetic complications, including neuropathy.	7.15	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; thiazolidines	EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
chlorogenic acid caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	2.63	2	0	cinnamate ester; tannin	food component; plant metabolite
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	3.22	5	0	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
rhyncophylline rhyncophylline: an oxindole; RN given refers to (7beta,16E,20alpha)-isomer	2.05	1	0
goitrin goitrin: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. (R)-goitrin : A 5-ethenyl-1,3-oxazolidine-2-thione that has R-configuration. It is a constituent of a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, Radix isatidis.	2.06	1	0	5-ethenyl-1,3-oxazolidine-2-thione	antiviral agent; plant metabolite
cobaltous chloride cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.	2.17	1	0	cobalt salt; inorganic chloride	allergen; calcium channel blocker; sensitiser; two-colour indicator
8-bromoguanosino-3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
wogonoside wogonoside: from Scutellaria baicalensis; structure in first source. wogonin 7-O-beta-D-glucuronide : The glycosyloxyflavone which is the 7-O-glucuronide of wogonin.	7.46	2	0	beta-D-glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monohydroxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative
ginsenosides ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.	10.3	9	0
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	2.11	1	0
fg 9041 FG 9041: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	quinoxaline derivative
osteoprotegerin Osteoprotegerin: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.	2.13	1	0	long-chain fatty acid
quercetin [no description available]	5.04	7	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
bilirubin [no description available]	2.48	2	0	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	2.1	1	0	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
biochanin a [no description available]	2.4	2	0	4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.99 (fatty acid amide hydrolase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
formononetin [no description available]	2.5	2	0	4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones	phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
vitexin [no description available]	2.21	1	0	C-glycosyl compound; trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor
apigenin Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.	4.17	4	0	trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
luteolin [no description available]	2.49	2	0	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; tetrahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
7,3'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyisoflavone 7,3'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyisoflavone: isolated from Astragali radix; structure in first source. calycosin : A member of the class of 7-hydroxyisoflavones that is 7-hydroxyisoflavone which is substituted by an additional hydroxy group at the 3' position and a methoxy group at the 4' position.	2.5	2	0	4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones	antioxidant; metabolite
ubiquinone 9 ubiquinone 9: a form of coenzyme Q found in many foods; RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer	2.05	1	0	ubiquinones	antioxidant; human metabolite
beta carotene beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.	2.78	3	0	carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene	antioxidant; biological pigment; cofactor; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; provitamin A
luteolin-7-glucoside luteolin-7-glucoside: has both antiasthmatic and antineoplastic activities; has 3C protease inhibitory activity; isolated from Ligustrum lucidum. luteolin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is luteolin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.08	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	antioxidant; plant metabolite
apigetrin apigetrin: structure given in first source. apigenin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is apigenin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.11	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; dihydroxyflavone; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative	antibacterial agent; metabolite; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
rutin Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.	3.13	5	0	disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; rutinoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha 6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.	3.8	2	1	prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
genistein [no description available]	8.16	17	1	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
jasmonic acid jasmonic acid: a derivative of alpha-linolenic acid that has a role in plant response to herbivory analogous to the role of prostanoids in inflammation in mammals;. jasmonic acid : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that is (3-oxocyclopentyl)acetic acid substituted by a (2Z)-pent-2-en-1-yl group at position 2 of the cyclopentane ring.	7.03	1	0	oxo monocarboxylic acid	jasmonates; plant metabolite
genistin genistin: glycoside of soy bean isoflavone, gentistein	3.13	5	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside
esculetin esculetin: used in filters for absorption of ultraviolet light; structure. esculetin : A hydroxycoumarin that is umbelliferone in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is used in filters for absorption of ultraviolet light.	7.02	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	antioxidant; plant metabolite; ultraviolet filter
esculin [no description available]	7.02	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; hydroxycoumarin	antioxidant; metabolite
oleuropein oleuropein: iridoid isolated from leaves and fruit of Olea and Ligustrum (Oleaceae). oleuropein : A secoiridoid glycoside that is the methyl ester of 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 4 by hydroxy, ethylidene, and carboxymethyl groups, respectively and in which the anomeric hydroxy group at position 2 has been converted into its beta-D-glucoside and the carboxylic acid moiety of the carboxymethyl substituent has been converted to the corresponding 3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl ester (the 2S,3E,4S stereoisomer). The most important phenolic compound present in olive cultivars.	2.01	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; catechols; diester; methyl ester; pyrans; secoiridoid glycoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; NF-kappaB inhibitor; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
baicalein [no description available]	2.03	1	0	trihydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hormone antagonist; plant metabolite; prostaglandin antagonist; radical scavenger
galangin 5,7-dihydroxyflavonol: antimicrobial from the twigs of Populus nigra x Populus deltoides; structure in first source. galangin : A 7-hydroxyflavonol with additional hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5 respectively; a growth inhibitor of breast tumor cells.	7.15	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; trihydroxyflavone	antimicrobial agent; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
myricetin [no description available]	2	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; hexahydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; food component; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
wogonin wogonin: structure in first source. wogonin : A dihydroxy- and monomethoxy-flavone in which the hydroxy groups are positioned at C-5 and C-7 and the methoxy group is at C-8.	2.02	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; plant metabolite
daidzein [no description available]	9.67	58	1	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
cynarine cynarine: active principle of the artichoke; functions primarily as a cholagogue and choleretic and also as antilipemic agent	2.01	1	0	alkyl caffeate ester; quinic acid	plant metabolite
echinacoside echinacoside: from Buddleja species; has antihepatotoxic activity	2.01	1	0	oligosaccharide
tectoridin tectoridin: glycosylated tectorigenin. tectoridin : A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is tectorigenin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.46	2	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside; hydroxyisoflavone; methoxyisoflavone; monosaccharide derivative	plant metabolite
ellagic acid [no description available]	2.02	1	0	catechols; cyclic ketone; lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyphenol	antioxidant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.5 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.4.1.1 (glycogen phosphorylase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.127 (inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.151 (inositol-polyphosphate multikinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.4.6 (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
