alpha-aminopyridine profile

Alpha-aminopyridine (α-AP) is a heterocyclic organic compound that serves as a building block in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and other fine chemicals. It is a potent inhibitor of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), a type of receptor found in the nervous system that is involved in the transmission of nerve impulses. α-AP has been studied for its potential therapeutic effects in a variety of neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and epilepsy. Its effects on the nAChR can lead to improved cognitive function, reduced seizures, and protection against neuronal damage. The synthesis of α-AP typically involves the reaction of pyridine with an appropriate amine, such as ammonia or methylamine. Research on α-AP is ongoing, exploring its potential as a therapeutic agent and its role in the development of new drug candidates for neurological disorders.'

alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485 [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	10439
CHEMBL ID	21619
MeSH ID	M0101268

Synonym
BIDD:GT0578
24843-39-8
2-pyridinylnitrene
AC-907/25014346
2-pyridinylamine
pyridine, amino-
pyridinamine
aminopyridine
pyridin-2-amine
inchi=1/c5h6n2/c6-5-3-1-2-4-7-5/h1-4h,(h2,6,7
ccris 4747
ai3-15287
nsc 431
einecs 207-988-4
amino-2 pyridine
alpha-aminopyridine
hsdb 2068
alpha-pyridylamine
alpha-pyridinamine
504-29-0
.beta.-pyridylamine
2-pyridylamine
1,2-dihydro-2-iminopyridine
.alpha.-pyridylamine
nsc431
.alpha.-pyridinamine
2-aminopyridine
nsc-431
o-aminopyridine
2-pyridinamine
.alpha.-aminopyridine
2-aminopryidine
pyridine, 2-amino-
2-aminopyridine, 99%
2-aminopyridine, >=99%
STK286012
A0411
pyridin-2-ylamine
2-aminopyridin
CHEMBL21619 ,
FT-0662050
bdbm50013712
AKOS000119615
NCGC00248863-01
pyridin-2-yl-amine
2-amino pyridine
dtxsid0024505 ,
NCGC00258434-01
cas-504-29-0
dtxcid404505
tox21_200880
BBL011573
aminopyridines
26445-05-6
wsx981hewu ,
o-aminopyridine [un2671] [poison]
unii-wsx981hewu
ec 207-988-4
BP-13063
FT-0611271
.alpha.-aminopyridine [mi]
aminopyridine, 2-
mepyramine maleate impurity c [ep impurity]
2-aminopyridine [hsdb]
piroxicam impurity a [ep impurity]
tenoxicam impurity a [ep impurity]
AM81273
pyridinylamine
2-amino-pyridine
pyridyl amine
amino-pyridine
pyridine-2-ylamine
pyridineamine
pyridine-2-amine
2-pyridyl amine
aminopyridin
2-aminopyr-idine
amino pyridine
iminopyridine
JGQBNAFULRKENS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
pyridyl nitrogen
W-106097
W-105962
STR00201
CS-W020569
\|a-pyridylamine
mfcd00006312
F1995-0206
2-aminopyridine, purum, >=98.0% (nt)
2-aminopyridine, pestanal(r), analytical standard
P17100
mepyramine impurity c, european pharmacopoeia (ep) reference standard
pyridin-2-amine (2-pyridylamine)
87802-54-8
BCP22964
Q2393470
2-ap, 2-pyridinamine, 2-pyridylamine
EN300-19030
PB47078
PD180348
2-pyridinamine-d4
Z104472278
F90389
piroxicam related compound a, reference standard

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Cards were completed hourly to evaluate symptoms of allergic rhinitis and adverse experiences caused by therapy."	( Randomized, double-blind, parallel groups, placebo-controlled study of efficacy and safety of Rynatan in the treatment of allergic rhinitis using an acute model. Donnelly, A; Gellhaus, M; Weiler, JM; Weiler, K, 1990)	0.28
" A similar number of adverse reactions occurred in each group but patients receiving pentazocine seemed to be more likely to develop reactions affecting the central nervous system, an important point in the therapy of ill, but often ambulant patients."	( Analgesic efficacy and safety of oral flupirtine in the treatment of cancer pain. Scheef, W, 1987)	0.27
"The results of the subchronic toxicity studies gave in mini-LEWE-pigs no toxic effects for the substance Cordemcura."	( [Subchronic toxicity testing of Cordemcura in the mini-Lewe minipig]. Göres, E; Janowski, K; Landmann, H, 1986)	0.27
" Adverse reactions were complicated by underlying disease severity and concomitant drug therapy."	( Clinical safety of intravenous amrinone--a review. Treadway, G, 1985)	0.27
" The most significant adverse effects were cardiac arrhythmias, thrombocytopenia, abnormal results of liver function tests, diarrhea, fever, and nausea."	( Clinical effects and side effects of amrinone. A study of 24 patients with chronic congestive heart failure. Gerber, L; Merrill, AJ; Silverman, BD, 1985)	0.27
" Other potentially serious adverse effects were: abdominal pain (two patients), nausea and vomiting (three patients), jaundice (one patient), myositis (one patient), pulmonary infiltrates (two patients), and polyserositis (one patient)."	( Side effects of amrinone therapy. Webb-Peploe, MM; Wilsmhurst, PT, 1983)	0.27
" The results were subjected to statistical analysis with a two-factor partlyhierarchical anova and no toxic effects were detected."	( [An ocular toxicity study with flupirtine as an example of evaluation of possible ocular drug side effects in human volunteers (author's transl)]. Koch, HR; Kremer, F; Marzinkowski, A; Trier, HG, 1982)	0.26
" These properties suggest that P10358 may be a safe and promising symptomatic treatment for Alzheimer's disease."	( Pharmacological activity and safety profile of P10358, a novel, orally active acetylcholinesterase inhibitor for Alzheimer's disease. Bores, GM; Brooks, KM; Camacho, F; Cunningham, DM; Davis, L; Fishkin, R; Hartman, HB; Li, M; Petko, W; Roehr, J; Rush, DK; Selk, DE; Smith, CP; Vargas, HM; Winslow, JT, 1997)	0.3
" Minimal adverse experiences were observed with the 991 subjects that were exposed to 5% Amlexanox paste."	( 5% amlexanox oral paste, a new treatment for recurrent minor aphthous ulcers: II. Pharmacokinetics and demonstration of clinical safety. Alfano, MC; Charney, MR; Khandwala, A; Van Inwegen, RG, 1997)	0.3
" That a lesion of the inferior olive almost completely prevents the neurotoxicity demonstrates that ibogaine is not directly toxic to Purkinje cells, but that the toxicity is indirect and dependent on integrity of the olivocerebellar projection."	( The olivocerebellar projection mediates ibogaine-induced degeneration of Purkinje cells: a model of indirect, trans-synaptic excitotoxicity. Molliver, ME; O'Hearn, E, 1997)	0.3
" Repeated intravaginal exposure of CD-1 mice to increasing concentrations of PHI-346 for 13 weeks had no adverse effect on their subsequent reproductive capability, perinatal outcome, growth, and development of offspring."	( A 13-week subchronic intravaginal toxicity study of the novel broad-spectrum anti-HIV and spermicidal agent, N-[2-(1-cyclohexenyl)ethyl]-N'-[2-(5-bromopyridyl)]-thiourea (PHI-346) in mice. D'Cruz, OJ; Uckun, FM; Waurzyniak, B, )	0.13
" Most adverse events were mild to moderate in intensity and transient."	( Efficacy and safety of roflumilast in the treatment of asthma. Bateman, ED; Bredenbröker, D; Harnest, U; Hofbauer, P; Izquierdo, JL; Leichtl, S; Magyar, P; Schmid-Wirlitsch, C, 2006)	0.33
"Amlexanox oral adhesive tablets are effective and safe in reducing aphthous ulcer pain and lesion size, as well as erythema and exudation in this Chinese cohort."	( An evaluation on the efficacy and safety of amlexanox oral adhesive tablets in the treatment of recurrent minor aphthous ulceration in a Chinese cohort: a randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled, unparallel multicenter clinical trial. Cai, Y; Chen, F; Chen, Q; Lin, M; Liu, J; Shi, J; Wang, Y; Wang, Z; Zeng, X; Zhang, Y; Zhou, H, 2006)	0.33
" Doses in a range up to maximum no side effect doses were tested for antihyperalgesic effects in rats with hyperalgesia."	( CNSB004 (Leconotide) causes antihyperalgesia without side effects when given intravenously: a comparison with ziconotide in a rat model of diabetic neuropathic pain. Cooke, I; Goodchild, CS; Kolosov, A, 2010)	0.36
"The maximum no side effect dose of leconotide (2 mg/kg intravenously) caused 51."	( CNSB004 (Leconotide) causes antihyperalgesia without side effects when given intravenously: a comparison with ziconotide in a rat model of diabetic neuropathic pain. Cooke, I; Goodchild, CS; Kolosov, A, 2010)	0.36
"To model the pharmacokinetics of roflumilast and roflumilast N-oxide, evaluate the influence of potential covariates, use the total PDE4 inhibitory activity (tPDE4i) concept to estimate the combined inhibition of PDE4 by roflumilast and roflumilast N-oxide, and use individual estimates of tPDE4i to predict the occurrence of adverse events (AEs) in patients with moderate-to-severe COPD."	( Population pharmacokinetic modelling of roflumilast and roflumilast N-oxide by total phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitory activity and development of a population pharmacodynamic-adverse event model. Diletti, E; Elmlinger, M; Facius, A; Hünnemeyer, A; Lahu, G; McCracken, N; Ruth, P; Zech, K, 2010)	0.36
" Adverse events were monitored throughout the study."	( No relevant cardiac, pharmacokinetic or safety interactions between roflumilast and inhaled formoterol in healthy subjects: an open-label, randomised, actively controlled study. de Mey, C; Lahu, G; Nassr, N, 2011)	0.37
" No severe or serious adverse events were reported, and no adverse events led to premature study discontinuation."	( No relevant cardiac, pharmacokinetic or safety interactions between roflumilast and inhaled formoterol in healthy subjects: an open-label, randomised, actively controlled study. de Mey, C; Lahu, G; Nassr, N, 2011)	0.37
" Patients were informed to report any adverse effect encountered during the study period."	( Efficacy and safety of flupirtine maleate and tramadol hydrochloride in postoperative pain management--a prospective randomised double blinded study. Biswas, A; Das, AK; Kamal, F; Naser, SM; Prakash, R; Rahaman, QM; Sarkar, N, 2012)	0.38
"Roflumilast, a phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, has been shown to improve lung function and reduce exacerbation rates, but is associated with adverse events (AEs)."	( Efficacy and safety of roflumilast in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lone, NA; Oba, Y, 2013)	0.39
" Hence, we evaluated the effects of roflumilast, a novel oral phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor developed for the treatment and prevention of COPD exacerbations, on major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs)."	( Cardiovascular safety in patients receiving roflumilast for the treatment of COPD. Bredenbröker, D; Calverley, PMA; Cooke, GE; Goehring, UM; Kowey, PR; Lakkis, H; Mosberg, H; Rabe, KF; Rowe, P; White, WB; Zhu, H, 2013)	0.39
" Secondary outcomes included other spirometric parameters, health-related quality of life, the overall mortality rate and adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of roflumilast in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a meta-analysis. Gu, WJ; Pan, L; Yan, JH, 2014)	0.4
" Roflumilast increased some adverse events including diarrhea, headache, nausea, weight loss, and insomnia."	( Efficacy and safety of roflumilast in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a meta-analysis. Gu, WJ; Pan, L; Yan, JH, 2014)	0.4
" Although there are insufficient clinical evidence on other clinical endpoints and high risk of some adverse events, roflumilast therapy may benefit COPD patients."	( Efficacy and safety of roflumilast in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a meta-analysis. Gu, WJ; Pan, L; Yan, JH, 2014)	0.4
" We also demonstrate that GSK356278 enhances performance in a model of executive function in cynomolgus macaques with no adverse effects, a therapeutic profile that supports further evaluation of GSK356278 in a clinical setting."	( GSK356278, a potent, selective, brain-penetrant phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor that demonstrates anxiolytic and cognition-enhancing effects without inducing side effects in preclinical species. Arban, R; Cavallini, P; Davies, CH; Davis, TG; Gray, FA; Montanari, D; Negri, M; Poffe, A; Rutter, AR; Schneck, J; Vicentini, E; Wren, PB, 2014)	0.4
" Adverse events observed with fostamatinib treatment were consistent with those reported in previous studies, including hypertension and diarrhoea."	( OSKIRA-4: a phase IIb randomised, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of fostamatinib monotherapy. Genovese, MC; Greenwood, M; Ho, M; Nasonov, E; Oemar, B; Stoilov, R; Taylor, PC; Vencovsky, J; Weinblatt, M, 2015)	0.42
" The most common treatment-related adverse events were application-site reactions (erythema and pruritus), but the differences in local tolerability between ozenoxacin and placebo were not clinically significant."	( Systemic bioavailability, safety and tolerability of topical ozenoxacin in healthy adult volunteers. Albareda, N; Febbraro, S; Gropper, S; Santos, B, 2014)	0.4
" Only a few adverse events were reported across repeated-dose studies, and virtually all events were considered to be unrelated or unlikely to be related to ozenoxacin application."	( Cumulative irritation, sensitizing potential, phototoxicity and photoallergy of ozenoxacin in healthy adult volunteers. Cepero, AL; Dosik, JS; Gropper, S; LaStella, P; Siemetzki, H; Wigger-Alberti, W, 2014)	0.4
" Overall, pradigastat was safe and tolerated at single and multiple doses in healthy subjects."	( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety, and tolerability of pradigastat, a novel diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 inhibitor in overweight or obese, but otherwise healthy human subjects. Amer, A; Chen, J; Majumdar, T; Meyers, CD, 2015)	0.42
"Prion protein (PrP) mislocalized in the cytosol has been presumed to be the toxic entity responsible for the neurodegenerative process in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE), also called prion diseases."	( Stabilization of microtubular cytoskeleton protects neurons from toxicity of N-terminal fragment of cytosolic prion protein. Nieznanska, H; Nieznanski, K; Zajkowski, T, 2015)	0.42
"Observational studies can provide context for adverse events observed in clinical trials, especially for infrequent events or long-term risks."	( Using epidemiological registry data to provide background rates as context for adverse events in a rheumatoid arthritis drug development program: a coordinated approach. Askling, J; Berglind, N; Franzén, S; Greenberg, JD; Ho, M; Holmqvist, M; Horne, L; Lampl, K; Michaud, K; Nyberg, F; Pappas, DA; Reed, G; Symmons, D; Tanaka, E; Tran, TN; Verstappen, SM; Wesby-van Swaay, E; Yamanaka, H, 2015)	0.42
" Adverse events (AEs) including headache, diarrhoea and weight loss have been reported."	( Roflumilast for asthma: Safety findings from a pooled analysis of ten clinical studies. Bardin, P; Bateman, ED; Bredenbröker, D; Busse, W; Chervinsky, P; Meltzer, EO; Ohta, K, 2015)	0.42
" Safety endpoints included adverse events (AEs) and changes in laboratory values, vital signs, and electrocardiograms."	( Efficacy and Safety of Roflumilast in Korean Patients with COPD. Hong, YK; Lee, JS; Lee, SD; Lee, SW; Oh, YM; Park, TS, 2016)	0.43
" Adverse events were more common in the roflumilast group than in the placebo group; however, the types and frequency of AEs were comparable to those reported in previous studies."	( Efficacy and Safety of Roflumilast in Korean Patients with COPD. Hong, YK; Lee, JS; Lee, SD; Lee, SW; Oh, YM; Park, TS, 2016)	0.43
" The most common possibly related treatment-emergent adverse events involved fatigue and the gastrointestinal, renal, or hematopoietic systems."	( Efficacy and Safety of Abemaciclib, an Inhibitor of CDK4 and CDK6, for Patients with Breast Cancer, Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, and Other Solid Tumors. Beckmann, RP; Beeram, M; Chan, EM; Cronier, DM; Flaherty, KT; Frenzel, M; Fulford, AD; Gandhi, L; Goldman, JW; Hilton, JF; Kulanthaivel, P; Li, LQ; Martinez, R; Nasir, A; Nguyen, TS; Papadopoulos, KP; Patnaik, A; Rasco, DW; Rosen, LS; Schade, AE; Shapiro, GI; Tolaney, SM; Tolcher, AW; Wen, PY, 2016)	0.43
"Roflumilast is the only phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor approved for the treatment of COPD patients with chronic cough and sputum, and a history of exacerbations, but the compliance to treatment is reduced by poorly tolerated adverse events (AEs)."	( Drug safety evaluation of roflumilast for the treatment of COPD: a meta-analysis. Calzetta, L; Cazzola, M; Matera, MG; Rogliani, P, 2016)	0.43
" Treatment was generally well tolerated, although the incidence of some respiratory adverse events was higher with lumacaftor/ivacaftor than with placebo in all subgroups."	( Efficacy and safety of lumacaftor/ivacaftor combination therapy in patients with cystic fibrosis homozygous for Phe508del CFTR by pulmonary function subgroup: a pooled analysis. Boyle, MP; Elborn, JS; Huang, X; Konstan, MW; Marigowda, G; Ramsey, BW; Wainwright, CE; Waltz, D, 2016)	0.43
" As for the safety of roflumilast treatment, the overall cumulative incidence of adverse drug reaction was 54."	( Potential treatment benefits and safety of roflumilast in COPD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cai, Q; Dai, X; Shao, N; Yang, M; Yuan, L, 2016)	0.43
" The adverse drug reaction did not increase significantly in the roflumilast group compared with the control group."	( Potential treatment benefits and safety of roflumilast in COPD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cai, Q; Dai, X; Shao, N; Yang, M; Yuan, L, 2016)	0.43
" Discuss the key side effects associated with CDK4/6 inhibitors along with considerations for adverse event management and patient monitoring."	( HR+, HER2- Advanced Breast Cancer and CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Mode of Action, Clinical Activity, and Safety Profiles. Blackwell, KL; Sammons, SL; Topping, DL, 2017)	0.46
" The side-effect profile of each agent is described, along with implications for patient monitoring, and considerations for patient care providers and pharmacists."	( HR+, HER2- Advanced Breast Cancer and CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Mode of Action, Clinical Activity, and Safety Profiles. Blackwell, KL; Sammons, SL; Topping, DL, 2017)	0.46
" Insight into the unique side-effect profiles of this class of agents and effective patient monitoring will facilitate the successful use of CDK4/6 inhibitor-based therapies in the clinic."	( HR+, HER2- Advanced Breast Cancer and CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Mode of Action, Clinical Activity, and Safety Profiles. Blackwell, KL; Sammons, SL; Topping, DL, 2017)	0.46
"Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) inhibitors such as palbociclib and ribociclib are associated with distinct adverse effects (AEs) compared to other targeted therapies."	( Meta-analysis of selected toxicity endpoints of CDK4/6 inhibitors: Palbociclib and ribociclib. Carneiro, BA; Costa, R; Costa, RB; Giles, FJ; Gradishar, WJ; Helenowski, I; Kaplan, J; Peterson, J; Talamantes, SM, 2017)	0.46
" In addition, adverse events (AEs) were also recorded during the treatment period."	( Effect and safety of roflumilast for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Chinese patients. Gao, Y; Liu, DY; Peng, D; Wang, XJ; Wang, ZG; Zhang, HM; Zhang, YX, 2018)	0.48
" Placebo-controlled trials reporting lung function, airway hyperresponsiveness by direct challenge, asthma control and exacerbations, and adverse events were included."	( Efficacy and safety of phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors in patients with asthma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Liang, BM; Liu, BC; Liu, CT; Liu, D; Luo, J; Yang, D; Yang, J; Yang, L, 2018)	0.48
" Ozenoxacin was well tolerated, with 8 of 206 patients experiencing adverse effects, with only 1 of these potentially related to the study treatment; none were serious."	( Efficacy and Safety of Ozenoxacin Cream for Treatment of Adult and Pediatric Patients With Impetigo: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Albareda, N; Alonso, FG; Hebert, AA; Rosen, T; Rosenberg, N; Roth, S; Zsolt, I, 2018)	0.48
" For example, neutropenia is observed at varying incidences in patients treated with these drugs; however, it is the most common adverse event for palbociclib and ribociclib, whereas diarrhea is the most common adverse event observed in patients treated with abemaciclib."	( Intestinal Toxicity in Rats Following Administration of CDK4/6 Inhibitors Is Independent of Primary Pharmacology. Finkelstein, M; Franks, T; Hirakawa, B; Hu, W; Jessen, B; Kalabat, D; Khoh-Reiter, S; Lu, S; Sacaan, A; Sung, T; Thibault, S, 2019)	0.51
" The most common adverse event was hypercholesterolemia (83%), and no adverse event-related dose reductions or treatment discontinuations were reported."	( Efficacy and Safety of Lorlatinib in Korean Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Patients With ALK or ROS1 Rearrangement Whose Disease Failed to Respond to a Previous Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor. Ahn, JS; Ahn, MJ; Choi, Y; Lee, J; Lee, SH; Park, K; Sun, JM, 2019)	0.51
" In part B, most children (59 [98%] of 60 children) had one or more treatment-emergent adverse events; most events were mild to moderate in severity."	( Safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of lumacaftor and ivacaftor combination therapy in children aged 2-5 years with cystic fibrosis homozygous for F508del-CFTR: an open-label phase 3 study. Li, C; Liu, F; Marigowda, G; McColley, SA; McNamara, JJ; Owen, CA; Sawicki, GS; Stiles, D; Tian, S; Waltz, D; Wang, LT, 2019)	0.51
"Lumacaftor and ivacaftor were generally safe and well tolerated in children aged 2-5 years with cystic fibrosis for 24 weeks."	( Safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of lumacaftor and ivacaftor combination therapy in children aged 2-5 years with cystic fibrosis homozygous for F508del-CFTR: an open-label phase 3 study. Li, C; Liu, F; Marigowda, G; McColley, SA; McNamara, JJ; Owen, CA; Sawicki, GS; Stiles, D; Tian, S; Waltz, D; Wang, LT, 2019)	0.51
" Adverse events associated with lorlatinib are primarily mild to moderate in severity, with hypercholesterolemia (82."	( Clinical Management of Adverse Events Associated with Lorlatinib. Bauer, TM; Chioda, MD; Felip, E; Peltz, G; Shaw, AT; Solomon, BJ; Thurm, H, 2019)	0.51
" Neoadjuvant buparlisib results in the increase in adverse grade 3/4 adverse events including increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (RR = 11."	( The efficacy and safety of neoadjuvant buparlisib for breast cancer: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. Lu, H; Luo, Q; Wang, Y; Zhou, X, 2019)	0.51
"Neoadjuvant buparlisib may provide some efficacy for breast cancer, but leads to the increase in serious adverse events."	( The efficacy and safety of neoadjuvant buparlisib for breast cancer: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. Lu, H; Luo, Q; Wang, Y; Zhou, X, 2019)	0.51
"The combination of everolimus and buparlisib is safe and well-tolerated at the RP2D of 5 and 60 mg on a continuous daily schedule."	( A Phase I Study of Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of Concurrent Everolimus and Buparlisib Treatment in Advanced Solid Tumors. Akce, M; Alese, OB; Bilen, MA; Carthon, B; Chen, Z; Collins, H; El-Rayes, BF; Harris, WB; Harvey, RD; Khuri, FR; Kudchagkar, RR; Lawson, DH; Lewis, C; Lonial, S; Owonikoko, TK; Ramalingam, SS; Shaib, WL; Sica, GL; Steuer, CE; Wu, C; Zhang, C, 2020)	0.56
" No serious or severe adverse events were attributed to MMV390048."	( A Phase 1, Placebo-controlled, Randomized, Single Ascending Dose Study and a Volunteer Infection Study to Characterize the Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Antimalarial Activity of the Plasmodium Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase Inhibitor MMV390048. Chalon, S; Cherkaoui-Rbati, MH; Collins, KA; Donini, C; Fidock, DA; Gobeau, N; Marquart, L; McCarthy, JS; Möhrle, JJ; Rozenberg, FD; Woodford, J, 2020)	0.56
" One subject withdrew due to a treatment-emergent adverse event."	( Effect of high-fat diet on the pharmacokinetics and safety of flumatinib in healthy Chinese subjects. Guo, C; He, QN; Huang, J; Kuang, Y; Pei, Q; Song, HL; Wu, ST; Yang, GP; Yang, S; Yang, XY; Ye, L, 2020)	0.56
"Among the subjects, oral administration of 400 mg of flumatinib was safe and well tolerated."	( Effect of high-fat diet on the pharmacokinetics and safety of flumatinib in healthy Chinese subjects. Guo, C; He, QN; Huang, J; Kuang, Y; Pei, Q; Song, HL; Wu, ST; Yang, GP; Yang, S; Yang, XY; Ye, L, 2020)	0.56
"Purpose The CKD4/6 inhibitor abemaciclib is related to adverse events such as hematological toxicity and increase in serum creatinine levels associated with abemaciclib pharmacokinetics."	( Serum concentration of the CKD4/6 inhibitor abemaciclib, but not of creatinine, strongly predicts hematological adverse events in patients with breast cancer: a preliminary report. Ando, H; Ebi, H; Fukushima, S; Hashimoto, N; Irie, K; Iwata, H; Kajita, M; Maeda, A; Okada, A; Sawaki, M, 2021)	0.62
" Data on common and serious adverse events (AE) were extracted for each approved drug."	( Comparison of treatment-related adverse events of different Cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors in metastatic breast cancer: A network meta-analysis. Amir, E; Desnoyers, A; Kumar, V; Nadler, MB; Saleh, R, 2020)	0.56
" Here we provide a comprehensive summary of the most common adverse events (AEs), their management, and whether AEs or dose reductions influenced progression-free survival (PFS), in the MONARCH 2 and 3 trials."	( Management of Abemaciclib-Associated Adverse Events in Patients with Hormone Receptor-Positive, Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2-Negative Advanced Breast Cancer: Safety Analysis of MONARCH 2 and MONARCH 3. Andre, VAM; Barriga, S; Cox, J; García-Sáenz, JA; Goetz, M; Huober, J; Masuda, N; Rugo, HS; Sohn, JH, 2021)	0.62
" Clinicians should be aware of and implement management strategies, including dose adjustments according to local labels, for commonly occurring and serious adverse events to ensure continued treatment and optimize clinical benefit/risk ratio."	( Management of Abemaciclib-Associated Adverse Events in Patients with Hormone Receptor-Positive, Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2-Negative Advanced Breast Cancer: Safety Analysis of MONARCH 2 and MONARCH 3. Andre, VAM; Barriga, S; Cox, J; García-Sáenz, JA; Goetz, M; Huober, J; Masuda, N; Rugo, HS; Sohn, JH, 2021)	0.62
" The Panel reviewed relevant animal and human data provided in this safety assessment, and concluded that 2-Amino-3-Hydroxypyridine is safe in the present practices of use and concentration for use in oxidative hair dye formulations."	( Safety Assessment of 2-Amino-3-Hydroxypyridine as Used in Cosmetics. Belsito, DV; Bergfeld, WF; Burnett, CL; Gill, LJ; Heldreth, B; Hill, RA; Klaassen, CD; Liebler, DC; Marks, JG; Shank, RC; Slaga, TJ; Snyder, PW, 2020)	0.56
"Treatment-related adverse events included fatigue and nausea in the monotherapy arm (13% for each), hypothyroidism (30%) in the ramucirumab arm, diarrhea (54%) in the abemaciclib arm, and nausea (25%) in the merestinib arm."	( Safety and Clinical Activity of a New Anti-PD-L1 Antibody as Monotherapy or Combined with Targeted Therapy in Advanced Solid Tumors: The PACT Phase Ia/Ib Trial. Bang, YJ; Bendell, J; Carlsen, M; Chow, KH; Chung, HC; de Miguel, MJ; Gandhi, L; Italiano, A; Lin, CC; Patnaik, A; Schmidt, S; Su, WC; Szpurka, AM; Vangerow, B; Xu, X; Yap, TA; Yu, D; Zhao, Y, 2021)	0.62
" The most common adverse events were hypertension, diarrhoea and neutropenia."	( Safety and efficacy of fostamatinib in rheumatoid arthritis patients with an inadequate response to methotrexate in phase II OSKIRA-ASIA-1 and OSKIRA-ASIA-1X study. Iwata, S; Millson, D; Nakayamada, S; Tanaka, Y, 2021)	0.62
" To the best of our knowledge this is the first thrombotic coronary side effect ever reported."	( Coronary Plaque Erosion after Abemaciclib Treatment Onset: An Unknown Side Effect? Alfonso, F; Alvarado-Casas, T; Rivero, F; Salamanca, J; Vera, A, 2021)	0.62
"Hepatic adverse reactions (ARs) were assessed by type and magnitude of liver test abnormalities, classified as (a) isolated aminotransferase elevations (alanine [ALT] or aspartate [AST], without significant alkaline phosphatase [ALP] or bilirubin elevations), or (b) mixed or cholestatic hepatotoxicity (increase in ALP with or without ALT/AST and bilirubin elevations, based on adjudication)."	( Pexidartinib Long-Term Hepatic Safety Profile in Patients with Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumors. Baba, HA; Bauer, S; Choi, Y; Druta, M; Gelderblom, H; Healey, JH; Lewis, JH; Lin, CC; Pousa, AL; Shuster, DE; Stacchiotti, S; Tap, WD; van de Sande, M; Wagner, AJ; Wang, Q, 2021)	0.62
" Dermatologic adverse events (dAEs) are common with ulixertinib, so management guidelines like those established for epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor (EGFRi)-associated dAEs are needed."	( Characterization and management of ERK inhibitor associated dermatologic adverse events: analysis from a nonrandomized trial of ulixertinib for advanced cancers. Abida, W; Brownstein, S; Drilon, A; Gounder, MM; Groover, A; Harding, JJ; Hyman, DM; Janku, F; Lacouture, ME; Lezcano, C; Li, BT; Liu, D; Offin, M; Sullivan, RJ; Torrisi, JM; Varterasian, M; Welsch, D; Wu, J, 2021)	0.62
"While higher rates of adverse events were reported in older patients, they were manageable with dose adjustments and concomitant medication."	( Safety and efficacy of abemaciclib plus endocrine therapy in older patients with hormone receptor-positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative advanced breast cancer: an age-specific subgroup analysis of MONARCH 2 and 3 trials. André, VAM; Campone, M; Chouaki, N; Goetz, MP; Grischke, EM; Manso, L; Okera, M; San Antonio, B; Sledge, GW; Toi, M; Wildiers, H, 2021)	0.62
"Cardiotoxicity is an important side effect of the treatment of a malignant tumor with Doxorubicin."	( Roflumilast Attenuates Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity by Targeting Inflammation and Cellular Senescence in Cardiomyocytes Mediated by SIRT1. Du, Y; Liu, J; Wu, P; Yang, Z; Zhang, S, 2021)	0.62
" Most children (236 [99%] of 239 children) had adverse events that were mild (49 [21%] of 239) or moderate (148 [62%] of 239) in severity, and there was a low rate of adverse events leading to treatment discontinuation."	( Long-term safety and efficacy of lumacaftor-ivacaftor therapy in children aged 6-11 years with cystic fibrosis homozygous for the F508del-CFTR mutation: a phase 3, open-label, extension study. Chilvers, MA; Cornell, AG; Davies, JC; Han, Z; Milla, C; Owen, CA; Ratjen, F; Tian, S, 2021)	0.62
"Lumacaftor-ivacaftor therapy in children homozygous for F508del-CFTR who initiated treatment at age 6-11 years was generally safe and well tolerated, and efficacy was sustained for up to 120 weeks."	( Long-term safety and efficacy of lumacaftor-ivacaftor therapy in children aged 6-11 years with cystic fibrosis homozygous for the F508del-CFTR mutation: a phase 3, open-label, extension study. Chilvers, MA; Cornell, AG; Davies, JC; Han, Z; Milla, C; Owen, CA; Ratjen, F; Tian, S, 2021)	0.62
"Of 16 participants, ten completed the study; six participants, all in the expanded 100-mg cohort, discontinued because of adverse events during the modafinil lead-in dosing period."	( The Effect of Modafinil on the Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Lorlatinib: A Phase I Study in Healthy Participants. Chen, J; Gong, J; LaBadie, RR; Li, J; Mfopou, JK; Pithavala, YK, 2021)	0.62
"A previous phase 3 study showed that lumacaftor-ivacaftor was generally safe and well tolerated over 24 weeks of treatment in children aged 2-5 years with cystic fibrosis homozygous for the F508del-CFTR mutation."	( Long-term safety of lumacaftor-ivacaftor in children aged 2-5 years with cystic fibrosis homozygous for the F508del-CFTR mutation: a multicentre, phase 3, open-label, extension study. Chilvers, M; Cornell, AG; Hoppe, JE; McColley, SA; McNamara, JJ; Owen, CA; Ratjen, F; Tian, S; Zahigian, R, 2021)	0.62
" Most participants (56 [98%] of 57) had at least one adverse event during study 116, most of which were mild (19 [33%] participants) or moderate (29 [51%] participants) in severity."	( Long-term safety of lumacaftor-ivacaftor in children aged 2-5 years with cystic fibrosis homozygous for the F508del-CFTR mutation: a multicentre, phase 3, open-label, extension study. Chilvers, M; Cornell, AG; Hoppe, JE; McColley, SA; McNamara, JJ; Owen, CA; Ratjen, F; Tian, S; Zahigian, R, 2021)	0.62
"Lumacaftor-ivacaftor was generally safe and well tolerated, and treatment effects were generally maintained for the duration of the extension study."	( Long-term safety of lumacaftor-ivacaftor in children aged 2-5 years with cystic fibrosis homozygous for the F508del-CFTR mutation: a multicentre, phase 3, open-label, extension study. Chilvers, M; Cornell, AG; Hoppe, JE; McColley, SA; McNamara, JJ; Owen, CA; Ratjen, F; Tian, S; Zahigian, R, 2021)	0.62
" In total, 4 safety end points were assessed: hypercholesterolemia grade ≥ 3, hypertriglyceridemia grade ≥ 3, weight gain grade ≥ 2, and treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) grade ≥ 3."	( Lorlatinib Exposure-Response Analyses for Safety and Efficacy in a Phase I/II Trial to Support Benefit-Risk Assessment in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Chen, J; Clancy, J; Hibma, J; James, LP; Peltz, G; Ruiz-Garcia, A; Thurm, H, 2021)	0.62
" Despite being generally well tolerated, lorlatinib has a unique and challenging safety profile that includes hyperlipidaemia and central and peripheral nervous system adverse events (AEs)."	( Monitoring and Managing Lorlatinib Adverse Events in the Portuguese Clinical Setting: A Position Paper. Aguiar, C; Barata, F; Hespanhol, V; Marques, JB; Marques, TR, 2021)	0.62
" We retrospectively evaluated patients with ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with lorlatinib regarding its efficacy, the impact of prior ALK inhibitor treatments and the adverse events, in particular dyslipidemia."	( Real-world efficacy and safety of lorlatinib in treating advanced ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer patients. Chang, GC; Chen, KC; Hsu, KH; Huang, YH; Lee, PH; Tseng, JS; Yang, TY, 2021)	0.62
" The most common grade 3 adverse events were rash/pruritis/dermatitis (19%), diarrhea (11%), hyperglycemia (11%), and hypertension (11%)."	( Phase I/Ib Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Buparlisib and Ibrutinib Therapy in MCL, FL, and DLBCL with Serial Cell-Free DNA Monitoring. Batlevi, CL; De Frank, S; Drullinsky, P; Gerecitano, JF; Hamilton, A; Hamlin, PA; Horwitz, SM; Kumar, A; Matasar, MJ; Michaud, L; Moskowitz, A; Moskowitz, CH; Nakajima, R; Nichols, C; Rademaker, J; Salles, G; Schöder, H; Seshan, V; Stewart, CM; Straus, D; Tsui, DWY; Whiting, K; Younes, A; Zelenetz, AD, 2022)	0.72
" The primary endpoint was toxicity per Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v5."	( Safety of cyclin-dependent kinase4/6 inhibitor combined with palliative radiotherapy in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Barsky, AR; Clark, A; Dastgheyb, S; Dreyfuss, AD; Freedman, GM; Kim, KN; Shah, P; Taunk, NK, 2021)	0.62
"The use of RT within 2 weeks of CDK4/6 inhibitors had low acceptable toxicity and high efficacy, suggesting that it is safe for palliation of metastatic breast cancer."	( Safety of cyclin-dependent kinase4/6 inhibitor combined with palliative radiotherapy in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Barsky, AR; Clark, A; Dastgheyb, S; Dreyfuss, AD; Freedman, GM; Kim, KN; Shah, P; Taunk, NK, 2021)	0.62
" Eligible studies reported at least one of the following outcomes: progression free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), objective response rate (ORR), or adverse events of grade 3 or higher (Grade ≥ 3 AEs)."	( Comparative efficacy and safety of first-line treatments for advanced non-small cell lung cancer with ALK-rearranged: a meta-analysis of clinical trials. Chang, XS; Chen, YD; Ding, KL; Liu, YF; Liu, YH; Ma, HC; Xiao, ZZ; Yu, YY; Zhang, HB; Zhao, WJ; Zhou, R; Zhu, YJ, 2021)	0.62
" On the other hand, ceritinib showed the highest rate of severe adverse events (60%)."	( Comparative efficacy and safety of first-line treatments for advanced non-small cell lung cancer with ALK-rearranged: a meta-analysis of clinical trials. Chang, XS; Chen, YD; Ding, KL; Liu, YF; Liu, YH; Ma, HC; Xiao, ZZ; Yu, YY; Zhang, HB; Zhao, WJ; Zhou, R; Zhu, YJ, 2021)	0.62
" No serious adverse events (AEs) were reported."	( A Phase I Study to Evaluate the Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Lorlatinib in Adults with Mild, Moderate, and Severe Renal Impairment. Canas, GC; Ginman, K; Gong, J; LaBadie, RR; Lin, S; Pelletier, K; Pithavala, YK; Winkle, P, 2022)	0.72
"8%) (cluster terms) were common treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs)."	( Lorlatinib for Previously Treated ALK-Positive Advanced NSCLC: Primary Efficacy and Safety From a Phase 2 Study in People's Republic of China. Bai, C; Chang, J; Chen, G; Cheng, Y; Cui, J; Du, Y; Fan, Y; Fang, J; Huang, C; Li, H; Li, J; Liu, X; Liu, Z; Lu, S; Lu, Y; Pan, H; Peltz, G; Song, Y; Wang, K; Wu, YL; Yang, N; Zhang, H; Zhang, K; Zhao, H; Zhou, J; Zhou, Q, 2022)	0.72
" Safety analyses included incidence, management, and outcomes of common and clinically relevant adverse events (AEs)."	( Adjuvant abemaciclib combined with endocrine therapy for high-risk early breast cancer: safety and patient-reported outcomes from the monarchE study. Blancas, I; Boyle, F; Broom, R; Brown, J; Campone, M; Gumus, M; Hulstijn, M; Im, YH; Johnston, SRD; O'Shaughnessy, J; Rastogi, P; Reinisch, M; Rugo, HS; San Antonio, B; Shahir, A; Song, C; Toi, M; Tolaney, SM; Wei, R; Yamashita, T; Zagouri, F; Zimmermann, A, 2022)	0.72
"To examine the real-world incidence and management of select adverse events (AEs) among female patients with hormone receptor positive (HR+), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HER2-) metastatic breast cancer (MBC), receiving a cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 (CDK4 and 6) inhibitor (palbociclib, abemaciclib, or ribociclib)."	( Real world incidence and management of adverse events in patients with HR+, HER2- metastatic breast cancer receiving CDK4 and 6 inhibitors in a United States community setting. Cuyun Carter, G; Gathirua-Mwangi, WG; Huang, YJ; Morato Guimaraes, C; Nash Smyth, E; Price, GL; Rajkumar, J; Ryan, P; Rybowski, S; Sheffield, KM; Sudharshan, L, 2022)	0.72
" An understanding of the real-world management of adverse events (AEs) will help optimize treatment strategies."	( Real world incidence and management of adverse events in patients with HR+, HER2- metastatic breast cancer receiving CDK4 and 6 inhibitors in a United States community setting. Cuyun Carter, G; Gathirua-Mwangi, WG; Huang, YJ; Morato Guimaraes, C; Nash Smyth, E; Price, GL; Rajkumar, J; Ryan, P; Rybowski, S; Sheffield, KM; Sudharshan, L, 2022)	0.72
" The primary outcome was the number of patients with adverse events (AEs) over a timeframe of approximately 36 months."	( Ribociclib plus letrozole in patients with hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative advanced breast cancer with no prior endocrine therapy: subgroup safety analysis from the phase 3b CompLEEment-1 trial. Beniak, J; Borstnar, S; Gal-Yam, EN; Kudela, P; Palacova, M; Papazisis, K; Rubovszky, G; Timcheva, C; Łacko, A, 2022)	0.72
" Treatment was well tolerated; adverse events were predominantly mild to moderate hematologic toxicities and were managed with dose modification and supportive care."	( Oral histone deacetylase inhibitor HBI-8000 (tucidinostat) in Japanese patients with relapsed or refractory non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: phase I safety and efficacy. Ando, K; Choi, I; Gillings, M; Hidaka, M; Ishida, T; Lee, GT; Onogi, H; Takamatsu, Y; Tobinai, K; Yoshida, S; Yoshimitsu, M, 2022)	0.72
" Lorlatinib is generally well-tolerated with unique adverse drug reaction/adverse event, including hyperlipidemia and central nervous system effects, which are mostly mild to moderate severity and manageable through dosage modifications and/or standard medical intervention."	( [Chinese Expert Consensus on Management of Special Adverse Effects  Associated with Lorlatinib]. Fan, Y; Hong, Z; Jia, F; Li, G; Li, J; Li, Y; Liu, Z; Lu, S; Lu, Y; Wu, YL; Zhou, J; Zhou, Q, 2022)	0.72
"The safety profile of lorlatinib includes neurocognitive adverse events (NAEs)."	( Factors Associated With Developing Neurocognitive Adverse Events in Patients Receiving Lorlatinib After Progression on Other Targeted Therapies. Abbattista, A; Dagogo-Jack, I; Do, A; Gainor, JF; Krueger, EA; Krulewicz, S; Lin, JJ; Messina, R; Murphy, JF; Peterson, J; Thurm, H; Yeap, BY, 2023)	0.91
" Rates of all-grade and Grade ≥3 adverse events (AEs) were 99."	( Safety and efficacy of ribociclib plus letrozole in patients with HR+, HER2- advanced breast cancer: Results from the Spanish sub-population of the phase 3b CompLEEment-1 trial. Alvarez Lopez, IM; Anton Torres, A; Barnadas Molins, A; Bellet Ezquerra, M; Cantos Sanchez de Ibargüen, B; Ciruelos Gil, EM; de Casa, S; De la Cruz Merino, L; De la Haba-Rodriguez, J; de Toro Salas, R; Delgado Mingorance, JI; Diaz Fernandez, N; Galve Calvo, E; Gavila Gregori, J; Gimeno, A; Gonzalez-Santiago, S; Hernando Melia, C; Jiménez-Rodriguez, B; Martin, M; Martínez Jañez, N; Moreno Anton, F; Quiroga Garcia, V; Rodriguez Sanchez, CA; Salvador Bofill, J; Vicente Rubio, E; Vidal, M; Villanueva Vazquez, R, 2022)	0.72
" Common adverse effects of CDK4/6 inhibitors include bone marrow suppression, gastrointestinal toxicities, liver dysfunction, and skin or subcutaneous tissue adverse reactions (AEs)."	( [Expert consensus on the management of adverse events of CDK4/6 inhibitors in breast cancer]. Ge, R; Jiang, ZF; Wang, BY, 2022)	0.72
"Patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) need safe and effective topical treatments."	( The Safety and Efficacy of Roflumilast Cream 0.15% and 0.05% in Patients With Atopic Dermatitis: Randomized, Double-Blind, Phase 2 Proof of Concept Study. Berk, D; Bhatia, N; Bissonnette, R; Draelos, Z; Droege, M; Eads, K; Elias, M; Ferris, L; Gooderham, M; Guenthner, S; Higham, R; Jones, T; Kempers, S; Kircik, L; Koppel, R; Lee, M; Merritt, C; Navale, L; Saint-Cyr Proulx, E; Welgus, H; Zirwas, M, 2023)	0.91
"” Treatment-related adverse events (AEs) occurred in 2 (2."	( The Safety and Efficacy of Roflumilast Cream 0.15% and 0.05% in Patients With Atopic Dermatitis: Randomized, Double-Blind, Phase 2 Proof of Concept Study. Berk, D; Bhatia, N; Bissonnette, R; Draelos, Z; Droege, M; Eads, K; Elias, M; Ferris, L; Gooderham, M; Guenthner, S; Higham, R; Jones, T; Kempers, S; Kircik, L; Koppel, R; Lee, M; Merritt, C; Navale, L; Saint-Cyr Proulx, E; Welgus, H; Zirwas, M, 2023)	0.91
"Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4/6 inhibitors have shown a different adverse effect."	( Ribociclib-induced hepatotoxicity. Araz, M; Artaç, M; Er, MM; Eryılmaz, MK; Hendem, E, 2023)	0.91
" Progression-free survival was similar and safety profiles were generally consistent across the renal cohorts (normal/mild/moderate) in patients with advanced breast cancer, with low-grade and manageable adverse events, demonstrating a positive benefit-risk profile."	( Justifying Ribociclib Dose in Patients with Advanced Breast Cancer with Renal Impairment Based on PK, Safety, and Efficacy Data: An Innovative Approach Integrating Data from a Dedicated Renal Impairment Study and Oncology Clinical Trials. Chakraborty, A; Ji, Y; Miller, M; Quinlan, M; Serra, P; Wang, Y; Yartsev, V, 2023)	0.91
" No second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor-specific adverse cardiovascular events occurred in any patients."	( Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Flumatinib in Newly Diagnosed Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia. Jiang, L; Yang, M, 2023)	0.91
" The frequently reported adverse effects (AEs) were anemia, increased blood creatinine levels, diarrhea, and neutropenia (90%, 83%, 83%, and 75% of the patients, respectively)."	( Clinical Management of Potential Toxicity of Abemaciclib and Approaches to Ensure Treatment Continuation. Hashishita, H; Kuwahara, S; Maeda, H; Takada, S; Takahashi, M; Tomioka, N; Umehara, K; Watanabe, K; Yamamoto, M, 2023)	0.91
"Of 26 fosmanogepix-related adverse events (AEs; IV: 14; PO: 12) in 9 (42."	( Phase 1b safety and pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral fosmanogepix in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia and neutropenia. Barbat, SH; Cornely, OA; Hodges, MR; Koehler, P; Kramer, WG; Limburg, E; Ostermann, H; Tawadrous, M; Teschner, D, 2023)	0.91
"Fosmanogepix was safe and well tolerated in AML patients with neutropenia receiving remission induction chemotherapy."	( Phase 1b safety and pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral fosmanogepix in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia and neutropenia. Barbat, SH; Cornely, OA; Hodges, MR; Koehler, P; Kramer, WG; Limburg, E; Ostermann, H; Tawadrous, M; Teschner, D, 2023)	0.91
" Treatment-emergent (TE) adverse events (AEs) of grade ≥3 occurred in 11 (92%) and 5 (100%) patients in the FUL and LET cohorts, respectively."	( Efficacy, safety, and biomarker analysis of nivolumab in combination with abemaciclib plus endocrine therapy in patients with HR-positive HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer: a phase II study (WJOG11418B NEWFLAME trial). Aogi, K; Futamura, M; Hosonaga, M; Imamura, CK; Iwasa, T; Iwata, H; Kawabata, H; Masuda, J; Masuda, N; Matsumoto, K; Miura, S; Mukohara, T; Sakai, H; Takahashi, M; Takano, T; Tanabe, Y; Tomioka, N; Tsurutani, J; Yamochi, T; Yasojima, H; Yoshimura, K, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Mean elimination half-life of flupirtine was higher in elderly patients than in younger normal subjects, and this was associated with an increased maximum serum concentration and reduced clearance."	( Pharmacokinetics of flupirtine in elderly volunteers and in patients with moderate renal impairment. Abrams, SM; Ankier, SI; Baker, LR; Crome, P; Johnston, A; Niebch, G; Turner, P; Warrington, SJ; White, AS, 1988)	0.27
" After either oral or parenteral administration of milrinone, plasma levels were dose dependent and the drug had an apparent first-order terminal elimination half-life of approximately 2 hr."	( Pharmacokinetics of the bipyridines amrinone and milrinone. Benotti, J; Benziger, DP; Chatterjee, K; Cody, R; Edelson, J; Hood, WB; Krebs, C; Luczkowec, C; Schwartz, R; Stroshane, R, 1986)	0.27
" Plasma 4-aminopyridine hydrochloride vs time data best fit a 2-compartment pharmacokinetic model."	( Pharmacokinetics of 4-aminopyridine in cattle. Booth, NH; Bush, PB; Hendricks, HL; Kitzman, JV; Wilson, RC; Zahner, JM, 1984)	0.27
" Serum data best fit a three-compartment pharmacokinetic model."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of 4-aminopyridine in anesthetized dogs. Castagnoli, N; Fisher, DM; Miller, RD; Rupp, SM; Shinohara, Y, 1983)	0.27
"Amrinone was administered orally as a single 100-mg dose to six male patients with moderate-severe congestive heart failure to determine the acute pharmacodynamic effects and pharmacokinetics of the drug."	( Acute pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of oral amrinone. Benotti, JR; Lesko, LJ; McCue, JE, 1982)	0.26
"The safety of 5% Amlexanox paste was demonstrated in the following clinical studies: vehicle-controlled safety and efficacy studies; dermal irritation and sensitization studies; single and multiple dose pharmacokinetic studies; and a 28-day in use safety study."	( 5% amlexanox oral paste, a new treatment for recurrent minor aphthous ulcers: II. Pharmacokinetics and demonstration of clinical safety. Alfano, MC; Charney, MR; Khandwala, A; Van Inwegen, RG, 1997)	0.3
" Blood was sampled up to 54 hours for pharmacokinetic profiling of roflumilast and N-oxide."	( Investigation of a potential food effect on the pharmacokinetics of roflumilast, an oral, once-daily phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, in healthy subjects. Bethke, TD; Hauns, B; Hauschke, D; Hermann, R; Herzog, R; Hünnemeyer, A; Zech, K, 2006)	0.33
" Therefore, this study investigated the pharmacokinetic characteristics of roflumilast and its pharmacodynamically active metabolite roflumilast N-oxide when co-administered with orally inhaled salbutamol in healthy subjects."	( Roflumilast, a once-daily oral phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, lacks relevant pharmacokinetic interactions with inhaled salbutamol when co-administered in healthy subjects. Bethke, TD; David, M; Giessmann, T; Hauns, B; Hauschke, D; Hermann, R; Lahu, G; Siegmund, W; Weinbrenner, A; Westphal, K; Zech, K, 2006)	0.33
"There were no relevant pharmacokinetic interactions between roflumilast and salbutamol at therapeutically effective doses."	( Roflumilast, a once-daily oral phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, lacks relevant pharmacokinetic interactions with inhaled salbutamol when co-administered in healthy subjects. Bethke, TD; David, M; Giessmann, T; Hauns, B; Hauschke, D; Hermann, R; Lahu, G; Siegmund, W; Weinbrenner, A; Westphal, K; Zech, K, 2006)	0.33
" Dose-adjusted point estimates and 90% confidence intervals of test (500 microg)/reference (250 microg) ratios for AUC and Cmax of roflumilast and its pharmacologically active N-oxide metabolite after single and repeated dosing were all within the standard equivalence acceptance range (0."	( Dose-proportional intraindividual single- and repeated-dose pharmacokinetics of roflumilast, an oral, once-daily phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor. Bethke, TD; Böhmer, GM; David, M; Fux, R; Gleiter, CH; Hauns, B; Hermann, R; Knoerzer, D; Mörike, K; Wurst, W, 2007)	0.34
" We identify compounds with significantly improved bioactivity (approximately 40-fold) against replication of the infectious prion isoform (PrPSc) and suitable pharmacokinetic profiles to warrant evaluation in animal models of prion disease."	( Structure-activity relationship study of prion inhibition by 2-aminopyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile-based compounds: parallel synthesis, bioactivity, and in vitro pharmacokinetics. Cohen, FE; Legname, G; May, BC; Prusiner, SB; Sherrill, J; Wallace, AC; Witkop, J; Zorn, JA, 2007)	0.34
" The integrated exposure-weighted assessment of the observed pharmacokinetic changes of roflumilast and roflumilast N-oxide (tPDE4i) indicates modest average exposure increases to the sum of both compounds."	( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of roflumilast and roflumilast N-oxide in patients with mild and moderate liver cirrhosis. de Mey, C; Hermann, R; Herzog, R; Knoerzer, D; Lahu, G; Nassr, N; Péterfai, E; Zech, K, 2007)	0.34
"This open-label, randomized, 3-period crossover study evaluated the pharmacokinetic interaction potential of roflumilast and budesonide following repeated coadministration to healthy male subjects (N = 12)."	( The oral, once-daily phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor roflumilast lacks relevant pharmacokinetic interactions with inhaled budesonide. Bethke, TD; Giessmann, T; Hauns, B; Hermann, R; Lahu, G; Reutter, F; Siegmund, W; Weinbrenner, A; Westphal, K; Zech, K, 2007)	0.34
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using standard noncompartmental methods and compared between study groups and within the entire cohort."	( Single-dose pharmacokinetics of roflumilast in children and adolescents. Abdel-Rahman, SM; Bethke, TD; Gleason, MC; Herzog, R; Kearns, GL; Lahu, G; Neville, KA; Szefler, SJ; Zech, K, 2008)	0.35
"This nonrandomized, fixed-sequence, 3-period study investigated potential pharmacokinetic interactions between the leukotriene receptor antagonist montelukast, approved for the treatment of asthma, and roflumilast, an oral, once-daily phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor in clinical development for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease."	( The targeted oral, once-daily phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor roflumilast and the leukotriene receptor antagonist montelukast do not exhibit significant pharmacokinetic interactions. Böhmer, GM; Gleiter, CH; Hermann, R; Hünnemeyer, A; Lahu, G; Nassr, N; Templin, S; Wenger, M, 2009)	0.35
"After co-administration of erythromycin and roflumilast, the mean AUC and Cmax of roflumilast increased by 70% and 40%, respectively."	( Effect of repeated dose of erythromycin on the pharmacokinetics of roflumilast and roflumilast N-oxide. Elmlinger, M; Hermann, R; Herzog, R; Huennemeyer, A; Lahu, G; McCracken, N; Zech, K, 2009)	0.35
" Pharmacokinetic profiles were obtained for days 1 to 6 and 12 to 19."	( Effect of steady-state enoxacin on single-dose pharmacokinetics of roflumilast and roflumilast N-oxide. Elmlinger, M; Herzog, R; Hinder, M; Huennemeyer, A; Lahu, G; Nassr, N; Ruth, P, 2011)	0.37
" Posterior predictive checks and robustness analysis showed that the models adequately described the pharmacokinetic parameters and the covariate effects on disposition."	( Population pharmacokinetic modelling of roflumilast and roflumilast N-oxide by total phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitory activity and development of a population pharmacodynamic-adverse event model. Diletti, E; Elmlinger, M; Facius, A; Hünnemeyer, A; Lahu, G; McCracken, N; Ruth, P; Zech, K, 2010)	0.36
" It has high permeability in Caco-2 cells and was completely absorbed in rat and dog pharmacokinetic studies with an oral bioavailability of 28% in both rats and 61 and 87% in the dogs."	( Pharmacokinetics and elucidation of the rates and routes of N-glucuronidation of PF-592379, an oral dopamine 3 agonist in rat, dog, and human. Attkins, N; Betts, A; Heatherington, AC; Hepworth, D, 2010)	0.36
" This study evaluated the potential pharmacokinetic interaction between R788 and MTX."	( Fostamatinib, a Syk-kinase inhibitor, does not affect methotrexate pharmacokinetics in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Baluom, M; Grossbard, EB; Lau, DT; Samara, E, 2011)	0.37
" Plasma samples for pharmacokinetic evaluations of digoxin and roflumilast concentrations with and without concomitant treatment were taken."	( Absence of pharmacokinetic interaction between roflumilast and digoxin in healthy adults. Bethke, TD; Eckermann, G; Lahu, G; Nassr, N, 2012)	0.38
"There was no clinically relevant pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interaction between warfarin and roflumilast."	( Lack of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions of roflumilast with (R, S)-warfarin in healthy adult subjects. Bethke, TD; Lahu, G; McCracken, N, 2011)	0.37
" Blood and urine samples were taken for safety assessment at screening, pharmacokinetic profiling days and Day 19."	( No relevant cardiac, pharmacokinetic or safety interactions between roflumilast and inhaled formoterol in healthy subjects: an open-label, randomised, actively controlled study. de Mey, C; Lahu, G; Nassr, N, 2011)	0.37
" No relevant pharmacokinetic interactions occurred."	( No relevant cardiac, pharmacokinetic or safety interactions between roflumilast and inhaled formoterol in healthy subjects: an open-label, randomised, actively controlled study. de Mey, C; Lahu, G; Nassr, N, 2011)	0.37
"No clinically relevant pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interactions were found when oral roflumilast was administered concomitantly with inhaled formoterol, including no effect on cardiac repolarisation."	( No relevant cardiac, pharmacokinetic or safety interactions between roflumilast and inhaled formoterol in healthy subjects: an open-label, randomised, actively controlled study. de Mey, C; Lahu, G; Nassr, N, 2011)	0.37
"To investigate whether a pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction exists between theophylline (THEO), a CYP1A2 substrate with a narrow therapeutic index, and the concomitant substrate roflumilast (ROF), a novel selective PDE4 inhibitor partially metabolized by CYP1A2."	( Study investigating pharmacokinetic interaction between theophylline and roflumilast in healthy adults. Bethke, TD; Böhmer, G; Gleiter, CH; Hünnemeyer, A; Lahu, G, 2011)	0.37
" Plasma samples for pharmacokinetic evaluation (AUC, Cmax, t1/2, tmax) including percent peak-trough fluctuation (%PTF) of THEO were taken."	( Study investigating pharmacokinetic interaction between theophylline and roflumilast in healthy adults. Bethke, TD; Böhmer, G; Gleiter, CH; Hünnemeyer, A; Lahu, G, 2011)	0.37
" With coadministered THEO, only steady-state total exposure to ROF (AUC) was increased by 28% whereas other pharmacokinetic parameters (t1/2, Cmax, tmax) of ROF and of the active metabolite roflumilast-N-oxide (R-NO), its main contributor to the pharmacodynamic effects, remained unchanged."	( Study investigating pharmacokinetic interaction between theophylline and roflumilast in healthy adults. Bethke, TD; Böhmer, G; Gleiter, CH; Hünnemeyer, A; Lahu, G, 2011)	0.37
"A minor decrease of exposure (area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to infinity (AUC(0-∞)), maximum plasma concentration (C(max))) and a small increase in elimination half-life (t(1/2)) of roflumilast (-1%; -6%; +19%, respectively) and roflumilast N-oxide (-%; ND; +30%, respectively) were observed in renally impaired patients compared with healthy subjects."	( Influence of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics of oral roflumilast: an open-label, parallel-group, single-center study. Bethke, TD; Gleiter, CH; Hartmann, M; Hünnemeyer, A; Lahu, G, 2011)	0.37
"The pharmacokinetic changes observed in patients with renal impairment are of small magnitude without clinical importance."	( Influence of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics of oral roflumilast: an open-label, parallel-group, single-center study. Bethke, TD; Gleiter, CH; Hartmann, M; Hünnemeyer, A; Lahu, G, 2011)	0.37
" Through structure-based design, we discovered a new class of highly potent aminopyrimidine-based B-Raf inhibitors with improved solubility and pharmacokinetic profiles."	( Potent and selective aminopyrimidine-based B-Raf inhibitors with favorable physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. Aliagas, I; Alicke, B; Boggs, JW; Buckmelter, AJ; Choo, EF; Dinkel, V; Gloor, SL; Gould, SE; Gradl, SN; Grina, J; Gunzner-Toste, J; Hansen, JD; Hastings, G; Hatzivassiliou, G; Laird, ER; Lee, W; Mathieu, S; Moreno, D; Pulk, R; Ran, Y; Ren, L; Rudolph, J; Voegtli, WC; Wen, Z; Wenglowsky, S; Zhao, G, 2012)	0.38
" The objectives were to evaluate the human pharmacokinetic properties of fostamatinib and R406."	( Pharmacokinetics of fostamatinib, a spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) inhibitor, in healthy human subjects following single and multiple oral dosing in three phase I studies. Baluom, M; Grossbard, EB; Lau, DT; Mant, T, 2013)	0.39
" A terminal half-life of 12-21 h was observed."	( Pharmacokinetics of fostamatinib, a spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) inhibitor, in healthy human subjects following single and multiple oral dosing in three phase I studies. Baluom, M; Grossbard, EB; Lau, DT; Mant, T, 2013)	0.39
" The quantitation method was successfully applied for simultaneous estimation of IC87114, RFM and RFN in a pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction study in Wistar rats."	( Simultaneous quantitation of IC87114, roflumilast and its active metabolite roflumilast N-oxide in plasma by LC-MS/MS: application for a pharmacokinetic study. Mukkanti, K; Thappali, SR; Vakkalanka, SK; Varanasi, KV; Veeraraghavan, S, 2012)	0.38
" This method is simple and sensitive and was applied successfully in a pharmacokinetic study of chidamide to rats."	( Determination of chidamide in rat plasma by LC-MS and its application to pharmacokinetics study. Chen, M; Ma, J; Wang, X; Wen, C; Zhang, Q, 2013)	0.39
"We used previously reported population pharmacokinetic/ pharmacodynamic modeling to simulate three dosing scenarios of roflumilast: 500 μ once daily (OD) (approved dose), 250 μ OD and 500 μ every other day (EoD)."	( Application of population pharmacokinetic modeling to explore the impact of alternative roflumilast dosing regimens on tolerability. Facius, A; Lahu, G, 2013)	0.39
"To develop naphthyridine derivatives as anticancer candidates, pharmacokinetic (PK) evaluations of 10 novel derivatives of 1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-1-proparagyl-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxamide, with potent anticancer activity were done using in vitro ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion) and pharmacokinetic--pharmcodynamic (PK/PD) assays."	( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of C-3 modified 1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxamide derivatives with potent anticancer activity: lead finding. Awasthi, A; Jaggi, M; Lohani, M; Singh, AT; Singh, MK, 2014)	0.4
"Pradigastat, a novel diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 inhibitor, was evaluated for both pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) drug-drug interactions when co-administered with digoxin or warfarin in healthy subjects."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug-drug interaction assessment between pradigastat and digoxin or warfarin. Chen, J; Danis, K; Lee, Z; Majumdar, T; Meyers, D; Neelakantham, S; Rebello, S; Sunkara, G; Yan, JH, 2014)	0.4
" The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profiles of FLU after IV and PO administration in healthy cats."	( Pharmacokinetic profiles of the analgesic drug flupirtine in cats. De Vito, V; Giorgi, M; Kowalski, CJ; Lebkowska-Wieruszewska, B; Owen, H, 2014)	0.4
" The objectives of the present study were to characterize the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships of PF06463922 between its systemic exposures, pharmacodynamic biomarker (target modulation), and pharmacologic response (antitumor efficacy) in athymic mice implanted with H3122 non-small cell lung carcinomas expressing echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4)-ALK mutation (EML4-ALK(L1196M)) and with NIH3T3 cells expressing CD74-ROS1."	( Translational pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling for an orally available novel inhibitor of anaplastic lymphoma kinase and c-Ros oncogene 1. Lam, JL; Smeal, T; Vicini, P; Wang, H; Yamazaki, S; Zou, HY, 2014)	0.4
" This analysis aimed at developing a pharmacodynamic model for efficacy using pooled ACR20 data from two phase II studies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (TASKi1 and TASKi2), describing the effect of fostamatinib as a function of fostamatinib exposure (dose, R406 plasma concentration) and other explanatory variables."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of fostamatinib efficacy on ACR20 to support dose selection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Cox, E; Hamrén, B; Hamrén, UW; Kågedal, M; Maringwa, J; Martin, P, 2015)	0.42
", between different pharmacokinetic [PK] profiles)."	( Mechanistic understanding of translational pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships in nonclinical tumor models: a case study of orally available novel inhibitors of anaplastic lymphoma kinase. Lam, JL; Smeal, T; Vicini, P; Wang, H; Yamazaki, S; Zou, HY, 2015)	0.42
" The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profiles of FLU after intravenous (IV), oral immediate release (POIR), oral prolonged release (POPR) and rectal (RC) administrations in healthy dogs."	( Pharmacokinetic profiles of the analgesic flupirtine in dogs after the administration of four pharmaceutical formulations. De Vito, V; Giorgi, M; Kowaski, CJ; Lisowski, A; Shaban, A; Łebkowska-Wieruszewska, B, 2015)	0.42
" The pharmacokinetic profiles after extravascular administrations showed similar trends."	( Pharmacokinetic profiles of the analgesic flupirtine in dogs after the administration of four pharmaceutical formulations. De Vito, V; Giorgi, M; Kowaski, CJ; Lisowski, A; Shaban, A; Łebkowska-Wieruszewska, B, 2015)	0.42
"This study provides pharmacokinetic data that can be used to design further studies to investigate FLU in dogs."	( Pharmacokinetic profiles of the analgesic flupirtine in dogs after the administration of four pharmaceutical formulations. De Vito, V; Giorgi, M; Kowaski, CJ; Lisowski, A; Shaban, A; Łebkowska-Wieruszewska, B, 2015)	0.42
" Neither age nor renal function was a predominant factor of pharmacokinetic variability."	( Effects of advanced age and renal dysfunction on the single- and repeated-dose pharmacokinetics of modified-release flupirtine. de Mey, C; Deliyska, B; Gatchev, E; Terhaag, B, 2015)	0.42
" The elimination half-life and plasma protein binding of pradigastat were comparable among all the patients."	( Effect of Hepatic Impairment on the Pharmacokinetics of Pradigastat, a Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) Inhibitor. Chen, J; Golla, G; Hirano, M; Lin, T; Majumdar, T; Meyers, D; Pal, P; Pinot, P; Rebello, S; Sunkara, G, 2015)	0.42
" A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for ARRY-403 was developed through integration of in vitro physicochemical data with precipitation time estimations based on results from the single ascending dose studies; PBPK modeling indicated that the primary cause of the less than dose-proportional exposure was dose-limited absorption because of pH-dependent solubility."	( Utilizing physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling to inform formulation and clinical development for a compound with pH-dependent solubility. Alvarez-Nunez, F; Chow, V; Chung, J; Daurio, D; Davis, J; Dodds, M; Emery, M; Litwiler, K; Paccaly, A; Peng, J; Rock, B; Wahlstrom, J; Wienkers, L; Yang, C; Yu, Z, 2015)	0.42
"The geometric mean ratio and 90% confidence interval of Cmax and AUC of acetaminophen were within 80-125% suggesting that the rate ad extent of acetaminophen were not affected when given at various time points with respect to pradigastat/meal timing."	( Assessment of pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction between pradigastat and acetaminophen in healthy subjects. Ayalasomayajula, S; Chen, J; Koo, P; Majumdar, T; Meyers, D; Rebello, S; Salunke, A; Sunkara, G, 2015)	0.42
" However, when given 1 h after a meal, the Tmax of acetaminophen was delayed by ∼1."	( Assessment of pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction between pradigastat and acetaminophen in healthy subjects. Ayalasomayajula, S; Chen, J; Koo, P; Majumdar, T; Meyers, D; Rebello, S; Salunke, A; Sunkara, G, 2015)	0.42
"We evaluated the potential pharmacokinetic interaction between pradigastat, a potent and selective diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 inhibitor, and Levora-28®, a combination oral contraceptive (COC) containing 30 μg ethinylestradiol (EE) and 150 μg levonorgestrel (LVG)."	( Effect of pradigastat, a diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 inhibitor, on the pharmacokinetics of a combination oral contraceptive in healthy female subjects. Bhansali, S; Chen, J; Majumdar, T; Meyers, C; Neelakantham, S; Rebello, S; Sunkara, G; Trusley, C, 2015)	0.42
" Following a single oral dosing, pradigastat was absorbed slowly, with a median tmax of ∼10 hours and eliminated slowly with a long half-life."	( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety, and tolerability of pradigastat, a novel diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 inhibitor in overweight or obese, but otherwise healthy human subjects. Amer, A; Chen, J; Majumdar, T; Meyers, CD, 2015)	0.42
" PK parameters (including area under the curve [AUC∞ ] and Cmax ) were derived using noncompartmental analysis."	( A phase-1, open-label, single-dose study of the pharmacokinetics of buparlisib in subjects with mild to severe hepatic impairment. Csonka, D; Duval, V; Hazell, K; Kobalava, ZD; Lorenzo, S; Trandafir, L; Waldron, E, 2016)	0.43
" The studies reported herein examined whether fostamatinib and R406 are inhibitors of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in vitro and evaluated the effect of fostamatinib on the pharmacokinetic parameters of digoxin to understand drug-drug interaction (DDI) potential in the clinic."	( Effects of Fostamatinib on the Pharmacokinetics of Digoxin (a P-Glycoprotein Substrate): Results From in Vitro and Phase I Clinical Studies. Baluom, M; Brealey, C; Elsby, R; Gillen, M; Lau, D; Mant, T; Martin, P; Millson, D; Oliver, S, 2015)	0.42
" Median digoxin time of Cmax was earlier when digoxin was co-administered with fostamatinib (1."	( Effects of Fostamatinib on the Pharmacokinetics of Digoxin (a P-Glycoprotein Substrate): Results From in Vitro and Phase I Clinical Studies. Baluom, M; Brealey, C; Elsby, R; Gillen, M; Lau, D; Mant, T; Martin, P; Millson, D; Oliver, S, 2015)	0.42
" Herein, we report the effects of renal and hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of the active metabolite of fostamatinib, R406, in plasma, and on the urinary excretion of R406 and its metabolite N-glucuronide."	( Pharmacokinetic Properties of Fostamatinib in Patients With Renal or Hepatic Impairment: Results From 2 Phase I Clinical Studies. Gillen, M; Marbury, T; Martin, P; Millson, D; Oliver, S, 2015)	0.42
"Geometric mean R406 Cmax and AUC values were less in the combined renally impaired group than in the group with normal renal function; Tmax was similar across groups."	( Pharmacokinetic Properties of Fostamatinib in Patients With Renal or Hepatic Impairment: Results From 2 Phase I Clinical Studies. Gillen, M; Marbury, T; Martin, P; Millson, D; Oliver, S, 2015)	0.42
" The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profiles of FLU after IV and PO administration in healthy horses."	( Pharmacokinetics and disposition of flupirtine in the horse. De Vito, V; Giorgi, M; Owen, H; Poapolathep, A; Rychshanova, R; Sgorbini, M, 2016)	0.43
" Standard pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated in all studies."	( Effects of CYP3A4 Inhibitors Ketoconazole and Verapamil and the CYP3A4 Inducer Rifampicin on the Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Fostamatinib: Results from In Vitro and Phase I Clinical Studies. Baluom, M; Brealey, C; Craven, K; Gillen, M; Grossbard, EB; Lau, D; Mant, T; Martin, P; Millson, D; Oliver, S; Sweeny, D, 2016)	0.43
" The present studies assessed the potential for pharmacokinetic interaction between fostamatinib and the commonly prescribed medications oral contraceptive (OC), warfarin, and statins (rosuvastatin, simvastatin) in healthy subjects."	( Effects of Fostamatinib on the Pharmacokinetics of Oral Contraceptive, Warfarin, and the Statins Rosuvastatin and Simvastatin: Results From Phase I Clinical Studies. Brealey, C; Elsby, R; Gillen, M; Holmes, V; Martin, P; Mathews, D; Oliver, S; Ritter, J; Severin, P; Surry, D, 2016)	0.43
" Fostamatinib increased rosuvastatin AUC by 96% (CI 78-115) and Cmax by 88% (CI 69-110), and increased simvastatin acid AUC by 74% (CI 50-102) and Cmax by 83% (CI 57-113)."	( Effects of Fostamatinib on the Pharmacokinetics of Oral Contraceptive, Warfarin, and the Statins Rosuvastatin and Simvastatin: Results From Phase I Clinical Studies. Brealey, C; Elsby, R; Gillen, M; Holmes, V; Martin, P; Mathews, D; Oliver, S; Ritter, J; Severin, P; Surry, D, 2016)	0.43
" This novel method has been applied to a pharmacokinetic study in mice."	( Determination of ulixertinib in mice plasma by LC-MS/MS and its application to a pharmacokinetic study in mice. Dewang, P; Kethiri, RR; Kumar, R; Mullangi, R; Rajagopal, S; Rudresh, G; Suresh, PS; Zainuddin, M, 2016)	0.43
"A series of in vitro dissolution and clinical pharmacokinetic studies were performed to support the design and introduction of a new formulation, understand the impact of changes in in vitro dissolution on in vivo performance for two fostamatinib formulations, to characterize the effects of food and ranitidine on exposure, and determine the absolute oral bioavailability."	( Effects of ranitidine (antacid), food, and formulation on the pharmacokinetics of fostamatinib: results from five phase I clinical studies. Flanagan, T; Gillen, M; Kruusmägi, M; Lisbon, E; Martin, P; Mathews, D, 2017)	0.46
" The objectives of this study were to characterize the pharmacokinetics of abemaciclib in cancer patients using population pharmacokinetic (popPK) modeling, and to evaluate target engagement at clinically relevant dose levels."	( A Population Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Analysis of Abemaciclib in a Phase I Clinical Trial in Cancer Patients. Chan, EM; Cronier, DM; Kulanthaivel, P; Sykes, AK; Tate, SC; Turner, PK, 2018)	0.48
"A phase I study was conducted in cancer patients which incorporated intensive pharmacokinetic sampling after single and multiple oral doses of abemaciclib."	( A Population Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Analysis of Abemaciclib in a Phase I Clinical Trial in Cancer Patients. Chan, EM; Cronier, DM; Kulanthaivel, P; Sykes, AK; Tate, SC; Turner, PK, 2018)	0.48
"The proportion of abemaciclib pharmacokinetic variability that can be attributed to patient demographics is negligible, and as such there are currently no dose adjustments recommended for adult patients of different sex, age, or body weight."	( A Population Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Analysis of Abemaciclib in a Phase I Clinical Trial in Cancer Patients. Chan, EM; Cronier, DM; Kulanthaivel, P; Sykes, AK; Tate, SC; Turner, PK, 2018)	0.48
" Pharmacodynamic markers suggested that ilorasertib engaged VEGFR2 and Aurora B kinase, with the VEGFR2 effects reached at lower doses and exposures than Aurora inhibition effects."	( Clinical pharmacodynamic/exposure characterisation of the multikinase inhibitor ilorasertib (ABT-348) in a phase 1 dose-escalation trial. Ansell, P; Donawho, C; Falchook, G; Hoening, E; Hong, D; Janisch, L; Karovic, S; Kurzrock, R; Lian, GK; Maitland, ML; McKee, M; Munasinghe, W; Nguyen, L; Palma, J; Piha-Paul, S; Ratain, MJ; Wong, S, 2018)	0.48
" In this study, we present the pharmacokinetic (PK) results and PK/pharmacodynamic (PD) modelling data from OPTIMIZE."	( Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Modelling to Characterize the Tolerability of Alternative Up-Titration Regimens of Roflumilast in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Facius, A; Gardiner, P; Lahu, G; Marostica, E; Watz, H, 2018)	0.48
"To determine the pharmacokinetic properties of the common tablet of roflumilast administered in single and multiple oral doses in Chinese subjects."	( Pharmacokinetics of single- and multiple-dose roflumilast: an open-label, three-way crossover study in healthy Chinese volunteers. Cui, C; Fu, CX; Guo, CX; Hu, P; Huang, J; Kuang, Y; Pei, Q; Yang, GP; Yang, S; Yang, XY, 2018)	0.48
" Our study was unable to demonstrate tumor pharmacodynamic correlates of drug activity."	( Tumor pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the CDK4/6 inhibitor ribociclib in patients with recurrent glioblastoma. Asthagiri, A; De Jong, J; Fadul, CE; Lewis, LD; Li, J; Loomba, J; Lopes, B; Miller, TW; Patel, SH; Purow, BW; Schiff, D; Traphagen, NA, 2019)	0.51
" Application of the validated method was shown in a pharmacokinetic study in mice."	( Validated LC-MS/MS Method for Simultaneous Quantitation of Enasidenib and its Active Metabolite, AGI-16903 in Small Volume Mice Plasma: Application to a Pharmacokinetic Study. Dittakavi, S; Hallur, G; Kiran, V; Mullangi, R; Purra, BR; Zakkula, A, 2020)	0.56
" Neoadjuvant pharmacodynamic studies allow for a rational approach to the decisions regarding which targeted therapies should progress to phase II/III trials."	( Pharmacodynamics effects of CDK4/6 inhibitor LEE011 (ribociclib) in high-risk, localised prostate cancer: a study protocol for a randomised controlled phase II trial (LEEP study: LEE011 in high-risk, localised Prostate cancer). Ahmadi, N; Butler, LM; Centenera, MM; Horvath, LG; Joshua, AM; Kench, J; Mahon, KL; Scheinberg, T; Sebastian, L; Stockler, M; Stricker, P; Thanigasalam, R; Woo, H, 2020)	0.56
"The multicentre randomised, controlled 4:1 two-arm, phase II, open label pharmacodynamic study will recruit 47 men with high risk, localised prostate cancer who are planned to undergo radical prostatectomy."	( Pharmacodynamics effects of CDK4/6 inhibitor LEE011 (ribociclib) in high-risk, localised prostate cancer: a study protocol for a randomised controlled phase II trial (LEEP study: LEE011 in high-risk, localised Prostate cancer). Ahmadi, N; Butler, LM; Centenera, MM; Horvath, LG; Joshua, AM; Kench, J; Mahon, KL; Scheinberg, T; Sebastian, L; Stockler, M; Stricker, P; Thanigasalam, R; Woo, H, 2020)	0.56
" Pharmacokinetic assessment was conducted using blood samples collected on cycle 1, days 8 and 15."	( A Phase I Study of Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of Concurrent Everolimus and Buparlisib Treatment in Advanced Solid Tumors. Akce, M; Alese, OB; Bilen, MA; Carthon, B; Chen, Z; Collins, H; El-Rayes, BF; Harris, WB; Harvey, RD; Khuri, FR; Kudchagkar, RR; Lawson, DH; Lewis, C; Lonial, S; Owonikoko, TK; Ramalingam, SS; Shaib, WL; Sica, GL; Steuer, CE; Wu, C; Zhang, C, 2020)	0.56
" Steady-state pharmacokinetic analysis showed dose-normalized maximum concentrations and AUC values for everolimus and buparlisib in combination to be comparable with single-agent pharmacokinetic."	( A Phase I Study of Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of Concurrent Everolimus and Buparlisib Treatment in Advanced Solid Tumors. Akce, M; Alese, OB; Bilen, MA; Carthon, B; Chen, Z; Collins, H; El-Rayes, BF; Harris, WB; Harvey, RD; Khuri, FR; Kudchagkar, RR; Lawson, DH; Lewis, C; Lonial, S; Owonikoko, TK; Ramalingam, SS; Shaib, WL; Sica, GL; Steuer, CE; Wu, C; Zhang, C, 2020)	0.56
" A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model incorporating the metabolites was developed to predict the effect of other strong and moderate CYP3A4 inhibitors and inducers."	( Predicting Clinical Effects of CYP3A4 Modulators on Abemaciclib and Active Metabolites Exposure Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling. Dickinson, GL; Hall, SD; Kulanthaivel, P; Morse, BL; Posada, MM; Turner, PK, 2020)	0.56
" The purpose of our study was to develop and establish a quick assay based on ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) for the measurement of pexidartinib concentrations in plasma and to survey whether antifungal drugs (isavuconazole, posaconazole, fluconazole and itraconazole) could change the pharmacokinetic parameters of pexidartinib in rats."	( Development of UPLC-MS/MS method for studying the pharmacokinetic interactions of pexidartinib with antifungal drugs in rats. Jiang, Z; Shi, L; Tang, C; Xu, RA; Zhang, B, 2020)	0.56
" A physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed integrating in vitro, preclinical, and clinical data of HVs and patients with cancer."	( Ribociclib Drug-Drug Interactions: Clinical Evaluations and Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling to Guide Drug Labeling. Chakraborty, A; Dhuria, SV; Elmeliegy, M; He, H; Heimbach, T; Huth, F; Ji, Y; Miller, M; Samant, TS; Schiller, H; Umehara, K, 2020)	0.56
" This method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study in cynomolgus monkeys."	( Simultaneous quantification and pharmacokinetic evaluation of roflumilast and its N-oxide in cynomolgus monkey plasma by LC-MS/MS method. Fu, C; Qiu, F; Qu, H; Zhang, K, 2021)	0.62
" In this review, we provide an overview of the available clinical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of these novel drugs, summarize the results of food-effect and drug-drug interaction studies, and highlight exposure-response and exposure-toxicity relationships."	( Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of the Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4 and 6 Inhibitors Palbociclib, Ribociclib, and Abemaciclib. Beijnen, JH; Groenland, SL; Huitema, ADR; Martínez-Chávez, A; Schinkel, AH; Steeghs, N; van Dongen, MGJ, 2020)	0.56
" A population pharmacokinetic (PK) model for pexidartinib and its metabolite, ZAAD, was developed, and effects of demographic and clinical factors on the PK of pexidartinib and ZAAD were estimated."	( Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Pexidartinib in Healthy Subjects and Patients With Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor or Other Solid Tumors. Gelderblom, H; Healey, JH; Kang, J; Knebel, W; Shuster, D; Stacchiotti, S; Tap, WD; van de Sande, M; Wagner, AJ; Yin, O; Zahir, H, 2021)	0.62
" Analysis of pharmacokinetic data obtained in such experiments is typically performed using non-compartmental analysis (NCA), which has limitations such as not being able to identify the PK parameter that is affected by the genetic modification of the enzymes or transporters and the requirement of intense and homogeneous sampling of all subjects."	( Population Pharmacokinetic Modelling to Support the Evaluation of Preclinical Pharmacokinetic Experiments with Lorlatinib. Beijnen, JH; Damoiseaux, D; Dorlo, TPC; Huitema, ADR; Li, W; Schinkel, AH, 2022)	0.72
" Therefore, we evaluated whether ABCB1 and ABCG2 polymorphisms are pharmacokinetic predictive factors of abemaciclib."	( Effects of ABCB1 and ABCG2 polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics of abemaciclib. Ando, H; Ebi, H; Fukushima, S; Hashimoto, N; Irie, K; Iwata, H; Maeda, A; Matsuzaki, M; Morishige, JI; Okada, A; Sawaki, M, 2022)	0.72
" Although responders showed a higher R406 concentration than non-responders, the correlation between R406 exposure and achievement of the platelet count as a pharmacodynamic marker was uncertain in the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis."	( Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Fostamatinib and Its Active Moiety R406. Hirota, T; Ieiri, I; Matsukane, R; Suetsugu, K, 2022)	0.72
" Overall, the presented method is simple, sensitive, accurate, and precise and was successfully applied to quantify ribociclib in plasma samples from a pharmacokinetic study of ribociclib suspension and nanoparticle formulation in rats."	( Simple and rapid quantification of ribociclib in rat plasma by protein precipitation and LC-MS/MS: An application to pharmacokinetics of ribociclib nanoparticles in rats. Al-Shdefat, R; Alshogran, OY; Hailat, M, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" By contrast, the same drug combination treatment did not reduce the somatic signs of nicotine withdrawal indicating symptom-specific neurobiological abnormalities."	( Fluoxetine combined with a serotonin-1A receptor antagonist reversed reward deficits observed during nicotine and amphetamine withdrawal in rats. Harrison, AA; Liem, YT; Markou, A, 2001)	0.31
" The present study tested the effect of different selective 5-HT(1A) receptor antagonists (WAY 100635, NAD-299, p-MPPI and LY 426965) in combination with a SSRI (paroxetine), on postsynaptic 5-HT function measured by increased expression of the immediate early gene, Arc."	( Effect of different 5-HT1A receptor antagonists in combination with paroxetine on expression of the immediate-early gene Arc in rat brain. Gray, K; Newson, M; Pei, Q; Sharp, T; Sprakes, M; Tordera, R, 2003)	0.32
" Firstly, viability, apoptosis and caspase assays were performed during incubation with either the inhibitors alone or combined with different cytotoxic agents."	( Selective PI3K inhibition by BKM120 and BEZ235 alone or in combination with chemotherapy in wild-type and mutated human gastrointestinal cancer cell lines. Bachmann, E; Galle, PR; Khillimberger, K; Linnig, M; Moehler, M; Mueller, A; Schimanski, CC, 2012)	0.38
" Furthermore, BEZ235 caused synergistic induction of apoptosis when combined with irinotecan in colon cancer cell lines."	( Selective PI3K inhibition by BKM120 and BEZ235 alone or in combination with chemotherapy in wild-type and mutated human gastrointestinal cancer cell lines. Bachmann, E; Galle, PR; Khillimberger, K; Linnig, M; Moehler, M; Mueller, A; Schimanski, CC, 2012)	0.38
"CCT244747 represents the first structural disclosure of a highly selective, orally active CHK1 inhibitor and warrants further evaluation alone or combined with genotoxic anticancer therapies."	( CCT244747 is a novel potent and selective CHK1 inhibitor with oral efficacy alone and in combination with genotoxic anticancer drugs. Aherne, GW; Box, G; Boxall, KJ; Chesler, L; Collins, I; De Haven Brandon, AK; Eccles, SA; Eve, PD; Garrett, MD; Hallsworth, A; Hayes, A; Jamin, Y; Lainchbury, M; Matthews, TP; Raynaud, FI; Reader, JC; Robinson, SP; Smith, EL; Valenti, MR; Walton, MI, 2012)	0.38
" However, following metabolic oxidation, compounds in this series also demonstrated two significant safety risks: mutagenic potential and time-dependent drug-drug interaction (TDI)."	( Structural modifications of a 3-methoxy-2-aminopyridine compound to reduce potential for mutagenicity and time-dependent drug-drug interaction. Bagrodia, S; Bouzida, D; Cui, J; Deal, J; Dong, L; Gu, D; Guo, C; John-Baptiste, A; Kania, R; Kephart, S; Linton, A; McAlpine, I; Pairish, M; Palmer, C; Smith, E; Yamazaki, S, 2012)	0.38
"To calculate the cost-effectiveness of roflumilast in combination with a long-acting beta agonist (LABA) versus LABA as a monotherapy in patients with severe and very severe COPD in Germany."	( [Roflumilast in combination with long-acting bronchodilators in the management of patients with severe and very severe COPD. A cost-effectiveness analysis for Germany]. Ehlken, B; Kotchie, R; Magnussen, H; Nowak, D; Wecht, S, 2013)	0.39
"4% to 10%) or in combination with a low concentration of LPS (0."	( Roflumilast N-oxide prevents cytokine secretion induced by cigarette smoke combined with LPS through JAK/STAT and ERK1/2 inhibition in airway epithelial cells. Boichot, E; Gleonnec, F; Lagente, V; Lanzetti, M; Porto, LC; Tenor, H; Valença, S; Victoni, T, 2014)	0.4