thromboxane b2 Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.	3.8	2	1	thromboxanes B	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
naloxone Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.	8.64	1	1	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
su 5402 SU 5402: structure given in first source. SU5402 : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is substituted by a 3-(2-carboxyethyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl group. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase activity of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1.	2.21	1	0
calycosin-7-o-beta-d-glucopyranoside calycosin-7-O-beta-D-glucoside: from Radix Astragali. calycosin-7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is calycosin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position at 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.47	2	0	4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside; hydroxyisoflavone; monosaccharide derivative
3'-methoxypuerarin 3'-methoxypuerarin: inhibits formation of advanced glycation end products; isolated from Pueraria lobata; structure in first source	2.96	4	0
lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.	3.48	7	0	carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom	neurotoxin
methyl 2,5-dihydroxycinnamate methyl 2,5-dihydroxycinnamate: structure given in first source. 2,5-dihydroxycinnamic acid methyl ester : A cinnamate ester that is the methyl ester of 2,5-dihydroxycinnamic acid.	2	1	0	cinnamate ester; hydroquinones; methyl ester	EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; plant metabolite
15-hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid: A stable prostaglandin endoperoxide analog which serves as a thromboxane mimetic. Its actions include mimicking the hydro-osmotic effect of VASOPRESSIN and activation of TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983;224(1): 108-117; Biochem J 1984;222(1):103-110)	2.03	1	0
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	7.13	1	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
ethyl oleate [no description available]	2.06	1	0	long-chain fatty acid ethyl ester	acaricide; plant metabolite
diphenylhexatriene Diphenylhexatriene: A fluorescent compound that emits light only in specific configurations in certain lipid media. It is used as a tool in the study of membrane lipids.	2.13	1	0	alkatriene	fluorochrome
silicon Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].	7.41	1	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
abscisic acid Abscisic Acid: Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.. (S)-2-trans-abscisic acid : A 2-trans-abscisic acid with (S)-configuration at the chiral centre.. (+)-abscisic acid : The naturally occurring (1'S)-(+) enantiomer of abscisic acid. It is an important sesquiterpenoid plant hormone which acts as a regulator of plant responses to environmental stresses such as drought and cold.	7.07	1	0	2-trans-abscisic acid
tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.	6.99	1	0	azatetracycloalkane; oxatetracycloalkane; quinazoline alkaloid	animal metabolite; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
dizocilpine maleate Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.	2.01	1	0	maleate salt; tetracyclic antidepressant	anaesthetic; anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist
hydroxysafflor yellow a hydroxysafflor yellow A: from Carthamus tinctorius; structure given in first source. hydroxysafflor yellow A : A C-glycosyl compound that is 3,4,5-trihydroxycyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-one which is substituted by beta-D-glucosyl groups at positions 2 and 4, and by a p-hydroxycinnamoyl group at position 6. It is the main bioactive compound of a traditional Chinese medicine obtained from safflower (Carthamus tinctorius).	2.48	2	0
salvianolic acid B salvianolic acid B: isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza. salvianolic acid B : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is an antioxidant and free radical scavenging compound extracted from S. miltiorrhiza	7.77	3	0	1-benzofurans; catechols; dicarboxylic acid; enoate ester; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; hepatoprotective agent; hypoglycemic agent; neuroprotective agent; osteogenesis regulator; plant metabolite
verlukast verlukast: LTD4 receptor antagonist	2.13	1	0
beta-escin [no description available]	4.26	5	0
isoborneol isoborneol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	3.48	7	0	borneol
8-bromoadenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate (Sp)-8-bromo-cAMPS : A nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate having 8-bromoadenine as the nucleobase (the Sp-stereoisomer).	2.03	1	0
pd 0325901 mirdametinib: has antineoplastic activity; appears to be a MEK inhibitor. PD 0325901 : A hydroxamic acid ester that is benzhydroxamic acid (N-hydroxybenzamide) in which the hydroxamic acid group has been converted to the corresponding 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester and in which the benzene ring has been substituted at position 2 by a (2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino group and at positions 3 and 4 by fluorines (the R enantiomer).	2.54	2	0	difluorobenzene; hydroxamic acid ester; monofluorobenzenes; organoiodine compound; propane-1,2-diols; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.12.2 (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase) inhibitor
sincalide Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.	2.41	1	0	oligopeptide
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	2.82	3	0	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
ginsenoside rb1 [no description available]	2.11	1	0	ginsenoside; glycoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; anti-obesity agent; apoptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
lurasidone hydrochloride Lurasidone Hydrochloride: A thiazole derivative and atypical ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT that functions as a DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST, serotonin 5-HT7 receptor antagonist, and antagonist of the adrenergic α2A and α2C receptors, as well as a partial SEROTONIN 5-HT1A RECEPTOR AGONIST. It is used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER.. lurasidone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of lurasidone with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. An atypical antipsychotic agent used for the treatment of schizophrenia.	7.25	1	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
dorsomorphin dorsomorphin: an AMPK inhibitor. dorsomorphin : A pyrazolopyrimidine that is pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine which is substituted at positions 3 and 6 by pyridin-4-yl and p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]phenyl groups, respectively. It is a potent, selective, reversible, and ATP-competitive inhibitor of AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase, EC 2.7.11.31) and a selective inhibitor of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling.	2.17	1	0	aromatic ether; piperidines; pyrazolopyrimidine; pyridines	bone morphogenetic protein receptor antagonist; EC 2.7.11.31 {[hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH)] kinase} inhibitor
ginsenoside rd ginsenoside Rd: RN refers to (3beta,12beta)-isomer. ginsenoside Rd : A ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is (20S)-ginsenoside Rg3 in which the hydroxy group at position 20 has been converted to its beta-D-glucopyranoside.	2.61	2	0	beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; apoptosis inducer; immunosuppressive agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite; vulnerary
losartan potassium Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.	2.05	1	0
sepharose agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.	2.42	2	0
scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available]	2.01	1	0
acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	2.07	1	0
luteolin-7-o-glucuronide luteolin-7-O-glucuronide: from the leaves and flowers of the cannabinoid-free cannabis (Cannabis sativa subsp. sativa L., Cannabaceae); structure in first source	2.08	1	0
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	2.08	1	0	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	3.2	5	0
calcitonin [no description available]	2.21	1	0
atrial natriuretic factor Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.	2.31	1	0	polypeptide
beta-endorphin beta-Endorphin: A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.. beta-endorphin : A polypeptide consisting of 31 amino acid residues in the sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu. It is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter found in the neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous system and results from processing of the precursor protein proopiomelanocortin (POMC).	7.02	1	0
neuropeptide y Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.	2.13	1	0
glucagon-like peptide 1 Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.	2.13	1	0
endothelin-1 Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)	5.11	5	2
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	2.03	1	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
atractyloside Atractyloside: A glycoside of a kaurene type diterpene that is found in some plants including Atractylis gummifera (ATRACTYLIS); COFFEE; XANTHIUM, and CALLILEPIS. Toxicity is due to inhibition of ADENINE NUCLEOTIDE TRANSLOCASE.	7.03	1	0
ubiquinone Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.	2.05	1	0
calpain Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.	7.07	1	0
chitosan [no description available]	3.17	5	0
sodium glutamate Sodium Glutamate: One of the FLAVORING AGENTS used to impart a meat-like flavor.. monosodium glutamate : An organic sodium salt that is the monosodium salt of glutamic acid.	1.99	1	0	monosodium glutamate	flavouring agent
methyl jasmonate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
albiflorin albiflorin: glucoside in peony roots. albiflorin : A monoterpene glycoside with formula C23H28O11, originally isolated from the roots of Paeonia lactiflora.	7.1	1	0	benzoate ester; beta-D-glucoside; bridged compound; gamma-lactone; monoterpene glycoside; secondary alcohol	neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
cardiovascular agents Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.	3.23	5	0
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	2.1	1	0
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	9.79	6	1
methylcellulose Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.	2.03	1	0
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	2	1	0	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	3.59	8	0	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	8.23	5	0
phytoestrogens Phytoestrogens: Compounds derived from plants, primarily ISOFLAVONES that mimic or modulate endogenous estrogens, usually by binding to ESTROGEN RECEPTORS.	5.64	23	0
agar Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.	7.13	1	0
cyclin d1 Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.	2.83	3	0
contraceptives, postcoital Contraceptives, Postcoital: Contraceptive substances to be used after COITUS. These agents include high doses of estrogenic drugs; progesterone-receptor blockers; ANTIMETABOLITES; ALKALOIDS, and PROSTAGLANDINS.	2.07	1	0
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	2.5	2	0
angiotensin i Angiotensin I: A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.. angiotensin I : A ten amino acid peptide formed by renin cleavage of angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I has no direct biological function except that high levels can stimulate catecholamine production. It is metabolized to its biologically active byproduct angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) through cleavage of the two terminal amino acids.. angiotensin I dizwitterion : A peptide zwitterion that is the dizwitterionic form of angiotensin I having both carboxy groups deprotonated and the aspartyl amino group and arginine side-chain protonated. It is the major species at pH 7.3.	2.52	2	0	angiotensin; peptide zwitterion	human metabolite; neurotransmitter agent
nephrin nephrin: gene nephrin is mutated in congenital nephrotic syndrome; amino acid sequence in first source; GenBank F19541; RefSeq NM_019459 (mouse), NM_004646 (human), NM_022628 (rat)	2.1	1	0
morroniside morroniside: from Cornus officinalis; protects cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells from damage by high ambient glucose; a component of cornel iridoid glycoside; structure in first source	2.25	1	0
peoniflorin peoniflorin: from Radix and of Paeonia suffruticosa	8.59	8	0
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	2.61	2	0
silybin Silybin: The major active component of silymarin flavonoids extracted from seeds of the MILK THISTLE, Silybum marianum; it is used in the treatment of HEPATITIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and CHEMICAL AND DRUG INDUCED LIVER INJURY, and has antineoplastic activity; silybins A and B are diastereomers.	4.06	2	0
catalpol catalpol: component of dihuang; RN given refers to (1aS-(1aalpha,1bbeta,2beta,5abeta,6beta,6aalpha))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/92	3.36	6	0
thromboplastin Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.	2.48	2	0
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	2.04	1	0
senkyunolide i senkyunolide I: has antioxidant and anti-migraine activities; isolated from Ligusticum chuanxiong; structure in first source	2.21	1	0
cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.	3.03	4	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
3-methyladenine N3-methyladenine: structure in first source	2.86	3	0
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	3.25	1	0	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
acetylpuerarin acetylpuerarin: structure in first source	7.11	1	0
leptin Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.	7.76	3	0
phenanthrenes Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	2.57	2	0
4'-bromoflavone 4'-bromoflavone: structure in first source	2.08	1	0
acetazolamide Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)	2.11	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles	anticonvulsant; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	2.08	1	0	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	2.08	1	0	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
acarbose [no description available]	2.15	1	0	tetrasaccharide derivative	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent
hesperetin [no description available]	2.11	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; monomethoxyflavanone; trihydroxyflavanone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
(-)-catechin (-)-catechin : The (-)-enantiomer of catechin.	2.08	1	0	catechin	metabolite
bexarotene [no description available]	2.08	1	0	benzoic acids; naphthalenes; retinoid	antineoplastic agent
daidzin daidzin: a potent, selective, and reversible inhibitor of human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase. daidzein 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is daidzein attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. It is used in the treatment of alcohol dependency (antidipsotropic).	2.79	3	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside; hydroxyisoflavone; monosaccharide derivative	plant metabolite
sitosterol, (3beta)-isomer Sobatum: tradename; active fraction of Solanum trilobatum; reduces side-effects of radiation-induced toxicity. sitosterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is stigmast-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3.	2.02	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; C29-steroid; phytosterols; stigmastane sterol	anticholesteremic drug; antioxidant; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; sterol methyltransferase inhibitor
naringenin (S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.	2.5	2	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; naringenin	expectorant; plant metabolite
taxifolin (+)-taxifolin : A taxifolin that has (2R,3R)-configuration.	2.11	1	0	taxifolin	metabolite
tosylphenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone Tosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl Ketone: An inhibitor of Serine Endopeptidases. Acts as alkylating agent and is known to interfere with the translation process.. N-tosyl-L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone : The N-tosyl derivative of L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone.	2.08	1	0	alpha-chloroketone; sulfonamide	alkylating agent; serine proteinase inhibitor
eriodictyol eriodictyol: structure. eriodictyol : A tetrahydroxyflavanone that is flavanone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5, 7, 3' and 4' respectively.	2.11	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; tetrahydroxyflavanone
ononin [no description available]	2.53	2	0	4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative	plant metabolite
quercetin [no description available]	2.45	2	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
biochanin a [no description available]	2.11	1	0	4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.99 (fatty acid amide hydrolase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
formononetin [no description available]	2.11	1	0	4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones	phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