" In a PIK3CA-mutant HER2+ xenograft, PI3K inhibition with BKM120 in combination with lapatinib and trastuzumab was required to achieve tumor regression."	( Direct inhibition of PI3K in combination with dual HER2 inhibitors is required for optimal antitumor activity in HER2+ breast cancer cells. Arteaga, CL; Chanthaphaychith, S; Dahlman, K; Rexer, BN, 2014)	0.4
"Pradigastat, a novel diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 inhibitor, was evaluated for both pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) drug-drug interactions when co-administered with digoxin or warfarin in healthy subjects."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug-drug interaction assessment between pradigastat and digoxin or warfarin. Chen, J; Danis, K; Lee, Z; Majumdar, T; Meyers, D; Neelakantham, S; Rebello, S; Sunkara, G; Yan, JH, 2014)	0.4
" In calu-6 xenografts, LY2835219 in combination with gemcitabine enhanced in vivo antitumor activity without a G1 cell cycle arrest, but was associated with a reduction of ribonucleotide reductase expression."	( Preclinical characterization of the CDK4/6 inhibitor LY2835219: in-vivo cell cycle-dependent/independent anti-tumor activities alone/in combination with gemcitabine. Ajamie, RT; Cai, S; Chan, EM; Cronier, D; de Dios, A; Del Prado, M; Flack, RS; Gelbert, LM; Iversen, P; Kreklau, E; Lallena, MJ; Lin, X; Neubauer, BL; Sanchez-Martinez, C; Torres, R; Wishart, GN; Young, J, 2014)	0.4
"Studied oxygen independent reaction and phagocytic activity of macrophage cells of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) II-III stage when combined with coronary heart disease (CHD)."	( [EFFICIENCY OF COMBINATION OF ROFLUMILAST AND QUERCETIN FOR CORRECTION OXYGEN- INDEPENDENT MECHANISMS AND PHAGOCYTIC ACTIVITY OF MACROPHAGE CELLS OF PATIENTS WITH ACUTE EXACERBATION OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE WHEN COMBINED WITH CORONARY HEAR Gerych, P; Yatsyshyn, R, )	0.13
" Abemaciclib antitumor activity was assessed in subcutaneous and orthotopic glioma models alone and in combination with standard of care temozolomide (TMZ)."	( Brain Exposure of Two Selective Dual CDK4 and CDK6 Inhibitors and the Antitumor Activity of CDK4 and CDK6 Inhibition in Combination with Temozolomide in an Intracranial Glioblastoma Xenograft. Ajamie, RT; De Dios, A; Gelbert, LM; Kulanthaivel, P; Raub, TJ; Sanchez-Martinez, C; Sawada, GA; Shannon, HE; Staton, BA; Wishart, GN, 2015)	0.42
"25 when administered in combination with probenecid."	( Assessment of pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction between pradigastat and atazanavir or probenecid. Chen, J; Hanna, I; Koo, P; Majumdar, T; Mendonza, A; Meyers, D; Neelakantham, S; Rebello, S; Sunkara, G; Zhu, B, 2016)	0.43
"Patients with advanced solid tumors received oral BKM120 daily combined with standard doses of mFOLFOX6 every 2 weeks of a 28 day cycle."	( A phase I trial of mFOLFOX6 combined with the oral PI3K inhibitor BKM120 in patients with advanced refractory solid tumors. Carlson, C; Ivanova, A; McRee, AJ; O'Neil, BH; Sanoff, HK, 2015)	0.42
"The MTD of BKM120 in combination with standard doses of mFOLFOX6 was 40 mg daily, which is well below the 100 mg daily dose proven effective and tolerable both as a single agent and in combination with other chemotherapeutics."	( A phase I trial of mFOLFOX6 combined with the oral PI3K inhibitor BKM120 in patients with advanced refractory solid tumors. Carlson, C; Ivanova, A; McRee, AJ; O'Neil, BH; Sanoff, HK, 2015)	0.42
" Lumacaftor in combination with ivacaftor, a modulator of CFTR gating defects, improves clinical outcome measures in patients homozygous for the F508del mutation."	( Lumacaftor alone and combined with ivacaftor: preclinical and clinical trial experience of F508del CFTR correction. Brewington, JJ; Clancy, JP; McPhail, GL, 2016)	0.43
" Of the transporters important to rosuvastatin disposition, fostamatinib inhibited BCRP (IC50 = 50 nM) and organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1; IC50 > 10 μM), but not organic anion transporter 3, in vitro, predicting a drug-drug interaction (DDI) in vivo through inhibition of BCRP only."	( Solitary Inhibition of the Breast Cancer Resistance Protein Efflux Transporter Results in a Clinically Significant Drug-Drug Interaction with Rosuvastatin by Causing up to a 2-Fold Increase in Statin Exposure. Elsby, R; Fenner, K; Martin, P; Sharma, P; Surry, D, 2016)	0.43
" We hypothesized that this drug might provide benefit if combined with montelukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist, in patients whose symptoms are uncontrolled by inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting β-agonists."	( Roflumilast combined with montelukast versus montelukast alone as add-on treatment in patients with moderate-to-severe asthma. Bateman, ED; Goehring, UM; Richard, F; Watz, H, 2016)	0.43
"In summary, this study supports further investigation into the use of PI3K and mTOR inhibitors alone and in combination with standard treatment in leiomyosarcoma patients."	( PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibition in combination with doxorubicin is an effective therapy for leiomyosarcoma. Al-Awar, R; Babichev, Y; Boutros, PC; Datti, A; Dickson, BC; Gladdy, RA; Isaac, M; Kabaroff, L; Prakesch, M; Sun, RX; Uehling, D; Venier, R, 2016)	0.43
" This study aimed to investigate the synergistic antibacterial activity of polymyxin B in combination with the cystic fibrosis (CF) drugs KALYDECO (ivacaftor) and ORKAMBI (ivacaftor + lumacaftor) against Gram-negative pathogens that commonly colonize the CF lung, in particular, the problematic Pseudomonas aeruginosa."	( An "Unlikely" Pair: The Antimicrobial Synergy of Polymyxin B in Combination with the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Drugs KALYDECO and ORKAMBI. Azad, MA; Baker, MA; Bergen, PJ; Cooper, MA; Doi, Y; Han, ML; Huang, JX; Li, J; Muller, MT; Schneider, EK; Tony Zhou, Q; Velkov, T; Wang, J, 2016)	0.43
" Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for hormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer in combination with specific endocrine therapies."	( Clinical Management of Potential Toxicities and Drug Interactions Related to Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4/6 Inhibitors in Breast Cancer: Practical Considerations and Recommendations. Bardia, A; Moy, B; Spring, LM; Zangardi, ML, 2017)	0.46
" Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved in the first- and second-line settings in combination with endocrine therapy for HR-positive metastatic breast cancer."	( Clinical Management of Potential Toxicities and Drug Interactions Related to Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4/6 Inhibitors in Breast Cancer: Practical Considerations and Recommendations. Bardia, A; Moy, B; Spring, LM; Zangardi, ML, 2017)	0.46
"PIKHER2 phase IB study aimed primarily to determine a maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and propose a recommended phase II dose (RP2D) for buparlisib in combination with lapatinib in HER2-positive, trastuzumab-resistant, advanced breast cancer."	( PIKHER2: A phase IB study evaluating buparlisib in combination with lapatinib in trastuzumab-resistant HER2-positive advanced breast cancer. Autret, A; Bertucci, F; Boher, JM; Camerlo, J; Campone, M; Charafe-Jauffret, E; Extra, JM; Gonçalves, A; Guerin, M; Hervieu, A; Isambert, N; Lokiec, F; Pakradouni, J; Provansal, M; Rezai, K; Sabatier, R; Viens, P, 2017)	0.46
" There was no significant evidence for drug-drug PK interaction."	( PIKHER2: A phase IB study evaluating buparlisib in combination with lapatinib in trastuzumab-resistant HER2-positive advanced breast cancer. Autret, A; Bertucci, F; Boher, JM; Camerlo, J; Campone, M; Charafe-Jauffret, E; Extra, JM; Gonçalves, A; Guerin, M; Hervieu, A; Isambert, N; Lokiec, F; Pakradouni, J; Provansal, M; Rezai, K; Sabatier, R; Viens, P, 2017)	0.46
" Despite promising results in other cancers, compounds targeting the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway, alone or in combination with Ras/Raf/MEK pathway inhibitors, have not been evaluated in BTC."	( Anti-tumor effects of NVP-BKM120 alone or in combination with MEK162 in biliary tract cancer. Bang, JH; Bang, YJ; Jin, L; Jin, MH; Nam, AR; Oh, DY; Park, JE, 2017)	0.46
" Further study of the combination is not unreasonable, with expanded pharmacokinetics and sequencing analysis to better elucidate potential drug-drug interactions and more accurate predictive biomarkers of response."	( A Phase I Trial of the PI3K Inhibitor Buparlisib Combined With Capecitabine in Patients With Metastatic Breast Cancer. Anders, CK; Carey, LA; Dees, EC; Hu, Z; Kornblum, ZA; Marcom, PK; McRee, AJ; Moore, DT; Perou, CM; Phipps, R; Reeder-Hayes, K; Weck, KE; Zamboni, WC, 2018)	0.48
" The drug combination was cytotoxic to TNBC cells, both with regards to short‑term and long‑term sensitivity, as determined using colony forming assays, and they exerted strong synergistic effects on MDA‑MB‑231 and CAL51 cell lines."	( Antitumor effects and mechanisms of olaparib in combination with carboplatin and BKM120 on human triple‑negative breast cancer cells. Hu, Y; Yang, Q; Zhang, J; Zhao, H, 2018)	0.48
"This was an investigator-initiated, phase I, dose escalation study of the MEK inhibitor binimetinib combined with pexidartinib, a potent inhibitor of CSF1R, KIT, and FLT3, in patients with advanced or metastatic GIST who progressed on imatinib."	( A Phase I Study of Binimetinib (MEK162) Combined with Pexidartinib (PLX3397) in Patients with Advanced Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor. Adamson, T; Antonescu, CR; Chi, P; Condy, M; D'Angelo, SP; Dickson, MA; Gounder, M; Hwang, S; Kelly, C; Keohan, ML; Mcfadyen, CR; Movva, S; Qin, LX; Rosenbaum, E; Singer, S; Tap, WD, 2019)	0.51
"Pexidartinib combined with binimetinib was tolerable, and meaningful clinical activity was observed in two imatinib-refractory patients."	( A Phase I Study of Binimetinib (MEK162) Combined with Pexidartinib (PLX3397) in Patients with Advanced Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor. Adamson, T; Antonescu, CR; Chi, P; Condy, M; D'Angelo, SP; Dickson, MA; Gounder, M; Hwang, S; Kelly, C; Keohan, ML; Mcfadyen, CR; Movva, S; Qin, LX; Rosenbaum, E; Singer, S; Tap, WD, 2019)	0.51
" In Part A (n = 15), the maximum tolerated dose of abemaciclib was 150 mg Q12H in combination with necitumumab 800 mg."	( A phase 1b study of necitumumab in combination with abemaciclib in patients with stage IV non-small cell lung cancer. Barlesi, F; Besse, B; Demedts, I; Frimodt-Moller, B; Fuentes Pradera, J; Gazzah, A; Kim, JS; Robinet, G; Soldatenkova, V; Vansteenkiste, J, 2019)	0.51
" Seventeen patients with refractory or relapsed T-cell acute lymphoblastic lymphoma/leukemia (T-LBL/ALL) received Chidamide combined with chemotherapy as salvage treatment."	( Chidamide in combination with chemotherapy in refractory and relapsed T lymphoblastic lymphoma/leukemia. Dou, L; Guan, W; Jing, Y; Wang, M; Xiao, Y; Yu, L, 2020)	0.56
" In Phase Ib, patients received INC280 as capsules or tablets in combination with buparlisib."	( A Phase Ib/II, open-label, multicenter study of INC280 (capmatinib) alone and in combination with buparlisib (BKM120) in adult patients with recurrent glioblastoma. Azaro, A; Balbin, OA; Cheng, Y; De Vos, F; Joerger, M; Kirsilae, T; Lassman, AB; Rodon, J; Sepulveda, J; Tabatabai, G; Tiedt, R; van den Bent, M; Vicente, S; Wen, PY; Wick, W; Yung, WKA; Zhang, H; Zhao, S, 2020)	0.56
" RP2D was not declared due to potential drug-drug interactions, which may have resulted in lack of efficacy; thus, Phase II, including 10 patients, was continued with INC280 monotherapy only."	( A Phase Ib/II, open-label, multicenter study of INC280 (capmatinib) alone and in combination with buparlisib (BKM120) in adult patients with recurrent glioblastoma. Azaro, A; Balbin, OA; Cheng, Y; De Vos, F; Joerger, M; Kirsilae, T; Lassman, AB; Rodon, J; Sepulveda, J; Tabatabai, G; Tiedt, R; van den Bent, M; Vicente, S; Wen, PY; Wick, W; Yung, WKA; Zhang, H; Zhao, S, 2020)	0.56
"This Phase 1b, multicentre, open-label study aimed to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and/or a recommended Phase 2 dose of buparlisib in combination with 400 mg of imatinib through a dose-escalation part and a dose-expansion part, and also evaluated the clinical profile of the combination."	( Imatinib in combination with phosphoinositol kinase inhibitor buparlisib in patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumour who failed prior therapy with imatinib and sunitinib: a Phase 1b, multicentre study. Aimone, P; Benson, C; Brandt, U; Doi, T; Gelderblom, H; George, S; Hertle, S; Jones, RL; Le Cesne, A; Leahy, M; Renouf, DJ; Schӧffski, P; Valverde Morales, C, 2020)	0.56
"Buparlisib in combination with imatinib provided no additional benefit compared with currently available therapies."	( Imatinib in combination with phosphoinositol kinase inhibitor buparlisib in patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumour who failed prior therapy with imatinib and sunitinib: a Phase 1b, multicentre study. Aimone, P; Benson, C; Brandt, U; Doi, T; Gelderblom, H; George, S; Hertle, S; Jones, RL; Le Cesne, A; Leahy, M; Renouf, DJ; Schӧffski, P; Valverde Morales, C, 2020)	0.56
"Ribociclib is approved in combination with endocrine therapy as initial endocrine-based therapy for HR-positive and HER2-negative advanced breast cancer."	( Ribociclib Drug-Drug Interactions: Clinical Evaluations and Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling to Guide Drug Labeling. Chakraborty, A; Dhuria, SV; Elmeliegy, M; He, H; Heimbach, T; Huth, F; Ji, Y; Miller, M; Samant, TS; Schiller, H; Umehara, K, 2020)	0.56
" High-dose chemotherapy regimens such as DA-EPOCH should be administered to young patients in combination with rituximab."	( Chidamide combined with ibrutinib improved the prognosis of primary bone marrow diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Chen, Z; Li, Y; Tian, C, 2020)	0.56
"This was a phase I, two-stage, multicentre, open-label, dose-escalation study of buparlisib in combination with temozolomide and radiotherapy in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma."	( Phase I, open-label, multicentre study of buparlisib in combination with temozolomide or with concomitant radiation therapy and temozolomide in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. Beck, JT; DeGroot, J; Donnet, V; El-Hashimy, M; Mason, W; Mills, D; Rodon, JA; Rosenthal, M; Wen, PY, 2020)	0.56
"The MTD of buparlisib in combination with temozolomide at stage I (adjuvant phase only) was 80 mg/day, which was used as the starting dose in stage II."	( Phase I, open-label, multicentre study of buparlisib in combination with temozolomide or with concomitant radiation therapy and temozolomide in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. Beck, JT; DeGroot, J; Donnet, V; El-Hashimy, M; Mason, W; Mills, D; Rodon, JA; Rosenthal, M; Wen, PY, 2020)	0.56
"Considering that the primary objective of estimating the MTD was not achieved in addition to the observed challenging safety profile of buparlisib in combination with radiotherapy and temozolomide, Novartis decided not to pursue the development of buparlisib in newly diagnosed glioblastoma."	( Phase I, open-label, multicentre study of buparlisib in combination with temozolomide or with concomitant radiation therapy and temozolomide in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. Beck, JT; DeGroot, J; Donnet, V; El-Hashimy, M; Mason, W; Mills, D; Rodon, JA; Rosenthal, M; Wen, PY, 2020)	0.56
" In this study, we used lung cancer primary cells and investigated the effects of Chidamide combined with paclitaxel on lung cancer."	( Chidamide combined with paclitaxel effectively reverses the expression of histone deacetylase in lung cancer. Guo, L; Jin, H; Lu, L; Sun, P; Yang, X; Yang, Y; Zhang, N; Zhao, Q; Zhou, L, 2020)	0.56
" The RP2D of alpelisib and buparlisib in combination with tamoxifen and goserelin were 350 mg and 100 mg, respectively."	( A Phase Ib Study of Alpelisib or Buparlisib Combined with Tamoxifen Plus Goserelin in Premenopausal Women with HR-Positive HER2-Negative Advanced Breast Cancer. Chang, YC; Chao, TY; Chen, SC; Chitapanarux, I; Gao, M; Jung, KH; Kim, JH; Lee, KS; Liu, CT; Lu, YS; Park, YH; Shotelersuk, K; Slader, C; Sohn, J; Tseng, LM; Valenti, R; Yang, Y, 2021)	0.62
" Herein, 2 open-label, single-sequence, crossover studies evaluated the drug-drug interaction potential of pexidartinib on CYP enzymes (CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP3A) and P-gp."	( Evaluation of Potential Drug-Drug Interaction Risk of Pexidartinib With Substrates of Cytochrome P450 and P-Glycoprotein. Babiker, HM; Gajee, R; Gordon, MS; Greenberg, J; Kobayashi, F; Wagner, AJ; Wang, Q; Zahir, H; Zamora, C, 2021)	0.62
"Abemaciclib when combined with ET is the first CDK4/6 inhibitor to demonstrate a significant improvement in IDFS in patients with HR+, HER2- node-positive EBC at high risk of early recurrence."	( Abemaciclib Combined With Endocrine Therapy for the Adjuvant Treatment of HR+, HER2-, Node-Positive, High-Risk, Early Breast Cancer (monarchE). Boyle, F; Campone, M; Cicin, I; Cortés, J; Cox, J; Frenzel, M; Guarneri, V; Hamilton, E; Harbeck, N; Headley, D; Hegg, R; Hulstijn, M; Huober, J; Johnston, SRD; Martin, M; Martinez Rodriguez, JL; Neven, P; O'Shaughnessy, J; Okada, M; Rastogi, P; San Antonio, B; Shao, ZM; Smith, IC; Sohn, J; Toi, M; Tolaney, SM; Wardley, A; Wei, R; Zhang, QY, 2020)	0.56
" Given their effectiveness as single agents in mIDH1/2 relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML), this phase 1 study evaluated the safety and efficacy of ivosidenib or enasidenib combined with intensive chemotherapy in patients with newly diagnosed mIDH1/2 AML."	( Ivosidenib or enasidenib combined with intensive chemotherapy in patients with newly diagnosed AML: a phase 1 study. Almon, C; Choe, S; Cooper, M; DiNardo, CD; Döhner, H; Fan, B; Fathi, AT; Franovic, A; Frattini, MG; Hua, L; Kantarjian, HM; Lersch, F; Löwenberg, B; McCloskey, JK; Mims, AS; Nabhan, S; Odenike, O; Ossenkoppele, GJ; Patel, PA; Pollyea, DA; Pratz, KW; Roshal, M; Savona, MR; Seet, CS; Stein, AS; Stein, EM; Stone, RM; Tallman, MS; Wang, H; Winer, ES; Wu, B, 2021)	0.62
"This phase Ia/Ib PACT study evaluated the safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and antitumor activity of a new programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitor, LY3300054, as monotherapy or in combination with ramucirumab, abemaciclib, or merestinib (a type II MET kinase inhibitor) in patients with advanced, refractory solid tumors (NCT02791334)."	( Safety and Clinical Activity of a New Anti-PD-L1 Antibody as Monotherapy or Combined with Targeted Therapy in Advanced Solid Tumors: The PACT Phase Ia/Ib Trial. Bang, YJ; Bendell, J; Carlsen, M; Chow, KH; Chung, HC; de Miguel, MJ; Gandhi, L; Italiano, A; Lin, CC; Patnaik, A; Schmidt, S; Su, WC; Szpurka, AM; Vangerow, B; Xu, X; Yap, TA; Yu, D; Zhao, Y, 2021)	0.62
" After verifying the efficacy of siEphA2-loaded nanoparticles, we further evaluated a potential combination with a histone lysine demethylase inhibitor, JIB-04."	( Development of EphA2 siRNA-loaded lipid nanoparticles and combination with a small-molecule histone demethylase inhibitor in prostate cancer cells and tumor spheroids. Baird, AM; Bozkurt, E; Debelec Butuner, B; Finn, SP; Gray, SG; Kantarci, AG; Kotmakci, M; Oner, E, 2021)	0.62
" Moreover, preliminary results of the effects of JIB-04, alone and in combination with siEphA2, on prostate cancer cells and prostate cancer tumor spheroids were presented for the first time."	( Development of EphA2 siRNA-loaded lipid nanoparticles and combination with a small-molecule histone demethylase inhibitor in prostate cancer cells and tumor spheroids. Baird, AM; Bozkurt, E; Debelec Butuner, B; Finn, SP; Gray, SG; Kantarci, AG; Kotmakci, M; Oner, E, 2021)	0.62
" The primary objective was to determine the recommended Phase 2 dose of crenigacestat in combination with other anticancer agents (taladegib, LY3023414 [dual inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinase; mechanistic target of rapamycin], or abemaciclib)."	( A phase 1b study of the Notch inhibitor crenigacestat (LY3039478) in combination with other anticancer target agents (taladegib, LY3023414, or abemaciclib) in patients with advanced or metastatic solid tumors. Anderson, B; Azaro, A; Benhadji, KA; Cassier, PA; Italiano, A; Massard, C; Merchan, J; Oakley, G; Pant, S; Tap, WD; Yu, D; Yuen, E, 2021)	0.62
"This post hoc analysis of MONARCH 2 and MONARCH 3 assesses the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics (PK) of abemaciclib in combination with endocrine therapy (ET) in East Asian patients with hormone receptor positive (HR+), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HER2-) advanced breast cancer."	( Abemaciclib in combination with endocrine therapy for East Asian patients with HR+, HER2- advanced breast cancer: MONARCH 2 & 3 trials. André, VAM; Chen, SC; Enatsu, S; Goetz, MP; Hae Park, I; Hardebeck, MC; Im, SA; Inoue, K; Iwata, H; Masuda, N; Sakaguchi, S; Sledge, GW; Sohn, J; Toi, M; Turner, PK, 2021)	0.62
" We analyzed the effects of roflumilast combined with ESHAP (etoposide, cisplatin, methylprednisolone, and cytarabine) chemotherapy in experimental and clinical settings."	( Role of Roflumilast Combined with ESHAP Chemotherapy in Relapsed/Refractory Patients with Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. Chung, JS; Kim, DY; Kim, SW; Nam, J; Shin, HJ, 2022)	0.72
"We found that roflumilast is efficient when combined with other chemotherapy drugs, especially cytarabine."	( Role of Roflumilast Combined with ESHAP Chemotherapy in Relapsed/Refractory Patients with Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. Chung, JS; Kim, DY; Kim, SW; Nam, J; Shin, HJ, 2022)	0.72
"We found that roflumilast, when combined with ESHAP chemotherapy, for relapsed/refractory DLBCL was clinically active and well tolerated."	( Role of Roflumilast Combined with ESHAP Chemotherapy in Relapsed/Refractory Patients with Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. Chung, JS; Kim, DY; Kim, SW; Nam, J; Shin, HJ, 2022)	0.72
" In a drug-drug interaction study in healthy human participants, liver enzyme elevations were observed when a single 100 mg dose of lorlatinib was administered after multiple doses of rifampin, a strong cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A inducer and a pregnane X receptor (PXR) agonist."	( Liver Toxicity Observed With Lorlatinib When Combined With Strong CYP3A Inducers: Evaluation of Cynomolgus Monkey as a Nonclinical Model for Assessing the Mechanism of Combinational Toxicity. Biddle, KE; Chen, J; Finkelstein, M; Hu, W; Johnson, TR; Lettiere, D; Palazzi, X; Pithavala, YK; Thibault, S; Tse, S, 2021)	0.62
" At its current list price, ribociclib used in combination with fulvestrant is likely to be cost effective in these patients at a threshold ICER of $157,343."	( Cost Effectiveness of Ribociclib in Combination with Fulvestrant for the Treatment of Postmenopausal Women with HR+/HER2- Advanced Breast Cancer Who Have Received No or Only One Prior Line of Endocrine Therapy: A Canadian Healthcare Perspective. Chandiwana, D; Delea, TE; Park, J; Stellato, D; Thabane, ME, 2021)	0.62
" In this study, we reported a case of refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with cutaneous involvement that achieved complete remission for more than 4 years with epigenetic regulation of chidamide in combination with chemotherapy and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation including a pretreatment regimen containing chidamide."	( Treatment of refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma by chidamide combined with autologous stem cell transplantation: a case report. Chen, Y; Gao, J; Jia, Y; Ma, T; Wang, F; Wu, P; Zhou, Z, 2021)	0.62
"To investigate the effects of chidamide combined with anti-myeloma drugs on the proliferation and apoptosis of myeloma cells."	( [The Effects of Chidamide Combined with Anti-myeloma Drugs on the Proliferation and Apoptosis of Myeloma Cells]. Chen, GH; Fu, CC; Liu, W; Liu, Y; Wu, DP; Xie, Y; Xu, Y; Yan, LZ; Yan, S; Yao, WQ, 2021)	0.62
" In NCI-H929 cell line, chidamide combined with low-dose bortezomib and lenalidomide showed synergistic effect, while combined with dexamethasone and pomalidomide showed additive effect."	( [The Effects of Chidamide Combined with Anti-myeloma Drugs on the Proliferation and Apoptosis of Myeloma Cells]. Chen, GH; Fu, CC; Liu, W; Liu, Y; Wu, DP; Xie, Y; Xu, Y; Yan, LZ; Yan, S; Yao, WQ, 2021)	0.62
" Therefore, a drug-drug interaction study was conducted to assess the impact of enasidenib at steady state on the pharmacokinetics of several probe compounds in patients with relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome, including the probes herein described in this article, digoxin and rosuvastatin."	( Assessment of Transporter-Mediated Drug Interactions for Enasidenib Based on a Cocktail Study in Patients With Relapse or Refractory Acute Myeloid Leukemia or Myelodysplastic Syndrome. Carayannopoulos, L; Cheng, Y; Li, Y; Reyes, J; Tong, Z; Wang, X; Zhou, S, 2022)	0.72
"Adjuvant abemaciclib combined with endocrine therapy (ET) previously demonstrated clinically meaningful improvement in invasive disease-free survival (IDFS) and distant relapse-free survival (DRFS) in hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative, node-positive, high-risk early breast cancer at the second interim analysis, however follow-up was limited."	( Adjuvant abemaciclib combined with endocrine therapy for high-risk early breast cancer: updated efficacy and Ki-67 analysis from the monarchE study. Andersson, M; André, V; Barriga, S; Cortés, J; Del Mastro, L; Fasching, PA; Forrester, T; Goetz, MP; Guarneri, V; Hamilton, E; Harbeck, N; Hegg, R; Huang, CS; Jaliffe, GG; Johnston, SRD; Kreipe, H; Martin, M; Munoz, M; Nabinger, SC; O'Shaughnessy, J; Rastogi, P; Rugo, HS; San Antonio, B; Senkus, E; Shahir, A; Shao, ZM; Sherwood, S; Sohn, J; Steger, GG; Tamura, K; Testa, L; Toi, M; Tolaney, SM; Tryakin, A; Wei, R, 2021)	0.62
"Ribociclib, one of the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) 4 and 6 inhibitors, in combination with endocrine therapies has been approved in the treatment of hormonal receptor positive, HER-2 negative metastatic breast cancer worldwide."	( Lactic acidosis, a potential toxicity from drug-drug interaction related to concomitant ribociclib and metformin in preexisting renal insufficiency: A case report. Lagampan, C; Parinyanitikul, N; Poovorawan, N, 2022)	0.72
"Metformin associated lactic acidosis may potentially occur after combination with ribocilib, an uncommon but lethal complication from the interaction of these drugs, especially in patients who had preexisting renal impairment."	( Lactic acidosis, a potential toxicity from drug-drug interaction related to concomitant ribociclib and metformin in preexisting renal insufficiency: A case report. Lagampan, C; Parinyanitikul, N; Poovorawan, N, 2022)	0.72
" The effect on cell viability was enhanced when ribociclib was combined with progesterone and/or mitotane."	( Ribociclib Cytotoxicity Alone or Combined With Progesterone and/or Mitotane in in Vitro Adrenocortical Carcinoma Cells. Abate, A; Berruti, A; Cosentini, D; Fiorentini, C; Grisanti, S; Grosso, E; Hantel, C; Laganà, M; Memo, M; Rossini, E; Scatolini, M; Sigala, S; Tamburello, M; Tiberio, GAM, 2022)	0.72
" Collectively, these results indicated that the lysosome‑targeted drug combination induces multiple organelle dysfunction and exerts a marked cytotoxic effect in PDAC cells."	( Lysosome‑targeted drug combination induces multiple organelle dysfunctions and non‑canonical death in pancreatic cancer cells. Hiramoto, M; Hirota, A; Kazama, H; Miyazaki, M; Miyazawa, K; Ogawa, M; Ota, K; Suzuki, S; Takano, N, 2022)	0.72
" Herein, we assessed a combination of chidamide plus celecoxib (called CC-01) combined with programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) blockade in a CT26 model as potent tumor microenvironment (TME) regulator."	( CC-01 (chidamide plus celecoxib) modifies the tumor immune microenvironment and reduces tumor progression combined with immune checkpoint inhibitor. Chao, YS; Chen, CN; Chen, JS; Chou, CH; Chu, SH; Wu, YH; Yang, MH, 2022)	0.72
" An open-label phase 1 study is evaluating the safety and efficacy of ivosidenib or enasidenib combined with intensive induction and consolidation chemotherapy in adult patients with newly diagnosed mIDH1/2 acute myeloid leukemia (AML; NCT02632708)."	( Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Ivosidenib or Enasidenib Combined With Intensive Induction and Consolidation Chemotherapy in Patients With Newly Diagnosed IDH1/2-Mutant Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Almon, C; Chen, Y; Cooper, M; Fan, B; Hossain, M; Hua, L; Nabhan, S; Yang, H; Yin, F, 2022)	0.72
"Ribociclib, a CDK4/6 inhibitor, demonstrates preclinical antitumor activity in combination with taxanes."	( A Phase Ib/II Study of the CDK4/6 Inhibitor Ribociclib in Combination with Docetaxel plus Prednisone in Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Aggarwal, R; Carneiro, BA; de Kouchkovsky, I; Fong, L; Friedlander, T; Lewis, C; Paris, PL; Phone, A; Rao, A; Ryan, CJ; Small, EJ; Szmulewitz, RZ; Zhang, L, 2022)	0.72
"104 patients with newly diagnosed PTCL were enrolled and divided into chemotherapy (ChT) group and chemotherapy combined with chidamide (ChT+C) group."	( Comparison of Chemotherapy Combined With Chidamide Versus Chemotherapy in the Frontline Treatment for Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma. Cai, J; Cai, Q; Fang, Y; Huang, H; Li, Z; Liu, P; Ma, S; Su, N; Tian, X; Wang, J; Xia, Y; Zhang, Y; Zou, Q, 2022)	0.72
"We analyzed the treatment effects of chidamide and decitabine in combination with a HAG (homoharringtonine, cytarabine, G-CSF) priming regimen (CDHAG) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients with TP53 mutation."	( Chidamide and Decitabine in Combination with a HAG Priming Regimen for Acute Myeloid Leukemia with TP53 Mutation. Bai, J; Pei, Z; Song, Q; Wang, H; Wang, J; Wu, H; Zhang, B, 2022)	0.72
" Pharmacokinetics and safety were consistent with single-agent data, supporting a lack of drug-drug interaction."	( Phase Ib/II Trial of Ribociclib in Combination with Binimetinib in Patients with NRAS-mutant Melanoma. Amaria, RN; Ascierto, PA; Berking, C; Berlin, JD; Carlino, MS; De Vos, FYFL; Harney, AS; Johnson, DB; Kim, KB; Postow, MA; Reddy, MB; Schuler, M; Sosman, JA; van Herpen, CML; Zimmer, L, 2022)	0.72
" Here, we assessed the safety, tolerability, and preliminary clinical activity of ceritinib, an ALKi in combination with ribociclib, a CDK4/6i, in patients with ALK-rearranged non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)."	( Phase Ib/II study of ceritinib in combination with ribociclib in patients with ALK-rearranged non-small cell lung cancer. Abdelhady, A; Ardizzoni, A; Barlesi, F; Ch Yang, J; Chen, X; DiDominick, S; Felip, E; Hyoung Kang, J; Navarro, A; Santoro, A; Simonelli, M; Stammberger, U; Su, WC, 2022)	0.72
" The aim of our study was to investigate if the Syk inhibitor fostamatinib could be repurposed as an antiplatelet drug, either alone or in combination with conventional antiplatelet therapy."	( Antithrombotic Effects of Fostamatinib in Combination with Conventional Antiplatelet Drugs. Alenazy, FO; Harbi, MH; Nicolson, PLR; Smith, CW; Thomas, MR; Tiwari, A; Watson, SP, 2022)	0.72
"nextMONARCH is an open-label, controlled, randomized, Phase 2 study of abemaciclib alone or in combination with tamoxifen in women with endocrine-refractory HR + , HER2- MBC previously treated with chemotherapy."	( nextMONARCH Phase 2 randomized clinical trial: overall survival analysis of abemaciclib monotherapy or in combination with tamoxifen in patients with endocrine-refractory HR + , HER2- metastatic breast cancer. Chen, SC; Chen, Y; Cortes, J; Hamilton, E; Hegg, R; Huober, J; Jerusalem, G; Manikhas, A; Martin, M; Ozyilkan, O; Petrakova, K; Zhang, W, 2022)	0.72
" Our work confirms that ribociclib in combination with endocrine therapy is highly effective in the treatment of premenopausal HR+/HER2- advanced breast cancer patients with an expected safety profile."	( Real-World Clinical Outcomes of Ribociclib in Combination with a Non-Steroidal Aromatase Inhibitor and a Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone Agonist in Premenopausal HR+/HER2- Advanced Breast Cancer Patients: An Italian Managed Access Program. Abbinante, G; Arcara, C; Bisagni, G; Coltelli, L; Faggioni, G; Geuna, E; Grasso, D; Gunnellini, M; Livi, L; Moretti, G; Ragni, F; Rinaldi, G; Sanna, G; Scotti, V; Staropoli, N; Vannini, L; Verderame, F, 2022)	0.72
"The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) invited the manufacturer (Eli Lilly) of abemaciclib (Verzenios) to submit evidence for the clinical and cost effectiveness of this drug in combination with endocrine therapy (ET) for the treatment of adult patients with hormone receptor (HR)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative, node-positive early breast cancer at high risk of recurrence, as part of the Institute's Single Technology Appraisal (STA) process."	( Abemaciclib in Combination with Endocrine Therapy for Adjuvant Treatment of Hormone Receptor-Positive, HER2-Negative, Node-Positive Early Breast Cancer: An Evidence Review Group Perspective of a NICE Single Technology Appraisal. Ahmadu, C; Armstrong, N; Coughlan, D; Duffy, S; Kernohan, A; Kleijnen, J; McDermott, K; O'Meara, S; Orozco Leal, G; Robinson, T; Vale, L, 2023)	0.91
" Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulators (ivacaftor, tezacaftor, elexacaftor, and lumacaftor) significantly improve lung function and nutritional status; however, they are substrates, inhibitors, and/or inducers of certain CYP enzymes and transporters, raising the risk of drug-drug interactions (DDI) with common CF medications."	( Drug-drug interactions involving CFTR modulators: a review of the evidence and clinical implications. Beringer, P; Hong, E; Shi, A, 2023)	0.91
"This non-randomized, multicohort, phase II study evaluated the efficacy and safety of the anti-PD-1 antibody nivolumab 240 mg administered every 2 weeks in combination with the CDK4/6 inhibitor abemaciclib 150 mg twice daily and either fulvestrant (FUL) or letrozole (LET) as a first-line or second-line treatment for HR-positive HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer."	( Efficacy, safety, and biomarker analysis of nivolumab in combination with abemaciclib plus endocrine therapy in patients with HR-positive HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer: a phase II study (WJOG11418B NEWFLAME trial). Aogi, K; Futamura, M; Hosonaga, M; Imamura, CK; Iwasa, T; Iwata, H; Kawabata, H; Masuda, J; Masuda, N; Matsumoto, K; Miura, S; Mukohara, T; Sakai, H; Takahashi, M; Takano, T; Tanabe, Y; Tomioka, N; Tsurutani, J; Yamochi, T; Yasojima, H; Yoshimura, K, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Milrinone is well absorbed orally and has a duration of action of three to six hours."	( Milrinone, a new agent for the treatment of congestive heart failure. Hasegawa, GR, 1986)	0.27
" The bioavailability from the capsule amounted to 90%, from the suppository to 72."	( [Pharmacokinetics and biotransformation of the analgesic flupirtine in humans]. Hlavica, P; Niebch, G, 1985)	0.27
" On the other hand, the bioavailability of PNHCl in humans was the same when lactose was used with either gelatin, syrup or methylcellulose, but higher than that obtained with a combination of calcium carbonate and Eudragit E 15%."	( Effect of some additives on the properties of phenazopyridine hydrochloride granules and their corresponding tablets. Abdel-Aleem, H; el-Sabbagh, HM; Ghanem, A; Meshali, M, 1984)	0.27
" The bioavailability of the enteric-coated tablets calculated from the area under the serum concentration curve (95 +/- 29%) did not differ from that calculated from urinary excretion (98 +/- 8%)."	( 4-Aminopyridine kinetics. Agoston, S; Greijdanus, B; Scaf, AH; Sohn, YJ; Uges, DR, 1982)	0.26
" Bioavailability studies proved that bentonite decreased the rate as well as extent of absorption of PN ."	( Adsorption of phenazopyridine hydrochloride on pharmaceutical adjuvants. Meshali, MM, 1982)	0.26
" These data suggest that verapamil, and partially amrinone, inhibit histamine-induced tracheal contractions by reducing the bioavailability of intracellular Ca2+."	( Relaxant effects of amrinone upon pulmonary smooth muscle. Buck, DC; Mielens, ZE, 1982)	0.26
" Systemic bioavailability was low and showed large interindividual differences, ranging from 4% to 46%."	( Methapyrilene kinetics and dynamics. Alferez, N; Azarnoff, DL; Calandre, EP; Hassanein, K, 1981)	0.26
"The aim of this work was to improve the oral bioavailability of a recently discovered, novel structural class of 5-HT1A receptor agonists: aryl-{[4-(6-R-pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-amino]-methyl}-piperidin-1 -yl-metha none."	( Novel derivatives of 2-pyridinemethylamine as selective, potent, and orally active agonists at 5-HT1A receptors. Assié, MB; Bonnaud, B; Cosi, C; Funes, P; Jubault, N; Kleven, M; Koek, W; Vacher, B, 1999)	0.3
" In general, oral bioavailability of this class of compounds was found to be poor unless the imidazole was methylated on nitrogen."	( Design and synthesis of potent, selective, and orally bioavailable tetrasubstituted imidazole inhibitors of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Agarwal, L; Butcher, JW; Claiborne, CF; Claremon, DA; Dancheck, K; Fletcher, DS; Forsyth, AJ; Frantz, B; Hanlon, WA; Harper, CF; Hofsess, SJ; Kostura, M; Libby, BE; Lin, J; Liverton, NJ; Luell, S; Nguyen, KT; O'Keefe, SJ; O'Neill, EA; Pitzenberger, SM; Selnick, HG; Smith, GR; Tebben, A; Vacca, JP; Varga, SL, 1999)	0.3
" A representative of this series, SB 265123 (4), has 100% oral bioavailability in rats, and is orally active in vivo in the ovariectomized rat model of osteoporosis."	( Orally bioavailable nonpeptide vitronectin receptor antagonists with efficacy in an osteoporosis model. Adams, PC; Azzarano, LM; Bondinell, WE; Bradbeer, J; Cousins, RD; Drake, FH; Erhard, KF; Gowen, M; Haltiwanger, RC; Hoffman, SJ; Huffman, WF; Hwang, SM; Jakas, DR; James, IE; Keenan, RM; Ku, TW; Lark, MW; Lechowska, B; Miller, WH; Newlander, KA; Rieman, DJ; Ross, ST; Stroup, GB; Vasko-Moser, JA; Zembryki, DL, 1999)	0.3
" Nevertheless, one compound (13), PNU-103657, possessed oral bioavailability in rats approaching that of the structurally related NNRTI drug delavirdine which is currently on the market for the treatment of HIV infection."	( Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of the (alkylamino)piperidine-containing BHAP class of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors: effect of 3-alkylpyridine ring substitution. Adams, WJ; Friis, JM; Genin, MJ; Kopta, LA; May, PD; Olmsted, RA; Poel, TJ; Romero, DL; Thomas, RC; Voorman, RL; Yagi, Y, 1999)	0.3
" Preliminary pharmacokinetics in rats showed that compound 18 is orally bioavailable and penetrates well into the brain."	( Urea-PETT compounds as a new class of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors. 3. Synthesis and further structure-activity relationship studies of PETT analogues. Bäckbro, K; Engelhardt, P; Fridborg, K; Högberg, M; Johansson, NG; Kangasmetsä, J; Lövgren, S; Noréen, R; Oberg, B; Sahlberg, BL; Sahlberg, C; Unge, T; Vrang, L; Zhang, H, 1999)	0.3
"In our continuing efforts to identify small molecule vitronectin receptor antagonists, we have discovered a series of phenylbutyrate derivatives, exemplified by 16, which have good potency and excellent oral bioavailability (approximately 100% in rats)."	( Phenylbutyrates as potent, orally bioavailable vitronectin receptor (integrin alphavbeta3) antagonists. Azzarano, LM; Cousins, RD; Erhard, KF; Gress, CJ; Haltiwanger, RC; Heerding, DA; Huffman, WF; Hwang, SM; James, IE; Johanson, KO; Kwon, C; Lark, MW; Manley, PJ; Miller, WH; Rieman, DJ; Ross, ST; Salyers, KL; Samanen, JM; Smith, BR; Takata, DT; Uzinskas, IN; Ward, KW; Willette, RN; Yuan, CC; Yue, TL, 2003)	0.32
" Previous rat studies with it revealed an apparent absolute oral bioavailability (Fapp) of greater than 100%."	( Apparent absolute oral bioavailability in excess of 100% for a vitronectin receptor antagonist (SB-265123) in rat. I. Investigation of potential experimental and mechanistic explanations. Azzarano, LM; Evans, CA; Smith, BR; Ward, KW, 2004)	0.32
" Transporters have been increasingly identified as a factor in limiting the oral bioavailability of certain drugs."	( Apparent absolute oral bioavailability in excess of 100% for a vitronectin receptor antagonist (SB-265123) in rat. II. Studies implicating transporter-mediated intestinal secretion. Azzarano, LM; Hardy, LB; Kehler, JR; Smith, BR; Ward, KW, 2004)	0.32
" Exploration of the structure-activity relationships by parallel synthesis identified the essential pharmacophoric elements for antagonism that permitted further optimization via targeted synthesis to provide a potent orally bioavailable and selective TRPV1 modulator 41 active in several in vivo models."	( Identification and biological evaluation of 4-(3-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazine-1-carboxylic acid (5-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)amide, a high affinity TRPV1 (VR1) vanilloid receptor antagonist. Bogenstaetter, M; Breitenbucher, JG; Carruthers, NI; Chang, L; Chaplan, SR; Codd, EE; Dax, SL; Dubin, AE; Gonzales, L; Hoey, K; Jetter, M; Lee, DH; Liu, C; Lord, B; Mazur, C; Nasser, N; Rizzolio, M; Shah, C; Swanson, DM; Zhang, SP, 2005)	0.33
"The discovery and pharmacological evaluation of potent, selective, and orally bioavailable growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R) antagonists are reported."	( Discovery and pharmacological evaluation of growth hormone secretagogue receptor antagonists. Beno, DW; Brune, ME; Bush, EN; Collins, CA; Droz, BA; Falls, HD; Fey, TA; Hoff, ED; Hutchins, CW; Jacobson, PB; Knourek-Segel, VE; Kosogof, C; Lin, CW; Liu, B; Liu, G; Liu, M; Ogiela, CA; Sarris, KA; Serby, MD; Sham, HL; Shapiro, R; Szczepankiewicz, BG; Turner, TM; Xin, Z; Zhao, H, 2006)	0.33
" VP-0502AL is predicted to become a new highly bioavailable anti-AIDS drug candidate and/or lead compound."	( Bioavailability of the amino acid-attached prodrug as a new anti-HIV agent in rats. Chae, KA; Cho, HJ; Kim, JS; Lee, H; Seo, DC; Shin, HC; Sung, JM, 2007)	0.34
" A number of compounds have been identified to be orally bioavailable and efficacious in the mouse edema model."	( Identification of aminopyrazolopyridine ureas as potent VEGFR/PDGFR multitargeted kinase inhibitors. Albert, DH; Bouska, JJ; Dai, Y; Davidsen, SK; Doktor, SZ; Glaser, KB; Hartandi, K; Marcotte, PA; Michaelides, MR; Olson, AM; Osterling, DJ; Pease, LJ; Reuter, DR; Soni, NB; Stewart, KD, 2008)	0.35
" Taken together, these studies demonstrate that WAY-101405 is a potent and selective, brain penetrant, orally bioavailable 5-HT(1A) receptor "silent" antagonist that is effective in preclinical memory paradigms at doses where approximately 90% of the postsynaptic 5-HT(1A) receptors are occupied."	( Correlating efficacy in rodent cognition models with in vivo 5-hydroxytryptamine1a receptor occupancy by a novel antagonist, (R)-N-(2-methyl-(4-indolyl-1-piperazinyl)ethyl)-N-(2-pyridinyl)-cyclohexane carboxamide (WAY-101405). Andree, TH; Aschmies, S; Childers, WE; Comery, TA; Dawson, LA; Day, M; Feingold, IB; Grauer, SM; Harrison, BL; Hirst, WD; Hughes, ZA; Kao, J; Kelly, MG; Rizzo, SJ; Rosenzweig-Lipson, S; Saab, AL; Schechter, LE; Smith, DL; Sullivan, K; Tio, C; van der Lee, H; Zhang, MY, 2008)	0.35
"To assess whether R788, an orally bioavailable small molecule inhibitor of spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk)-dependent signaling, could modulate disease in lupus-prone (NZB x NZW)F1 (NZB/NZW) mice via inhibition of Fc receptor (FcR) and B cell receptor signaling."	( An orally bioavailable spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitor delays disease progression and prolongs survival in murine lupus. Bahjat, FR; Baluom, M; Cassafer, G; Chang, B; Daikh, DI; Grillo, S; Grossbard, EB; Payan, DG; Pine, PR; Reitsma, A; Zhao, FF, 2008)	0.35
" Replacement of secondary amines in our lead compound with neutral ether and amide groups was made to increase bioavailability and to determine if the potency and selectivity of the inhibitor would be impacted."	( Analogues of 2-aminopyridine-based selective inhibitors of neuronal nitric oxide synthase with increased bioavailability. Chico, LK; Ji, H; Lawton, GR; Martásek, P; Ralay Ranaivo, H; Roman, LJ; Silverman, RB; Watterson, DM; Xue, F, 2009)	0.35
" Fostamatinib is orally bioavailable and was well tolerated in phase I and II trials, with the most common side effect being gastrointestinal symptoms."	( Fostamatinib, a Syk inhibitor prodrug for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Bajpai, M, 2009)	0.35
" For roflumilast, the covariates of sex, smoking and race influenced clearance; and food influenced the absorption rate constant and lag time."	( Population pharmacokinetic modelling of roflumilast and roflumilast N-oxide by total phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitory activity and development of a population pharmacodynamic-adverse event model. Diletti, E; Elmlinger, M; Facius, A; Hünnemeyer, A; Lahu, G; McCracken, N; Ruth, P; Zech, K, 2010)	0.36
" It has high permeability in Caco-2 cells and was completely absorbed in rat and dog pharmacokinetic studies with an oral bioavailability of 28% in both rats and 61 and 87% in the dogs."	( Pharmacokinetics and elucidation of the rates and routes of N-glucuronidation of PF-592379, an oral dopamine 3 agonist in rat, dog, and human. Attkins, N; Betts, A; Heatherington, AC; Hepworth, D, 2010)	0.36
"The human apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT) is a validated drug target and can be employed to increase oral bioavailability of various drug conjugates."	( Structural requirements of the ASBT by 3D-QSAR analysis using aminopyridine conjugates of chenodeoxycholic acid. Acharya, C; Pan, Y; Polli, JE; Swaan, PW; Zheng, X, 2010)	0.36
"To establish basic intravenous (IV) pharmacokinetics of roflumilast (ROF) and its pharmacologically active metabolite roflumilast N-oxide (R-NO) and to determine the absolute bioavailability of ROF in humans."	( High absolute bioavailability of the new oral phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor roflumilast. Bethke, TD; Lahu, G, 2011)	0.37
" After PO administration, ROF was rapidly absorbed; the absolute bioavailability was 79%."	( High absolute bioavailability of the new oral phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor roflumilast. Bethke, TD; Lahu, G, 2011)	0.37
"ROF is rapidly absorbed after PO administration and exhibits high absolute bioavailability and low clearance pharmacokinetics."	( High absolute bioavailability of the new oral phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor roflumilast. Bethke, TD; Lahu, G, 2011)	0.37
" Fostamatinib (R-788) is an orally bioavailable small molecule."	( Role of spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitors in the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Scott, DL, 2011)	0.37
" Pharmacokinetic studies in the rat indicated that this compound has good oral bioavailability (51% at 20 mg/kg) and a reasonable half-life (t(1/2) ∼ 7-8 h)."	( 3,5-Diaryl-2-aminopyridines as a novel class of orally active antimalarials demonstrating single dose cure in mice and clinical candidate potential. Avery, V; Bashyam, S; Bhamidipati, R; Charman, SA; Chibale, K; Douelle, F; Duffy, S; Feng, TS; González Cabrera, D; Hardick, D; Joseph, JT; Katneni, K; Le Manach, C; Mannila, J; Morizzi, J; Nchinda, AT; Shackleford, DM; Waterson, D; White, KL; Wittlin, S; Witty, MJ; Younis, Y; Zabiulla, KM, 2012)	0.38
" A novel series of potent and orally bioavailable 3-alkoxyamino-5-(pyridin-2-ylamino)pyrazine-2-carbonitrile CHK1 inhibitors was generated by hybridization of two lead scaffolds derived from fragment-based drug design and optimized for CHK1 potency and high selectivity using a cell-based assay cascade."	( Discovery of 3-alkoxyamino-5-(pyridin-2-ylamino)pyrazine-2-carbonitriles as selective, orally bioavailable CHK1 inhibitors. Aherne, GW; Box, G; Boxall, KJ; Collins, I; de Haven Brandon, AK; Eccles, SA; Eve, PD; Garrett, MD; Hayes, A; Lainchbury, M; Matthews, TP; McHardy, T; Raynaud, FI; Reader, JC; Valenti, MR; Walton, MI, 2012)	0.38
" Respective structure-activity relationship determinations and subsequent optimization around these scaffolds led to frontrunner compounds in each series, which possess the desired antimalarial efficacy, bioavailability and metabolic stability to further progress medicinal chemistry programs."	( Antimalarial aminothiazoles and aminopyridines from phenotypic whole-cell screening of a SoftFocus(®) library. Chibale, K; Gordon, R; Paquet, T; Waterson, D; Witty, MJ, 2012)	0.38
" While we have been successful in developing potent and isoform-selective inhibitors, such as lead compounds 1 and 2, the ease of synthesis and bioavailability have been problematic."	( In search of potent and selective inhibitors of neuronal nitric oxide synthase with more simple structures. Fang, J; Jing, Q; Li, H; Martásek, P; Poulos, TL; Roman, LJ; Silverman, RB, 2013)	0.39
" Here, we have analyzed the therapeutic potential of the pan-PI3K inhibitor NVP-BKM120 (BKM120), an orally bioavailable 2,6-dimorpholino pyrimidine derivative, which has entered clinical trials for solid tumors, on both T-ALL cell lines and patient samples."	( Activity of the pan-class I phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor NVP-BKM120 in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Antunes, IL; Barata, JT; Bertaina, A; Buontempo, F; Chiarini, F; Locatelli, F; Lonetti, A; Martelli, AM; McCubrey, JA; Melchionda, F; Orsini, E; Pagliaro, P; Pession, A; Ricci, F; Tazzari, PL, 2014)	0.4
" The oral bioavailability was approximately 40%."	( Pharmacokinetic profiles of the analgesic drug flupirtine in cats. De Vito, V; Giorgi, M; Kowalski, CJ; Lebkowska-Wieruszewska, B; Owen, H, 2014)	0.4
"A series of Phase I studies was conducted in healthy volunteers to examine the systemic bioavailability and safety of topical ozenoxacin."	( Systemic bioavailability, safety and tolerability of topical ozenoxacin in healthy adult volunteers. Albareda, N; Febbraro, S; Gropper, S; Santos, B, 2014)	0.4
" Repeated administration of flupirtine MR showed lower bioavailability (∼ 60%)."	( Metabolic activation and analgesic effect of flupirtine in healthy subjects, influence of the polymorphic NAT2, UGT1A1 and GSTP1. Bednarski, PJ; Borlak, J; Keiser, M; Methling, K; Modess, C; Nassif, A; Rosskopf, D; Scheuch, E; Siegmund, W; Terhaag, B, 2015)	0.42
" The bioavailability values after POIR, POPR and RC were 41."	( Pharmacokinetic profiles of the analgesic flupirtine in dogs after the administration of four pharmaceutical formulations. De Vito, V; Giorgi, M; Kowaski, CJ; Lisowski, A; Shaban, A; Łebkowska-Wieruszewska, B, 2015)	0.42
" The results of two studies that evaluated the effect of food on the oral bioavailability of pradigastat using randomized, open-label, parallel group designs in healthy subjects (n=24/treatment/study) are presented."	( Evaluation of food effect on the oral bioavailability of pradigastat, a diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 inhibitor. Ayalasomayajula, SP; Chen, J; Crissey, A; Kagan, M; Majumdar, T; Matott, R; Meyers, CD; Pal, P; Rebello, S; Su, Z; Sunkara, G; Yu, J, 2015)	0.42
" The oral bioavailability was 71."	( Pharmacokinetics and disposition of flupirtine in the horse. De Vito, V; Giorgi, M; Owen, H; Poapolathep, A; Rychshanova, R; Sgorbini, M, 2016)	0.43
" Here we report the discovery of 109 (CCT251921), a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable inhibitor of CDK8 with equipotent affinity for CDK19."	( Discovery of Potent, Selective, and Orally Bioavailable Small-Molecule Modulators of the Mediator Complex-Associated Kinases CDK8 and CDK19. Adeniji-Popoola, O; Blagg, J; Burke, R; Busch, M; Calderini, M; Clarke, PA; Crumpler, S; Czodrowski, P; Dale, T; de Haven Brandon, A; Eccles, SA; Esdar, C; Mallinger, A; Musil, D; Ortiz-Ruiz, MJ; Poeschke, O; Raynaud, FI; Rink, C; Rohdich, F; Schiemann, K; Schneider, R; Schwarz, D; Stieber, F; Stubbs, M; Thai, C; Valenti, M; Wienke, D; Workman, P, 2016)	0.43
" Much progress has been made over the past decade with the development of orally bioavailable small molecule drugs that target defective CFTR proteins caused by specific mutations."	( New and emerging targeted therapies for cystic fibrosis. Quon, BS; Rowe, SM, 2016)	0.43
"We evaluated the safety, pharmacokinetic profile, pharmacodynamic effects, and antitumor activity of abemaciclib, an orally bioavailable inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) 4 and 6, in a multicenter study including phase I dose escalation followed by tumor-specific cohorts for breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), glioblastoma, melanoma, and colorectal cancer."	( Efficacy and Safety of Abemaciclib, an Inhibitor of CDK4 and CDK6, for Patients with Breast Cancer, Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, and Other Solid Tumors. Beckmann, RP; Beeram, M; Chan, EM; Cronier, DM; Flaherty, KT; Frenzel, M; Fulford, AD; Gandhi, L; Goldman, JW; Hilton, JF; Kulanthaivel, P; Li, LQ; Martinez, R; Nasir, A; Nguyen, TS; Papadopoulos, KP; Patnaik, A; Rasco, DW; Rosen, LS; Schade, AE; Shapiro, GI; Tolaney, SM; Tolcher, AW; Wen, PY, 2016)	0.43
" Abemaciclib (LY2835219) is an orally bioavailable CDK4/6 inhibitor under phase III clinical trials."	( Effect of abemaciclib (LY2835219) on enhancement of chemotherapeutic agents in ABCB1 and ABCG2 overexpressing cells in vitro and in vivo. Chen, Z; Cheng, B; Fang, X; Fu, L; To, KKW; Wang, F; Wu, T, 2017)	0.46
" The absolute oral bioavailability of fostamatinib was 54."	( Effects of ranitidine (antacid), food, and formulation on the pharmacokinetics of fostamatinib: results from five phase I clinical studies. Flanagan, T; Gillen, M; Kruusmägi, M; Lisbon, E; Martin, P; Mathews, D, 2017)	0.46
"The absolute oral bioavailability of fostamatinib was ~55 %."	( Effects of ranitidine (antacid), food, and formulation on the pharmacokinetics of fostamatinib: results from five phase I clinical studies. Flanagan, T; Gillen, M; Kruusmägi, M; Lisbon, E; Martin, P; Mathews, D, 2017)	0.46
" Although several Chk1 inhibitors have been developed, their clinical progress has been hampered by low bioavailability and off-target toxicities."	( An orally bioavailable Chk1 inhibitor, CCT244747, sensitizes bladder and head and neck cancer cell lines to radiation. Barker, HE; Dillon, MT; Hafsi, H; Harrington, K; Khoo, V; Kyula, J; McLaughlin, M; Patel, R; Schick, U; Thompson, A; Zaidi, S, 2017)	0.46
"We characterized the radiosensitizing activity of CCT244747, the first orally bioavailable Chk1 inhibitor."	( An orally bioavailable Chk1 inhibitor, CCT244747, sensitizes bladder and head and neck cancer cell lines to radiation. Barker, HE; Dillon, MT; Hafsi, H; Harrington, K; Khoo, V; Kyula, J; McLaughlin, M; Patel, R; Schick, U; Thompson, A; Zaidi, S, 2017)	0.46
"Cavosonstat (N91115), an orally bioavailable inhibitor of S-nitrosoglutathione reductase, promotes cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) maturation and plasma membrane stability, with a mechanism of action complementary to CFTR correctors and potentiators."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of cavosonstat (N91115) in healthy and cystic fibrosis adults homozygous for F508DEL-CFTR. Casey, A; Chmiel, JF; Donaldson, SH; Flume, PA; Mandagere, A; McCoy, K; Shoemaker, SA; Solomon, GM; Taylor-Cousar, JL; Troha, JM; Zeitlin, PL; Zemanick, ET, 2017)	0.46
" Ribociclib is a selective, orally bioavailable inhibitor of CDK4 and CDK6, which received FDA approval in March 2017 and is set to enter the treatment landscape alongside other CDK4/6 inhibitors, including palbociclib and abemaciclib."	( Ribociclib (LEE011): Mechanism of Action and Clinical Impact of This Selective Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4/6 Inhibitor in Various Solid Tumors. Bardia, A; Sellers, WR; Tripathy, D, 2017)	0.46
" In this review, we outline the preclinical and clinical advancement of these three orally bioavailable and highly selective CDK4/6 inhibitors in breast cancer."	( Recent advances of highly selective CDK4/6 inhibitors in breast cancer. Liu, Q; Mani, S; Pestell, RG; Wu, K; Xu, H; Yu, S; Yuan, X, 2017)	0.46
" Based on the established connection between β-catenin signaling and renal ciliopathies, and on data from our and other laboratories showing striking similarities of this disease and cancer, we evaluated the use of an orally bioavailable small molecule, KPT-9274 (a dual inhibitor of the protein kinase PAK4 and nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase), for treatment of ADPKD."	( Anticystogenic activity of a small molecule PAK4 inhibitor may be a novel treatment for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Abu Aboud, O; Baloglu, E; Chen, X; Chmiel, KJ; Dionne, LK; Hwang, VJ; Li, X; Mahjoub, MR; Senapedis, W; Shim, K; Trott, J; Weiss, RH; Zhou, X, 2017)	0.46
" LY5 exhibited excellent oral bioavailability in both mice and healthy dogs, and drug absorption was enhanced in the fasted state with tolerable dosing in mice at 40 mg/kg BID."	( Target specificity, in vivo pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of the putative STAT3 inhibitor LY5 in osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma. Bennett, CE; Cam, H; Coss, CC; Gardner, HL; Guttridge, DC; Hariharan, S; Houghton, P; LeBlanc, AK; Lin, J; Ling, Y; London, CA; Mo, X; Phelps, MA; Ren, L; Roberts, R; Xiao, H; Yu, PY, 2017)	0.46
" LY5 demonstrates good oral bioavailability in mice and dogs."	( Target specificity, in vivo pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of the putative STAT3 inhibitor LY5 in osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma. Bennett, CE; Cam, H; Coss, CC; Gardner, HL; Guttridge, DC; Hariharan, S; Houghton, P; LeBlanc, AK; Lin, J; Ling, Y; London, CA; Mo, X; Phelps, MA; Ren, L; Roberts, R; Xiao, H; Yu, PY, 2017)	0.46
" The influence of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) on ribociclib bioavailability was assessed using 1) biorelevant media solubility, 2) physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling, 3) noncompartmental analysis (NCA) of clinical trial data, and 4) population PK (PopPK) analysis."	( Ribociclib Bioavailability Is Not Affected by Gastric pH Changes or Food Intake: In Silico and Clinical Evaluations. Dhuria, S; Elmeliegy, M; Germa, C; Grandeury, A; Huth, F; Laisney, M; Lu, Y; Miller, M; Mueller-Zsigmondy, M; Samant, TS; Umehara, K; Yang, S, 2018)	0.48
" We aimed to assess the effects of blocking the upstream pathway of mTOR on PROS patient-derived cells by using ARQ 092, a potent, selective, allosteric, and experimental orally bioavailable and highly selective AKT-inhibitor with activity and long-term tolerability, currently under clinical development for treatment of cancer and Proteus syndrome."	( In vitro efficacy of ARQ 092, an allosteric AKT inhibitor, on primary fibroblast cells derived from patients with PIK3CA-related overgrowth spectrum (PROS). Abbadessa, G; Bagnulo, R; Bartuli, A; De Luisi, A; Di Tommaso, S; Forte, G; Grossi, V; Lerone, M; Loconte, DC; Melis, D; Peserico, A; Praticò, AD; Ranieri, C; Resta, N; Ruggieri, M; Sanese, P; Schwartz, B; Selicorni, A; Simone, C; Susca, FC; Yu, Y, 2018)	0.48
" We demonstrate that buparlisib has an excellent brain penetration that is unaffected by efflux transporters at the blood-brain barrier, complete oral bioavailability and efficient intracranial target inhibition at clinically achievable plasma concentrations."	( Buparlisib is a brain penetrable pan-PI3K inhibitor. Beijnen, JH; Buil, LCM; Çitirikkaya, CH; de Gooijer, MC; Thota, N; van Tellingen, O; Zhang, P, 2018)	0.48
" Aminopyridine 2 also showed high oral bioavailability and inhibited MPO activity in vivo in a mouse model of peritonitis."	( Discovery of 1-((6-Aminopyridin-3-yl)Methyl)-3-(4-Bromophenyl)Urea as a Potent, Irreversible Myeloperoxidase Inhibitor. Ames, L; Axford, L; Blank, J; Casson, N; Custeau, D; Deng, L; Hamann, LG; Harrison, TJ; Hollis-Symynkywicz, M; Honda, T; Lee, L; Loi, S; Marcinkeviciene, J; Marro, ML; Papillon, JPN; Patnaik, A; Patterson, AW; Regard, JB; Ren, X; Reynolds, A; Zhang, L, 2018)	0.48
" There is an urgent need for safe orally bioavailable and cost-effective drugs for the treatment of leishmaniasis."	( Miransertib (ARQ 092), an orally-available, selective Akt inhibitor is effective against Leishmania. Chen, S; Kima, PE; Nandan, D; Reiner, NE; Schwartz, B; Yu, Y; Zhang, N, 2018)	0.48
"Ribociclib, an orally bioavailable small-molecule CDK4/6 inhibitor is currently undergoing evaluation to treat pediatric central nervous system (CNS) tumors."	( CNS penetration of the CDK4/6 inhibitor ribociclib in non-tumor bearing mice and mice bearing pediatric brain tumors. Baker, SJ; Campagne, O; Davis, A; Patel, YT; Stewart, CF, 2019)	0.51
" The LEEP trial aims to assess the pharmacodynamic effects of LEE011 (ribociclib), an orally bioavailable and highly selective CDK4/6 inhibitor, in men undergoing radical prostatectomy for high-risk, localised prostate cancer."	( Pharmacodynamics effects of CDK4/6 inhibitor LEE011 (ribociclib) in high-risk, localised prostate cancer: a study protocol for a randomised controlled phase II trial (LEEP study: LEE011 in high-risk, localised Prostate cancer). Ahmadi, N; Butler, LM; Centenera, MM; Horvath, LG; Joshua, AM; Kench, J; Mahon, KL; Scheinberg, T; Sebastian, L; Stockler, M; Stricker, P; Thanigasalam, R; Woo, H, 2020)	0.56
" An absolute bioavailability study informed the hepatic and gastric availability."	( Predicting Clinical Effects of CYP3A4 Modulators on Abemaciclib and Active Metabolites Exposure Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling. Dickinson, GL; Hall, SD; Kulanthaivel, P; Morse, BL; Posada, MM; Turner, PK, 2020)	0.56
" Pexidartinib is an orally bioavailable and potent inhibitor of CSF-1R which is one of the most clinically used agents."	( Pexidartinib, a Novel Small Molecule CSF-1R Inhibitor in Use for Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor: A Systematic Review of Pre-Clinical and Clinical Development. Benner, B; Carson, WE; Cherian, MA; Good, L; Kassem, M; Quiroga, D; Sardesai, S; Schultz, TE; Wesolowski, R, 2020)	0.56
" In 2 open-label crossover studies in healthy participants, the absolute bioavailability of a single oral dose of a ribociclib 600-mg tablet (n = 16) was compared with a single intravenous ribociclib infusion of 150 mg (n = 16), and the bioequivalence of a ribociclib 600-mg tablet (n = 31) and a ribociclib 600-mg capsule (n = 31) was evaluated."	( Evaluation of Absolute Oral Bioavailability and Bioequivalence of Ribociclib, a Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4/6 Inhibitor, in Healthy Subjects. Abdelhady, AM; Ji, Y; Rodriguez Lorenc, K; Samant, TS; Yang, S, 2020)	0.56
" In this review, we examine the evidence for orally bioavailable fostamatinib and its active moiety, tamatinib (R406), which has been approved for the treatment of chronic adult ITP."	( Fostamatinib: a review of its clinical efficacy and safety in the management of chronic adult immune thrombocytopenia. McDonald, V; Newland, A, 2020)	0.56
" We developed the orally bioavailable prodrug for the first time."	( First orally bioavailable prodrug of proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) degrades cyclin-dependent kinases 2/4/6 in vivo. Cao, S; Cao, Y; Dong, Z; Li, M; Li, Y; Liu, Y; Ruan, H; Song, W; Tang, Z; Wang, J; Wang, Y; Wei, M; Wei, Y; Yang, C; Yang, G; Zhao, R; Zhou, Y, 2021)	0.62
" To enhance the bioavailability of siRNAs in tumors, novel, safe, and effective carriers are needed."	( Development of EphA2 siRNA-loaded lipid nanoparticles and combination with a small-molecule histone demethylase inhibitor in prostate cancer cells and tumor spheroids. Baird, AM; Bozkurt, E; Debelec Butuner, B; Finn, SP; Gray, SG; Kantarci, AG; Kotmakci, M; Oner, E, 2021)	0.62
" The objectives of this phase 1, open-label crossover study (NCT02569554) in healthy adult participants were to determine (1) the effects of the proton pump inhibitor (PPI) rabeprazole on lorlatinib pharmacokinetics (PK), (2) the effects of a high-fat meal on lorlatinib PK, and (3) the relative bioavailability of an oral solution to tablet formulation of lorlatinib under fasted conditions."	( Phase 1 Study Evaluating the Effects of the Proton Pump Inhibitor Rabeprazole and Food on the Pharmacokinetics of Lorlatinib in Healthy Participants. Ginman, K; James, LP; Nepal, S; O'Gorman, MT; Pithavala, YK; Xu, H, 2021)	0.62
" Additionally, the differences in AUC between the strains were explained by specific effects on clearance and bioavailability for the strain with human expressing CYP3A4."	( Population Pharmacokinetic Modelling to Support the Evaluation of Preclinical Pharmacokinetic Experiments with Lorlatinib. Beijnen, JH; Damoiseaux, D; Dorlo, TPC; Huitema, ADR; Li, W; Schinkel, AH, 2022)	0.72
"A physiologically based biopharmaceutics model (PBBM) was developed to support formulation development of ribociclib, an orally bioavailable selective CDK4/6 inhibitor."	( Physiologically Based Biopharmaceutics Modeling to Demonstrate Virtual Bioequivalence and Bioequivalence Safe-space for Ribociclib which has Permeation Rate-controlled Absorption. Blumenstein, L; Costa, R; Heimbach, T; Ji, Y; Laisney, M; Mueller-Zsigmondy, M, 2022)	0.72
" This open-label, phase 1, randomized two-sequence, two-treatment, two-period, crossover study investigated the absolute oral bioavailability of lorlatinib in healthy participants."	( Evaluation of the absolute oral bioavailability of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase/c-ROS oncogene 1 kinase inhibitor lorlatinib in healthy participants. Ginman, K; Hibma, JE; Nepal, S; O'Gorman, M; Pawlak, S; Pithavala, YK, 2022)	0.72
" The adjusted geometric mean (90% confidence interval) for the absolute oral bioavailability was 80."	( Evaluation of the absolute oral bioavailability of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase/c-ROS oncogene 1 kinase inhibitor lorlatinib in healthy participants. Ginman, K; Hibma, JE; Nepal, S; O'Gorman, M; Pawlak, S; Pithavala, YK, 2022)	0.72
"Both oral and IV lorlatinib were well-tolerated in healthy participants and oral lorlatinib is highly bioavailable after oral administration."	( Evaluation of the absolute oral bioavailability of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase/c-ROS oncogene 1 kinase inhibitor lorlatinib in healthy participants. Ginman, K; Hibma, JE; Nepal, S; O'Gorman, M; Pawlak, S; Pithavala, YK, 2022)	0.72
"The current investigation is on the explicit development and evaluation of nanostructured lipidic carriers (NLCs) through the oral route to overcome the inherent lacuna of chemotherapeutic drug, in which Ribociclib (RBO) was used for breast cancer to diminish the bioavailability issue."	( Ribociclib Nanostructured Lipid Carrier Aimed for Breast Cancer: Formulation Optimization, Attenuating Ali, J; Baboota, S; Biswas, L; Sahoo, PK; Sartaj, A; Verma, AK, 2022)	0.72
"Palbociclib and ribociclib are weak base drugs so their bioavailability is pH-dependent."	( The effect of concomitant use of proton pump inhibitors with CDK 4/6 inhibitors on survival in metastatic breast cancer. Araz, M; Artaç, M; Çağlayan, D; Eryılmaz, MK; Geredeli, Ç; Göksu, SS; Koçak, MZ; Tatlı, AM, 2023)	0.91
" Here, we developed an active targeting motif-modified, intravenously injectable, hydrophilic NP that encapsulates fulvestrant to facilitate its delivery via the bloodstream to tumors, improving bioavailability and systemic tolerability."	( Nanoparticle-Based Combination Therapy Enhances Fulvestrant Efficacy and Overcomes Tumor Resistance in ER-Positive Breast Cancer. Chu, T; Li, B; Li, S; Lu, Z; Nie, G; Qi, F; Song, Z; Sukumar, S; Wang, M; Wei, J; Wu, S; Xu, J; Zhang, C; Zhu, F, 2023)	0.91
" The drug has moderate oral bioavailability and exhibits permeability-controlled absorption."	( Simple and rapid quantification of ribociclib in rat plasma by protein precipitation and LC-MS/MS: An application to pharmacokinetics of ribociclib nanoparticles in rats. Al-Shdefat, R; Alshogran, OY; Hailat, M, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"3 4-Aminopyridine causes a prallel shift to the right of the dose-response curve to Mg(2+) for blockade of nerve impulse-evoked transmitter release (in the absence of tetrodotoxin)."	( 4-Aminopyridine and evoked transmitter release from motor nerve endings. Illes, P; Thesleff, S, 1978)	0.26
" Values of onset, potency, dose-response relations, duration and reversibility of block, the train-of-four and tetanic responses during block, the frequency-block relationships, and the posttetanic twitch behavior were well approximated by averaging the corresponding values previously reported for each antibiotic."	( Interaction of neuromuscular blocking effects of neomycin and polymyxin B. de Silva, AJ; Lee, C, 1979)	0.26
" The implications of these observations with respect to nitrosation theory, the general carcinogenicity of nitroso compounds, and methapyrilene dosage formulation are discussed."	( In vitro nitrosation of methapyrilene. Green, L; Mergens, WJ; Skipper, PL; Tannenbaum, SR; Vane, FM, 1979)	0.26
" Plasma concentrations of flupirtine measured 2 h after dosing linearly increased as a function of the administered dose."	( Dose-related analgesic effects of flupirtine. Borbe, HO; Friedmann, T; Hummel, T; Kobal, G; Niebch, G; Pauli, E, 1991)	0.28
" Adverse effects are minimal, with dosage limited predominantly by decreases in filling pressures."	( Intravenous use of amrinone for the treatment of the failing heart. LeJemtel, T; Mancini, D; Sonnenblick, E, 1985)	0.27
"The haemodynamic dose-response effects of intravenous amrinone were measured in 16 male patients, aged 40-65 years, with radiographic and haemodynamic evidence of left ventricular failure 4-18 h after acute myocardial infarction."	( Haemodynamic dose-response effects of intravenous amrinone in left ventricular failure complicating acute myocardial infarction. Hafizullah, M; Jackson, NC; Reynolds, GW; Silke, B; Taylor, SH; Verma, SP, )	0.13
" The following were the most significant effects of MDL 19205: a decrease in action potential duration in both ventricular and Purkinje tissues; a cumulative dose-dependent increase in contractile force in ventricular muscle but not in Purkinje strands; no change in aiNa in Purkinje fibers to accompany the positive inotropic effect of this agent; a shift in the dose-response relation by approximately fourfold in the presence of beta-adrenergic blockade with sotalol (10(-7) M); an enhancement of diastolic depolarization in Purkinje fibers resulting in automaticity that is accelerated by overdrive; and a potentiation of the positive inotropic effects of MDL 19205 by 8-bromo-cAMP (1 mM), indicating a potent phosphodiesterase inhibitory action of MDL 19205."	( Effects of MDL 19205 (piroximone), a new cardiotonic agent, on electrophysiological, mechanical, and intracellular ionic characteristics of sheep cardiac tissues. Wasserstrom, JA, )	0.13
" The treatment groups revealed no differences in baseline pain and the dosage was similar in each."	( Analgesic efficacy and safety of oral flupirtine in the treatment of cancer pain. Scheef, W, 1987)	0.27
" The average daily dosage was 300 mg."	( On the adverse reactions and efficacy of long-term treatment with flupirtine: preliminary results of an ongoing twelve-month study with 200 patients suffering from chronic pain states in arthrosis or arthritis. Aigner, M; Herrmann, WM; Kern, U, 1987)	0.27
" Rats were dosed daily for 20 d with soman (0."	( Changes in nerve membrane polarization following repeated exposure to soman. Anderson, RJ; Chamberlain, WL, 1988)	0.27
" Using a dosage of 3-5 mg/kg there is a marked negative effect on the cardio-vascular system."	( [The antagonism of ketamine/xylazine anesthesia ("Hellabrunn mixture") in wild zoo ruminants]. Erhardt, W; Hafner, S; Halm, S; von Hegel, G; Wiesner, H, 1989)	0.28
" During thermal pain stimulation pymadine had the analgesic effect only at dosage of 5 mg/kg and potentiated the action of morphine given in doses of 3 and 5 mg/kg."	( [Analgesic activity of pymadine]. Bantutova, I; Mitsov, V, )	0.13
" The physostigmine dose-response curve for the stimulation of [3H]IP1 accumulation was similar to its dose-response curve to inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity in the neostriatum."	( Physostigmine stimulates phosphoinositide breakdown in the rat neostriatum. Aceves, J; Góngora, JL; Mariscal, S; Sierra, A, 1988)	0.27
" According to published data and past experience, the dosage of xylazine used would be expected to provide 115, 120, and 100 minutes of immobilization in captive moose, mule deer, and white-tailed deer, respectively."	( Use of yohimbine and 4-aminopyridine to antagonize xylazine-induced immobilization in North American Cervidae. Olsen, CD; Renecker, LA, 1985)	0.27
" Dosing the animals with tetradeuterium-labelled I helped identify 7 different metabolites of I in the urine, including (5-hydroxylpyridyl)-methapyrilene, which was identified by comparison with a synthetic reference standard."	( The in vivo metabolism of methapyrilene, a hepatocarcinogen, in the rat. Kammerer, RC; Kloc, K; Lampe, MA; Schmitz, DA, 1988)	0.27
" dosage schedule produces average steady-state blood levels equivalent to the peak response for a single 200 mg dose."	( Clinical experience with flupirtine in the U.S. Arndt, WF; McMahon, FG; Montgomery, PA; Newton, JJ; Perhach, JL, 1987)	0.27
"Male and female Fisher 344 rats (12 per group) were dosed by gavage with either 2 or 10 mg (based on the free amine) pyrilamine maleate containing about 12 and 6 muCi 14C-pyrilamine maleate, respectively, to determine excretion of the activity as a function of dose and sex with time."	( Metabolism of pyrilamine maleate in Fischer 344 rats, Part I: Activity excretion profiles. Cmarik, JL; Gosnell, AB; Holder, CL; Rowland, KL; Siitonen, PH; Thompson, HC, )	0.13
" No tolerance developed to the analgesic activity of flupirtine maleate in mice or rats dosed for up to 19 consecutive days."	( Abuse potential and physical dependence liability studies with flupirtine maleate in laboratory animals. Diamantis, W; Gordon, R; Sofia, RD, 1987)	0.27
" In the high dosage group stomach and intestinal bleedings were seen macroscopically, but no histological changes were found."	( [Chronic toxicity testing of Cordemcura]. Janowski, K; Stade, K; Zschorn, EM, 1986)	0.27
" The dose-response curve of left ventricular dP/dt and performance during titration of dobutamine with and without the addition of intravenous amrinone was evaluated in seven patients."	( Additive effects of dobutamine and amrinone on myocardial contractility and ventricular performance in patients with severe heart failure. Gage, J; LeJemtel, TH; Lucido, D; Rutman, H, 1986)	0.27
" Moreover, also the dosage (number of capsules/day) was similar in both groups."	( [Flupirtine in patients with cancer pain]. Scheef, W; Wolf-Gruber, D, 1985)	0.27
"5 mg/kg tid and increasing to a maximum dosage of 200 mg tid."	( Long-term oral administration of amrinone for congestive heart failure: lack of efficacy in a multicenter controlled trial. Bourassa, M; DiBianco, R; Hess, M; Konstam, M; Likoff, M; Massie, B; Packer, M, 1985)	0.27
"Hemodynamic dose-response effects of intravenous amrinone were studied in 22 male patients aged 38 to 62 years with left ventricular failure occurring within 18 hours of acute myocardial infarction."	( Intravenous amrinone in left ventricular failure complicated by acute myocardial infarction. Hafizullah, M; Hussain, M; Jackson, NC; Reynolds, G; Richmond, A; Silke, B; Taylor, SH; Verma, SP, 1985)	0.27
" The comparison drug pentazocine and placebo were administered in the same dosage regimen (a single dose of pentazocine amounting to 50 mg)."	( [The effect of the analgesic flupirtine on automobile driving]. Biehl, B, 1985)	0.27
" The suggested method is highly specific and can be used to determine phenazopyridine HCl in the presence of most drugs commonly found in pharmaceutical dosage forms or administered therapeutically."	( Amperometric determination of phenazopyridine hydrochloride in a flowing stream at the glassy carbon electrode. Belal, F, )	0.13
"Twenty-four crossbred steers (4 groups of 6 steers each) were injected IM with a standard dosage range of xylazine hydrochloride (0."	( Antagonism of xylazine sedation by 4-aminopyridine and yohimbine in cattle. Booth, NH; Hatch, RC; Kitzman, JV; Wallner, B, 1982)	0.26
" Holter recordings (24 to 48 hours) were obtained from 10 patients before and after acute oral amrinone dosing (75 to 150 mg every 8 hours)."	( Amrinone: acute electrophysiologic and hemodynamic effects in patients with congestive heart failure. Dougherty, AH; Goldstein, RA; Gray, EL; Hanna, JE; Naccarelli, GV, 1984)	0.27
" The pooled mean dosage level of pentobarbital required for anesthesia was 12."	( Meperidine-acepromazine-pentobarbital anesthesia in cats: reversal by 4-aminopyridine and yohimbine. Booth, NH; Hatch, RC; Zahner, JM, 1984)	0.27
"Groups of fasted atropinized crossbred dogs of both sexes were injected IM with a standard dosage of a xylazine-acepromazine combination (2."	( Acepromazine-xylazine combination in dogs: antagonism with 4-aminopyridine and yohimbine. Booth, NH; Brown, J; Cronin, MF; Hatch, RC, 1983)	0.27
" Required dosage of pentobarbital, arousal and walk times (measured from injection of antagonists), respiratory rate, and heart rate were measured."	( Comparison of five preanesthetic medicaments in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs: antagonism by 4-aminopyridine, yohimbine, and naloxone. Booth, NH; Clark, JD; Hatch, RC; Kitzman, JV, 1983)	0.27
" Administration of chlorimipramine in clinical dosage caused a complete disappearance of the 3H-mepyramine affinity for its receptor in the occipital cortex."	( 3H-mepyramine binding in various regions of rat brain following chronic treatment with different classes of antidepressant drugs. Dupont, A; Merand, Y; Savard, P, 1982)	0.26
" Kinetic analysis of serum concentrations after intravenous dosing resulted in the best fitting of a triexponential model in five and a biexponential model in four subjects."	( 4-Aminopyridine kinetics. Agoston, S; Greijdanus, B; Scaf, AH; Sohn, YJ; Uges, DR, 1982)	0.26
" Both UV derivative spectrophotometric and HPLC approaches were followed for confirming the purity of tenoxicam in bulk and tablets dosage form."	( Simultaneous determination of tenoxicam and 2-aminopyridine using derivative spectrophotometry and high-performance liquid chromatography. Abdine, HH; Barary, MH; Blaih, SM; el Kersh, AM; el Sayed, MA; el Walily, AF, 1997)	0.3
" Oxethazaine shifted the carbachol dose-response curves to the right with suppression of maximal response."	( Effect of procaine and oxethazaine on muscarinic receptors of parietal cells. Kimura, N; Miwa, T; Miyazawa, M; Muramatsu, S; Suzuki, T; Tani, N; Watanabe, Y, 1997)	0.3
" We have generated an orally bioavailable, nonpeptide RGD mimetic alpha(v)beta(3) antagonist, SB 265123, which prevents bone loss in vivo when dosed by oral administration."	( Design and characterization of orally active Arg-Gly-Asp peptidomimetic vitronectin receptor antagonist SB 265123 for prevention of bone loss in osteoporosis. Bradbeer, JN; Drake, FH; Erhard, KF; Gowen, M; Huffman, WF; Hwang, SM; James, IE; Lark, MW; Mathur, A; Miller, WH; Newlander, KA; Rieman, DJ; Ross, ST; Salyers, KL; Smith, BR; Stroup, GB, 1999)	0.3
" Initial studies evaluated the dose-response and time course of 8-OH-DPAT-induced hypothermia and hormone secretion in normal CD-1 mice (the background strain of the 5-HTT knockout mice)."	( Reduction of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)(1A)-mediated temperature and neuroendocrine responses and 5-HT(1A) binding sites in 5-HT transporter knockout mice. Heils, A; Lesch, KP; Li, Q; Murphy, DL; Van De Kar, LD; Wichems, C, 1999)	0.3
" The dose-response curve for L-750355-induced glycerolemia lies to the left of that for tachycardia."	( L-750355, a human beta3-adrenoceptor agonist; in vitro pharmacology and profile of activity in vivo in the rhesus monkey. Bach, T; Candelore, MR; Cascieri, MA; Cioffe, C; Deng, L; Fisher, MH; Forrest, MJ; Hegarty-Friscino, B; Hom, G; MacIntyre, E; Marko, O; Ok, HO; Strader, C; Szumiloski, J; Tota, L; Vicario, P; Weber, AE; Wyvratt, M, 2000)	0.31
" Under these dosing conditions, the plasma levels of unbound GW3333 were at least 50-fold above the IC(50) values for inhibition of individual MMPs in vitro."	( Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production and arthritis in the rat by GW3333, a dual inhibitor of TNF-alpha-converting enzyme and matrix metalloproteinases. Andrews, RC; Beaudet, B; Becherer, JD; Bickett, DM; Boncek, V; Brodie, TA; Clark, RL; Conway, JG; Crumrine, RC; Han, B; Hedeen, K; Leenitzer, MA; Lin, P; McDougald, DL; Milla, M; Moss, M; Pink, H; Rabinowitz, MH; Scates, PW; Selph, J; Stimpson, SA; Tippin, T; Warner, J, 2001)	0.31
" In both study periods, exercise challenge was performed 1 hour after dosing on days 1, 14, and 28."	( The new phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor roflumilast is efficacious in exercise-induced asthma and leads to suppression of LPS-stimulated TNF-alpha ex vivo. Bethke, T; Birraux, G; Hatzelmann, A; Leclerc, V; Neuhäuser, M; Timmer, W; Wurst, W, 2002)	0.31
" The dose-response relationship indicated that percent drug lever responding was dose-dependent."	( Discriminative stimulus properties of 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane [(+/-)DOI] in C57BL/6J mice. Barrett, RJ; Sanders-Bush, E; Smith, RL, 2003)	0.32
" Placebo control and PHI-346 dosed female CD-1 mice were mated with untreated males in order to evaluate if PHI-346 has any deleterious effects on the reproductive performance."	( A 13-week subchronic intravaginal toxicity study of the novel broad-spectrum anti-HIV and spermicidal agent, N-[2-(1-cyclohexenyl)ethyl]-N'-[2-(5-bromopyridyl)]-thiourea (PHI-346) in mice. D'Cruz, OJ; Uckun, FM; Waurzyniak, B, )	0.13
" Hence the dose-response curve for the [FeL2Cl2]Cl."	( DNA strand scission by Fe(III) 2-methylaminopyridine complex and hydrogen peroxide. El-Masry, SA; El-Sayed, IH, 2003)	0.32
" Following chronic oral dosing (>28 days) with BB-3644, three of five patients treated at 10 mg bd developed musculoskeletal DLT by day 84, defining the MTD as 5 mg bd."	( A phase I and pharmacological study of the matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor BB-3644 in patients with solid tumours. Bradbury, P; Jodrell, DI; Talbot, DC; Wall, L, 2004)	0.32
"A comparison of clearance and peak and systemic exposure to midazolam following administration of roflumilast indicated no effect of roflumilast dosed to steady state on the pharmacokinetics of midazolam."	( Lack of a pharmacokinetic interaction between steady-state roflumilast and single-dose midazolam in healthy subjects. Blume, H; Erb, KA; Hermann, R; Knoerzer, D; Lahu, G; Nassr, N; Reutter, F; Schug, B; von Richter, O; Zech, K, 2007)	0.34
" All patients were treated with a 2 x 100 mg daily dosage of oral flupirtine for 3 weeks in an open prospective design."	( The use of flupirtine in treatment of tinnitus. De Ridder, D; Salembier, L; Van de Heyning, PH, 2006)	0.33
" Monotherapy with katadolon was administered in dosage 100 mg 3 times a day during 1 month."	( [Use of katadolon in the treatment of abuse headache]. Filatova, EG; Naprienko, MV, 2006)	0.33
" Dose-adjusted point estimates and 90% confidence intervals of test (500 microg)/reference (250 microg) ratios for AUC and Cmax of roflumilast and its pharmacologically active N-oxide metabolite after single and repeated dosing were all within the standard equivalence acceptance range (0."	( Dose-proportional intraindividual single- and repeated-dose pharmacokinetics of roflumilast, an oral, once-daily phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor. Bethke, TD; Böhmer, GM; David, M; Fux, R; Gleiter, CH; Hauns, B; Hermann, R; Knoerzer, D; Mörike, K; Wurst, W, 2007)	0.34
"To investigate the effects of steady-state dosing of fluvoxamine, an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2 and CYP2C19, on the pharmacokinetics of roflumilast, an oral, once-daily phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor and its pharmacodynamically active metabolite roflumilast N-oxide."	( Effect of fluvoxamine on the pharmacokinetics of roflumilast and roflumilast N-oxide. Hermann, R; Herzog, R; Huennemeyer, A; Lahu, G; von Richter, O; Zech, K, 2007)	0.34
"25-1 mg/kg) did not alter the dose-response curve of nicotine, while DOI (0."	( Effects of the serotonin 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptor ligands on the discriminative stimulus effects of nicotine in rats. Filip, M; McCreary, AC; Przegaliński, E; Zaniewska, M, 2007)	0.34
" An extensive SAR study led to sulfamide (R)- 22b, which inhibited the strand transfer with an IC50 of 7 nM and HIV infection in MT4 cells with a CIC95 of 44 nM, and ketoamide (S)- 28c that inhibited strand transfer with an IC50 of 12 nM and the HIV infection in MT4 cells with a CIC95 of 13 nM and exhibited a good pharmacokinetic profile when dosed orally to preclinical species."	( Design and synthesis of bicyclic pyrimidinones as potent and orally bioavailable HIV-1 integrase inhibitors. Crescenzi, B; Di Marco, A; Donghi, M; Felock, PJ; Ferrara, M; Fiore, F; Fonsi, M; Gardelli, C; Gonzalez-Paz, O; Kinzel, O; Laufer, R; Monteagudo, E; Muraglia, E; Nizi, E; Orvieto, F; Pescatore, G; Rowley, M; Summa, V, 2008)	0.35
" When dosed orally, 17 significantly inhibited tumor growth in the NIH3T3/TPR-Met and U-87 MG xenograft models with no adverse effect on body weight."	( Discovery of a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable c-Met inhibitor: 1-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)-N-(5-(7-methoxyquinolin-4-yloxy)pyridin-2-yl)-5-methyl-3-oxo-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide (AMG 458). Bak, A; Bellon, SF; Berry, L; Chen, A; Dominguez, C; Dussault, I; Harmange, JC; Huang, L; Kaplan-Lefko, P; Kim, TS; Lee, M; Lin, J; Liu, L; Moriguchi, J; Norman, MH; Rex, K; Shimanovich, R; Siegmund, A; Teffera, Y; Xi, N; Yang, Y; Zhang, Y, 2008)	0.35
" Compound A dosed at 30 mg/kg for 13 days in high-fat fed mice resulted in a significant decrease in phosphorylated c-Jun in adipose tissue accompanied by a decrease in weight and reductions in glucose and triglycerides and increases in insulin sensitivity to levels comparable with those in lean control mice."	( Pharmacological characterization of a small molecule inhibitor of c-Jun kinase. Black, SC; Briscoe, CP; Chen, P; Cho, H; Fraser, J; Kelly-Sullivan, D; Looper, D; McDonnell, SR; Ogilvie, KM; Shi, M; Siegel, K; Timofeevski, S; Yie, J; Yu, XH, 2008)	0.35
" In vivo, the thioether adducts were detected in bile and urine of bile duct-cannulated rats dosed with [(14)C]AMG 458."	( Chemical reactivity of methoxy 4-o-aryl quinolines: identification of glutathione displacement products in vitro and in vivo. Albrecht, BK; Boezio, AA; Colletti, AE; Harmange, JC; Hollis, LS; Liu, J; Teffera, Y; Zhao, Z, 2008)	0.35
" Dose-response relationships were determined for nonsedating doses of both drugs given alone and together in combination in causing antinociception in two nociception paradigms: carrageenan paw inflammation and streptozotocin-induced diabetic neuropathy."	( Combination therapy with flupirtine and opioid: studies in rat pain models. Cooke, I; Goodchild, CS; Kolosov, A; Tucker, AP, 2008)	0.35
" antiarrhythmic agents that act as ventricular rate control agents, a selective response can be accomplished by careful dosing paradigms."	( A1 adenosine receptor agonists and their potential therapeutic applications. Elzein, E; Zablocki, J, 2008)	0.35
" The aim of this study was to explore the effectiveness of amlexanox oral adhesive pellicles in the treatment of minor recurrent aphthous ulcers, and compare the results with those of amlexanox oral adhesive tablets in order to analyse the difference between the two dosage forms of amlexanox."	( A clinical evaluation of amlexanox oral adhesive pellicles in the treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis and comparison with amlexanox oral tablets: a randomized, placebo controlled, blinded, multicenter clinical trial. Chen, Q; Chen, R; Dong, Y; Gao, F; Jiang, L; Lin, M; Liu, J; Meng, W; Wang, Z; Xu, T; Zeng, X; Zhong, X; Zhou, H, 2009)	0.35
" However, pellicles seem to be more comfortable to use when compared with the dosage form of tablets."	( A clinical evaluation of amlexanox oral adhesive pellicles in the treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis and comparison with amlexanox oral tablets: a randomized, placebo controlled, blinded, multicenter clinical trial. Chen, Q; Chen, R; Dong, Y; Gao, F; Jiang, L; Lin, M; Liu, J; Meng, W; Wang, Z; Xu, T; Zeng, X; Zhong, X; Zhou, H, 2009)	0.35
" In addition, representative compounds are able to completely block itch responses when dosed ip in a mouse model of H(4)-agonist induced scratching, thus demonstrating their activities as H(4)R antagonists."	( Rigidified 2-aminopyrimidines as histamine H4 receptor antagonists: effects of substitution about the rigidifying ring. Brioni, JD; Carr, TL; Cowart, M; Drizin, I; Esbenshade, TA; Koenig, JR; Liu, H; Manelli, AM; Milicic, I; Miller, TR; Strakhova, MI; Witte, DG, 2010)	0.36
" Other desirable characteristics for a COPD treatment include a once-daily dosing schedule, an oral formulation, and a low frequency of systemic side effects."	( Treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with roflumilast, a new phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor. Giembycz, MA; Gross, NJ; Rennard, SI, 2010)	0.36
" The effects of the phenethylamine hallucinogen R(-)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI) on head-twitch behavior were studied over a range of doses in the mouse, generating a characteristic biphasic dose-response curve."	( Interaction of 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors in R(-)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine-elicited head twitch behavior in mice. Cohen, MS; Fantegrossi, WE; Henson, CM; Rice, KC; Simoneau, J; Woods, JH; Zimmerman, SM, 2010)	0.36
" The current study involving 16 healthy adults investigated if the time-of-day of dosing of roflumilast, a novel phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor, affects its pharmacokinetics."	( Chronopharmacology of roflumilast: a comparative pharmacokinetic study of morning versus evening administration in healthy adults. Bethke, TD; Huennemeyer, A; Lahu, G; Lemmer, B, 2010)	0.36
" Indacaterol with 24 hours duration and fast onset of bronchodilation is the first once daily dosing LABA."	( [New drugs in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]. Chazan, RC, 2011)	0.37
" Pharmacokinetic data supported a once-daily oral dosing regimen."	( Results of a phase IIa study of VX-809, an investigational CFTR corrector compound, in subjects with cystic fibrosis homozygous for the F508del-CFTR mutation. Accurso, FJ; Aitken, ML; Amin, RS; Ashlock, MA; Ballmann, M; Botfield, M; Boyle, MP; Bronsveld, I; Campbell, PW; Clancy, JP; De Boeck, K; Donaldson, SH; Dorkin, HL; Dunitz, JM; Durie, PR; Jain, M; Konstan, MW; Leonard, A; McCoy, KS; Moss, RB; Ordoñez, CL; Pilewski, JM; Rosenbluth, DB; Rowe, SM; Rubenstein, RC; Schechter, MS; Spencer-Green, GT; Vernillet, L; Wisseh, S; Yen, K, 2012)	0.38
"On the basis of this pooled analysis of individual data from 8 controlled clinical trials involving patients suffering from sub-acute/chronic musculoskeletal pain, the efficacy of flupirtine was superior to placebo across its effective and approved dosage range."	( Efficacy and tolerability of flupirtine in subacute/ chronic musculoskeletal pain - results of a patient level, pooled re-analysis of randomized, double-blind, controlled trials. Mueller-Schwefe, GH; Terhaag, B; Ueberall, MA, 2011)	0.37
" Future research will further elucidate the impact of roflumilast on COPD and beyond, while alternative dosing regimens may offer a means to ameliorate transient tolerability issues."	( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of roflumilast. Hünnemeyer, A; Lahu, G; Nassr, N, 2011)	0.37
" The validated method was successfully applied to clinical pharmacokinetic studies of flumatinib mesylate in CML patients following oral administration at all dosage regimens."	( Simultaneous determination of flumatinib and its two major metabolites in plasma of chronic myelogenous leukemia patients by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Chen, X; Liu, K; Yang, Y; Zhong, D, 2012)	0.38
" Ataluren requires 3 times a day dosing and is currently in a Phase 3 placebo-controlled study."	( Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator-modifying medications: the future of cystic fibrosis treatment. Pettit, RS, )	0.13
" Dose-response curves for morphine (0."	( Flupirtine enhances the anti-hyperalgesic effects of morphine in a rat model of prostate bone metastasis. Cooke, I; Goodchild, CS; Kolosov, A; Williams, ED, 2012)	0.38
"Fostamatinib (R788) is an orally dosed prodrug designed to deliver the active metabolite R940406 (R406), a spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) inhibitor, for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis."	( Pharmacokinetics of fostamatinib, a spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) inhibitor, in healthy human subjects following single and multiple oral dosing in three phase I studies. Baluom, M; Grossbard, EB; Lau, DT; Mant, T, 2013)	0.39
" Solid dosage forms of fostamatinib overcome the challenge of low aqueous solubility of R406."	( Pharmacokinetics of fostamatinib, a spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) inhibitor, in healthy human subjects following single and multiple oral dosing in three phase I studies. Baluom, M; Grossbard, EB; Lau, DT; Mant, T, 2013)	0.39
"The corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) receptor I antagonist, BMS-764459 (evaluated as a potential treatment of affective disorders), was orally dosed to female Sprague-Dawley rats once daily for 2 weeks (vehicle control or 175mg/kg/day)."	( MicroRNA changes associated with atypical CYP1A1 inducer BMS-764459. Bunch, RT; Euler, C; Haines, E; He, A; Peden, WM; Sanderson, T; Simic, D; Van Vleet, T, 2013)	0.39
" Mean daily FLP dosage was 805 mg (range 200-3,000 mg)."	( Abuse liability of flupirtine revisited: implications of spontaneous reports of adverse drug reactions. Connemann, BJ; Freudenmann, RW; Gahr, M; Hiemke, C; Schönfeldt-Lecuona, C, 2013)	0.39
"We used previously reported population pharmacokinetic/ pharmacodynamic modeling to simulate three dosing scenarios of roflumilast: 500 μ once daily (OD) (approved dose), 250 μ OD and 500 μ every other day (EoD)."	( Application of population pharmacokinetic modeling to explore the impact of alternative roflumilast dosing regimens on tolerability. Facius, A; Lahu, G, 2013)	0.39
" However, despite documented evidence of clinical activity, limited information is available on the optimal dosing strategy of CDK4/6 inhibitors."	( Semi-mechanistic pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling of the antitumor activity of LY2835219, a new cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitor, in mice bearing human tumor xenografts. Ajamie, RT; Beckmann, RP; Burke, T; Cai, S; Chan, EM; Cronier, DM; De Dios, A; Gelbert, LM; Tate, SC; Wishart, GN, 2014)	0.4
" The model also demonstrated that a chronic dosing strategy achieving minimum steady-state trough plasma concentrations of 200 ng/mL is required to maintain durable cell-cycle arrest."	( Semi-mechanistic pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling of the antitumor activity of LY2835219, a new cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitor, in mice bearing human tumor xenografts. Ajamie, RT; Beckmann, RP; Burke, T; Cai, S; Chan, EM; Cronier, DM; De Dios, A; Gelbert, LM; Tate, SC; Wishart, GN, 2014)	0.4
"Our model provides mechanistic insight into the quantitative pharmacology of LY2835219 and supports the therapeutic dose and chronic dosing strategy currently adopted in clinical studies."	( Semi-mechanistic pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling of the antitumor activity of LY2835219, a new cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitor, in mice bearing human tumor xenografts. Ajamie, RT; Beckmann, RP; Burke, T; Cai, S; Chan, EM; Cronier, DM; De Dios, A; Gelbert, LM; Tate, SC; Wishart, GN, 2014)	0.4
" Using a "3+3" design, dosing started at 100 mg once daily, escalating to the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) defined by dose-limiting toxicities."	( A phase I, dose-escalation study of the multitargeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, golvatinib, in patients with advanced solid tumors. Blanco-Codesido, M; Brunetto, AT; Daniele, G; de Las Heras, B; Dean, EJ; Greystoke, AP; Krebs, MG; Kuznetsov, G; Lee, L; Molife, LR; Myint, KT; Ranson, MR; Wood, K, 2014)	0.4
" Moreover, oral dosing with flupirtine (30 mg/kg/day) prevented short-term in vivo hypoxia from increasing pulmonary vascular resistance and sensitizing the arteries to acute hypoxia."	( Role of Kv7 channels in responses of the pulmonary circulation to hypoxia. Brennan, S; Ghaly, Y; Gurney, AM; Herget, J; Joshi, S; Mizera, R; Novotna, J; Sedivy, V; Zaloudikova, M, 2015)	0.42
" Thus, the methods were suitable to quantify flupirtine absorption and metabolic disposition in man after single intravenous and oral dosing (100mg) and repeated oral administration (400mg once daily)."	( Quantitative LC-MS/MS determination of flupirtine, its N-acetylated and two mercapturic acid derivatives in man. Bednarski, PJ; Methling, K; Oswald, S; Scheuch, E; Siegmund, W, 2015)	0.42
" Because of inter-ethnic heterogeneity, the dosage established in a landmark trial for a certain population may not be generalizable to a different ethnic population, and a follow-up bridge trial is often needed to find the maximum tolerated dose for the new population."	( Bridging continual reassessment method for phase I clinical trials in different ethnic populations. Huang, Q; Liu, S; Pan, H; Xia, J; Yuan, Y, 2015)	0.42
" However, there is also clinical evidence suggesting the development of tachyphylaxis or tolerance on repeated dosing of roflumilast and the possible contribution of PDE4B up-regulation, which could be counterproductive for suppressing inflammation."	( Cross-talk between PKA-Cβ and p65 mediates synergistic induction of PDE4B by roflumilast and NTHi. Kai, H; Lee, BC; Li, JD; Miyata, M; Susuki-Miyata, S; Xu, H; Yan, C, 2015)	0.42
" When dosed orally in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD), an exemplary compound showed significant lowering of Tau phosphorylation at one of the GSK-3 phosphorylating sites, Ser396."	( Discovery of new acylaminopyridines as GSK-3 inhibitors by a structure guided in-depth exploration of chemical space around a pyrrolopyridinone core. Ahmed, N; Baldwin, ET; Burton, CR; Civiello, RL; Dubowchik, GM; Han, X; Jacutin-Porte, S; Kish, K; Krause, CM; Langley, DR; Lewis, HA; Lippy, JS; Macor, JE; Newitt, JA; Nophsker, M; Park, H; Pokross, M; Sivaprakasam, P; Szapiel, N; Xiao, H, 2015)	0.42
"8- and 21-fold, respectively, when similarly dosed in P-gp-deficient mice."	( Brain Exposure of Two Selective Dual CDK4 and CDK6 Inhibitors and the Antitumor Activity of CDK4 and CDK6 Inhibition in Combination with Temozolomide in an Intracranial Glioblastoma Xenograft. Ajamie, RT; De Dios, A; Gelbert, LM; Kulanthaivel, P; Raub, TJ; Sanchez-Martinez, C; Sawada, GA; Shannon, HE; Staton, BA; Wishart, GN, 2015)	0.42
" In the clinical study, when digoxin was co-administered with fostamatinib, digoxin levels were higher before dosing and throughout the dosing interval, and an increase in exposure to digoxin was observed."	( Effects of Fostamatinib on the Pharmacokinetics of Digoxin (a P-Glycoprotein Substrate): Results From in Vitro and Phase I Clinical Studies. Baluom, M; Brealey, C; Elsby, R; Gillen, M; Lau, D; Mant, T; Martin, P; Millson, D; Oliver, S, 2015)	0.42
" Subsequent cohorts (phase IB and cohort C) evaluated intermittent (5/7-day) and continuous dosing of buparlisib (100 mg daily)."	( A Phase I Trial of BKM120 (Buparlisib) in Combination with Fulvestrant in Postmenopausal Women with Estrogen Receptor-Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer. Ademuyiwa, F; Ellis, MJ; Griffith, M; Griffith, OL; Guo, Z; Han, J; Hoog, J; Lockhart, C; Luo, J; Ma, CX; Mardis, E; Nagaraj, G; Naughton, M; Pluard, T; Ramu, A; Skidmore, ZL; Spies, NC; Suresh, R; Thomas, S; Trani, L, 2016)	0.43
" Weekend breaks in buparlisib dosing reduced toxicity."	( A Phase I Trial of BKM120 (Buparlisib) in Combination with Fulvestrant in Postmenopausal Women with Estrogen Receptor-Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer. Ademuyiwa, F; Ellis, MJ; Griffith, M; Griffith, OL; Guo, Z; Han, J; Hoog, J; Lockhart, C; Luo, J; Ma, CX; Mardis, E; Nagaraj, G; Naughton, M; Pluard, T; Ramu, A; Skidmore, ZL; Spies, NC; Suresh, R; Thomas, S; Trani, L, 2016)	0.43
" The efficacy of combination drug therapy with doxorubicin (Dox) in vitro was analyzed using the Calcusyn program after treatment with one of three dosing schedules: concurrent treatment, initial treatment with a selective compound followed by Dox, or initial treatment with Dox followed by the selective compound."	( PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibition in combination with doxorubicin is an effective therapy for leiomyosarcoma. Al-Awar, R; Babichev, Y; Boutros, PC; Datti, A; Dickson, BC; Gladdy, RA; Isaac, M; Kabaroff, L; Prakesch, M; Sun, RX; Uehling, D; Venier, R, 2016)	0.43
" The present work aims to characterise the quantitative pharmacology of the abemaciclib/vemurafenib combination using a semimechanistic pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modelling approach and to identify an optimum dosing regimen for potential clinical evaluation."	( Optimising the combination dosing strategy of abemaciclib and vemurafenib in BRAF-mutated melanoma xenograft tumours. Beckmann, RP; Burke, TF; Cronier, DM; Hartman, D; Kulanthaivel, P; Tate, SC, 2016)	0.43
"The quantitative pharmacology of the abemaciclib/vemurafenib combination was successfully characterised and an optimised, clinically-relevant dosing strategy was identified."	( Optimising the combination dosing strategy of abemaciclib and vemurafenib in BRAF-mutated melanoma xenograft tumours. Beckmann, RP; Burke, TF; Cronier, DM; Hartman, D; Kulanthaivel, P; Tate, SC, 2016)	0.43
"Abemaciclib represents the first selective inhibitor of CDK4 and CDK6 with a safety profile allowing continuous dosing to achieve sustained target inhibition."	( Efficacy and Safety of Abemaciclib, an Inhibitor of CDK4 and CDK6, for Patients with Breast Cancer, Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, and Other Solid Tumors. Beckmann, RP; Beeram, M; Chan, EM; Cronier, DM; Flaherty, KT; Frenzel, M; Fulford, AD; Gandhi, L; Goldman, JW; Hilton, JF; Kulanthaivel, P; Li, LQ; Martinez, R; Nasir, A; Nguyen, TS; Papadopoulos, KP; Patnaik, A; Rasco, DW; Rosen, LS; Schade, AE; Shapiro, GI; Tolaney, SM; Tolcher, AW; Wen, PY, 2016)	0.43
" Dose-response curves revealed dose-dependent profiles with greater potency of HDACis over CyA (IC50 values of 82."	( Inhibition of Histone Deacetylase 6 Reveals a Potent Immunosuppressant Effect in Models of Transplantation. Cobbold, M; Drayson, MT; Ellis, JD; Hampson, P; Inston, NG; Jenkinson, E; Neil, DA; Ready, AR; Shuttleworth, SJ, 2016)	0.43
"Among 132 patients, 125 received ribociclib 3-weeks-on/1-week-off and 7 were dosed continuously."	( A Phase I Study of the Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4/6 Inhibitor Ribociclib (LEE011) in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors and Lymphomas. Cassier, PA; Chakraborty, A; Chugh, R; Crystal, AS; Dobson, JR; Gerecitano, JF; Infante, JR; Matano, A; Parasuraman, S; Ribrag, V; Shapiro, GI; Witteveen, PO, 2016)	0.43
" There was no significant change in serum viral RNA levels after dosing with pradigastat or placebo for 14 days."	( A Diacylglycerol Transferase 1 Inhibitor Is a Potent Hepatitis C Antiviral in Vitro but Not in Patients in a Randomized Clinical Trial. Chen, J; Colvin, RA; Dole, K; Gane, E; Meyers, CD; Raman, P; Stedman, C; Wiedmann, B; Zhang, J, 2017)	0.46
"Fostamatinib is an orally dosed phosphate prodrug that is cleaved by intestinal alkaline phosphatase to the active metabolite R406."	( Effects of ranitidine (antacid), food, and formulation on the pharmacokinetics of fostamatinib: results from five phase I clinical studies. Flanagan, T; Gillen, M; Kruusmägi, M; Lisbon, E; Martin, P; Mathews, D, 2017)	0.46
" Conversely, glucocorticoids cause numerous unwanted side effects, particularly systemically dosed glucocorticoids."	( JTP-117968, a novel selective glucocorticoid receptor modulator, exhibits improved transrepression/transactivation dissociation. Bessho, Y; Deai, K; Hata, T; Kosugi, Y; Kurimoto, T; Matsushita, M; Misaki, S; Miyai, A; Nakagawa, T; Negoro, T; Tamai, I; Yamaguchi, T; Yamamoto, Y, 2017)	0.46
" Future studies of PI3K pathway inhibitors with concurrent enzalutamide should develop optimal dosing and focus on selected patients more likely to benefit."	( Phase II trial of the PI3 kinase inhibitor buparlisib (BKM-120) with or without enzalutamide in men with metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer. Alumkal, JJ; Armstrong, AJ; Beer, TM; Bitting, RL; George, DJ; Halabi, S; Healy, P; Hobbs, C; Kephart, J; Mundy, K; Slottke, R; Soleau, CF; Winters, C; Yu, EY, 2017)	0.46
" Further, daily dosing of flupirtine decreased the seizure burden over 3 days following HI-induction, and modified the natural evolution of acute seizures."	( Anticonvulsant effect of flupirtine in an animal model of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Raol, YH; Sampath, D; Valdez, R; White, AM, 2017)	0.46
" In contrast, the structurally distinct CDK4/6 inhibitor abemaciclib is dosed continuously, and has diarrhea and fatigue as dose-limiting toxicities."	( Biological specificity of CDK4/6 inhibitors: dose response relationship, in vivo signaling, and composite response signature. Hutcheson, J; Knudsen, ES; Vail, P; Witkiewicz, AK, 2017)	0.46
" It is obvious that this class of agents with their efficacy, low and easily manageable toxicity, and oral dosage is a very important treatment option for breast cancer patients."	( Cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors in breast cancer: palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib. Kwapisz, D, 2017)	0.46
" LY5 exhibited excellent oral bioavailability in both mice and healthy dogs, and drug absorption was enhanced in the fasted state with tolerable dosing in mice at 40 mg/kg BID."	( Target specificity, in vivo pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of the putative STAT3 inhibitor LY5 in osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma. Bennett, CE; Cam, H; Coss, CC; Gardner, HL; Guttridge, DC; Hariharan, S; Houghton, P; LeBlanc, AK; Lin, J; Ling, Y; London, CA; Mo, X; Phelps, MA; Ren, L; Roberts, R; Xiao, H; Yu, PY, 2017)	0.46
"Fewer than half of patients correctly identified the safety and dosing objectives."	( Informed Consent and Decision Making Among Participants in Novel-Design Phase I Oncology Trials. Dees, EC; Henderson, GE; Reeder-Hayes, KE; Roberts, MC, 2017)	0.46
"Novel phase I oncology trial designs may attract patients with less constrained treatment options, but the inclusion of targeted drugs and combinations including standard chemotherapies is likely to complicate understanding of safety and dosing objectives and likelihood of personal benefit for purposes of informed consent."	( Informed Consent and Decision Making Among Participants in Novel-Design Phase I Oncology Trials. Dees, EC; Henderson, GE; Reeder-Hayes, KE; Roberts, MC, 2017)	0.46
" Areas covered: In this drug profile, we review the current market for HR+/HER2- MBC, as well as the characteristics, mechanism, pharmacology, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, metabolism, clinical efficacy, toxicities, monitoring, and dosing modification of the CDK4/6 inhibitor ribociclib."	( Ribociclib for post-menopausal women with HR+/HER2- advanced or metastatic breast cancer. Bardia, A; Blouin, GC; Spring, LM; Zangardi, ML, 2017)	0.46
" Lack of restrictions on ribociclib dosing may facilitate better patient compliance and therefore clinical benefit."	( Ribociclib Bioavailability Is Not Affected by Gastric pH Changes or Food Intake: In Silico and Clinical Evaluations. Dhuria, S; Elmeliegy, M; Germa, C; Grandeury, A; Huth, F; Laisney, M; Lu, Y; Miller, M; Mueller-Zsigmondy, M; Samant, TS; Umehara, K; Yang, S, 2018)	0.48
"Treatment with enasidenib at a dosage of 50 to 650 mg/d was evaluated during the dose-escalation phase, and a dosage of 100 mg/d was used in the phase 1 expansion and phase 2, all in continual 28-day cycles."	( Differentiation Syndrome Associated With Enasidenib, a Selective Inhibitor of Mutant Isocitrate Dehydrogenase 2: Analysis of a Phase 1/2 Study. Attar, EC; de Botton, S; DiNardo, CD; Fathi, AT; Gupta, I; Kenvin, L; Kline, I; Stein, EM, 2018)	0.48
" JTE-852 showed significant blocking effects on antigen-induced allergic reactions in all models, indicating that JTE-852 in oral dosage form would improve a wide range of allergic signs."	( JTE-852, a novel spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitor, blocks antigen-induced allergic reactions in rats. Hata, T; Iwasaki, H; Kato, T; Kobayashi, H; Matsuo, A; Matsushita, M; Ohta, T, 2018)	0.48
"Thirteen patients were treated in 3 dose cohorts (1000 mg, 750 mg, 500 mg; all dosed twice daily)."	( A study of the focal adhesion kinase inhibitor GSK2256098 in patients with recurrent glioblastoma with evaluation of tumor penetration of [11C]GSK2256098. Arkenau, HT; Auger, KR; Blagden, S; Brown, NF; Cox, D; Fleming, RA; Lenox, L; Lewis, Y; Mulholland, P; Plisson, C; Saleem, A; Searle, G; Singh, R; Tolson, J; Williams, M; Yan, L; Zhang, J, 2018)	0.48
" We found that both preventative (day 0-21) and therapeutic (day 11-21) dosing regimens of the PDE4 inhibitors significantly ameliorated the weight loss and lung collagen accumulation that are the sequelae of targeted epithelial cell damage."	( Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibition reduces lung fibrosis following targeted type II alveolar epithelial cell injury. Bailie, M; Chibucos, L; Christensen, PJ; Dils, AJ; Hazama, M; Horowitz, JC; Matsuo, T; Muraki, Y; Nikam, S; Sisson, TH; Subbotina, N; Tohyama, K, 2018)	0.48
" Relevance to Patient Care and Clinical Practice: Although no head-to-head studies have been completed between the CDK4/6 inhibitors, abemaciclib may be an attractive option because of its continuous dosing and ability to be used as monotherapy."	( Abemaciclib: The Newest CDK4/6 Inhibitor for the Treatment of Breast Cancer. Lau, G; Palumbo, A; Saraceni, M, 2019)	0.51
" Areas covered: We reviewed and compared the pharmacology, clinical efficacy, and toxicity profiles of the three CDK4/6 inhibitors and discussed several challenges in the use of these drugs, particularly in identifying biomarkers, optimizing dosing strategies, and finding best combinations with other therapies."	( CDK4-6 inhibitors in breast cancer: current status and future development. Choo, JR; Lee, SC, 2018)	0.48
" These are important features that may help to improve the therapeutic dosing and efficacy of palbociclib."	( Lysosomal trapping of palbociclib and its functional implications. Blanco-Aparicio, C; Hernández-Encinas, E; Llanos, S; Megias, D; Pietrocola, F; Rovira, M; Serrano, M, 2019)	0.51
"The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, safety, dosing and administration, and place in therapy of fostamatinib, a novel spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitor for the treatment of adult immune thrombocytopenia that has had an insufficient response to a previous treatment are summarized."	( Fostamatinib for the treatment of immune thrombocytopenia in adults. Gebru, T; Moore, DC; Muslimani, A, 2019)	0.51
" Thus, the objectives of the present study were to derive a clinically relevant mouse dosage for cerebral microdialysis studies, and to characterize ribociclib CNS penetration in non-tumor bearing mice and in mice bearing DIPGx7 (glioma) cortical allograft tumors."	( CNS penetration of the CDK4/6 inhibitor ribociclib in non-tumor bearing mice and mice bearing pediatric brain tumors. Baker, SJ; Campagne, O; Davis, A; Patel, YT; Stewart, CF, 2019)	0.51
" Chemical structures, available dosage forms, recommended dosing, pharmacokinetics, results of toxicity studies in animals, most frequent adverse effects, significant outcomes of the corresponding clinical trials, and their use in specific patient populations are thoroughly described."	( New Small Molecule Drugs for Thrombocytopenia: Chemical, Pharmacological, and Therapeutic Use Considerations. Al-Horani, RA; Clemons Bankston, P, 2019)	0.51
" No dose-limiting toxicities were observed during the safety run-in phase, and ribociclib was thus dosed at 400 mg per day continuously for the expansion cohort."	( Ribociclib Plus Trastuzumab in Advanced HER2-Positive Breast Cancer: Results of a Phase 1b/2 Trial. Andrews, C; Bardia, A; Barry, WT; Goel, S; Mayer, EL; Pernas, S; Rees, R; Spring, LM; Tahara, RK; Tan-Wasielewski, Z; Tolaney, SM; Trippa, L; Winer, EP, 2019)	0.51
" Combined with its favorable features, such as a low dosing frequency and a 5 days treatment regimen, ozenoxacin 1% cream is an important option for the treatment of impetigo for pediatric and adult populations."	( Topical Ozenoxacin Cream 1% for Impetigo: A Review Andriessen, A; Bhatia, N; Grada, A; Patele, D; Schachner, L, 2019)	0.51
" The predicted results from the 2 models were compared with a previously published claims analysis that estimated the effect of treatment costs and drug wastage for palbociclib based on the observed dosing patterns from the Symphony Health Solutions database."	( Quantification of Economic Impact of Drug Wastage in Oral Oncology Medications: Comparison of 3 Methods Using Palbociclib and Ribociclib in Advanced or Metastatic Breast Cancer. Biskupiak, J; Brixner, D; Dalal, AA; Oderda, G; Tang, D; Zacker, C, 2019)	0.51
" RP2D for continuous dosing was buparlisib 80 mg once daily/binimetinib 45 mg twice daily."	( Phase Ib Study of Combination Therapy with MEK Inhibitor Binimetinib and Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Inhibitor Buparlisib in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors with RAS/RAF Alterations. Bardia, A; Bedard, PL; Evans, H; Gounder, M; Janku, F; Lolkema, MP; LoRusso, P; Maacke, H; Rodon, J; Schuler, M; Sessa, C; Stephenson, JJ; Sun, Y; Tan, DSW; Thomas, M, 2020)	0.56
"Although dual inhibition of MEK and the PI3K pathways showed promising activity in RAS/BRAF ovarian cancer, continuous dosing resulted in intolerable toxicities beyond the dose-limiting toxicity monitoring period."	( Phase Ib Study of Combination Therapy with MEK Inhibitor Binimetinib and Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Inhibitor Buparlisib in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors with RAS/RAF Alterations. Bardia, A; Bedard, PL; Evans, H; Gounder, M; Janku, F; Lolkema, MP; LoRusso, P; Maacke, H; Rodon, J; Schuler, M; Sessa, C; Stephenson, JJ; Sun, Y; Tan, DSW; Thomas, M, 2020)	0.56
" Abemaciclib is different to the other two licensed and approved CDK 4/6 inhibitors, palbociclib and ribociclib, both in dosing schedule (continuous vs intermittent) and toxicity profile (less neutropenia, more diarrhea), yet the magnitude of clinical benefit seen in first- and second-line studies is very similar."	( Abemaciclib, a potent cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 inhibitor, for treatment of ER-positive metastatic breast cancer. Johnston, SR; Lee, KA; Shepherd, ST, 2019)	0.51
" Abemaciclib's preclinical difference in selectivity for CDK4 vs CDK6 could help explain its safety profile and ability to be dosed on a continuous schedule."	( [Pharmacological Effects of CDK4 & 6 Selective Inhibitor Abemaciclib in Hormone Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer]. Buchanan, S; Enatsu, S; Hayashi, S; Maeda, K; Sakaguchi, S; Sato, A; Tamaki, C, 2019)	0.51
" mansoni-infected mice treated with a fixed dosage of roflumilast and a variable dosage of PZQ resulted in a higher reduction in worm burden, reduced hepatic egg counts, absence of immature eggs and a marked increase in dead eggs, compared to PZQ alone."	( The phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor roflumilast impacts Schistosoma mansoni ovipositing in vitro but displays only modest antischistosomal activity in vivo. Botros, SS; de Koning, HP; El-Lakkany, NM; Hammam, OA; Sabra, AN; Seif El-Din, SH; William, S, 2020)	0.56
"The addition of a single dose of lorlatinib to daily dosing with rifampin significantly reduced lorlatinib plasma exposure relative to a single dose of lorlatinib administered alone and was associated with severe but self-limiting transaminase elevations in all healthy participants."	( The Effect of Rifampin on the Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Lorlatinib: Results of a Phase One, Open-Label, Crossover Study in Healthy Participants. Bergeron, M; Chen, J; Ginman, K; James, LP; Lee, K; Pawlak, S; Peltz, G; Pithavala, YK; Xu, H, 2020)	0.56
" However, being the least similar structurally, abemaciclib is the only CDK4/6 inhibitor with single agent activity in refractory metastatic ER + breast cancer, the ability to cross the blood brain barrier efficiently, and a distinct toxicity profile of lower myelosuppression such that it can be dosed continuously."	( A unique CDK4/6 inhibitor: Current and future therapeutic strategies of abemaciclib. Bui, NL; Chong, QY; Goh, BC; Kok, ZH; Lobie, PE; Sethi, G; Wang, L; Wong, AL; Xiang, X; Yong, WP, 2020)	0.56
" The current PBPK model, which considers changes in unbound potency-adjusted active species, can be used to inform dosing recommendations when abemaciclib is coadministered with CYP3A4 perpetrators."	( Predicting Clinical Effects of CYP3A4 Modulators on Abemaciclib and Active Metabolites Exposure Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling. Dickinson, GL; Hall, SD; Kulanthaivel, P; Morse, BL; Posada, MM; Turner, PK, 2020)	0.56
" One subject was withdrawn from part 2 (80 mg cohort) before dosing and was not included in analyses."	( A Phase 1, Placebo-controlled, Randomized, Single Ascending Dose Study and a Volunteer Infection Study to Characterize the Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Antimalarial Activity of the Plasmodium Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase Inhibitor MMV390048. Chalon, S; Cherkaoui-Rbati, MH; Collins, KA; Donini, C; Fidock, DA; Gobeau, N; Marquart, L; McCarthy, JS; Möhrle, JJ; Rozenberg, FD; Woodford, J, 2020)	0.56
" Plasma inhibitory assay demonstrated that patients dosed with ≥3000 mg had sufficient levels of active drug in their trough plasma samples to achieve 95% inhibition of FLT3 phosphorylation in an FLT3-ITD AML cell line."	( A phase 1/2 study of the oral FLT3 inhibitor pexidartinib in relapsed/refractory FLT3-ITD-mutant acute myeloid leukemia. Bollag, G; Frankfurt, O; Hsu, HH; Kayser, S; Lam, B; Le, MH; Levis, MJ; Pagel, JM; Perl, AE; Roboz, GJ; Severson, PL; Smith, CC; Stone, RM; Wang, ES; West, BL; Zhang, C, 2020)	0.56
"Current dosing strategies of CFTR modulators are based on serum pharmacokinetics, but drug concentrations in target tissues such as airway epithelia are not known."	( Accumulation and persistence of ivacaftor in airway epithelia with prolonged treatment. Cholon, DM; Esther, CR; Gentzsch, M; Guhr Lee, TN; Quinney, NL, 2020)	0.56
" Direct measurement of drugs in target tissues may be needed to optimize dosing strategies, and the persistence of CFTR modulators after treatment cessation has implications for personalized medicine approaches."	( Accumulation and persistence of ivacaftor in airway epithelia with prolonged treatment. Cholon, DM; Esther, CR; Gentzsch, M; Guhr Lee, TN; Quinney, NL, 2020)	0.56
" Based on pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy data, and PBPK modeling, dosing modifications for ribociclib recommend avoiding concurrent use of strong CYP3A inhibitors/inducers, and caution regarding using CYP3A substrates with narrow therapeutic indices."	( Ribociclib Drug-Drug Interactions: Clinical Evaluations and Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling to Guide Drug Labeling. Chakraborty, A; Dhuria, SV; Elmeliegy, M; He, H; Heimbach, T; Huth, F; Ji, Y; Miller, M; Samant, TS; Schiller, H; Umehara, K, 2020)	0.56
" Recommended dosage is 400 mg orally twice daily on an empty stomach."	( Pexidartinib: first approved systemic therapy for patients with tenosynovial giant cell tumor. de Sande, MV; Gelderblom, H, 2020)	0.56
"Findings will provide timely information on the safety, efficacy, and optimal dosing of t-PA to treat moderate/severe COVID-19-induced ARDS, which can be rapidly adapted to a phase III trial (NCT04357730; FDA IND 149634)."	( Abbasi, S; Abd El-Wahab, A; Abdallah, M; Abebe, G; Aca-Aca, G; Adama, S; Adefegha, SA; Adidigue-Ndiome, R; Adiseshaiah, P; Adrario, E; Aghajanian, C; Agnese, W; Ahmad, A; Ahmad, I; Ahmed, MFE; Akcay, OF; Akinmoladun, AC; Akutagawa, T; Alakavuklar, MA; Álava-Rabasa, S; Albaladejo-Florín, MJ; Alexandra, AJE; Alfawares, R; Alferiev, IS; Alghamdi, HS; Ali, I; Allard, B; Allen, JD; Almada, E; Alobaid, A; Alonso, GL; Alqahtani, YS; Alqarawi, W; Alsaleh, H; Alyami, BA; Amaral, BPD; Amaro, JT; Amin, SAW; Amodio, E; Amoo, ZA; Andia Biraro, I; Angiolella, L; Anheyer, D; Anlay, DZ; Annex, BH; Antonio-Aguirre, B; Apple, S; Arbuznikov, AV; Arinsoy, T; Armstrong, DK; Ash, S; Aslam, M; Asrie, F; Astur, DC; Atzrodt, J; Au, DW; Aucoin, M; Auerbach, EJ; Azarian, S; Ba, D; Bai, Z; Baisch, PRM; Balkissou, AD; Baltzopoulos, V; Banaszewski, M; Banerjee, S; Bao, Y; Baradwan, A; Barandika, JF; Barger, PM; Barion, MRL; Barrett, CD; Basudan, AM; Baur, LE; Baz-Rodríguez, SA; Beamer, P; Beaulant, A; Becker, DF; Beckers, C; Bedel, J; Bedlack, R; Bermúdez de Castro, JM; Berry, JD; Berthier, C; Bhattacharya, D; Biadgo, B; Bianco, G; Bianco, M; Bibi, S; Bigliardi, AP; Billheimer, D; Birnie, DH; Biswas, K; Blair, HC; Bognetti, P; Bolan, PJ; Bolla, JR; Bolze, A; Bonnaillie, P; Borlimi, R; Bórquez, J; Bottari, NB; Boulleys-Nana, JR; Brighetti, G; Brodeur, GM; Budnyak, T; Budnyk, S; Bukirwa, VD; Bulman, DM; Burm, R; Busman-Sahay, K; Butcher, TW; Cai, C; Cai, H; Cai, L; Cairati, M; Calvano, CD; Camacho-Ordóñez, A; Camela, E; Cameron, T; Campbell, BS; Cansian, RL; Cao, Y; Caporale, AS; Carciofi, AC; Cardozo, V; Carè, J; Carlos, AF; Carozza, R; Carroll, CJW; Carsetti, A; Carubelli, V; Casarotta, E; Casas, M; Caselli, G; Castillo-Lora, J; Cataldi, TRI; Cavalcante, ELB; Cavaleiro, A; Cayci, Z; Cebrián-Tarancón, C; Cedrone, E; Cella, D; Cereda, C; Ceretti, A; Ceroni, M; Cha, YH; Chai, X; Chang, EF; Chang, TS; Chanteux, H; Chao, M; Chaplin, BP; Chaturvedi, S; Chaturvedi, V; Chaudhary, DK; Chen, A; Chen, C; 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Laloo, A; Langaro, MC; Langham, MC; Lao, X; Larocca, MC; Lassus, J; Lattimer, TA; Lazar, S; Le, MH; Leal, DB; Leal, M; Leary, A; Ledermann, JA; Lee, JF; Lee, MV; Lee, NH; Leeds, CM; Leeds, JS; Lefrandt, JD; Leicht, AS; Leonard, M; Lev, S; Levy, K; Li, B; Li, C; Li, CM; Li, DH; Li, H; Li, J; Li, L; Li, LJ; Li, N; Li, P; Li, T; Li, X; Li, XH; Li, XQ; Li, XX; Li, Y; Li, Z; Li, ZY; Liao, YF; Lin, CC; Lin, MH; Lin, Y; Ling, Y; Links, TP; Lira-Romero, E; Liu, C; Liu, D; Liu, H; Liu, J; Liu, L; Liu, LP; Liu, M; Liu, T; Liu, W; Liu, X; Liu, XH; Liu, Y; Liuwantara, D; Ljumanovic, N; Lobo, L; Lokhande, K; Lopes, A; Lopes, RMRM; López-Gutiérrez, JC; López-Muñoz, MJ; López-Santamaría, M; Lorenzo, C; Lorusso, D; Losito, I; Lu, C; Lu, H; Lu, HZ; Lu, SH; Lu, SN; Lu, Y; Lu, ZY; Luboga, F; Luo, JJ; Luo, KL; Luo, Y; Lutomski, CA; Lv, W; M Piedade, MF; Ma, J; Ma, JQ; Ma, JX; Ma, N; Ma, P; Ma, S; Maciel, M; Madureira, M; Maganaris, C; Maginn, EJ; Mahnashi, MH; Maierhofer, M; Majetschak, M; Malla, TR; Maloney, L; Mann, DL; Mansuri, A; Marelli, E; Margulis, CJ; Marrella, A; Martin, BL; Martín-Francés, L; Martínez de Pinillos, M; Martínez-Navarro, EM; Martinez-Quintanilla Jimenez, D; Martínez-Velasco, A; Martínez-Villaseñor, L; Martinón-Torres, M; Martins, BA; Massongo, M; Mathew, AP; Mathews, D; Matsui, J; Matsumoto, KI; Mau, T; Maves, RC; Mayclin, SJ; Mayer, JM; Maynard, ND; Mayr, T; Mboowa, MG; McEvoy, MP; McIntyre, RC; McKay, JA; McPhail, MJW; McVeigh, AL; Mebazaa, A; Medici, V; Medina, DN; Mehmood, T; Mei-Li, C; Melku, M; Meloncelli, S; Mendes, GC; Mendoza-Velásquez, C; Mercadante, R; Mercado, MI; Merenda, MEZ; Meunier, J; Mi, SL; Michels, M; Mijatovic, V; Mikhailov, V; Milheiro, SA; Miller, DC; Ming, F; Mitsuishi, M; Miyashita, T; Mo, J; Mo, S; Modesto-Mata, M; Moeller, S; Monte, A; Monteiro, L; Montomoli, J; Moore, EE; Moore, HB; Moore, PK; Mor, MK; Moratalla-López, N; Moratilla Lapeña, L; Moreira, R; Moreno, MA; Mörk, AC; Morton, M; Mosier, JM; Mou, LH; Mougharbel, AS; Muccillo-Baisch, AL; Muñoz-Serrano, AJ; Mustafa, B; Nair, GM; Nakanishi, I; Nakanjako, D; Naraparaju, K; Nawani, N; Neffati, R; Neil, EC; Neilipovitz, D; Neira-Borrajo, I; Nelson, MT; Nery, PB; Nese, M; Nguyen, F; Nguyen, MH; Niazy, AA; Nicolaï, J; Nogueira, F; Norbäck, D; Novaretti, JV; O'Donnell, T; O'Dowd, A; O'Malley, DM; Oaknin, A; Ogata, K; Ohkubo, K; Ojha, M; Olaleye, MT; Olawande, B; Olomo, EJ; Ong, EWY; Ono, A; Onwumere, J; Ortiz Bibriesca, DM; Ou, X; Oza, AM; Ozturk, K; Özütemiz, C; Palacio-Pastrana, C; Palaparthi, A; Palevsky, PM; Pan, K; Pantanetti, S; Papachristou, DJ; Pariani, A; Parikh, CR; Parissis, J; Paroul, N; Parry, S; Patel, N; Patel, SM; Patel, VC; Pawar, S; Pefura-Yone, EW; Peixoto Andrade, BCO; Pelepenko, LE; Peña-Lora, D; Peng, S; Pérez-Moro, OS; Perez-Ortiz, AC; Perry, LM; Peter, CM; Phillips, NJ; Phillips, P; Pia Tek, J; Piner, LW; Pinto, EA; Pinto, SN; Piyachaturawat, P; Poka-Mayap, V; Polledri, E; Poloni, TE; Ponessa, G; Poole, ST; Post, AK; Potter, TM; Pressly, BB; Prouty, MG; Prudêncio, M; Pulkki, K; Pupier, C; Qian, H; Qian, ZP; Qiu, Y; Qu, G; Rahimi, S; Rahman, AU; Ramadan, H; Ramanna, S; Ramirez, I; Randolph, GJ; Rasheed, A; Rault, J; Raviprakash, V; Reale, E; Redpath, C; Rema, V; Remucal, CK; Remy, D; Ren, T; Ribeiro, LB; Riboli, G; Richards, J; Rieger, V; Rieusset, J; Riva, A; Rivabella Maknis, T; Robbins, JL; Robinson, CV; Roche-Campo, F; Rodriguez, R; Rodríguez-de-Cía, J; Rollenhagen, JE; Rosen, EP; Rub, D; Rubin, N; Rubin, NT; Ruurda, JP; Saad, O; Sabell, T; Saber, SE; Sabet, M; Sadek, MM; Saejio, A; Salinas, RM; Saliu, IO; Sande, D; Sang, D; Sangenito, LS; Santos, ALSD; Sarmiento Caldas, MC; Sassaroli, S; Sassi, V; Sato, J; Sauaia, A; Saunders, K; Saunders, PR; Savarino, SJ; Scambia, G; Scanlon, N; Schetinger, MR; Schinkel, AFL; Schladweiler, MC; Schofield, CJ; Schuepbach, RA; Schulz, J; Schwartz, N; Scorcella, C; Seeley, J; Seemann, F; Seinige, D; Sengoku, T; Seravalli, J; Sgromo, B; Shaheen, MY; Shan, L; Shanmugam, S; Shao, H; Sharma, S; Shaw, KJ; Shen, BQ; Shen, CH; Shen, P; Shen, S; Shen, Y; Shen, Z; Shi, J; Shi-Li, L; Shimoda, K; Shoji, Y; Shun, C; Silva, MA; Silva-Cardoso, J; Simas, NK; Simirgiotis, MJ; Sincock, SA; Singh, MP; Sionis, A; Siu, J; Sivieri, EM; Sjerps, MJ; Skoczen, SL; Slabon, A; Slette, IJ; Smith, MD; Smith, S; Smith, TG; Snapp, KS; Snow, SJ; Soares, MCF; Soberman, D; Solares, MD; Soliman, I; Song, J; Sorooshian, A; Sorrell, TC; Spinar, J; Staudt, A; Steinhart, C; Stern, ST; Stevens, DM; Stiers, KM; Stimming, U; Su, YG; Subbian, V; Suga, H; Sukhija-Cohen, A; Suksamrarn, A; Suksen, K; Sun, J; Sun, M; Sun, P; Sun, W; Sun, XF; Sun, Y; Sundell, J; Susan, LF; Sutjarit, N; Swamy, KV; Swisher, EM; Sykes, C; Takahashi, JA; Talmor, DS; Tan, B; Tan, ZK; Tang, L; Tang, S; Tanner, JJ; Tanwar, M; Tarazi, Z; Tarvasmäki, T; Tay, FR; Teketel, A; Temitayo, GI; Thersleff, T; Thiessen Philbrook, H; Thompson, LC; Thongon, N; Tian, B; Tian, F; Tian, Q; Timothy, AT; Tingle, MD; Titze, IR; Tolppanen, H; Tong, W; Toyoda, H; Tronconi, L; Tseng, CH; Tu, H; Tu, YJ; Tung, SY; Turpault, S; Tuynman, JB; Uemoto, AT; Ugurlu, M; Ullah, S; Underwood, RS; Ungell, AL; Usandizaga-Elio, I; Vakonakis, I; van Boxel, GI; van den Beucken, JJJP; van der Boom, T; van Slegtenhorst, MA; Vanni, JR; Vaquera, A; Vasconcellos, RS; Velayos, M; Vena, R; Ventura, G; Verso, MG; Vincent, RP; Vitale, F; Vitali, S; Vlek, SL; Vleugels, MPH; Volkmann, N; Vukelic, M; Wagner Mackenzie, B; Wairagala, P; Waller, SB; Wan, J; Wan, MT; Wan, Y; Wang, CC; Wang, H; Wang, J; Wang, JF; Wang, K; Wang, L; Wang, M; Wang, S; Wang, WM; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Wang, YD; Wang, YF; Wang, Z; Wang, ZG; Warriner, K; Weberpals, JI; Weerachayaphorn, J; Wehrli, FW; Wei, J; Wei, KL; Weinheimer, CJ; Weisbord, SD; Wen, S; Wendel Garcia, PD; Williams, JW; Williams, R; Winkler, C; Wirman, AP; Wong, S; Woods, CM; Wu, B; Wu, C; Wu, F; Wu, P; Wu, S; Wu, Y; Wu, YN; Wu, ZH; Wurtzel, JGT; Xia, L; Xia, Z; Xia, ZZ; Xiao, H; Xie, C; Xin, ZM; Xing, Y; Xing, Z; Xu, S; Xu, SB; Xu, T; Xu, X; Xu, Y; Xue, L; Xun, J; Yaffe, MB; Yalew, A; Yamamoto, S; Yan, D; Yan, H; Yan, S; Yan, X; Yang, AD; Yang, E; Yang, H; Yang, J; Yang, JL; Yang, K; Yang, M; Yang, P; Yang, Q; Yang, S; Yang, W; Yang, X; Yang, Y; Yao, JC; Yao, WL; Yao, Y; Yaqub, TB; Ye, J; Ye, W; Yen, CW; Yeter, HH; Yin, C; Yip, V; Yong-Yi, J; Yu, HJ; Yu, MF; Yu, S; Yu, W; Yu, WW; Yu, X; Yuan, P; Yuan, Q; Yue, XY; Zaia, AA; Zakhary, SY; Zalwango, F; Zamalloa, A; Zamparo, P; Zampini, IC; Zani, JL; Zeitoun, R; Zeng, N; Zenteno, JC; Zepeda-Palacio, C; Zhai, C; Zhang, B; Zhang, G; Zhang, J; Zhang, K; Zhang, Q; Zhang, R; Zhang, T; Zhang, X; Zhang, Y; Zhang, YY; Zhao, B; Zhao, D; Zhao, G; Zhao, H; Zhao, Q; Zhao, R; Zhao, S; Zhao, T; Zhao, X; Zhao, XA; Zhao, Y; Zhao, Z; Zheng, Z; Zhi-Min, G; Zhou, CL; Zhou, HD; Zhou, J; Zhou, W; Zhou, XQ; Zhou, Z; Zhu, C; Zhu, H; Zhu, L; Zhu, Y; Zitzmann, N; Zou, L; Zou, Y, 2022)	0.72
" Although there have been some other analytical methodologies reported for the determination of roflumilast in pharmaceutical dosage forms, there has not yet been any electrochemical methodology proposed for determination of this unique active pharmaceutical ingredient in its dosage forms."	( Electrochemical Behavior and Square-Wave Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Roflumilast in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms. Altınöz, S; Çelebier, M; Dogan, A; Süslü, İ, 2021)	0.62
"The aim of this study was to develop an easily applied, selective, sensitive, accurate, and precise square-wave stripping voltammetric (SWSV) method for the determination of roflumilast in its pharmaceutical dosage forms."	( Electrochemical Behavior and Square-Wave Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Roflumilast in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms. Altınöz, S; Çelebier, M; Dogan, A; Süslü, İ, 2021)	0.62
"This developed and validated SWSV method was applied successfully for the determination of roflumilast in tablet dosage form (Daxas®) to assess active roflumilast content."	( Electrochemical Behavior and Square-Wave Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Roflumilast in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms. Altınöz, S; Çelebier, M; Dogan, A; Süslü, İ, 2021)	0.62
"The pharmacology of roflumilast, recent dosing revisions, and the integral roles of pharmacists in effective chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) management are reviewed here."	( The Role of the Pharmacist in Optimizing Outcomes With Roflumilast, a PDE4 Inhibitor for the Treatment of COPD. Williams, D, 2022)	0.72
" The primary outcome was plasma viral rebound during chidamide dosing and the secondary outcomes were safety, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles, changes in cell-associated HIV-1 RNA and HIV-1 DNA, and immune parameters."	( The histone deacetylase inhibitor chidamide induces intermittent viraemia in HIV-infected patients on suppressive antiretroviral therapy. Bai, F; Dang, BL; Kang, W; Kang, WZ; Li, JH; Liu, Q; Ma, J; Sun, YT; Wang, BW; Wang, CF; Wei, QQ; Yao, N; Zhao, K, 2020)	0.56
" Currently, decreasing the dosage of Doxorubicin to alleviate the side effects on cardiac function is the common method to deal with the cardiotoxicity induced by Doxorubicin."	( Roflumilast Attenuates Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity by Targeting Inflammation and Cellular Senescence in Cardiomyocytes Mediated by SIRT1. Du, Y; Liu, J; Wu, P; Yang, Z; Zhang, S, 2021)	0.62
" Increasing application dosage may cause phytotoxicity."	( Encapsulation of fluazinam to extend efficacy duration in controlling Botrytis cinerea on cucumber. Hao, J; Liu, P; Liu, Q; Liu, X; Wang, B; Xu, Y, 2021)	0.62
" This study demonstrated that crenigacestat combined with different anticancer agents (taladegib, LY3023414, or abemaciclib) was poorly tolerated, leading to lowered dosing and disappointing clinical activity in patients with advanced or metastatic solid tumors."	( A phase 1b study of the Notch inhibitor crenigacestat (LY3039478) in combination with other anticancer target agents (taladegib, LY3023414, or abemaciclib) in patients with advanced or metastatic solid tumors. Anderson, B; Azaro, A; Benhadji, KA; Cassier, PA; Italiano, A; Massard, C; Merchan, J; Oakley, G; Pant, S; Tap, WD; Yu, D; Yuen, E, 2021)	0.62
"Of 16 participants, ten completed the study; six participants, all in the expanded 100-mg cohort, discontinued because of adverse events during the modafinil lead-in dosing period."	( The Effect of Modafinil on the Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Lorlatinib: A Phase I Study in Healthy Participants. Chen, J; Gong, J; LaBadie, RR; Li, J; Mfopou, JK; Pithavala, YK, 2021)	0.62
" Lorlatinib clearance increased following multiple dosing compared with single dosing, indicating autoinduction."	( Pharmacokinetics of Lorlatinib After Single and Multiple Dosing in Patients with Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK)-Positive Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Results from a Global Phase I/II Study. Chen, J; James, LP; Klamerus, KJ; Mugundu, G; O'Gorman, MT; Pithavala, YK, 2021)	0.62
" The assay is suitable for state-of-the-art pharmacovigilance of CFTR modulator therapy in CF patients, in order to maximize safety and efficacy, and also to establish dose-response relationships in clinical trials."	( Isotope dilution LC-MS/MS quantification of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulators ivacaftor, lumacaftor, tezacaftor, elexacaftor, and their major metabolites in human serum. Bruegel, M; Habler, K; Kalla, AS; Nährig, S; Paal, M; Rychlik, M; Teupser, D; Vogeser, M, 2022)	0.72
" Abemaciclib has been developed for use in hormone receptor positive(HR+)breast cancer, dosed daily in combination with endocrine therapy."	( [Development of CDK4 & 6 Inhibitor Abemaciclib in Breast Cancer]. Chen, Y; Kawaguchi, T; Masuda, N; Ohno, S; Saji, S, 2021)	0.62
" However, the repeated three to six cycles of multiple dosing and non-targeted distribution of RB led to severe neutropenia; hepatobiliary, gastrointestinal, and renal toxicities, and QT interval prolongation."	( Amalgamated Microneedle Array Bearing Ribociclib-Loaded Transfersomes Eradicates Breast Cancer Banala, VT; Gautam, S; Gupta, A; Marwaha, D; Mishra, PR; Mitra, K; Mittapelly, N; Rai, N; Sharma, M; Singh, N; Urandur, S, 2022)	0.72
" These findings support the dosing of ivosidenib or enasidenib in combination with intensive chemotherapy for the treatment of patients with newly diagnosed mIDH1/2 AML."	( Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Ivosidenib or Enasidenib Combined With Intensive Induction and Consolidation Chemotherapy in Patients With Newly Diagnosed IDH1/2-Mutant Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Almon, C; Chen, Y; Cooper, M; Fan, B; Hossain, M; Hua, L; Nabhan, S; Yang, H; Yin, F, 2022)	0.72
" Patients received escalating lorlatinib doses (10-200 mg once daily or 35-100 mg twice daily) or the approved dosing (100 mg daily)."	( Evaluation of Lorlatinib Cerebrospinal Fluid Concentrations in Relation to Target Concentrations for Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK) Inhibition. Chen, J; Martini, JF; Pithavala, YK; Sun, S, 2022)	0.72
" The maximum tolerated dose and recommended dosage for phase II studies of HBI-8000 is 40 mg BIW."	( Oral histone deacetylase inhibitor HBI-8000 (tucidinostat) in Japanese patients with relapsed or refractory non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: phase I safety and efficacy. Ando, K; Choi, I; Gillings, M; Hidaka, M; Ishida, T; Lee, GT; Onogi, H; Takamatsu, Y; Tobinai, K; Yoshida, S; Yoshimitsu, M, 2022)	0.72
" Additionally, R406 concentration was almost halved in patients with a heavy body weight; hence, the exposure-efficacy study for suitable dosing should be continued with post-marketing data."	( Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Fostamatinib and Its Active Moiety R406. Hirota, T; Ieiri, I; Matsukane, R; Suetsugu, K, 2022)	0.72
" Lorlatinib is generally well-tolerated with unique adverse drug reaction/adverse event, including hyperlipidemia and central nervous system effects, which are mostly mild to moderate severity and manageable through dosage modifications and/or standard medical intervention."	( [Chinese Expert Consensus on Management of Special Adverse Effects  Associated with Lorlatinib]. Fan, Y; Hong, Z; Jia, F; Li, G; Li, J; Li, Y; Liu, Z; Lu, S; Lu, Y; Wu, YL; Zhou, J; Zhou, Q, 2022)	0.72
" We developed a triple chemotherapy (CAV: cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and vincristine) in vivo dosing schedule and applied this to both neuroblastoma genetically engineered mouse models (GEMM) and patient-derived xenografts (PDX)."	( Combination Therapies Targeting ALK-aberrant Neuroblastoma in Preclinical Models. Barker, K; Bellini, A; Bhalshankar, J; Calton, E; Carcaboso, AM; Che, H; Chen, L; Chesler, L; Decaudin, D; Del Nery, E; Delattre, O; Dhariwal, S; Gao, Q; Geoerger, B; George, SL; Gestraud, P; Goodman, A; Gorrini, C; Hutchinson, JC; Iddir, Y; Jamin, Y; Janoueix-Lerosey, I; Jiménez, I; Marques Da Costa, ME; Martins Da Costa, B; Nemati, F; Pierre-Eugène, C; Poon, E; Saberi-Ansari, E; Saint-Charles, A; Schleiermacher, G; Shrestha, S; Surdez, D; Tucker, ER; Tweddle, DA, 2023)	0.91
"Drug combinations are commonly used in pain management, which can produce potent analgesic effects with reduced dosage and adverse effects."	( Flupirtine and antihistamines exert synergistic anti-nociceptive effects in mice. Bao, Y; Chen, Y; Huang, C; Qin, H; Xiao, X; Zhang, G; Zhou, H; Zhu, J; Zhuang, T, 2023)	0.91
" The original dosing regimen is 400 mg of pexidartinib (2 × 200-mg capsules) twice daily, administered on an empty stomach at least 1 hour before or 2 hours after a meal or snack."	( Dosing Recommendation Based on the Effects of Different Meal Types on Pexidartinib Pharmacokinetics in Healthy Subjects: Implementation of Model-informed Drug Development Strategy. Greenberg, J; Hsu, C; Jiang, J; Kakkar, T; LaCreta, F; Shuster, DE; Wagner, AJ; Wang, X; Yin, O; Zahir, H, 2023)	0.91
"Dosing recommendations for CFTR modulators with DDIs are relatively comprehensive; however, recommendations on timing of dosing transition of CFTR modulators when CYP3A inhibitors are initiated or discontinued is incomplete."	( Drug-drug interactions involving CFTR modulators: a review of the evidence and clinical implications. Beringer, P; Hong, E; Shi, A, 2023)	0.91
" We review nonclinical studies exploring mechanistic differences between the drugs, the impact of continuous dosing on treatment effect, and translational research into potential resistance mechanisms and prognostic and predictive markers."	( Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) inhibitors: existing and emerging differences. Barrios, C; Cameron, D; Emde, A; Gnant, M; Janni, W; Johnston, S; Martin, M; Neven, P; Srock, S, 2023)	0.91
" To reduce the risk of hepatotoxicity and improve patient compliance, pexidartinib has undergone a revised dosing regimen, from 800 mg/day (400 mg twice daily) fasted to 500 mg/day (250 mg twice daily) with a low-fat meal (approximately 11-14 g of total fat)."	( Supporting patients in the transition to the revised pexidartinib dosing regimen: perspectives from the multidisciplinary clinical and allied health professional team. McCabe, C; Polson, K; Wagner, AJ; Wright, H, 2023)	0.91

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
AR protein	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	44.3118	0.0002	21.2231	8,912.5098	AID1259243; AID1259381
retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	32.7398	0.0030	41.6115	22,387.1992	AID1159552
estrogen nuclear receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	21.6359	0.0002	29.3054	16,493.5996	AID1259244; AID743069; AID743075
thyroid stimulating hormone receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	65.3245	0.0016	28.0151	77.1139	AID1224843
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform 2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	14.6243	0.0003	23.4451	159.6830	AID743065
Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-2 subunit	Mus musculus (house mouse)	Potency	5.8220	0.0015	57.7890	15,848.9004	AID1259244
Glutamate receptor 2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	5.8220	0.0015	51.7393	15,848.9004	AID1259244
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Botulinum neurotoxin type A	Clostridium botulinum	IC50 (µMol)	1.8000	0.5000	3.1692	7.2000	AID1434686
Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	2.8000	0.0720	2.5873	8.7000	AID68131
Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	6.0000	0.0350	2.7119	10.0000	AID146109; AID397748
Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	9.0000	0.0400	4.1638	9.3000	AID397747; AID397749
Nitric oxide synthase, inducible	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	1.9000	0.0002	2.3190	10.0000	AID92001
Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase alpha	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	7.1000	0.2800	3.6900	7.1000	AID155650
Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2-beta	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	7.1000	7.1000	7.1000	7.1000	AID155650
Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	7.1000	7.1000	7.1000	7.1000	AID155650
Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase beta	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	7.1000	0.0183	2.4510	7.1000	AID155650
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)	Kd	1.0000	0.0003	0.9488	9.8000	AID621858
Kappa-type opioid receptor	Cavia porcellus (domestic guinea pig)	Kd	4,000.0000	0.0021	1.4444	4.8940	AID238162
Mu-type opioid receptor	Cavia porcellus (domestic guinea pig)	Kd	4,000.0000	0.0000	0.7209	2.1420	AID238162
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
telomere maintenance via telomerase	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron migration	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein phosphorylation	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
activation of innate immune response	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of defense response to virus by host	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
skeletal muscle contraction	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial transport	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
response to unfolded protein	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
response to heat	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
response to cold	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulus	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
response to salt stress	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of lamellipodium assembly	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of protein ubiquitination	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein polymerization	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of interferon-beta production	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of protein localization	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
protein refolding	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
response to cocaine	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein import into nucleus	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of apoptotic process	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of protein-containing complex assembly	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
protein unfolding	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
response to estrogen	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
protein insertion into mitochondrial outer membrane	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein catabolic process	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell size	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
response to antibiotic	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
protein stabilization	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
chaperone-mediated protein complex assembly	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cardiac muscle contraction	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
chaperone-mediated autophagy	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to virus	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of postsynaptic membrane neurotransmitter receptor levels	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of tau-protein kinase activity	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
telomerase holoenzyme complex assembly	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to heat	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
protein folding	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
superoxide anion generation	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein targeting to membrane	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
superoxide metabolic process	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular defense response	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to reactive oxygen species	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
superoxide anion generation	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
innate immune response	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
respiratory burst	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of epidermal growth factor-activated receptor activity	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of JNK cascade	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of respiratory burst involved in inflammatory response	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to cadmium ion	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to glucose stimulus	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to testosterone stimulus	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of p38MAPK cascade	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of gene expression	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
angiogenesis	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
ovulation from ovarian follicle	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
in utero embryonic development	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
blood vessel remodeling	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of sodium ion transport	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of the force of heart contraction by chemical signal	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by endothelin	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
aortic valve morphogenesis	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
pulmonary valve morphogenesis	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
endocardial cushion morphogenesis	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
arginine catabolic process	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
nitric oxide biosynthetic process	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
potassium ion transport	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
calcium ion transport	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrion organization	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of blood pressure	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferation	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
response to heat	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of platelet activation	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of muscle hyperplasia	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
smooth muscle hyperplasia	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
removal of superoxide radicals	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
lung development	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of guanylate cyclase activity	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of nervous system process	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
response to fluid shear stress	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
vasodilation	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of potassium ion transport	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
endothelial cell migration	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
cell redox homeostasis	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of Notch signaling pathway	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of angiogenesis	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
homeostasis of number of cells within a tissue	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
establishment of localization in cell	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of calcium ion transport	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
ventricular septum morphogenesis	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of biomineral tissue development	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
blood vessel diameter maintenance	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
nitric oxide mediated signal transduction	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
response to hormone	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of blood pressure	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
response to lipopolysaccharide	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
response to hypoxia	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of sodium ion transport	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
arginine catabolic process	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
nitric oxide biosynthetic process	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
striated muscle contraction	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
myoblast fusion	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
response to heat	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of calcium ion transport into cytosol	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cardiac muscle contraction by calcium ion signaling	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
peptidyl-cysteine S-nitrosylation	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
multicellular organismal response to stress	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic catabolic process	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
vasodilation	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of potassium ion transport	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
cell redox homeostasis	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of hydrolase activity	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of serotonin uptake	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of calcium ion transport	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cardiac muscle contraction	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel activity	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to growth factor stimulus	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of the force of heart contraction	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transport	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transport via high voltage-gated calcium channel	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of membrane repolarization during ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of guanylate cyclase activity	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
nitric oxide mediated signal transduction	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
response to hormone	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of blood pressure	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
response to lipopolysaccharide	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
response to hypoxia	Nitric oxide synthase, inducible	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity	Nitric oxide synthase, inducible	Homo sapiens (human)
innate immune response in mucosa	Nitric oxide synthase, inducible	Homo sapiens (human)
arginine catabolic process	Nitric oxide synthase, inducible	Homo sapiens (human)
superoxide metabolic process	Nitric oxide synthase, inducible	Homo sapiens (human)
nitric oxide biosynthetic process	Nitric oxide synthase, inducible	Homo sapiens (human)
circadian rhythm	Nitric oxide synthase, inducible	Homo sapiens (human)
response to bacterium	Nitric oxide synthase, inducible	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of gene expression	Nitric oxide synthase, inducible	Homo sapiens (human)
peptidyl-cysteine S-nitrosylation	Nitric oxide synthase, inducible	Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin secretion	Nitric oxide synthase, inducible	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of interleukin-6 production	Nitric oxide synthase, inducible	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of interleukin-8 production	Nitric oxide synthase, inducible	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell population proliferation	Nitric oxide synthase, inducible	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of protein catabolic process	Nitric oxide synthase, inducible	Homo sapiens (human)
defense response to bacterium	Nitric oxide synthase, inducible	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cellular respiration	Nitric oxide synthase, inducible	Homo sapiens (human)
cell redox homeostasis	Nitric oxide synthase, inducible	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of insulin secretion	Nitric oxide synthase, inducible	Homo sapiens (human)
defense response to Gram-negative bacterium	Nitric oxide synthase, inducible	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of killing of cells of another organism	Nitric oxide synthase, inducible	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to lipopolysaccharide	Nitric oxide synthase, inducible	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to type II interferon	Nitric oxide synthase, inducible	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to xenobiotic stimulus	Nitric oxide synthase, inducible	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response	Nitric oxide synthase, inducible	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of blood pressure	Nitric oxide synthase, inducible	Homo sapiens (human)
response to hormone	Nitric oxide synthase, inducible	Homo sapiens (human)
nitric oxide mediated signal transduction	Nitric oxide synthase, inducible	Homo sapiens (human)
response to lipopolysaccharide	Nitric oxide synthase, inducible	Homo sapiens (human)
inflammatory response	Nitric oxide synthase, inducible	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of guanylate cyclase activity	Nitric oxide synthase, inducible	Homo sapiens (human)
phosphorylation	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylinositol biosynthetic process	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
signal transduction	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
modulation by host of viral process	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylinositol phosphate biosynthetic process	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
reorganization of cellular membranes to establish viral sites of replication	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylinositol-mediated signaling	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylinositol biosynthetic process	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2-beta	Homo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylinositol phosphate biosynthetic process	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2-beta	Homo sapiens (human)
endosome organization	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2-beta	Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi organization	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2-beta	Homo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylinositol biosynthetic process	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylinositol phosphate biosynthetic process	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
endosome organization	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi organization	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
lysosome organization	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase beta	Homo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylinositol biosynthetic process	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase beta	Homo sapiens (human)
receptor-mediated endocytosis	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase beta	Homo sapiens (human)
signal transduction	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase beta	Homo sapiens (human)
inner ear development	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase beta	Homo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylinositol phosphate biosynthetic process	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase beta	Homo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylinositol-mediated signaling	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase beta	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
UTP binding	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
CTP binding	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA binding	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA binding	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
ATP binding	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
GTP binding	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activity	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
sulfonylurea receptor binding	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
protein phosphatase binding	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
MHC class II protein complex binding	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
nitric-oxide synthase regulator activity	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
TPR domain binding	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
ubiquitin protein ligase binding	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
dATP binding	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activity	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase binding	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transporter binding	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
tau protein binding	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
GTPase binding	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor binding	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA polymerase binding	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
scaffold protein binding	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
disordered domain specific binding	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
ATP-dependent protein folding chaperone	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
protein tyrosine kinase binding	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
unfolded protein binding	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
protein transmembrane transporter activity	Botulinum neurotoxin type A	Clostridium botulinum
protein binding	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
electron transfer activity	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
superoxide-generating NAD(P)H oxidase activity	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
SH3 domain binding	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylinositol binding	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate binding	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase activator activity	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
actin monomer binding	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
nitric-oxide synthase activity	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
calmodulin binding	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
FMN binding	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
heme binding	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
tetrahydrobiopterin binding	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
arginine binding	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
cadmium ion binding	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
flavin adenine dinucleotide binding	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
NADP binding	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
scaffold protein binding	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
nitric-oxide synthase activity	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
calcium channel regulator activity	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
calmodulin binding	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
FMN binding	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
sodium channel regulator activity	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
heme binding	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
tetrahydrobiopterin binding	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
arginine binding	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transporter binding	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
cadmium ion binding	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
calcium-dependent protein binding	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
flavin adenine dinucleotide binding	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
NADP binding	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
scaffold protein binding	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
nitric-oxide synthase activity	Nitric oxide synthase, inducible	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Nitric oxide synthase, inducible	Homo sapiens (human)
calmodulin binding	Nitric oxide synthase, inducible	Homo sapiens (human)
FMN binding	Nitric oxide synthase, inducible	Homo sapiens (human)
heme binding	Nitric oxide synthase, inducible	Homo sapiens (human)
tetrahydrobiopterin binding	Nitric oxide synthase, inducible	Homo sapiens (human)
arginine binding	Nitric oxide synthase, inducible	Homo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activity	Nitric oxide synthase, inducible	Homo sapiens (human)
metal ion binding	Nitric oxide synthase, inducible	Homo sapiens (human)
flavin adenine dinucleotide binding	Nitric oxide synthase, inducible	Homo sapiens (human)
NADP binding	Nitric oxide synthase, inducible	Homo sapiens (human)
1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase activity	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
ATP binding	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
kinase activity	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
cadherin binding	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase activity	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2-beta	Homo sapiens (human)
ATP binding	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2-beta	Homo sapiens (human)
magnesium ion binding	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase activity	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
ATP binding	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
AP-3 adaptor complex binding	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase activity	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase beta	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase beta	Homo sapiens (human)
ATP binding	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase beta	Homo sapiens (human)
14-3-3 protein binding	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase beta	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
extracellular region	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrion	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membrane	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membrane	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
brush border membrane	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
secretory granule lumen	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
melanosome	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell body	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
lysosomal lumen	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
dendritic growth cone	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
axonal growth cone	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasm	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
collagen-containing extracellular matrix	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosome	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
endocytic vesicle lumen	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
sperm mitochondrial sheath	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
sperm plasma membrane	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
ficolin-1-rich granule lumen	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell body	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasm	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
myelin sheath	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
phagolysosome	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
NADPH oxidase complex	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell body	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Glutamate receptor 2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
Golgi membrane	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatus	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoskeleton	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
caveola	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
endocytic vesicle membrane	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Homo sapiens (human)
photoreceptor inner segment	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrion	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoskeleton	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
sarcoplasmic reticulum	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
sarcolemma	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
dendritic spine	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane raft	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasm	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
cell periphery	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic density	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Nitric oxide synthase, brain	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Nitric oxide synthase, inducible	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	Nitric oxide synthase, inducible	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Nitric oxide synthase, inducible	Homo sapiens (human)
peroxisome	Nitric oxide synthase, inducible	Homo sapiens (human)
peroxisomal matrix	Nitric oxide synthase, inducible	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Nitric oxide synthase, inducible	Homo sapiens (human)
cortical cytoskeleton	Nitric oxide synthase, inducible	Homo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasm	Nitric oxide synthase, inducible	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Nitric oxide synthase, inducible	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Nitric oxide synthase, inducible	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Nitric oxide synthase, inducible	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
focal adhesion	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi-associated vesicle membrane	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosome	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi membrane	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2-beta	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membrane	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2-beta	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2-beta	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2-beta	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2-beta	Homo sapiens (human)
early endosome membrane	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2-beta	Homo sapiens (human)
endosome	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2-beta	Homo sapiens (human)
trans-Golgi network	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2-beta	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2-beta	Homo sapiens (human)
BLOC-1 complex	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi membrane	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrion	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
lysosomal membrane	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
endosome	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmic vesicle	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
early endosome membrane	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
growing cell tip	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membrane	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projection	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell body	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
perikaryon	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane raft	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
trans-Golgi network	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
endosome	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi membrane	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase beta	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial outer membrane	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase beta	Homo sapiens (human)
endosome	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase beta	Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatus	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase beta	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase beta	Homo sapiens (human)
rough endoplasmic reticulum membrane	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase beta	Homo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasm	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase beta	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase beta	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase beta	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID397748	Inhibition of human nNOS by hemoglobin capture assay	2009	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-23, Volume: 52, Issue:14	L337H mutant of rat neuronal nitric oxide synthase resembles human neuronal nitric oxide synthase toward inhibitors.