vitexin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	C-glycosyl compound; trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor
luteolin [no description available]	2.46	2	0	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; tetrahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
cholecalciferol Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.	2.02	1	0	D3 vitamins; hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane; secondary alcohol; steroid hormone	geroprotector; human metabolite
quercetin 3-o-glucopyranoside quercetin 3-O-glucopyranoside: structure in first source. quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A quercetin O-glucoside that is quercetin with a beta-D-glucosyl residue attached at position 3. Isolated from Lepisorus contortus, it exhibits antineoplastic activityand has been found to decrease the rate of polymerization and sickling of red blood cells	2.11	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antipruritic drug; bone density conservation agent; geroprotector; histamine antagonist; osteogenesis regulator; plant metabolite
rutin Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.	2.02	1	0	disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; rutinoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
kaempferol [no description available]	2.11	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; flavonols; tetrahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
genistein [no description available]	2.46	2	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
genistin genistin: glycoside of soy bean isoflavone, gentistein	2.11	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside
baicalein [no description available]	2.02	1	0	trihydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hormone antagonist; plant metabolite; prostaglandin antagonist; radical scavenger
chrysin chrysin : A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7.	2.11	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; dihydroxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
galangin 5,7-dihydroxyflavonol: antimicrobial from the twigs of Populus nigra x Populus deltoides; structure in first source. galangin : A 7-hydroxyflavonol with additional hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5 respectively; a growth inhibitor of breast tumor cells.	2.11	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; trihydroxyflavone	antimicrobial agent; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
3-methylquercetin isorhamnetin : A monomethoxyflavone that is quercetin in which the hydroxy group at position 3' is replaced by a methoxy group.	2.11	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; monomethoxyflavone; tetrahydroxyflavone	anticoagulant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; metabolite
daidzein [no description available]	3.17	5	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
genistein-8-c-glucoside genistein 8-C-glucoside : A C-glycosyl compound that is genistein substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 8 via a C-glucosidic linkage.	2.48	2	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones; C-glycosyl compound	plant metabolite
salvianolic acid a salvianolic acid A: a nootropic depside from Salvia miltiorrhizia	2.11	1	0	stilbenoid
astragalin kaempferol-3-O-glucoside: isolated from the pit of Mahkota dewa; structure in first source. kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-glucoside : A kaempferol O-glucoside in which a glucosyl residue is attached at position 3 of kaempferol via a beta-glycosidic linkage.	2.11	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; kaempferol O-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	plant metabolite; trypanocidal drug
glycitein glycitein : A methoxyisoflavone that is isoflavone substituted by a methoxy group at position 6 and hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 4'. It has been isolated from the mycelia of the fungus Cordyceps sinensis.	2.02	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavone; methoxyisoflavone	fungal metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
3'-methoxypuerarin 3'-methoxypuerarin: inhibits formation of advanced glycation end products; isolated from Pueraria lobata; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
tiliroside tiliroside: isolated from seeds of Eremocarpus setigerus	2.11	1	0	cinnamate ester; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	plant metabolite
lithospermic acid [no description available]	2.11	1	0
bicyclol bicyclol: an antihepatitis drug, on the metabolism and hepatotoxicity of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in rats.	2.13	1	0
6''-o-malonyldaidzin 6''-O-malonyldaidzin: structure in first source. malonyldaidzin : A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is daidzein substituted by a 6-O-(carboxyacetyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.11	1	0	glycosyloxyisoflavone; hydroxyisoflavone; malonate ester; monosaccharide derivative	plant metabolite
protoapigenone protoapigenone: has antineoplastic activity; isolated from Thelypteris torresiana; structure in first source	2.02	1	0
malonylgenistin malonylgenistin: structure in first source. malonylgenistin : A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is genistin in which the hydroxy hydrogen at position 6'' has been replaced by a malonyl group.	2.11	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; glycosyloxyisoflavone; hydroxyisoflavone; malonate ester; monosaccharide derivative	plant metabolite
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	2.08	1	0	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Malaria, Falciparum Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.	2.1	1	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	7.67	92	0
Cirrhosis [description not available]	3.89	10	0
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	7.04	46	0
Ureteral Obstruction Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.	2.31	1	0
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	3.89	10	0
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	7.04	46	0
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	2.9	3	0
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer [description not available]	7.76	2	0
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	2.85	3	0
Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial A malignant neoplasm that originates in cells on the surface EPITHELIUM of the ovary and is the most common form of ovarian cancer. There are five histologic subtypes: papillary serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell, and transitional cell. Mutations in BRCA1, OPCML, PRKN, PIK3CA, AKT1, CTNNB1, RRAS2, and CDH1 genes are associated with this cancer.	2.76	2	0
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	2.85	3	0
Deafness, Transitory [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Drug-Induced Cochlear Toxicity [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Ototoxicity Damage to the EAR or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.	7.31	1	0
Hearing Loss A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.	2.31	1	0
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	7.82	15	3
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	7.82	15	3
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	8.76	8	0
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis [description not available]	2.83	3	0
Pre-Eclampsia A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.	2.83	3	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	9.12	14	0
Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available]	5.57	15	0
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	8.69	8	2
Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	5.57	15	0
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available]	2.82	2	0
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.	2.82	2	0
Cognitive Decline [description not available]	2.61	2	0
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	2.61	2	0
Pulmonary Arterial Remodeling [description not available]	2.94	3	0
Anoxemia [description not available]	4.04	12	0
Pulmonary Hypertension [description not available]	3.06	4	0
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	4.04	12	0
Hypertension, Pulmonary Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.	3.06	4	0
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	3.43	6	0
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	8.43	6	0
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular [description not available]	4.29	6	0
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	10.62	6	1
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	5.62	6	1
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung [description not available]	3.33	5	0
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	3.51	6	0