AID397750	Selectivity ratio of IC50 for wild type rat nNOS to IC50 for human nNOS by hemoglobin capture assay	2009	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-23, Volume: 52, Issue:14	L337H mutant of rat neuronal nitric oxide synthase resembles human neuronal nitric oxide synthase toward inhibitors.
AID428581	Inhibition of human iNOS expressed in insect Sf9 cells assessed as residual activity at 100 uM by Griess assay relative to control	2009	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 44, Issue:7	Synthesis and evaluation of pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidines as inhibitors of nitric oxide synthases.
AID17269	Dissociation constant determined by heteronuclear 1H/15N correlation NMR spectroscopy	2000	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-13, Volume: 43, Issue:14	Novel inhibitors of DNA gyrase: 3D structure based biased needle screening, hit validation by biophysical methods, and 3D guided optimization. A promising alternative to random screening.
AID1582677	Binding affinity to immobilized recombinant human His-tagged p47phox SH3A-B domain (151 to 285 residues) expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) cells assessed as maximal response by SPR assay relative to quinolin-2-amine	2020	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-13, Volume: 63, Issue:3	Developing Inhibitors of the p47phox-p22phox Protein-Protein Interaction by Fragment-Based Drug Discovery.
AID155650	Inhibitory activity (IC50) against human phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase at the ATP binding site	1990	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 33, Issue:8	Purine derivatives as competitive inhibitors of human erythrocyte membrane phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase.
AID238162	Displacement of PRP-1 peptide from mouse Tec kinase SH3 domain by fluorescence polarization	2004	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-21, Volume: 47, Issue:22	Identification and specificity studies of small-molecule ligands for SH3 protein domains.
AID428583	Inhibition of human eNOS assessed as residual activity at 100 uM by Griess assay relative to control	2009	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 44, Issue:7	Synthesis and evaluation of pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidines as inhibitors of nitric oxide synthases.
AID621858	Binding affinity to human HSP90alpha assessed as 2D1H-15N chemical shift perturbation by NMR spectroscopy	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 21, Issue:19	Lead generation of heat shock protein 90 inhibitors by a combination of fragment-based approach, virtual screening, and structure-based drug design.
AID397749	Inhibition of rat nNOS L337H mutant by hemoglobin capture assay	2009	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-23, Volume: 52, Issue:14	L337H mutant of rat neuronal nitric oxide synthase resembles human neuronal nitric oxide synthase toward inhibitors.
AID26080	pKa was determined	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-03, Volume: 14, Issue:9	Synthesis of potent and highly selective nonguanidine azetidinone inhibitors of human tryptase.
AID1175065	Binding affinity to HIV-1 TAR RNA by Tat-TAR fluorimetric competition assay	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 24, Issue:24	Fragment based search for small molecule inhibitors of HIV-1 Tat-TAR.
AID1149238	Dissociation constant, pKa of the compound	1976	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 19, Issue:4	Mode of action and quantitative structure-activity correlations of tuberculostatic drugs of the isonicotinic acid hydrazide type.
AID397747	Inhibition of wild type rat nNOS by hemoglobin capture assay	2009	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-23, Volume: 52, Issue:14	L337H mutant of rat neuronal nitric oxide synthase resembles human neuronal nitric oxide synthase toward inhibitors.
AID619512	Cytotoxicity against human CEM-T4 cells assessed as cell viability at 200 uM after 7 days by MTT assay	2011	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-13, Volume: 54, Issue:19	Aryl H-phosphonates 17: (N-aryl)phosphoramidates of pyrimidine nucleoside analogues and their synthesis, selected properties, and anti-HIV activity.
AID239887	Ionization constant (pKa) for the compound	2004	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-21, Volume: 47, Issue:22	Identification and specificity studies of small-molecule ligands for SH3 protein domains.
AID53455	Maximal noneffective concentration for inhibition of DNA gyrase using supercoiling assay.	2000	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-13, Volume: 43, Issue:14	Novel inhibitors of DNA gyrase: 3D structure based biased needle screening, hit validation by biophysical methods, and 3D guided optimization. A promising alternative to random screening.
AID146109	Inhibitory activity against neuronal nitric oxide synthase	2000	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-04, Volume: 10, Issue:17	Substituted 2-aminopyridines as inhibitors of nitric oxide synthases.
AID234083	Selectivity for inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthases to that of inhibition of endothelial cell nitric oxide synthases	2000	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-04, Volume: 10, Issue:17	Substituted 2-aminopyridines as inhibitors of nitric oxide synthases.
AID397751	Selectivity ratio of IC50 for wild type rat nNOS to IC50 for rat nNOS L337H mutant by hemoglobin capture assay	2009	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-23, Volume: 52, Issue:14	L337H mutant of rat neuronal nitric oxide synthase resembles human neuronal nitric oxide synthase toward inhibitors.
AID30378	Maximum percent of inhibition of binding was determined	1985	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 28, Issue:9	Structure-activity relationships of some pyridine, piperidine, and pyrrolidine analogues for enhancing and inhibiting the binding of (+/-)-[3H]nicotine to the rat brain P2 preparation.
AID1582668	Covalent inhibition of recombinant human His-tagged p47phox SH3A-B domain (151 to 285 residues) expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) cells interaction with Cy5-p22phox149-162 incubated for 10 mins by fluorescence polarization competition assay	2020	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-13, Volume: 63, Issue:3	Developing Inhibitors of the p47phox-p22phox Protein-Protein Interaction by Fragment-Based Drug Discovery.
AID30377	Maximum percent of enhancement of binding.	1985	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 28, Issue:9	Structure-activity relationships of some pyridine, piperidine, and pyrrolidine analogues for enhancing and inhibiting the binding of (+/-)-[3H]nicotine to the rat brain P2 preparation.
AID619513	Antiviral activity against HIV1 infected in human CEM-T4 cells assessed as reduction in viral protein p24 production preincubated for 24 hrs measured after 8 days by MTT assay	2011	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-13, Volume: 54, Issue:19	Aryl H-phosphonates 17: (N-aryl)phosphoramidates of pyrimidine nucleoside analogues and their synthesis, selected properties, and anti-HIV activity.
AID68131	Inhibitory activity against endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)	2000	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-04, Volume: 10, Issue:17	Substituted 2-aminopyridines as inhibitors of nitric oxide synthases.
AID428579	Inhibition of human nNOS assessed as residual activity at 100 uM by Griess assay relative to control	2009	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 44, Issue:7	Synthesis and evaluation of pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidines as inhibitors of nitric oxide synthases.
AID30389	Ability to enhance the binding of (+/-)-[3H]nicotine to the rat brain P2 fraction at binding site 2	1985	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 28, Issue:9	Structure-activity relationships of some pyridine, piperidine, and pyrrolidine analogues for enhancing and inhibiting the binding of (+/-)-[3H]nicotine to the rat brain P2 preparation.
AID234085	Selectivity for inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthases to that of inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthases	2000	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-04, Volume: 10, Issue:17	Substituted 2-aminopyridines as inhibitors of nitric oxide synthases.
AID30391	Ability to enhance the binding of (+/-)-[3H]nicotine to the rat brain P2 fraction at binding site 3.	1985	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 28, Issue:9	Structure-activity relationships of some pyridine, piperidine, and pyrrolidine analogues for enhancing and inhibiting the binding of (+/-)-[3H]nicotine to the rat brain P2 preparation.
AID30383	Compound was evaluated for ability to enhance the binding of (+/-)-[3H]nicotine to the rat brain P2 fraction at binding site 1; 10e-10-10e-7	1985	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 28, Issue:9	Structure-activity relationships of some pyridine, piperidine, and pyrrolidine analogues for enhancing and inhibiting the binding of (+/-)-[3H]nicotine to the rat brain P2 preparation.
AID16352	Dissociation constant (pKa)	1980	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 23, Issue:4	2,4-Diamino-5-benzylpyrimidines and analogues as antibacterial agents. 3. C-Benzylation of aminopyridines with phenolic Mannich bases. Synthesis of 1- and 3-deaza analogues of trimethoprim.
AID92001	Inhibitory activity against inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)	2000	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-04, Volume: 10, Issue:17	Substituted 2-aminopyridines as inhibitors of nitric oxide synthases.
AID1918448	Dissociation constant, pKa of the compound
AID1434686	Inhibition of protease activity of recombinant full length Clostridium botulinum Hall BoNT/A light chain using SNAP-25 peptide (187 to 203 residues) as substrate after 5 mins by HPLC analysis	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 02-01, Volume: 27, Issue:3	A matrix-focused structure-activity and binding site flexibility study of quinolinol inhibitors of botulinum neurotoxin serotype A.
AID619514	Selectivity index, ratio of CC50 for human CEM-T4 cells to EC50 for HIV1 infected human CEM-T4 cells	2011	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-13, Volume: 54, Issue:19	Aryl H-phosphonates 17: (N-aryl)phosphoramidates of pyrimidine nucleoside analogues and their synthesis, selected properties, and anti-HIV activity.
AID30522	Compounds was evaluate for their ability to enhance (+/-)-[3H]nicotine binding at a dose range 10 E -10 - 10 E -7 M was reported	1985	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 28, Issue:9	Structure-activity relationships of some pyridine, piperidine, and pyrrolidine analogues for enhancing and inhibiting the binding of (+/-)-[3H]nicotine to the rat brain P2 preparation.
AID619509	Dissociation constant, pKa of the compound in aqueous solution	2011	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-13, Volume: 54, Issue:19	Aryl H-phosphonates 17: (N-aryl)phosphoramidates of pyrimidine nucleoside analogues and their synthesis, selected properties, and anti-HIV activity.
AID1159550	Human Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) Inhibitor Screening	2015	Nature cell biology, Nov, Volume: 17, Issue:11	6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase links oxidative PPP, lipogenesis and tumour growth by inhibiting LKB1-AMPK signalling.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	1348 (23.84)	18.7374
1990's	269 (4.76)	18.2507
2000's	646 (11.42)	29.6817
2010's	2292 (40.53)	24.3611
2020's	1100 (19.45)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	460 (7.91%)	5.53%
Reviews	484 (8.33%)	6.00%
Case Studies	220 (3.78%)	4.05%
Observational	27 (0.46%)	0.25%
Other	4,622 (79.51%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
dinitrochlorobenzene Dinitrochlorobenzene: A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds.. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : A C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene carrying a nitro substituent at each of the 2- and 4-positions.	2.52	2	0	C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes	allergen; epitope; sensitiser
9-ethyladenine [no description available]	1.97	1	0
protocatechuic acid protocatechuic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 4.	2.01	1	0	catechols; dihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.11.2 (procollagen-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	6.79	34	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
5-hydroxytryptophan 5-Hydroxytryptophan: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.. 5-hydroxytryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.	2.05	1	0	hydroxytryptophan	human metabolite; neurotransmitter
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	2.75	3	0	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.	2.11	1	0	aldehyde	carcinogenic agent; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; electron acceptor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; oxidising agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; teratogenic agent
acetamide acetimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is acetic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.	2.08	1	0	acetamides; carboximidic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia
acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).	2.41	1	0	ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
adenine [no description available]	9.86	22	1	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	2.52	2	0	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
anthranilic acid anthranilic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #565. anthranilic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is benzoic acid having a single amino substituent located at position 2. It is a metabolite produced in L-tryptophan-kynurenine pathway in the central nervous system.	2.48	2	0	aminobenzoic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
quinacrine Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.	5.25	6	0	acridines; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	antimalarial; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
beta-alanine [no description available]	2.71	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid	agonist; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; inhibitor; neurotransmitter
benzaldehyde [no description available]	2.15	1	0	benzaldehydes	EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; fragrance; odorant receptor agonist; plant metabolite
benzene [no description available]	2.71	3	0	aromatic annulene; benzenes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; non-polar solvent
benzoic acid Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.	2.43	2	0	benzoic acids	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
betaine glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.	4.99	2	1	amino-acid betaine; glycine derivative	fundamental metabolite
bromide Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)	2.47	2	0	halide anion; monoatomic bromine
hydrobromic acid Hydrobromic Acid: Hydrobromic acid (HBr). A solution of hydrogen bromide gas in water.. hydrobromide : Salts formally resulting from the reaction of hydrobromic acid with an organic base.. hydrogen bromide : A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and bromine atoms.	1.97	1	0	gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
1-butanol 1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.	2.38	2	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
carbamates [no description available]	7.18	30	0	amino-acid anion
carbon monoxide Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.	2.39	2	0	carbon oxide; gas molecular entity; one-carbon compound	biomarker; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; ligand; metabolite; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; neurotransmitter; P450 inhibitor; probe; signalling molecule; vasodilator agent
aminooxyacetic acid Aminooxyacetic Acid: A compound that inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, thereby raising the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.. (aminooxy)acetic acid : A member of the class of hydroxylamines that is acetic acid substituted at postion 2 by an aminooxy group. It is a compound which inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, resulting in increased levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.	1.97	1	0	amino acid; hydroxylamines; monocarboxylic acid	anticonvulsant; EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor; EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
catechol [no description available]	1.96	1	0	catechols	allelochemical; genotoxin; plant metabolite
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	2.06	1	0	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
choline [no description available]	5.72	6	1	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	2.59	2	0	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	8.57	50	2	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.	2.39	2	0	chlorine molecular entity; gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
2-cresol 2-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd. o-cresol : A cresol that is phenol substituted by a methyl group at position 2. It is a minor urinary metabolite of toluene.	2.15	1	0	cresol	human xenobiotic metabolite
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	1.97	1	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
gallic acid gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.	2.37	2	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; astringent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; geroprotector; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.	2.88	3	0	gas molecular entity; hydracid; mononuclear parent hydride; sulfur hydride	Escherichia coli metabolite; genotoxin; metabolite; signalling molecule; toxin; vasodilator agent
nornicotine nornicotine: agricultural or horticultural insecticide; RN given refers to (+-)-isomer; structure	2.1	1	0
malic acid malic acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.. 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid : Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group.	2.1	1	0	2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
dibenzofuran Dibenzofurans: Compounds that include the structure of dibenzofuran.. dibenzofurans : Any organic heterotricyclic compound based on a dibenzofuran skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.. dibenzofuran : A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a furan ring flanked by two benzene rings ortho-fused across the 2,3- and 4,5-positions.	4.9	1	1	dibenzofurans; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	xenobiotic
cytosine [no description available]	2.93	4	0	aminopyrimidine; pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	3.25	6	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	3.84	11	0	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	2.79	3	0	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
formamide formimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is formic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.. primary carboxamide : A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxylic acid with ammonia; formula RC(=O)NH2.	1.96	1	0	carboximidic acid; formamides; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	solvent
glycine [no description available]	11.21	23	3	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
glyceraldehyde Glyceraldehyde: An aldotriose containing the propionaldehyde structure with hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It is involved in the formation of ADVANCED GLYCOSYLATION END PRODUCTS.. glyceraldehyde : An aldotriose comprising propanal having hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It plays role in the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), a deleterious accompaniment to ageing.. aldose : Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H, n >= 2) and their intramolecular hemiacetals.	1.98	1	0	aldotriose	fundamental metabolite
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	5.42	5	1	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
glyoxylic acid glyoxylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glyoxylic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid bearing an oxo group at the alpha carbon atom.	2.25	1	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; aldehydic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.	2.73	3	0	carbon oxoanion	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dalteparin Dalteparin: A low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. The mean molecular weight is 4000-6000 daltons. It is used therapeutically as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.31	1	0
histamine [no description available]	9.01	46	2	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	5.31	12	1	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
hydroquinone [no description available]	2.25	1	0	benzenediol; hydroquinones	antioxidant; carcinogenic agent; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; skin lightening agent
hydroxylamine amino alcohol : An alcohol containing an amino functional group in addition to the alcohol-defining hydroxy group.	2.08	1	0	hydroxylamines	algal metabolite; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; EC 1.1.3.13 (alcohol oxidase) inhibitor; EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor; EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; nitric oxide donor; nucleophilic reagent
imidazole imidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1H-imidazole : An imidazole tautomer which has the migrating hydrogen at position 1.	2.99	4	0	imidazole
indole [no description available]	2.04	1	0	indole; polycyclic heteroarene	Escherichia coli metabolite
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	8.01	12	3	diatomic iodine	nutrient
dihydroxyphenylalanine Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.	1.95	1	0	hydroxyphenylalanine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative	human metabolite
pyruvaldehyde Pyruvaldehyde: An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.. methylglyoxal : A 2-oxo aldehyde derived from propanal.	2.01	1	0	2-oxo aldehyde; propanals	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	2.85	3	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
inositol Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.	3.14	5	0	cyclitol; hexol
melatonin [no description available]	6.72	6	1	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.	3.81	11	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom	epitope; micronutrient
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	7.77	20	1	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	4.16	5	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitric acid Nitric Acid: Nitric acid (HNO3). A colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. Continued exposure to vapor may cause chronic bronchitis; chemical pneumonitis may occur. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nitric acid : A nitrogen oxoacid of formula HNO3 in which the nitrogen atom is bonded to a hydroxy group and by equivalent bonds to the remaining two oxygen atoms.	2.05	1	0	nitrogen oxoacid	protic solvent; reagent
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	3.24	6	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
nitrous oxide Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.	1.96	1	0	gas molecular entity; nitrogen oxide	analgesic; bacterial metabolite; food packaging gas; food propellant; general anaesthetic; greenhouse gas; inhalation anaesthetic; NMDA receptor antagonist; raising agent; refrigerant; vasodilator agent
1-octanol 1-Octanol: A colorless, slightly viscous liquid used as a defoaming or wetting agent. It is also used as a solvent for protective coatings, waxes, and oils, and as a raw material for plasticizers. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). octan-1-ol : An octanol carrying the hydroxy group at position 1.	1.96	1	0	octanol; primary alcohol	antifungal agent; bacterial metabolite; fuel additive; kairomone; plant metabolite
oxalic acid Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.. oxalic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2.	2.49	2	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid 4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.	2.67	3	0	aminobenzoic acid; aromatic amino-acid zwitterion	allergen; Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
palmitic acid Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.	2.76	3	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
pentachlorophenol PENTA: structure given in first source	2.4	2	0	aromatic fungicide; chlorophenol; organochlorine pesticide; pentachlorobenzenes	human xenobiotic metabolite
phenanthrene phenanthrene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composed of three fused benzene rings which takes its name from the two terms 'phenyl' and 'anthracene.'	2.15	1	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon; phenanthrenes	environmental contaminant; mouse metabolite
phenol [no description available]	2.69	3	0	phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
phenylacetic acid phenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is toluene in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group.	2.11	1	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid; phenylacetic acids	allergen; Aspergillus metabolite; auxin; EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; toxin
phosphorylcholine Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.	2.54	2	0	phosphocholines	allergen; epitope; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
picolinic acid picolinic acid: iron-chelating agent that inhibits DNA synthesis; may interfere with iron-dependent production of stable free organic radical which is essential for ribonucleotide reductase formation of deoxyribonucleotides; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7206. picolinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position 2. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan.	2.11	1	0	pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; MALDI matrix material
1-propanol 1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.36	2	0	propan-1-ols; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	metabolite; protic solvent
propionic acid propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.	2.01	1	0	saturated fatty acid; short-chain fatty acid	antifungal drug
pteridines [no description available]	2.17	1	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; pteridines
purine 1H-purine : The 1H-tautomer of purine.. 3H-purine : The 3H-tautomer of purine.. 9H-purine : The 9H-tautomer of purine.. 7H-purine : The 7H-tautomer of purine.	1.97	1	0	purine
pyrazole 1H-pyrazole : The 1H-tautomer of pyrazole.	2.05	1	0	pyrazole
pyridine azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.	3.46	8	0	azaarene; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; pyridines	environmental contaminant; NMR chemical shift reference compound
pyridoxine 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).	2.4	2	0	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyrogallol benzenetriol : A triol in which three hydroxy groups are substituted onto a benzene ring.	2.51	2	0	benzenetriol; phenolic donor	plant metabolite
quinolinic acid Quinolinic Acid: A metabolite of tryptophan with a possible role in neurodegenerative disorders. Elevated CSF levels of quinolinic acid are correlated with the severity of neuropsychological deficits in patients who have AIDS.. pyridinedicarboxylic acid : Any member of the class of pyridines carrying two carboxy groups.. quinolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid that is pyridine substituted by carboxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan.	2.93	4	0	pyridinedicarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist
spermine [no description available]	2	1	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
taurine [no description available]	3.35	7	0	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiamine thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.	2.07	1	0	primary alcohol; vitamin B1	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thymine [no description available]	3.16	5	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
toluene methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.	2.03	1	0	methylbenzene; toluenes; volatile organic compound	cholinergic antagonist; fuel additive; neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
uracil 2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder	4.21	5	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.	2.59	2	0	uric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	5.26	16	0	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
xanthine 7H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-7 is protonated.. 9H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated.	1.99	1	0	xanthine	Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isopentenyl pyrophosphate isopentenyl pyrophosphate: substrate for isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; a nonpeptide mycobacterial antigen that stimulates gamma delta T cells. isopentenyl diphosphate : A prenol phosphate comprising 3-methylbut-3-en-1-ol having an O-diphosphate substituent.	2.07	1	0	prenol phosphate	antigen; antioxidant; epitope; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; phosphoantigen
isocitric acid isocitric acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. isocitric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propan-1-ol with a hydrogen at each of the 3 carbon positions replaced by a carboxy group.	3.35	1	0	secondary alcohol; tricarboxylic acid	fundamental metabolite
2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.	3.37	7	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	NMDA receptor antagonist
7-hydroxy-2-n,n-dipropylaminotetralin 7-hydroxy-2-N,N-dipropylaminotetralin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.07	1	0	tetralins
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin: A serotonin 1A-receptor agonist that is used experimentally to test the effects of serotonin.. 8-OH-DPAT : A tetralin substituted at positions 1 and 7 by hydroxy and dipropylamino groups respectively	5.33	54	0	phenols; tertiary amino compound; tetralins	serotonergic antagonist
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.	2.44	2	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
sk&f 82958 [no description available]	2	1	0	benzazepine
3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid 3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid: structure given in first source; NMDA receptor antagonist	2.01	1	0
4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine 4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd without isomeric designation; a serotonin agonist. 2-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-methylethylamine : An organoiodine compound that is amphetamine bearing two methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 5 as well as an iodo substituent at position 4.	4.13	15	0	amphetamines; dimethoxybenzene; organoiodine compound
gallopamil Gallopamil: Coronary vasodilator that is an analog of iproveratril (VERAPAMIL) with one more methoxy group on the benzene ring.	3.66	10	0	benzenes; organic amino compound
2-(n-phenethyl-n-propyl)amino-5-hydroxytetralin 2-(N-phenethyl-N-propyl)amino-5-hydroxytetralin: potent, specific D2 dopamine receptor agonist; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.99	1	0	tetralins
sk&f-38393 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine: A selective D1 dopamine receptor agonist used primarily as a research tool.. 1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1 and two hydroxy substituents at positions 7 and 8.. SKF 38393 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-SKF 38393	1.99	1	0	benzazepine; catechols; secondary amino compound
menthol Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.	1.96	1	0	p-menthane monoterpenoid; secondary alcohol	volatile oil component
1,10-phenanthroline 1,10-phenanthroline: RN given refers to parent cpd; inhibits Zn-dependent metalloproteinases	2.82	3	0	phenanthroline	EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor
1,2-dimethylhydrazine 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine: A DNA alkylating agent that has been shown to be a potent carcinogen and is widely used to induce colon tumors in experimental animals.. 1,2-dimethylhydrazine : A member of the class of hydrazines that is hydrazine in which one of the hydrogens attached to each nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group. A powerful DNA alkylating agent and carcinogen, it is used to induce colon cancer in laboratory rats and mice.	2.25	1	0	hydrazines	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent
1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine DPCPX : An oxopurine that is 7H-xanthine substituted at positions 1 and 3 by propyl groups and at position 8 by a cyclohexyl group.	3	4	0	oxopurine	adenosine A1 receptor antagonist; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
1-(1-naphthyl)piperazine 1-(1-naphthyl)piperazine: serotonin agonist; structure given in first source	2.25	1	0	N-arylpiperazine
1-(3-chlorophenyl)biguanide 1-(3-chlorophenyl)biguanide: RN given refers to parent cp; a 5-HT3 receptor agonist	2.05	1	0	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine: supposed metabolite of TRAZODONE; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine carrying a 3-chlorophenyl substituent at position 1. It is a metabolite of the antidepressant drug trazodone.	4.51	23	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-arylpiperazine	drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; serotonergic agonist; xenobiotic
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	2.11	1	0	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.	2.31	1	0	methylpyridines; phenylpyridine; tetrahydropyridine	neurotoxin
1-methylimidazole 1-methyl-1H-imidazole : A 1H-imidazole having a methyl substituent at the N-1 position.	2.36	2	0	imidazoles
n-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine N-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine: structure in first source. N-[3-(aminomethyl)benzyl]acetamidine : An aralkylamine that is Nbenzylacetamidine substituted at position 3 on the benzene ring by an aminomethyl group. An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase.	2.05	1	0	aralkylamine; carboxamidine; primary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector
hoe 33342 BXI-72: structure in first source	2.08	1	0	bibenzimidazole; N-methylpiperazine	fluorochrome
2,2'-dipyridyl 2,2'-Dipyridyl: A reagent used for the determination of iron.. 2,2'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.	3.47	7	0	bipyridine	chelator; ferroptosis inhibitor
2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine: mutagen from fried ground beef; structure given in first source. PhIP : An imidazopyridine that is 1H--imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine which is substituted at positions 1, 2, and 6 by methyl, amino, and phenyl groups, respectively. It is the most abundant of the mutagenic heterocyclic amines found in cooked meat and fish.	3.46	7	0	imidazopyridine; primary amino compound	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
2-amino-4-picoline 2-amino-4-picoline: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.68	3	0
mercaptoethanol Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.	1.97	1	0	alkanethiol; primary alcohol	geroprotector
2-methyl-5-ht 2-methyl-5-HT: M-receptor agonist	2	1	0	tryptamines	serotonergic agonist
n-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine: An N-substituted amphetamine analog. It is a widely abused drug classified as a hallucinogen and causes marked, long-lasting changes in brain serotonergic systems. It is commonly referred to as MDMA or ecstasy.. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a 2-(methylamino)propyl group at position 5.	2.11	1	0	amphetamines; benzodioxoles	neurotoxin
4-aminopyridine [no description available]	15.47	667	5	aminopyridine; aromatic amine	avicide; orphan drug; potassium channel blocker
phenytoin [no description available]	2.39	2	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid 5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraynoic Acid: A 20-carbon unsaturated fatty acid containing 4 alkyne bonds. It inhibits the enzymatic conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins E(2) and F(2a).	2.67	3	0	long-chain fatty acid
5-carboxamidotryptamine 5-carboxamidotryptamine: agonist of 5-HT receptor; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	tryptamines
hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.	2.42	2	0	indole-3-acetic acids	drug metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
7-nitroindazole 7-nitroindazole: an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase; exhibits anti-nociceptive activity without increasing blood pressure	2.05	1	0
8-phenyltheophylline 8-phenyltheophylline: purinergic P1 receptor antagonist	1.96	1	0
oxyquinoline Oxyquinoline: An antiseptic with mild fungistatic, bacteriostatic, anthelmintic, and amebicidal action. It is also used as a reagent and metal chelator, as a carrier for radio-indium for diagnostic purposes, and its halogenated derivatives are used in addition as topical anti-infective agents and oral antiamebics.. quinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8. Its fungicidal properties are used for the control of grey mould on vines and tomatoes.	2.52	2	0	monohydroxyquinoline	antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug; iron chelator
tacrine Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	4.32	6	0	acridines; aromatic amine	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
aa 861 2,3,5-trimethyl-6-(12-hydroxy-5,10-dodecadiynyl)-1,4-benzoquinone: structure given in first source. docebenone : A member of the class of benzoquinones that is p-benzoquinone in which the hydrogens are substituted by three methyl groups and a 12-hydroxydodeca-5,10-diyn-1-yl group.	1.97	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; acetylenic compound; primary alcohol	EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	7.27	9	4	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
salophen salophen: structure given in first source	2.1	1	0	carbonyl compound
acetazolamide Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)	2.06	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles	anticonvulsant; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
acetyl-dl-leucine acetylleucine: used for treating vestibular-related imbalance and vertigo	3.31	1	0	leucine derivative; N-acetyl-amino acid
alaproclate alaproclate: specific 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitors; RN given refers to (DL)-isomer	4.86	2	1	alpha-amino acid ester
albuterol Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).	11	24	5	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate: specific inhibitor of pyruvate transport in rat liver mitochondria & human erythrocytes; structure	1.99	1	0
alpha-methylserotonin alpha-methylserotonin: potent agonist at M & D receptors of serotonin; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0	tryptamines	serotonergic agonist
am 251 AM 251: an analog of SR141716A; structure given in first source. AM-251 : A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 1-aminopiperidine. An antagonist at the CB1 cannabinoid receptor.	3.04	4	0	amidopiperidine; carbohydrazide; dichlorobenzene; organoiodine compound; pyrazoles	antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; CB1 receptor antagonist
am 580 Am 580: a selctive retinoic acid receptor (alpha) agonist; structure given in first source. 4-{[(5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)carbonyl]amino}benzoic acid : An amidobenzoic acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)benzoic acid with the anilino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid. A selective RARalpha agonist.	2.48	2	0	amidobenzoic acid; tetralins	antineoplastic agent; retinoic acid receptor alpha/beta agonist
amantadine amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source	3.81	3	0	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	analgesic; antiparkinson drug; antiviral drug; dopaminergic agent; NMDA receptor antagonist; non-narcotic analgesic
diatrizoic acid Diatrizoate: A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.. amidotrizoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.	1.96	1	0	acetamides; benzoic acids; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
pimagedine pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure. aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide.	2	1	0	guanidines; one-carbon compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
ampyrone Ampyrone: A metabolite of AMINOPYRINE with analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. It is used as a reagent for biochemical reactions producing peroxides or phenols. Ampyrone stimulates LIVER MICROSOMES and is also used to measure extracellular water.	2.51	2	0	primary amino compound; pyrazolone	antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; marine xenobiotic metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
theophylline [no description available]	9.06	25	1	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
2-aminothiazole 2-aminothiazole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1,3-thiazol-2-amine : A primary amino compound that is 1,3-thiazole substituted by an amino group at position 2.	2.08	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; primary amino compound
amitriptyline Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.	3.51	1	0	carbotricyclic compound; tertiary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist; xenobiotic
amlexanox amlexanox: SRA-A antagonist;structure given in first source. amlexanox : A pyridochromene-derived monocarboxylic acid having an amino substituent at the 2-position, an oxo substituent at the 5-position and an isopropyl substituent at the 7-position.	14.3	109	15	monocarboxylic acid; pyridochromene	anti-allergic agent; anti-ulcer drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
anabasine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	piperidine alkaloid; pyridine alkaloid	nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; plant metabolite; teratogenic agent
anastrozole [no description available]	10.69	11	6	nitrile; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
antipyrine Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.	2.68	3	0	pyrazolone	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
acetovanillone apocynin : An aromatic ketone that is 1-phenylethanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.	2.05	1	0	acetophenones; aromatic ketone; methyl ketone	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.6.3.1. [NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming)] inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug; plant metabolite
arecoline Arecoline: An alkaloid obtained from the betel nut (Areca catechu), fruit of a palm tree. It is an agonist at both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It is used in the form of various salts as a ganglionic stimulant, a parasympathomimetic, and a vermifuge, especially in veterinary practice. It has been used as a euphoriant in the Pacific Islands.. arecoline : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine with a methyl group at position 1, and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3. An alkaloid found in the areca nut, it acts as an agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine.	5.36	4	1	enoate ester; methyl ester; pyridine alkaloid; tetrahydropyridine	metabolite; muscarinic agonist
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	4.62	6	1	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
astemizole Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.	1.96	1	0	benzimidazoles; piperidines	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; H1-receptor antagonist
azelastine azelastine: azeptin is azelastine hydrochloride; structure; eye drop formulation effective in relieving symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis; do not confuse with 5-loxin which is an extract of Boswellia. azelastine : A phthalazine compound having an oxo substituent at the 1-position, a 1-methylazepan-4-yl group at the 2-position and a 4-chlorobenzyl substituent at the 4-position.	2.68	3	0	monochlorobenzenes; phthalazines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; bronchodilator agent; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
baclofen [no description available]	4.7	9	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant
bay-k-8644 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester: A dihydropyridine derivative, which, in contrast to NIFEDIPINE, functions as a calcium channel agonist. The compound facilitates Ca2+ influx through partially activated voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, thereby causing vasoconstrictor and positive inotropic effects. It is used primarily as a research tool.. Bay-K-8644 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-Bay-K-8644. methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A pentasubstituted dihydropyridine carrying methoxycarbonyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and nitro substituents at positions 3, 4 and 5 respectively as well as two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.	4.16	5	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester
benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.	5.31	3	1	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	carcinogenic agent; mouse metabolite
benzocaine Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.. dextran sulfate sodium : An organic sodium salt of dextran sulfate. It induces colitis in mice.. benzocaine : A benzoate ester having 4-aminobenzoic acid as the acid component and ethanol as the alcohol component. A surface anaesthetic, it is used to suppress the gag reflex, and as a lubricant and topical anaesthetic on the larynx, mouth, nasal cavity, respiratory tract, oesophagus, rectum, urinary tract, and vagina.	2.37	2	0	benzoate ester; substituted aniline	allergen; antipruritic drug; sensitiser; topical anaesthetic
beta-naphthoflavone beta-Naphthoflavone: A polyaromatic hydrocarbon inducer of P4501A1 and P4501A2 cytochromes. (Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1994 Dec:207(3):302-308). beta-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the f side of flavone.	1.99	1	0	extended flavonoid; naphtho-gamma-pyrone; organic heterotricyclic compound	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist
betahistine Betahistine: A histamine analog and H1 receptor agonist that serves as a vasodilator. It is used in MENIERE DISEASE and in vascular headaches but may exacerbate bronchial asthma and peptic ulcers.. betahistine : An aminoalkylpyridine that is pyridine substituted by a 2-(methylamino)ethyl group at position 2. It acts as a histamine agonist and a vasodilator, and is thought to improve the microcirculation of the labyrinth, resulting in reduced endolymphatic pressure. It is used (generally as the hydrochloride or mesylate salt) to reduce the symptoms of vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss associated with Meniere's disease.	3.21	1	0	aminoalkylpyridine; secondary amino compound	H1-receptor agonist; vasodilator agent
bethanidine Bethanidine: A guanidinium antihypertensive agent that acts by blocking adrenergic transmission. The precise mode of action is not clear.	1.96	1	0	guanidines	adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent
bethanechol Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. bethanechol : The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.	2.65	3	0	carbamate ester; quaternary ammonium ion	muscarinic agonist
bisindolylmaleimide i bisindolylmaleimide I: a bis(indolyl)maleimide	2.04	1	0
bretylium bretylium: RN given refers to parent cpd. bretylium : A quaternary ammonium cation having 2-bromobenzyl, ethyl and two methyl groups attached to the nitrogen. It blocks noradrenaline release from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and is used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties for the acute management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.	1.96	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion	adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent
bupivacaine Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.	2.25	1	0	aromatic amide; piperidinecarboxamide; tertiary amino compound
buspirone Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.	3.64	9	0	azaspiro compound; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organic heteropolycyclic compound; piperidones; pyrimidines	anxiolytic drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; sedative; serotonergic agonist
busulfan [no description available]	4.62	1	1	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; insect sterilant; teratogenic agent
caffeine [no description available]	5.75	21	1	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	6.4	41	1	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
celecoxib [no description available]	4.22	3	1	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide; toluenes	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
chelerythrine chelerythrine : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae.	2.03	1	0	benzophenanthridine alkaloid; organic cation	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
chlordiazepoxide Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.	2.41	2	0	benzodiazepine
chlormezanone Chlormezanone: A non-benzodiazepine that is used in the management of anxiety. It has been suggested for use in the treatment of muscle spasm.. chlormezanone : A 1,3-thiazine that is 1,3-thiazinan-4-one S,S-dioxide in which a hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by methyl. A non-benzodiazepine muscle relaxant, it was used in the management of anxiety and in the treatment of muscle spasms until being discontinued worldwide by its manufacturer in 1996, due to rare but serious cutaneous reactions.	3.37	1	1	1,3-thiazine; lactam; monochlorobenzenes; sulfone	antipsychotic agent; anxiolytic drug; muscle relaxant
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	3.04	4	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
chlorpheniramine Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.	5.01	5	2	monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidepressant; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.	2.66	3	0	organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorzoxazone Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.	2	1	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; heteroaryl hydroxy compound; organochlorine compound	muscle relaxant; sedative
cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.	6.16	18	2	aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile	adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	4.56	5	1	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
cisapride Cisapride: A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). cisapride : The amide resulting from formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with cis-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxypiperidin-4-amine. It has been used (as its monohydrate or as its tartrate) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and for non-ulcer dyspepsia, but its propensity to cause cardiac arrhythmias resulted in its complete withdrawal from many countries, including the U.K., and restrictions on its use elsewhere.	2.48	2	0	benzamides
citalopram Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.	3.75	10	0	2-benzofurans; cyclic ether; nitrile; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound
cl 387785 CL 387785: structure in first source. N-{4-[(3-bromophenyl)amino]quinazolin-6-yl}but-2-ynamide : A member of the class of quinazolines that is 4,6-diaminoquinazoine in which the one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group at position 4 has been replaced by a m-bromophenyl group while one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group at position 6 has been replaced by a but-2-ynoyl group.	2.1	1	0	bromobenzenes; quinazolines; secondary carboxamide; ynamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
clioquinol Clioquinol: A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.. 5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by chlorine and iodine, respectively. It has antibacterial and atifungal properties, and is used in creams for the treatment of skin infections. It has also been investigated as a chelator of copper and zinc ions for the possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	2.21	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline; organochlorine compound; organoiodine compound	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; chelator; copper chelator
clobazam Clobazam: A benzodiazepine derivative that is a long-acting GABA-A RECEPTOR agonist. It is used as an antiepileptic in the treatment of SEIZURES, including seizures associated with LENNOX-GASTAUT SYNDROME. It is also used as an anxiolytic, for the short-term treatment of acute ANXIETY.. clobazam : 7-Chloro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a methyl group, whilst that attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group. It is used for the short-term management of acute anxiety and as an adjunct in the treatment of epilepsy in association with other antiepileptics.	1.97	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator
clofazimine Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.	2.1	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; phenazines	dye; leprostatic drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clomipramine Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.	2.38	2	0	dibenzoazepine	anticoronaviral agent; antidepressant; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist; serotonergic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor
clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	3.36	7	0	clonidine; imidazoline
clotrimazole [no description available]	2.31	1	0	conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes	antiinfective agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
cloxyquin cloxyquin: has antitubercular activity; structure in first source	2.15	1	0	organochlorine compound; quinolines
cyproheptadine Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.	2.39	2	0	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; gastrointestinal drug; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
dantrolene Dantrolene: Skeletal muscle relaxant that acts by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. It is used in spasticity and other neuromuscular abnormalities. Although the mechanism of action is probably not central, dantrolene is usually grouped with the central muscle relaxants.. dantrolene : The hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of 5-(4-nitrophenyl)furfural with 1-aminohydantoin. A ryanodine receptor antagonist used for the relief of chronic severe spasticity and malignant hyperthermia.	3.35	7	0	hydrazone; imidazolidine-2,4-dione	muscle relaxant; neuroprotective agent; ryanodine receptor antagonist
dapi DAPI: RN given refers to parent cpd.	2.06	1	0	indoles	fluorochrome
dapsone [no description available]	2.15	1	0	substituted aniline; sulfone	anti-inflammatory drug; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; leprostatic drug
decamethonium decamethonium: RN given refers to parent cpd. decamethonium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is a depolarising muscle relaxant whose structure comprises a decane-1,10-diamine core in which each amino group carries three methyl substituents.	1.97	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion	muscle relaxant; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
deferiprone Deferiprone: A pyridone derivative and iron chelator that is used in the treatment of IRON OVERLOAD in patients with THALASSEMIA.. deferiprone : A member of the class of 4-pyridones that is pyridin-4(1H)-one substituted at positions 1 and 2 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a hydroxy group. A lipid-soluble iron-chelator used for treatment of thalassaemia.	2.25	1	0	4-pyridones	iron chelator; protective agent
desipramine Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.	1.96	1	0	dibenzoazepine; secondary amino compound	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; cholinergic antagonist; drug allergen; EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
amphetamine Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.	3.81	11	0	primary amine
eflornithine Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.	2.1	1	0	alpha-amino acid; fluoroamino acid	trypanocidal drug
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	6.11	17	2	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
diazoxide Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.	3.49	2	0	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfone	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; diuretic; K-ATP channel agonist; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasodilator agent
diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.	6.9	6	2	amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
diflunisal Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position.	2.53	2	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid; organofluorine compound	non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
dihydrocytochalasin b dihydrocytochalasin B: inhibits cell motility in many eucaryotic cells	2.15	1	0
dilazep Dilazep: Coronary vasodilator with some antiarrhythmic activity.. dilazep : A member of the class of diazepanes that is 1,4-diazepane substituted by 3-[(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl)oxy]propyl groups at positions 1 and 4. It is a potent adenosine uptake inhibitor that exhibits antiplatelet, antianginal and vasodilator properties.	1.96	1	0	benzoate ester; diazepane; diester; methoxybenzenes	cardioprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
dimaprit Dimaprit: A histamine H2 receptor agonist that is often used to study the activity of histamine and its receptors.	1.96	1	0	imidothiocarbamic ester
diphenhydramine Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.	2.88	4	0	ether; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; antitussive; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; oneirogen; sedative
diphenyleneiodonium diphenyleneiodonium: structure in first source; NADPH oxidase inhibitor. dibenziodolium : An organic cation that is fluorene in which the methylene group is replaced by a positively charged iodine.	2.21	1	0	organic cation
dipyridamole Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.	2.92	4	0	piperidines; pyrimidopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tetrol	adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.	2.54	2	0	branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid	anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent
racemetirosine alpha-Methyltyrosine: An inhibitor of the enzyme TYROSINE 3-MONOOXYGENASE, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)	2.37	2	0
p-chloroamphetamine p-Chloroamphetamine: Chlorinated analog of AMPHETAMINE. Potent neurotoxin that causes release and eventually depletion of serotonin in the CNS. It is used as a research tool.	1.99	1	0
thiorphan Thiorphan: A potent inhibitor of membrane metalloendopeptidase (ENKEPHALINASE). Thiorphan potentiates morphine-induced ANALGESIA and attenuates naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms.	2.07	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
n(6),n(6)-dimethyladenine N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenine : A tertiary amine that is adenine substituted at N-6 by geminal methyl groups.	1.97	1	0	tertiary amine
domperidone Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.	1.96	1	0	benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist
donepezil Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.	2.79	3	0	aromatic ether; indanones; piperidines; racemate	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
doxapram Doxapram: A central respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p1225). doxapram : A member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones that is N-ethylpyrrolidin-2-one in which both of the hydrogens at the 3 position (adjacent to the carbonyl group) are substituted by phenyl groups, and one of the hydrogens at the 4 position is substituted by a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride or the hydrochloride hydrate) as a temporary treatment of acute respiratory failure, particularly when superimposed on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and of postoperative respiratory depression. It has also been used for treatment of postoperative shivering.	3.47	8	0	morpholines; pyrrolidin-2-ones	central nervous system stimulant
doxylamine Doxylamine: Histamine H1 antagonist with pronounced sedative properties. It is used in allergies and as an antitussive, antiemetic, and hypnotic. Doxylamine has also been administered in veterinary applications and was formerly used in PARKINSONISM.	2.37	2	0	pyridines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; antitussive; cholinergic antagonist; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; sedative
droperidol Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon.	2.65	3	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; organofluorine compound	anaesthesia adjuvant; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic
dipropizine [no description available]	2.13	1	0	piperazines
dsp 4 DSP 4: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
e 4031 E 4031: class III anti-arrhythmia agent; structure given in UD	2.05	1	0	sulfonamide
ebselen ebselen : A benzoselenazole that is 1,2-benzoselenazol-3-one carrying an additional phenyl substituent at position 2. Acts as a mimic of glutathione peroxidase.	2.25	1	0	benzoselenazole	anti-inflammatory drug; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.25 (inositol-phosphate phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.1 (cytosine deaminase) inhibitor; EC 5.1.3.2 (UDP-glucose 4-epimerase) inhibitor; enzyme mimic; ferroptosis inhibitor; genotoxin; hepatoprotective agent; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger
edrophonium Edrophonium: A rapid-onset, short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used in cardiac arrhythmias and in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. It has also been used as an antidote to curare principles.. edrophonium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is N-ethyl-N,N-dimethylanilinium in which one of the meta positions is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is a reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase, with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes). The chloride salt is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals.	3.47	2	0	phenols; quaternary ammonium ion	antidote; diagnostic agent; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
emodin Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.	4.9	1	1	trihydroxyanthraquinone	antineoplastic agent; laxative; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
enflurane Enflurane: An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.. enflurane : An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl and difluoromethyl groups.	2.37	2	0	ether; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	anaesthetic
enoxacin Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.	3.45	1	1	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; amino acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
epinastine epinastine: RN given refers parent cpd. epinastine : A benzazepine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,e]azepine in which the azepine ring is fused to the e side of 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine.	2.51	2	0	benzazepine; guanidines	anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; ophthalmology drug
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	2.21	1	0
ethylenediamine ethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; edamine is the recommended contraction for the ethylenediamine radical. ethylenediamine : An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine in which the alkane is ethane.	2.06	1	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	GABA agonist
carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone: A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.. carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone : A hydrazone that is hydrazonomalononitrile in which one of the hydrazine hydrogens is substituted by a p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl group.	1.96	1	0	aromatic ether; hydrazone; nitrile; organofluorine compound	ATP synthase inhibitor; geroprotector; ionophore
felbamate Felbamate: A PEGylated phenylcarbamate derivative that acts as an antagonist of NMDA RECEPTORS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES in severe refractory EPILEPSY.. felbamate : The bis(carbamate ester) of 2-phenylpropane-1,3-diol. An anticonvulsant, it is used in the treatment of epilepsy.	1.97	1	0	carbamate ester	anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent
fenfluramine Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release.. fenfluramine : A secondary amino compound that is 1-phenyl-propan-2-amine in which one of the meta-hydrogens is substituted by trifluoromethyl, and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by an ethyl group. It binds to the serotonin reuptake pump, causing inhbition of serotonin uptake and release of serotonin. The resulting increased levels of serotonin lead to greater serotonin receptor activation which in turn lead to enhancement of serotoninergic transmission in the centres of feeding behavior located in the hypothalamus. This suppresses the appetite for carbohydrates. Fenfluramine was used as the hydrochloride for treatment of diabetes and obesity. It was withdrawn worldwide after reports of heart valve disease and pulmonary hypertension.	2.72	3	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; secondary amino compound	appetite depressant; serotonergic agonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
fentanyl Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.	3.06	5	0	anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines	adjuvant; anaesthesia adjuvant; anaesthetic; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
fexofenadine fexofenadine: a second generation antihistamine; metabolite of the antihistaminic drug terfenadine; structure in first source; RN refers to HCl. fexofenadine : A piperidine-based anti-histamine compound.	2.6	1	0	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist
fluconazole Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.	4.14	4	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	environmental contaminant; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
flufenamic acid Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16). flufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.	2.13	1	0	aromatic amino acid; organofluorine compound	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluphenazine [no description available]	2.01	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	anticoronaviral agent; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
flumazenil Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.	2.9	4	0	ethyl ester; imidazobenzodiazepine; organofluorine compound	antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning; GABA antagonist
flunitrazepam Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.	1.96	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; C-nitro compound; monofluorobenzenes	anxiolytic drug; GABAA receptor agonist; sedative
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	4.66	5	1	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
fluoxetine Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.	4.05	14	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; secondary amino compound
flurbiprofen Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.	2.11	1	0	fluorobiphenyl; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	4.06	3	1	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
gabapentin Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.	4.72	5	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
vanoxerine vanoxerine: structure given in first source. vanoxerine : An N-alkylpiperazine that consists of piperazine bearing 2-bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl and 3-phenylpropyl groups at positions 1 and 4 respectively. Potent, competitive inhibitor of dopamine uptake (Ki = 1 nM for inhibition of striatal dopamine uptake). Has > 100-fold lower affinity for the noradrenalin and 5-HT uptake carriers. Also a potent sigma ligand (IC50 = 48 nM). Centrally active following systemic administration.	2.05	1	0	ether; N-alkylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound	dopamine uptake inhibitor
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	2.41	1	0
2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; a oxidative product of saligenin. 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid having the two hydroxy groups at the 2- and 5-positions.	1.99	1	0	dihydroxybenzoic acid	EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human metabolite; MALDI matrix material; mouse metabolite
glyburide Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.	3.1	5	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	anti-arrhythmia drug; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
guaifenesin Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.	4.24	5	0	methoxybenzenes
guanethidine Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.	2.37	2	0	azocanes; guanidines	adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; sympatholytic agent
guanidine Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.	5.78	12	0	carboxamidine; guanidines; one-carbon compound
gyki 52466 GYKI 52466: an AMPA (non-NMDA) receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2	1	0	benzodiazepine
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.	2.41	2	0	isoquinolines; N-sulfonylpiperazine	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
fasudil fasudil: intracellular calcium antagonist; structure in first source. fasudil : An isoquinoline substituted by a (1,4-diazepan-1-yl)sulfonyl group at position 5. It is a Rho-kinase inhibitor and its hydrochloride hydrate form is approved for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm and cerebral ischemia.	2.11	1	0	isoquinolines; N-sulfonyldiazepane	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; nootropic agent; vasodilator agent
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.	3.96	13	0	aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
halothane [no description available]	2.37	2	0	haloalkane; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
harmaline Harmaline: A beta-carboline alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM.. harmaline : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7 and has been reduced across the 3,4 bond.	2.38	2	0	harmala alkaloid	oneirogen
hexamethonium Hexamethonium: A nicotinic cholinergic antagonist often referred to as the prototypical ganglionic blocker. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. It has been used for a variety of therapeutic purposes including hypertension but, like the other ganglionic blockers, it has been replaced by more specific drugs for most purposes, although it is widely used a research tool.	3.22	6	0	quaternary ammonium salt
hexobarbital Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.	2.38	2	0	barbiturates
ethidium Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.	2.94	4	0	phenanthridines	fluorochrome; intercalator
hydralazine Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.	5.07	8	0	azaarene; hydrazines; ortho-fused heteroarene; phthalazines	antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent
hydroxychloroquine Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.	2.94	3	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea [no description available]	2.41	2	0	one-carbon compound; ureas	antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent
ibudilast [no description available]	2.61	2	0	pyrazolopyridine
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	3.15	5	0	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.	3.09	5	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic
imipramine Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.	3.26	6	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
amrinone Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.. amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure.	15.36	216	10	bipyridines	EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
indapamide Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine.	1.96	1	0	indoles; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	5.15	11	1	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
iodoacetamide [no description available]	2.07	1	0
iopanoic acid Iopanoic Acid: Radiopaque medium used as diagnostic aid.	1.96	1	0	monocarboxylic acid
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.	3.76	11	0	3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).	2.39	2	0	carbohydrazide	antitubercular agent; drug allergen
2-propanol 2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.	2.42	2	0	secondary alcohol; secondary fatty alcohol	protic solvent
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	5.84	31	0	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
isradipine Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.	2.37	2	0	benzoxadiazole; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester; methyl ester
ketamine Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.	6.64	17	1	cyclohexanones; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	analgesic; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
ketanserin Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.	4.16	16	0	aromatic ketone; organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; cardiovascular drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist
ketoconazole 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.	6.1	4	2	dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
kebuzone kebuzone: proposed antirheumatic agent; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search PHENYLBUTAZONE/AA. kebuzone : A pyrazolidine that is phenylbutazone in which the two methylene hydrogens at postion 3 on the butyl chain are replaced by an oxo group.	1.93	1	0	methyl ketone; pyrazolidines	non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ketoprofen Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.	5.1	2	1	benzophenones; oxo monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
ketotifen Ketotifen: A cycloheptathiophene blocker of histamine H1 receptors and release of inflammatory mediators. It has been proposed for the treatment of asthma, rhinitis, skin allergies, and anaphylaxis.. ketotifen : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 4,9-dihydro-10H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10-one which is substituted at position 4 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is used (usually as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of asthma, where it may take several weeks to exert its full effect.	3.24	6	0	cyclic ketone; olefinic compound; organic heterotricyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	anti-asthmatic drug; H1-receptor antagonist
khellin Khellin: A vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. It has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light A, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024). khellin : A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator.	2.13	1	0	furanochromone; organic heterotricyclic compound; oxacycle	anti-asthmatic agent; bronchodilator agent; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
lamotrigine [no description available]	1.97	1	0	1,2,4-triazines; dichlorobenzene; primary arylamine	anticonvulsant; antidepressant; antimanic drug; calcium channel blocker; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; excitatory amino acid antagonist; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; xenobiotic
letrozole [no description available]	16.59	61	36	nitrile; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
qx-314 QX-314: triethyl analog of lidocaine; RN & NM refer to ion	1.97	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide	local anaesthetic
linopirdine linopirdine: acetylcholine releasing drug	3.68	9	0	indoles
lomustine [no description available]	4.55	1	1	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
loperamide Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.	3.9	2	1	monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; piperidines; tertiary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antidiarrhoeal drug; mu-opioid receptor agonist
loratadine Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.	2.41	2	0	benzocycloheptapyridine; ethyl ester; N-acylpiperidine; organochlorine compound; tertiary carboxamide	anti-allergic agent; cholinergic antagonist; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist
lorazepam Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.	3.77	2	1	benzodiazepine
losartan Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position	4.9	1	1	biphenylyltetrazole; imidazoles	angiotensin receptor antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source	2.5	2	0	chromones; morpholines; organochlorine compound	autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
edaravone [no description available]	5.22	3	1	pyrazolone	antioxidant; radical scavenger
mecamylamine Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.	2.66	3	0	primary aliphatic amine
meclofenamic acid Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.. meclofenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	2.39	2	0	aminobenzoic acid; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mefenamic acid Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	3.92	2	1	aminobenzoic acid; secondary amino compound	analgesic; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
memantine [no description available]	3.81	3	0	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	antidepressant; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
meperidine Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.	2.65	3	0	ethyl ester; piperidinecarboxylate ester; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
mephenesin Mephenesin: A centrally acting muscle relaxant with a short duration of action.. 1-(2-methylphenyl)glycerol : A glycerol ether in which a single 2-methylphenyl group is attached at position 1 of glycerol via an ether linkage.	1.97	1	0	aromatic ether; glycerol ether
mephenytoin Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). It may cause blood dyscrasias.. mephenytoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) in which the imidazolidine nucleus carries a methyl group at N-3 and has ethyl and phenyl substituents at C-5. An anticonvulsant, it is no longer available in the USA or the UK but is still studied largely because of its interesting hydroxylation polymorphism.	4.9	1	1	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant
mequitazine mequitazine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.37	2	0	phenothiazines
metaproterenol Metaproterenol: A beta-2 adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of ASTHMA and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. orciprenaline : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-orciprenaline. Used (as its sulfate salt) to relax the airway muscles and improve breathing for patients suffering from asthma or bronchitis.. 5-[1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,3-diol : A member of the class of resorcinols bearing an additional 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl substituent at position 5 of resorcinol itself.	1.96	1	0	aralkylamino compound; phenylethanolamines; resorcinols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.	6.26	6	2	guanidines	environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
methacrylic acid methacrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. methacrylic acid : An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a methyl group.	2.46	2	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid
methapyrilene Methapyrilene: Histamine H1 antagonist with sedative action used as a hypnotic and in allergies.. methapyrilene : A member of the class of ethylenediamine derivatives that is ethylenediamine in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups, and the other nitrogen is substituted by a 2-pyridyl group and a (2-thienyl)methyl group.	6.66	54	1	ethylenediamine derivative	anti-allergic agent; carcinogenic agent; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative
methenamine Methenamine: An anti-infective agent most commonly used in the treatment of urinary tract infections. Its anti-infective action derives from the slow release of formaldehyde by hydrolysis at acidic pH. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p173). hexamethylenetetramine : A polycyclic cage that is adamantane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 3, 5 and 7 are replaced by nitrogen atoms.	2.01	1	0	polyazaalkane; polycyclic cage; tetramine	antibacterial drug
methiothepin Methiothepin: A serotonin receptor antagonist in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM used as an antipsychotic.. methiothepin : A dibenzothiepine that is 10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f]thiepine bearing additional methylthio and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 8 and 10 respectively. Potent 5-HT2 antagonist, also active as 5-HT1 antagonist. Differentiates 5-HT1D sub-types. Also displays affinity for rodent 5-HT5B, 5-HT5A, 5-HT7 and 5-HT6 receptors (pK1 values are 6.6, 7.0, 8.4 and 8.7 respectively).	2.06	1	0	aryl sulfide; dibenzothiepine; N-alkylpiperazine; tertiary amino compound	antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; geroprotector; serotonergic antagonist
methocarbamol Methocarbamol: A centrally acting muscle relaxant whose mode of action has not been established. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1206). methocarbamol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-methocarbamol. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as an adjunct in the short-term symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm. The (R)-enantiomer is more active than the (S)-enantiomer.. 2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl carbamate : A carbamate ester that is glycerol in which one of the primary alcohol groups has been converted to its 2-methoxyphenyl ether while the other has been converted to the corresponding carbamate ester.	3.15	1	0	aromatic ether; carbamate ester; secondary alcohol
nocodazole [no description available]	2.15	1	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester; thiophenes	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
methylphenidate Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.	2.79	3	0	beta-amino acid ester; methyl ester; piperidines
metoclopramide Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.	2.01	1	0	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; gastrointestinal drug; xenobiotic
metyrapone Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.	1.97	1	0	aromatic ketone	antimetabolite; diagnostic agent; EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
mianserin Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.. mianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.	2.41	2	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine agonist; sedative; serotonergic antagonist
midazolam Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.	5.01	3	3	imidazobenzodiazepine; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; anxiolytic drug; apoptosis inducer; central nervous system depressant; GABAA receptor agonist; general anaesthetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
milrinone [no description available]	8.93	30	1	bipyridines; nitrile; pyridone	cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
minoxidil Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6.	2.38	2	0	dialkylarylamine; tertiary amino compound
mitotane Mitotane: A derivative of the insecticide DICHLORODIPHENYLDICHLOROETHANE that specifically inhibits cells of the adrenal cortex and their production of hormones. It is used to treat adrenocortical tumors and causes CNS damage, but no bone marrow depression.	2.41	1	0	diarylmethane
modafinil Modafinil: A benzhydryl acetamide compound, central nervous system stimulant, and CYP3A4 inducing agent that is used in the treatment of NARCOLEPSY and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS.. modafinil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of armodafinil and (S)-modafinil. A central nervous system stimulant, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions in animals.. 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide : A sulfoxide that is dimethylsulfoxide in which two hydrogens attached to one of the methyl groups are replaced by phenyl groups, while one hydrogen attached to the other methyl group is replaced by a carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) group.	4.99	2	1	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfoxide
entinostat [no description available]	4.15	4	0	benzamides; carbamate ester; primary amino compound; pyridines; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
muscimol Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.. muscimol : A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita.	2.11	1	0	alkaloid; isoxazoles; primary amino compound	fungal metabolite; GABA agonist; oneirogen; psychotropic drug
1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine 1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine: acts as serotonin agonist; structure. 1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group at position 1. A serotonergic agonist used as a recreational drug.	2.02	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; N-arylpiperazine	environmental contaminant; psychotropic drug; serotonergic agonist; xenobiotic
ethylmaleimide Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.	2.67	3	0	maleimides	anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
fg 7142 FG 7142: benzodiazepine receptor agonist	2.03	1	0	beta-carbolines
clorgyline Clorgyline: An antidepressive agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor related to PARGYLINE.. clorgyline : An aromatic ether that is the 2,4-dichlorophenyl ether of 3-aminopropan-1-ol in which the nitrogen is substituted by a methyl group and a prop-1-yn-3-yl group. A monoamine oxidase inhibitor, it was formerly used as an antidepressant.	2	1	0	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
deoxyepinephrine Deoxyepinephrine: Sympathomimetic, vasoconstrictor agent.	1.96	1	0	catecholamine
apnea Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.	2.38	2	0	purine nucleoside
nadifloxacin nadifloxacin: (R)-isomer does not induce chromosomal aberrations, unlike (S)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.53	2	0	heteroarylpiperidine; hydroxypiperidine; pyridoquinoline; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug
nafronyl Nafronyl: A drug used in the management of peripheral and cerebral vascular disorders. It is claimed to enhance cellular oxidative capacity and to be a spasmolytic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1310) It may also be an antagonist at 5HT-2 serotonin receptors.	4.45	1	1	naphthalenes
nan 190 1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-4-(4-(2-phthalimido)butyl)piperazine: RN from Toxlit. NAN 190 : An N-alkylpiperazine that consists of (2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine in which the amine hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(2-phthalimido)butyl group.	2.71	3	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; phthalimides	serotonergic antagonist
neostigmine Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.	6.1	24	0	quaternary ammonium ion	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
nevirapine Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.	2.02	1	0	cyclopropanes; dipyridodiazepine	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nialamide Nialamide: An MAO inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent.	2.36	2	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
nicardipine Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.	2.37	2	0	benzenes; C-nitro compound; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound
niclosamide Niclosamide: An antihelmintic that is active against most tapeworms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p48). niclosamide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorosalicylic acid with the amino group of 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline. It is an oral anthelmintic drug approved for use against tapeworm infections.	2.11	1	0	benzamides; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; salicylanilides; secondary carboxamide	anthelminthic drug; anticoronaviral agent; antiparasitic agent; apoptosis inducer; molluscicide; piscicide; STAT3 inhibitor
nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.	5.14	15	0	C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester	calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent
niflumic acid Niflumic Acid: An analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.	2.13	1	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
nimesulide nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.	2.41	2	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nisoldipine Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.	2.37	2	0	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester
nitrendipine Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.	1.97	1	0	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.	2.37	2	0	nitroglycerol	explosive; muscle relaxant; nitric oxide donor; prodrug; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
nitromide nitromide: antibacterial agent for prevention & treatment of Salmonella pullorum infections in chickens & turkeys & for fowl typhoid & paratyphoid; used in feed; structure	3.23	1	0
nomifensine Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively.	1.96	1	0	isoquinolines	dopamine uptake inhibitor
n-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide: structure given in first source. NS-398 : A C-nitro compound that is N-methylsulfonyl-4-nitroaniline bearing an additional cyclohexyloxy substituent at position 2.	2	1	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
o(6)-benzylguanine O(6)-benzylguanine: a suicide inhibitor of O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase activity	2.31	1	0
octopamine Octopamine: An alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetic amine, biosynthesized from tyramine in the CNS and platelets and also in invertebrate nervous systems. It is used to treat hypotension and as a cardiotonic. The natural D(-) form is more potent than the L(+) form in producing cardiovascular adrenergic responses. It is also a neurotransmitter in some invertebrates.. octopamine : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is phenol which is substituted at the para- position by a 2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl group. A biogenic phenylethanolamine which has been found to act as a neurotransmitter, neurohormone or neuromodulator in invertebrates.	1.97	1	0	phenylethanolamines; tyramines	neurotransmitter
ofloxacin Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.	3.16	5	0	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxazinoquinoline
omeprazole Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.	5.01	2	1	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide
ondansetron Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.	2.47	2	0	carbazoles
oxethazaine [no description available]	1.99	1	0	amino acid amide
oxidopamine Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).	3.51	8	0	benzenetriol; catecholamine; primary amino compound	drug metabolite; human metabolite; neurotoxin
oxotremorine Oxotremorine: A non-hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist used as a research tool.	2.66	3	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine
quinone benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups.. 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).	2.47	2	0	1,4-benzoquinones	cofactor; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
fenclonine Fenclonine: A selective and irreversible inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin (5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE). Fenclonine acts pharmacologically to deplete endogenous levels of serotonin.	3.61	9	0	phenylalanine derivative
4-(2'-methoxyphenyl)-1-(2'-(n-(2''-pyridinyl)-4-iodobenzamido)ethyl)piperazine 4-(2'-methoxyphenyl)-1-(2'-(N-(2''-pyridinyl)-4-iodobenzamido)ethyl)piperazine: a 5-HT(1A) ligand; structure in first source	5.3	53	0
papaverine Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.	2.73	3	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; dimethoxybenzene; isoquinolines	antispasmodic drug; vasodilator agent
pemoline Pemoline: A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children.. pemoline : A member of the class of 1,3-oxazoles that is 1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one which is substituted by an amino group at position 2 and by a phenyl group at position 5. A central nervous system stimulant, it was used to treat hyperactivity disorders in children, but withdrawn from use following reports of serious hepatotoxicity.	3.1	1	0	1,3-oxazoles	central nervous system stimulant
pentobarbital Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	3.98	14	0	barbiturates	GABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline [no description available]	2.31	1	0	oxopurine
phenazopyridine Phenazopyridine: A local anesthetic that has been used in urinary tract disorders. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.. phenazopyridine : A diaminopyridine that is 2,6-diaminopyridine substituted at position 3 by a phenylazo group. A local anesthetic that has topical analgesic effect on mucosa lining of the urinary tract. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.	7.48	39	0	diaminopyridine; monoazo compound	anticoronaviral agent; carcinogenic agent; local anaesthetic; non-narcotic analgesic
pheniramine Pheniramine: One of the HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS with little sedative action. It is used in treatment of hay fever, rhinitis, allergic dermatoses, and pruritus.	2.37	2	0	pyridines; tertiary amino compound
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	6.09	9	1	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
4-phenylbutyric acid 4-phenylbutyric acid: RN refers to the parent cpd. 4-phenylbutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid the structure of which is that of butyric acid substituted with a phenyl group at C-4. It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that displays anticancer activity. It inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. It also inhibits protein isoprenylation, depletes plasma glutamine, increases production of foetal haemoglobin through transcriptional activation of the gamma-globin gene and affects hPPARgamma activation.	3.27	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; prodrug
phenylbutazone Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.	1.93	1	0	pyrazolidines	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
phloretin [no description available]	1.96	1	0	dihydrochalcones	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
pimobendan pimobendan: produces arterial & venous dilatation in dogs; structure given in first source	3.47	2	0	benzimidazoles; pyridazinone	cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
pinacidil Pinacidil: A guanidine that opens POTASSIUM CHANNELS producing direct peripheral vasodilatation of the ARTERIOLES. It reduces BLOOD PRESSURE and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)	2.67	3	0	pyridines
pindobind [no description available]	2	1	0
pindolol Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.	3.23	6	0	indoles; secondary amine	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; serotonergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
pioglitazone Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	3.51	1	1	aromatic ether; pyridines; thiazolidinediones	antidepressant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug; PPARgamma agonist; xenobiotic
pipamperone pipamperone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. pipamperone : A member of the class of bipiperidines that is 1,4'-bipiperidine which is substituted at the 1' and 4' positions by 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl and carboxamide groups, respectively. A first generation antipsychotic, its properties are generally similar to those of haloperidol.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ketone; bipiperidines; monocarboxylic acid amide; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound	dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
piperazine [no description available]	2.02	1	0	azacycloalkane; piperazines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	anthelminthic drug
piracetam Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.	6.22	3	2	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
pirbuterol pirbuterol: structure	6.79	8	1	pyridines
pirenzepine Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.	1.97	1	0	pyridobenzodiazepine	anti-ulcer drug; antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	3.57	9	0	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
4-aminobenzoic acid para-Aminobenzoates: Benzoic acids, salts, or esters that contain an amino group attached to carbon number 4 of the benzene ring structure.. 4-aminobenzoate : An aromatic amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of 4-aminobenzoic acid.	5.05	7	0	aminobenzoate; aromatic amino-acid anion	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ag 1879 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidin-4-amine: Fyn kinase inhibitor	2.17	1	0	aromatic amine; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazolopyrimidine	beta-adrenergic antagonist; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
1-phenyl-4-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidinamine [no description available]	1.97	1	0	pyrazoles; ring assembly
practolol Practolol: A beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has been used in the emergency treatment of CARDIAC ARRYTHMIAS.. practolol : N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 3-(isopropylaminoamino)-2-hydroxypropyl group. A selective beta blocker, it has been used in the emergency treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.	5.97	9	0	acetamides; ethanolamines; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist
praziquantel azinox: Russian drug	2.25	1	0	isoquinolines
prazosin Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.	5.01	13	0	aromatic ether; furans; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperazines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
primaquine Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.	2.25	1	0	aminoquinoline; aromatic ether; N-substituted diamine	antimalarial
proadifen Proadifen: An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity.	2.38	2	0	diarylmethane
probenecid Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.	3.51	1	1	benzoic acids; sulfonamide	uricosuric drug
procainamide Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.	5.14	3	1	benzamides	anti-arrhythmia drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; sodium channel blocker
procaine Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.	3.76	11	0	benzoate ester; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; drug allergen; local anaesthetic; peripheral nervous system drug
promethazine Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.	3.23	6	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; sedative
propidium Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.	2.02	1	0	phenanthridines; quaternary ammonium ion	fluorochrome; intercalator
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	4.05	15	0	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
protoporphyrin ix protoporphyrin IX: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7685. protoporphyrin : A cyclic tetrapyrrole that consists of porphyrin bearing four methyl substituents at positions 3, 8, 13 and 17, two vinyl substituents at positions 7 and 12 and two 2-carboxyethyl substituents at positions 2 and 18. The parent of the class of protoporphyrins.	2.25	1	0
pyridinolcarbamate Pyridinolcarbamate: A drug that has been given by mouth in the treatment of atherosclerosis and other vascular disorders, hyperlipidemias, and thrombo-embolic disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1408)	1.95	1	0	pyridines
pyrilamine Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.. mepyramine : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group.	9.83	108	5	aromatic ether; ethylenediamine derivative	H1-receptor antagonist
pyroxamide [no description available]	4.24	5	0	aromatic amide
quipazine Quipazine: A pharmacologic congener of serotonin that contracts smooth muscle and has actions similar to those of tricyclic antidepressants. It has been proposed as an oxytocic.	2.47	2	0	piperazines; pyridines
rabeprazole Rabeprazole: A 4-(3-methoxypropoxy)-3-methylpyridinyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.	4.62	1	1	benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
rbi 257 RBI 257: ligand for dopamine D4 receptors; structure in first source	2.4	2	0
repirinast repirinast: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0	organic molecular entity
resorcinol resorcinol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7951. resorcinol : A benzenediol that is benzene dihydroxylated at positions 1 and 3.	2.25	1	0	benzenediol; phenolic donor; resorcinols	erythropoietin inhibitor; sensitiser
ritanserin Ritanserin: A selective and potent serotonin-2 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of a variety of syndromes related to anxiety and depression. The drug also improves the subjective quality of sleep and decreases portal pressure.. ritanserin : A thiazolopyrimidine that is 5H-[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one which is substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 6 by a 2-{4-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methylidene]piperidin-1-yl}ethyl group. A potent and long-acting seratonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) antagonist of the subtype 5-HT2 (Ki = 0.39 nM), it is used in the treatment of a variety of disorders including anxiety, depression and schizophrenia. It has little sedative action.	3.26	6	0	organofluorine compound; piperidines; thiazolopyrimidine	antidepressant; antipsychotic agent; anxiolytic drug; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist
ro 15-4513 Ro 15-4513: a partial inverse agonist of benzodiazepine receptors	1.97	1	0	organic heterotricyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
ro 31-8220 Ro 31-8220: a protein kinase C inhibitor	2.08	1	0	imidothiocarbamic ester; indoles; maleimides	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
rolipram [no description available]	5.77	26	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	antidepressant; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
etiron etiron: a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.05	1	0
saccharin Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.	2.51	2	0	1,2-benzisothiazole; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
safrole Safrole: A member of the BENZODIOXOLES that is a constituent of several VOLATILE OILS, notably SASSAFRAS oil. It is a precursor in the synthesis of the insecticide PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE and the drug N-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDMA).. safrole : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole which is substituted by an allyl group at position 5. It is found in several plants, including black pepper, cinnamon and nutmeg, and is present in several essential oils, notably that of sassafras. It has insecticidal properties and has been used as a topical antiseptic. Although not thought to pose a significant carcinogenic risk to humans, findings of weak carcinogenicity in rats have resulted in the banning of its (previously widespread) use in perfumes and soaps, and as a food additive.	1.97	1	0	benzodioxoles	flavouring agent; insecticide; metabolite; plant metabolite
sb 206553 SB 206553: a high-affinity 5-HT(2C/2B) antagonist; structure given in first source	3.64	9	0	pyrroloindole
sdz 205-557 [no description available]	1.99	1	0	methoxybenzoic acid
sevoflurane Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.	3.08	4	0	ether; organofluorine compound	central nervous system depressant; inhalation anaesthetic; platelet aggregation inhibitor
sibutramine sibutramine: serotonin and norepinephrine transporter inhibitor; Meridia is tradename for sibutramine hydrochloride	2.06	1	0	organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	anti-obesity agent; serotonin uptake inhibitor
sodium iodide Sodium Iodide: A compound forming white, odorless deliquescent crystals and used as iodine supplement, expectorant or in its radioactive (I-131) form as an diagnostic aid, particularly for thyroid function tests.. sodium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a Na(+) counterion.	2.08	1	0	inorganic sodium salt; iodide salt
spiperone Spiperone: A spiro butyrophenone analog similar to HALOPERIDOL and other related compounds. It has been recommended in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. spiperone : An azaspiro compound that is 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 8 by phenyl, oxo, and 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl groups, respectively.	2.91	4	0	aromatic ketone; azaspiro compound; organofluorine compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; psychotropic drug; serotonergic antagonist
sq 22536 9-(tetrahydrofuryl)adenine : A nucleoside analogue that is adenine in which the nitrogen at position 9 has been substituted by a tetrahydrofuran-2-yl group. It is an adenylate cyclase inhibitor.	1.97	1	0	nucleoside analogue; oxolanes	EC 4.6.1.1 (adenylate cyclase) inhibitor
vorinostat Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).	4.42	3	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide; hydroxamic acid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
succinylcholine Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.	3.47	2	0	quaternary ammonium ion; succinate ester	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent
sulfamethizole Sulfamethizole: A sulfathiazole antibacterial agent.. sulfamethizole : A sulfonamide consisting of a 1,3,4-thiadiazole nucleus with a methyl substituent at C-5 and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at C-2.	1.96	1	0	sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.	2.37	2	0	isoxazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; epitope; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
sulfapyridine Sulfapyridine: Antibacterial, potentially toxic, used to treat certain skin diseases.. sulfapyridine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyridine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	1.92	1	0	pyridines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; dermatologic drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sulmazole sulmazole: structure given in first source. sulmazole : An imidazopyridine that is 1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-methoxy-4-(methylsulfinyl)phenyl group. An A1 adenosine receptor antagonist, it was formerly used as a cardiotonic agent.	7.2	17	0	imidazopyridine; sulfoxide	adenosine A1 receptor antagonist; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
sulpiride Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.	1.97	1	0	benzamides; N-alkylpyrrolidine; sulfonamide	antidepressant; antiemetic; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist
sumatriptan Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.	1.99	1	0	sulfonamide; tryptamines	serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
suprofen Suprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and has been proposed as an anti-arthritic.. suprofen : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by a 4-(1-carboxyethyl)benzoyl group.	3.35	1	1	aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; thiophenes	antirheumatic drug; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