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.	3.33	5	0
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	3.51	6	0
Cardiac Hypertrophy Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.	3.79	9	0
Cardiomegaly Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.	3.79	9	0
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	3.16	3	0
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	3.16	3	0
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available]	4.01	13	0
Acute Ischemic Stroke [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	3.62	8	0
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	7.54	29	1
Ischemic Stroke Stroke due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke. Wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin.	2.41	1	0
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	3.62	8	0
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	7.54	29	1
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.	4.01	13	0
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal [description not available]	4.4	6	0
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.	4.4	6	0
Infections, Hantavirus [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Co-infection [description not available]	7.41	1	0
Hantavirus Infections Infections with viruses of the genus HANTAVIRUS. This is associated with at least four clinical syndromes: HEMORRHAGIC FEVER WITH RENAL SYNDROME caused by viruses of the Hantaan group; a milder form of HFRS caused by SEOUL VIRUS; nephropathia epidemica caused by PUUMALA VIRUS; and HANTAVIRUS PULMONARY SYNDROME caused by SIN NOMBRE VIRUS.	2.41	1	0
Cancer of Endometrium [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Endometrial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.	2.41	1	0
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	5.26	46	0
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	6.83	12	2
Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.	6.83	12	2
Cardiac Rupture, Traumatic [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic [description not available]	3.45	5	0
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.	8.45	5	0
Kidney Stones [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Kidney Calculi Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.	2.41	1	0
Local Neoplasm Recurrence [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Cardiac Toxicity [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Cardiotoxicity Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.	7.41	1	0
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	5.97	13	2
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	5.97	13	2
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	3.9	11	0
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	3.9	11	0
Diseases, Metabolic [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Metabolic Diseases Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)	2.41	1	0
Glaucoma An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)	4.12	3	1
Alcoholic Hepatitis [description not available]	7.79	3	0
Hepatitis, Alcoholic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER due to ALCOHOL ABUSE. It is characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES, infiltration by NEUTROPHILS, and deposit of MALLORY BODIES. Depending on its severity, the inflammatory lesion may be reversible or progress to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	2.79	3	0
Diabetic Cardiomyopathies Diabetes complications in which VENTRICULAR REMODELING in the absence of CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS and hypertension results in cardiac dysfunctions, typically LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION. The changes also result in myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, and collagen deposition due to impaired glucose tolerance.	3.23	4	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	5.96	12	2
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	5.96	12	2
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia [description not available]	4	10	0
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.	4	10	0
Skin Aging The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.	4.11	10	0
Degenerative Disc Disease [description not available]	3.52	4	0
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Degenerative changes in the INTERVERTEBRAL DISC due to aging or structural damage, especially to the vertebral end-plates.	3.52	4	0
Atherogenesis [description not available]	5.87	7	1
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	5.87	7	1
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	3.2	4	0
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	4.76	28	0
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	7.9	17	2
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	4.76	28	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Cancer of Head [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Cancer of Mouth [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this cancer.	2.6	1	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.6	1	0
Head and Neck Neoplasms Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)	2.6	1	0
Mouth Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.	2.6	1	0
Sepsis Associated Delirium [description not available]	3.01	2	0
Brain Disorders [description not available]	3.52	1	0
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	3.52	1	0
Mastitis INFLAMMATION of the BREAST, or MAMMARY GLAND.	7.63	2	0
Atheroma [description not available]	2.72	2	0
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	2.96	3	0
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	2.96	3	0
Aseptic Necrosis of Femur Head [description not available]	2.85	3	0
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy [description not available]	3.51	2	0
Diabetic Neuropathies Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)	3.51	2	0
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	3.18	4	0
Anasarca [description not available]	2.69	2	0
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	2.69	2	0
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	8.18	4	0
Sterility, Male [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Infertility, Male The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.	2.6	1	0
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	2.6	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	9.24	6	0
Poultry Diseases Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.	2.76	2	0
Salmonella Infections, Animal Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.	2.6	1	0
Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy [description not available]	7.21	1	0
Optic Neuropathy, Ischemic Ischemic injury to the OPTIC NERVE which usually affects the OPTIC DISK (optic neuropathy, anterior ischemic) and less frequently the retrobulbar portion of the nerve (optic neuropathy, posterior ischemic). The injury results from occlusion of arterial blood supply which may result from TEMPORAL ARTERITIS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; COLLAGEN DISEASES; EMBOLISM; DIABETES MELLITUS; and other conditions. The disease primarily occurs in the sixth decade or later and presents with the sudden onset of painless and usually severe monocular visual loss. Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy also features optic disk edema with microhemorrhages. The optic disk appears normal in posterior ischemic optic neuropathy. (Glaser, Neuro-Ophthalmology, 2nd ed, p135)	2.21	1	0
Carcinogenesis The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.	2.21	1	0
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	7.21	1	0
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	2.77	3	0
Alveolitis, Fibrosing [description not available]	2.91	3	0
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	7.21	1	0
Pulmonary Fibrosis A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.	2.91	3	0
Respiratory Distress Syndrome A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.	7.21	1	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	3.96	12	0
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	13.01	16	2
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	8.01	16	2
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	9.78	6	1
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	3.7	9	0
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	8.7	9	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	5.37	4	1
Weight Reduction [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.	2.21	1	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	4.4	20	0
Retinal Diseases Diseases involving the RETINA.	2.89	3	0
Iron Overload An excessive accumulation of iron in the body due to a greater than normal absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract or from parenteral injection. This may arise from idiopathic hemochromatosis, excessive iron intake, chronic alcoholism, certain types of refractory anemia, or transfusional hemosiderosis. (From Churchill's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 1989)	7.61	2	0
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Chondrodystrophic Myotonia [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	2.66	2	0
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	2.66	2	0
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.	2.25	1	0
Arrhythmia [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	2.42	2	0
Hyperhomocysteinemia Condition in which the plasma levels of homocysteine and related metabolites are elevated (	7.25	1	0
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	3.64	2	0
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	3.64	2	0
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	3.97	12	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	3.97	12	0
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	3.05	4	0
Encephalopathy, Traumatic [description not available]	3.64	1	1
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction [description not available]	4.45	2	2
Brain Injuries, Traumatic A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.	3.64	1	1
Cerebral Infarction The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).	4.45	2	2
Cardiomyopathies, Primary [description not available]	2.83	3	0
Cardiomyopathies A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).	2.83	3	0
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	2.84	3	0
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	2.84	3	0
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	2.84	3	0
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	2.84	3	0
Constriction, Pathological [description not available]	2.57	2	0
Constriction, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.	2.57	2	0
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	2.25	1	0
Alcoholic Liver Diseases [description not available]	3.04	4	0
Liver Diseases, Alcoholic Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.	3.04	4	0
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae [description not available]	2.72	2	0
Orthomyxoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.	2.72	2	0
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Osteolysis Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.	7.25	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Diabetes, Gestational Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.	2.25	1	0
Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available]	2.83	3	0
Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).	2.83	3	0
FMR1-Related Primary Ovarian Insufficiency [description not available]	4.11	2	1
Primary Ovarian Insufficiency Cessation of ovarian function after MENARCHE but before the age of 40, without or with OVARIAN FOLLICLE depletion. It is characterized by the presence of OLIGOMENORRHEA or AMENORRHEA, elevated GONADOTROPINS, and low ESTRADIOL levels. It is a state of female HYPERGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM. Etiologies include genetic defects, autoimmune processes, chemotherapy, radiation, and infections. The most commonly known genetic cause is the expansion of a CGG repeat to 55 to 199 copies in the 5' untranslated region in the X-linked FMR1 gene.	4.11	2	1
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	2.66	2	0
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	2.66	2	0
Nerve Pain [description not available]	3.05	4	0
Neuralgia Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.	3.05	4	0
MPTP Neurotoxicity Syndrome [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Disbacteriosis [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Altitude Hypoxia Low ambient oxygen tension associated with ALTITUDE.	7.25	1	0
Altitude Sickness Multiple symptoms associated with reduced oxygen at high ALTITUDE.	2.25	1	0
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	2.86	3	0
Atrophy, Muscle [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	2.86	3	0
Muscular Atrophy Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.	2.31	1	0
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	5.93	9	3
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	5.93	9	3
Alcoholic Fatty Liver [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	2.31	1	0
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	4.96	13	0
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	4.96	13	0
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	2.94	3	0
Ache [description not available]	4.24	3	1
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	7.94	3	0
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	4.24	3	1
Colitis, Mucous [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	2.31	1	0
Irritable Bowel Syndrome A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.	2.31	1	0
Liver Steatosis [description not available]	3.18	5	0
Hyperlipemia [description not available]	2.81	3	0
Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.	3.18	5	0
Hyperlipidemias Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.	2.81	3	0
Swine Diseases Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.	2.31	1	0
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome [description not available]	3.7	1	1
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.	8.7	1	1
Grippe [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	3.87	2	1
Influenza, Human An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.	2.31	1	0
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	8.87	2	1
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Cerebral Hemorrhage Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	7.31	1	0
Diabetic Angiopathies VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.	2.31	1	0
B16 Melanoma [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Alcoholic Intoxication An acute brain syndrome which results from the excessive ingestion of ETHANOL or ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.	2.31	1	0
Mucositis An INFLAMMATION of the MUCOSA with burning or tingling sensation. It is characterized by atrophy of the squamous EPITHELIUM, vascular damage, inflammatory infiltration, and ulceration. It usually occurs at the mucous lining of the MOUTH, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the airway due to chemical irritations, CHEMOTHERAPY, or radiation therapy (RADIOTHERAPY).	7.31	1	0
Breast Cancer [description not available]	3.33	6	0
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	3.33	6	0
Fibroid [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Leiomyoma A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the UTERUS and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT but can occur in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues.	2.15	1	0
Hypertrophy General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).	2.48	2	0
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	7.96	4	0
Brain Swelling [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Brain Edema Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)	2.17	1	0
Diabetic Feet [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Diabetic Foot Common foot problems in persons with DIABETES MELLITUS, caused by any combination of factors such as DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; and INFECTION. With the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, GANGRENE and AMPUTATION.	2.15	1	0
Albuminuria The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	2.15	1	0
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	2.47	2	0
Urogenital Prolapse [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Pelvic Organ Prolapse Abnormal descent of a pelvic organ resulting in the protrusion of the organ beyond its normal anatomical confines. Symptoms often include vaginal discomfort, DYSPAREUNIA; URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE; and FECAL INCONTINENCE.	7.17	1	0
Gout Metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of URIC ACID calculi.	8.06	1	0
Acute Onset Vascular Dementia [description not available]	2.79	3	0
Dementia, Vascular An imprecise term referring to dementia associated with CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic BRAIN ISCHEMIA. Diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (From Gerontol Geriatr 1998 Feb;31(1):36-44)	2.79	3	0
Dyslipidemia [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Dyslipidemias Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.	2.52	2	0
Eye Cancer, Retinoblastoma [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Retinoblastoma A malignant tumor arising from the nuclear layer of the retina that is the most common primary tumor of the eye in children. The tumor tends to occur in early childhood or infancy and may be present at birth. The majority are sporadic, but the condition may be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Histologic features include dense cellularity, small round polygonal cells, and areas of calcification and necrosis. An abnormal pupil reflex (leukokoria); NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; STRABISMUS; and visual loss represent common clinical characteristics of this condition. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2104)	7.17	1	0