suramin Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.	2.01	1	0	naphthalenesulfonic acid; phenylureas; secondary carboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antinematodal drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; GABA antagonist; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; purinergic receptor P2 antagonist; ryanodine receptor agonist; trypanocidal drug
gatifloxacin Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.	2.49	2	0	N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
temozolomide [no description available]	5.59	5	1	imidazotetrazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; triazene derivative	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
terbutaline Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.	3.77	3	0	phenylethanolamines; resorcinols	anti-asthmatic drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
tetracaine Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.	2.37	2	0	benzoate ester; tertiary amino compound	local anaesthetic
tetraethylammonium Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)	7.25	130	0	quaternary ammonium ion
thalidomide Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.	9.05	11	1	phthalimides; piperidones
tizanidine tizanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tizanidine : 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole substituted at C-4 by a Delta(1)-imidazolin-2-ylamino group and at C-4 by a chloro group. It is an agonist at alpha2-adrenergic receptor sites.	2.01	1	0	benzothiadiazole; imidazoles	alpha-adrenergic agonist; muscle relaxant
8-(n,n-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate 8-(N,N-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate: intracellular calcium antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.37	2	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
tolazoline Tolazoline: A vasodilator that apparently has direct actions on blood vessels and also increases cardiac output. Tolazoline can interact to some degree with histamine, adrenergic, and cholinergic receptors, but the mechanisms of its therapeutic effects are not clear. It is used in treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.. tolazoline : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole substituted by a benzyl group.	2.37	2	0	imidazoles	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent
tolbutamide Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.	2.89	4	0	N-sulfonylurea	human metabolite; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; potassium channel blocker
tolperisone Tolperisone: A centrally acting muscle relaxant that has been used for the symptomatic treatment of spasticity and muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1211)	3.15	1	0	aromatic ketone
trifluoperazine [no description available]	2.37	2	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; calmodulin antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
trimethoprim Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.	1.97	1	0	aminopyrimidine; methoxybenzenes	antibacterial drug; diuretic; drug allergen; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
tripelennamine Tripelennamine: A histamine H1 antagonist with low sedative action but frequent gastrointestinal irritation. It is used to treat ASTHMA; HAY FEVER; URTICARIA; and RHINITIS; and also in veterinary applications. Tripelennamine is administered by various routes, including topically.	3.06	5	0	aromatic amine
tyramine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	monoamine molecular messenger; primary amino compound; tyramines	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
u 101958 U 101958: structure in first source	3.6	9	0
urethane [no description available]	2.37	2	0	carbamate ester	fungal metabolite; mutagen
vesamicol vesamicol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.37	2	0	piperidines
vesnarinone [no description available]	2.65	3	0	organic molecular entity
vigabatrin [no description available]	1.97	1	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
w 7 W 7: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; calmodulin antagonist	1.96	1	0
xylazine Xylazine: An adrenergic alpha-2 agonist used as a sedative, analgesic and centrally acting muscle relaxant in VETERINARY MEDICINE.. xylazine : A methyl benzene that is 1,3-dimethylbenzene which is substituted by a 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-thiazin-2-ylnitrilo group at position 2. It is an alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonist and frequently used in veterinary medicine as an emetic and sedative with analgesic and muscle relaxant properties.	4.36	21	0	1,3-thiazine; methylbenzene; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; analgesic; emetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
zinc chloride zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.	2.08	1	0	inorganic chloride; zinc molecular entity	astringent; disinfectant; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; Lewis acid
zolpidem Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. zolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position.	3.82	3	0	imidazopyridine	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; sedative
guanidine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.1	1	0	one-carbon compound; organic chloride salt	protein denaturant
mitomycin Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.	2.41	1	0	mitomycin	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
corticosterone [no description available]	3.92	12	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	4.84	7	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
lysergic acid diethylamide Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood.. lysergic acid diethylamide : An ergoline alkaloid arising from formal condensation of lysergic acid with diethylamine.	2.01	1	0	ergoline alkaloid; monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotetracyclic compound	dopamine agonist; hallucinogen; serotonergic agonist
reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.	3.76	11	0	alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
phentolamine Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.	3.83	12	0	imidazoles; phenols; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
thymidine [no description available]	2.66	3	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
benzimidazole 1H-benzimidazole : The 1H-tautomer of benzimidazole.	2.11	1	0	benzimidazole; polycyclic heteroarene
hydroxyproline Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.	2.13	1	0	4-hydroxyproline; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	2.66	3	0	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
dextroamphetamine Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.	2.7	3	0	1-phenylpropan-2-amine	adrenergic agent; adrenergic uptake inhibitor; dopamine uptake inhibitor; dopaminergic agent; neurotoxin; sympathomimetic agent
methacetin methacetin: RN given refers to parent cpd. methacetin : A member of the class of acetamides that is paracetamol in which the hydrogen of phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.	1.96	1	0	acetamides; aromatic ether
carbachol Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.	4.32	20	0	ammonium salt; carbamate ester	cardiotonic drug; miotic; muscarinic agonist; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; non-narcotic analgesic
aldosterone [no description available]	2.55	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 18-oxo steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid aldehyde	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.	8.44	8	3	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
2-acetylaminofluorene 2-Acetylaminofluorene: A hepatic carcinogen whose mechanism of activation involves N-hydroxylation to the aryl hydroxamic acid followed by enzymatic sulfonation to sulfoxyfluorenylacetamide. It is used to study the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of aromatic amines.	2.66	3	0	2-acetamidofluorenes	antimitotic; carcinogenic agent; epitope; mutagen
penicillin g Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.	1.96	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; epitope
dimethylphenylpiperazinium iodide Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Iodide: A selective nicotinic cholinergic agonist used as a research tool. DMPP activates nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia but has little effect at the neuromuscular junction.	1.96	1	0	N-arylpiperazine; organic iodide salt; piperazinium salt; quaternary ammonium salt	nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
pentylenetetrazole Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.	5.7	6	1	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
amifampridine Amifampridine: 4-Aminopyridine derivative that acts as a POTASSIUM CHANNEL blocker to increase release of ACETYLCHOLINE from nerve terminals. It is used in the treatment of CONGENITAL MYASTHENIC SYNDROMES.	7.81	98	0	aminopyridine
triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.	2.37	2	0	2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
diethylnitrosamine Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.	2.68	3	0	nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; mutagen
isonicotinic acid isonicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is at position 4 of the pyridine ring.	1.95	1	0	pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; human metabolite
(4-(m-chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium chloride (4-(m-Chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium Chloride: A drug that selectively activates certain subclasses of muscarinic receptors and also activates postganglionic nicotinic receptors. It is commonly used experimentally to distinguish muscarinic receptor subtypes.	2.07	1	0
isoflurophate Isoflurophate: A di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate which is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor used to investigate the NERVOUS SYSTEM.	3.06	1	0	dialkyl phosphate
biguanides Biguanides: Derivatives of biguanide (the structure formula HN(C(NH)NH2)2) that are primarily used as oral HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS for the treatment of DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2 and PREDIABETES.. biguanides : A class of oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. They have a structure based on the 2-carbamimidoylguanidine skeleton.	2.05	1	0	guanidines
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	2.48	2	0	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
cantharidin Cantharidin: A toxic compound, isolated from the Spanish fly or blistering beetle (Lytta (Cantharis) vesicatoria) and other insects. It is a potent and specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A). This compound can produce severe skin inflammation, and is extremely toxic if ingested orally.. cantharidin : A monoterpenoid with an epoxy-bridged cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride structure secreted by many species of blister beetle, and most notably by the Spanish fly, Lytta vesicatoria. Natural toxin inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A.	2.07	1	0	cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride; monoterpenoid	EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; herbicide
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	5.74	6	1	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.	3.33	5	0	L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone acetate Desoxycorticosterone Acetate: The 21-acetate derivative of desoxycorticosterone.	2.11	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.	2.15	1	0	C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	3.09	5	0	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	3.39	6	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cyanides Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.	2.67	3	0	pseudohalide anion	EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
physostigmine Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.	7.82	19	2	carbamate ester; indole alkaloid	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; miotic
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	3.09	5	0	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.	3.5	1	1	17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	xenoestrogen
tubocurarine Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.	4.63	28	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
apomorphine Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.	2.93	4	0	aporphine alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic drug; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; emetic; serotonergic drug
aminopyrine Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.	2.87	4	0	pyrazolone; tertiary amino compound	antipyretic; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	3.22	6	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for tetrachlorophenol with locants for chloro groups not specified. 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6.	1.97	1	0	tetrachlorophenol	xenobiotic metabolite
uridine [no description available]	4.38	6	0	uridines	drug metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
kanamycin a Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.	2.65	3	0	kanamycins	bacterial metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.	2.17	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	20.77	308	33	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	4.74	7	1	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
levodopa Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease	5.84	7	1	amino acid zwitterion; dopa; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	allelochemical; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; prodrug
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	4.32	6	0	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
tributyrin tributyrin: structure. tributyrin : A triglyceride obtained by formal acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol by butyric acid.	2.13	1	0	butyrate ester; triglyceride	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; prodrug; protective agent
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	3.55	8	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
cysteamine Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.	2.25	1	0	amine; thiol	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; radiation protective agent
acepromazine Acepromazine: A phenothiazine that is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES.. acepromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by an acetyl group at position 2 and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at position 10.	2.88	4	0	aromatic ketone; methyl ketone; phenothiazines; tertiary amino compound	phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.	3.11	5	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
methicillin Methicillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.. methicillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl group.	2.66	2	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
dipropyltryptamine dipropyltryptamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0
methylene blue Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.	4.17	5	0	organic chloride salt	acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer
4-toluenesulfonic acid 4-toluenesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; other RNs in 9th CI Form Index. toluene-4-sulfonic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 is replaced by a methyl group.	2.11	1	0	arenesulfonic acid; toluenes
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	6.12	5	1	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methacholine chloride Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)	2.71	3	0	quaternary ammonium salt
aniline [no description available]	3.13	5	0	anilines; primary arylamine
lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.	2.43	2	0	lactose
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	5.5	4	1	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	3.88	11	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.	4.9	1	1	alkaloid; colchicine	anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen
gallamine triethiodide Gallamine Triethiodide: A synthetic nondepolarizing blocking drug. The actions of gallamine triethiodide are similar to those of TUBOCURARINE, but this agent blocks the cardiac vagus and may cause sinus tachycardia and, occasionally, hypertension and increased cardiac output. It should be used cautiously in patients at risk from increased heart rate but may be preferred for patients with bradycardia. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p198)	2.37	2	0
cytidine [no description available]	2.15	1	0	cytidines	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	3.07	5	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
egtazic acid Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.	5.21	16	0	diether; tertiary amino compound; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
chloroform Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.	2.7	3	0	chloromethanes; one-carbon compound	carcinogenic agent; central nervous system drug; inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
mannitol [no description available]	2.39	2	0	mannitol	allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent
cytarabine [no description available]	9.66	15	1	beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; pyrimidine nucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; immunosuppressive agent
dithionitrobenzoic acid Dithionitrobenzoic Acid: A standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurements. It is used primarily for the determination of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. The color produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxyl-4-nitrothiophenolate.. dithionitrobenzoic acid : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid. An indicator used to quantify the number or concentration of thiol groups.	1.96	1	0	nitrobenzoic acid; organic disulfide	indicator
asparagine Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.	2.9	4	0	amino acid zwitterion; asparagine; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.	2.9	4	0	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.	2.52	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; threonine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	4.82	7	1	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucine Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.	2.44	2	0	aspartate family amino acid; isoleucine; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	6.05	8	1	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
ethylene Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges	7.05	1	0	alkene; gas molecular entity	plant hormone; refrigerant
acetylene [no description available]	2.05	1	0	alkyne; gas molecular entity; terminal acetylenic compound
methylamine methyl group : An alkyl group that is the univalent group derived from methane by removal of a hydrogen atom.	1.97	1	0	methylamines; one-carbon compound; primary aliphatic amine	mouse metabolite
acetonitrile acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.	2.76	3	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
carbon disulfide Carbon Disulfide: A colorless, flammable, poisonous liquid, CS2. It is used as a solvent, and is a counterirritant and has local anesthetic properties but is not used as such. It is highly toxic with pronounced CNS, hematologic, and dermatologic effects.	1.98	1	0	one-carbon compound; organosulfur compound
tetramethylammonium tetramethylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd. tetramethylammonium : The simplest quaternary ammonium cation, comprising a central nitrogen linked to four methyl groups.	2.66	3	0	quaternary ammonium ion
trimethylchlorosilane trimethylsilyl chloride: structure in first source. chlorotrimethylsilane : A silyl chloride consisting of a central silicon atom covalently bound to one chloro and three methyl groups. Chlorotrimethylsilane is a derivatisation agent used in gas chromatography/mass spectrometry applications.	2.08	1	0	silyl chloride	chromatographic reagent
trifluoroacetic acid Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.	2.73	3	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; reagent
phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.	6.18	10	1	benzenes; piperidines	anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug
trimethylolpropane [no description available]	2.11	1	0	primary alcohol
3-mercaptopropionic acid 3-Mercaptopropionic Acid: An inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase. It decreases the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID concentration in the brain, thereby causing convulsions.. 3-mercaptopropanoic acid : A mercaptopropanoic acid that is propanoic acid carrying a sulfanyl group at position 3.	1.96	1	0	mercaptopropanoic acid	algal metabolite
methylethyl ketone methylethyl ketone: solvent; colorless synthetic resins, smokeless powders; may be irritating to eyes, mucous membranes; may be toxic in high concentrations; structure. butanone : Any ketone that is butane substituted by an oxo group at unspecified position.. butan-2-one : A dialkyl ketone that is a four-carbon ketone carrying a single keto- group at position C-2.	2.03	1	0	butanone; dialkyl ketone; methyl ketone; volatile organic compound	bacterial metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
bisphenol a 4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.	4.9	1	1	bisphenol	endocrine disruptor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic; xenoestrogen
taurocholic acid Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.	1.96	1	0	amino sulfonic acid; bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
rhodamine b rhodamine B: RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7973; TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE was see RHODAMINES 1975-93; use RHODAMINES to search TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE 1975-93. rhodamine B : An organic chloride salt having N-[9-(2-carboxyphenyl)-6-(diethylamino)-3H-xanthen-3-ylidene]-N-ethylethanaminium as the counterion. An amphoteric dye commonly used as a fluorochrome.	2.11	1	0	organic chloride salt; xanthene dye	fluorescent probe; fluorochrome; histological dye
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	4.06	4	0	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
lawsone lawsone: a molluscacide from leaves of Lawsonia inermis L. topical sunscreening agent; structure; powdered leaves of Lawsonia inermis(Lythraceae) used as brown hair dye. lawsone : 1,4-Naphthoquinone carrying a hydroxy function at C-2. It is obtained from the leaves of Lawsonia inermis.	2.25	1	0
rotenone Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.	2.31	1	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; phytogenic insecticide; piscicide; toxin
dichlorodicyanobenzoquinone dichlorodicyanobenzoquinone: request from searcher	2.08	1	0
penicillin v Penicillin V: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.. phenoxymethylpenicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(phenoxyacetyl)amino side-chain.	2.05	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin
isosorbide dinitrate Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.	3.35	1	1	glucitol derivative; nitrate ester	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
2,6-xylidine 2,6-xylidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,6-dimethylaniline : A primary arylamine that is aniline in which the hydrogens at the 2- and 6-positions are replaced by methyl groups. It is used in the production of some anasthetics and other chemicals. It is a drug metabolite of lidocaine (local anasthetic).	2.01	1	0	dimethylaniline; primary arylamine	carcinogenic agent; drug metabolite
anthranilamide [no description available]	2.76	3	0	substituted aniline
picryl chloride Picryl Chloride: A hapten that generates suppressor cells capable of down-regulating the efferent phase of trinitrophenol-specific contact hypersensitivity. (Arthritis Rheum 1991 Feb;34(2):180).. 1-chloro-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene : The C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	2.45	2	0	C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes	allergen; epitope; explosive; hapten
salicylaldehyde o-hydroxybenzaldehyde: structure in first source	3.15	5	0	hydroxybenzaldehyde	nematicide; plant metabolite
aminacrine Aminacrine: A highly fluorescent anti-infective dye used clinically as a topical antiseptic and experimentally as a mutagen, due to its interaction with DNA. It is also used as an intracellular pH indicator.. 9-aminoacridine : An aminoacridine that is acridine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by an amino group. A fluorescent dyd and topical antiseptic agent, it is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) in eye drops for the treatment of superficial eye infections.	1.96	1	0	aminoacridines; primary amino compound	acid-base indicator; antiinfective agent; antiseptic drug; fluorescent dye; MALDI matrix material; mutagen
benzohydrol diphenylmethanol : A secondary alcohol that is diphenylmethane which carries a hydroxy group at position 1.	2.41	1	0	benzyl alcohols; secondary alcohol	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; rat metabolite
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.	6.6	15	1	mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene
quinoline [no description available]	2.77	3	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinolines
isatin tribulin: endogenous MONOAMINE OXIDASE inhibitory activity extractable into ethyl acetate found in brain and many mammalian tissues and fluids; ISATIN is a major component; produced in excess following alcohol withdrawal;	2.44	2	0	indoledione	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
2-naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine: A naphthalene derivative with carcinogenic action.. 2-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine carrying the amino group at position 2.	2.48	2	0	naphthylamine	carcinogenic agent
2-methylquinoline 2-methylquinoline: RN given refers to parent cpd. methylquinoline : Any member of the class of quinolines carrying at least one methyl substituent.. quinaldine : A quinoline compound in which the quinoline skeleton is substituted at C-2 with a methyl group.	2.25	1	0	quinolines
thenyldiamine thenyldiamine: structure	2.88	4	0	dialkylarylamine; tertiary amino compound
4-biphenylamine 4-biphenylamine: used in detection of sulfates, & as a carcinogen in cancer research; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. biphenyl-4-amine : An aminobiphenyl that is biphenyl substituted by an amino group at position 4.	1.97	1	0	aminobiphenyl	carcinogenic agent
xanthenes Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.	2.15	1	0	xanthene
benzothiazole benzothiazole: structure. benzothiazole : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is a fusion product between benzene and thiazole. The parent of the class of benzothiazoles.	2.48	2	0	benzothiazoles	environmental contaminant; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
4-butyrolactone 4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.03	1	0	butan-4-olide	metabolite; neurotoxin
soman Soman: An organophosphorus compound that inhibits cholinesterase. It causes seizures and has been used as a chemical warfare agent.	2.68	3	0	phosphonic ester
sulfosalicylic acid 5-sulfosalicylic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by a hydroxy at position C-2 and a sulfo group at C-5.	2.03	1	0	arenesulfonic acid; benzoic acids; phenols	metabolite
ethylene dimethacrylate ethylene glycol dimethacrylate : The enoate ester that is the 1,2-bis(methacryloyl) derivative of ethylene glycol.	2.25	1	0	enoate ester	allergen; cross-linking reagent; polymerisation monomer
acetophenone acetophenone : A methyl ketone that is acetone in which one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.	2.07	1	0	acetophenones	animal metabolite; photosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
isophthaloyl dichloride [no description available]	2.08	1	0
phenylhydroxylamine phenylhydroxylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. N-phenylhydroxylamine : An N-substituted amine that is a derivative of aniline in which one of the amino hydrogen atoms is replaced with a hydroxy substituent.	1.96	1	0	N-substituted amine
methylphenylsulfide thioanisole : An aryl sulfide that is thiophenol in which the hydrogen of the thiol group has been replaced by a methyl group.	2.41	1	0	aryl sulfide; benzenes
2-vinylpyridine [no description available]	1.95	1	0
2-ethylpyridine 2-ethylpyridine: RN given refers to compound with locant	2.36	2	0
quinuclidines Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group.	2.17	1	0	quinuclidines; saturated organic heterobicyclic parent
pyridostigmine bromide Pyridostigmine Bromide: A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than NEOSTIGMINE. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants.	4.44	7	0	pyridinium salt
4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate: used as a hardening agent incorporated in polyurethanes. diphenylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanate : A diisocyanate consisting of diphenylmethane with two isocyanate groups at the 4- and 4'-positions.	2.11	1	0	diisocyanate	allergen; hapten
2-benzylpyridine 2-benzylpyridine: an inducer of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450	1.95	1	0
triethanolamine triethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triethanolamine : A tertiary amino compound that is ammonia in which each of the hydrogens is substituted by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.	1.96	1	0	amino alcohol; tertiary amino compound; triol	buffer; surfactant
3-phenylpropanal 3-phenylpropanal : A benzene which is substituted by a 3-oxopropyl group at position 1.	2.21	1	0	aldehyde; benzenes	flavouring agent; plant metabolite
4-anisidine 4-anisidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. p-anisidine : A substituted aniline that is aniline in which the hydrogen para to the amino group has been replaced by a methoxy group. It is used as a reagent for the detection of oxidation products such as aldehydes and ketones in fats and oils.	2.06	1	0	methoxybenzenes; primary amino compound; substituted aniline	genotoxin; reagent
ethyl bromoacetate [no description available]	4.9	1	1
4-chloroaniline 4-chloroaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-chloroaniline : A chloroaniline in which the chloro atom is para to the aniline amino group.	2.06	1	0	chloroaniline; monochlorobenzenes
4-toluidine 4-toluidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. p-toluidine : An aminotoluene in which the amino substituent is para to the methyl group.	2.15	1	0	aminotoluene
4-phenylenediamine 4-phenylenediamine: agent hair dye responsible for contact dermatitis; RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,4-phenylenediamine : A phenylenediamine in which the amino functions are at positions 1 and 4 of the benzene nucleus.	2.25	1	0	phenylenediamine	allergen; dye; hapten; reagent
ethylene dibromide Ethylene Dibromide: An effective soil fumigant, insecticide, and nematocide. In humans, it causes severe burning of skin and irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract. Prolonged inhalation may cause liver necrosis. It is also used in gasoline. Members of this group have caused liver and lung cancers in rodents. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), 1,2-dibromoethane may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen.. 1,2-dibromoethane : A bromoalkane that is ethane carrying bromo substituents at positions 1 and 2. It is produced by marine algae.	2.25	1	0	bromoalkane; bromohydrocarbon	algal metabolite; carcinogenic agent; fumigant; marine metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen
acrolein [no description available]	2.52	2	0	enal	herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; toxin
glyoxal [no description available]	2.07	1	0	dialdehyde	agrochemical; allergen; pesticide; plant growth regulator
sarin Sarin: An organophosphorus ester compound that produces potent and irreversible inhibition of cholinesterase. It is toxic to the nervous system and is a chemical warfare agent.. isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate : A phosphinic ester that is the isopropyl ester of methylphosphonofluoridic acid.. sarin : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-sarin. A potent and irreversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase that is toxic to the nervous system and is employed as a chemical warfare agent.	2.13	1	0	fluorine molecular entity; phosphinic ester
succinic anhydride [no description available]	2.49	2	0	cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride; tetrahydrofurandione
2,6-lutidine 2,6-dimethylpyridine : A member of the class of methylpyridines that is pyridine carrying methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.	1.96	1	0	methylpyridines
4-methylpyridine 4-methylpyridine: structure in first source. 4-methylpyridine : A methylpyridine in which the methyl substituent is at position 4.	1.96	1	0	methylpyridine
cyclohexanol Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.	2.69	3	0	cyclohexanols; secondary alcohol	solvent
3-methylpyridine 3-methylpyridine : A methylpyridine that is pyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 3.	1.96	1	0	methylpyridine
2-methylpiperidine 2-methylpiperidine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0	piperidines
2-picoline 2-picoline: structure in first source. 2-methylpyridine : A methylpyridine carrying a methyl substituent at position 2.	2.36	2	0	methylpyridine
2-chloropyridine 2-chloropyridine: structure given in first source	1.95	1	0	monochloropyridine
2-aminopyrimidine pyrimidin-2-amine : An aminopyrimidine carrying an amino group at position 2.. aminopyrimidine : A member of the class of pyrimidines that is pyrimidine substituted by at least one amino group and its derivatives.	3.78	10	0	aminopyrimidine
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	16.62	165	11	pyrrole; secondary amine
thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.	7.38	32	0	mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
cyclohexene cyclohexene : A cycloalkene that is cylohexane with a single double bond.	2.01	1	0	cycloalkene
piperidine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	azacycloalkane; piperidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; secondary amine	base; catalyst; human metabolite; non-polar solvent; plant metabolite; protic solvent; reagent
1-hexanol 1-hexanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. hexanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of six carbon atoms.. hexan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is hexane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.	2.38	2	0	hexanol; primary alcohol	alarm pheromone; antibacterial agent; fragrance; plant metabolite
octylamine octylamine: RN given refers to 1-octylamine. octan-1-amine : An 8-carbon primary aliphatic amine.	1.99	1	0	primary aliphatic amine	metabolite
obidoxime chloride Obidoxime Chloride: Cholinesterase reactivator occurring in two interchangeable isomeric forms, syn and anti.	2.13	1	0
ambenonium chloride Ambenonium Chloride: A quaternary ammonium compound that is an inhibitor of cholinesterase activity with actions similar to those of NEOSTIGMINE, but of longer duration. Ambenonium is given by mouth in the treatment of myasthenia gravis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1112). ambenonium chloride : A symmetrical oxalamide-based bis-quaternary ammonium salt having ethyl and 2-chlorobenzyl groups attached to the nitrogens.	3.06	1	0	organic chloride salt; quaternary ammonium salt	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; neurotransmitter agent
chloranil Chloranil: A quinone fungicide used for treatment of seeds and foliage.. tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquiones that is 1,4-benzoquinone in which all four hydrogens are substituted by chlorines.	2.05	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; organochlorine compound	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; metabolite
framycetin Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.	2.66	3	0	aminoglycoside	allergen; antibacterial drug; Escherichia coli metabolite
n-methylpyrrolidine N-methylpyrrolidine: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
triethylamine [no description available]	1.98	1	0	tertiary amine
meglumine Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.	2.08	1	0	hexosamine; secondary amino compound
1-naphthylamine 1-Naphthylamine: A suspected industrial carcinogen (and listed as such by OSHA). Its N-hydroxy metabolite is strongly carcinogenic and mutagenic.. naphthylamine : A primary arylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at unspecified position.. 1-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at position 1.	2.74	3	0	naphthylamine	human xenobiotic metabolite
2-naphthol 2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.	5.22	3	1	naphthol	antinematodal drug; genotoxin; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
2-aminobenzothiazole [no description available]	2.48	2	0	benzothiazoles
benzyl cyanide benzyl cyanide: reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor	2.11	1	0	benzenes; nitrile	animal metabolite; pheromone
citronellol citronellol: alcohol form of citronellal; found in rose oil; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. citronellol : A monoterpenoid that is oct-6-ene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 3 and 7.. insect repellent : An insecticide that acts as a repellent to insects.	4.9	1	1	monoterpenoid	plant metabolite
2,6-diaminopyridine 2,6-diaminopyridine: structure in first source	2.88	4	0
2-hydroxypyridine hydroxypyridine : Any member of the class of pyridines with at least one hydroxy substituent.. pyridin-2-ol : A monohydroxypyridine that is pyridine substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.	3.4	7	0	monohydroxypyridine	plant metabolite
yohimbine Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.	4.74	31	0	methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
2-chloroadenosine 5-chloroformycin A: structure given in first source	2.4	2	0	purine nucleoside
diphenhydramine hydrochloride Antitussive Agents: Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.. diphenhydramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenhydramine.	2.7	3	0	hydrochloride; organoammonium salt	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; sedative
potassium cyanide [no description available]	4.9	1	1	cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; potassium salt	EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; neurotoxin
methohexital Methohexital: An intravenous anesthetic with a short duration of action that may be used for induction of anesthesia.. methohexital : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by allyl and 1-methylpent-2-ynyl groups.	1.97	1	0	acetylenic compound; barbiturates	drug allergen; intravenous anaesthetic
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	2.08	1	0	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
thiamine pyrophosphate Thiamine Pyrophosphate: The coenzyme form of Vitamin B1 present in many animal tissues. It is a required intermediate in the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX and the KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX.. thiamine(1+) diphosphate chloride : An organic chloride salt of thiamine(1+) diphosphate.	3.56	2	0	organic chloride salt; vitamin B1
quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	9.91	34	1	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines
acridines Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.	2.67	3	0	acridines; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	genotoxin
5-azaindole [no description available]	2.05	1	0
indazoles Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.	9.92	34	2	indazole
benzoxazoles 1,3-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.	3.86	11	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
adamantane Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.	4.31	5	0	adamantanes; polycyclic alkane
cyclopentane Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.	7.68	9	2	cycloalkane; cyclopentanes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	7.78	20	1	isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	4.2	5	0	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	12.44	75	2	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
pyrimidine pyrimidine : The parent compound of the pyrimidines; a diazine having the two nitrogens at the 1- and 3-positions.	2.25	1	0	diazine; pyrimidines	Daphnia magna metabolite
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	7.73	52	0	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
ephedrine Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.	3.06	1	0	phenethylamine alkaloid; phenylethanolamines	bacterial metabolite; environmental contaminant; nasal decongestant; plant metabolite; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
muscarine Muscarine: A toxic alkaloid found in Amanita muscaria (fly fungus) and other fungi of the Inocybe species. It is the first parasympathomimetic substance ever studied and causes profound parasympathetic activation that may end in convulsions and death. The specific antidote is atropine.	2.37	2	0	monosaccharide
hydrazine diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.	4.36	6	0	azane; hydrazines	EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
hemicholinium 3 Hemicholinium 3: A potent inhibitor of the high affinity uptake system for CHOLINE. It has less effect on the low affinity uptake system. Since choline is one of the components of ACETYLCHOLINE, treatment with hemicholinium can deplete acetylcholine from cholinergic terminals. Hemicholinium 3 is commonly used as a research tool in animal and in vitro experiments.	3.06	5	0
evans blue Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.	2.31	1	0	organic sodium salt	fluorochrome; histological dye; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
monocrotaline Monocrotaline: A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment.	2.05	1	0	pyrrolizidine alkaloid
aminophylline Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.	4.31	6	0	mixture	bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug
azacitidine Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.	9.66	12	2	N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent
phenyramidol phenyramidol: considered as a drug that possibly causes hepatotoxicity	1.93	1	0	aminopyridine
flurothyl Flurothyl: A convulsant primarily used in experimental animals. It was formerly used to induce convulsions as a alternative to electroshock therapy.	2.05	1	0	ether
galantamine Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.	2.36	2	0	benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent; benzazepine alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	antidote to curare poisoning; cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
aminoimidazole carboxamide Aminoimidazole Carboxamide: An imidazole derivative which is a metabolite of the antineoplastic agents BIC and DIC. By itself, or as the ribonucleotide, it is used as a condensation agent in the preparation of nucleosides and nucleotides. Compounded with orotic acid, it is used to treat liver diseases.. 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide : An aminoimidazole in which the amino group is at C-5 with a carboxamido group at C-4.	2.59	2	0	aminoimidazole; monocarboxylic acid amide	mouse metabolite
methysergide Methysergide: An ergot derivative that is a congener of LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE. It antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids. Methysergide is used prophylactically in migraine and other vascular headaches and to antagonize serotonin in the carcinoid syndrome.. methysergide : A synthetic ergot alkaloid, structurally related to the oxytocic agent methylergonovine and to the potent hallucinogen LSD and used prophylactically to reduce the frequency and intensity of severe vascular headaches.	2.38	2	0	ergoline alkaloid
cuprizone [no description available]	2.96	3	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
cyanoacetic acid cyanoacetic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyanoacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acetic acid bearing a cyano substituent.	2.07	1	0	monocarboxylic acid
2-fluoropyridine [no description available]	1.95	1	0
cyanamide Cyanamide: A cyanide compound which has been used as a fertilizer, defoliant and in many manufacturing processes. It often occurs as the calcium salt, sometimes also referred to as cyanamide. The citrated calcium salt is used in the treatment of alcoholism.. cyanamide : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by an amino group.	2.79	3	0	nitrile; one-carbon compound	EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor
lithocholic acid Lithocholic Acid: A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.. lithocholic acid : A monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid with a alpha-hydroxy substituent at position 3. It is a bile acid obtained from chenodeoxycholic acid by bacterial action.. lithocholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of lithocholic acid.	2.06	1	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
2-aminopurine 2-Aminopurine: A purine that is an isomer of ADENINE (6-aminopurine).. aminopurine : Any purine having at least one amino substituent.. 2-aminopurine : The parent compound of the 2-aminopurines, comprising a purine core carrying an amino substituent at the 2-position.	1.97	1	0	2-aminopurines; nucleobase analogue	antimetabolite
2,3-diaminopyridine diaminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by two amino groups.	4.21	17	0	aminopyridine
4-trifluoromethylaniline 4-trifluoromethylaniline : A substituted aniline that is a benzene ring substituted with an amino group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4.	2.02	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; substituted aniline	metabolite
coniine coniine: alkaloid isolated from Conium maculatum L.; properties as an analgesics, antineuralgic, & teratogen; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure	1.96	1	0
hydantoins Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.	2.84	3	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
fluorobenzenes Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.	6.98	27	1	monofluorobenzenes	NMR chemical shift reference compound
3-aminopyridine [no description available]	6.16	42	0
ketene ketene: structure. ketene : Carbonyl compounds where the C=O bond is conjugated to an alkylidene group.	1.94	1	0	ketene
methylguanidine Methylguanidine: A product of putrefaction. Poisonous.. methylguanidine : A guanidine in which one of the amino hydrogens of guanidine itself is substituted by a methyl group.	1.96	1	0	guanidines	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; metabolite; uremic toxin
chenodeoxycholic acid Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	2.05	1	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
fusarium Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.	2.99	4	0
indirubin [no description available]	2.21	1	0
cdta CDTA: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.97	1	0	organooxygen compound
bicuculline Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.	3.67	10	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines	agrochemical; central nervous system stimulant; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; GABAA receptor antagonist; neurotoxin
kainic acid Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.	3.4	7	0	dicarboxylic acid; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid	antinematodal drug; excitatory amino acid agonist
phenylpropanolamine Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.. phenylpropanolamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group. A decongestant and appetite suppressant, it is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.. (-)-norephedrine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a plant alkaloid.	4.27	4	1	amphetamines; phenethylamine alkaloid	plant metabolite
methaphenilene methaphenilene: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.66	3	0	benzenes
sodium carbonate sodium carbonate: used topically for dermatitides, mouthwash, vaginal douche; veterinary use as emergency emetic; RN given refers to carbonic acid, di-Na salt; structure	2.07	1	0	carbonate salt; organic sodium salt
isomaltose [no description available]	1.99	1	0
dipicolinic acid dipicolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid carrying two carboxy groups at positions 2 and 6.	1.97	1	0	pyridinedicarboxylic acid	bacterial metabolite
indophenol Indophenol: A deep blue dye (with the formula OC6H4NC6H4OH) used to detect AMMONIA in a common test called the Berthelot's reaction and to detect PARACETAMOL by spectrophotometry.. indophenol : A quinone imine obtained by formal condensation of one of the keto groups of benzoquinone with the amino group of 4-hydroxyaniline.	2.71	3	0	quinone imine	dye
thiazolidines Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.	2.83	3	0	thiazolidine
mustard gas Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed).. bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide : An ethyl sulfide that is diethyl sulfide in which a hydrogen from each of the terminal methyl groups is replaced by a chlorine. It is a powerful vesicant regulated under the Chemical Weapons Convention.	2.07	1	0	ethyl sulfide; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; vesicant
oleanolic acid [no description available]	2.41	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
noramidopyrine noramidopyrine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-(methylamino)antipyrine : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methylamino group. It is a metabolite of aminopyrine and of metamizole.	1.96	1	0	pyrazoles; secondary amino compound	antipyretic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; opioid analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug
hesperidin Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	5	2	1	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; flavanone glycoside; monomethoxyflavanone; rutinoside	mutagen
psilocybin Psilocybin: The major of two hallucinogenic components of Teonanacatl, the sacred mushroom of Mexico, the other component being psilocin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). psilocybin : A tryptamine alkaloid that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine carrying an additional phosphoryloxy substituent at position 4. The major hallucinogenic alkaloid isolated from Psilocybe mushrooms (also known as Teonanacatl or "magic mushrooms").	2.31	1	0	organic phosphate; tertiary amino compound; tryptamine alkaloid	fungal metabolite; hallucinogen; prodrug; serotonergic agonist
azomycin azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure	3.23	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles	antitubercular agent
cesium carbonate [no description available]	2.08	1	0
3-ethylpyridine 3-ethylpyridine: structure given in Merck	1.96	1	0	pyridines
methamphetamine Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.	2.99	4	0	amphetamines; secondary amine	central nervous system stimulant; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; psychotropic drug; xenobiotic
dicyclohexylcarbodiimide 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide : A carbodiimide compound having a cyclohexyl substituent on both nitrogen atoms.	2.92	4	0	carbodiimide	ATP synthase inhibitor; cross-linking reagent; peptide coupling reagent
uranyl acetate uranyl acetate: used after fixation in uranaffin procedure; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	4.1	3	0	dialdehyde	biomarker
myristic acid Myristic Acid: A saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occurring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils. It is used to synthesize flavor and as an ingredient in soaps and cosmetics. (From Dorland, 28th ed). tetradecanoic acid : A straight-chain, fourteen-carbon, long-chain saturated fatty acid mostly found in milk fat.. tetradecanoate : A long-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of myristic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	3.17	1	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	2.8	3	0	arenesulfonic acid; C-nitro compound	epitope; explosive; reagent
lucanthone hydrochloride Schistosomicides: Agents that act systemically to kill adult schistosomes.	2.01	1	0
nicotinic acid hydrazide nicotinic acid hydrazide: structural homolog of isoniazid; structure given in first source	1.95	1	0
trimesic acid trimesic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid : A tricarboxylic acid that consists of benzene substituted by carboxy groups at positions 1, 3 and 5.	2.13	1	0	benzoic acids; tricarboxylic acid
thallium acetate thallium acetate: RN given refers to Tl(+1) salt. thallium(I) acetate : An acetate salt comprising equal numbers of acetate and thallium ions.	2.66	3	0	acetate salt; thallium molecular entity	apoptosis inducer; neurotoxin
malachite green malachite green: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. malachite green : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of malachite green cation. Used as a green-coloured dye, as a counter-stain in histology, and for its anti-fungal properties in aquaculture.	2.13	1	0	organic chloride salt	antibacterial agent; antifungal drug; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; fluorochrome; histological dye; teratogenic agent
congo red Congo Red: An acid dye used in testing for hydrochloric acid in gastric contents. It is also used histologically to test for AMYLOIDOSIS.. Congo Red : An indicator dye that is blue-violet at pH 3.0 and red at pH 5.0.	2.08	1	0	bis(azo) compound
3-hydroxyflavone 3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.	4.9	1	1	flavonols; monohydroxyflavone
8-aminoquinoline [no description available]	2.8	3	0
6-aminoquinoline [no description available]	2.25	1	0
1,2-Dihydroquinolin-2-imine [no description available]	2.73	3	0	aminoquinoline
diphenylamine Diphenylamine: In humans it may be irritating to mucous membranes. Methemoglobinemia has been produced experimentally. In veterinary use, it is one of active ingredients in topical agents for prevention and treatment of screwworm infestation. An indicator in tests for nitrate poisoning.. diphenylamine : An aromatic amine containing two phenyl substituents. It has been used as a fungicide for the treatment of superficial scald in apples and pears, but is no longer approved for this purpose within the European Union.	5.58	4	1	aromatic amine; bridged diphenyl fungicide; secondary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical; antioxidant; carotogenesis inhibitor; EC 1.3.99.29 [phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming)] inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
levulinic acid levulinic acid: inhibits 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5316. 4-oxopentanoic acid : An oxopentanoic acid with the oxo group in the 4-position.	1.96	1	0	oxopentanoic acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	plant metabolite
2,2-dimethylbutyric acid 2,2-dimethylbutyric acid: structure given in first source; plasma metabolite of simvastatin. 2,2-dimethylbutyric acid : A branched-chain fatty acid and metabolite of the lactone prodrug simvastatin, whose sodium salt is potentially useful for the treatment of thalassaemias and haemoglobinopathies.	2.13	1	0	dimethylbutyric acid	metabolite
glycopyrrolate Glycopyrrolate: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in some disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, and to reduce salivation with some anesthetics.. glycopyrronium bromide : A quaternary ammonium salt composed of 3-{[cyclopentyl(hydroxy)phenylacetyl]oxy}-1,1-dimethylpyrrolidin-1-ium and bromide ions in a 1:1 ratio.	4.89	2	1	organic bromide salt; quaternary ammonium salt
2-cyanophenol 2-cyanophenol: structure in first source	2.07	1	0	benzenes; nitrile
5-aminoquinoline [no description available]	2.25	1	0
n-methyl-n-nitrosoaniline N-methyl-N-nitrosoaniline: structure	1.96	1	0
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	4.7	6	1	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
chorismic acid Chorismic Acid: A cyclohexadiene carboxylic acid derived from SHIKIMIC ACID and a precursor for the biosynthesis of UBIQUINONE and the AROMATIC AMINO ACIDS.. chorismic acid : The (3R,4R)-stereoisomer of 5-[(1-carboxyethenyl)oxy]-6-hydroxycyclohexa-1,3-diene-1-carboxylic acid.	2.05	1	0	5-[(1-carboxyethenyl)oxy]-6-hydroxycyclohexa-1,3-diene-1-carboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-methylpiperidine N-methylpiperidine: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
c.i. 42510 Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.	2.13	1	0
benzydamine Benzydamine: A benzyl-indazole having analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects. It is used to reduce post-surgical and post-traumatic pain and edema and to promote healing. It is also used topically in treatment of RHEUMATIC DISEASES and INFLAMMATION of the mouth and throat.. benzydamine : A member of the class of indazoles carrying benzyl and 3-(dimethylamino)propyl groups at positions 1 and 3 respectively. A locally-acting nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that also exhibits local anaesthetic and analgesic properties.	1.95	1	0	aromatic ether; indazoles; tertiary amino compound	analgesic; central nervous system stimulant; hallucinogen; local anaesthetic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	3.89	2	1	cyclic ketone; erythromycin
tetracyanoethylene tetracyanoethene: structure in first source	2.47	2	0
diketene [no description available]	1.94	1	0
2-piperidone 2-piperidone: structure given in first source. piperidin-2-one : A delta-lactam that is piperidine which is substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.45	2	0	delta-lactam; piperidones	EC 1.2.1.88 (L-glutamate gamma-semialdehyde dehydrogenase) inhibitor
2-methylimidazole [no description available]	2.11	1	0
pyridine n-oxide pyridine N-oxide: RN given refers to parent cpd. pyridine N-oxide : The pyridine N-oxide derived from the parent pyridine. It is a drug metabolite of the antihypertensive agent pinacidil.	3.17	5	0	pyridine N-oxides	drug metabolite
2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde 2-hydroxynaphthaldehyde: structure in first source. 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde : A member of the class of naphthaldehydes that is naphthalene-1-carbaldehyde substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. Active core of sirtinol (CHEBI:73158).	2.44	2	0	naphthaldehydes; naphthols
levonorgestrel Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.	3.5	1	1	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	contraceptive drug; female contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
8-hydroxy-2-methylquinoline 8-hydroxy-2-methylquinoline: structure in first source	2.15	1	0	hydroxyquinoline
4-aminobenzonitrile [no description available]	2.05	1	0
2-cyclohexen-1-one 2-cyclohexen-1-one: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd with specified locant for double bond. cyclohexenone : The parent compound of the cyclohexenones, composed of cyclohexanone having one double bond in the ring.. cyclohex-2-enone : A cyclohexenone having its C=C double bond at the 2-position.	2.11	1	0	cyclohexenone
2-aminobenzimidazole 2-aminobenzimidazole: metabolite of benomyl; RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-aminobenzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is benzimidazole in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by an amino group.	2.76	3	0	benzimidazoles	marine xenobiotic metabolite
deoxycytidine [no description available]	8.12	17	1	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde 2-pyrrolecarboxaldehyde: structure in first source. pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde : A pyrrole carrying a formyl substituent at the 2-position.	1.98	1	0	1,3-thiazole-2-carbaldehyde; pyrroles
2-phenylpyridine 2-phenylpyridine: structure given in first source	1.95	1	0
n-nitrosodiethanolamine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	nitroso compound
4-dimethylaminopyridine 4-dimethylaminopyridine: catalyst for acetylation of hydroxy cpds; structure	4.05	15	0	dialkylarylamine; tertiary amino compound
tetramethylpyrazine tetramethylpyrazine: found in Ligusticum chuanxiong. tetramethylpyrazine : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine in which all four hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups. An alkaloid extracted from Chuanxiong (Ligusticum wallichii).	1.98	1	0	alkaloid; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
durapatite Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).	1.98	1	0
sodium hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2	1	0	alkali metal hydroxide
arsenic trioxide Arsenic Trioxide: An inorganic compound with the chemical formula As2O3 that is used for the treatment of ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA in patients who have relapsed from, or are resistant to, conventional drug therapy.	4	3	0
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	2.05	1	0	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
pregnenolone carbonitrile Pregnenolone Carbonitrile: A catatoxic steroid and microsomal enzyme inducer having significant effects on the induction of cytochrome P450. It has also demonstrated the potential for protective capability against acetaminophen-induced liver damage.	1.97	1	0	aliphatic nitrile
2-amino-3-methylpyridine 2-amino-3-methylpyridine: structure in first source	2.92	4	0
tetrachloroisophthalonitrile tetrachloroisophthalonitrile: structure. chlorothalonil : A dinitrile that is benzene-1,3-dicarbonitrile substituted by four chloro groups. A non-systemic fungicide first introduced in the 1960s, it is used to control a range of diseases in a wide variety of crops.	2.75	3	0	aromatic fungicide; dinitrile; tetrachlorobenzene	antifungal agrochemical
paraquat Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.	2.25	1	0	organic cation	geroprotector; herbicide
s,n,n'-tripropylthiocarbamate Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.. vernolate : A monounsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of vernolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	4.33	18	0	tertiary amine
tetrabutylammonium tetrabutylammonium: lipophilic probe; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.4	2	0	quaternary ammonium ion
2-tert-butylhydroquinone 2-tert-butylhydroquinone: an anticarcinogenic and chemopreventive agent. 2-tert-butylhydroquinone : A member of the class of hydroquinones in which one of the ring hydrogens of hydroquinone is replaced by a tert-butyl group.	2.13	1	0	hydroquinones	food antioxidant
dronabinol Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.	2.5	2	0	benzochromene; diterpenoid; phytocannabinoid; polyketide	cannabinoid receptor agonist; epitope; hallucinogen; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic
amiloride Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.	2.9	4	0	aromatic amine; guanidines; organochlorine compound; pyrazines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
thioflavin t thioflavin T: RN given refers to chloride; structure. thioflavine T : An organic chloride salt having 2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-3,6-dimethyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium as the counterion. It is widely used to visualise and quantify the presence of amyloids, both in vitro and in vivo.	2.11	1	0	organic chloride salt	fluorochrome; geroprotector; histological dye
flupenthixol Flupenthixol: A thioxanthene neuroleptic that, unlike CHLORPROMAZINE, is claimed to have CNS-activating properties. It is used in the treatment of psychoses although not in excited or manic patients. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p595). flupenthixol : A thioxanthene derivative having a trifluoromethyl substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)propylidene group at the 10-position with undefined double bond stereochemistry.	2.08	1	0	thioxanthenes
fucose Fucose: A six-member ring deoxysugar with the chemical formula C6H12O5. It lacks a hydroxyl group on the carbon at position 6 of the molecule.. L-fucopyranose : The pyranose form of L-fucose.. fucose : Any deoxygalactose that is deoxygenated at the 6-position.	3.1	5	0	fucopyranose; L-fucose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
tetrapentylammonium tetrapentylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
2,4-dichloro-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid 2,4-dichloro-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid: used in the manufacture of furosemide; occupational asthma and rhinitis was observed in workers from a lasamide production line	2.06	1	0
4-amino-2-hydroxytoluene 4-amino-2-hydroxytoluene: an ingredient in oxidative hair coloring products; structure in first source	2.25	1	0
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.	2.13	1	0	fluorescein isothiocyanate
dithianone dithianone: structure. dithianon : A naphthodithiin that is 5,10-dioxo-5,10-dihydronaphtho[2,3-b][1,4]dithiin which is substituted by nitrile groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a broad spectrum fungicide used to control scab, downy mildew, rust, and leaf spot in the commercial growing of grapes and other fruit, citrus, coffee, and vegetables.	2.11	1	0	dinitrile; naphthodithiin; p-quinones	antifungal agrochemical
sabinene sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.	2.25	1	0	thujene	plant metabolite
mannose mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.	3.61	9	0	D-aldohexose; D-mannose; mannopyranose	metabolite
dithiothreitol 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.	5.57	5	1	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol; butanediols; dithiol; glycol; thiol	chelator; human metabolite; reducing agent
cyclazocine Cyclazocine: An analgesic with mixed narcotic agonist-antagonist properties.	1.97	1	0
streptomycin [no description available]	2.68	3	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; antibiotic fungicide; streptomycins	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; antimicrobial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
carbonates Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.	2.76	3	0	carbon oxoanion
9-benzyladenine [no description available]	1.97	1	0
cladribine [no description available]	6.16	2	1	organochlorine compound; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent
n-hydroxypiperidine [no description available]	1.96	1	0
buthionine sulfoximine Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.	2.21	1	0	diastereoisomeric mixture; homocysteines; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide	EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer
5,6-dihydroxytryptamine 5,6-Dihydroxytryptamine: Tryptamine substituted with two hydroxyl groups in positions 5 and 6. It is a neurotoxic serotonin analog that destroys serotonergic neurons preferentially and is used in neuropharmacologic research.	2.06	1	0
iprindole Iprindole: A tricyclic antidepressant that has actions and uses similar to those of AMITRIPTYLINE, but has only weak antimuscarinic and sedative effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p257)	1.96	1	0	indoles
iodinated glycerol iodinated glycerol: secretolytic agent; RN given refers to cpd without iodine locant	3.14	1	0	dioxolane
n-methylaspartate N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.	3.79	11	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; D-alpha-amino acid; D-aspartic acid derivative; secondary amino compound	neurotransmitter agent
2-benzylaminopyridine [no description available]	1.95	1	0
iridium Iridium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22.	2.82	3	0	cobalt group element atom; platinum group metal atom
lanthanum [no description available]	4.56	8	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom; scandium group element atom
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	5.6	24	0	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
mercury Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.	2.46	2	0	elemental mercury; zinc group element atom	neurotoxin
molybdenum Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.	2.76	3	0	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
palladium Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.	8.29	6	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
platinum Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.	6.59	5	2	elemental platinum; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
rhodium Rhodium: A hard and rare metal of the platinum group, atomic number 45, atomic weight 102.905, symbol Rh.. rhodium atom : A cobalt group element atom of atomic number 45.	2.53	2	0	cobalt group element atom
ruthenium Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.	5.76	6	1	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	5.45	4	1	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
terbium Terbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tb, atomic number 65, and atomic weight 158.92.	2.15	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	4.9	1	1	titanium group element atom
argon Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used.	2.03	1	0	monoatomic argon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom	food packaging gas; neuroprotective agent
cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.	4.17	17	0	cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom
chromium Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.	2.03	1	0	chromium group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
gadolinium Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	2.11	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	2.58	2	0	copper group element atom; elemental gold
uranium Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors.	2.36	2	0	actinoid atom; f-block element atom; monoatomic uranium
vanadium Vanadium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs.	3.09	5	0	elemental vanadium; vanadium group element atom	micronutrient
zirconium Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.	2.02	1	0	titanium group element atom
cupric chloride cupric chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. copper(II) chloride : An inorganic chloride of copper in which the metal is in the +2 oxidation state.	2.13	1	0	copper molecular entity; inorganic chloride	EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor
magnesium sulfate Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.	1.96	1	0	magnesium salt; metal sulfate; organic magnesium salt	anaesthetic; analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; fertilizer; tocolytic agent
acetylglucosamine Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine : An N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.	3.1	5	0	N-acetyl-D-glucosamine	epitope
galactosamine 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.	1.96	1	0	D-galactosamine; primary amino compound	toxin
cesium chloride cesium chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. caesium chloride : The inorganic chloride salt of caesium; each caesium ion is coordinated by eight chlorine ions.	3.07	5	0	inorganic caesium salt; inorganic chloride	phase-transfer catalyst; vasoconstrictor agent
camptothecin NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source	5.53	4	1	delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; quinoline alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; genotoxin; plant metabolite
ferric chloride ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents	2.11	1	0	iron coordination entity	astringent; Lewis acid
nickel chloride nickel chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-Cl2. nickel dichloride : A compound of nickel and chloride in which the ratio of nickel (in the +2 oxidation state) to chloride is 1:2.	2.41	2	0	nickel coordination entity	calcium channel blocker; hapten
sodium pyrophosphate sodium pyrophosphate: RN refers to diphosphoric acid, tetra-Na salt; structure. sodium diphosphate : An inorganic sodium salt comprised of a diphosphate(4-) anion and four sodium(1+) cations. More commonly known as tetrasodium pyrophosphate, it finds much use in the food industry as an emulsifier and in dental hygiene as a calcium-chelating salt.	2.31	1	0	inorganic sodium salt	chelator; food emulsifier; food thickening agent
phosphine phosphane : The simplest phosphine, consisting of a single phosphorus atom with three hydrogens attached.. phosphine : Phosphane (PH3) and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups: RPH2, R2PH, R3P (R =/= H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary phosphines, respectively. A specific phosphine is preferably named as a substituted phosphane.	2.25	1	0	mononuclear parent hydride; phosphanes; phosphine	carcinogenic agent; fumigant insecticide
zinc sulfate Zinc Sulfate: A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995). zinc sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.	2.04	1	0	metal sulfate; zinc molecular entity	fertilizer
tungstate [no description available]	2.48	2	0	divalent inorganic anion; tungsten oxoanion
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	3.53	8	0	dihydrogen
silver chloride [no description available]	2.31	1	0	inorganic chloride; silver salt
deuterium oxide Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.	1.97	1	0	deuterated compound; water	NMR solvent
molybdate ion molybdate : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from molybdic acid	2.48	2	0	divalent inorganic anion; molybdenum oxoanion	Escherichia coli metabolite
ethinyl estradiol-norgestrel combination Ethinyl Estradiol-Norgestrel Combination: ETHINYL ESTRADIOL and NORGESTREL given in fixed proportions.	3.5	1	1
galactose aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.	2.06	1	0
ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.	5.1	2	1	elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer
aluminum sulfate aluminium sulfate (anhydrous) : An aluminium sulfate that contains no water of crystallisation.	2.04	1	0	aluminium sulfate
cadmium chloride Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.	2.69	3	0	cadmium coordination entity
barium chloride barium chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. barium chloride : The inorganic dichloride salt of barium.	3.23	6	0	barium salt; inorganic chloride	potassium channel blocker
trolamine salicylate Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	3.77	3	0
tetrazepam tetrazepam: structure	3.77	2	1	benzodiazepine
chloropyramine chloropyramine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.95	1	0	aminopyridine
carbendazim carbendazim: carcinogen when combined with sodium nitrite; principle metabolite of thiophanate methyl & benomyl; structure. carbendazim : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 2-aminobenzimidazole in which the primary amino group is substituted by a methoxycarbonyl group. A fungicide, carbendazim controls Ascomycetes, Fungi Imperfecti, and Basidiomycetes on a wide variety of crops, including bananas, cereals, cotton, fruits, grapes, mushrooms, ornamentals, peanuts, sugarbeet, soybeans, tobacco, and vegetables.	2.49	2	0	benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	antifungal agrochemical; antinematodal drug; metabolite; microtubule-destabilising agent
ammonium chloride Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.	1.97	1	0	ammonium salt; inorganic chloride	ferroptosis inhibitor
misonidazole Misonidazole: A nitroimidazole that sensitizes normally radio-resistant hypoxic cells to radiation. It may also be directly cytotoxic to hypoxic cells and has been proposed as an antineoplastic.	3.59	1	1
tiletamine hydrochloride Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	2.11	1	0
etorphine Etorphine: A narcotic analgesic morphinan used as a sedative in veterinary practice.	1.97	1	0
selegiline Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.	2.61	2	0	selegiline; terminal acetylenic compound	geroprotector
levamisole Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.	3.1	1	0	6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole	antinematodal drug; antirheumatic drug; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; immunological adjuvant; immunomodulator
clemastine Clemastine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as the hydrogen fumarate in hay fever, rhinitis, allergic skin conditions, and pruritus. It causes drowsiness.. clemastine : 2-[(2R)-1-Methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group is substituted by a 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-phenylethyl group (R configuration). An antihistamine with antimuscarinic and moderate sedative properties, it is used as its fumarate salt for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions such as rhinitis, urticaria, conjunctivitis and in pruritic (severe itching) skin conditions.	1.95	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpyrrolidine	anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
cromolyn sodium Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized MAST CELLS. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.. disodium cromoglycate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of cromoglycic acid.	3.87	12	0	organic sodium salt	anti-asthmatic drug; drug allergen
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	2.9	4	0	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
2-amino-3-hydroxypyridine [no description available]	4.61	7	0	aminopyridine; monohydroxypyridine
fluorides [no description available]	2.02	1	0	halide anion; monoatomic fluorine
metergoline Metergoline: A dopamine agonist and serotonin antagonist. It has been used similarly to BROMOCRIPTINE as a dopamine agonist and also for MIGRAINE DISORDERS therapy.. metergoline : An ergoline alkaloid that is the N-benzyloxycarbonyl derivative of lysergamine. A 5-HT2 antagonist. Also 5-HT1 antagonist and 5-HT1D ligand. Has moderate affinity for 5-HT6 and high affinity for 5-HT7.	2.01	1	0	carbamate ester; ergoline alkaloid	dopamine agonist; geroprotector; serotonergic antagonist
1-deoxynojirimycin 1-deoxy-nojirimycin: structure in first source. duvoglustat : An optically active form of 2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol having 2R,3R,4R,5S-configuration.	2.1	1	0	2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol; piperidine alkaloid	anti-HIV agent; anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
iodine [no description available]	2.78	3	0	halide anion; monoatomic iodine	human metabolite
daunorubicin Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.	7.39	12	0	aminoglycoside antibiotic; anthracycline; p-quinones; tetracenequinones	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
razoxane Razoxane: An antimitotic agent with immunosuppressive properties.	1.96	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine
phosphotyrosine Phosphotyrosine: An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.. O(4)-phospho-L-tyrosine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-tyrosine phosphorylated at the phenolic hydroxy group.	2.05	1	0	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; O(4)-phosphotyrosine	Escherichia coli metabolite; immunogen
bromocriptine Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.	1.97	1	0	indole alkaloid	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; hormone antagonist
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	12.51	37	17	benzenes; phenyl acetates
pyrrolidine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	azacycloalkane; pyrrolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
triamcinolone Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.	3.21	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
ursodeoxycholic acid Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	4.19	2	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
1,4-diaminoanthraquinone [no description available]	2.25	1	0
metipranolol Metipranolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist effective for both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors. It is used as an antiarrhythmic, antihypertensive, and antiglaucoma agent.. metipranolol : 3-(Propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is substituted by a 4-acetoxy-2,3,5-trimethylphenoxy group. A non-cardioselective beta-blocker, it is used to lower intra-ocular pressure in the management of open-angle glaucoma.	2.03	1	0	acetate ester; aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist
4-methoxyamphetamine 4-methoxyamphetamine: para-methoxy derivative to amphetamine with hallucinogenic properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search AMPHETAMINES (75-86); RN given refers to parent compound without isomeric designation	4.89	2	1
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.	2.37	2	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; adenyl ribonucleotide; organobromine compound	antidepressant; protein kinase agonist
transferrin Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.	2.4	2	0
androstane-3,17-diol Androstane-3,17-diol: The unspecified form of the steroid, normally a major metabolite of TESTOSTERONE with androgenic activity. It has been implicated as a regulator of gonadotropin secretion.	1.96	1	0	17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid
alkenes [no description available]	3.62	8	0
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	5.31	17	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
torpedo Torpedo: A genus of the Torpedinidae family consisting of several species. Members of this family have powerful electric organs and are commonly called electric rays.	5.08	8	0
azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.	2.94	4	0	pseudohalide anion	mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.	1.96	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
tramadol Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.. tramadol : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol. A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, used (as the hydrochloride salt) to treat moderately severe pain. The (R,R)-enantiomer exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. Originally developed by Gruenenthal GmbH and launched in 1977, it was subsequently isolated from the root bark of the South African tree Nauclea latifolia.. (R,R)-tramadol : A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have R-configuration; the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer.	7.75	12	5	2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antitussive; capsaicin receptor antagonist; delta-opioid receptor agonist; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; muscarinic antagonist; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; opioid analgesic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
gallium citrate [no description available]	4.9	1	1
nigericin Nigericin: A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nigericin : A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus.	1.96	1	0	polycyclic ether	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore
zidovudine Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.	2.52	2	0	azide; pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
acetylgalactosamine Acetylgalactosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of galactosamine.	2.72	3	0	N-acetyl-D-hexosamine; N-acetylgalactosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
5,7-dihydroxytryptamine 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine: Tryptamine substituted with two hydroxyl groups in positions 5 and 7. It is a neurotoxic serotonin analog that destroys serotonergic neurons preferentially and is used in neuropharmacology as a tool.	2.7	3	0
sisomicin Sisomicin: Antibiotic produced by Micromonospora inyoensis. It is closely related to gentamicin C1A, one of the components of the gentamicin complex (GENTAMICINS).	2.41	2	0	amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside antibiotic; beta-L-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative
tobramycin Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.	2.25	1	0	amino cyclitol glycoside	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; toxin
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	11.16	19	6	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
etoposide [no description available]	7.29	9	1	beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
substance p [no description available]	2.39	2	0	peptide	neurokinin-1 receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
dobutamine Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.	7.52	22	0	catecholamine; secondary amine	beta-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
trimazosin trimazosin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.05	1	0	N-arylpiperazine
iprodione iprodione : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione in which the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by an N-(isopropyl)carboxamide group while that at position 3 is substituted by a 3,5-dichlorophenyl group. A contact fungicide, it blocks the growth of the fungal mycelium and inhibits the germination of fungal spores. It is used on fruit and vegetable crops affected by various fungal diseases. It is also used as a nematicide.	2.59	2	0	benzenes; dichlorophenyl dicarboximide fungicide; imidazole fungicide; imidazolidine-2,4-dione; ureas	antifungal agrochemical; nematicide
ribavirin Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename	2.6	1	0	1-ribosyltriazole; aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems.	2.38	2	0	butyrate ester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
sq-11725 Nadolol: A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for MIGRAINE DISORDERS and for tremor.. nadolol : Nadolol is a diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of the four possible 2,3-cis-isomers of 5-[3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,3-diol.	1.96	1	0
diltiazem Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.	3.58	9	0	5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
vecuronium bromide Vecuronium Bromide: Monoquaternary homolog of PANCURONIUM. A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with shorter duration of action than pancuronium. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination as well as its short duration of action and easy reversibility provide advantages over, or alternatives to, other established neuromuscular blocking agents.. vecuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidinino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.	2.36	2	0	organic bromide salt; quaternary ammonium salt	muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent; nicotinic antagonist
vx VX nerve agent : A organic thiophosphate that is the ethyl ester of S-{2-[di(propan-2-yl)amino]ethyl} O hydrogen methylphosphonothioate. A toxic nerve agent used in chemical warfare.	2.13	1	0	organic thiophosphate; tertiary amino compound	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; neurotoxin
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.	2.04	1	0	alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
7-amino-1-naphthol 7-amino-1-naphthol: structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
pirfenidone pirfenidone : A pyridone that is 2-pyridone substituted at positions 1 and 5 by phenyl and methyl groups respectively. An anti-inflammatory drug used for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.	2.15	1	0	pyridone	antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid [no description available]	2.44	2	0	chromanol; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger; Wnt signalling inhibitor
impromidine Impromidine: A highly potent and specific histamine H2 receptor agonist. It has been used diagnostically as a gastric secretion indicator.	3.35	1	1
prenalterol Prenalterol: A partial adrenergic agonist with functional beta 1-receptor specificity and inotropic effect. It is effective in the treatment of acute CARDIAC FAILURE, postmyocardial infarction low-output syndrome, SHOCK, and reducing ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION in the SHY-RAGER SYNDROME.	5.97	9	0	aromatic ether
meobentine meobentine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source	1.96	1	0	methoxybenzenes
enkephalin, methionine Enkephalin, Methionine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from LEU-ENKEPHALIN by the amino acid METHIONINE in position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.	2.36	2	0
idarubicin Idarubicin: An orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. The compound has shown activity against BREAST NEOPLASMS; LYMPHOMA; and LEUKEMIA.	2.15	1	0	anthracycline antibiotic; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative
propiconazole Orbit: Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.	2.55	2	0	conazole fungicide; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; triazole fungicide; triazoles	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
n-cyano-n'-(1,1-dimethylpropyl)-n''-(3-pyridinyl)guanidine N-cyano-N'-(1,1-dimethylpropyl)-N''-(3-pyridinyl)guanidine: potassium channel opener	1.99	1	0	pyridines
paroxetine Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.	2.72	3	0	aromatic ether; benzodioxoles; organofluorine compound; piperidines	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; hepatotoxic agent; P450 inhibitor; serotonin uptake inhibitor
captopril Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.	5.16	6	0	alkanethiol; L-proline derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
progabide progabide: GABA agonist; structure	1.97	1	0	diarylmethane
moxalactam Moxalactam: Broad- spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic similar in structure to the CEPHALOSPORINS except for the substitution of an oxaazabicyclo moiety for the thiaazabicyclo moiety of certain CEPHALOSPORINS. It has been proposed especially for the meningitides because it passes the blood-brain barrier and for anaerobic infections.. moxalactam : A broad-spectrum oxacephem antibiotic in which the oxazine ring is substituted with a tetrazolylthiomethyl group and the azetidinone ring carries methoxy and 2-carboxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido substituents.	1.96	1	0	cephalosporin; oxacephem	antibacterial drug
nicorandil Nicorandil: A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.. nicorandil : A pyrimidinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(nitrooxy)ethyl group. It has both nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator properties, and is used for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris.	3.35	7	0	nitrate ester; pyridinecarboxamide	potassium channel opener; vasodilator agent
colforsin Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.	4.61	26	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triol	adenylate cyclase agonist; anti-HIV agent; antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protein kinase A agonist
glu-p-2 Glu-P-2: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.95	1	0	imidazopyridine
pipecuronium Pipecuronium: A piperazinyl androstane derivative which is a non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent (NEUROMUSCULAR NONDEPOLARIZING AGENTS). It is used as a muscle relaxant during ANESTHESIA and surgical procedures.	1.96	1	0	steroid ester
octenidine [no description available]	2.89	4	0	dihydropyridine
fomesafen fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.	3.99	14	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; organofluorine compound; phenols	agrochemical; EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
miglustat miglustat: a glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor. miglustat : A hydroxypiperidine that is deoxynojirimycin in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a butyl group.	2.1	1	0	piperidines; tertiary amino compound	anti-HIV agent; EC 2.4.1.80 (ceramide glucosyltransferase) inhibitor
alifedrine alifedrine: inotropic cpd; structure given in first source	3.06	1	0
fenticonazole fenticonazole: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd. fenticonazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fenticonazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) for the treatment of vaginal candidiasis.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-{[4-(phenylsulfanyl)benzyl]oxy}ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that carries a 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-{[4-(phenylsulfanyl)benzyl]oxy}ethyl group at position 1.	2.31	1	0	aryl sulfide; dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles
flupirtine flupirtine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	17.03	254	48	aminopyridine
2-amino-3-methylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline 2-amino-3-methylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline: mutagen found in broiled food; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source; frequently abbreviated as IQ in the literature. 3-methyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinolin-2-amine : An imidazoquinoline that is 3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoline substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and an amino group at position 2.	2.71	3	0	imidazoquinoline	carcinogenic agent
milacemide milacemide: ampakine activity at AMPA Receptors; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
denzimol denzimol: structure in first source	1.97	1	0
enoximone Enoximone: A selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with vasodilating and positive inotropic activity that does not cause changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. It is used in patients with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE.	6.15	11	0	aromatic ketone
levocabastine levocabastine: for the temporary relief of the signs and symptoms of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis	1.97	1	0	piperidines
simvastatin Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.	4.45	4	1	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; statin (semi-synthetic)	EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; prodrug
idazoxan Idazoxan: A benzodioxane-linked imidazole that has alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity.. idazoxan : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 has been replaced by a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group.	2.67	3	0	benzodioxine; imidazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist
quinpirole Quinpirole: A dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist.. quinpirole : A pyrazoloquinoline that is (4aR,8aR)-4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a,9-octahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-g]quinoline substituted by a propyl group at position 5. It acts as a dopamine agonist.	2.7	3	0	pyrazoloquinoline	dopamine agonist
atomoxetine hydrochloride Atomoxetine Hydrochloride: A propylamine derivative and selective ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER.. atomoxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of atomoxetine.	2.48	2	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant
n-methyl-n-(1-methyl-4-pyrrolidino-2-butynyl)acetamide N-methyl-N-(1-methyl-4-pyrrolidino-2-butynyl)acetamide: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	4.45	1	1	N-alkylpyrrolidine
piroximone piroximone: structure in first source	4.49	4	0
itraconazole Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.	7.34	6	2	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; N-arylpiperazine; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
imazodan imazodan: RN & structure given in first source;	1.96	1	0
salmeterol xinafoate Salmeterol Xinafoate: A selective ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTOR agonist that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR when administered by inhalation. It is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.	9.48	11	3	naphthoic acid
eticlopride eticlopride: blocks dopamine-D2 binding sites; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (S)-isomer	1.99	1	0	salicylamides
flesinoxan [no description available]	2.03	1	0
pemirolast pemirolast: RN from Toxlit; structure given in first source; antiallergic drug	2.03	1	0	pyridopyrimidine
aromasil [no description available]	8.92	5	3	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sparfloxacin [no description available]	2.44	2	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone
tebufelone tebufelone: structure given in first source	3.36	1	1
gemcitabine gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.	7.98	14	1	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
aripiprazole Aripiprazole: A piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent. It is a partial agonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT1A and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS, where it also functions as a post-synaptic antagonist, and an antagonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT2A. It is used for the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER, and as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of depression.. aripiprazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders.	2.02	1	0	aromatic ether; delta-lactam; dichlorobenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone	drug metabolite; H1-receptor antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic agonist
lamivudine [no description available]	4.9	1	1	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; oxacycle; primary alcohol	allergen; anti-HBV agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; prodrug
l 697639 L 697639: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
irinotecan [no description available]	2.79	3	0	carbamate ester; delta-lactone; N-acylpiperidine; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; ring assembly; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; prodrug
ly 178210 LY 178210: 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor agonist; structure given in first source; LY 228729 is the (-)-isomer; LY 228730 is the (+)-isomer	2	1	0
atevirdine atevirdine: inhibits replication of HIV-1; U 87201E is the methanesulfonate salt	1.98	1	0
ziprasidone ziprasidone: a benzisothiazoylpiperazine derivative; has combined dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist activity; structurally related to tiospirone. ziprasidone : A piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms.	2.02	1	0	1,2-benzisothiazole; indolones; organochlorine compound; piperazines	antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; psychotropic drug; serotonergic antagonist
simendan Simendan: A hydrazone and pyridazine derivative; the levo-form is a phosphodiesterase III inhibitor, calcium-sensitizing agent, and inotropic agent that is used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE.	2.11	1	0
emtricitabine Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.	4.9	1	1	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidone	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
capecitabine Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.	5.06	4	2	carbamate ester; cytidines; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	6.1	39	0	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
n-butyllithium [no description available]	2.08	1	0
vanadates Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.	1.96	1	0	trivalent inorganic anion; vanadium oxoanion	EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine: RN given refers to (alpha)-isomer; a serotonin agonist that interferes with Meth A tumor growth in mice by selective vasoconstrictive action	2.01	1	0
2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxaline 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxaline: strong mutagen found in broiled foods; structure given in first source. MeIQx : An imidazoquinoxaline that is 3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline substituted at positions 3 and 8 by methyl groups and at position 2 by an amino group. A mutagenic compound found in cooked beef.	2.05	1	0	aromatic amine; imidazoquinoxaline	carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; Maillard reaction product; mutagen
acridine orange Acridine Orange: A cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms.. acridine orange : Fluorescent dye useful for cell cycle determination. It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions respectively.. acridine orange free base : A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine carrying two dimethylamino substituents at positions 3 and 6. The hydrochloride salt is the fluorescent dye 'acridine orange', used for cell cycle determination.	2.21	1	0	aminoacridines; aromatic amine; tertiary amino compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
benzylaminopurine benzylaminopurine: a plant growth regulator. N-benzyladenine : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group is replaced by a benzyl group.	1.97	1	0	6-aminopurines	cytokinin; plant metabolite
trifluoromethanesulfonic acid trifluoromethanesulfonic acid: deblocking reagent for peptide synthesis; RN given refers to parent cpd. triflic acid : A one-carbon compound that is methanesulfonic acid in which the hydrogens attached to the methyl carbon have been replaced by fluorines.	2.08	1	0	one-carbon compound; perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid
isothiocyanic acid [no description available]	2.25	1	0	hydracid; one-carbon compound
tenocyclidine tenocyclidine : A tertiary amino compound that consists of cyclohexane having piperidin-1-yl and thiophen-2-yl groups attached at position 1. A dissociative anaesthetic drug with halluccinogenic and stimulant effects. Its effects are similar to those of phencyclidine (PCP, an analogue with the thienyl group replaced by phenyl), but it is rather more potent.	1.97	1	0	piperidines; tertiary amino compound; thiophenes	central nervous system stimulant; hallucinogen; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
venlafaxine hydrochloride Venlafaxine Hydrochloride: A cyclohexanol and phenylethylamine derivative that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.	2.43	2	0	hydrochloride
trazodone hydrochloride Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.	2.11	1	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
trovafloxacin trovafloxacin: a trifluoronaphthyridone derivative of 7-(3-azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexyl)naphthyridone; has antineoplastic activity. trovafloxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and 6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively. A broad-spectrum antibiotic that was withdrawn from the market due to risk of liver failure.	2.41	1	0
efavirenz efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.	5.29	3	1	acetylenic compound; benzoxazine; cyclopropanes; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
rolofylline rolofylline: selective antagonist for adenosine receptors; a cardiovascular agent	2.08	1	0	oxopurine
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	3.5	2	0	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
norharman norharman: RN given refers to parent cpd. beta-carboline : The parent compound of the beta-carbolines, a tricyclic structure comprising an indole ring system ortho- fused to C-3 and C-4 of a pyridine ring.	2.36	2	0	beta-carbolines; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent	fungal metabolite; marine metabolite
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	2.31	1	0	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
l-697661 L-697661: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor	1.98	1	0
emivirine emivirine: a non-nucleoside inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. emivirine : A pyrimidone that is uracil which is substituted at positions 1, 5 and 6 by ethoxymethyl, isopropyl, and benzyl groups, respectively. A non-nucleoside inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, emivirine was an unsuccessful experimental agent for the treatment of HIV.	2.02	1	0	pyrimidone	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
plerixafor plerixafor: a bicyclam derivate, highly potent & selective inhibitor of HIV-1 & HIV-2. plerixafor : An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma.	3.92	3	0	azacycloalkane; azamacrocycle; benzenes; crown amine; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anti-HIV agent; antineoplastic agent; C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 antagonist; immunological adjuvant
5-methylcytosine 5-Methylcytosine: A methylated nucleotide base found in eukaryotic DNA. In ANIMALS, the DNA METHYLATION of CYTOSINE to form 5-methylcytosine is found primarily in the palindromic sequence CpG. In PLANTS, the methylated sequence is CpNpGp, where N can be any base.. 5-methylcytosine : A pyrimidine that is a derivative of cytosine, having a methyl group at the 5-position.	1.99	1	0	methylcytosine; pyrimidines	human metabolite
epigallocatechin gallate epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.	2.08	1	0	flavans; gallate ester; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
ethyl acetimidate ethyl acetimidate: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
2,4-diaminoquinazoline [no description available]	2.1	1	0
phosphoramidic acid phosphoramidic acid: urease inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; do not confuse with phosphoramidites, which are organophosphorus compounds	2.21	1	0	phosphoric acid derivative
2',3'-dideoxyuridine [no description available]	2.21	1	0	pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside
metaperiodate Periodic Acid: A strong oxidizing agent.	1.99	1	0	iodine oxoacid
neocuproine neocuproine: Spectrophotometric determination of copper and ultramicro blood sugar determinations; structure; RN given refers to parent cpd. neocuproine : A member of the class of phenanthrolines that is 1,10-phenanthroline bearing two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 9.	2.1	1	0	phenanthrolines	chelator; copper chelator
3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine 5'phosphate 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine 5'phosphate: inhibits thymidylate kinase	2.06	1	0
glucose-1-phosphate glucose-1-phosphate: RN given refers to (alpha-D-Glc)-isomer. alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate : A D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate in which the anomeric centre has alpha-configuration.	2.05	1	0	D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate
cephalosporin c cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.	2.69	3	0	cephalosporin	fungal metabolite
oxalyl chloride [no description available]	2.01	1	0
motapizone motapizone: structure given in first source	2	1	0
anpirtoline anpirtoline: structure given in first source	2.71	3	0	aryl sulfide
pirtenidine pirtenidine: effective for the control of plaque & gingivitis; structure given in first source	3.07	5	0
dexfenfluramine Dexfenfluramine: The S-isomer of FENFLURAMINE. It is a serotonin agonist and is used as an anorectic. Unlike fenfluramine, it does not possess any catecholamine agonist activity.. (S)-fenfluramine : The S-enantiomer of fenfluramine. It stimulates the release of serotonin and selectively inhibits its reuptake, but unlike fenfluramine it does not possess catecholamine agonist activity. It was formerly given by mouth as the hydrochloride in the treatment of obesity, but, like fenfluramine, was withdrawn wolrdwide following reports of valvular heart defects.	2.71	3	0	fenfluramine	appetite depressant; serotonergic agonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
chloranilic acid chloranilic acid: structure	2.1	1	0
salicylhydroxamic acid [no description available]	2.02	1	0	hydroxamic acid; phenols	antibacterial drug; EC 1.11.2.2 (myeloperoxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor; trypanocidal drug
benzeneboronic acid [no description available]	2.03	1	0	boronic acids
4-fluorobenzylamine [no description available]	2.6	1	0
2,4-diaminopyrimidine 2,6-diaminopyrimidine: structure in first source. pyrimidine-2,4-diamine : An aminopyrimidine in which a pyrimidine nucleus is substituted with amino groups at C-2 and C-4.	2.25	1	0	aminopyrimidine
1,7-phenanthroline [no description available]	3.52	7	0	phenanthroline
1h-imidazo(4,5-b)pyridine 1H-imidazo(4,5-b)pyridine: structure given in first source. 4-azabenzimidazole : The [4,5-b]-fused isomer of imidazopyridine.	2.21	1	0	imidazopyridine
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	13.25	43	10	1,2,3-triazole
1h-tetrazole tetrazole : An azaarene that is a five-membered ring composed of 4 nitrogen and 1 carbon atom.. 2H-tetrazole : A tetrazole tautomer where the proton is located on the 2 position.	2.03	1	0	one-carbon compound; tetrazole
4-fluorobenzaldehyde [no description available]	2.15	1	0
2,4-diaminopyridine 4-amino-2-iminopyridine: structure in first source	3.76	11	0	diaminopyridine
formamidine formamidine: RN given refers to parent compound. formamidine : The smallest member of the class of carboxamidines being formic acid with the O and OH groups from the carboxy function replaced by NH and NH2 groups respectively. The parent of the class of formamidines.	2.02	1	0	carboxamidine; formamidines; one-carbon compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