Ventricular Dysfunction A condition in which HEART VENTRICLES exhibit impaired function.	2.17	1	0
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	3.09	1	0
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	3.09	1	0
Brain Vascular Disorders [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Cerebrovascular Disorders A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.	2.17	1	0
Eczema, Atopic [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Dermatitis, Atopic A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.	2.17	1	0
Lung Injury, Acute [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Acute Lung Injury A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).	7.55	2	0
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	4.38	7	0
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	4.38	7	0
Glaucoma, Neovascular A form of secondary glaucoma which develops as a consequence of another ocular disease and is attributed to the forming of new vessels in the angle of the anterior chamber.	2.17	1	0
Electron Transport Chain Deficiencies, Mitochondrial [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Mitochondrial Diseases Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.	2.17	1	0
Allodynia [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Parkinsonian Disorders A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.	2.53	2	0
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	9.48	1	1
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	4.48	1	1
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Alcohol Abuse [description not available]	5.03	9	1
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.	5.7	7	1
Alcoholism A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)	10.03	9	1
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available]	2.99	4	0
Vitiligo A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached.	7.21	1	0
Disc, Herniated [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Nerve Root Avulsion [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Intervertebral Disc Displacement An INTERVERTEBRAL DISC in which the NUCLEUS PULPOSUS has protruded through surrounding ANNULUS FIBROSUS. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region.	2.17	1	0
Radiculopathy Disease involving a spinal nerve root (see SPINAL NERVE ROOTS) which may result from compression related to INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; SPINAL CORD INJURIES; SPINAL DISEASES; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations include radicular pain, weakness, and sensory loss referable to structures innervated by the involved nerve root.	2.17	1	0
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid [description not available]	3.91	2	1
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	2.49	2	0
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.	3.91	2	1
Charcot-Bouchard Aneurysm [description not available]	3.09	1	0
Hemorrhage, Retinal [description not available]	3.09	1	0
Diabetic Retinopathy Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.	5.46	5	1
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	3.34	6	0
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	3.34	6	0
Angina Pectoris, Stable [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Angor Pectoris [description not available]	6.74	8	3
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Angina Pectoris The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.	11.74	8	3
Coronary Artery Disease Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.	7.53	2	0
Angina, Stable Persistent and reproducible chest discomfort usually precipitated by a physical exertion that dissipates upon cessation of such an activity. The symptoms are manifestations of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA.	2.21	1	0
Vascular Calcification Deposition of calcium into the blood vessel structures. Excessive calcification of the vessels are associated with ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES formation particularly after MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (see MONCKEBERG MEDIAL CALCIFIC SCLEROSIS) and chronic kidney diseases which in turn increase VASCULAR STIFFNESS.	7.54	2	0
Uremia A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.	2.21	1	0
Apoplexy [description not available]	6.58	7	1
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	6.58	7	1
Acute Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month.	2.21	1	0
Cataract, Membranous [description not available]	2.97	4	0
Cataract Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.97	4	0
Allergy, Food [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Food Hypersensitivity Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.	2.21	1	0
Anhedonia Inability to experience pleasure due to impairment or dysfunction of normal psychological and neurobiological mechanisms. It is a symptom of many PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS (e.g., DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; and SCHIZOPHRENIA).	2.21	1	0
Milk-Alkali Syndrome [description not available]	3.17	1	0
Hypercalcemia Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.	3.17	1	0
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Cognition Disorders Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.	3.19	5	0
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	3.01	4	0
Goldblatt Syndrome [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Hypertension, Renovascular Hypertension due to RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION or compression.	2.49	2	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	6.43	9	1
Acquired Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune Acquired hemolytic anemia due to the presence of AUTOANTIBODIES which agglutinate or lyse the patient's own RED BLOOD CELLS.	2.08	1	0
Cor Pulmonale [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia [description not available]	7.47	2	0
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.	2.47	2	0
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.	2.73	3	0
Carotid Arteriopathies, Traumatic [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Neointima The new and thickened layer of scar tissue that forms on a PROSTHESIS, or as a result of vessel injury especially following ANGIOPLASTY or stent placement.	2.08	1	0
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	2.1	1	0
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	2.47	2	0
Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	2.1	1	0
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	3.89	4	0
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	3.89	4	0
Absence Seizure [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	7.1	1	0
Diffuse Lymphocytic Lymphoma, Poorly-Differentiated [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell A form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma having a usually diffuse pattern with both small and medium lymphocytes and small cleaved cells. It accounts for about 5% of adult non-Hodgkin lymphomas in the United States and Europe. The majority of mantle-cell lymphomas are associated with a t(11;14) translocation resulting in overexpression of the CYCLIN D1 gene (GENES, BCL-1).	2.11	1	0
Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available]	3.01	1	0
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.	3.01	1	0
Cancer of Esophagus [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Esophageal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.	2.1	1	0
Experimental Spinal Cord Ischemia [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Infarct [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	7.11	1	0
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	2.11	1	0
Gastric Ulcer [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	2.46	2	0
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	3.87	2	1
Eosinophilia, Tropical [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	8.87	2	1
Eosinophilia Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.	2.11	1	0
Acoustic Trauma Usually refer to hearing loss due to a single noise event such as an explosion or shotgun blast.	2.11	1	0
Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced Hearing loss due to exposure to explosive loud noise or chronic exposure to sound level greater than 85 dB. The hearing loss is often in the frequency range 4000-6000 hertz.	2.11	1	0
Leukostasis Abnormal intravascular leukocyte aggregation and clumping often seen in leukemia patients. The brain and lungs are the two most commonly affected organs. This acute syndrome requires aggressive cytoreductive modalities including chemotherapy and/or leukophoresis. It is differentiated from LEUKEMIC INFILTRATION which is a neoplastic process where leukemic cells invade organs.	7.1	1	0
Pericementitis [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Alveolar Bone Atrophy [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)	7.11	1	0
Chronic Lung Injury [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	3.16	5	0
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	3.16	5	0
Chronic Illness [description not available]	3.83	2	1
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	3.83	2	1
Inhalation Injury, Smoke [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	2.5	2	0
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	4.16	3	1
Pain, Chronic [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Chronic Pain Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.	7.15	1	0
Angina at Rest [description not available]	6.45	5	2
Angina, Unstable Precordial pain at rest, which may precede a MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	6.45	5	2
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	2.13	1	0
Basilar Artery Insufficiency [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Fetal Growth Restriction [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Fetal Growth Retardation Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.	2.13	1	0
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Intraocular Pressure The pressure of the fluids in the eye.	9.1	3	1
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	2.13	1	0
Metastase [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	2.49	2	0
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	7.75	3	0
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Ischemic Attack, Transient Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)	2.76	3	0
Hypercapnia A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.	7.04	1	0
Organophosphorus Poisoning [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Carditis [description not available]	4.66	3	2
Myocarditis Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.	4.66	3	2
Organophosphate Poisoning Poisoning due to exposure to ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS, such as ORGANOPHOSPHATES; ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATES; and ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHONATES.	2.04	1	0
Indigestion [description not available]	3.43	1	1
Dyspepsia Impaired digestion, especially after eating.	8.43	1	1
Endometrioma An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.	2.97	4	0
Endometriosis A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.	2.97	4	0
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction [description not available]	3.82	2	1
Brain Infarction Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.	8.82	2	1
Injuries, Eye [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Eye Injuries Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.	2.05	1	0
Urinary Incontinence Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.	2.05	1	0
Metabolic Acidosis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.	7.05	1	0
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	3.43	1	1
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	3.43	1	1
Hypertension, Renal Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.	2.05	1	0
Eye Disorders [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Eye Diseases Diseases affecting the eye.	2.05	1	0
Impaired Glucose Tolerance [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Cardiometabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.	2.05	1	0
Glucose Intolerance A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.	2.47	2	0
Metabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.	2.05	1	0
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	2.05	1	0
Polyarthritis [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Arthritis Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	2.06	1	0
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	2.06	1	0
Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Alcoholic Cardiomyopathy [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Pyrexia [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	7.42	2	0
Menopause The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.	2.07	1	0
Angiospasm, Intracranial [description not available]	3.46	1	1
Vasospasm, Intracranial Constriction of arteries in the SKULL due to sudden, sharp, and often persistent smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels. Intracranial vasospasm results in reduced vessel lumen caliber, restricted blood flow to the brain, and BRAIN ISCHEMIA that may lead to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN).	3.46	1	1
Coagulation Disorders, Blood [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Blood Coagulation Disorders Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions.	2.44	2	0
Alcohol Problem [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Alcohol-Related Disorders Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of alcohol.	7.46	2	0
Poisoning, Lead [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Lead Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of LEAD or lead compounds.	2.08	1	0
Amnesia-Memory Loss [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Amnesia Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)	2.01	1	0
Deafness, Sudden Complete sensorineural hearing loss which develops suddenly over a period of hours or a few days.	3.39	1	1
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	2	1	0
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.	2.42	2	0
Arteriosclerosis Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.	2.02	1	0
Injuries, Radiation [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Cardiac Output, Low A state of subnormal or depressed cardiac output at rest or during stress. It is a characteristic of CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, including congenital, valvular, rheumatic, hypertensive, coronary, and cardiomyopathic. The serious form of low cardiac output is characterized by marked reduction in STROKE VOLUME, and systemic vasoconstriction resulting in cold, pale, and sometimes cyanotic extremities.	3.41	1	1
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Auricular Fibrillation [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	2.02	1	0
Anemia, Hemolytic A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).	2.02	1	0
Atrial Fibrillation Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.	2.02	1	0
Osteophytosis, Spinal [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Alcoholic Cirrhosis [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.	2.03	1	0
Elevated Cholesterol [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.	2.03	1	0
Abscess, Amebic [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Brain Inflammation [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Amebiasis Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur.	2.02	1	0
Encephalitis Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.	2.02	1	0
Bone Fractures [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Fractures, Bone Breaks in bones.	2.03	1	0
Pleural Effusion Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.	2.03	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	2.04	1	0
Chronic Primary Open Angle Glaucoma [description not available]	3.37	1	1
Glaucoma, Angle Closure [description not available]	3.37	1	1
Glaucoma, Open-Angle Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.	3.37	1	1
Glaucoma, Angle-Closure A form of glaucoma in which the intraocular pressure increases because the angle of the anterior chamber is blocked and the aqueous humor cannot drain from the anterior chamber.	3.37	1	1
Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.	1.98	1	0
Blood Diseases [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Hematologic Diseases Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.	2.01	1	0

puerarin

Cross-References

Synonyms (78)

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Roles (1)

Drug Classes (3)

Protein Targets (13)

Potency Measurements

Inhibition Measurements

Biological Processes (15)

Molecular Functions (6)

Ceullar Components (19)

Bioassays (48)

Research

Studies (1,110)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 36.09

Study Types

Clinical Trials (7)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Amount of Alcohol Consumed

puerarin

Cross-References

Synonyms (78)

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Roles (1)

Drug Classes (3)

Protein Targets (13)

Potency Measurements

Inhibition Measurements

Biological Processes (15)

Molecular Functions (6)

Ceullar Components (19)

Bioassays (48)

Research

Studies (1,110)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 36.09

Study Types

Clinical Trials (7)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Amount of Alcohol Consumed

Related Drugs (441)

Related Conditions (459)