guanidinoethane sulfonate [no description available]	1.97	1	0	guanidines; organosulfonic acid; zwitterion
4-aminoquinoline [no description available]	3.51	2	0
ibopamine ibopamine: structure given in UD 31;67a & in 2nd source	1.96	1	0	benzoate ester; phenols
medetomidine Medetomidine: An agonist of RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 that is used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and sedative properties. It is the racemate of DEXMEDETOMIDINE.	2.08	1	0	imidazoles
fluorodeoxyglucose f18 Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)	6.95	11	2	2-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose; 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
sertraline Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.	2	1	0	dichlorobenzene; secondary amino compound; tetralins	antidepressant; serotonin uptake inhibitor
zoledronic acid Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.	2.25	1	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); imidazoles	bone density conservation agent
talinolol [no description available]	1.96	1	0	ureas
mesulergine mesulergine: RN given refers to parent cpd; CU 32-085 is synonymous to mono-HCl; metabolized into dopaminergic agonists; structure given in first source. mesulergine : A member of the class of ergot alkaloids that is known to act on serotonin and dopamine receptors.	2.44	2	0	ergot alkaloid; sulfamides	antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; serotonergic antagonist
4-aminopyrimidine [no description available]	2.69	3	0	aminopyrimidine
9-methyladenine 9-methyladenine : Adenine substituted with a methyl group at position N-9.	1.97	1	0	methyladenine	metabolite
1-(4-pyridyl)piperazine 1-(4-pyridyl)piperazine: structure in first source	2.25	1	0
6-methoxypurine 6-methoxypurine: structure in first source	1.97	1	0
morpholinopropane sulfonic acid 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid : A Good's buffer substance, pKa = 7.2 at 20 degreeC.	1.97	1	0	MOPS; morpholines; organosulfonic acid
n-methylscopolamine N-Methylscopolamine: A muscarinic antagonist used to study binding characteristics of muscarinic cholinergic receptors.	1.96	1	0
cromakalim Cromakalim: A potassium-channel opening vasodilator that has been investigated in the management of hypertension. It has also been tried in patients with asthma. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p352)	2.66	3	0
lazabemide lazabemide: structure given in first source	2.17	1	0
uk 68798 [no description available]	2.06	1	0	aromatic ether; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; potassium channel blocker
masoprocol Masoprocol: A potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. The compound also inhibits formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase to a lesser extent. It also serves as an antioxidant in fats and oils.. masoprocol : The meso-form of nordihydroguaiaretic acid. An antioxidant found in the creosote bush, Larrea divaricata, it is a potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. It also inhibits (though to a lesser extent) formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase.	2.37	2	0	nordihydroguaiaretic acid	antineoplastic agent; hypoglycemic agent; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite
7-methyladenine 7-methyladenine: potential marker for monitoring exposure to methylatingcarcinogens. 7-methyladenine : Adenine substituted with a methyl group at position N-7.	1.97	1	0	methyladenine	metabolite
voriconazole Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.	3.01	4	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; pyrimidines; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	P450 inhibitor
buquineran buquineran: cardiac stimulant; structure	3.06	1	0
carbazeran carbazeran: structure given in first source	3.06	1	0
1-aminoisoquinoline [no description available]	3.12	5	0
oxazolidin-2-one Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.	3.21	1	0	carbamate ester; oxazolidinone	metabolite
5-bromocytosine [no description available]	2.25	1	0
4-aminopyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidine 4-aminopyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidine: adenine analog which suppresses growth of E coli & Bacillus cereus; inhibits cell growth & purine biosynthesis in rat hepatoma	1.97	1	0
4-pyrrolidinopyridine [no description available]	1.96	1	0
2-(2-aminoethyl)pyridine 2-(2-aminoethyl)pyridine: histamine H1 receptor agonist inducing cross-tolerance to histamine; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.96	1	0	aminoalkylpyridine; primary amine	histamine agonist; metabolite
1-benzylpiperidine 1-benzylpiperidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.07	1	0
2-amino-5-nitropyridine [no description available]	2.98	4	0
ribose-5-phosphate ribose-5-phosphate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.96	1	0	D-ribose 5-phosphate
rosiglitazone [no description available]	2.76	3	0	aminopyridine; thiazolidinediones	EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; insulin-sensitizing drug
2-aminopyrazine [no description available]	2.75	3	0	pyrazines
imidazo(1,2-a)pyridine imidazo(1,2-a)pyridine: structure	2.1	1	0
3-methylpiperidine 3-methylpiperidine: structure in first source	1.96	1	0
cyclopropanecarboxamide cyclopropylcarboxamide : Carboxamides RC(=O)NR'R'' where R is a cyclopropyl group.	2.11	1	0	cyclopropylcarboxamide
2-methyl-3-nitro-4-methoxymethyl-5-cyano-6-oxypyridine 2-methyl-3-nitro-4-methoxymethyl-5-cyano-6-oxypyridine: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
4-amino-2-methylquinoline 4-amino-2-methylquinoline: used to induce miniature endplate potentials	2.25	1	0
2-aminoimidazole 2-aminoimidazole: from catabolism of arginine	2.1	1	0
s20098 [no description available]	3.91	4	0	acetamides
biocytin biocytin : A monocarboxylic acid amide that results from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of biotin with the N(6)-amino group of L-lysine.	2.17	1	0	azabicycloalkane; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-lysine derivative; monocarboxylic acid amide; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thiabicycloalkane; ureas	mouse metabolite
clarithromycin Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.	2.47	2	0	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; protein synthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic
4-aminoquinazoline 4-aminoquinazoline: structure in first source	1.97	1	0
tebuconazole Lynx: A genus in the family FELIDAE comprising felines with long legs, ear tufts, and a short tail.. 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)pentan-3-ol : A tertiary alcohol that is pentan-3-ol substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl, methyl, methyl, and a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl at positions 1, 4, 4 and 3 respectively.. tebuconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tebuconazole. A fungicide effective against various smut and bunt diseases in cereals and other field crops.	2.54	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; tertiary alcohol; triazoles
cyprodinil cyprodinil: structure in first source. cyprodinil : A member of the class of aminopyrimidine that is N-phenylpyrimidin-2-amine carrying additional cyclopropyl and methyl substituents at positions 4 and 6 respectively. A broad spectrum fungicide used to control a range of pathogens including Tapesia yallundae, Botrytis spp., Alternaria spp. and Rhynchospium secalis. Whilst it is a recognised irritant no serious human health concerns have been identified. It is moderately toxic to birds as well as most aquatic organisms and earthworms, but it is not considered toxic to honeybees.	2.17	1	0	aminopyrimidine; anilinopyrimidine fungicide; cyclopropanes; secondary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical; aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
fludioxonil fludioxonil: structure in first source. fludioxonil : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxole substituted at position 4 by a 3-cyanopyrrol-4-yl group. A fungicide seed treatment for control of a range of diseases including Fusarium, Rhizoctonia and Alternaria.	2.59	2	0	benzodioxoles; nitrile; organofluorine compound; pyrroles	androgen antagonist; antifungal agrochemical; estrogen receptor agonist
2-(2-aminoethyl)thiazole 2-(2-aminoethyl)thiazole: receptor H1 agonist; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0	1,3-thiazoles
2-ethyl-8-methyl-2,8-diazaspiro(4,5)decane-1,3-dione 2-ethyl-8-methyl-2,8-diazaspiro(4,5)decane-1,3-dione: RN given refers to parent cpd	4.45	1	1
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	7.71	19	1	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	2.13	1	0	iditol	fungal metabolite
homocysteine Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.	2.38	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine; serine family amino acid	fundamental metabolite; mouse metabolite
alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate: do not confuse with beta,gamma-methylene ATP; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.37	2	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
tolclofos-methyl tolclofos-methyl: a fungicide used in the cultivation of cotton, sugar beets, and ornamental plants. tolclofos-methyl : An organic thiophosphate that is 2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group group has been replaced by a dimethoxyphosphorothioyl group. Tolclofos-methyl is a phospholipid biosynthesis inhibitor and fungicide that is used for controlling soil-borne diseases caused by Typhula incarnata, Corticium rolfsii, Typhula ishikariensis, and Rhizoctonia solani.	2.17	1	0	dichlorobenzene; organic thiophosphate	antifungal agrochemical
fluazinam fluazinam: structure given in first source. fluazinam : A member of the class of aminopyridines that is 2-amino-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-chloro-2,6-dinitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group. A fungicide used to control grey mould, downy mildew and other fungal pathogens.	4.87	31	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aminopyridine; C-nitro compound; chloropyridine; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	allergen; antifungal agrochemical; apoptosis inducer; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
fluoromisonidazole [no description available]	3.59	1	1
melanotan-ii melanotan-II: synthetic cyclic heptapeptide, an analog of alpha-melanotropin (4,10); capable of stimulating melanin synthesis & promoting rapid tanning of skin; currently in trials for use in the prevention of sunlight-induced skin cancer	2.04	1	0	organic molecular entity
glucuronic acid Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.	4.13	3	1	D-glucuronic acid	algal metabolite
benzothiazoline [no description available]	2.08	1	0
hydroxybenzindazole hydroxybenzindazole: structure	2.06	1	0
2,5-dihydroxypyridine pyridine-2,5-diol : A dihydroxypyridine that is pyridine substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 5.	4.9	1	1	dihydroxypyridine	mouse metabolite
enkephalinamide-met, ala(2)- enkephalinamide-Met, Ala(2)-: synthetic enkephalin analog;	1.96	1	0
n-succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate N-succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate: heterobifunctional reagent	1.96	1	0
2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionitrile 2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionitrile: a selective estrogen receptor beta agonist or modulator. also called DPN compound. 2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionitrile : A nitrile that is acetonitrile in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a 4-hydroxyphenyl group while a second hydrogen is replaced by a 4-hydroxybenzyl group. It is a specific agonist for estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta).	2.11	1	0	nitrile; phenols	estrogen receptor agonist
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	4.69	29	0	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
p-methoxy-n-methylphenethylamine p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine: A potent mast cell degranulator. It is involved in histamine release.. N,O-dimethyltyramine : A secondary amino compound that is tyramine in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.	2.66	3	0	aromatic ether; secondary amino compound	metabolite
fulvestrant Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.	17.5	81	31	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid: amino acid sequence of basic unit of widespread cellular recognition system	3.13	1	0	oligopeptide
vitamin b 6 Vitamin B 6: VITAMIN B 6 refers to several PICOLINES (especially PYRIDOXINE; PYRIDOXAL; & PYRIDOXAMINE) that are efficiently converted by the body to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, and aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into PYRIDOXAMINE phosphate. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990). Most of vitamin B6 is eventually degraded to PYRIDOXIC ACID and excreted in the urine.	2.05	1	0
1,4-dihydropyridine [no description available]	1.97	1	0
bosentan anhydrous Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.	2.25	1	0	primary alcohol; pyrimidines; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
bicuculline methiodide [no description available]	2.37	2	0
norverapamil norverapamil: N-demethylated active metabolite of verapamil; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure in second source. norverapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-norverapamil. The major active metabolite of verapamil.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A secondary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	1.96	1	0	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; secondary amino compound
fpl 55712 FPL 55712: inhibitor of SRS-A and LTC4 and LTD4 receptors	1.96	1	0	aromatic ketone
cyanates Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).	2.11	1	0
u 69593 U 69593: selective ligand for opioid K-receptor. U69593 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of phenylacetic acid and the secodary amino group of (5R,7S,8S)-N-methyl-7-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-oxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-amine.	2.11	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; N-alkylpyrrolidine; organic heterobicyclic compound; oxaspiro compound	anti-inflammatory agent; diuretic; kappa-opioid receptor agonist
cgp 35348 CGP 35348: antagonizes both GABA-A and GABA-B receptors	1.98	1	0
4,4',6-trimethylangelicin 4,4',6-trimethylangelicin: new monofunctional furocoumarin; potential agent for photochemotherapy of psoriasis; capable of photoreacting with DNA to a large extent forming only monoadducts; produces singlet oxygen to an insignificant extent; structure given in first source	2.53	2	0	furanocoumarin
racecadotril racecadotril: parenterally active enkephalinase inhibitor	2.07	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
gr 127935 GR 127935: a 5-HT 1D receptor antagonist. GR 127935 : A member of the class of benzamides obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2'-methyl-4'-(5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid and the anilino group of 4-methoxy-3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)aniline. Potent and selective 5-HT1B/1D receptor antagonist (pKi values are 8.5 for both guinea pig 5-HT1D and rat 5-HT1B receptors). Displays > 100-fold selectivity over 5HT1A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C receptors and other receptor types. Centrally active following oral administration.	2.94	4	0	1,2,4-oxadiazole; benzamides; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
afdx 116 otenzepad: cardioselective muscarinic receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0	benzodiazepine
fingolimod hydrochloride Fingolimod Hydrochloride: A sphingosine-derivative and IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT that blocks the migration and homing of LYMPHOCYTES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM through its action on SPHINGOSINE 1-PHOSPHATE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.. fingolimod hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of 2-amino-2-[2-(4-octylphenyl) ethyl]-1,3-propanediol (fingolimod).	2.69	2	0	hydrochloride	immunosuppressive agent; prodrug; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
6-chloro-2-(1-piperazinyl)pyrazine [no description available]	3.67	9	0	N-arylpiperazine
5-methoxy 3-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-4-pyridinyl)1h indole [no description available]	2.92	4	0	indoles
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.	1.97	1	0	2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; bronchoconstrictor agent; hematologic agent; vasodilator agent
ci 988 PD 134308: selective cholecystokinin type B receptor antagonist; inhibits growth of LoVo, a human colon cancer cell line; structure given in first source	2.08	1	0
deoxyglucose Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.	2.39	2	0
tadalafil [no description available]	3.14	4	0	benzodioxoles; pyrazinopyridoindole	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
thromboxanes thromboxane : A class of oxygenated oxane derivatives, originally derived from prostaglandin precursors in platelets, that stimulate aggregation of platelets and constriction of blood vessels.	1.96	1	0
way 100135 WAY 100135: a selective antagonist at presynaptic & postsynaptic 5-HT(1A) receptors; structure given in first source	2.42	2	0	piperazines
brassinolide brassinolide: plant growth promoting steroidal lactone from rape pollen; RN given refers to (2alpha,3alpha,5alpha,22R,23R,24S)-isomer; structure in first source	2.05	1	0	22-hydroxy steroid; 23-hydroxy steroid; 2alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; brassinosteroid	plant growth stimulator; plant hormone
tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine: water-soluble reagent which irreversibly reduces disulfides to thiols at room temperature & is active below neutral pH; used for quantitation of iodine and iodate. TCEP : A tertiary phosphine in which phosphane is substituted with three 2-carboxyethyl groups. It is a commonly used reducing agent.	4.9	1	1	phosphine derivative; tricarboxylic acid	reducing agent
ah 6809 6-isopropoxy-9-oxoxanthene-2-carboxylic acid: structure given in UD	2.31	1	0	xanthones
pramipexole Pramipexole: A benzothiazole derivative and dopamine agonist with antioxidant properties that is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. pramipexole : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 6-pro-S-positions are substituted by amino and propylamino groups, respectively.	2.08	1	0	benzothiazoles; diamine	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; radical scavenger
mosapride 4-amino-5-chloro-2-ethoxy-N-({4-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]morpholin-2-yl}methyl)benzamide : A benzamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-ethoxybenzoic acid with the amino group of 1-[4-(4-fluorobenzyl)morpholin-2-yl]methanamine.	2.45	2	0	aromatic ether; benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; morpholines; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound
ezogabine ezogabine: structure in first source. ezogabine : A substituted aniline that is benzene-1,2,4-triamine bearing ethoxycarbonyl and 4-fluorobenzyl substituents at positions N-1 and N-4 respectively. An anticonvulsant used to treat seizures associated with epilepsy in adults.	6.66	21	0	carbamate ester; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	anticonvulsant; potassium channel modulator
pn 202-791 PN 202-791: (+)-isomer is calcium channel agonist; (-)-isomer is calcium channel blocker; RN given refers to (S)-isomer	1.97	1	0	benzoxadiazole; isopropyl ester
saclofen saclofen: GABA-A receptor antagonist	1.98	1	0	organochlorine compound
piperaquine piperaquine : An aminoquinoline that is 1,3-di(piperazin-1-yl)propane in which the nitrogen at position 4 of each of the piperazine moieties is replaced by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group.	2.25	1	0	aminoquinoline; N-arylpiperazine; organochlorine compound	antimalarial
ud cg 212 cl UD CG 212 Cl: pimobendan metabolite; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
imatinib mesylate imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.	6.99	15	1	methanesulfonate salt	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
gefitinib [no description available]	4.78	9	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; morpholines; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
n(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-n-methylcarboxamidoadenosine N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine: structure given in first source; a selective A(3) adenosine receptor agonist. 3-iodobenzyl-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and one of the hydrogens of the exocyclic amino function is substituted by a 3-iodobenzyl group.	2.05	1	0	adenosines; monocarboxylic acid amide; organoiodine compound	adenosine A3 receptor agonist
phenylalanyl-leucyl-phenylalanyl-glutaminyl-prolyl-glutaminyl-arginyl-phenylalaninamide phenylalanyl-leucyl-phenylalanyl-glutaminyl-prolyl-glutaminyl-arginyl-phenylalaninamide: endogenous opioid antagonist octapeptide from bovine brain	2	1	0
2-chloro-n(6)cyclopentyladenosine 2-chloro-N(6)cyclopentyladenosine: highly selective agonist at A1 adenosine receptors	2.25	1	0
cgp 28392 CGP 28392: partial calcium channel agonist; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0	aromatic ether
1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone 1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone: structure given in first source. 1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)hexan-1-one : A differentiation-inducing factor that is hexaphenone bearing two chloro substituents at positions 3 and 5, two hydroxy substituents at positions 2 and 6 as well as a single methoxy substituent at position 4. A secreted, chlorinated molecule that controls cell fate during development of Dictyostelium cells.	1.97	1	0	dichlorobenzene; differentiation-inducing factor; monomethoxybenzene; resorcinols	eukaryotic metabolite; signalling molecule
rmi 12330a RMI 12330A: adenyl cyclase inhibitor in rat liver; RN given refers to (cis)-isomer; NM refers to HCl, (cis)-isomer; structure	2.37	2	0
n-acetylneuraminoyllactose 3'-sialyllactose: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
e 64 E 64: cysteine protease inhibitor of microbial origin, which inhibits cathepsin B (EC 3.4.22.1) and cathepsin L (EC 3.4.22.-)	2.17	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoamide; epoxy monocarboxylic acid; guanidines; L-leucine derivative; zwitterion	antimalarial; antiparasitic agent; protease inhibitor
cp 93129 3-(1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyrid-4-yl)pyrrolo(3,2-b)pyrid-5-one: serotonin agonist; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	pyrrolopyridine
desloratadine desloratadine: major metabolite of loratadine. desloratadine : Loratadine in which the ethoxycarbonyl group attached to the piperidine ring is replaced by hydrogen. The major metabolite of loratidine, desloratadine is an antihistamine which is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and chronic urticaria. It does not readily enter the central nervous system, so does not cause drowsiness.	2.1	1	0	benzocycloheptapyridine	anti-allergic agent; cholinergic antagonist; drug metabolite; H1-receptor antagonist
garenoxacin garenoxacin: a des-fluoro(6) quinolone with antibacterial activity. garenoxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid that is substituted by a cyclopropyl group at position 1, an oxo group at position 4, a (1R)-1-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-5-yl group at position 7, and a difluoromethoxy group at position 8.	3.58	2	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; isoindoles; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ly 206130 LY 206130: a serotonin 5-HT1A antagonist	1.99	1	0
glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate: do not confuse with phosphatidylinositols which have fatty acids esterified at the C-1 and C-2 hydroxyl groups of glycerol	2.07	1	0
sb 200646 N-(1-methyl-5-indolyl)-N'-(3-pyridyl)urea: structure given in first source; a selective 5-HT(1C) receptor antagonist; SB-200646 is the HCl salt	2.04	1	0	indoles
methotrexate [no description available]	8.61	10	7	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
cgp 361a isamoltane: structure given in first source	2.06	1	0
iodobolpyramine iodobolpyramine: probe for histamine H1 receptors; ligand of Bolton-Hunter reagent & mepyramine analog; labeled with (125)I; structure given in first source	2.66	3	0
3-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-4-hydroxy-n-(4-(4-pyridinyl)phenyl)benzamide 3-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-4-hydroxy-N-(4-(4-pyridinyl)phenyl)benzamide: a 5-HT(1D) receptor antagonist; RN given refers to HCl salt	2.1	1	0
nz 107 NZ 107: structure given in first source; LTB4, LTC4 and LTD4 antagonist;	1.98	1	0
tyrosyl-leucyl-n-methylphenylalanyl-glutaminyl-prolyl-glutaminyl-arginyl-phenylalaninamide tyrosyl-leucyl-N-methylphenylalanyl-glutaminyl-prolyl-glutaminyl-arginyl-phenylalaninamide: exerts effect similar to opiate agonists on intestinal myoelectrical activity & on nociception in rats	2	1	0
cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (505-511) cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (505-511): synthetic peptide deduced from the sequence corresponding to positions 505 to 511 of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator	2.51	2	0
omega-n-methylarginine omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.	2.41	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; arginine derivative; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
4-azidobenzylcarazolol [no description available]	2.6	1	0
l 741626 3-(4-(4-chlorophenyl-4-hydroxypiperidino)methyl)indole: structure in first source	2.15	1	0	piperidines
carbapenems [no description available]	4.9	1	1
pomalidomide 3-aminophthalimidoglutarimide: structure in first source	3.31	1	0	aromatic amine; dicarboximide; isoindoles; piperidones	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; immunomodulator
xylose xylopyranose: structure in first source	2.41	2	0	D-xylose
beta-lactams 2-azetidinone: structure in first source. azetidin-2-one : An unsubstituted beta-lactam compound.. beta-lactam : A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.	4.9	1	1	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; beta-lactam
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	8.43	9	3	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lf 14 LF 14: affects mammalian non-myelinated nerve fibers; structure given in first source	3.06	5	0
10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin 10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin: structure in first source. pralatrexate : A pteridine that is the N-4-[1-(2,4-diaminopteridin-6-yl)pent-4-yn-2-yl]benzoyl derivative of L-glutamic acid. Used for treatment of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma, an aggressive form of non-Hodgkins lymphoma.	3.31	1	0	N-acyl-L-glutamic acid; pteridines; terminal acetylenic compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
docetaxel anhydrous Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.	4.58	4	1	secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent
perifosine [no description available]	2.54	2	0	ammonium betaine; phospholipid	EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
peptide elongation factor 2 Peptide Elongation Factor 2: Peptide Elongation Factor 2 catalyzes the translocation of peptidyl-tRNA from the A site to the P site of eukaryotic ribosomes by a process linked to the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP.	2.13	1	0
levofloxacin Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.	3.59	8	0	9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
cox 189 lumiracoxib: a COX-2 inhibitor. lumiracoxib : An amino acid that is phenylacetic acid which is substituted at position 2 by the nitrogen of 2-chloro-6-fluoroaniline and at position 5 by a methyl group. A highly selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it was briefly used for the treatment of osteoarthritis, but was withdrawn due to concersns of hepatotoxicity.	2.06	1	0	amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cilomilast [no description available]	8.16	28	0	methoxybenzenes
vatalanib [no description available]	2.31	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; phthalazines; pyridines; secondary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
6-o-galactopyranosylgalactose 6-O-galactopyranosylgalactose: RN refers to (beta-D)-isomer	2	1	0
n-acetylglucopyranosylamine N-acetylglucopyranosylamine: structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
4-aminopyridine methiodide [no description available]	3.11	5	0
moxifloxacin Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.	4.41	4	1	aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; pyrrolidinopiperidine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug
rp 73401 piclamilast: an antiasthmatic agent and phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor; structure in first source. piclamilast : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-(cyclopentyloxy)-4-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of 3,5-dichloropyridin-4-amine.	4.55	7	0	aromatic ether; benzamides; chloropyridine; monocarboxylic acid amide	anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
cyanopindolol [no description available]	2.01	1	0	indoles
spinosin spinosin: isolated from seeds of Ziziph spinosa; structure given in first source. spinosin : A flavone C-glycoside that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 4', a methoxy group at position 7 and a 2-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 6 via a C-glycosidic linkage.	2.47	2	0	dihydroxyflavone; flavone C-glycoside; monomethoxyflavone	anxiolytic drug; plant metabolite
xamoterol Xamoterol: A phenoxypropanolamine derivative that is a selective beta-1-adrenergic agonist.	3.75	3	0	morpholines
birb 796 [no description available]	2.11	1	0	aromatic ether; morpholines; naphthalenes; pyrazoles; ureas	EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; immunomodulator
hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.	5.81	6	1	oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species
atazanavir sulfate Atazanavir Sulfate: An azapeptide and HIV-PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.	3.51	1	1	organic sulfate salt
tecadenoson tecadenoson: an A1 adenosine receptor agonist	3.25	1	0
singlet oxygen Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.	4.9	1	1	chalcogen; monoatomic oxygen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
peroxymonosulfate peroxymonosulfate: oxidizing agent in prevention of tooth discoloration; RN given refers to ion(2-)	4.9	1	1	sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
cyc 202 seliciclib : 2,6-Diaminopurine carrying benzylamino, (2R)-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl and isopropyl substituents at C-6, C-2-N and N-9 respectively. It is an experimental drug candidate in the family of pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors.	2.15	1	0	2,6-diaminopurines	antiviral drug; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
dimethylsulfonioacetate dimethylthetin: synthetic analog of glycine betaine; structure in first source	2.03	1	0	sulfonium betaine
ervatamine ervatamine: do not confuse with the protein ervatamin	1.96	1	0	monoterpenoid indole alkaloid
n-acetylamrinone N-acetylamrinone: structure given in first source	1.95	1	0
asenapine asenapine : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-asenapine. Used as its maleate salt for the acute treatment of schizophrenia and acute treatment of manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder with or without psychotic features.. (S,S)-asenapine : A 5-chloro-2-methyl-2,3,3a,12b-tetrahydrodibenzo[2,3:6,7]oxepino[4,5-c]pyrrole in which both of the stereocentres have S configuration.	2.13	1	0	5-chloro-2-methyl-2,3,3a,12b-tetrahydrodibenzo[2,3:6,7]oxepino[4,5-c]pyrrole
cupric hydroxide copper hydroxide: used as an antifungal agent	2.11	1	0	organic molecular entity
tetraphenylphosphonium tetraphenylphosphonium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tetraphenylphosphonium : A polyatomic cation consisting of four phenyl groups attached to a central phosphonium.	1.96	1	0	heteroorganic entity; phosphorus molecular entity; polyatomic cation
basic red 51 Basic Red 51: a semi-permanent hair dye, cytotoxic to human skin cells; structure in first source	2.25	1	0
anidulafungin Anidulafungin: Echinocandin antifungal agent that is used in the treatment of CANDIDEMIA and CANDIDIASIS.. anidulafungin : A semisynthetic echinocandin anti-fungal drug. It is active against Aspergillus and Candida species and is used for the treatment of invasive candidiasis.	2.47	2	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; azamacrocycle; echinocandin; heterodetic cyclic peptide; semisynthetic derivative
pentaamminechlororuthenium pentaamminechlororuthenium: RN given refers to parent compound	1.97	1	0
aminopterin Aminopterin: A folic acid derivative used as a rodenticide that has been shown to be teratogenic.	3.31	1	0	dicarboxylic acid	EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; mutagen
biotin vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.	2.91	4	0	biotins; vitamin B7	coenzyme; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; prosthetic group; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	2.91	4	0	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
5-hydroxy-2-n,n-dipropylaminotetralin 5-hydroxy-2-N,N-dipropylaminotetralin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2	1	0
lixivaptan [no description available]	2	1	0
ar-l 57 cl AR-L 57 CL: structure	2.37	2	0
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	7.34	35	1
sb 203580 [no description available]	2.48	2	0	imidazoles; monofluorobenzenes; pyridines; sulfoxide	EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
nbi 27914 [no description available]	2.08	1	0	dialkylarylamine; tertiary amino compound
sb 216763 [no description available]	2.1	1	0	indoles; maleimides
zm 241385 ZM 241385: a high affinity radioligand selective for the A2a adenosine receptor	2.46	2	0	diamino-1,3,5-triazine
erlotinib hydrochloride [no description available]	5.92	8	1	hydrochloride; terminal acetylenic compound	antineoplastic agent; protein kinase inhibitor
cilengitide Cilengitide: an alphaVbeta3 integrin antagonist that paralyzes cancer cells	3.13	1	0	oligopeptide
homocysteic acid homocysteic acid: promotes growth in hypophysectomized rats; RN given refers to parent cpd. homocysteic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group has benn oxidised to the corresponding sulfonic acid.. L-homocysteic acid : A homocysteic acid with L-configuration.	1.98	1	0	homocysteic acid	NMDA receptor agonist
organophosphonates hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.	2.52	2	0	divalent inorganic anion; phosphite ion
antalarmin antalarmin : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 5, and 6, by a mesityl group at position 7, and in which the amino substituent at position 4 has been substituted by ethyl and butyl groups. It is an antagonist of corticotropin-releasing factor 1 (CRF-1) receptors (Ki = 1 nM).	2.06	1	0	pyrrolopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound	corticotropin-releasing factor receptor antagonist
alpha-fluoromethylhistidine alpha-fluoromethylhistidine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.96	1	0
1-oxoisoindole 1-oxoisoindole: structure	1.99	1	0
4-aminobenzoylglutamic acid 4-aminobenzoylglutamic acid: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. N-(4-aminobenzoyl)-L-glutamic acid : A dipeptide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of 4-aminobenzoic acid with the amino group of L-glutamic acid.	1.95	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; dipeptide; N-acyl-L-alpha-amino acid; substituted aniline
rs 127445 2-amino-4-(4-fluoronaphth-1-yl)-6-isopropylpyrimidine: a 5-HT(2B) receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.02	1	0
sb 205384 SB 205384: structure in first source	3.53	8	0	thienopyridine
repinotan hydrochloride repinotan hydrochloride: 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
lapatinib [no description available]	5.71	6	1	furans; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; quinazolines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
sorafenib [no description available]	4.62	7	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas; pyridinecarboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
lenalidomide [no description available]	5.24	5	0	aromatic amine; dicarboximide; isoindoles; piperidones	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; immunomodulator
regadenoson [no description available]	2.31	1	0	purine nucleoside
deoxycholic acid Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.	2.13	1	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human blood serum metabolite
cortisone [no description available]	3.83	2	1	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
benzofurans Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.	5.99	7	1
tricaine tricaine: request from searcher; RN given refers to parent cpd. tricaine : A benzoate ester that is the ethyl ester of 3-aminobenzoic acid. Used (in the form of its methanesulfonate salt) as an anaesthetic for fish.. tricaine methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate salt obtained by reaction of tricaine with one molar equivalent of methanesulfonic acid. Used as an anaesthetic for fish.	1.96	1	0	methanesulfonate salt	general anaesthetic
homoharringtonine Homoharringtonine: Semisynthetic derivative of harringtonine that acts as a protein synthesis inhibitor and induces APOPTOSIS in tumor cells. It is used in the treatment of MYELOID LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC.. omacetaxine mepesuccinate : A cephalotaxine-derived alkaloid ester obtained from Cephalotaxus harringtonia; used for the treatment of chronic or accelerated phase chronic myeloid leukaemia.	2.41	1	0	alkaloid ester; enol ether; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; protein synthesis inhibitor
wortmannin [no description available]	2.84	3	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; delta-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Penicillium metabolite; radiosensitizing agent
ibogaine Ibogaine: One of several indole alkaloids extracted from Tabernanthe iboga, Baill. It has a complex pharmacological profile, and interacts with multiple systems of neurotransmission. Ibogaine has psychoactive properties and appears to modulate tolerance to opiates.. ibogaine : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is ibogamine in which the indole hydrogen para to the indole nitrogen has been replaced by a methoxy group.	1.99	1	0
2-oxindole 2-oxindole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. indolin-2-one : An indolinone carrying an oxo group at position 2.	3.12	1	0	gamma-lactam; indolinone
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.	1.97	1	0
bortezomib [no description available]	4.74	8	0	amino acid amide; L-phenylalanine derivative; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; protease inhibitor; proteasome inhibitor
ritonavir Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.	3.64	1	1	1,3-thiazoles; carbamate ester; carboxamide; L-valine derivative; ureas	antiviral drug; environmental contaminant; HIV protease inhibitor; xenobiotic
jib-04 JIB-04: structure in first source	4.45	18	0
mrs 1191 MRS 1191: a selective A3 adenosine receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	cinnamate ester
tachpyr tachpyr: structure in first source	2.04	1	0
dihydropyridines Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.	2.91	4	0
3-deazaadenine [no description available]	1.97	1	0
leupeptins Leupeptins: A group of acylated oligopeptides produced by Actinomycetes that function as protease inhibitors. They have been known to inhibit to varying degrees trypsin, plasmin, KALLIKREINS, papain and the cathepsins.	3.23	5	0
carboplatin [no description available]	8.57	10	4
picumast picumast: RN & NM refer to di-HCl	1.97	1	0
lithium chloride Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.	2.11	1	0	inorganic chloride; lithium salt	antimanic drug; geroprotector
leptomycin b [no description available]	5.47	2	0
s-adenosylhomocysteine S-Adenosylhomocysteine: 5'-S-(3-Amino-3-carboxypropyl)-5'-thioadenosine. Formed from S-adenosylmethionine after transmethylation reactions.. S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine : An organic sulfide that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-homocysteine.	1.97	1	0	adenosines; amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine derivative; homocysteines; organic sulfide	cofactor; EC 2.1.1.72 [site-specific DNA-methyltransferase (adenine-specific)] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.79 (cyclopropane-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase) inhibitor; epitope; fundamental metabolite
n-acetylneuraminic acid N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518). N-acetylneuraminic acid : An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.	3.28	6	0	N-acetylneuraminic acids	antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
fibrin Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.	2.1	1	0	peptide
bradykinin [no description available]	3.39	7	0	oligopeptide	human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent
amylopectin Amylopectin: A highly branched glucan in starch.. amylopectin : A polydisperse highly branched polysaccharide derivative composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage. The chains are joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some 6-phosphate ester groups also may occur. The branches in amylopectin typically contain 24 to 30 glucose residues.	2.01	1	0
glucosamine D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.	2.01	1	0	D-glucosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; mouse metabolite
elastin [no description available]	1.98	1	0	oligopeptide
naringenin (S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.	2.1	1	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; naringenin	expectorant; plant metabolite
oxytocin Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.	8.35	7	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone	oxytocic; vasodilator agent
bekanamycin bekanamycin: kanendomycin is the sulfate of bekanamycin; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.96	1	0	kanamycins
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.	2.37	2	0	myo-inositol trisphosphate	mouse metabolite
ouabain Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.	4.31	20	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; alpha-L-rhamnoside; cardenolide glycoside; steroid hormone	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; plant metabolite
maltohexaose alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-D-Glcp : A maltohexaose hexasaccharide consisting of five alpha-D-glucopyranose residues and a D-glucopyranose residue joined in sequence by (1->4) glycosidic bonds.	2	1	0	maltohexaose hexasaccharide
tosylphenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone Tosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl Ketone: An inhibitor of Serine Endopeptidases. Acts as alkylating agent and is known to interfere with the translation process.. N-tosyl-L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone : The N-tosyl derivative of L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone.	2.15	1	0	alpha-chloroketone; sulfonamide	alkylating agent; serine proteinase inhibitor
isomaltotriose isomaltotriose: RN given refers to all D-isomer. isomaltotriose : A glucotriose consisting of two alpha-D-glucopyranose residues and a D-glucopyranose residue joined in sequence by (1->6) glycosidic bonds.	1.99	1	0	glucotriose
nitroarginine Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6). N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group.	3.13	5	0	guanidines; L-arginine derivative; N-nitro compound; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
5-methyldeoxycytidine [no description available]	1.97	1	0	2'-deoxycytidine
iduronate Iduronic Acid: Component of dermatan sulfate. Differs in configuration from glucuronic acid only at the C-5 position.. iduronic acid : A member of the class of iduronic acids that is the major uronic acid component of the dermatan sulfate and heparin.. idopyranuronic acid : The pyranose form of iduronic acid.. L-idopyranuronic acid : The L-stereoisomer of idopyranuronic acid.. L-iduronic acid : Any iduronic acid having L-configuration.	1.98	1	0	idopyranuronic acid; L-iduronic acid
strychnine Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.	2.65	3	0	monoterpenoid indole alkaloid; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	avicide; cholinergic antagonist; glycine receptor antagonist; neurotransmitter agent; rodenticide
quinidine Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.	3.47	8	0	cinchona alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; muscarinic antagonist; P450 inhibitor; potassium channel blocker; sodium channel blocker
monensin Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.	2.38	2	0	cyclic hemiketal; monocarboxylic acid; polyether antibiotic; spiroketal	antifungal agent; coccidiostat; ionophore
digitoxin Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.	2.37	2	0	cardenolide glycoside	EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
pentazocine Pentazocine: The first mixed agonist-antagonist analgesic to be marketed. It is an agonist at the kappa and sigma opioid receptors and has a weak antagonist action at the mu receptor. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1991, p97)	6.52	9	6	benzazocine
pancuronium Pancuronium: A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than CURARE but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.. pancuronium : A steroid ester in which a 5alpha-androstane skeleton is C-3alpha- and C-17beta-disubstituted with acetoxy groups and 2beta- and 16beta-disubstituted with 1-methylpiperidinium-1-yl groups. It is a non-depolarizing curare-mimetic muscle relaxant.	4.56	8	0	acetate ester; steroid ester	cholinergic antagonist; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
rocuronium Rocuronium: An androstanol non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent. It has a mono-quaternary structure and is a weaker nicotinic antagonist than PANCURONIUM.. rocuronium : A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-hydroxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-morpholino- and 16beta-N-allyllyrrolidinium substituents.	1.98	1	0	3alpha-hydroxy steroid; acetate ester; androstane; morpholines; quaternary ammonium ion; tertiary amino compound	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent
linezolid [no description available]	2.25	1	0	acetamides; morpholines; organofluorine compound; oxazolidinone	antibacterial drug; protein synthesis inhibitor
ryanodine Ryanodine: A methylpyrrole-carboxylate from RYANIA that disrupts the RYANODINE RECEPTOR CALCIUM RELEASE CHANNEL to modify CALCIUM release from SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM resulting in alteration of MUSCLE CONTRACTION. It was previously used in INSECTICIDES. It is used experimentally in conjunction with THAPSIGARGIN and other inhibitors of CALCIUM ATPASE uptake of calcium into SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM.. ryanodine : An insecticide alkaloid isolated from South American plant Ryania speciosa.	2.66	3	0
bq 123 cyclo(Trp-Asp-Pro-Val-Leu): derived from the modification of a natural lead of BE-18257B, an endothelin A receptor antagonist; has neuroprotective activity; amino acid sequence given in first source	2.13	1	0	cyclic peptide
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.	2	1	0	tripeptide
sb 221284 SB 221284: 5-HT(2C/2B) receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2	1	0	indolyl carboxylic acid
sb 243213 SB 243213: a 5-HT2c inverse agonist; structure in first source	3.36	2	0	indolyl carboxylic acid
sodium arsenite sodium arsenite : An inoganic sodium salt with formula with formula NaAsO2.	2.15	1	0	arsenic molecular entity; inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; herbicide; insecticide; rodenticide
ergonovine Ergonovine: An ergot alkaloid (ERGOT ALKALOIDS) with uterine and VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE contractile properties.. ergometrine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is lysergamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-hydroxypropan-2-yl group (S-configuration). An ergot alkaloid that has a particularly powerful action on the uterus, its maleate (and formerly tartrate) salt is used in the active management of the third stage of labour, and to prevent or treat postpartum of postabortal haemorrhage caused by uterine atony: by maintaining uterine contraction and tone, blood vessels in the uterine wall are compressed and blood flow reduced.	2.37	2	0	ergot alkaloid; monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotetracyclic compound; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	diagnostic agent; fungal metabolite; oxytocic; toxin
vinpocetine vinpocetine: whole issue of Arzneim Forsch (23 articles) discuss this drug; Arzneim Forsch 26(10a);1976; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	2.21	1	0	alkaloid	geroprotector
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	4.94	8	1	cyclodextrin
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	4.09	4	0	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	3.23	6	0	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
prostaglandin h2 Prostaglandin H2: A cyclic endoperoxide intermediate produced by the action of CYCLOOXYGENASE on ARACHIDONIC ACID. It is further converted by a series of specific enzymes to the series 2 prostaglandins.	1.96	1	0	olefinic compound; oxylipin; prostaglandins H; secondary alcohol	mouse metabolite
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	6.21	31	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
mycophenolic acid Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.	3.23	1	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; xenobiotic
mupirocin Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing.. mupirocin : An alpha,beta-unsaturated ester resulting from the formal condensation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of 9-hydroxynonanoic acid with the carboxy group of (2E)-4-[(2S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid in which the tetrahydropyranyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by hydroxy groups and at position 5 by a {(2S,3S)-3-[(2S,3S)-3-hydroxybutan-2-yl]oxiran-2-yl}methyl group. Originally isolated from the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, it is used as a topical antibiotic for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections.	4.04	3	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester; epoxide; monocarboxylic acid; oxanes; secondary alcohol; triol	antibacterial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
zithromax Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.	5.45	5	0	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
y 27632 Y 27632: RN given for di-HCl salt; inhibits Rho-associated protein kinase; inhibits calcium sensitization to affect smooth muscle relaxation; structure in first source. Y-27632 : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is trans-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]cyclohexanecarboxamide in which one of the nitrogens of the aminocarbony group is substituted by a pyridine nucleus. It has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity against Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) enzyme.	2.11	1	0	aromatic amide
adenosine-5'-(n-ethylcarboxamide) Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide): A stable adenosine A1 and A2 receptor agonist. Experimentally, it inhibits cAMP and cGMP phosphodiesterase activity.. N-ethyl-5'-carboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by an N-ethylcarboxamido group.	3.84	11	0	adenosines; monocarboxylic acid amide	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; adenosine A2A receptor agonist; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
prostaglandin d2 Prostaglandin D2: The principal cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. It is released upon activation of mast cells and is also synthesized by alveolar macrophages. Among its many biological actions, the most important are its bronchoconstrictor, platelet-activating-factor-inhibitory, and cytotoxic effects.. prostaglandin D2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins D that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9 and 15 and an oxo group at position 11 (the 5Z,9alpha,13E,15S- stereoisomer).	1.97	1	0	prostaglandins D	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime 6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime: structure in first source. 6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime : A member of the class of biindoles that is indirubin substituted at position 6 by a bromo group and in which the keto group at position 3' has undergone condensation with hydroxylamine to form the corresponding oxime.	2.25	1	0
arl 17477 [no description available]	2.05	1	0
repsox RepSox: inhibits TGF-beta signaling; structure in first source appears to be incorrect	2.15	1	0	pyrazolopyridine
roflumilast [no description available]	23.28	497	102	aromatic ether; benzamides; chloropyridine; cyclopropanes; organofluorine compound	anti-asthmatic drug; phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
h 89 N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source. N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is the sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of isoquinoline-5-sulfonic acid with the primary amino group of N(1)-[3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]ethane-1,2-diamine. It is a protein kinase A inhibitor.. (E)-N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	3.03	4	0	N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide
aclarubicin Aclarubicin: An anthracycline produced by Streptomyces galilaeus. It has potent antineoplastic activity.. aclacinomycin A : An anthracycline antibiotic that is produced by Streptomyces galilaeus and also has potent antineoplastic activity.	4.55	1	1	aminoglycoside; anthracycline; methyl ester; phenols; polyketide; tetracenequinones; trisaccharide derivative; zwitterion	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
decitabine [no description available]	8.25	11	1	2'-deoxyribonucleoside
phorbol-12,13-didecanoate phorbol-12,13-didecanoate: RN given refers to (1aR-(1a alpha,1b beta,4a beta,7a alpha,7b alpha,8 alpha,9 beta,9a alpha))-isomer	1.97	1	0
iridoids Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).	4.9	1	1
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)	2.38	2	0	actinomycin	mutagen
bevirimat bevirimat: an HIV inhibitor; disrupts late step in processing HIV Major Core Protein p24, preventing the capsid precursor p25 from being converted to mature capsid p24. bevirimat : A pentacyclic triterpenoid obtained by the formal condensation of 2,2-dimethylsuccinic acid with the 3-hydroxy group of betulinic acid. It is isolated from the Chinese herb Syzygium claviflorum. The first in the class of HIV-1 maturation inhibitors to be studied in humans, bevirimat was identified as a potent HIV drug candidate and several clinical trials were conducted, but development into a new drug was plagued by numerous resistance-related problems.	2.05	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	HIV-1 maturation inhibitor; metabolite
5-carboxy-8-hydroxyquinoline 5-carboxy-8-hydroxyquinoline: a JmjC histone demethylase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.31	1	0	quinolines
enkephalin, leucine Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.	2.68	3	0	pentapeptide; peptide zwitterion	analgesic; delta-opioid receptor agonist; human metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; rat metabolite
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde: proteasome inhibitor. N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal : A tripeptide that is L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been reduced to the corresponding aldehyde and the N-terminal amino group is protected as its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative.	3.23	5	0	amino aldehyde; carbamate ester; tripeptide	proteasome inhibitor
tenofovir tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.	4.9	1	1	nucleoside analogue; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; drug metabolite; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
posaconazole [no description available]	2.52	2	0	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxolanes; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	trypanocidal drug
l 743,872 [no description available]	2.77	3	0
gw 257406x maribavir: has antiviral activity against human cytomegalovirus	2.31	1	0
micafungin Micafungin: A cyclic lipo-hexapeptide echinocandin antifungal agent that is used for the treatment and prevention of CANDIDIASIS.. micafungin : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic which exerts its effect by inhibiting the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall. It is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, and of aspergillosis in patients who are intolerant of other therapy.	2.06	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; echinocandin	antiinfective agent
abt 492 WQ 3034: structure in first source	3.54	2	0
ammonium acetate ammonium acetate : An ammonium salt obtained by reaction of ammonia with acetic acid. A deliquescent white crystalline solid, it has a relatively low melting point (114degreeC) for a salt. Used as a food acidity regulator, although no longer approved for this purpose in the EU.	2.05	1	0	acetate salt; ammonium salt	buffer; food acidity regulator
dipyrone Dipyrone: A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.. metamizole sodium : An organic sodium salt of antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfonatomethyl)amino group, commonly used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic.	3.8	3	0	organic sodium salt	anti-inflammatory agent; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug; prodrug
amiridine amiridine: do not confuse with neuromedin	1.96	1	0	aminoquinoline
cinnamaldehyde 3-phenylprop-2-enal : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is prop-2-enal in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group. The configuration of the double bond is not specified; the name "cinnamaldehyde" is widely used to refer to the E (trans) isomer.. (E)-cinnamaldehyde : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamaldehyde, the parent of the class of cinnamaldehydes.	2.11	1	0	3-phenylprop-2-enal; cinnamaldehydes	antifungal agent; EC 4.3.1.24 (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; sensitiser; vasodilator agent
geraniol [no description available]	4.9	1	1	3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol; monoterpenoid; primary alcohol	allergen; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
glycosides [no description available]	2.7	3	0
chalcone trans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.	2.41	1	0	chalcone	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
isomethyleugenol Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	3.97	13	0	isomethyleugenol
isosafrole isosafrole: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.97	1	0	benzodioxoles
piperine piperine : A N-acylpiperidine that is piperidine substituted by a (1E,3E)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-oxopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl group at the nitrogen atom. It is an alkaloid isolated from the plant Piper nigrum.	2.06	1	0	benzodioxoles; N-acylpiperidine; piperidine alkaloid; tertiary carboxamide	food component; human blood serum metabolite; NF-kappaB inhibitor; plant metabolite
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	4.79	4	0	stilbene
isoliquiritigenin [no description available]	2.04	1	0	chalcones	antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; GABA modulator; geroprotector; metabolite; NMDA receptor antagonist
flavin-adenine dinucleotide Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide: A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)	2.07	1	0	flavin adenine dinucleotide; vitamin B2	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prosthetic group
n-acetylneuraminoyllactose [no description available]	2.05	1	0
buprenorphine Buprenorphine: A derivative of the opioid alkaloid THEBAINE that is a more potent and longer lasting analgesic than MORPHINE. It appears to act as a partial agonist at mu and kappa opioid receptors and as an antagonist at delta receptors. The lack of delta-agonist activity has been suggested to account for the observation that buprenorphine tolerance may not develop with chronic use.. buprenorphine : A morphinane alkaloid that is 7,8-dihydromorphine 6-O-methyl ether in which positions 6 and 14 are joined by a -CH2CH2- bridge, one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl, and a hydrogen at position 7 is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl group. It is highly effective for the treatment of opioid use disorder and is also increasingly being used in the treatment of chronic pain.	2.37	2	0	morphinane alkaloid	delta-opioid receptor antagonist; kappa-opioid receptor antagonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
arginine vasopressin Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.	1.96	1	0	vasopressin	cardiovascular drug; hematologic agent; mitogen
pyrophosphate Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.	2.31	1	0	diphosphate ion
bikinin bikinin: inhibits GSK3-like kinases; structure in first source	3.94	11	0
amygdalin [no description available]	3.51	1	0
flutropium bromide flutropium bromide: structure given in first source. flutropium bromide : The organic bromide salt of flutropium. It is used in Japan for the treatment asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.	1.98	1	0
tropisetron Tropisetron: An indole derivative and 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist that is used for the prevention of nausea and vomiting.. tropisetron : An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of tropine.	2.4	2	0	indolyl carboxylic acid
xe 991, anthracenone 10,10-bis(4-pyridinylmethyl)-9(10H)-anthracenone: neurotransmitter release enhancer and potassium channel blocker; structure given in first source	4.08	14	0	anthracenes
leuprolide Leuprolide: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.. leuprolide : An oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, D-leucyl, leucyl, arginyl, and N-ethylprolinamide residues joined in sequence. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant (particularly as the acetate salt) for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.	2.25	1	0	oligopeptide	anti-estrogen; antineoplastic agent; gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
propylthiouracil Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.	1.96	1	0	pyrimidinethione	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antimetabolite; antioxidant; antithyroid drug; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; hormone antagonist
n(6)-cyclopentyladenosine [no description available]	2.05	1	0
vasicine vasicine: RN given refers to (R)-isomer	2.15	1	0
4-fluorohippuric acid 4-fluorohippuric acid: a urinary metabolite of fluorapacin	2.6	1	0
ceefourin 1 ceefourin 1: inhibits multidrug resistance protein 4; structure in first source	2.31	1	0
lobeline [no description available]	1.96	1	0
nsc185058 NSC185058: an ATG4B antagonist	2.1	1	0
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	5.56	4	1	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
methimazole Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.	1.97	1	0	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones	antithyroid drug
capsaicin ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.	7.03	16	2	capsaicinoid	non-narcotic analgesic; TRPV1 agonist; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
metiamide Metiamide: A histamine H2 receptor antagonist that is used as an anti-ulcer agent.	2.65	3	0	imidazoles
pyrimidine-2-thiol pyrimidine-2-thiol: RN given refers to parent cpd. pyrimidine-2-thiol : Pyrimidine substituted at C-2 by a sulfanyl group.	2.06	1	0	aryl thiol; pyrimidines	allergen; corrosion inhibitor
oxazolone Oxazolone: Immunologic adjuvant and sensitizing agent.	2.41	2	0
2-thiopyridine 2-thiopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd. pyridine-2-thiol : Pyridine substituted at C-2 by a sulfanyl group.	2.67	3	0	aryl thiol; pyridines	allergen; fluorescence quencher
thiourea Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.	4.41	21	0	one-carbon compound; thioureas; ureas	antioxidant; chromophore
ferric ferrocyanide ferric ferrocyanide: antidote to thallium poisoning; RN given refers to Fe(+3)[3:4] salt; structure	2.6	1	0
digoxin Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.	6.49	6	3	cardenolide glycoside; steroid saponin	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; epitope
guanylthiourea Guanylthiourea: May protect against hypoxic damage; proposed for treatment of shock due to trauma or blood loss; also stimulates paretic gastrointestinal system.	1.97	1	0
capsazepine capsazepine: modified capsaicin molecule; a capsaicin receptor antagonist. capsazepine : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-2-benzazepine which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 8 and on the nitrogen atom by a 2-(p-chlorophenyl)ethylaminothiocarbonyl group. A synthetic analogue of capsaicin, it was the first reported capsaicin receptor antagonist.	2.15	1	0	benzazepine; catechols; monochlorobenzenes; thioureas	capsaicin receptor antagonist
n(6)-(1-iminoethyl)lysine N(6)-acetimidoyl-L-lysine : An L-lysine derivative that is L-lysine in which one of the hydrogens attached to N(6) is substituted by an acetimidoyl group	2	1	0	L-lysine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
tamoxifen [no description available]	12.27	19	10	stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
nadp [no description available]	6.37	7	1
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)	3.4	6	0
2,4-dithiobiuret 2,4-dithiobiuret: structure	1.96	1	0
stattic [no description available]	2.11	1	0	1-benzothiophenes; C-nitro compound; sulfone	antineoplastic agent; radiosensitizing agent; STAT3 inhibitor
p5091 P5091: inhibits ubiquitin-specific protease 7; structure in first source	2.15	1	0
2-(4'-(methylamino)phenyl)-6-hydroxybenzothiazole 2-(4'-(methylamino)phenyl)-6-hydroxybenzothiazole: an amyloid imaging agent; structure in first source	5.03	11	0
hlm006474 HLM006474: an inhibitor of E2F transcription factor; structure in first source	3.39	6	0
fusidic acid Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.	3.82	2	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; steroid acid; steroid antibiotic; sterol ester	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
rhyncophylline rhyncophylline: an oxindole; RN given refers to (7beta,16E,20alpha)-isomer	2.02	1	0
thiopental Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	2.39	2	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative; xenobiotic
ranitidine Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.	4.28	4	1	C-nitro compound; furans; organic sulfide; tertiary amino compound	anti-ulcer drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; H2-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
maraviroc [no description available]	2.07	1	0	tropane alkaloid
u 0126 U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.47	2	0	aryl sulfide; dinitrile; enamine; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; osteogenesis regulator; vasoconstrictor agent
telaprevir [no description available]	3.19	1	0	cyclopentapyrrole; cyclopropanes; oligopeptide; pyrazines	antiviral drug; hepatitis C protease inhibitor; peptidomimetic
sq-641 SQ-641: a MurX inhibitor with antitubercular activity; structure in first source	3.23	1	0
pica Pica: The persistent eating of non-nutritive substances for a period of at least one month.	2.47	2	0
tetomilast [no description available]	4.16	2	0
lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.	2.37	2	0	alkali metal atom
thiobutabarbital thiobutabarbital: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.03	1	0
6-thiouric acid 6-thiouric acid: structure	2.15	1	0	oxopurine
cobaltous chloride cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.	3.08	5	0	cobalt salt; inorganic chloride	allergen; calcium channel blocker; sensitiser; two-colour indicator
thiophanate Thiophanate: Nematocide used in livestock; also has fungicidal properties.. thiophanate : A member of the class of thioureas that is the diethyl ester of (1,2-phenylenedicarbamothioyl)biscarbamic acid. A fungicide effective against a broad spectrum of diseases in fruit, vegetables, turf and other crops including eyespot, scab, powdery mildew and grey mould.	2.21	1	0	benzimidazole precursor fungicide; carbamate ester; carbamate fungicide; thioureas	antifungal drug
dermatan sulfate Dermatan Sulfate: A naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found mostly in the skin and in connective tissue. It differs from CHONDROITIN SULFATE A (see CHONDROITIN SULFATES) by containing IDURONIC ACID in place of glucuronic acid, its epimer, at carbon atom 5. (from Merck, 12th ed). alpha-L-IdopA-(1->3)-beta-D-GalpNAc4S : An oligosaccharide sulfate that is 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactopyranose in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding alpha-L-idopyranuronoside.. dermatan sulfate : Any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeating units consisting of variously sulfated beta1->4-linked L-iduronyl-(alpha1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine units.	2.4	2	0	amino disaccharide; glycosylgalactose derivative; iduronic acids; oligosaccharide sulfate
raclopride Raclopride: A substituted benzamide that has antipsychotic properties. It is a dopamine D2 receptor (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE D2) antagonist.	2.69	3	0	salicylamides
quinine [no description available]	4.41	22	0	cinchona alkaloid	antimalarial; muscle relaxant; non-narcotic analgesic
azoxystrobin azoxystrobin: a methoxyacrylate analog; a strobilurin fungicide; structure given in first source. azoxystrobin : An aryloxypyrimidine having a 4,6-diphenoxypyrimidine skeleton in which one of the phenyl rings is cyano-substituted at C-2 and the other carries a 2-methoxy-1-(methoxycarbonyl)vinyl substituent, also at C-2. An inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration by blocking electron transfer between cytochromes b and c1, it is used widely as a fungicide in agriculture.	2.47	2	0	aryloxypyrimidine; enoate ester; enol ether; methoxyacrylate strobilurin antifungal agent; methyl ester; nitrile	antifungal agrochemical; environmental contaminant; mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor; quinone outside inhibitor; xenobiotic
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester [no description available]	2.44	2	0
rtki cpd RTKI cpd: preferentially inhibits human glioma cells expressing truncated rather than wild-type epidermal growth factor receptors	2.04	1	0
cystine [no description available]	4.95	2	1
sch 23390 SCH 23390: a selective D1-receptor antagonist. SCH 23390 : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1, a methyl substituent at position 3, a chloro substituent at position 7 and a hydroxy substituent at position 8.	2.48	2	0	benzazepine
ym348 YM348: 5-HT2C receptor agonist & an antiobesity drug	2.94	4	0
prucalopride prucalopride: a 5-HT4 agonist enterokinetic compound	2.13	1	0	benzamides
rasagiline [no description available]	2.21	1	0	indanes; secondary amine; terminal acetylenic compound	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
robalzotan robalzotan: structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
dasatinib N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide: a dasatinib prodrug; structure in first source. dasatinib (anhydrous) : An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN).	7.07	8	1	1,3-thiazoles; aminopyrimidine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
calixarenes Calixarenes: Phenolic metacyclophanes derived from condensation of PHENOLS and ALDEHYDES. The name derives from the vase-like molecular structures. A bracketed [n] indicates the number of aromatic rings.. calixarenes : Originally macrocyclic compounds capable of assuming a basket (or "calix") shaped conformation. They are formed from p-hydrocarbyl phenols and formaldehyde. The term now applies to a variety of derivatives by substitution of the hydrocarbon cyclo{oligo[(1,3-phenylene)methylene]}.. calixarene : A macrocycle composed of 1,3-phenylene groups linked by methylene groups. The number of 1,3-phenylene units in the macrocycle is denoted by the "n" in calix[n]arene name.	2.06	1	0
lenabasum lenabasum: a CB2 cannabinoid receptor agonist; structure in first source	2.31	1	0
ginsenosides ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.	2.11	1	0
2-(4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino)-5'-n-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine 2-(4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino)-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine: A2 adenosine receptor agonist; structure given in first source. CGS-21680 : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and the hydrogen at position 2 on the adenine is replaced by a 4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino group.	3.44	7	0	adenosines; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; monocarboxylic acid	adenosine A2A receptor agonist; anti-inflammatory agent
2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline 2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline: structure given in first source; neuroprotectant for cerebral ischemia; AMPA receptor antagonist	2.01	1	0	naphthalenes; sulfonic acid derivative
n-(1-methyl-5-indolyl)-n'-(3-methyl-5-isothiazolyl)urea N-(1-methyl-5-indolyl)-N'-(3-methyl-5-isothiazolyl)urea: a 5-HT(2B) receptor antagonist; structure given in first source. 1-(1-methylindol-5-yl)-3-(3-methyl-1,2-thiazol-5-yl)urea : A member of ther class of ureas that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens has been replaced by an N-methylindol-5-yl group, while a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen has been replaced by a 3-methyl-1,2-thiazol-5-yl group. It is a potent and selective antagonist for the 5-hydroxytryptamine 2B (5-HT2B) receptor.	2.04	1	0	1,2-thiazoles; indoles; ureas	receptor modulator; serotonergic antagonist
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	5.48	20	0
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	2.87	3	0	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
sb 242084 6-chloro-5-methyl-1-((2-(2-methylpyrid-3-yloxy)pyrid-5-yl)carbamoyl)indoline: 5-HT(2C) receptor inverse agonist (antagonist); structure in first source	8.64	171	0
6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.	2.41	2	0	quinoxaline derivative
fg 9041 FG 9041: structure given in first source	2	1	0	quinoxaline derivative
cp 94253 [no description available]	2.41	2	0	pyrrolopyridine
alpha-chymotrypsin Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.	1.98	1	0
minoxidil sulfate ester minoxidil sulfate ester: metabolite of minoxidil; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
naphthoquinones Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.	2.61	2	0
sc 560 SC560 : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole which is substituted at positions 1, 3 and 5 by 4-methoxyphenyl, trifluoromethyl and 4-chlorophenyl groups, respectively. Unlike many members of the diaryl heterocycle class of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors, SC-560 is selective for COX-1.	2.06	1	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; pyrazoles	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
sb 408124 SB 408124: a hypocretin receptor type 1 (HcrtR1) antagonist	2.07	1	0	organohalogen compound; quinolines
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1h-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide 4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide: a TGF-beta type I receptor kinase activity inhibitor	2.25	1	0	benzamides; benzodioxoles; imidazoles; pyridines	EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
rhodamine 123 Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.	2.15	1	0	organic cation; xanthene dye	fluorochrome
myelin basic protein Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.	1.97	1	0
ro 60-0175 Ro 60-0175: a 5HT 2C receptor agonist. 1-(6-chloro-5-fluoroindol-1-yl)-propan-2-amine : A member of the class of indoles that is 6-chloro-5-fluoroindole in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 2-aminopropyl group.	6.31	35	0	indoles; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; primary amino compound
sq 109 N-geranyl-N'-(2-adamantyl)ethane-1,2-diamine: has antitubercular activity	3.23	1	0
ku 55933 2-morpholin-4-yl-6-thianthren-1-yl-pyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated kinase ATM; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
sphingosine sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.	2.11	1	0	sphing-4-enine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
bilirubin [no description available]	2.73	3	0	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	4.07	14	0	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	2.89	4	0	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
11-cis-retinal Rhodopsin: A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.. 11-cis-retinal : A retinal having 2E,4Z,6E,8E-double bond geometry.	2.48	2	0	retinal	chromophore; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
leukotriene b4 Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.	3.11	5	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; leukotriene; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasoconstrictor agent
thromboxane a2 Thromboxane A2: An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2. The compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. It is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS).. thromboxane A2 : A thromboxane which is produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation.	1.96	1	0	epoxy monocarboxylic acid; thromboxanes A	mouse metabolite
daphnetin [no description available]	2.31	1	0	hydroxycoumarin
alprostadil [no description available]	2.31	1	0	prostaglandins E	anticoagulant; human metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
5-hydroxy-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 5(S)-HETE : A HETE having a (5S)-hydroxy group and (6E)-, (8Z)-, (11Z)- and (14Z)-double bonds.. 5-HETE : A HETE having a 5-hydroxy group and (6E)-, (8Z)-, (11Z)- and (14Z)-double bonds.	1.96	1	0	HETE	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
rutin Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.	4.9	1	1	disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; rutinoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
kaempferol [no description available]	2.25	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; flavonols; tetrahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha 6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.	2.37	2	0	prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
harmine Harmine: Alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM HARMALA; ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. It is identical to banisterine, or telepathine, from Banisteria caapi and is one of the active ingredients of hallucinogenic drinks made in the western Amazon region from related plants. It has no therapeutic use, but (as banisterine) was hailed as a cure for postencephalitic PARKINSON DISEASE in the 1920's.. harmine : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7.	2.36	2	0	harmala alkaloid	anti-HIV agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; metabolite
genistein [no description available]	2.57	2	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.	4.13	4	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic	antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite
clavulanic acid Clavulanic Acid: A beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus. It is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase.. clavulanate : The conjugate base of clavulanic acid.. clavulanic acid : Antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes.	2.1	1	0	oxapenam	antibacterial drug; anxiolytic drug; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
pulmicort Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.	6.48	7	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic acetal; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; bronchodilator agent; drug allergen
montelukast montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist	6.23	4	3	aliphatic sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; quinolines	anti-arrhythmia drug; anti-asthmatic drug; leukotriene antagonist
oleuropein oleuropein: iridoid isolated from leaves and fruit of Olea and Ligustrum (Oleaceae). oleuropein : A secoiridoid glycoside that is the methyl ester of 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 4 by hydroxy, ethylidene, and carboxymethyl groups, respectively and in which the anomeric hydroxy group at position 2 has been converted into its beta-D-glucoside and the carboxylic acid moiety of the carboxymethyl substituent has been converted to the corresponding 3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl ester (the 2S,3E,4S stereoisomer). The most important phenolic compound present in olive cultivars.	4.9	1	1	beta-D-glucoside; catechols; diester; methyl ester; pyrans; secoiridoid glycoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; NF-kappaB inhibitor; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
mangostin mangostin: xanthone from rind of Garcinia mangostana Linn. fruit. alpha-mangostin : A member of the class of xanthones that is 9H-xanthene substituted by hydroxy group at positions 1, 3 and 6, a methoxy group at position 7, an oxo group at position 9 and prenyl groups at positions 2 and 8. Isolated from the stems of Cratoxylum cochinchinense, it exhibits antioxidant, antimicrobial and antitumour activities.	2.25	1	0	aromatic ether; phenols; xanthones	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
morusin morusin: from Morus root bark; structure given in first source. morusin : An extended flavonoid that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5, 2' and 4', a prenyl group at position 3 and a 2,2-dimethyl pyran group across positions 7 and 8.	4.9	1	1	extended flavonoid; trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
rosmarinic acid rosmarinic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; promote OT project. (R)-rosmarinic acid : A stereoisomer of rosmarinic acid having (R)-configuration.. rosmarinic acid : The 1-carboxy-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl ester of trans-caffeic acid.	4.9	1	1	rosmarinic acid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
coenzyme q10 coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.	3.06	1	0	ubiquinones	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite
tranilast tranilast: antiallergic drug; potent inhibitor of homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. tranilast : An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl group.	2.9	4	0	amidobenzoic acid; cinnamamides; dimethoxybenzene; secondary carboxamide	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; antineoplastic agent; aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; calcium channel blocker; hepatoprotective agent; nephroprotective agent
domoic acid domoic acid: kainic acid analog, heterocyclic amino acid from seaweed; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. domoic acid : An L-proline derivative that is L-proline substituted by a carboxymethyl group at position 3 and a 6-carboxyhepta-2,4-dien-2-yl group at position 4. It is produced by the diatomic algal Pseudo-nitzschia. It is an analogue of kainic acid and a neurotoxin which causes amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP).	1.98	1	0	L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid; tricarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; hapten; marine metabolite; neuromuscular agent; neurotoxin
8-epi-prostaglandin f2alpha 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha: a potent preglomerular vasoconstrictor acting principally through thromboxane A2 receptor activation. 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha : An isoprostane that is prostaglandin F2alpha having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.	2.08	1	0	F2-isoprostane	biomarker; bronchoconstrictor agent; vasoconstrictor agent
olopatadine hydrochloride Olopatadine Hydrochloride: An antihistamine with mast-cell stabilizing properties used as eye drops in the treatment of ALLERGIC CONJUNCTIVITIS.	2.42	2	0	dibenzooxazepine
thromboxane b2 Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.	2.88	4	0	thromboxanes B	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.48	2	0	4-hydroxynon-2-enal; 4-hydroxynonenal
oleylamide oleylamide: plastic additive; can cause contact urticaria; RN given refers to (Z)-isomer; a sleep inducing factor. aliphatic amide : A carboxamide in which the amide linkage is bonded directly to an aliphatic system.. oleamide : A fatty amide derived from oleic acid.	2.51	2	0	primary fatty amide	human metabolite; plant metabolite
ubiquinone 8 [no description available]	4.9	1	1	ubiquinones	biomarker
sphingosine 1-phosphate sphingosine 1-phosphate: RN given refers to (R-(R,S-(E)))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 8/89. sphingosine 1-phosphate : A phosphosphingolipid that consists of sphingosine having a phospho group attached at position 1	2.11	1	0	sphingoid 1-phosphate	mouse metabolite; signalling molecule; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist; T-cell proliferation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
cholesteryl oleate cholesteryl oleate: RN given refers to ((Z)-isomer). cholesteryl oleate : The (Z)-stereoisomer of cholesteryl octadec-9-enoate.	1.97	1	0	CE(18:1); cholesteryl octadec-9-enoate	mouse metabolite
codeine [no description available]	4.04	3	1	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antitussive; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; opioid analgesic; opioid receptor agonist; prodrug; xenobiotic
phenylephrine hydrochloride Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.	2.57	2	0	hydrochloride
dihydrocodeine dihydrocodeine: RN refers to parent cpd(5alpha,6alpha)-isomer	3.35	1	1	morphinane alkaloid
naloxone Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.	4.41	22	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
oxycodone Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.. oxycodone : A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain.	2.15	1	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; semisynthetic derivative	antitussive; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	5.04	14	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
6-methylpurine 6-methylpurine : Purine bearing a methyl substituent at position 6.	1.97	1	0	purines	EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor
brefeldin a [no description available]	2	1	0	macrolide antibiotic	Penicillium metabolite
alvocidib alvocidib: structure given in first source. alvocidib : A synthetic dihydroxyflavone that is 5,7-dihydroxyflavone which is substituted by a 3-hydroxy-1-methylpiperidin-4-yl group at position 8 and by a chlorine at the 2' position (the (-)-3S,4R stereoisomer). A cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) inhibitor, it has been studied for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia, arthritis and atherosclerotic plaque formation.	3.21	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	5.85	23	1	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
bw 723c86 1-(5-(2-thenyloxy)-1H-indol-3-yl)propan-2-amine: a 5-HT(2B) agonist	2.7	3	0
cicaprost cicaprost: RN given refers to (3aS-(2E,3aalpha,4alpha(3R,4R),5beta,6aalpha))-isomer	2.51	2	0	monoterpenoid
clobetasol Clobetasol: A derivative of PREDNISOLONE with high glucocorticoid activity and low mineralocorticoid activity. Absorbed through the skin faster than FLUOCINONIDE, it is used topically in treatment of PSORIASIS but may cause marked adrenocortical suppression.. clobetasol : A 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid that is 16beta-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione bearing hydroxy groups at the 11beta and 17alpha positions, fluorine at position 9, and a chlorine substituent at position 21. It is used as its 17alpha-propionate ester to treat various skin disorders, including exzema and psoriasis.	6.69	3	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; chlorinated steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; SMO receptor agonist
fluticasone Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis.	4.58	7	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; corticosteroid; fluorinated steroid; thioester	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug
goserelin Goserelin: A synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. Goserelin is used in treatments of malignant NEOPLASMS of the prostate, uterine fibromas, and metastatic breast cancer.	4.11	4	0	organic molecular entity
iloprost Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.	2.45	2	0	carbobicyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol	platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
l 745870 3-((4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo(2,3-b)pyridine: selective for D(4) receptors; structure in first source	2.91	4	0	piperazines
ly 334370 4-fluoro-N-(3-(1-methyl-4-piperidinyl)-1H-indol-5-yl)benzamide: 5-HT(1F) receptor agonist	1.99	1	0
lysophosphatidylcholines lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.	2.37	2	0	1-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
mdl 100907 Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of SEROTONIN or SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR AGONISTS. Included under this heading are antagonists for one or more specific 5-HT2 receptor subtypes.	7.64	96	0
cytochalasin b Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.	2.15	1	0	cytochalasin; lactam; lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound	actin polymerisation inhibitor; metabolite; mycotoxin; platelet aggregation inhibitor
cl 316243 disodium (R,R)-5-(2-((2-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-amino)propyl)-1,3-benzodioxole-2,3-dicarboxylate: structure given in first source	2.08	1	0
ro 63-0563 4-amino-N-(2,6 bis-methylamino-pyridin-4-yl)-benzene sulfonamide: structure in first source	2.4	2	0
ro 4-6790 Ro 4-6790: structure in first source	1.99	1	0	benzenes; sulfonamide
bisdemethoxycurcumin curcumin III: structure in first source. bisdemethoxycurcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by 4-hydroxycinnamoyl groups.	2.13	1	0	beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor; metabolite
fluvoxamine Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.	4.11	3	1	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; 5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor
casein kinase ii Casein Kinase II: A ubiquitous casein kinase that is comprised of two distinct catalytic subunits and dimeric regulatory subunit. Casein kinase II has been shown to phosphorylate a large number of substrates, many of which are proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression.	2.17	1	0
ag-490 [no description available]	2.99	1	0	catechols; enamide; monocarboxylic acid amide; nitrile; secondary carboxamide	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; STAT3 inhibitor
su 11248 [no description available]	6.44	4	1	monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrroles	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; neuroprotective agent; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
palbociclib [no description available]	14.18	123	3	aminopyridine; aromatic ketone; cyclopentanes; piperidines; pyridopyrimidine; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.	2.41	2	0	carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom	neurotoxin
12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid: A lipoxygenase metabolite of ARACHIDONIC ACID. It is a highly selective ligand used to label mu-opioid receptors in both membranes and tissue sections. The 12-S-HETE analog has been reported to augment tumor cell metastatic potential through activation of protein kinase C. (J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995; 274(3):1545-51; J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86(15):1145-51)	2.41	2	0
diamide Diamide: A sulfhydryl reagent which oxidizes sulfhydryl groups to the disulfide form. It is a radiation-sensitizing agent of anoxic bacterial and mammalian cells.	2.38	2	0	1,1'-azobis(N,N-dimethylformamide)
cinnamoyl chloride cinnamoyl chloride: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.36	2	0
cesium Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.	5.7	27	0	alkali metal atom
barium Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.	5.01	41	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental barium
rubidium Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.	3.47	8	0	alkali metal atom
strontium Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.	3.91	13	0	alkaline earth metal atom
bismuth Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.	4.9	1	1	metal atom; pnictogen
levallorphan Levallorphan: An opioid antagonist with properties similar to those of NALOXONE; in addition it also possesses some agonist properties. It should be used cautiously; levallorphan reverses severe opioid-induced respiratory depression but may exacerbate respiratory depression such as that induced by alcohol or other non-opioid central depressants. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p683)	1.96	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
thallium Thallium: A heavy, bluish white metal, atomic number 81, atomic weight [204.382; 204.385], symbol Tl.. thallium : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant green line in its flame spectrum (from Greek thetaalphalambdalambdaomicronsigma, a green shoot).	2.37	2	0	boron group element atom
rolodine [no description available]	1.96	1	0
indium Indium: A metallic element, atomic number 49, atomic weight 114.818, symbol In. It is named from its blue line in the spectrum.. indium atom : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant indigo (Latin indicum) blue line in its flame spectrum.	1.96	1	0	boron group element atom
naltrexone Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.	2.92	4	0	cyclopropanes; morphinane-like compound; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; environmental contaminant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
gallium Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72.. gallium atom : A metallic element predicted as eka-aluminium by Mendeleev in 1870 and discovered by Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Named in honour of France (Latin Gallia) and perhaps also from the Latin gallus cock, a translation of Lecoq.	4.9	1	1	boron group element atom
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	2.08	1	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
isoalloxazine isoalloxazine: structure	2.05	1	0	benzo[g]pteridine-2,4-dione
veratrine Veratrine: A voltage-gated sodium channel activator.	2.66	3	0	alkaloid
bedaquiline bedaquiline: a diarylquinoline Antitubercular Agent. bedaquiline : A quinoline-based antimycobacterial drug used (as its fumarate salt) for the treatment of pulmonary multi-drug resistant tuberculosis by inhibition of ATP synthase, an enzyme essential for the replication of the mycobacteria.	3.23	1	0	aromatic ether; naphthalenes; organobromine compound; quinolines; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antitubercular agent; ATP synthase inhibitor
enalapril Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).	1.96	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; geroprotector; prodrug
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	3.11	5	0	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
thyronines Thyronines: A group of metabolites derived from THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE via the peripheral enzymatic removal of iodines from the thyroxine nucleus. Thyronine is the thyroxine nucleus devoid of its four iodine atoms.. thyronine : A tyrosine derivative where the phenolic hydrogen of tyrosine is substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl.	1.96	1	0	thyronine
silicon Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].	2.44	2	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	4.87	2	1	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
boron Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.	4.9	1	1	boron group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
normorphine normorphine: RN given refers to (5 alpha,6 alpha)-isomer	2.36	2	0	morphinane alkaloid
cinnamic anhydride cinnamic anhydride: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.36	2	0
dimethomorph dimethomorph: structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. (Z)-dimethomorph : An enamide resulting from the formal condensation of (2Z)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)acrylic acid with the amino group of morpholine. The agricultural fungicide dimethomorph is a mixture of (E)- and (Z)-dimethomorph; only the Z isomer has fungicidal activity.. dimethomorph : A mixture of (E)- and (Z)-dimethomorph in an unspecified ratio. It is used as a systemic fungicide used on vines, potatoes, and greenhouse crops; only the Z isomer has fungicidal activity.	2.17	1	0	aromatic ether; enamide; monochlorobenzenes; morpholine fungicide; tertiary carboxamide
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid 2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid: chromogen in glucose oxidase-peroxidase method for determining serum glucose; used in free radical scavenging assays; structure in first source	2.53	2	0
demethoxycurcumin demethoxycurcumin: corresponds to curcumin with one methoxy group replaced by hydrogen; isolated from rhizomes of Curcuma longa. demethoxycurcumin : A beta-diketone that is curcumin in which one of the methoxy groups is replaced by hydrogen. It is found in Curcuma zedoaria and Etlingera elatior.	2.13	1	0	beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
cinanserin Cinanserin: A serotonin antagonist with limited antihistaminic, anticholinergic, and immunosuppressive activity.. cinanserin : An aryl sulfide that is (2E)-3-phenyl-N-(2-sulfanylphenyl)prop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen of the thiol group is substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. It is a 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor antagonist and an inhibitor of SARS-CoV replication.	2.1	1	0	aryl sulfide; cinnamamides; secondary carboxamide; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral agent; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor
ximelagatran ximelagatran: prodrug (via hydroxylation) of melagatran & a direct thrombin inhibitor; liver toxicity concerns so AZD0837 being developed to replace this. ximelagatran : A member of the class of azetidines that is melagatran in which the carboxylic acid group has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester and in which the amidine group has been converted into the corresponding amidoxime. A prodrug for melagatran, ximelagatran was the first orally available direct thrombin inhibitor to be brought to market as an anticoagulant, but was withdrawn in 2006 following reports of it causing liver damage.	2.02	1	0	amidoxime; azetidines; carboxamide; ethyl ester; hydroxylamines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; tertiary carboxamide	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; prodrug; serine protease inhibitor
enkephalin, ala(2)-mephe(4)-gly(5)- Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-: An enkephalin analog that selectively binds to the MU OPIOID RECEPTOR. It is used as a model for drug permeability experiments.	2	1	0
tiotropium bromide Tiotropium Bromide: A scopolamine derivative and CHOLINERGIC ANTAGONIST that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR AGENT. It is used in the treatment of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.. tiotropium bromide : An organic bromide salt having (1alpha,2beta,4beta,5alpha,7beta)-7-[(hydroxydi-2-thienylacetyl)oxy]-9,9-dimethyl-3-oxa-9-azoniatricyclo[3.3.1.0(2,4)]nonane as the counterion. Used (in the form of the hydrate) for maintenance treatment of airflow obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.	10.35	12	3
oxyfedrine Oxyfedrine: A drug used in the treatment of angina pectoris, heart failure, conduction defects, and myocardial infarction. It is a partial agonist at beta adrenergic receptors and acts as a coronary vasodilator and cardiotonic agent.	3.06	1	0	aromatic ketone
triolein Triolein: (Z)-9-Octadecenoic acid 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester.. triolein : A triglyceride formed by esterification of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol with oleic acid. Triolein is one of the two components of Lorenzo's oil.	1.96	1	0	triglyceride	Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite; plant metabolite
naltrindole naltrindole: delta opioid receptor antagonist	2.03	1	0	isoquinolines
bafilomycin a [no description available]	2.11	1	0
abscisic acid Abscisic Acid: Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.. (S)-2-trans-abscisic acid : A 2-trans-abscisic acid with (S)-configuration at the chiral centre.. (+)-abscisic acid : The naturally occurring (1'S)-(+) enantiomer of abscisic acid. It is an important sesquiterpenoid plant hormone which acts as a regulator of plant responses to environmental stresses such as drought and cold.	2.08	1	0	2-trans-abscisic acid
kresoxim-methyl kresoxim-methyl: strobilurin analogue; an industrial fungicide. kresoxim-methyl : A carboxylic ester that is the methyl ester of (2E)-(methoxyimino){2-[(2-methylphenoxy)methyl]phenyl}acetic acid. A fungicide for the control of scab on apples and pears and other fungal diseases on a wide range of crops.	2.78	3	0	aromatic ether; methoxyiminoacetate strobilurin antifungal agent; methyl ester; oxime O-ether	antifungal agrochemical; environmental contaminant; mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor; xenobiotic
8-hydroxy-2-(n-n-propyl-n-(3'-iodo-2'-propenyl)amino)tetralin 8-hydroxy-2-(N-n-propyl-N-(3'-iodo-2'-propenyl)amino)tetralin: a 5-HT(1A) receptor ligand; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.	5.82	94	0	azatetracycloalkane; oxatetracycloalkane; quinazoline alkaloid	animal metabolite; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
selenium Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.	2.01	1	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
oxalates Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.	2.01	1	0
dizocilpine maleate Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.	6.92	8	1	maleate salt; tetracyclic antidepressant	anaesthetic; anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist
pyrachlostrobin pyraclostrobin : A carbamate ester that is the methyl ester of [2-({[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]oxy}methyl)phenyl]methoxycarbamic acid. A fungicide used to control major plant pathogens including Septoria tritici, Puccinia spp. and Pyrenophora teres.	2.11	1	0	aromatic ether; carbamate ester; carbanilate fungicide; methoxycarbanilate strobilurin antifungal agent; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazoles	antifungal agrochemical; environmental contaminant; mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor; xenobiotic
neramexane [no description available]	3.43	1	1
latrunculin b latrunculin B: 14-membered macrolide attached to 2-thiazolidinone moiety; from Red Sea sponge Latrunculia magnifica; see also latrunculin A; structure given in first source. latrunculin B : A macrolide consisting of a 14-membered bicyclic lactone attached to the rare 2-thiazolidinone moiety. It is obtained from the Red Sea sponge Latrunculia magnifica.	2.15	1	0	cyclic hemiketal; macrolide; oxabicycloalkane; thiazolidinone	actin polymerisation inhibitor; metabolite; toxin
bafilomycin a1 bafilomycin A1: from Streptomyces griseus; structure given in first source. bafilomycin A1 : The most used of the bafilomycins, a family of toxic macrolide antibiotics derived from Streptomyces griseus.	2.13	1	0	cyclic hemiketal; macrolide antibiotic; oxanes	apoptosis inducer; autophagy inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.14 (H(+)-transporting two-sector ATPase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; fungicide; potassium ionophore; toxin
1-oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol [no description available]	1.97	1	0	1,2-diglyceride
ly 53857 LY 53857: RN given refers to maleate[1:1](8beta)-isomer	1.99	1	0
vicenistatin vicenistatin: a macrocyclic lactam from Streptomyces sp. HC34; structure given in first source	2.13	1	0	azamacrocycle; lactam
ww-781 WW-781: used to measure action potential propagation in the heart	1.97	1	0
everolimus [no description available]	10.75	24	2	cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
ratjadone ratjadone: structure in first source	5.47	2	0
ganglioside, gd2 [no description available]	2.1	1	0
opc-67683 OPC-67683: an antitubercular agent	3.23	1	0	piperidines
tanespimycin CP 127374: analog of herbimycin A	2.06	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; ansamycin; carbamate ester; organic heterobicyclic compound; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; Hsp90 inhibitor
nitrofurantoin Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.	3.5	2	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; nitrofuran antibiotic; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; hepatotoxic agent
ym 976 YM 976: a phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.25	1	0	pyrimidines
sb 334867-a 1-(2-methylbenzoxazol-6-yl)-3-(1,5)naphthyridin-4-yl urea: selective OX1 receptor antagonist	2.52	2	0	naphthyridine derivative
tubacin tubacin: inhibits histone deacetylase 6; structure in first source	2.55	2	0	1,3-oxazoles
morphinans Morphinans: Compounds based on a partially saturated iminoethanophenanthrene, which can be described as ethylimino-bridged benzo-decahydronaphthalenes. They include some of the OPIOIDS found in PAPAVER that are used as ANALGESICS.	2.05	1	0	isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parent; morphinane alkaloid
ergoline Ergolines: A series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure.. ergoline : An indole alkaloid whose structural skeleton is found in many naturally occurring and synthetic ergolines which are known to bind to neurotransmitter receptors, such as dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin receptors and function as unselective agonists or antagonists at these receptors.	3.1	5	0	diamine; ergoline alkaloid; indole alkaloid fundamental parent; indole alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound
enkephalin, leucine-2-alanine Enkephalin, Leucine-2-Alanine: A delta-selective opioid (ANALGESICS, OPIOID). It can cause transient depression of mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate.	1.96	1	0
cv 1808 2-phenylaminoadenosine: has coronary & cardiohemodynamic effects	2.08	1	0	purine nucleoside
ciclesonide ciclesonide: nasal spray approved for seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis	3.56	1	1	organic molecular entity
sitafloxacin sitafloxacin: structure in first source	2.45	2	0
vilazodone hydrochloride [no description available]	2.07	1	0	hydrochloride	antidepressant; serotonergic agonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
awd 12-281 AWD 12-281: phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor	4.32	3	0
retapamulin retapamulin: a synthetic pleuromutilin	5.34	3	1	carbotricyclic compound; carboxylic ester; cyclic ketone
isavuconazole isavuconazole : A 1,3-thiazole that is butan-2-ol which is substituted at positions 1, 2, and 3 by 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl, 2,5-difluorophenyl, and 4-(p-cyanophenyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl groups, respectively. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis and invasive mucormycosis.	2.21	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; nitrile; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitor; orphan drug
indacaterol indacaterol: a beta2 adrenoceptor agonist; indacaterol is the (R)-isomer; structure in first source. indacaterol : A monohydroxyquinoline that consists of 5-[(1R)-2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl]-8-hydroxyquinolin-2-one having a 5,6-diethylindan-2-yl group attached to the amino function. Used as the maleate salt for treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.	5.9	9	0	indanes; monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent
belinostat [no description available]	5.01	4	0	hydroxamic acid; olefinic compound; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
on 01910 ON 01910: a Plk1 inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source. N-[2-methoxy-5-({[2-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)ethenyl]sulfonyl}methyl)phenyl]glycine : A glycine derivative that is glycine in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group is substituted by a 2-methoxy-5-({[2-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)ethenyl]sulfonyl}methyl)phenyl group.. rigosertib : An N-[2-methoxy-5-({[2-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)ethenyl]sulfonyl}methyl)phenyl]glycine in which the double bond has E-configuration. It is a non-ATP-competitive inhibitor of PLK1 with an IC50 of 9 nM and exhibits anti-cancer properties.	2.1	1	0	N-[2-methoxy-5-({[2-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)ethenyl]sulfonyl}methyl)phenyl]glycine	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.21 (polo kinase) inhibitor; microtubule-destabilising agent
panobinostat Panobinostat: An indole and hydroxamic acid derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used as an antineoplastic agent in combination with BORTEZOMIB and DEXAMETHASONE for the treatment of MULTIPLE MYELOMA.. panobinostat : A hydroxamic acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2E)-3-[4-({[2-(2-methylindol-3-yl)ethyl]amino}methyl)phenyl]prop-2-enoic acid with the amino group of hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor used (as its lactate salt) in combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone for the treatment of multiple myeloma.	4.69	4	0	cinnamamides; hydroxamic acid; methylindole; secondary amino compound	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
staurosporine staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.	6.2	9	0	ammonium ion derivative
chloralose Chloralose: A derivative of CHLORAL HYDRATE that was used as a sedative but has been replaced by safer and more effective drugs. Its most common use is as a general anesthetic in animal experiments.	1.95	1	0
hypericum Hypericum: Genus of perennial plants in the family CLUSIACEAE (sometimes classified as Hypericaceae). Herbal and homeopathic preparations are used for depression, neuralgias, and a variety of other conditions. Hypericum contains flavonoids; GLYCOSIDES; mucilage, TANNINS; volatile oils (OILS, ESSENTIAL), hypericin and hyperforin.. 6-formamidopenicillanic acid : A penicillanic acid having a (6R)-formamido substituent.	2.17	1	0	penicillanic acids
phosphocreatine Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.	1.97	1	0	phosphagen; phosphoamino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
taxane taxane: produced by Taxomyces andreanae	2.15	1	0	diterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent
vacuolin-1 vacuolin-1: inhibits Ca2-dependent lysosomal exocytosis	2.41	1	0
phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate : A phosphatidylinositol monophosphate carrying the phosphate group at the 5-position.	2.51	2	0	glycerophosphoinositol phosphate
bms-262084 BMS-262084: an azetidinone-based tryptase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.02	1	0
s 22153 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
abiraterone acetate Abiraterone Acetate: An androstene derivative that inhibits STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE and is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT in the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant PROSTATE CANCER.. abiraterone acetate : A sterol ester obtained by formal condensation of the 3-hydroxy group of abiraterone with the carboxy group of acetic acid. A prodrug that is converted in vivo into abiraterone. Used for treatment of metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer.	3.53	1	1	pyridines; sterol ester	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.99.9 (steroid 17alpha-monooxygenase) inhibitor; prodrug
lenvatinib lenvatinib : A member of the class of quinolines that is the carboxamide of 4-{3-chloro-4-[(cyclopropylcarbamoyl)amino]phenoxy}-7-methoxyquinoline-6-carboxylic acid. A multi-kinase inhibitor and orphan drug used (as its mesylate salt) for the treatment of various types of thyroid cancer that do not respond to radioiodine.	2.1	1	0	aromatic amide; aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas; quinolines	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist; orphan drug; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
pd 0325901 mirdametinib: has antineoplastic activity; appears to be a MEK inhibitor. PD 0325901 : A hydroxamic acid ester that is benzhydroxamic acid (N-hydroxybenzamide) in which the hydroxamic acid group has been converted to the corresponding 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester and in which the benzene ring has been substituted at position 2 by a (2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino group and at positions 3 and 4 by fluorines (the R enantiomer).	2.84	3	0	difluorobenzene; hydroxamic acid ester; monofluorobenzenes; organoiodine compound; propane-1,2-diols; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.12.2 (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase) inhibitor
midostaurin midostaurin : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is the N-benzoyl derivative of staurosporine.	6.1	8	0	benzamides; gamma-lactam; indolocarbazole; organic heterooctacyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
anatibant LF 16-0687: a potent non-peptide bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.05	1	0	proline derivative
tapentadol Tapentadol: An opioid analgesic, MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, and of pain associated with DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES.	2.11	1	0	alkylbenzene
cra1000 CRA1000: a non-peptidic corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor type 1 antagonist	2.02	1	0
px-866 PX-866: inhibitor of phosphoinositide-3-kinase signaling with antitumor activity; structure in first source. PX-866 : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is obtained from wortmanin via aminolysis of its furan ring by diallyl amine.	2.11	1	0	acetate ester; delta-lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
akr 501 avatrombopag: enhances megakaryocytopoiesis; structure in first source	4.54	3	0
ppi-0903 ceftaroline : A cephalosporin that is the active metabolite of the prodrug ceftaroline fosamil. Used for the treatment of adults with acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections.	2.07	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; iminium betaine; organic phosphoramidate; oxime O-ether; thiadiazoles	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; prodrug
l-454,560 L-454,560: Phosphodiesterase Inhibitor; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
cangrelor cangrelor: platelet P(2T) receptor antagonist. cangrelor : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is 5'-O-[({[dichloro(phosphono)methyl](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl]adenosine carrying additional 2-(methylsulfanyl)ethyl and (3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)sulfanyl substituents at positions N6 and C2 respectively. Used (in the form of its tetrasodium salt) as an intravenous antiplatelet drug that prevents formation of harmful blood clots in the coronary arteries.	2.13	1	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; aryl sulfide; nucleoside triphosphate analogue; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound	P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
fluticasone furoate fluticasone furoate: a glucocorticoid; structure in first source. fluticasone furoate : A trifluorinated corticosteroid that consists of 6alpha,9-difluoro-11beta,17alpha-dihydroxy-17beta-{[(fluoromethyl)sulfanyl]carbonyl}-16-methyl-3-oxoandrosta-1,4-diene bearing a 2-furoyl substituent at position 17. Used in combination with vilanterol trifenate for treatment of bronchospasm associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.	2.13	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 2-furoate ester; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; corticosteroid; fluorinated steroid; steroid ester; thioester	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; prodrug
ozenoxacin ozenoxacin: an antibacterial for treatment of impetigo; structure in first source	13	38	9	quinolines
f 13640 befiradol: a selective serotonin 5-HT1A receptor agonist	2.95	4	0
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	3.59	8	0	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
cx 659s CX 659S: structure in first source	3.12	1	0
jnj 10397049 JNJ 10397049: a selective orexin receptor-2 antagonist	2.06	1	0
ticagrelor Ticagrelor: An adenosine triphosphate analogue and reversible P2Y12 PURINORECEPTOR antagonist that inhibits ADP-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used for the prevention of THROMBOEMBOLISM by patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME or a history of MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.. ticagrelor : A triazolopyrimidine that is an adenosine isostere; the cyclopentane ring is similar to ribose and the nitrogen-rich [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine moiety resembles the nucleobase adenine. A platelet aggregation inhibitor which is used for prevention of thromboembolic events in patients with acute coronary syndrome.	2.76	2	0	aryl sulfide; hydroxyether; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound; triazolopyrimidines	P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
rwj 54428 RWJ 54428: structure in first source	2	1	0
lipid a Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties.. lipid A : The glycolipid moiety of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (R can be either hydrogen or a fatty acyl group).	4.9	1	1	dodecanoate ester; lipid A; tetradecanoate ester	Escherichia coli metabolite
slv 313 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
nnc 26-9100 NNC 26-9100: structure in first source	3.56	8	0	aminopyridine
tgx 221 TGX 221: a platelet aggregation inhibitor	2.06	1	0	pyridopyrimidine
ic 87114 IC 87114: structure in first source	2.49	2	0	6-aminopurines; biaryl; quinazolines	EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
hki 272 [no description available]	2.31	1	0	nitrile; quinolines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
thiocolchicoside thiocolchicoside: used in combination with glafenine and meprobamate to tranquilize patients undergoing hysterosalpingography; structure	4.9	1	1	glycoside
tofacitinib tofacitinib : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted at position 4 by an N-methyl,N-(1-cyanoacetyl-4-methylpiperidin-3-yl)amino moiety. Used as its citrate salt to treat moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis.	6.17	8	0	N-acylpiperidine; nitrile; pyrrolopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound	antirheumatic drug; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
rucaparib AG14447: Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor; structure in first source	5.41	3	1	azepinoindole; caprolactams; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
rpl 554 ensifentrine: a phosphodiesterase 3/4 inhibitor; structure in first source	3.78	2	0
bay-68-4986 [no description available]	6.35	6	1
bim 23027 BIM 23027: somatostatin receptor agonist	2	1	0
roflumilast n-oxide roflumilast N-oxide: an oral, once-daily phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor; active metabolite of roflumilast	10.44	40	9
dimethoxycurcumin dimethoxycurcumin: has antineoplsatic activity; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
chir 99021 Chir 99021: structure in first source. CHIR 99021 : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 2-aminopyrimidine substituted at positions N2, 5 and 6 by (5-cyanopyridin-2-yl)ethyl, 4-methylimidazol-2-yl and 2,4-dichlorophenyl groups respectively.	2.45	2	0	aminopyridine; aminopyrimidine; cyanopyridine; diamine; dichlorobenzene; imidazoles; secondary amino compound	EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor
ym 201636 6-amino-N-(3-(4-(4-morpholinyl)pyrido(3',2'-4,5)furo(3,2-d)pyrimidin-2-yl)phenyl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide: an antiviral agent; structure in first source	6.24	24	0	aromatic amide
g(m1) ganglioside G(M1) Ganglioside: A specific monosialoganglioside that accumulates abnormally within the nervous system due to a deficiency of GM1-b-galactosidase, resulting in GM1 gangliosidosis.. ganglioside GM1 : A sialotetraosylceramide consisting of a branched pentasaccharide made up from one sialyl residue, two galactose residues, one N-acetylgalactosamine residue and a glucose residue at the reducing end attached to N-stearoylsphingosine via a beta-linkage.	2.25	1	0	alpha-N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2->3)-[beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)]-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-N-acylsphingosine; sialotetraosylceramide
1-phenyl-3-dimethylamino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene 1-phenyl-3-dimethylamino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene: a 5-HT2C agonist and 5-HT2A,2B antagonist; RN refers to (trans)-isomer; a phenylaminotetralin; structure given in first source	2.08	1	0
ly-2157299 LY-2157299: an orally active transforming growth factor beta receptor (TGF-beraR) kinase inhibitor. LY-2157299 : A pyrrolopyrazole that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole which is substituted at positions 2 and 3 by 6-methylpyridin-2-yl and 6-(aminocarbonyl)quinolin-4-yl groups, respectively. A Transforming growth factor-betaRI (TGF-betaRI) kinase inhibitor, it blocks TGF-beta-mediated tumor growth in glioblastoma.	2.31	1	0	aromatic amide; methylpyridines; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrrolopyrazole; quinolines	antineoplastic agent; TGFbeta receptor antagonist
linagliptin Linagliptin: A purine and quinazoline derivative that functions as an INCRETIN and DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBTOR. It is used as a HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT in the treatment of TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS.. linagliptin : A xanthine that is 7H-xanthine bearing (4-methylquinazolin-2-yl)methyl, methyl, but-2-yn-1-yl and 3-aminopiperidin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 7 and 8 respectively (the R-enantiomer). Used for treatment of type II diabetes.	2.53	2	0	aminopiperidine; quinazolines	EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
fmrfamide FMRFamide: A molluscan neuroactive peptide which induces a fast excitatory depolarizing response due to direct activation of amiloride-sensitive SODIUM CHANNELS. (From Nature 1995; 378(6558): 730-3)	2.37	2	0
pazopanib pazopanib: a protein kinase inhibitor. pazopanib : A pyrimidine that is 5-(pyrimidin-2-yl}amino-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide substituted at position 4 by a (2,3-dimethylindazol-6-yl)(methyl)amino group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of kidney cancer.	2.11	1	0	aminopyrimidine; indazoles; sulfonamide	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
azd 6244 AZD 6244: a MEK inhibitor	2.5	2	0	benzimidazoles; bromobenzenes; hydroxamic acid ester; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
apilimod [no description available]	3.71	2	0
bibw 2992 [no description available]	3.26	5	0	aromatic ether; enamide; furans; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; quinazolines; secondary carboxamide; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
vilanterol [no description available]	3.21	1	0	benzyl alcohols; dichlorobenzene; ether; phenols; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent
sb674042 SB674042: nonpeptide antagonist to the human orexin-1 receptor; structure in first source	2.49	2	0
artenimol artenimol: derivative of antimalarial drug artemisinin (quinghaosu)	4.9	1	1
binimetinib binimetinib : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1-methyl-1H-benzimidazole which is substituted at positions 4, 5, and 6 by fluorine, (4-bromo-2-fluorophenyl)nitrilo, and N-(2-hydroxyethoxy)aminocarbonyl groups, respectively. It is a MEK1 and MEK2 inhibitor (IC50= 12 nM). Approved by the FDA for the treatment of patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma with a BRAF V600E or V600K mutation in combination with encorafenib.	8	10	2	benzimidazoles; bromobenzenes; hydroxamic acid ester; monofluorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
sn003 SN003: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
jyl 1421 JYL 1421: a vanilloid receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
sotrastaurin sotrastaurin: a potent protein kinase C-selective inhibitor; structure in first source. sotrastaurin : A member of the class of maleimides that is maleimide which is substituted at position 3 by an indol-3-yl group and at position 4 by a quinazolin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted at position 2 by a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group. It is a potent and selective inhibitor of protein kinase C and has been investigated as an immunosuppresant in renal transplant patients.	3.25	1	0	indoles; maleimides; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinazolines	anticoronaviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
alpha-synuclein alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.	3.66	2	0
rolapitant [no description available]	2.13	1	0	azaspiro compound; ether; organofluorine compound; piperidines; pyrrolidin-2-ones	antiemetic; neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist
2-acetylfuranonaphthoquinone 2-acetylfuranonaphthoquinone: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	2.17	1	0
cj 033466 CJ 033466: structure in first source	2.74	3	0
sb 215505 SB 215505: a neuroleptic with equivalent or higher antagonist affinity for 5-HT2 than for dopamine D2 receptor	3.13	5	0
volasertib BI 6727: a polo-like kinase inhibitor with broad antitumor activity; structure in first source	2.17	1	0
oxadiazoles Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.	8.45	22	1
sch 442416 SCH 442416: an adenosine A2A receptor ligand	2.04	1	0	triazolopyrimidines
4-aminopyridine-3-methanol 4-aminopyridine-3-methanol: structure in first source. 4-aminopyridine-3-methanol : An aminopyridine that is 4-aminopyridine which is substituted by a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It is a potassium channel blocker which restores axonal conduction after spinal cord injury.	3.36	6	0	aminopyridine; aromatic amine; aromatic primary alcohol	potassium channel blocker
ribose ribopyranose : The pyranose form of ribose.	2.03	1	0	D-ribose; ribopyranose
acebutolol alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-mannose : An alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha configuration.	2.05	1	0	alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose
lactulose Lactulose: A synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887). lactulose : A synthetic galactosylfructose disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.	4.9	1	1
regorafenib [no description available]	2.41	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; phenylureas; pyridinecarboxamide	antineoplastic agent; hepatotoxic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
ptc 124 [no description available]	6.01	8	0	oxadiazole; ring assembly
abt-737 [no description available]	2.49	2	0	aromatic amine; aryl sulfide; biphenyls; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-arylpiperazine; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor
brimonidine tartrate Brimonidine Tartrate: A quinoxaline derivative and ADRENERGIC ALHPA-2 RECEPTOR AGONIST that is used to manage INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE associated with OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.	2.37	2	0
lurasidone hydrochloride Lurasidone Hydrochloride: A thiazole derivative and atypical ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT that functions as a DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST, serotonin 5-HT7 receptor antagonist, and antagonist of the adrenergic α2A and α2C receptors, as well as a partial SEROTONIN 5-HT1A RECEPTOR AGONIST. It is used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER.. lurasidone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of lurasidone with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. An atypical antipsychotic agent used for the treatment of schizophrenia.	2.07	1	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
nystatin a1 Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.	1.96	1	0	nystatins
mitoquinone mitoquinone: has antineoplastic activity	2.1	1	0
nutlin-3a nutlin 3: an MDM2 antagonist; structure in first source	3.23	5	0	stilbenoid
danusertib [no description available]	2.66	2	0	piperazines
cp 154526 CP 154526: structure in first source	2.51	2	0
nvp-aew541 [no description available]	2.11	1	0
arq 197 [no description available]	2.57	2	0	indoles
pf 00299804 dacomitinib: a pan-ERBB inhibitor. dacomitinib : A member of the class of quinazolines that is 7-methoxyquinazoline-4,6-diamine in which the amino group at position 4 is substituted by a 3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl group and the amino group at position 6 is substituted by an (E)-4-(piperidin-1-yl)but-2-enoyl group.	2.69	2	0	enamide; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; piperidines; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
dorsomorphin dorsomorphin: an AMPK inhibitor. dorsomorphin : A pyrazolopyrimidine that is pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine which is substituted at positions 3 and 6 by pyridin-4-yl and p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]phenyl groups, respectively. It is a potent, selective, reversible, and ATP-competitive inhibitor of AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase, EC 2.7.11.31) and a selective inhibitor of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling.	2.11	1	0	aromatic ether; piperidines; pyrazolopyrimidine; pyridines	bone morphogenetic protein receptor antagonist; EC 2.7.11.31 {[hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH)] kinase} inhibitor
apremilast [no description available]	5.58	6	0	aromatic ether; N-acetylarylamine; phthalimides; sulfone	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
pf 573228 6-(4-(3-(methylsulfonyl)benzylamino)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)-3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-one: structure in first source	2.15	1	0	quinolines
veratridine Veratridine: A benzoate-cevane found in VERATRUM and Schoenocaulon. It activates SODIUM CHANNELS to stay open longer than normal.	4.68	9	0
idelalisib idelalisib: an antineoplastic agent and p110delta inhibitor; structure in first source. idelalisib : A member of the class of quinazolines that is 5-fluoro-3-phenylquinazolin-4-one in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a (1S)-1-(3H-purin-6-ylamino)propyl group. used for for the treatment of refractory indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia.	5.81	8	0	aromatic amine; organofluorine compound; purines; quinazolines; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
crizotinib Crizotinib: A piperidine and aminopyridine derivative that acts as an inhibitor of RECEPTOR PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASES, including ANAPLASTIC LYMPHOMA KINASE (ALK) and HEPATOCYTE GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR (HGFR; c-Met). It is used in the treatment of NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. crizotinib : A 3-[1-(2,6-dichloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethoxy]-5-[1-(piperidin-4-yl)pyrazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-amine that has R configuration at the chiral centre. The active enantiomer, it acts as a kinase inhibitor and is used for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)	12.74	51	5	3-[1-(2,6-dichloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethoxy]-5-[1-(piperidin-4-yl)pyrazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-amine	antineoplastic agent; biomarker; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
4-[2-(2-chloro-4-fluoroanilino)-5-methyl-4-pyrimidinyl]-N-[(1S)-1-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxamide Vx-11e: ERK1-2 inhibitor	2.41	1	0	aromatic amide; heteroarene
zstk474 ZSTK-474 : A triamino-1,3,5-triazine that is 1,3,5-triazine in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by morpholin-4-yl groups while the third hydrogen has been replaced by a 2-(difluoromethyl)benzimidazol-1-yl group. It is an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase.	2.55	2	0	benzimidazoles; morpholines; organofluorine compound; triamino-1,3,5-triazine	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
ly2109761 [no description available]	2.15	1	0
lorcaserin lorcaserin: orally active, small-molecule 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C agonist for the potential treatment of obesity and diabetes. lorcaserin : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and a t position 6 by a chloro group.	4.4	7	0	benzazepine; organochlorine compound	anti-obesity agent; appetite depressant
fostamatinib fostamatinib: a spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) inhibitor, metabolized to R406	18.24	132	34
trametinib [no description available]	6.63	9	2	acetamides; aromatic amine; cyclopropanes; organofluorine compound; organoiodine compound; pyridopyrimidine; ring assembly	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
bay 60-6583 BAY 60-6583: structure in first source. BAY 60-6583 : A member of the class of cyanopyridines that is 6-amino-3,5-dicyano-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-sulfanylpyridine in which the hydroxy and sulfanyl hydrogens are replaced by cyclopropylmethyl and carboxamidomethyl groups respectively.	5.22	45	0	aminopyridine; aromatic ether; aryl sulfide; cyanopyridine; cyclopropanes; monocarboxylic acid amide	adenosine A2B receptor agonist; anti-inflammatory agent; cardioprotective agent
2-((2-((dimethylamino)methyl)phenyl)thio)-5-iodophenylamine 2-((2-((dimethylamino)methyl)phenyl)thio)-5-iodophenylamine: structure in first source	2.1	1	0
losartan potassium Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.	1.98	1	0
td-5108 TD-5108: a selective 5-HT(4) receptor agonist with high intrinsic activity; structure in first source	2.97	4	0
peramivir peramivir hydrate : A hydrate that is the trihydrate form of peramivir. Used for the treatment of acute uncomplicated influenza in patients 18 years and older who have been symptomatic for no more than two days.. peramivir : A member of the class of guanidines that is used (as its trihydrate) for the treatment of acute uncomplicated influenza in patients 18 years and older who have been symptomatic for no more than two days.	2.05	1	0
calcimycin Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.	3.84	12	0	benzoxazole
dextrothyroxine [no description available]	2.13	1	0
sar 1118 lifitegrast: An LFA-1 (LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTION-ASSOCIATED ANTIGEN-1) antagonist that is used in the treatment of DRY EYE SYNDROMES.. lifitegrast : An N-acyl-L-alpha-amino acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-[2-(1-benzofuran-6-carbonyl)]-5,7-dichloro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 3-(methanesulfonyl)-L-phenylalanine. Used for treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eye syndrome).	2.31	1	0	1-benzofurans; isoquinolines; L-phenylalanine derivative; N-acyl-L-alpha-amino acid; sulfone	anti-inflammatory drug; lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 antagonist
sepharose agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.	2.7	3	0
scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available]	3.37	7	0
dactolisib dactolisib: antineoplastic agent that inhibits both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mTOR. dactolisib : An imidazoquinoline that is 3-methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline substituted at position 1 by a 4-(1-cyanoisopropyl)phenyl group and at position 8 by a quinolin-3-yl group. A dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor used in cancer treatment.	6.17	28	1	imidazoquinoline; nitrile; quinolines; ring assembly; ureas	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; mTOR inhibitor
pituitrin Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).	5.72	6	1
sazetidine-a sazetidine-A: a ligand that desensitizes alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors without activating them; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
n4-(2,2-dimethyl-3-oxo-4h-pyrid(1,4)oxazin-6-yl)-5-fluoro-n2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-2,4-pyrimidinediamine N4-(2,2-dimethyl-3-oxo-4H-pyrid(1,4)oxazin-6-yl)-5-fluoro-N2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-2,4-pyrimidinediamine: a spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) inhibitor; structure in first source	7.85	12	3
chidamide [no description available]	2.63	2	0	benzamides
resorcinarene resorcinarene: structure in first source	2.06	1	0
demethylcantharidin demethylcantharidin: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
rifamycins [no description available]	2	1	0
mefloquine Mefloquine: A phospholipid-interacting antimalarial drug (ANTIMALARIALS). It is very effective against PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM with very few side effects.. mefloquine : A racemate composed of (+)-(11R,2'S)- and (-)-(11S,2'R)-enantiomers of mefloquine. An antimalarial agent which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.	1.97	1	0
butaprost butaprost: highly selective prostaglandin receptor agonist; structure given in first source	2.31	1	0
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	5.82	6	1	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mdv 3100 [no description available]	4.22	3	1	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; benzamides; imidazolidinone; monofluorobenzenes; nitrile; thiocarbonyl compound	androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	3.33	6	0
melitten Melitten: Basic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It contains 26 amino acids, has cytolytic properties, causes contracture of muscle, releases histamine, and disrupts surface tension, probably due to lysis of cell and mitochondrial membranes.	1.97	1	0
cholecystokinin Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.	1.95	1	0
ceruletide Ceruletide: A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.. ceruletide : A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.	2.13	1	0	oligopeptide	diagnostic agent; gastrointestinal drug
thymalfasin Thymalfasin: A thymus hormone polypeptide found in thymosin fraction 5 (a crude thymus gland extract) but now produced by synthesis. It is used alone or with interferon as an immunomodulator for the treatment of CHRONIC HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C. Thymalfasin is also used for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced immunosuppression, and to enhance the efficacy of influenza and hepatitis B vaccines in immunocompromised patients.	2.17	1	0	polypeptide
hes1 protein, human HES1 protein, human: RefSeq NM_005524	2.41	1	0
nociceptin [no description available]	2.43	2	0	organic molecular entity; polypeptide	human metabolite; rat metabolite
am336 AM336: calcium channel blocker and antihyperalgesia agent; isolated from the venom of the cone snail, Conus catus	2.05	1	0
gastrins Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.	2.67	3	0
erabutoxin b erabutoxin b: RN given refers to erabutoxin b	1.96	1	0
gramicidin a Gramicidin: A group of peptide antibiotics from BACILLUS brevis. Gramicidin C or S is a cyclic, ten-amino acid polypeptide and gramicidins A, B, D are linear. Gramicidin is one of the two principal components of TYROTHRICIN.	1.97	1	0
cobrotoxin Cobra Neurotoxin Proteins: Toxins, contained in cobra (Naja) venom that block cholinergic receptors; two specific proteins have been described, the small (short, Type I) and the large (long, Type II) which also exist in other Elapid venoms.	1.96	1	0
glucagon Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.	8.17	8	1	peptide hormone
mast cell degranulating peptide mast cell degranulating peptide: isolated from bee venoms; made up of 22 amino acids; has 2 disulfide bridges	2.89	4	0
sauvagine sauvagine: isolated from skin of South American hylid frog, Phyllomedusa sauvagei; has hypotensive & antidiuretic effect; potent stimulating action on secretion of ACTH & corticosterone; inhibitory effect on secretion of PRL, GH, & TSH; consists of straight chain of 40 amino acid residues	2.08	1	0
iberiotoxin [no description available]	2.02	1	0
astressin astressin : A 30-membered homodetic cyclic peptide comprising the sequence D-Phe-His-Leu-Leu-Arg-Glu-Val-Leu-Glu-Nle-Ala-Arg-Ala-Glu-Gln-Leu-Ala-Gln-Glu-Ala-His-Lys-Asn-Arg-Lys-Leu-Nle-Glu-Ile-Ile-NH2 cyclised by an amide bridge, formed by condensation of the side-chain carboxy group of the Glu residue at position 19 and the side-chain amino group of the Lys residue at position 22.	2.1	1	0	homodetic cyclic peptide; polypeptide	corticotropin-releasing factor receptor antagonist; neuroprotective agent
bim 23056 [no description available]	2	1	0
cyn 154806 [no description available]	2	1	0
oligonucleotides [no description available]	3.33	6	0
liraglutide [no description available]	4.84	2	1	lipopeptide; polypeptide	glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; neuroprotective agent
ziconotide ziconotide: amino acid sequence in first source; from venom of South Pacific sea cone snail, Conus magus; calcium channel blocker; administered by injection into Cerebrospinal Fluid; Prialt is synthetic form. omega-conotoxin MVIIA : A heterodetic cyclic polypeptide consisting of the linear sequence Cys-Lys-Gly-Lys-Gly-Ala-Lys-Cys-Ser-Arg-Leu-Met-Tyr-Asp-Cys-Cys-Thr-Gly-Ser-Cys-Arg-Ser-Gly-Lys-Cys-NH2 with three disulfide bridges between cysteine residues 1-16, 8-20 and 15-25. A neuronal N-type Ca(2+) channel blocker in mammalian and amphibian brain, it blocks release of GABA and glutamate at neuronal synapses. Used as a probe for calcium channel receptors, it is selective for different receptor subtypes. A synthetic form, named ziconotide, is an atypical analgesic agent for the amelioration of severe and chronic pain.	2.05	1	0
glucagon-like peptide 1 Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.	2.78	3	0
incretins Incretins: Peptides which stimulate INSULIN release from the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS following oral nutrient ingestion, or postprandially.	2.25	1	0
c-peptide C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.	4.37	1	1
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	5.68	2	2	glycoside
endothelin-1 Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)	2.5	2	0
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	2.71	3	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
(9R)-9-chloro-11,17-dihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxy-1-oxoethyl)-10,13,16-trimethyl-6,7,8,11,12,14,15,16-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one Beclomethasone: An anti-inflammatory, synthetic glucocorticoid. It is used topically as an anti-inflammatory agent and in aerosol form for the treatment of ASTHMA.. beclomethasone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is prednisolone in which the hydrogens at the 9alpha and 16beta positions are substituted by a chlorine and a methyl group, respectively.	9.92	8	5	21-hydroxy steroid
vx-770 ivacaftor: a CFTR potentiator; structure in first source. ivacaftor : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 5-amino-2,4-di-tert-butylphenol. Used for the treatment of cystic fibrosis.	17.94	161	12	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; phenols; quinolone	CFTR potentiator; orphan drug
buparlisib NVP-BKM120: a pan class I PI3 kinase inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	18.87	232	53	aminopyridine; aminopyrimidine; morpholines; organofluorine compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
lumacaftor lumacaftor: a corrector of CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CTFR); structure in first source. lumacaftor : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid with the aromatic amino group of 3-(6-amino-3-methylpyridin-2-yl)benzoic acid. Used for the treatment of cystic fibrosis.	18.24	221	13	aromatic amide; benzodioxoles; benzoic acids; cyclopropanes; organofluorine compound; pyridines	CFTR potentiator; orphan drug
dibutyltin dilaurate dibutyltin dilaurate: used in prevention of parasitic dieases in cattle and sheep	2.11	1	0
3-(3-(4-((pyridin-2-yloxy)methyl)benzyl)isoxazol-5-yl)pyridin-2-amine APX001A: has antifungal activity; structure in first source	7.93	18	2
pevonedistat pevonedistat: a potent and selective inhibitor of NAE (NEDD8-activating enzyme). pevonedistat : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine which is substituted by a (1S)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ylnitrilo group at position 4 and by a (1S,3S,4S)-3-hydroxy-4-[(sulfamoyloxy)methyl]cyclopentyl group at position 7. It is a potent and selective NEDD8-activating enzyme inhibitor with an IC50 of 4.7 nM, and currently under clinical investigation for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndromes.	3.01	1	0	cyclopentanols; indanes; pyrrolopyrimidine; secondary amino compound; sulfamidate	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer
tg101209 [no description available]	2.25	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; pyrimidines; secondary amino compound; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
ku 0063794 Ku 0063794: an mTOR inhibitor; structure in first source	2.49	2	0	benzyl alcohols; monomethoxybenzene; morpholines; pyridopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; mTOR inhibitor
ubiquinone Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.	5.72	3	1
alcaftadine alcaftadine : An imidazobenzazepine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-imidazo[2,1-b][3]benzazepine substituted at position 3 by a formyl group and at position 11 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. An antihistamine used for treatment of allergic conjunctivitis.	2.07	1	0	aldehyde; imidazobenzazepine; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist
sodium cyanoborohydride sodium cyanoborohydride: reagent for preparing biologically active nitroxides	2.39	2	0
lucifer yellow lucifer yellow: RN given refers to di-Li salt	2.37	2	0	organic lithium salt	fluorochrome
sapogenins Sapogenins: The aglucon moiety of a saponin molecule. It may be triterpenoid or steroid, usually spirostan, in nature.	2.11	1	0
5,6,2',3',5',6'-hexamethoxyflavone 5,6,2',3',5',6'-hexamethoxyflavone: from the Yucatec Mayan plant Casimiroa tetrameria; structure in first source	2.04	1	0
pyrazolopyridine pyrazolopyridine: act as competitive antagonists of brain adenosine A1 receptors	2.04	1	0
chitosan [no description available]	3.18	5	0
pha 408 PHA 408: an IKK-2 antagonist; structure in first source	2.06	1	0
bucladesine Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.	1.97	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
methylprednisolone suleptanate methylprednisolone suleptanate: prodrug of methylprednisolone. methylprednisolone suleptanate : An organic sodium salt that is the monosodium salt of methylprednisolone 21-suleptanic acid ester. It is a prodrug of methylprednisolone developed by Pharmacia Corp for the treatment of asthma.	2.01	1	0	organic sodium salt	anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; glucocorticoid receptor agonist; prodrug
sodium nitrite Sodium Nitrite: Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines.. sodium nitrite : An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning.	1.97	1	0	inorganic sodium salt; nitrite salt	antidote to cyanide poisoning; antihypertensive agent; antimicrobial food preservative; food antioxidant; poison
ro13-9904 Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.	2.1	1	0
sodium pertechnetate tc 99m Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular and cerebral circulation, brain, thyroid, and joints.	1.96	1	0
chiniofon Hydroxyquinolines: The 8-hydroxy derivatives inhibit various enzymes and their halogenated derivatives, though neurotoxic, are used as topical anti-infective agents, among other uses.	3.65	8	0
olaparib [no description available]	5.37	11	1	cyclopropanes; monofluorobenzenes; N-acylpiperazine; phthalazines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
almorexant almorexant: a dual orexin receptor antagonist for treatment of insomnia	2.48	2	0	isoquinolines
picrotoxinin picrotoxinin: toxic component of PICROTOXIN; structure; noncompetitive antagonist of ionotropic GABA-A receptors. picrotoxinin : A picrotoxane sesquiterpenoid that is 3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-indene-3,7-dicarboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 3a, 6, and 7a by methyl, isopropenyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively; in which the double bond at position 2-3 has been epoxidised; and in which the carboxy groups at positions 3 and 7 have undergone gamma-lactone formation by O-alkylation to positions 4 and 5, respectively. A component of picrotoxin.	2.08	1	0
2,5-dimethoxy-4-n-propylthiophenethylamine 2,5-dimethoxy-4-n-propylthiophenethylamine: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
cx 4945 [no description available]	2.17	1	0
s-adenosylmethionine (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.	2.39	2	0	organic cation; sulfonium compound	coenzyme; cofactor; human metabolite; micronutrient; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
amg 458 1-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)-N-(5-(7-methoxyquinolin-4-yloxy)pyridin-2-yl)-5-methyl-3-oxo-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide: a c-met inhibitor; structure in first source	3.32	6	0
lde225 sonidegib: specific Smoothened/Smo antagonist. sonidegib : A member of the classo of biphenyls that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-methyl-4'-(trifluoromethoxy)[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 6-(2,6-dimethylmorpholin-4-yl)pyridin-3-amine. Used (as its phosphate salt) for treatment of locally advanced basal cell carcinoma.	3.44	2	0	aminopyridine; aromatic ether; benzamides; biphenyls; morpholines; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; SMO receptor antagonist
gdc 0449 HhAntag691: inhibits the hedgehog pathway and ABC transporters; has antineoplastic activity	2.17	1	0	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; sulfone	antineoplastic agent; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; SMO receptor antagonist; teratogenic agent
bms 777607 N-(4-(2-amino-3-chloropyridin-4-yloxy)-3-fluorophenyl)-4-ethoxy-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carboxamide: a Met kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	4.72	26	0	aromatic amide
picrotoxin Picrotoxin: A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.. picrotoxin : A mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of picrotoxinin and picrotin found in the climbing plant Anamirta cocculus.	3.24	6	0
pci 32765 ibrutinib: a Btk protein inhibitor. ibrutinib : A member of the class of acrylamides that is (3R)-3-[4-amino-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl]piperidine in which the piperidine nitrogen is replaced by an acryloyl group. A selective and covalent inhibitor of the enzyme Bruton's tyrosine kinase, it is used for treatment of B-cell malignancies.	9.18	12	1	acrylamides; aromatic amine; aromatic ether; N-acylpiperidine; pyrazolopyrimidine; tertiary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
sch772984 [no description available]	2.41	1	0	biaryl; indazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-alkylpyrrolidine; N-arylpiperazine; pyridines; pyrimidines; pyrrolidinecarboxamide; secondary carboxamide; tertiary amino compound; tertiary carboxamide	analgesic; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
quizartinib [no description available]	2.83	3	0	benzoimidazothiazole; isoxazoles; morpholines; phenylureas	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; necroptosis inhibitor
azd4694 AZD4694: an Abeta plaque neuroimaging PET radioligand; structure in first source	2.21	1	0
mk 2206 MK 2206: a protein kinase inhibitor and antineoplastic agent	4.37	5	0	organic heterotricyclic compound	EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
suvorexant suvorexant: an orexin receptor antagonist; structure in first source. suvorexant : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-2-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)benzoic acid with the secondary amino group of 5-chloro-2-[(5R)-5-methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1,3-benzoxazole. An orexin receptor antagonist used for the management of insomnia.	2.31	1	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; aromatic amide; diazepine; organochlorine compound; triazoles	central nervous system depressant; orexin receptor antagonist
navitoclax [no description available]	2.1	1	0	aryl sulfide; monochlorobenzenes; morpholines; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; organofluorine compound; piperazines; secondary amino compound; sulfone; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor
oz 439 artefenomel: an antimalarial ozonide; structure in first source	2.25	1	0
egg white Egg White: The white of an egg, especially a chicken's egg, used in cooking. It contains albumin. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)	2	1	0
lucitanib E-3810: a multi-kinase inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source. E-3810 : A hydrochloride salt obtained by reaction of 6-({7-[(1-aminocyclopropyl)methoxy]-6-methoxyquinolin-4-yl}oxy)-N-methyl-1-naphthamide with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. E-3810 is a dual VEGFR and FGFR inhibitor. E-3810 free base : A naphthalenecarboxamide obtained from formal condensation of the carboxy group of aminocyclopropyl)methoxy]-6-methoxyquinolin-4-yl}oxy)-1-naphthoic acid with methylamine.	2.21	1	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; naphthalenecarboxamide; primary amino compound; quinolines	antineoplastic agent; fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
cardiovascular agents Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.	6.02	22	0
pnd 1186 PND 1186: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	4.21	15	0
conotoxin gi conotoxin GI: highly toxic; from venom of marine snail Conus geographus; amino acid sequence given in first source	1.97	1	0
cabozantinib cabozantinib: a multikinase inhibitor. cabozantinib : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that is N-phenyl-N'-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropane-1,1-dicarboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the phenyl ring is substituted by a (6,7-dimethoxyquinolin-4-yl)oxy group. A multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor, used (as its malate salt) for the treatment of progressive, metastatic, medullary thyroid cancer.	4.21	4	0	aromatic ether; dicarboxylic acid diamide; organofluorine compound; quinolines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
defactinib [no description available]	2.66	2	0
incb-018424 [no description available]	7.82	5	2	nitrile; pyrazoles; pyrrolopyrimidine	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
asp3026 ASP3026: an anaplastic lymphoma receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor; structure in first source. ASP-3026 : A member of the class of diamino-1,3,5-triazines that is 1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine in which the amino groups at positions 2 and 4 are respectively carrying 2-methoxy-4-[4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)piperidin-1-yl]phenyl and 2-(propan-2-ylsulfonyl)phenyl substituents. It is a potent inhibitor of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), Ack and ROS1 activity (IC50 values are 3.5, 5.8 and 8.9 nM respectively) and exhibits anti-cancer properties.	2.11	1	0	aromatic amine; diamino-1,3,5-triazine; monomethoxybenzene; N-methylpiperazine; piperidines; secondary amino compound; sulfone	antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 6.1.1.6 (lysine--tRNA ligase) inhibitor
tolterodine tartrate Tolterodine Tartrate: An ANTIMUSCARINIC AGENT selective for the MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS of the BLADDER that is used in the treatment of URINARY INCONTINENCE and URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE.	3.46	1	1	tartrate salt
entrectinib entrectinib: inhibits TRK, ROS1, and ALK receptor tyrosine kinases; structure in first source. entrectinib : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole substituted by [4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzoyl]amino and 3,5-difluorobenzyl groups at positions 3 and 5, respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of TRKA, TRKB, TRKC, ROS1, and ALK (IC50 values of 0.1 to 1.7 nM), and used for the treatment of NTRK, ROS1 and ALK gene fusion-positive solid tumours.	4.42	5	0	benzamides; difluorobenzene; indazoles; N-methylpiperazine; oxanes; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
mannans [no description available]	4.9	1	1
pexidartinib pexidartinib: inhibits both CSF1R and c-kit receptor tyrosine kinase; structure in first source. pexidartinib : A pyrrolopyridine that is 5-chloro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine which is substituted by a [6-({[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]methyl}amino)pyridin-3-yl]methyl group at position 3. It is a potent multi-targeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor of CSF-1R, KIT, and FLT3 (IC50 of 20 nM, 10 nM and 160 nM, respectively). Approved by the FDA for the treatment of adult patients with symptomatic tenosynovial giant cell tumor (TGCT).	15.47	114	9	aminopyridine; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; pyrrolopyridine; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
glasdegib glasdegib: a smoothened inhibitor. glasdegib : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a (2R,4S)-4-{[(4-cyanophenyl)carbamoyl]amino}-1-methylpiperidin-2-yl group at position 2. It is a hedgehog signalling pathway inhibitor that acts by binding to Smoothened (SMO) receptors and blocking signal transduction (IC50 = 5 nM). It is used in combination with low-dose cytarabine, for the treatment of newly-diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in adult patients (aged >= 75 years), or who have medical conditions that prevent the use of standard chemotherapy.	5.16	2	0	benzimidazoles; nitrile; phenylureas; piperidines	antineoplastic agent; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; SMO receptor antagonist
ldn 193189 LDN 193189: inhibits bone morphogenetic protein signaling	2.08	1	0	pyrimidines
pf 3758309 PF 3758309: a PAK4 p21-activated kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.72	2	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound
3-(1-(3-(biphenyl-4-ylamino)-3-oxopropyl)-1h-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)-6-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-phenyl-1h-indole-5-carboxylic acid 3-(1-(3-(biphenyl-4-ylamino)-3-oxopropyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)-6-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-phenyl-1H-indole-5-carboxylic acid: an SHP2 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.25	1	0
(5-(2,4-bis((3s)-3-methylmorpholin-4-yl)pyrido(2,3-d)pyrimidin-7-yl)-2-methoxyphenyl)methanol (5-(2,4-bis((3S)-3-methylmorpholin-4-yl)pyrido(2,3-d)pyrimidin-7-yl)-2-methoxyphenyl)methanol: a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable ATP-competitive mammalian target of rapamycin kinase inhibitor with in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity; structure in first source	2.78	3	0	benzyl alcohols; morpholines; pyridopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; mTOR inhibitor
plx4032 [no description available]	4.3	6	0	aromatic ketone; difluorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; pyrrolopyridine; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; B-Raf inhibitor
achn 490 plazomicin: structure in first source	2.21	1	0
gsk 1363089 GSK 1363089: a multikinase inhibitor that acts on Met, RON, Axl, and VEGFR; structure in first source	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether
glycolipids [no description available]	2	1	0
ddd 85646 DDD 85646: a trypanocidal agent for treating African sleeping sickness; structure in first source	4.81	11	0
4-[6-[4-(methoxycarbonylamino)phenyl]-4-(4-morpholinyl)-1-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidinyl]-1-piperidinecarboxylic acid methyl ester WYE-354: an mTOR inhibitor; structure in first source	2.25	1	0	carbamate ester
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	13.31	140	1
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	4.08	13	0
dabrafenib [no description available]	2.57	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; aminopyrimidine; organofluorine compound; sulfonamide	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; B-Raf inhibitor
nitd 609 NITD 609: an antimalarial and coccidiostat; structure in first source	2.25	1	0
corynoxeine corynoxeine: active principles of Uncariae Ramulus et Uncus; structure given in first source for ((7beta,16E,20alpha)-isomer) and ((16E,20alpha)-isomer); RN given refers to ((7beta,16E,20alpha)-isomer)	2.02	1	0
an2728 crisaborole: NSAID, Dermatologic Agent; structure in first source. crisaborole : A member of the class of benzoxaboroles that is 5-hydroxy-1,3-dihydro-2,1-benzoxaborole in which the phenolic hydrogen has been replaced by a 4-cyanophenyl group. A phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor that is used for treatment of mild to moderate atopic dermatitis in children and adults.	4.59	3	0	aromatic ether; benzoxaborole; nitrile	antipsoriatic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
n-(3-fluoro-4-((1-methyl-6-(1h-pyrazol-4-yl)-1h-indazol-5 yl)oxy)phenyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carboxamide merestinib: in phase I clinical trials (2013); structure in first source	4.62	1	1
thiopental sodium [no description available]	2.49	2	0	organochlorine compound; piperazines; pyrimidines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
ribociclib ribociclib: inhibits both CDK4 and CDK6	21.82	288	68
pf 04971729 ertugliflozin: structure in first source	2.21	1	0	diarylmethane
mm 77 MM 77: InChIKey: MQHOGPLXAXSQAJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N	2	1	0
abt-450 paritaprevir: inhibits HCV NS3 protease. paritaprevir : An azamacrocycle which is used which is in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and ritonavir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.	2.41	1	0
exenatide Exenatide: A synthetic form of exendin-4, a 39-amino acid peptide isolated from the venom of the Gila monster lizard (Heloderma suspectum). Exenatide increases CYCLIC AMP levels in pancreatic acinar cells and acts as a GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR (GLP-1) agonist and incretin mimetic, enhancing insulin secretion in response to increased glucose levels; it also suppresses inappropriate glucagon secretion and slows gastric emptying. It is used an anti-diabetic and anti-obesity agent.	2.15	1	0
3-(6-amino-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)pyridin-3-yl)phenol 3-(6-amino-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)pyridin-3-yl)phenol: inhibits ALK2 protein; structure in first source	3.51	7	0
abt-348 ilorasertib: an antineoplastic agent and protein kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	6.36	4	2
ly2784544 [no description available]	2.31	1	0	pyridazines
gsk2256098 GSK2256098: a focal adhesion kinase-1 antagonist	8.31	7	3
gsk 2334470 GSK 2334470: a PDK1 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.15	1	0	indazoles
abemaciclib [no description available]	21.05	276	46
lrrk2-in1 LRRK2-IN1: inhibits leucine-rich repeat kinase 2; structure in first source	2.83	3	0	aromatic amine; aromatic ether; N-acylpiperidine; N-alkylpiperazine; pyrimidobenzodiazepine; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor
hh-gv678 flumatinib: an antineoplastic agent and tyrosine kinase inhibitor	6.21	11	1
1-(5-((2,4-difluorophenyl)thio)-4-nitrothiophen-2-yl)ethanone 1-(5-((2,4-difluorophenyl)thio)-4-nitrothiophen-2-yl)ethanone: a USP7 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.5	2	0
gilteritinib gilteritinib: an FLT3/AXL protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor. gilteritinib : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine-2-carboxamide which is substituted by {3-methoxy-4-[4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)piperidin-1-yl]phenyl}nitrilo, (oxan-4-yl)nitrilo and ethyl groups at positions 3,5 and 6, respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of FLT3 and AXL tyrosine kinase receptors (IC50 = 0.29 nM and 0.73 nM, respectively). Approved by the FDA for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia in patients who have a FLT3 gene mutation.	5.56	7	0	aromatic amine; monomethoxybenzene; N-methylpiperazine; oxanes; piperidines; primary carboxamide; pyrazines; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
alectinib [no description available]	7.43	23	0	aromatic ketone; morpholines; nitrile; organic heterotetracyclic compound; piperidines	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
lusutrombopag lusutrombopag: a thrombopoietin receptor agonist; structure in first source	3.71	2	0	cinnamic acids
abt-199 venetoclax: A BCL-2 inhibitor with antineoplastic activity that is used in the treatment of CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA associated with chromosome 17p deletion; structure in first source.. venetoclax : A member of the class of pyrrolopyridines that is a potent inhibitor of the antiapoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma 2. It is used for treamtment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with 17p deletion.	7.26	10	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; oxanes; pyrrolopyridine	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor
ly2940680 [no description available]	4.62	1	1
ipi-145 [no description available]	2.13	1	0	isoquinolines
azd4547 [no description available]	2.58	2	0	benzamides; N-arylpiperazine; pyrazoles	fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist
methylcellulose Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.	2.08	1	0
apr-246 eprenetapopt: works in tandem with cisplatin to cause apoptosis of tumor cells; structure in first source	2.17	1	0
3-(2,6-dichloro-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-(6-(4-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)-phenylamino)pyrimidin-4-yl)-1-methylurea infigratinib: structure in first source. BGJ-398 : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl group, while the hydrogens attached to the other nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 6-{[4-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl]amino}pyrimidin-4-yl group. It is a potent and selective fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitor.	2.61	2	0	aminopyrimidine; dichlorobenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; phenylureas	antineoplastic agent; fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist
vasoactive intestinal peptide Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).	2.37	2	0
heme Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.	2.79	3	0
rg7388 RG7388: structure in first source	4.22	4	0
pradigastat [no description available]	9.59	15	13
2,4-dichloro-6-phenylphenoxyethylamine 2,4-dichloro-6-phenylphenoxyethylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.38	2	0
chondroitin Chondroitin: A mucopolysaccharide constituent of chondrin. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	2.67	3	0
heparitin sulfate Heparitin Sulfate: A heteropolysaccharide that is similar in structure to HEPARIN. It accumulates in individuals with MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS.	1.98	1	0
dcc-2701 DCC-2701: inhibits c-Met protein, TIE-2 protein, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor	2.52	2	0
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	3.39	7	0	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
novobiocin Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.	2	1	0	carbamate ester; ether; hexoside; hydroxycoumarin; monocarboxylic acid amide; monosaccharide derivative; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	4.9	2	1
minocycline Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.	4.23	4	0
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	3.49	8	0	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
piroxicam [no description available]	3.12	5	0	benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobic Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.	2.08	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobiflex tenoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also indicated for short term treatment of acute musculoskeletal disorders including strains, sprains and other soft-tissue injuries.	2.71	3	0	heteroaryl hydroxy compound; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines; thienothiazine	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	5.74	7	3	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
phenprocoumon Phenprocoumon: Coumarin derivative that acts as a long acting oral anticoagulant.. phenprocoumon : A hydroxycoumarin that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenylpropyl group.	1.98	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
teriflunomide [no description available]	4.9	1	1	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic amide; enamide; enol; nitrile; secondary carboxamide	drug metabolite; EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
tigecycline [no description available]	3.23	1	0
2,4-dihydroxypyridine [no description available]	3.06	1	0	pyridone
eravacycline eravacycline: has antibacterial activity	2.21	1	0	tetracyclines
byl719 [no description available]	7.01	14	0	proline derivative
budesonide, formoterol fumarate drug combination Budesonide, Formoterol Fumarate Drug Combination: A pharmaceutical preparation of budesonide and formoterol fumarate that is used as an ANTI-ASTHMATIC AGENT and for the treatment of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.	3.51	1	1
fluticasone propionate, salmeterol xinafoate drug combination Fluticasone-Salmeterol Drug Combination: A drug combination of fluticasone and salmeterol that is used as an inhaler formulation to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.	5.01	2	1
toxin ii (anemonia sulcata) toxin II (Anemonia sulcata): toxic polypeptide closely related to anthopleurin A with potent cardiac stimulant activity from Anemonia sulcata; do not confuse with altertoxin II which is also abbreviated ATX II	1.96	1	0
epidermal growth factor Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.	2.97	4	0
kaolinite Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.	2.02	1	0	aluminosilicate mineral; mixture	antidiarrhoeal drug; excipient
clay Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.	2.05	1	0
charybdotoxin [no description available]	4.58	8	0
bismuth oxybromide bismuth oxybromide: bismuth oxybromide (BiOBr) nanoplate microspheres were used to remove NO in indoor air under visible light irradiation	4.9	1	1
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	3.49	7	0
phytoestrogens Phytoestrogens: Compounds derived from plants, primarily ISOFLAVONES that mimic or modulate endogenous estrogens, usually by binding to ESTROGEN RECEPTORS.	4.9	1	1
semaglutide [no description available]	2.21	1	0	lipopeptide; polypeptide	anti-obesity agent; appetite depressant; glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; hypoglycemic agent; neuroprotective agent
cgs 12066b CGS 12066B: RN given for ((Z)-2-butenedioate (1:2))-salt (CGS 12066B); CGS 12066A is the (ethanedioate (1:2))-salt; structure given in first source. 4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-(trifluoromethyl)pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline dimaleate : A maleate salt that is the dimaleate salt of 4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-(trifluoromethyl)pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline. A 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B (5-HT1B) full agonist, 10-fold selective over 5-HT1A and 1000-fold selective over 5-HT2C receptors. Centrally active following systemic administration.	2.01	1	0	maleate salt	prodrug; serotonergic agonist
saxitoxin Saxitoxin: A compound that contains a reduced purine ring system but is not biosynthetically related to the purine alkaloids. It is a poison found in certain edible mollusks at certain times; elaborated by GONYAULAX and consumed by mollusks, fishes, etc. without ill effects. It is neurotoxic and causes RESPIRATORY PARALYSIS and other effects in MAMMALS, known as paralytic SHELLFISH poisoning.. saxitoxin : An alkaloid isolated from the marine dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria that causes paralytic shellfish poisoning.	2.88	4	0	alkaloid; carbamate ester; guanidines; ketone hydrate; paralytic shellfish toxin; pyrrolopurine	cyanotoxin; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; sodium channel blocker; toxin
astressin-2b astressin-2B: a CRF2 receptor antagonist. astressin 2B : A 33-membered homodetic cyclic peptide comprising the sequence Ac-Asp-Leu-Ser-D-Phe-His-alpha-MeLeu-Leu-Arg-Lys-Nle-Ile-Glu-Ile-Glu-Lys-Gln-Glu-Lys-Glu-Lys-Gln-Gln-Ala-Glu-Asn-Asn-Lys-Leu-Leu-Leu-Asp-alpha-MeLeu-Ile-NH2 cyclised by an amide bridge, formed by condensation of the side-chain carboxy group of the Glu residue at position 24 and the side-chain amino group of the Lys residue at position 27.	2.48	2	0
pbtz169 macozinone: an antitubercular agent; structure in first source	3.23	1	0
epz-5676 [no description available]	3.21	1	0	5'-deoxyribonucleoside
ceritinib ceritinib: an anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitor. ceritinib : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 2,6-diamino-5-chloropyrimidine in which the amino groups at positions 2 and 6 are respectively carrying 2-methoxy-4-(piperidin-4-yl)-5-methylphenyl and 2-(isopropylsulfonyl)phenyl substituents. Used for the treatment of ALK-positive metastatic non-small cell lung cancer.	9.91	19	3	aminopyrimidine; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; piperidines; secondary amino compound; sulfone	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
gkt137831 setanaxib: NOX4/NOX1 inhibitor; a pyrazolopyridine dione derivative	2.21	1	0
vx-970 berzosertib: an ATR kinase inhibitor	2.17	1	0	sulfonamide
debio 1347 CH5183284: a fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.17	1	0
cpzen-45 CPZEN-45: caprazamycin derivative; structure in first source	3.23	1	0
erdafitinib erdafitinib: inhibitor of fibroblast growth factor receptors	2.21	1	0
gsk2578215a GSK2578215A: an inhibitor of LRRK2 kinase; structure in first source	4.35	5	0
n2-(1h-indazole-5-yl)-n6-methyl-3-nitropyridine-2,6-diamine N2-(1H-indazole-5-yl)-N6-methyl-3-nitropyridine-2,6-diamine: a heat shock factor 1 antagonist; structure in first source. KRIBB11 : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole substituted by a [6-(methylamino)-3-nitropyridin-2-yl]amino group at position 5. It is an inhibitor of heat shock factor 1 (IC50 = 1.2muM) and suppresses tumour growth in mouse xenograft models.	3.78	9	0
chf6001 tanimilast: a phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor; structure in first source	3.76	2	0
gsk2830371 GSK2830371: inhibits Wip1 phosphatase; structure in first source	4.11	13	0
kibdelomycin kibdelomycin: an antibiotic that inhibits both gyrase and DNA topoisomerase IV; isolated from Kibdelosporangium; structure in first source	3.21	1	0
selinexor selinexor: inhibits karyopherin XPO1	3.31	1	0
lumacaftor, ivacaftor drug combination Orkambi : A two-drug mixture consisting of lumacaftor and ivacaftor, which is used for the treatment of cystic fibrosis.	17.04	121	12
osimertinib osimertinib: an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor. osimertinib : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 4-(1-methylindol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2-methoxy-4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl](methyl)amino-5-acrylamidophenyl group. Used (as the mesylate salt) for treatment of EGFR T790M mutation positive non-small cell lung cancer.	2.59	2	0	acrylamides; aminopyrimidine; biaryl; indoles; monomethoxybenzene; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
ivosidenib ivosidenib: an inhibitor of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) for treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). ivosidenib : A tertiary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2S)-1-(4-cyanopyridin-2-yl)-5-oxopyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid with the secondary amino group of (2S)-2-(2-chlorophenyl)-N-(3,3-difluorocyclobutyl)-2-[(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)amino]acetamide. It is approved by the FDA for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in patients with an isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 (IDH1) mutation.	10.33	14	2	cyanopyridine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; pyrrolidin-2-ones; secondary carboxamide; tertiary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.42 (isocitrate dehydrogenase) inhibitor
gsk-j4 GSK-J4: a JMJD3 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.57	2	0	organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
pf-06463922 lorlatinib: inhibits both anaplastic lymphoma kinase and c-ros oncogene 1 (ROS1) protein. lorlatinib : A cyclic ether that is 16,17-dihydro-2H-8,4-(metheno)pyrazolo[4,3-h][2,5,11]benzoxadiazacyclotetradecin-15(10H)-one substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 10R, and by cyano, amino and fluoro groups at positions 3, 7 and 12 respectively. It is a small molecule inhibitor of ALK and ROS1 kinase developed by Pfizer for the treatment of ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer.	18.34	183	25	aminopyridine; aromatic ether; azamacrocycle; benzamides; cyclic ether; monofluorobenzenes; nitrile; organic heterotetracyclic compound; pyrazoles	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
sar405 SAR405: a Vps34 inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
hirudin Hirudin: A 65-residue polypeptide from LEECHES.	4.9	1	1
imetelstat [no description available]	2.11	1	0
cyclin d1 Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.	9.46	13	3
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	1.95	1	0
azd0914 zoliflodacin: a DNA gyrase inhibitor for treatment of gonorrhea	3.21	1	0
ldc4297 LDC4297: a CDK7 inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source. LDC4297 : A pyrazolotriazine that is pyrazolo[1,5-a][1,3,5]triazine substituted by a piperidin-3-yloxy group, [2-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzyl]nitrilo group and an isopropyl group at positions 2, 4 and 8 respectively. It is a potent and selective CDK7 inhibitor and exhibits antiviral activity.	2.31	1	0	aromatic ether; piperidines; pyrazoles; pyrazolotriazine; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
g(m3) ganglioside G(M3) Ganglioside: A ganglioside present in abnormally large amounts in the brain and liver due to a deficient biosynthetic enzyme, G(M3):UDP-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase. Deficiency of this enzyme prevents the formation of G(M2) ganglioside from G(M3) ganglioside and is the cause of an anabolic sphingolipidosis.. alpha-Neu5Ac-(2->3)-beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-beta-D-Glc-(1<->1')-Cer(d18:1/24:1(15Z)) : A sialotriaosylceramide consisting of beta-D-GalNAc-(1->4)-[alpha-Neu5Ac-(2->3)]-beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-beta-D-Glc attached to the primary hydroxy function of ceramide(d18:1/24:1(15Z)).	2.46	2	0	alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-ceramide; sialodiosylceramide; sialotriaosylceramide	mouse metabolite
nitrophenols Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.	2.99	4	0
sj733 SJ733: antimalarial; structure in first source	2.25	1	0
enasidenib [no description available]	15.57	72	9	1,3,5-triazines; aminopyridine; aromatic amine; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.42 (isocitrate dehydrogenase) inhibitor
carboxypeptidase b Carboxypeptidase B: A ZINC-dependent carboxypeptidase primary found in the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. The enzyme catalyzes the preferential cleavage of a C-terminal peptidyl-L-lysine or arginine. It was formerly classified as EC 3.4.2.2 and EC 3.4.12.3.	2.17	1	0
hyaluronoglucosaminidase Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.	3.1	5	0
adrenomedullin Adrenomedullin: A 52-amino acid peptide with multi-functions. It was originally isolated from PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA and ADRENAL MEDULLA but is widely distributed throughout the body including lung and kidney tissues. Besides controlling fluid-electrolyte homeostasis, adrenomedullin is a potent vasodilator and can inhibit pituitary ACTH secretion.	2.25	1	0
sbi-0206965 SBI-0206965: inhibits ULK1 kinase; structure in first source	2.21	1	0
vitamin b 12 Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.	3.16	1	0
aconitine Aconitine: A C19 norditerpenoid alkaloid (DITERPENES) from the root of ACONITUM; DELPHINIUM and larkspurs. It activates VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It has been used to induce ARRHYTHMIAS in experimental animals and it has anti-inflammatory and anti-neuralgic properties.. aconitine : A diterpenoid that is 20-ethyl-3alpha,13,15alpha-trihydroxy-1alpha,6alpha,16beta-trimethoxy-4-(methoxymethyl)aconitane-8,14alpha-diol having acetate and benzoate groups at the 8- and 14-positions respectively.	2.39	2	0
ecallantide ecallantide: an NSAID and analgesic	2.47	2	0
oxyntomodulin Glucagon-Like Peptides: Peptides derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of pancreatic GLUCAGON. Despite expression of proglucagon in multiple tissues, the major production site of glucagon-like peptides (GLPs) is the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLPs include glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon-like peptide 2, and the various truncated forms.	2.21	1	0
transforming growth factor alpha Transforming Growth Factor alpha: An EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR related protein that is found in a variety of tissues including EPITHELIUM, and maternal DECIDUA. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form which binds to the EGF RECEPTOR.	2.11	1	0
moxidectin moxidectin: family of macrolide antibiotics with insecticidal & acaricidal activity	2.21	1	0
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	2.97	4	0
silybin Silybin: The major active component of silymarin flavonoids extracted from seeds of the MILK THISTLE, Silybum marianum; it is used in the treatment of HEPATITIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and CHEMICAL AND DRUG INDUCED LIVER INJURY, and has antineoplastic activity; silybins A and B are diastereomers.	2.41	1	0
triciribine triciribine: structure. triciribine : A nucleoside analogue in which the nucleobase portion is a 1,4,5,6,8-pentaazaacenaphthylene ring system substituted with an amino group at position 3, and a methyl group at position 5 and is bound to the beta-D-ribofuranosyl moiety by an N(1)-glycosidic linkage.	2.21	1	0
myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (35-55) [no description available]	2.06	1	0
digitonin Digitonin: A glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars. Digitonin solubilizes lipids, especially in membranes and is used as a tool in cellular biochemistry, and reagent for precipitating cholesterol. It has no cardiac effects.. digitonin : A spirostanyl glycoside that is digitogenin in which the 3-hydroxy group is substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl group. It is a steroidal saponin isolated from the foxglove plant, Digitalis purpurea. It is used extensively as a mild non-ionic detergent for extracting proteins from membranes for structure and function studies.	2.37	2	0
morphinandienone morphinandienone: from Dehaasia longipedicellata; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
apyrase Apyrase: A calcium-activated enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to yield AMP and orthophosphate. It can also act on ADP and other nucleoside triphosphates and diphosphates. EC 3.6.1.5.	2.31	1	0
thromboplastin Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.	2.47	2	0
chondroitin sulfates Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.	3.24	6	0
plicamycin mithramycin A: structure given in first source	2.1	1	0
lupane lupane: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
akt-i-1,2 compound Akt-I-1,2 compound: an aminopeptidase P inhibitor; structure in first source	2.21	1	0
levoleucovorin Levoleucovorin: A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN.. (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : The pharmacologically active (6S)-stereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.	3.5	1	1	5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.	5.02	13	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyguanosine [no description available]	1.98	1	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-phosphate 2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-phosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd.. 2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.	1.98	1	0	deoxyguanosine phosphate; guanyl deoxyribonucleotide; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
guanosine diphosphate Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.01	1	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanosine diphosphate mannose Guanosine Diphosphate Mannose: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which can be converted to the deoxy sugar GDPfucose, which provides fucose for lipopolysaccharides of bacterial cell walls. Also acts as mannose donor for glycolipid synthesis.. GDP-D-mannose : A GDP-mannose in which the mannose fragment has D-configuration.. GDP-alpha-D-mannose : The alpha-anomer of GDP-D-mannose.	1.99	1	0	GDP-D-mannose	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
guanosine triphosphate Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.67	3	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanine [no description available]	2.5	2	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
inosine [no description available]	4.29	3	0	inosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
inosine triphosphate Inosine Triphosphate: Inosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). An inosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. Synonym: IRPPP.	2.21	1	0	inosine phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
1-methyladenine 1-methyladenine : Adenine substituted with a methyl group at position N-1.	1.97	1	0
3-methyladenine N3-methyladenine: structure in first source	1.97	1	0
guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.	3.87	12	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)	8.74	10	6	cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.	3.12	5	0	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound	adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; GABA antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; xenobiotic
dacarbazine (E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	2.8	3	0	dacarbazine
ganciclovir [no description available]	2.31	1	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antiinfective agent; antiviral drug
olanzapine Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.	2.47	2	0	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
pralidoxime pralidoxime: RN given refers to parent cpd; chloride was minor descriptor (75-80); on-line & Index Medicus search PRALIDOXIME COMPOUNDS (66-80). pralidoxime : A pyridinium ion that is 1-methylpyridinium substituted by a (hydroxyimino)methyl group at position 2.	2.13	1	0	pyridinium ion	antidote to organophosphate poisoning; antidote to sarin poisoning; cholinergic drug; cholinesterase reactivator
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	2.44	2	0	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
guanylyl imidodiphosphate Guanylyl Imidodiphosphate: A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg2+. The nucleotide is a potent stimulator of ADENYLYL CYCLASES.. guanosine 5'-[beta,gamma-imido]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is GTP in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta- to the gamma- phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, it binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg(2+).	2.9	4	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
tak 491 azilsartan medoxomil: an azilsartan prodrug and angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker. azilsartan medoxomil : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of azilsartan with the hydroxy group of 4-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methyl-1,3-dioxol-2-one. A prodrug for azilsartan, it is used for treatment of hypertension.	2.07	1	0	1,2,4-oxadiazole; aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; carboxylic ester; cyclic carbonate ester; dioxolane	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; prodrug
pemetrexed pemetrexed disodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of N-{4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl}-L-glutamic acid. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).	2.17	1	0	N-acyl-L-glutamic acid; pyrrolopyrimidine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.2.2 (phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase) inhibitor
cytarabine Guanosine Diphosphate Fucose: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar formed from GDPmannose, which provides fucose for lipopolysaccharides of bacterial cell walls, and for blood group substances and other glycoproteins.	2.01	1	0	GDP-fucose
aprepitant Aprepitant: A morpholine neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist that is used in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by DRUG THERAPY, and for the prevention of POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING.. aprepitant : A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors.	3.12	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; cyclic acetal; morpholines; triazoles	antidepressant; antiemetic; neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist; peripheral nervous system drug; substance P receptor antagonist
hymenialdisine [no description available]	2.21	1	0
vardenafil dihydrochloride Vardenafil Dihydrochloride: A piperazine derivative, PHOSPHODIESTERASE 5 INHIBITOR and VASODILATOR AGENT that is used as a UROLOGICAL AGENT in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.	2.88	3	0
quazinone [no description available]	4.82	4	0
xav939 XAV939: selectively inhibits beta-catenin-mediated transcription; structure in first source. XAV939 : A thiopyranopyrimidine in which a 7,8-dihydro-5H-thiopyrano[4,3-d]pyrimidine skeleton is substituted at C-4 by a hydroxy group and at C-2 by a para-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group.	2.17	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; thiopyranopyrimidine	tankyrase inhibitor
8-bromocyclic gmp 8-bromo-3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic GMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the guanine ring. A membrane permeable cGMP analogue that activates protein kinase G (PKG). It is 4.3-fold more potent than cGMP in activating PKG1alpha and promotes relaxation of tracheal and vascular smooth muscle tissue in vitro.	1.97	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; organobromine compound	muscle relaxant; protein kinase G agonist
nintedanib nintedanib : A member of the class of oxindoles that is a kinase inhibitor used (in the form of its ethylsulfonate salt) for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and cancer.	2.31	1	0
3'-hydroxy-5'-(4-isobutylpiperazinyl)benzoxazinorifamycin KRM 1648: structure in first source	2	1	0	phenoxazine
bms 536924 BMS 536924: inhibits insulin-like growth factor I receptor kinase; structure in first source	2.17	1	0
arsenazo iii Arsenazo III: Metallochrome indicator that changes color when complexed to the calcium ion under physiological conditions. It is used to measure local calcium ion concentrations in vivo.	1.96	1	0
noc 9 NOC 9: nitrogen oxide releaser	2.13	1	0
5,7-dihydroxytryptamine creatinine 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine creatinine: RN given refers to sulfate salt; RN for parent cpd not avail 12/92	2.06	1	0
luf 5834 2-amino-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-6-(1H-imidazol-2-ylmethylsulfanyl)pyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile: structure in first source	3.16	5	0
cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate 2'-3'-cGAMP : A cyclic purine dinucleotide that consists of AMP and GMP units cyclised via 3',5'- and 2',5'-linkages respectively.	2.21	1	0	adenyl ribonucleotide; cyclic purine dinucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide
bmn 673 talazoparib: inhibits both PARP1 and PARP2; structure in first source	2.21	1	0
dibutyryl cyclic gmp Dibutyryl Cyclic GMP: N-(1-Oxobutyl)-cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate)-2'-butanoate guanosine. A derivative of cyclic GMP. It has a higher resistance to extracellular and intracellular phosphodiesterase than cyclic GMP.	1.96	1	0
avermectin avermectin: produced by actinomycete, Streptomyces avermitilis; structure; see also records for specific avermectins. avermectin : Any of the macrolides obtained as fermentation products from the bacterium Streptomyces avermitilis and consisting of a 16-membered macrocyclic backbone that is fused both benzofuran and spiroketal functions and contains a disaccharide substituent. They have significant anthelmintic and insecticidal properties.	2.13	1	0
eye [no description available]	4.82	4	2
ferroquine ferroquine: an antimalarial agent; structure in first source	2.25	1	0
actodigin actodigin: structure	3.06	1	0
at 7867 AT 7867: inhibits Akt and p70 S6 kinase; has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	2.21	1	0
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	1.98	1	0
dinitrobenzenes Dinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with two nitro groups in the ortho, meta or para positions.	2.03	1	0
phosphorus radioisotopes Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.	2.39	2	0
leptin Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.	2.53	2	0
pyrimidinones Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.	8.51	22	2
tetrafluoroaluminate tetrafluoroaluminate: induces inositol phosphate formation	2.02	1	0
nk 2367 NK 2367: merocyanine-oxazolone dye; membrane potential-sensitive	1.97	1	0
phenanthrenes Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	2.15	1	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	19.07	153	43
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	19.07	153	43
Hematologic Malignancies [description not available]	6.39	4	1
Hematologic Neoplasms Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.	6.39	4	1
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	19.92	239	54
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	19.92	239	54
Cardiac Conduction Defect [description not available]	3.6	2	0
Hypothermia, Accidental [description not available]	4.44	8	0
Hypothermia Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.	4.44	8	0
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	10.62	62	5
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	10.62	62	5
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	15.83	117	19
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	15.83	117	19
Infections, Plasmodium [description not available]	3.41	7	0
Malaria A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.	3.41	7	0
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	7.11	19	1
Experimental Hepatoma [description not available]	3.77	11	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	5.97	39	0
Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	2.77	3	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	12.24	258	2
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available]	4.39	4	0
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	4.82	11	0
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.	4.39	4	0
African Sleeping Sickness [description not available]	3.47	7	0
Trypanosomiasis, African A disease endemic among people and animals in Central Africa. It is caused by various species of trypanosomes, particularly T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense. Its second host is the TSETSE FLY. Involvement of the central nervous system produces African sleeping sickness. Nagana is a rapidly fatal trypanosomiasis of horses and other animals.	3.47	7	0
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	5.35	4	1
Fungal Diseases [description not available]	2.51	2	0
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	5.35	4	1
Mycoses Diseases caused by FUNGI.	2.51	2	0
AIDS Seroconversion [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Diseases, Occupational [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	5.55	6	1
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	3.92	11	0
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	4.35	18	0
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	3.92	11	0
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	4.35	18	0
Mucopolysaccharidosis [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Mucopolysaccharidoses Group of lysosomal storage diseases each caused by an inherited deficiency of an enzyme involved in the degradation of glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharides). The diseases are progressive and often display a wide spectrum of clinical severity within one enzyme deficiency.	1.96	1	0
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	3.5	7	0
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms [description not available]	2.98	4	0
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	3.5	7	0
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	5.45	21	0
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	14.26	57	19
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	5.45	21	0
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	14.26	57	19
Sarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	6.72	7	1
Cancer of the Uterus [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Sarcoma A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.	6.72	7	1
Uterine Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.	2.77	3	0
Kahler Disease [description not available]	5.48	22	0
Multiple Myeloma A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	5.48	22	0
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	5.69	19	1
alpha Mannosidase B Deficiency [description not available]	1.96	1	0
alpha-Mannosidosis An inborn error of metabolism marked by a defect in the lysosomal isoform of ALPHA-MANNOSIDASE activity that results in lysosomal accumulation of mannose-rich intermediate metabolites. Virtually all patients have psychomotor retardation, facial coarsening, and some degree of dysostosis multiplex. It is thought to be an autosomal recessive disorder.	1.96	1	0
ADPKD [description not available]	3.48	6	0
Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant Kidney disorders with autosomal dominant inheritance and characterized by multiple CYSTS in both KIDNEYS with progressive deterioration of renal function.	3.48	6	0
Pulmonary Arterial Remodeling [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Hyperactivity, Motor [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Breast Cancer [description not available]	24.38	479	178
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	24.38	479	178
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic [description not available]	4.87	6	1
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.	4.87	6	1
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas [description not available]	22.43	381	78
Cystic Fibrosis An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.	22.43	381	78
Lymphoma, T Cell, Peripheral [description not available]	14.47	38	17
Local Neoplasm Recurrence [description not available]	18.6	101	62
Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral A group of malignant lymphomas thought to derive from peripheral T-lymphocytes in lymph nodes and other nonlymphoid sites. They include a broad spectrum of lymphocyte morphology, but in all instances express T-cell markers admixed with epithelioid histiocytes, plasma cells, and eosinophils. Although markedly similar to large-cell immunoblastic lymphoma (LYMPHOMA, LARGE-CELL, IMMUNOBLASTIC), this group's unique features warrant separate treatment.	14.47	38	17
Cholangiocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	2.63	2	0
Bile Duct Cancer [description not available]	2.63	2	0
Chromosomal Translocation [description not available]	2.63	2	0
Bile Duct Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.	2.63	2	0
Cholangiocarcinoma A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.	2.63	2	0
Fibrous Histiocytoma of Tendon Sheath [description not available]	13.43	34	3
Giant Cell Tumor of Tendon Sheath A tumor arising in the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE; SYNOVIAL BURSA; or TENDON sheath. It is characterized by OSTEOCLAST-like GIANT CELLS; FOAM CELLS; pigmented HEMOSIDERIN-laden MACROPHAGES and inflammatory infiltrate. It is classified either as diffuse or localized tenosynovitis.	13.43	34	3
Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors An internationally recognized set of published rules used for evaluation of cancer treatment that define when tumors found in cancer patients improve, worsen, or remain stable during treatment. These criteria are based specifically on the response of the tumor(s) to treatment, and not on the overall health status of the patient resulting from treatment.	10.77	14	13
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung [description not available]	18.58	157	36
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.	18.58	157	36
Diffuse Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor [description not available]	3.64	2	0
Synovitis, Pigmented Villonodular Diffuse outgrowth arising from the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE; SYNOVIAL BURSA; or TENDON sheath around the joint cavity, with extension to surrounding soft tissue. It is characterized by pigmented HEMOSIDERIN-containing MACROPHAGES; FOAM CELLS; and multinucleated GIANT CELLS. It usually occurs in the hands and feet, and around large joints, such as in the ankle and knee joints.	3.64	2	0
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	2.85	3	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	10.46	21	2
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	2.85	3	0
Malignant Mesothelioma [description not available]	5.95	7	1
Carcinomatous Meningitis [description not available]	2.69	2	0
Meningeal Carcinomatosis Primary or secondary neoplasm in the ARACHNOID or SUBARACHNOID SPACE. It appears as a diffuse fibrotic thickening of the MENINGES associated with variable degrees of inflammation.	2.69	2	0
Recrudescence [description not available]	13.47	37	9
B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	5.4	7	0
Lymphoma, B-Cell A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.	5.4	7	0
Diffuse Lymphocytic Lymphoma, Poorly-Differentiated [description not available]	8.15	7	3
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	9.07	18	3
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.	9.07	18	3
Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell A form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma having a usually diffuse pattern with both small and medium lymphocytes and small cleaved cells. It accounts for about 5% of adult non-Hodgkin lymphomas in the United States and Europe. The majority of mantle-cell lymphomas are associated with a t(11;14) translocation resulting in overexpression of the CYCLIN D1 gene (GENES, BCL-1).	8.15	7	3
Dysmyelopoietic Syndromes [description not available]	7.14	6	1
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia [description not available]	15.89	93	11
Myelodysplastic Syndromes Clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by dysplasia in one or more hematopoietic cell lineages. They predominantly affect patients over 60, are considered preleukemic conditions, and have high probability of transformation into ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.	7.14	6	1
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.	15.89	93	11
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Retinal Degeneration A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)	2.31	1	0
Retinal Detachment Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).	2.31	1	0
Elephant Man Disease [description not available]	5.63	6	0
Proteus Syndrome Hamartoneoplastic malformation syndrome of uncertain etiology characterized by partial GIGANTISM of the hands and/or feet, asymmetry of the limbs, plantar hyperplasia, hemangiomas (HEMANGIOMA), lipomas (LIPOMA), lymphangiomas (LYMPHANGIOMA), epidermal NEVI; MACROCEPHALY; cranial HYPEROSTOSIS, and long-bone overgrowth. Joseph Merrick, the so-called elephant man, apparently suffered from Proteus syndrome and not NEUROFIBROMATOSIS, a disorder with similar characteristics.	5.63	6	0
Bone Cancer [description not available]	10.55	20	9
Osteogenic Sarcoma [description not available]	3.95	11	0
Bone Neoplasms Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.	10.55	20	9
Osteosarcoma A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	3.95	11	0
Cyst [description not available]	2.93	3	0
Leukemia, Pre-B-Cell [description not available]	3.38	6	0
Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and adolescents and characterized by a high number of lymphoblasts and solid tumor lesions. Frequent sites involve LYMPH NODES, skin, and bones. It most commonly presents as leukemia.	3.38	6	0
Leukemia, Lymphoblastic, Acute, T Cell [description not available]	4.83	6	1
Precursor T-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and young adults and characterized LYMPHADENOPATHY and THYMUS GLAND involvement. It most frequently presents as a lymphoma, but a leukemic progression in the bone marrow is common.	4.83	6	1
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer [description not available]	12.05	32	10
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.	12.05	32	10
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	9.92	16	6
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	9.92	16	6
Blood Clot [description not available]	3.86	11	0
Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.	3.86	11	0
Metastase [description not available]	16.1	65	23
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis [description not available]	2.69	2	0
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	16.1	65	23
Peritoneal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.	2.69	2	0
Germinoblastoma [description not available]	10.8	15	5
Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.	10.8	15	5
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis [description not available]	12.98	30	4
Psoriasis A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.	12.98	30	4
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available]	22.84	306	93
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.	22.84	306	93
Kidney Failure A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.	8.37	9	5
Lactic Acidosis [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Acidosis, Lactic Acidosis caused by accumulation of lactic acid more rapidly than it can be metabolized. It may occur spontaneously or in association with diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS; LEUKEMIA; or LIVER FAILURE.	2.41	1	0
Renal Insufficiency Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.	8.37	9	5
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	3.73	9	0
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	3.73	9	0
Myeloproliferative Disorders Conditions which cause proliferation of hemopoietically active tissue or of tissue which has embryonic hemopoietic potential. They all involve dysregulation of multipotent MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS, most often caused by a mutation in the JAK2 PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE.	2.89	3	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	17.98	101	39
Cognitive Decline [description not available]	8.86	17	4
Amnesia-Memory Loss [description not available]	4.55	5	1
Amnesia Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)	4.55	5	1
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	8.86	17	4
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia [description not available]	5.39	12	1
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.	5.39	12	1
T-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	6.84	7	0
Lymphoma, T-Cell A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors representing malignant transformations of T-lymphocytes.	6.84	7	0
Lung Adenocarcinoma [description not available]	6.43	18	2
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	4.04	13	0
Adenocarcinoma of Lung A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.	6.43	18	2
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	8.44	14	4
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	8.44	14	4
EBV Infections [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Duncan Disease [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Lymphoproliferative Disorders Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified.	2.55	2	0
Epstein-Barr Virus Infections Infection with human herpesvirus 4 (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN); which may facilitate the development of various lymphoproliferative disorders. These include BURKITT LYMPHOMA (African type), INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS, and oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).	2.55	2	0
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	15.22	49	22
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	15.22	49	22
Adrenocortical Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm of the ADRENAL CORTEX. Adrenocortical carcinomas are unencapsulated anaplastic (ANAPLASIA) masses sometimes exceeding 20 cm or 200 g. They are more likely to be functional than nonfunctional, and produce ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES that may result in hypercortisolism (CUSHING SYNDROME); HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and/or VIRILISM.	2.41	1	0
Adrenal Cortex Cancer [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the ADRENAL CORTEX.	2.41	1	0
Absence Seizure [description not available]	6.05	28	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	6.05	28	0
Atypical Lipomatous Tumor [description not available]	5.5	4	1
Liposarcoma A malignant tumor derived from primitive or embryonal lipoblastic cells. It may be composed of well-differentiated fat cells or may be dedifferentiated: myxoid (LIPOSARCOMA, MYXOID), round-celled, or pleomorphic, usually in association with a rich network of capillaries. Recurrences are common and dedifferentiated liposarcomas metastasize to the lungs or serosal surfaces. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	5.5	4	1
Breathlessness [description not available]	6.23	6	2
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	11.04	23	5
Cough A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.	6.68	7	1
Dyspnea Difficult or labored breathing.	6.23	6	2
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	11.04	23	5
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	9.84	38	0
Carcinoma, Ductal, Pancreatic [description not available]	3.81	9	0
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	9.84	38	0
Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.	3.81	9	0
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	8.76	17	4
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	8.76	17	4
Carcinogenesis The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.	3.6	7	0
Granulomatosis, Lipid [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Erdheim-Chester Disease A rare form of non-Langerhans-cell histiocytosis (HISTIOCYTOSIS, NON-LANGERHANS-CELL) with onset in middle age. The systemic disease is characterized by infiltration of lipid-laden macrophages, multinucleated giant cells, an inflammatory infiltrate of lymphocytes and histiocytes in the bone marrow, and a generalized sclerosis of the long bones.	2.41	1	0
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Inappropriate Secretion [description not available]	2.69	2	0
Adenoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Cancer of Pituitary [description not available]	3.26	6	0
Adenoma A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	2.42	2	0
Pituitary Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.	3.26	6	0
Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion A disease of the PITUITARY GLAND characterized by the excess amount of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE secreted. This leads to hypersecretion of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) by the ADRENAL GLANDS resulting in CUSHING SYNDROME.	2.69	2	0
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	3.34	5	0
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral [description not available]	3.11	4	0
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	3.34	5	0
Cerebral Hemorrhage Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	3.11	4	0
Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease [description not available]	3.3	4	0
Abscess, Hepatic [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Liver Abscess Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the liver as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.	2.41	1	0
Lung Diseases, Interstitial A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of PULMONARY ALVEOLI that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.	3.3	4	0
Neoplastic Processes The pathological mechanisms and forms taken by tissue during degeneration into a neoplasm and its subsequent activity.	2.41	1	0
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	10.41	22	5
Aphthae [description not available]	11.24	18	10
Stomatitis, Aphthous A recurrent disease of the oral mucosa of unknown etiology. It is characterized by small white ulcerative lesions, single or multiple, round or oval. Two to eight crops of lesions occur per year, lasting for 7 to 14 days and then heal without scarring. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p742)	11.24	18	10
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	8.64	13	5
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.	8.64	13	5
Pachymeningitis [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Meningitis Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)	2.42	2	0
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	6.19	10	1
Neoplasms, Pleural [description not available]	5.25	3	1
Embolism, Pulmonary [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Infections, Respiratory [description not available]	5.22	3	1
Thrombopenia [description not available]	14.78	41	19
Emesis [description not available]	8.46	11	3
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	12.24	24	10
Hemoptysis Expectoration or spitting of blood originating from any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT, usually from hemorrhage in the lung parenchyma (PULMONARY ALVEOLI) and the BRONCHIAL ARTERIES.	5.02	2	1
Mesothelioma A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (Dorland, 27th ed)	6.59	5	2
Pulmonary Embolism Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.	4.72	1	1
Respiratory Tract Infections Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.	5.22	3	1
Thrombocytopenia A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.	14.78	41	19
Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.	8.46	11	3
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	6.19	10	1
Neutropenia A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.	15.24	43	23
Androgen-Independent Prostatic Cancer [description not available]	5.61	5	3
Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE which can grow in the presence of low or residual amount of androgen hormones such as TESTOSTERONE.	5.61	5	3
Febrile Neutropenia Fever accompanied by a significant reduction in the number of NEUTROPHILS.	3.8	1	1
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	11.36	17	5
Acquired Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia [description not available]	5.88	2	1
Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune Acquired hemolytic anemia due to the presence of AUTOANTIBODIES which agglutinate or lyse the patient's own RED BLOOD CELLS.	5.88	2	1
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	3.76	9	0
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	3.76	9	0
Gelineau Syndrome [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Inadequate Sleep [description not available]	3.04	3	0
Narcolepsy A condition characterized by recurrent episodes of daytime somnolence and lapses in consciousness (microsomnias) that may be associated with automatic behaviors and AMNESIA. CATAPLEXY; SLEEP PARALYSIS, and hypnagogic HALLUCINATIONS frequently accompany narcolepsy. The pathophysiology of this disorder includes sleep-onset rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which normally follows stage III or IV sleep. (From Neurology 1998 Feb;50(2 Suppl 1):S2-S7)	2.41	1	0
Breast Cancer, Male [description not available]	5.12	2	1
Breast Neoplasms, Male Any neoplasms of the male breast. These occur infrequently in males in developed countries, the incidence being about 1% of that in females.	5.12	2	1
Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.	4.27	19	0
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	11.01	14	6
MODS [description not available]	3.33	1	0
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	11.01	14	6
Multiple Organ Failure A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.	3.33	1	0
Central Nervous System Disease [description not available]	3.84	4	0
Central Nervous System Diseases Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.	3.84	4	0
Carcinoma, Small Cell Lung [description not available]	4.15	5	0
Neuroendocrine Tumors Tumors whose cells possess secretory granules and originate from the neuroectoderm, i.e., the cells of the ectoblast or epiblast that program the neuroendocrine system. Common properties across most neuroendocrine tumors include ectopic hormone production (often via APUD CELLS), the presence of tumor-associated antigens, and isozyme composition.	6.88	9	0
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma A form of highly malignant lung cancer that is composed of small ovoid cells (SMALL CELL CARCINOMA).	4.15	5	0
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	8.45	26	0
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	8.45	26	0
Thromboembolism Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.	2.76	2	0
Tracheal Stenosis A pathological narrowing of the TRACHEA.	2.41	1	0
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic [description not available]	4.89	11	0
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.	4.89	11	0
Vitiligo A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached.	2.41	1	0
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	13.35	49	10
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	13.35	49	10
Erythroderma, Sezary [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	12.08	31	16
Sezary Syndrome A form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma manifested by generalized exfoliative ERYTHRODERMA; PRURITUS; peripheral lymphadenopathy, and abnormal hyperchromatic mononuclear (cerebriform) cells in the skin, LYMPH NODES, and peripheral blood (Sezary cells).	2.41	1	0
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	12.08	31	16
Corticobasal Degeneration Rare progressive neurological disorder characterized by Parkinsonism, cortical atrophy of multiple areas of the brain including the cerebral cortex and the basal ganglia, cognitive dysfunction and eye movement abnormalities.	2.41	1	0
Extranodal NK-T-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	12.57	20	17
Chronic Illness [description not available]	11.89	47	9
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	11.89	47	9
Dysplastic Nevus Syndrome, Hereditary [description not available]	2.66	2	0
Alveolitis, Fibrosing [description not available]	3.81	10	0
Pulmonary Fibrosis A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.	3.81	10	0
Silicosis A form of pneumoconiosis resulting from inhalation of dust containing crystalline form of SILICON DIOXIDE, usually in the form of quartz. Amorphous silica is relatively nontoxic.	2.41	1	0
Acute Ischemic Stroke [description not available]	2.76	2	0
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction [description not available]	2.93	3	0
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	8.93	15	4
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	8.72	15	4
Ischemic Stroke Stroke due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke. Wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin.	2.76	2	0
Cerebral Infarction The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).	2.93	3	0
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	8.93	15	4
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	8.72	15	4
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	9.75	16	4
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	9.75	16	4
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	7.78	16	4
Cancer of the Tongue [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	7.78	16	4
Tongue Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TONGUE.	2.31	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	9.84	23	6
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	2.9	4	0
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	8.51	8	6
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	9.84	23	6
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	2.9	4	0
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	8.51	8	6
Dermatitis, Eczematous [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Eczema A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).	2.41	1	0
Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia [description not available]	10.71	20	4
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia occurring in the absence of toxic exposure or a disease associated with decreased platelets. It is mediated by immune mechanisms, in most cases IMMUNOGLOBULIN G autoantibodies which attach to platelets and subsequently undergo destruction by macrophages. The disease is seen in acute (affecting children) and chronic (adult) forms.	10.71	20	4
Spermatic Cord Torsion The twisting of the SPERMATIC CORD due to an anatomical abnormality that left the TESTIS mobile and dangling in the SCROTUM. The initial effect of testicular torsion is obstruction of venous return. Depending on the duration and degree of cord rotation, testicular symptoms range from EDEMA to interrupted arterial flow and testicular pain. If blood flow to testis is absent for 4 to 6 h, SPERMATOGENESIS may be permanently lost.	2.41	1	0
Astrocytosis [description not available]	3.74	8	0
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	6.66	8	1
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	6.66	8	1
Cerebral Cryptococcosis [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Meningitis, Cryptococcal Meningeal inflammation produced by CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS, an encapsulated yeast that tends to infect individuals with ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunocompromised states. The organism enters the body through the respiratory tract, but symptomatic infections are usually limited to the lungs and nervous system. The organism may also produce parenchymal brain lesions (torulomas). Clinically, the course is subacute and may feature HEADACHE; NAUSEA; PHOTOPHOBIA; focal neurologic deficits; SEIZURES; cranial neuropathies; and HYDROCEPHALUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp721-2)	2.41	1	0
Vascular Malformations A spectrum of congenital, inherited, or acquired abnormalities in BLOOD VESSELS that can adversely affect the normal blood flow in ARTERIES or VEINS. Most are congenital defects such as abnormal communications between blood vessels (fistula), shunting of arterial blood directly into veins bypassing the CAPILLARIES (arteriovenous malformations), formation of large dilated blood blood-filled vessels (cavernous angioma), and swollen capillaries (capillary telangiectases). In rare cases, vascular malformations can result from trauma or diseases.	2.41	1	0
Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	11.52	19	16
Minimal Disease, Residual [description not available]	3.6	2	0
Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic A systemic, large-cell, non-Hodgkin, malignant lymphoma characterized by cells with pleomorphic appearance and expressing the CD30 ANTIGEN. These so-called hallmark cells have lobulated and indented nuclei. This lymphoma is often mistaken for metastatic carcinoma and MALIGNANT HISTIOCYTOSIS.	11.52	19	16
Benign Cerebellar Neoplasms [description not available]	2.83	3	0
Arachnoidal Cerebellar Sarcoma, Circumscribed [description not available]	3.51	7	0
Medulloblastoma A malignant neoplasm that may be classified either as a glioma or as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of childhood (see NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR, PRIMITIVE). The tumor occurs most frequently in the first decade of life with the most typical location being the cerebellar vermis. Histologic features include a high degree of cellularity, frequent mitotic figures, and a tendency for the cells to organize into sheets or form rosettes. Medulloblastoma have a high propensity to spread throughout the craniospinal intradural axis. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2060-1)	3.51	7	0
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	4.9	14	0
Thromboembolism, Venous [description not available]	6.33	3	1
Venous Thromboembolism Obstruction of a vein or VEINS (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.	6.33	3	1
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	7.73	22	1
Acne Inversa [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Hidradenitis Suppurativa A chronic suppurative and cicatricial disease of the apocrine glands occurring chiefly in the axillae in women and in the groin and anal regions in men. It is characterized by poral occlusion with secondary bacterial infection, evolving into abscesses which eventually rupture. As the disease becomes chronic, ulcers appear, sinus tracts enlarge, fistulas develop, and fibrosis and scarring become evident.	2.41	1	0
Atheroma [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Multiple System Atrophy Syndrome [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Multiple System Atrophy A syndrome complex composed of three conditions which represent clinical variants of the same disease process: STRIATONIGRAL DEGENERATION; SHY-DRAGER SYNDROME; and the sporadic form of OLIVOPONTOCEREBELLAR ATROPHIES. Clinical features include autonomic, cerebellar, and basal ganglia dysfunction. Pathologic examination reveals atrophy of the basal ganglia, cerebellum, pons, and medulla, with prominent loss of autonomic neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1076; Baillieres Clin Neurol 1997 Apr;6(1):187-204; Med Clin North Am 1999 Mar;83(2):381-92)	2.41	1	0
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates usually from cells on the surface of the middle and lower third of the ESOPHAGUS. Tumor cells exhibit typical squamous morphology and form large polypoid lesions. Mutations in RNF6, LZTS1, TGFBR2, DEC1, and WWOX1 genes are associated with this cancer.	4.37	3	1
Cancer of Esophagus [description not available]	6.2	6	2
Esophageal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.	6.2	6	2
Bilateral Headache [description not available]	7.79	9	5
Headache The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.	7.79	9	5
Atherogenesis [description not available]	3.04	4	0
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	3.81	10	0
Elevated Cholesterol [description not available]	5.58	4	1
Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.	5.58	4	1
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	3.04	4	0
Encephalopathy, Traumatic [description not available]	2.98	3	0
Brain Injuries, Traumatic A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.	2.98	3	0
Pleuropericarditis Inflammation of both the PERICARDIUM and the PLEURA.	3.33	1	0
Pericarditis Inflammation of the PERICARDIUM from various origins, such as infection, neoplasm, autoimmune process, injuries, or drug-induced. Pericarditis usually leads to PERICARDIAL EFFUSION, or CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS.	3.33	1	0
Encephalopathy, Subacute Spongiform, Gerstmann-Straussler Type [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Neointima The new and thickened layer of scar tissue that forms on a PROSTHESIS, or as a result of vessel injury especially following ANGIOPLASTY or stent placement.	3.06	4	0
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy [description not available]	2.84	3	0
Diabetic Neuropathies Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)	2.84	3	0
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	11.14	22	3
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	11.14	22	3
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	7.54	9	2
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	7.54	9	2
Cirrhosis [description not available]	3.77	9	0
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	3.77	9	0
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	9.49	11	5
Ache [description not available]	12.52	50	16
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	12.52	50	16
Itching [description not available]	7.24	6	2
Pruritus An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.	7.24	6	2
Erythrophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis, Familial [description not available]	3.33	1	0
Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic A group of related disorders characterized by LYMPHOCYTOSIS; HISTIOCYTOSIS; and hemophagocytosis. The two major forms are familial and reactive.	3.33	1	0
CJD (Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease) [description not available]	6.29	5	1
Dementias, Transmissible [description not available]	5.38	7	0
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome A rare transmissible encephalopathy most prevalent between the ages of 50 and 70 years. Affected individuals may present with sleep disturbances, personality changes, ATAXIA; APHASIA, visual loss, weakness, muscle atrophy, MYOCLONUS, progressive dementia, and death within one year of disease onset. A familial form exhibiting autosomal dominant inheritance and a new variant CJD (potentially associated with ENCEPHALOPATHY, BOVINE SPONGIFORM) have been described. Pathological features include prominent cerebellar and cerebral cortical spongiform degeneration and the presence of PRIONS. (From N Engl J Med, 1998 Dec 31;339(27))	6.29	5	1
Graft-Versus-Host Disease [description not available]	5.03	8	1
Graft vs Host Disease The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.	5.03	8	1
Lichen Ruber Planus [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Lichen Planus An inflammatory, pruritic disease of the skin and mucous membranes, which can be either generalized or localized. It is characterized by distinctive purplish, flat-topped papules having a predilection for the trunk and flexor surfaces. The lesions may be discrete or coalesce to form plaques. Histologically, there is a saw-tooth pattern of epidermal hyperplasia and vacuolar alteration of the basal layer of the epidermis along with an intense upper dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of T-cells. Etiology is unknown.	2.6	1	0
Lichen Planus, Oral Oral lesions accompanying cutaneous lichen planus or often occurring alone. The buccal mucosa, lips, gingivae, floor of the mouth, and palate are usually affected (in a descending order of frequency). Typically, oral lesions consist of radiating white or gray, velvety, threadlike lines, arranged in a reticular pattern, at the intersection of which there may be minute, white, elevated dots or streaks (Wickham's striae). (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry)	5.2	3	1
Eczema, Atopic [description not available]	6.29	5	1
Dermatitis, Atopic A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.	6.29	5	1
Nerve Pain [description not available]	6.39	8	1
Neuralgia Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.	6.39	8	1
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	12.5	48	2
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	12.5	48	2
Cancer of Larynx [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Laryngeal Neoplasms Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.	2.6	1	0
Exanthem [description not available]	8.5	7	5
Exanthema Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.	8.5	7	5
Adamantiades-Behcet Disease [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Behcet Syndrome Rare chronic inflammatory disease involving the small blood vessels. It is of unknown etiology and characterized by mucocutaneous ulceration in the mouth and genital region and uveitis with hypopyon. The neuro-ocular form may cause blindness and death. SYNOVITIS; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; gastrointestinal ulcerations; RETINAL VASCULITIS; and OPTIC ATROPHY may occur as well.	2.6	1	0
Psychoses [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Psychotic Disorders Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)	2.76	3	0
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available]	5.29	8	0
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.	5.29	8	0
Cytomegalovirus A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.	2.89	3	0
Rhabdomyolysis Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.	2.82	2	0
Aggressive Natural Killer Cell Leukemia [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Leukemia, Large Granular Lymphocytic A spectrum of disorders characterized by clonal expansions of the peripheral blood LYMPHOCYTE populations known as large granular lymphocytes which contain abundant cytoplasm and azurophilic granules. Subtypes develop from either CD3-negative NATURAL KILLER CELLS or CD3-positive T-CELLS. The clinical course of both subtypes can vary from spontaneous regression to progressive, malignant disease.	2.6	1	0
Ewing Sarcoma [description not available]	3.45	6	0
Sarcoma, Ewing A malignant tumor of the bone which always arises in the medullary tissue, occurring more often in cylindrical bones. The tumor occurs usually before the age of 20, about twice as frequently in males as in females.	3.45	6	0
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic, Stable Phase [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	10.21	24	8
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	10.21	24	8
Fundus Flavimaculatus [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Age-Related Macular Degeneration [description not available]	5.19	3	1
Stargardt Disease A juvenile-onset macular dystrophy characterized by progressive loss of VISUAL ACUITY with normal acuity in peripheral VISUAL FIELDS. Other associated clinical features may include LIPOFUSCIN fundus autofluorescence, atrophy of the RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM, loss of color vision, PHOTOPHOBIA and PARACENTRAL SCOTOMA. Germline mutations in the ABCA4 gene have been identified in recessive and dominant diseases.	2.55	2	0
Macular Degeneration Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.	5.19	3	1
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	7.38	23	2
Empyema, Thoracic [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Empyema, Pleural Suppurative inflammation of the pleural space.	2.25	1	0
Drug-Induced Stevens Johnson Syndrome [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive KERATINOCYTE apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement. It is often provoked by the use of drugs (e.g., antibiotics and anticonvulsants) or associated with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA. It is considered a continuum of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.	2.25	1	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck [description not available]	7.68	10	2
Cancer of Head [description not available]	10	19	5
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this cancer.	7.68	10	2
Head and Neck Neoplasms Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)	10	19	5
Carcinoma, Lobular A type of BREAST CANCER where the abnormal malignant cells form in the lobules, or milk-producing glands, of the breast.	2.61	2	0
Lassitude [description not available]	11	17	4
Fatigue The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.	11	17	4
Mucositis An INFLAMMATION of the MUCOSA with burning or tingling sensation. It is characterized by atrophy of the squamous EPITHELIUM, vascular damage, inflammatory infiltration, and ulceration. It usually occurs at the mucous lining of the MOUTH, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the airway due to chemical irritations, CHEMOTHERAPY, or radiation therapy (RADIOTHERAPY).	4.55	1	1
Central Nervous System Neoplasm [description not available]	4.31	3	0
Central Nervous System Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the brain, spinal cord, or meninges.	4.31	3	0
Blast Phase [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Blast Crisis An advanced phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia, characterized by a rapid increase in the proportion of immature white blood cells (blasts) in the blood and bone marrow to greater than 30%.	2.21	1	0
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	2.82	3	0
Tauopathies Neurodegenerative disorders involving deposition of abnormal tau protein isoforms (TAU PROTEINS) in neurons and glial cells in the brain. Pathological aggregations of tau proteins are associated with mutation of the tau gene on chromosome 17 in patients with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; DEMENTIA; PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS; progressive supranuclear palsy (SUPRANUCLEAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE); and corticobasal degeneration.	3.27	5	0
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	2.82	3	0
Pancreatic Insufficiency [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency A malabsorption condition resulting from greater than 10% reduction in the secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes (LIPASE; PROTEASES; and AMYLASE) by the EXOCRINE PANCREAS into the DUODENUM. This condition is often associated with CYSTIC FIBROSIS and with chronic PANCREATITIS.	2.21	1	0
Candida Infection [description not available]	4.29	6	0
Candidiasis Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)	4.29	6	0
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	17.3	78	30
Eosinophilia, Pulmonary [description not available]	5.03	3	1
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	17.3	78	30
Pulmonary Eosinophilia A condition characterized by infiltration of the lung with EOSINOPHILS due to inflammation or other disease processes. Major eosinophilic lung diseases are the eosinophilic pneumonias caused by infections, allergens, or toxic agents.	5.03	3	1
Autoimmune Disease [description not available]	4.36	7	0
Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.	4.36	7	0
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	4.73	28	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	9.8	24	6
Osteoarthritis of Knee [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Osteoarthritis, Knee Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)	2.25	1	0
Lung Injury, Acute [description not available]	4.75	10	0
Acute Lung Injury A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).	4.75	10	0
Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous A malignant cystic or semicystic neoplasm. It often occurs in the ovary and usually bilaterally. The external surface is usually covered with papillary excrescences. Microscopically, the papillary patterns are predominantly epithelial overgrowths with differentiated and undifferentiated papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma cells. Psammoma bodies may be present. The tumor generally adheres to surrounding structures and produces ascites. (From Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972, p185)	2.25	1	0
Histiocytosis General term for the abnormal appearance of histiocytes in the blood. Based on the pathological features of the cells involved rather than on clinical findings, the histiocytic diseases are subdivided into three groups: HISTIOCYTOSIS, LANGERHANS CELL; HISTIOCYTOSIS, NON-LANGERHANS-CELL; and HISTIOCYTIC DISORDERS, MALIGNANT.	2.21	1	0
Ophthalmoplegia, Progressive Supranuclear [description not available]	3.46	6	0
Supranuclear Palsy, Progressive A degenerative disease of the central nervous system characterized by balance difficulties; OCULAR MOTILITY DISORDERS (supranuclear ophthalmoplegia); DYSARTHRIA; swallowing difficulties; and axial DYSTONIA. Onset is usually in the fifth decade and disease progression occurs over several years. Pathologic findings include neurofibrillary degeneration and neuronal loss in the dorsal MESENCEPHALON; SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS; RED NUCLEUS; pallidum; dentate nucleus; and vestibular nuclei. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1076-7)	3.46	6	0
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	6.65	6	2
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	6.65	6	2
Acute Symptom Flare [description not available]	3.99	4	0
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Huntington Disease A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)	2.73	3	0
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain [description not available]	2.84	3	0
Anoxemia [description not available]	4.13	16	0
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	6.82	10	1
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	4.13	16	0
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	6.82	10	1
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.	2.84	3	0
Corneal Diseases Diseases of the cornea.	2.25	1	0
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.	4.03	13	0
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	7.95	20	4
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria [description not available]	12.13	17	14
Malaria, Falciparum Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.	12.13	17	14
Impetigo Contagiosa [description not available]	12.46	20	8
Impetigo A common superficial bacterial infection caused by STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS or group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Characteristics include pustular lesions that rupture and discharge a thin, amber-colored fluid that dries and forms a crust. This condition is commonly located on the face, especially about the mouth and nose.	12.46	20	8
Rhabdomyosarcoma A malignant solid tumor arising from mesenchymal tissues which normally differentiate to form striated muscle. It can occur in a wide variety of sites. It is divided into four distinct types: pleomorphic, predominantly in male adults; alveolar (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, ALVEOLAR), mainly in adolescents and young adults; embryonal (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, EMBRYONAL), predominantly in infants and children; and botryoidal, also in young children. It is one of the most frequently occurring soft tissue sarcomas and the most common in children under 15. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2186; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1647-9)	3.26	5	0
Acne [description not available]	3.96	4	0
Acne Vulgaris A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.	3.96	4	0
Endometrioma An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.	5.31	3	1
Thoracic Diseases Disorders affecting the organs of the thorax.	2.25	1	0
Endometriosis A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.	5.31	3	1
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	5.52	14	0
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	5.52	14	0
Cancer of Digestive System [description not available]	3.17	1	0
Female Genital Neoplasms [description not available]	3.85	2	0
Neoplasm Metastasis, Unknown Primary [description not available]	3.17	1	0
Digestive System Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.	3.17	1	0
Genital Neoplasms, Female Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	3.85	2	0
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	6.95	16	1
Allodynia [description not available]	5.4	13	1
Gouty Arthritis [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Arthritis, Gouty Arthritis, especially of the great toe, as a result of gout. Acute gouty arthritis often is precipitated by trauma, infection, surgery, etc. The initial attacks are usually monoarticular but later attacks are often polyarticular. Acute and chronic gouty arthritis are associated with accumulation of MONOSODIUM URATE in and around affected joints.	2.25	1	0
Chordoma A malignant tumor arising from the embryonic remains of the notochord. It is also called chordocarcinoma, chordoepithelioma, and notochordoma. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.57	2	0
Infections, Pseudomonas [description not available]	5.75	12	0
Pseudomonas Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.	5.75	12	0
Bone Fractures [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Fractures, Bone Breaks in bones.	2.25	1	0
Acute Onset Vascular Dementia [description not available]	2.66	2	0
Dementia, Vascular An imprecise term referring to dementia associated with CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic BRAIN ISCHEMIA. Diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (From Gerontol Geriatr 1998 Feb;31(1):36-44)	2.66	2	0
Cardiac Hypertrophy Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.	4.19	6	0
Cardiomegaly Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.	4.19	6	0
Brucella Infection [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Brucellosis Infection caused by bacteria of the genus BRUCELLA mainly involving the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. This condition is characterized by fever, weakness, malaise, and weight loss.	2.25	1	0
Bilirubinemia [description not available]	4.55	1	1
Gastrointestinal Stromal Neoplasm [description not available]	6.39	4	2
Behavior Disorders [description not available]	4.55	1	1
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract [description not available]	6.37	4	2
Mental Disorders Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.	4.55	1	1
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors All tumors in the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT arising from mesenchymal cells (MESODERM) except those of smooth muscle cells (LEIOMYOMA) or Schwann cells (SCHWANNOMA).	6.39	4	2
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia [description not available]	9.64	15	2
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.	9.64	15	2
Adhalinopathies [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Alopecia Cicatrisata [description not available]	3.17	1	0
Alopecia Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.	3.17	1	0
Impaired Glucose Tolerance [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	3.92	4	0
Glucose Intolerance A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.	2.25	1	0
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	6.85	15	1
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	6.85	15	1
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	4.94	13	0
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	4.94	13	0
HPV Infection [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Papillomavirus Infections Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.	2.25	1	0
Parasitemia The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.25	1	0
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	8.24	10	4
Brain Stem Neoplasms, Primary [description not available]	5.99	2	2
DIPG Brain Tumors [description not available]	5.99	2	2
Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma A rare, aggressive brain tumor that forms in the GLIAL CELLS in the PONS.	5.99	2	2
Brain Stem Neoplasms Benign and malignant intra-axial tumors of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; or MEDULLA OBLONGATA of the BRAIN STEM. Primary and metastatic neoplasms may occur in this location. Clinical features include ATAXIA, cranial neuropathies (see CRANIAL NERVE DISEASES), NAUSEA, hemiparesis (see HEMIPLEGIA), and quadriparesis. Primary brain stem neoplasms are more frequent in children. Histologic subtypes include GLIOMA; HEMANGIOBLASTOMA; GANGLIOGLIOMA; and EPENDYMOMA.	5.99	2	2
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	8.47	12	4
Dermatitis, Radiation-Induced [description not available]	3.23	1	0
Radiodermatitis A cutaneous inflammatory reaction occurring as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation.	3.23	1	0
Cancer, Embryonal [description not available]	3.5	2	0
Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal Neoplasms composed of primordial GERM CELLS of embryonic GONADS or of elements of the germ layers of the EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the gonads or present in an embryo or FETUS.	3.5	2	0
Infections, Coronavirus [description not available]	8.22	7	4
Pneumonia, Viral Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.	8.44	8	4
Coronavirus Infections Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).	8.22	7	4
Cancer of Cervix [description not available]	3.06	4	0
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.	3.06	4	0
IgA Vasculitis A systemic non-thrombocytopenic purpura caused by HYPERSENSITIVITY VASCULITIS and deposition of IGA-containing IMMUNE COMPLEXES within the blood vessels throughout the body, including those in the kidney (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS). Clinical symptoms include URTICARIA; ERYTHEMA; ARTHRITIS; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; and renal involvement. Most cases are seen in children after acute upper respiratory infections.	2.25	1	0
Condition, Preneoplastic [description not available]	3.09	5	0
Precancerous Conditions Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.	3.09	5	0
Allergy, Drug [description not available]	3.1	5	0
Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.	3.1	5	0
Pancreatic Cyst A true cyst of the PANCREAS, distinguished from the much more common PANCREATIC PSEUDOCYST by possessing a lining of mucous EPITHELIUM. Pancreatic cysts are categorized as congenital, retention, neoplastic, parasitic, enterogenous, or dermoid. Congenital cysts occur more frequently as solitary cysts but may be multiple. Retention cysts are gross enlargements of PANCREATIC DUCTS secondary to ductal obstruction. (From Bockus Gastroenterology, 4th ed, p4145)	2.25	1	0
Airway Remodeling The structural changes in the number, mass, size and/or composition of the airway tissues.	4.77	6	0
Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	11.42	17	16
Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous A group of lymphomas exhibiting clonal expansion of malignant T-lymphocytes arrested at varying stages of differentiation as well as malignant infiltration of the skin. MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES; SEZARY SYNDROME; LYMPHOMATOID PAPULOSIS; and PRIMARY CUTANEOUS ANAPLASTIC LARGE CELL LYMPHOMA are the best characterized of these disorders.	11.42	17	16
Phlegmon [description not available]	3.64	2	0
Dermatoses [description not available]	3.73	3	0
Cellulitis An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions.	3.64	2	0
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	3.73	3	0
Neurogenic Inflammation Inflammation caused by an injurious stimulus of peripheral neurons and resulting in release of neuropeptides which affect vascular permeability and help initiate proinflammatory and immune reactions at the site of injury.	2.25	1	0
Agnosia Loss of the ability to comprehend the meaning or recognize the importance of various forms of stimulation that cannot be attributed to impairment of a primary sensory modality. Tactile agnosia is characterized by an inability to perceive the shape and nature of an object by touch alone, despite unimpaired sensation to light touch, position, and other primary sensory modalities.	2.25	1	0
Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available]	3.65	9	0
Locomotor Ataxia [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).	3.65	9	0
Cancer-Associated Pain [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Cancer Pain Pain that may be caused by or related to cellular, tissue, and systemic changes that occur during NEOPLASM growth, tissue invasion, and METASTASIS.	2.25	1	0
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney [description not available]	4.98	4	2
Cancer of Kidney [description not available]	5.33	6	2
Carcinoma, Renal Cell A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.	4.98	4	2
Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.	5.33	6	2
Acute Hepatic Failure [description not available]	2.93	3	0
Liver Failure, Acute A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.	2.93	3	0
Catarrh Inflammation of a mucous membrane with increased flow of mucous in humans or animals. Catarrh is used mostly in a historical context.	5.07	2	1
Common Cold A catarrhal disorder of the upper respiratory tract, which may be viral or a mixed infection. It generally involves a runny nose, nasal congestion, and sneezing.	5.07	2	1
Anasarca [description not available]	3.15	5	0
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	3.15	5	0
Necrotizing Enterocolitis [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Weight Reduction [description not available]	10.58	14	6
Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.	10.58	14	6
Enterocolitis, Necrotizing ENTEROCOLITIS with extensive ulceration (ULCER) and NECROSIS. It is observed primarily in LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANT.	2.25	1	0
Depression, Involutional Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.	9.69	9	7
Depressive Disorder, Major Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)	9.69	9	7
Retinal Diseases Diseases involving the RETINA.	2.44	2	0
Gastric Stasis [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Gastroparesis Chronic delayed gastric emptying. Gastroparesis may be caused by motor dysfunction or paralysis of STOMACH muscles or may be associated with other systemic diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS.	2.5	2	0
Overweight A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.	4.53	2	2
Leanness [description not available]	3.89	2	1
Cancer of the Urinary Tract [description not available]	3.64	1	1
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia [description not available]	2.88	3	0
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.	2.88	3	0
Ileitis Inflammation of any segment of the ILEUM and the ILEOCECAL VALVE.	2.25	1	0
Genetic Predisposition [description not available]	6.96	6	1
Cardiac Death [description not available]	4.71	2	1
Diathesis [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Chronic Hepatitis C [description not available]	9.05	5	5
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available]	5.85	2	1
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular [description not available]	4.87	2	1
Acute Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Peripheral Arterial Diseases [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Co-infection [description not available]	5.02	2	1
Allergic Rhinitis [description not available]	4.92	2	1
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer [description not available]	4.72	1	1
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis [description not available]	5.5	4	1
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Obstructive [description not available]	5.59	3	2
E coli Infections [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Fish Diseases Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).	4.72	1	1
Berger Disease [description not available]	6.99	4	1
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Central Hypothyroidism [description not available]	4.72	2	1
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	4.73	2	1
Libman-Sacks Disease [description not available]	6.14	6	1
MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available]	9.19	16	1
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	5.39	4	1
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	8.15	9	4
Shock, Cardiogenic Shock resulting from diminution of cardiac output in heart disease.	4.99	3	1
Sinus Infections [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Cancer of the Thyroid [description not available]	7.69	7	3
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	11.55	18	10
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Positive [description not available]	5.17	3	1
Low Back Ache [description not available]	7.81	9	5
Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available]	5.49	5	1
Bucket Handle Tears [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial A malignant neoplasm that originates in cells on the surface EPITHELIUM of the ovary and is the most common form of ovarian cancer. There are five histologic subtypes: papillary serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell, and transitional cell. Mutations in BRCA1, OPCML, PRKN, PIK3CA, AKT1, CTNNB1, RRAS2, and CDH1 genes are associated with this cancer.	4.72	1	1
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)	5.5	4	1
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease, characterized by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR), frequent asymmetrical involvement of the HEART SEPTUM, and normal or reduced left ventricular volume. Risk factors include HYPERTENSION; AORTIC STENOSIS; and gene MUTATION; (FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY).	5.59	3	2
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	6.31	7	2
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	4.72	1	1
Glomerulonephritis, IGA A chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by deposits of predominantly IMMUNOGLOBULIN A in the mesangial area (GLOMERULAR MESANGIUM). Deposits of COMPLEMENT C3 and IMMUNOGLOBULIN G are also often found. Clinical features may progress from asymptomatic HEMATURIA to END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE.	6.99	4	1
Hepatitis C INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.	4.72	1	1
Hypothyroidism A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.	4.72	2	1
Intermittent Claudication A symptom complex characterized by pain and weakness in SKELETAL MUSCLE group associated with exercise, such as leg pain and weakness brought on by walking. Such muscle limpness disappears after a brief rest and is often relates to arterial STENOSIS; muscle ISCHEMIA; and accumulation of LACTATE.	4.72	1	1
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	4.73	2	1
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.	6.14	6	1
Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)	9.19	16	1
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	5.39	4	1
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	8.15	9	4
Respiratory Tract Diseases Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.	5.79	4	1
Sinusitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.	4.72	1	1
Thyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.	7.69	7	3
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	11.55	18	10
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.	4.72	1	1
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.	5.17	3	1
Low Back Pain Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.	7.81	9	5
Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	5.49	5	1
Hepatitis C, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	9.05	5	5
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.	5.85	2	1
Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting The most common clinical variant of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, characterized by recurrent acute exacerbations of neurologic dysfunction followed by partial or complete recovery. Common clinical manifestations include loss of visual (see OPTIC NEURITIS), motor, sensory, or bladder function. Acute episodes of demyelination may occur at any site in the central nervous system, and commonly involve the optic nerves, spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)	4.72	1	1
Sarcopenia Progressive decline in muscle mass due to aging which results in decreased functional capacity of muscles.	4.72	1	1
Peripheral Arterial Disease Lack of perfusion in the EXTREMITIES resulting from atherosclerosis. It is characterized by INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION, and an ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX of 0.9 or less.	4.72	1	1
Acute Pain Intensely discomforting, distressful, or agonizing sensation associated with trauma or disease, with well-defined location, character, and timing.	5.33	2	1
Rhinitis, Allergic An inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA triggered by ALLERGENS.	4.92	2	1
Nephrotic Syndrome A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.	2.31	1	0
Dementia Praecox [description not available]	6.68	7	3
Schizophrenia A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.	6.68	7	3
Blood Diseases [description not available]	6.17	3	2
Hematologic Diseases Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.	6.17	3	2
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	3.64	3	0
Inflammatory Pseudotumor [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Granuloma, Plasma Cell A slow-growing benign pseudotumor in which plasma cells greatly outnumber the inflammatory cells.	2.25	1	0
Infections, Chlamydia [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Chlamydia Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CHLAMYDIA.	2.31	1	0
Glomerulonephritis, Lupus [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Lupus Nephritis Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).	2.52	2	0
Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged [description not available]	6.55	8	2
Long QT Syndrome A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.	6.55	8	2
Anankastic Personality [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension.	2.78	3	0
Lymph Node Metastasis [description not available]	11.04	15	14
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	6.9	5	2
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	6.9	5	2
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	4.28	6	0
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	4.28	6	0
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome [description not available]	4.51	9	0
Demyelinating Diseases Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.	4.51	9	0
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	2.83	3	0
Muscle Tissue Neoplasms [description not available]	2.69	2	0
47,XX,+21 [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Down Syndrome A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)	2.25	1	0
Eaton-Lambert Myasthenic Syndrome [description not available]	3.34	2	0
Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome An autoimmune disease characterized by weakness and fatigability of proximal muscles, particularly of the pelvic girdle, lower extremities, trunk, and shoulder girdle. There is relative sparing of extraocular and bulbar muscles. CARCINOMA, SMALL CELL of the lung is a frequently associated condition, although other malignancies and autoimmune diseases may be associated. Muscular weakness results from impaired impulse transmission at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. Presynaptic calcium channel dysfunction leads to a reduced amount of acetylcholine being released in response to stimulation of the nerve. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 1471)	3.34	2	0
Cancer of Endometrium [description not available]	6.4	7	2
Endometrial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.	6.4	7	2
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	3.54	8	0
Adult Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis [description not available]	3.91	4	0
Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinoses A group of severe neurodegenerative diseases characterized by intracellular accumulation of autofluorescent wax-like lipid materials (CEROID; LIPOFUSCIN) in neurons. There are several subtypes based on mutations of the various genes, time of disease onset, and severity of the neurological defects such as progressive DEMENTIA; SEIZURES; and visual failure.	3.91	4	0
Cerebral Microangiopathies [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Cerebral Small Vessel Diseases Pathological processes or diseases where cerebral MICROVESSELS show abnormalities. They are often associated with aging, hypertension and risk factors for lacunar infarcts (see LACUNAR INFARCTION); LEUKOARAIOSIS; and CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE.	2.25	1	0
Granulomas [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Besnier-Boeck Disease [description not available]	2.66	2	0
Granuloma A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.	2.31	1	0
Sarcoidosis An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.	2.66	2	0
Bradyarrhythmia [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Tachyarrhythmia [description not available]	3.09	5	0
Bradycardia Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.	2.31	1	0
Tachycardia Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.	3.09	5	0
Channelopathies A variety of neuromuscular conditions resulting from MUTATIONS in ION CHANNELS manifesting as episodes of EPILEPSY; HEADACHE DISORDERS; and DYSKINESIAS.	2.25	1	0
Hormone-Dependent Neoplasms [description not available]	2.86	3	0
Hyperlipemia [description not available]	8.79	5	4
Hyperlipidemias Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.	8.79	5	4
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	2.83	3	0
Respiratory Distress Syndrome A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.	2.83	3	0
Cytokine Release Syndrome A severe immune reaction characterized by excessive release of CYTOKINES. Symptoms include DYSPNEA; FEVER; HEADACHE; HYPOTENSION; NAUSEA; RASH; TACHYCARDIA; HYPOXIA; HYPERFERRITINEMIA, and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE. It is associated with viral infections, SEPSIS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES and a variety of factors used in IMMUNOTHERAPY.	2.25	1	0
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	5.48	15	1
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	5.48	15	1
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Ischemic Attack, Transient Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)	2.76	3	0
Apoplexy [description not available]	3.08	4	0
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	3.08	4	0
Viremia The presence of viruses in the blood.	3.64	1	1
Atopic Hypersensitivity [description not available]	5.22	4	1
Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available]	9.63	11	5
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease [description not available]	2.82	3	0
Parkinsonian Disorders A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.	2.82	3	0
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease [description not available]	2.54	2	0
Cytomegalovirus Infections Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.	2.54	2	0
Hepatic Insufficiency Conditions in which the LIVER functions fall below the normal ranges. Severe hepatic insufficiency may cause LIVER FAILURE or DEATH. Treatment may include LIVER TRANSPLANTATION.	5.44	2	2
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.	2.77	3	0
Bilharziasis [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Schistosomiasis Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.	2.31	1	0
Alexander Disease Rare leukoencephalopathy with infantile-onset accumulation of Rosenthal fibers in the subpial, periventricular, and subependymal zones of the brain. Rosenthal fibers are GLIAL FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN aggregates found in ASTROCYTES. Juvenile- and adult-onset types show progressive atrophy of the lower brainstem instead. De novo mutations in the GFAP gene are associated with the disease with propensity for paternal inheritance.	2.31	1	0
Peripheral Nerve Injury [description not available]	3.1	5	0
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	6.48	10	1
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	6.48	10	1
Peripheral Nerve Injuries Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.	3.1	5	0
Cancer of Nose [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Brill-Symmers Disease [description not available]	5.15	3	1
Lymphoma, Follicular Malignant lymphoma in which the lymphomatous cells are clustered into identifiable nodules within the LYMPH NODES. The nodules resemble to some extent the GERMINAL CENTER of lymph node follicles and most likely represent neoplastic proliferation of lymph node-derived follicular center B-LYMPHOCYTES.	5.15	3	1
Granulocytic Leukemia [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Leukemia, Myeloid Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.	2.31	1	0
Infections, Soft Tissue [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Soft Tissue Infections Infections of non-skeletal tissue, i.e., exclusive of bone, ligaments, cartilage, and fibrous tissue. The concept is usually referred to as skin and soft tissue infections and usually subcutaneous and muscle tissue are involved. The predisposing factors in anaerobic infections are trauma, ischemia, and surgery. The organisms often derive from the fecal or oral flora, particularly in wounds associated with intestinal surgery, decubitus ulcer, and human bites. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1688)	2.31	1	0
Bleeding [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	2.31	1	0
Chronic Lung Injury [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Cancer of Spleen [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Sterility, Male [description not available]	2.58	2	0
Infertility, Male The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.	2.58	2	0
Acetonemia [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Chloroma [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Sarcoma, Myeloid An extramedullary tumor of immature MYELOID CELLS or MYELOBLASTS. Granulocytic sarcoma usually occurs with or follows the onset of ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.	2.31	1	0
Pericementitis [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Alveolar Bone Atrophy [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)	2.41	1	0
Ph 1 Chromosome [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Thoracic Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the THORAX.	2.31	1	0
Menopause The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.	3.7	1	1
Acute Yellow Atrophy [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	6.63	11	0
Alcohol Abuse [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Alcoholism A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)	2.77	3	0
MPTP Neurotoxicity Syndrome [description not available]	3.01	4	0
Marchiafava-Micheli Syndrome [description not available]	4.62	1	1
Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal A condition characterized by the recurrence of HEMOGLOBINURIA caused by intravascular HEMOLYSIS. In cases occurring upon cold exposure (paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria), usually after infections, there is a circulating antibody which is also a cold hemolysin. In cases occurring during or after sleep (paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria), the clonal hematopoietic stem cells exhibit a global deficiency of cell membrane proteins.	4.62	1	1
Malignant Neurilemmoma [description not available]	3.23	1	0
Brain Vascular Disorders [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Brain Inflammation [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Cerebrovascular Disorders A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.	2.31	1	0
Encephalitis Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.	2.31	1	0
Cocaine Abuse [description not available]	3.77	10	0
Cocaine-Related Disorders Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.	3.77	10	0
Amphetamine Abuse [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Amphetamine-Related Disorders Disorders related or resulting from use of amphetamines.	2.47	2	0
Laurence-Moon-Bardet-Biedl Syndrome [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Alstrom Syndrome Rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by multiple organ dysfunction. The key clinical features include retinal degeneration (NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA; and eventual blindness), childhood obesity, sensorineural hearing loss, and normal mental development. Endocrinologic complications include TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS; HYPERINSULINEMIA; ACANTHOSIS NIGRICANS; HYPOTHYROIDISM; and progressive renal and hepatic failures. The disease is caused by mutations in the ALMS1 gene.	2.31	1	0
Bardet-Biedl Syndrome An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA; POLYDACTYLY; OBESITY; MENTAL RETARDATION; hypogenitalism; renal dysplasia; and short stature. This syndrome has been distinguished as a separate entity from LAURENCE-MOON SYNDROME. (From J Med Genet 1997 Feb;34(2):92-8)	2.31	1	0
Blast Injuries Injuries resulting when a person is struck by particles impelled with violent force from an explosion. Blast causes pulmonary concussion and hemorrhage, laceration of other thoracic and abdominal viscera, ruptured ear drums, and minor effects in the central nervous system. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.15	1	0
Sclerosis, Systemic [description not available]	2.82	3	0
Scleroderma, Systemic A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.	2.82	3	0
Brain Swelling [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Brain Edema Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)	2.55	2	0
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar [description not available]	3.43	2	0
Cognition Disorders Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.	6.93	9	1
Bipolar Disorder A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.	3.43	2	0
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	6.73	7	1
Chronic Insomnia [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.	2.49	2	0
Autosomal Dominant Cerebellar Ataxia, Type II [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Motor Disorders Motor skills deficits that significantly and persistently interfere with ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING appropriate to chronological age. (from DSM-5)	2.15	1	0
Spinocerebellar Ataxias A group of predominately late-onset, cerebellar ataxias which have been divided into multiple subtypes based on clinical features and genetic mapping. Progressive ataxia is a central feature of these conditions, and in certain subtypes POLYNEUROPATHY; DYSARTHRIA; visual loss; and other disorders may develop. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1997, Ch65, pp 12-17; J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1998 Jun;57(6):531-43)	2.5	2	0
Cockayne-Touraine Disease [description not available]	3.06	1	0
Epidermolysis Bullosa Dystrophica Form of epidermolysis bullosa characterized by atrophy of blistered areas, severe scarring, and nail changes. It is most often present at birth or in early infancy and occurs in both autosomal dominant and recessive forms. All forms of dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa result from mutations in COLLAGEN TYPE VII, a major component fibrils of BASEMENT MEMBRANE and EPIDERMIS.	3.06	1	0
Eye Disorders [description not available]	4.98	3	1
Eye Diseases Diseases affecting the eye.	4.98	3	1
Intestinal Diseases Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.	3.94	2	0
Cardio-Cutaneous Syndrome [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Suicidal Ideation A risk factor for suicide attempts and completions, it is the most common of all suicidal behavior, but only a minority of ideators engage in overt self-harm.	2.15	1	0
Intradural-Extramedullary Spinal Cord Neoplasms [description not available]	2.88	3	0
Spinal Cord Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplasms which occur within the substance of the spinal cord (intramedullary neoplasms) or in the space between the dura and spinal cord (intradural extramedullary neoplasms). The majority of intramedullary spinal tumors are primary CNS neoplasms including ASTROCYTOMA; EPENDYMOMA; and LIPOMA. Intramedullary neoplasms are often associated with SYRINGOMYELIA. The most frequent histologic types of intradural-extramedullary tumors are MENINGIOMA and NEUROFIBROMA.	2.88	3	0
Pain, Chronic [description not available]	6.52	5	2
Chronic Pain Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.	6.52	5	2
Respiration Disorders Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.	5.69	2	1
Allergic Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	3.33	6	0
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	5.03	14	0
Cryptogenic Fibrosing Alveolitis [description not available]	3.06	1	0
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis A common interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology, usually occurring between 50-70 years of age. Clinically, it is characterized by an insidious onset of breathlessness with exertion and a nonproductive cough, leading to progressive DYSPNEA. Pathological features show scant interstitial inflammation, patchy collagen fibrosis, prominent fibroblast proliferation foci, and microscopic honeycomb change.	3.06	1	0
Benign Meningeal Neoplasms [description not available]	2.84	3	0
Meningeal Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.	2.84	3	0
Bladder, Overactive [description not available]	5.64	6	1
Urinary Bladder, Overactive Symptom of overactive detrusor muscle of the URINARY BLADDER that contracts with abnormally high frequency and urgency. Overactive bladder is characterized by the frequent feeling of needing to urinate during the day, during the night, or both. URINARY INCONTINENCE may or may not be present.	5.64	6	1
Esophageal Reflux [description not available]	3.4	2	0
Gastroesophageal Reflux Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.	3.4	2	0
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	3.92	4	0
Dyskinesia Syndromes [description not available]	5.18	6	0
Movement Disorders Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.	5.18	6	0
Adipocere [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Adenocarcinoma, Endometrioid [description not available]	4.43	4	1
Carcinoma, Endometrioid An adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of cells resembling the glandular cells of the ENDOMETRIUM. It is a common histological type of ovarian CARCINOMA and ENDOMETRIAL CARCINOMA. There is a high frequency of co-occurrence of this form of adenocarcinoma in both tissues.	4.43	4	1
Biliary Tract Cancer [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Biliary Tract Neoplasms Tumors or cancer in the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.	2.15	1	0
Wallerian Degeneration Degeneration of distal aspects of a nerve axon following injury to the cell body or proximal portion of the axon. The process is characterized by fragmentation of the axon and its MYELIN SHEATH.	2.42	2	0
Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.	8.05	7	3
Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine A group of carcinomas which share a characteristic morphology, often being composed of clusters and trabecular sheets of round blue cells, granular chromatin, and an attenuated rim of poorly demarcated cytoplasm. Neuroendocrine tumors include carcinoids, small (oat) cell carcinomas, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, Merkel cell tumor, cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma, pancreatic islet cell tumors, and pheochromocytoma. Neurosecretory granules are found within the tumor cells. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)	2.58	2	0
Aphasia, Primary Progressive A progressive form of dementia characterized by the global loss of language abilities and initial preservation of other cognitive functions. Fluent and nonfluent subtypes have been described. Eventually a pattern of global cognitive dysfunction, similar to ALZHEIMER DISEASE, emerges. Pathologically, there are no Alzheimer or PICK DISEASE like changes, however, spongiform changes of cortical layers II and III are present in the TEMPORAL LOBE and FRONTAL LOBE. (From Brain 1998 Jan;121(Pt 1):115-26)	4.01	4	0
Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration Heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by frontal and temporal lobe atrophy associated with neuronal loss, gliosis, and dementia. Patients exhibit progressive changes in social, behavioral, and/or language function. Multiple subtypes or forms are recognized based on presence or absence of TAU PROTEIN inclusions. FTLD includes three clinical syndromes: FRONTOTEMPORAL DEMENTIA, semantic dementia, and PRIMARY PROGRESSIVE NONFLUENT APHASIA.	2.59	2	0
DDPAC [description not available]	2.89	3	0
Frontotemporal Dementia The most common clinical form of FRONTOTEMPORAL LOBAR DEGENERATION, this dementia presents with personality and behavioral changes often associated with disinhibition, apathy, and lack of insight.	2.89	3	0
Leukocytopenia [description not available]	11.59	18	18
Chemotherapy-Induced Febrile Neutropenia FEVER accompanied by a significant reduction in NEUTROPHIL count associated with CHEMOTHERAPY.	4.9	2	1
Leukopenia A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).	11.59	18	18
Carcinoma, Basal Cell, Pigmented [description not available]	3.09	1	0
Carcinoma, Basal Cell A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471)	3.09	1	0
Lysosomal Enzyme Disorders [description not available]	2.17	1	0
AGA Deficiency [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Bacterial Pneumonia [description not available]	3.42	2	0
Centriacinar Emphysema [description not available]	5.06	9	0
Pneumonia, Bacterial Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.	3.42	2	0
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	2.17	1	0
Experimental Radiation Injuries [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness [description not available]	3.47	7	0
Airway Obstruction Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.	2.17	1	0
Sneezing The sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the NOSE and MOUTH caused by irritation to the MUCOUS MEMBRANES of the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.	2.17	1	0
TDP-43 Proteinopathies Diseases characterized by the presence of abnormally phosphorylated, ubiquitinated, and cleaved DNA-binding protein TDP-43 in affected brain and spinal cord. Inclusions of the pathologic protein in neurons and glia, without the presence of AMYLOID, is the major feature of these conditions, thus making these proteinopathies distinct from most other neurogenerative disorders in which protein misfolding leads to brain amyloidosis. Both frontotemporal lobar degeneration and AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS exhibit this common method of pathogenesis and thus they may represent two extremes of a continuous clinicopathological spectrum of one disease.	2.17	1	0
Amyloid Deposits [description not available]	3.02	4	0
Polyploid [description not available]	3.21	5	0
HbS Disease [description not available]	2.57	2	0
Anemia, Sickle Cell A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.	2.57	2	0
Encephalopathy, Hepatic [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Endotoxin Shock [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Hepatic Encephalopathy A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)	2.17	1	0
Shock, Septic Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.	2.68	3	0
Stunted Growth [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Growth Disorders Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.	2.59	2	0
Muscular Weakness [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Muscle Weakness A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)	2.17	1	0
Giant Cell Tumors Tumors of bone tissue or synovial or other soft tissue characterized by the presence of giant cells. The most common are giant cell tumor of tendon sheath and GIANT CELL TUMOR OF BONE.	5.12	3	1
Adenocystic Carcinoma [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma characterized by bands or cylinders of hyalinized or mucinous stroma separating or surrounded by nests or cords of small epithelial cells. When the cylinders occur within masses of epithelial cells, they give the tissue a perforated, sievelike, or cribriform appearance. Such tumors occur in the mammary glands, the mucous glands of the upper and lower respiratory tract, and the salivary glands. They are malignant but slow-growing, and tend to spread locally via the nerves. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.59	2	0
Group A Strep Infection [description not available]	4.88	2	1
Streptococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.	4.88	2	1
Arthropathies [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Joint Diseases Diseases involving the JOINTS.	2.17	1	0
Infection, Wound [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Pulmonary Hypertension [description not available]	5.23	8	0
Hypertension, Pulmonary Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.	5.23	8	0
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	3.26	6	0
Bone Diseases Diseases of BONES.	2.54	2	0
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available]	2.57	2	0
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Liver Steatosis [description not available]	2.75	3	0
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	6.41	14	1
Diseases, Metabolic [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.	2.75	3	0
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	6.41	14	1
Metabolic Diseases Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)	2.48	2	0
Injuries, Radiation [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Dermatosclerosis [description not available]	2.57	2	0
Scleroderma, Localized A term used to describe a variety of localized asymmetrical SKIN thickening that is similar to those of SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMA but without the disease features in the multiple internal organs and BLOOD VESSELS. Lesions may be characterized as patches or plaques (morphea), bands (linear), or nodules.	2.57	2	0
Adrenal Gland Hyperfunction [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Adrenocortical Hyperfunction Excess production of ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES such as ALDOSTERONE; HYDROCORTISONE; DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE; and/or ANDROSTENEDIONE. Hyperadrenal syndromes include CUSHING SYNDROME; HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and VIRILISM.	2.55	2	0
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis [description not available]	5.61	10	0
Myasthenia Gravis A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.	5.61	10	0
Glomerulonephritis, Minimal Change [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Nephrosis, Lipoid A kidney disease with no or minimal histological glomerular changes on light microscopy and with no immune deposits. It is characterized by lipid accumulation in the epithelial cells of KIDNEY TUBULES and in the URINE. Patients usually show NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA with accompanying EDEMA.	2.17	1	0
Coxsackie Virus Infections [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Atrophy Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.	3.44	2	0
Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma [description not available]	4.48	1	1
Familial Nonmedullary Thyroid Cancer [description not available]	4.48	1	1
Adenocarcinoma, Follicular An adenocarcinoma of the thyroid gland, in which the cells are arranged in the form of follicles. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	4.48	1	1
Ureteral Obstruction Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.	2.17	1	0
Adiadochokinesis [description not available]	3.12	1	0
Cerebellar Diseases Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, GAIT ATAXIA, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.	3.41	2	0
Cerebellar Ataxia Incoordination of voluntary movements that occur as a manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES. Characteristic features include a tendency for limb movements to overshoot or undershoot a target (dysmetria), a tremor that occurs during attempted movements (intention TREMOR), impaired force and rhythm of diadochokinesis (rapidly alternating movements), and GAIT ATAXIA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p90)	3.12	1	0
Familial Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinaemia [description not available]	2.82	3	0
Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia A lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by pleomorphic B-LYMPHOCYTES including PLASMA CELLS, with increased levels of monoclonal serum IMMUNOGLOBULIN M. There is lymphoplasmacytic cells infiltration into bone marrow and often other tissues, also known as lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. Clinical features include ANEMIA; HEMORRHAGES; and hyperviscosity.	2.82	3	0
Chronic Bronchitis [description not available]	9.47	10	4
Bronchitis, Chronic A subcategory of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. The disease is characterized by hypersecretion of mucus accompanied by a chronic (more than 3 months in 2 consecutive years) productive cough. Infectious agents are a major cause of chronic bronchitis.	9.47	10	4
Thyroid Cancer, Anaplastic [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic An aggressive THYROID GLAND malignancy which generally occurs in IODINE-deficient areas in people with previous thyroid pathology such as GOITER. It is associated with CELL DEDIFFERENTIATION of THYROID CARCINOMA (e.g., FOLLICULAR THYROID CARCINOMA; PAPILLARY THYROID CANCER). Typical initial presentation is a rapidly growing neck mass which upon metastasis is associated with DYSPHAGIA; NECK PAIN; bone pain; DYSPNEA; and NEUROLOGIC DEFICITS.	2.17	1	0
Cancer of Salivary Gland [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Salivary Gland Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SALIVARY GLANDS.	2.21	1	0
Human T-lymphotropic Virus 1 Infection [description not available]	2.17	1	0
HTLV-I Infections Diseases caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1.	2.17	1	0
Grippe [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Edema, Pulmonary [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Influenza, Human An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.	2.17	1	0
Pulmonary Edema Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.	2.76	3	0
Chromosome Deletion Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.	2.17	1	0
Labhart-Willi Syndrome [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Prader-Willi Syndrome An autosomal dominant disorder caused by deletion of the proximal long arm of the paternal chromosome 15 (15q11-q13) or by inheritance of both of the pair of chromosomes 15 from the mother (UNIPARENTAL DISOMY) which are imprinted (GENETIC IMPRINTING) and hence silenced. Clinical manifestations include MENTAL RETARDATION; MUSCULAR HYPOTONIA; HYPERPHAGIA; OBESITY; short stature; HYPOGONADISM; STRABISMUS; and HYPERSOMNOLENCE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p229)	2.17	1	0
Cranial Nerve II Injuries [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Black Fever [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Leishmaniasis, American [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Leishmaniasis, Visceral A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.	2.17	1	0
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.	2.17	1	0
Happy Puppet Syndrome [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Angelman Syndrome A syndrome characterized by multiple abnormalities, MENTAL RETARDATION, and movement disorders. Present usually are skull and other abnormalities, frequent infantile spasms (SPASMS, INFANTILE); easily provoked and prolonged paroxysms of laughter (hence happy); jerky puppetlike movements (hence puppet); continuous tongue protrusion; motor retardation; ATAXIA; MUSCLE HYPOTONIA; and a peculiar facies. It is associated with maternal deletions of chromosome 15q11-13 and other genetic abnormalities. (From Am J Med Genet 1998 Dec 4;80(4):385-90; Hum Mol Genet 1999 Jan;8(1):129-35)	2.21	1	0
African Lymphoma [description not available]	3.53	2	0
Burkitt Lymphoma A form of undifferentiated malignant LYMPHOMA usually found in central Africa, but also reported in other parts of the world. It is commonly manifested as a large osteolytic lesion in the jaw or as an abdominal mass. B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) has been isolated from Burkitt lymphoma cases in Africa and it is implicated as the causative agent in these cases; however, most non-African cases are EBV-negative.	3.53	2	0
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	3.58	8	0
B16 Melanoma [description not available]	3.61	8	0
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Cystitis Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.	2.53	2	0
Leiomyosarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	2.85	3	0
Leiomyosarcoma A sarcoma containing large spindle cells of smooth muscle. Although it rarely occurs in soft tissue, it is common in the viscera. It is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of the gastrointestinal tract and uterus. The median age of patients is 60 years. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1865)	2.85	3	0
Eosinophilia, Tropical [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Eosinophilia Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.	2.41	2	0
Metaplasia A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type.	2.53	2	0
Cancer of Mouth [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Mouth Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.	2.59	2	0
Alogia [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Aphasia A cognitive disorder marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or express language in its written or spoken form. This condition is caused by diseases which affect the language areas of the dominant hemisphere. Clinical features are used to classify the various subtypes of this condition. General categories include receptive, expressive, and mixed forms of aphasia.	2.21	1	0
Carcinoma, Oat Cell [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Milk-Alkali Syndrome [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Hypercalcemia Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.	2.21	1	0
Carcinoma, Small Cell An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)	2.4	2	0
Adenoma, Oxyphilic A usually benign glandular tumor composed of oxyphil cells, large cells with small irregular nuclei and dense acidophilic granules due to the presence of abundant MITOCHONDRIA. Oxyphil cells, also known as oncocytes, are found in oncocytomas of the kidney, salivary glands, and endocrine glands. In the thyroid gland, oxyphil cells are known as Hurthle cells and Askanazy cells.	2.21	1	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Leukemia, Lymphoid Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.	2.21	1	0
Desmoid [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli, Familial [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Abdominal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the ABDOMEN.	2.21	1	0
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli A polyposis syndrome due to an autosomal dominant mutation of the APC genes (GENES, APC) on CHROMOSOME 5. The syndrome is characterized by the development of hundreds of ADENOMATOUS POLYPS in the COLON and RECTUM of affected individuals by early adulthood.	2.21	1	0
Fibromatosis, Aggressive A childhood counterpart of abdominal or extra-abdominal desmoid tumors, characterized by firm subcutaneous nodules that grow rapidly in any part of the body but do not metastasize. The adult form of abdominal fibromatosis is FIBROMATOSIS, ABDOMINAL. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.21	1	0
Basal Ganglia Diseases Diseases of the BASAL GANGLIA including the PUTAMEN; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; claustrum; AMYGDALA; and CAUDATE NUCLEUS. DYSKINESIAS (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	2.57	2	0
Anorexia The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.	5.33	12	1
Air Embolism [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Mycosis Fungoides A chronic, malignant T-cell lymphoma of the skin. In the late stages, the LYMPH NODES and viscera are affected.	11.42	17	16
Congenital Zika Syndrome [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Zika Virus Infection A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.	2.21	1	0
Health Care Associated Infection [description not available]	3.17	1	0
Atypical Mycobacterial Infection, Disseminated [description not available]	3.97	2	0
Pulmonary Consumption [description not available]	3.76	3	0
Cross Infection Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.	3.17	1	0
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.	3.76	3	0
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	5.73	7	1
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	5.73	7	1
Agnogenic Myeloid Metaplasia [description not available]	3.59	1	1
Primary Myelofibrosis A de novo myeloproliferation arising from an abnormal stem cell. It is characterized by the replacement of bone marrow by fibrous tissue, a process that is mediated by CYTOKINES arising from the abnormal clone.	3.59	1	1
Vascular Injuries [description not available]	2.83	3	0
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	3.17	5	0
Thrombocytopathy [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Blood Platelet Disorders Disorders caused by abnormalities in platelet count or function.	2.21	1	0
Adrenal Cancer [description not available]	4.09	3	1
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal [description not available]	4.1	3	1
Pheochromocytoma A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)	4.1	3	1
Abdominal Epilepsy [description not available]	3.08	5	0
Epilepsies, Partial Conditions characterized by recurrent paroxysmal neuronal discharges which arise from a focal region of the brain. Partial seizures are divided into simple and complex, depending on whether consciousness is unaltered (simple partial seizure) or disturbed (complex partial seizure). Both types may feature a wide variety of motor, sensory, and autonomic symptoms. Partial seizures may be classified by associated clinical features or anatomic location of the seizure focus. A secondary generalized seizure refers to a partial seizure that spreads to involve the brain diffusely. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317)	3.08	5	0
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	14.15	101	10
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	14.15	101	10
Hemorrhagic Shock [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Injuries Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.	3.35	2	0
Wounds and Injuries Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.	3.35	2	0
Smoking Cessation Discontinuing the habit of SMOKING.	4.16	3	0
Opportunistic Infections An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.	2.49	2	0
Acute Post-operative Pain [description not available]	7.96	8	7
Pain, Postoperative Pain during the period after surgery.	7.96	8	7
Hallucination of Body Sensation [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Apnea, Sleep [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Bronchitis Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.	4.08	5	0
Hallucinations Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS.	2.39	2	0
Sleep Apnea Syndromes Disorders characterized by multiple cessations of respirations during sleep that induce partial arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep. Sleep apnea syndromes are divided into central (see SLEEP APNEA, CENTRAL), obstructive (see SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE), and mixed central-obstructive types.	2.08	1	0
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Telangiectasia, Hereditary Hemorrhagic An autosomal dominant vascular anomaly characterized by telangiectases of the skin and mucous membranes and by recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding. This disorder is caused by mutations of a gene (on chromosome 9q3) which encodes endoglin, a membrane glycoprotein that binds TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA.	2.1	1	0
Infections, Respiratory Syncytial Virus [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections Pneumovirus infections caused by the RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have been reported.	2.08	1	0
Chemical Dependence [description not available]	5.81	12	2
Substance-Related Disorders Disorders related to substance use or abuse.	5.81	12	2
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms [description not available]	5.9	13	2
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.	5.9	13	2
Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba Syndrome [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Hamartoma Syndrome, Multiple A hereditary disease characterized by multiple ectodermal, mesodermal, and endodermal nevoid and neoplastic anomalies. Facial trichilemmomas and papillomatous papules of the oral mucosa are the most characteristic lesions. Individuals with this syndrome have a high risk of BREAST CANCER; THYROID CANCER; and ENDOMETRIAL CANCER. This syndrome is associated with mutations in the gene for PTEN PHOSPHATASE.	2.08	1	0
Joint Pain [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Nociceptive Pain Dull or sharp aching pain caused by stimulated NOCICEPTORS due to tissue injury, inflammation or diseases. It can be divided into somatic or tissue pain and VISCERAL PAIN.	2.11	1	0
Arthralgia Pain in the joint.	2.11	1	0
Leukocyte Disorders Disordered formation of various types of leukocytes or an abnormal accumulation or deficiency of these cells.	2.08	1	0
Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin.	2.08	1	0
Hyperinsulinism A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.	2.08	1	0
Absence Status [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Status Epilepticus A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)	2.47	2	0
Carcinosarcoma A malignant neoplasm that contains elements of carcinoma and sarcoma so extensively intermixed as to indicate neoplasia of epithelial and mesenchymal tissue. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.1	1	0
Cells, Neoplasm Circulating [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Anti-GBM Disease [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease An autoimmune disease of the KIDNEY and the LUNG. It is characterized by the presence of circulating autoantibodies targeting the epitopes in the non-collagenous domains of COLLAGEN TYPE IV in the basement membranes of kidney glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) and lung alveoli (PULMONARY ALVEOLI), and the subsequent destruction of these basement membranes. Clinical features include pulmonary alveolar hemorrhage and glomerulonephritis.	2.1	1	0
Neurilemoma [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Neurilemmoma A neoplasm that arises from SCHWANN CELLS of the cranial, peripheral, and autonomic nerves. Clinically, these tumors may present as a cranial neuropathy, abdominal or soft tissue mass, intracranial lesion, or with spinal cord compression. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, highly vascular, and composed of a homogenous pattern of biphasic fusiform-shaped cells that may have a palisaded appearance. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp964-5)	2.1	1	0
Koch's Disease [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Tuberculosis Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.	2.48	2	0
Preterm Birth [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Suffocation [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Anoxia, Fetal [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Asphyxia A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life.	2.1	1	0
Fetal Hypoxia Deficient oxygenation of FETAL BLOOD.	2.1	1	0
Premature Birth CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).	2.1	1	0
Allotriophagy An unusual desire or craving for abnormal foods.	2.47	2	0
Drug Abuse, Intravenous [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome [description not available]	5.37	2	2
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.	5.37	2	2
Community Acquired Infection [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Neoplasms, Cystic, Mucinous, and Serous Neoplasms containing cyst-like formations or producing mucin or serum.	2.1	1	0
Headache, Tension [description not available]	4.7	6	1
Tension-Type Headache A common primary headache disorder, characterized by a dull, non-pulsatile, diffuse, band-like (or vice-like) PAIN of mild to moderate intensity in the HEAD; SCALP; or NECK. The subtypes are classified by frequency and severity of symptoms. There is no clear cause even though it has been associated with MUSCLE CONTRACTION and stress. (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	4.7	6	1
Back Ache [description not available]	5.7	10	2
Back Pain Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions.	5.7	10	2
Polyarthritis [description not available]	3.59	3	0
Arthritis Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	3.59	3	0
Dermatitis Any inflammation of the skin.	3.38	2	0
Dyslipidemia [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Dyslipidemias Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.	2.1	1	0
Protein Folding Diseases [description not available]	3.01	1	0
Bile Duct Obstruction, Intrahepatic [description not available]	3.01	1	0
Cholestasis, Intrahepatic Impairment of bile flow due to injury to the HEPATOCYTES; BILE CANALICULI; or the intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC).	3.01	1	0
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.	2.52	2	0
Orphan Diseases Rare diseases that have not been well studied.	2.52	2	0
Male Genitourinary Diseases [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Bulimia Nervosa An eating disorder that is characterized by a cycle of binge eating (BULIMIA or bingeing) followed by inappropriate acts (purging) to avert weight gain. Purging methods often include self-induced VOMITING, use of LAXATIVES or DIURETICS, excessive exercise, and FASTING.	2.1	1	0
Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Myositis Ossificans A disease characterized by bony deposits or the ossification of muscle tissue.	2.1	1	0
Conus Medullaris Syndrome [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Erythema Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.	7.25	7	6
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	8.73	107	1
Bronchial Hyperreactivity Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.	4.82	7	1
Cramp [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Muscle Cramp A sustained and usually painful contraction of muscle fibers. This may occur as an isolated phenomenon or as a manifestation of an underlying disease process (e.g., UREMIA; HYPOTHYROIDISM; MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; etc.). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1398)	2.1	1	0
Candidiasis, Invasive An important nosocomial fungal infection with species of the genus CANDIDA, most frequently CANDIDA ALBICANS. Invasive candidiasis occurs when candidiasis goes beyond a superficial infection and manifests as CANDIDEMIA, deep tissue infection, or disseminated disease with deep organ involvement.	2.11	1	0
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	2.92	4	0
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	2.92	4	0
Osteolysis Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.	2.11	1	0
Apolipoprotein C-II Deficiency [description not available]	6.98	4	4
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type I An inherited condition due to a deficiency of either LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE or APOLIPOPROTEIN C-II (a lipase-activating protein). The lack of lipase activities results in inability to remove CHYLOMICRONS and TRIGLYCERIDES from the blood which has a creamy top layer after standing.	6.98	4	4
Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast An invasive (infiltrating) CARCINOMA of the mammary ductal system (MAMMARY GLANDS) in the human BREAST.	2.11	1	0
Bednar Tumor [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Dermatofibrosarcoma A sarcoma of the deep layers of the skin. The tumors are locally aggressive tends to recur but rarely metastatic. It can be classified into variants depending on the cell type tumors are derived from or by its characteristics: Pigmented variant from MELANIN-containing DERMAL DENDRITIC CELLS; Myxoid variant, myxoid STROMAL CELLS; Giant cell variant characterized by GIANT CELLS in the tumors; and Fibrosarcomatous variant chracterized by tumor areas histologically indistinguishable from FIBROSARCOMA.	2.11	1	0
Conjugate Nystagmus [description not available]	4.15	3	0
Vestibular Diseases Pathological processes of the VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH which contains part of the balancing apparatus. Patients with vestibular diseases show instability and are at risk of frequent falls.	3.87	2	0
Alcohol Problem [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Alcohol-Related Disorders Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of alcohol.	2.11	1	0
Angioblastic Meningioma [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Meningioma A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)	2.11	1	0
Craniofacial Pain [description not available]	3.84	2	1
Facial Pain Pain in the facial region including orofacial pain and craniofacial pain. Associated conditions include local inflammatory and neoplastic disorders and neuralgic syndromes involving the trigeminal, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent facial pain as the primary manifestation of disease are referred to as FACIAL PAIN SYNDROMES.	3.84	2	1
Abnormal Movements [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Lymphoma, T-Cell, Enteropathy-Associated [description not available]	11.36	16	16
Enteropathy-Associated T-Cell Lymphoma A primary peripheral T-cell lymphoma in the gastrointestinal tract, most often in the jejunum, associated with a history of CELIAC DISEASE or other gastrointestinal diseases.	11.36	16	16
Abdominal Migraine [description not available]	6.68	4	2
Migraine Disorders A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	6.68	4	2
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	2.69	3	0
Clostridioides difficile Infection [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Clostridium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM and closely related CLOSTRIDIOIDES species.	2.11	1	0
Spinal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the SPINE.	2.11	1	0
Soft Tissue Neoplasms Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.	4.82	2	1
Muscle Pain [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Myalgia Painful sensation in the muscles.	2.11	1	0
Morphine Abuse [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Morphine Dependence Strong dependence, both physiological and emotional, upon morphine.	2.4	2	0
Fasting Hypoglycemia HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.	3.51	1	1
Hypoglycemia A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.	3.51	1	1
Hypertriglyceridemia A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.	3.51	1	1
Impotence [description not available]	3.87	2	1
Erectile Dysfunction The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.	3.87	2	1
Caries, Dental [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Dental Plaque A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.	2.68	3	0
Dental Caries Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.	2.13	1	0
Anemia, Hypoplastic [description not available]	3.03	1	0
Anemia, Aplastic A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.	3.03	1	0
Cancer of Rectum [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Rectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.	2.11	1	0
Aggression Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.	2.74	3	0
Hepatic Failure [description not available]	4.8	2	1
Liver Failure Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)	4.8	2	1
Disease Resistance The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.	2.13	1	0
Atrophy, Muscular, Peroneal [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease A hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy transmitted most often as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by progressive distal wasting and loss of reflexes in the muscles of the legs (and occasionally involving the arms). Onset is usually in the second to fourth decade of life. This condition has been divided into two subtypes, hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN) types I and II. HMSN I is associated with abnormal nerve conduction velocities and nerve hypertrophy, features not seen in HMSN II. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1343)	2.49	2	0
Keloid A sharply elevated, irregularly shaped, progressively enlarging scar resulting from formation of excessive amounts of collagen in the dermis during connective tissue repair. It is differentiated from a hypertrophic scar (CICATRIX, HYPERTROPHIC) in that the former does not spread to surrounding tissues.	2.13	1	0
Anxiety Neuroses [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Anxiety Disorders Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.	2.5	2	0
Bacterial Skin Diseases [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Infections, Staphylococcal Skin [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Staphylococcal Skin Infections Infections to the skin caused by bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	2.13	1	0
Skin Diseases, Bacterial Skin diseases caused by bacteria.	2.13	1	0
Electron Transport Chain Deficiencies, Mitochondrial [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Mitochondrial Diseases Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.	2.13	1	0
Growth Plate Fractures [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Genome Instability [description not available]	3.04	1	0
Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Tuberculosis resistant to ISONIAZID and RIFAMPIN and at least three of the six main classes of second-line drugs (AMINOGLYCOSIDES; polypeptide agents; FLUOROQUINOLONES; THIOAMIDES; CYCLOSERINE; and PARA-AMINOSALICYLIC ACID) as defined by the CDC.	2.13	1	0
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Pre-Eclampsia A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.	2.13	1	0
Acquired Form of Epidermolysis Bullosa [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita Form of epidermolysis bullosa characterized by trauma-induced, subepidermal blistering with no family history of the disease. Direct immunofluorescence shows IMMUNOGLOBULIN G deposited at the dermo-epidermal junction.	2.13	1	0
Hemoglobinopathies A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations within the hemoglobin molecule.	2.13	1	0
Anhedonia Inability to experience pleasure due to impairment or dysfunction of normal psychological and neurobiological mechanisms. It is a symptom of many PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS (e.g., DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; and SCHIZOPHRENIA).	2.15	1	0
Hand-Schu00FCller-Christian Disease [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Histiocytosis, Langerhans-Cell A group of disorders resulting from the abnormal proliferation of and tissue infiltration by LANGERHANS CELLS which can be detected by their characteristic Birbeck granules (X bodies), or by monoclonal antibody staining for their surface CD1 ANTIGENS. Langerhans-cell granulomatosis can involve a single organ, or can be a systemic disorder.	2.13	1	0
Colitis, Mucous [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Irritable Bowel Syndrome A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.	2.76	3	0
Adenitis, Salivary Gland [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Sicca Syndrome [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Sjogren's Syndrome Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.	2.15	1	0
Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure (ACLF) [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Alcoholic Hepatitis [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Enterically-Transmitted Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Hepatitis, Alcoholic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER due to ALCOHOL ABUSE. It is characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES, infiltration by NEUTROPHILS, and deposit of MALLORY BODIES. Depending on its severity, the inflammatory lesion may be reversible or progress to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	2.13	1	0
Hepatitis E Acute INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans; caused by HEPATITIS E VIRUS, a non-enveloped single-stranded RNA virus. Similar to HEPATITIS A, its incubation period is 15-60 days and is enterically transmitted, usually by fecal-oral transmission.	2.13	1	0
Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure Sudden liver failure in the presence of underlying compensated chronic LIVER DISEASE (e.g., LIVER CIRRHOSIS; HEPATITIS; and liver injury and failure) due to a precipitating acute hepatic insult.	2.13	1	0
Angor Pectoris [description not available]	4.3	4	0
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary [description not available]	3.06	1	0
Angina Pectoris The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.	4.3	4	0
Coronary Artery Disease Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.	3.06	1	0
Tachycardia, Supraventricular A generic expression for any tachycardia that originates above the BUNDLE OF HIS.	3.06	1	0
Cachexia General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease.	2.15	1	0
Visceral Pain Pain originating from internal organs (VISCERA) associated with autonomic phenomena (PALLOR; SWEATING; NAUSEA; and VOMITING). It often becomes a REFERRED PAIN.	2.15	1	0
Cancer of Nasopharynx [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.	2.15	1	0
Addiction, Opioid [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Opioid-Related Disorders Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of OPIOIDS.	2.15	1	0
Carcinoma, Lewis Lung A carcinoma discovered by Dr. Margaret R. Lewis of the Wistar Institute in 1951. This tumor originated spontaneously as a carcinoma of the lung of a C57BL mouse. The tumor does not appear to be grossly hemorrhagic and the majority of the tumor tissue is a semifirm homogeneous mass. (From Cancer Chemother Rep 2 1972 Nov;(3)1:325) It is also called 3LL and LLC and is used as a transplantable malignancy.	2.15	1	0
Tetraploid [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Deaf Mutism [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Aura [description not available]	5.77	15	0
Deafness A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.	2.15	1	0
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	5.77	15	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, T Cell [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Leukemia, T-Cell A malignant disease of the T-LYMPHOCYTES in the bone marrow, thymus, and/or blood.	2.15	1	0
Chills The sudden sensation of being cold. It may be accompanied by SHIVERING.	3.53	1	1
Pyrexia [description not available]	4.86	4	2
Mucositis, Oral [description not available]	3.53	1	1
Asthenia Clinical sign or symptom manifested as debility, or lack or loss of strength and energy.	3.53	1	1
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	4.86	4	2
Stomatitis INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.	3.53	1	1
Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	3.36	7	0
Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.	3.36	7	0
Anochlesia [description not available]	4.17	6	0
Anorexia Nervosa An eating disorder that is characterized by the lack or loss of APPETITE, known as ANOREXIA. Other features include excess fear of becoming OVERWEIGHT; BODY IMAGE disturbance; significant WEIGHT LOSS; refusal to maintain minimal normal weight; and AMENORRHEA. This disorder occurs most frequently in adolescent females. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)	2.04	1	0
Eperythrozoonosis [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Infections, Ureaplasma [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Ataxia Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.	4.01	5	0
Brown Tendon Sheath Syndrome [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321).	2.72	3	0
Anterior Optic Neuritis [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Optic Neuritis Inflammation of the optic nerve. Commonly associated conditions include autoimmune disorders such as MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, infections, and granulomatous diseases. Clinical features include retro-orbital pain that is aggravated by eye movement, loss of color vision, and contrast sensitivity that may progress to severe visual loss, an afferent pupillary defect (Marcus-Gunn pupil), and in some instances optic disc hyperemia and swelling. Inflammation may occur in the portion of the nerve within the globe (neuropapillitis or anterior optic neuritis) or the portion behind the globe (retrobulbar neuritis or posterior optic neuritis).	2.04	1	0
Disc, Herniated [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Nerve Root Avulsion [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Intervertebral Disc Displacement An INTERVERTEBRAL DISC in which the NUCLEUS PULPOSUS has protruded through surrounding ANNULUS FIBROSUS. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region.	2.04	1	0
Radiculopathy Disease involving a spinal nerve root (see SPINAL NERVE ROOTS) which may result from compression related to INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; SPINAL CORD INJURIES; SPINAL DISEASES; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations include radicular pain, weakness, and sensory loss referable to structures innervated by the involved nerve root.	2.04	1	0
Reproductive Sterility [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.	2.05	1	0
Infertility A reduced or absent capacity to reproduce.	2.05	1	0
Ambulation Disorders, Neurologic [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Bewilderment [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Dysarthosis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Drop Attack [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Vision, Diminished [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Syncope A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9)	2.05	1	0
Sex Disorders [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological Physiological disturbances in normal sexual performance in either the male or the female.	2.74	3	0
Obstructive Lung Diseases [description not available]	6.94	9	1
Infections, Picornaviridae [description not available]	2.96	1	0
Lung Diseases, Obstructive Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.	6.94	9	1
Choroid Neovascularization [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Stress Disorders, Traumatic Anxiety disorders manifested by the development of characteristic symptoms following a psychologically traumatic event that is outside the normal range of usual human experience. Symptoms include re-experiencing the traumatic event, increased arousal, and numbing of responsiveness to or reduced involvement with the external world. Traumatic stress disorders can be further classified by the time of onset and the duration of these symptoms.	2.05	1	0
Bright Disease A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.	2.46	2	0
Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	2.46	2	0
Long Sleeper Syndrome [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Sleep Wake Disorders Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.	2.05	1	0
Infections, Mycobacterium [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Mycobacterium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus MYCOBACTERIUM.	2.05	1	0
American Trypanosomiasis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Chagas Disease Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.	2.05	1	0
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	2.05	1	0
Hyperphagia Ingestion of a greater than optimal quantity of food.	2.44	2	0
Encephalitis, Inclusion Body, Measles [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Experimental Leukemia [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Glaucoma An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)	2.42	2	0
Decreased Muscle Tone [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Botulism, Infantile [description not available]	5.55	12	0
Botulism A disease caused by potent protein NEUROTOXINS produced by CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM which interfere with the presynaptic release of ACETYLCHOLINE at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. Clinical features include abdominal pain, vomiting, acute PARALYSIS (including respiratory paralysis), blurred vision, and DIPLOPIA. Botulism may be classified into several subtypes (e.g., food-borne, infant, wound, and others). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1208)	5.55	12	0
Musculoskeletal Pain Discomfort stemming from muscles, LIGAMENTS, tendons, and bones.	4.78	2	1
Ileus A condition caused by the lack of intestinal PERISTALSIS or INTESTINAL MOTILITY without any mechanical obstruction. This interference of the flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS often leads to INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION. Ileus may be classified into postoperative, inflammatory, metabolic, neurogenic, and drug-induced.	2.06	1	0
ATLL [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell Aggressive T-Cell malignancy with adult onset, caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1. It is endemic in Japan, the Caribbean basin, Southeastern United States, Hawaii, and parts of Central and South America and sub-Saharan Africa.	2.05	1	0
Cephalgia Syndromes [description not available]	2.05	1	0
ADDH [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Colonic Inertia Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.	2.05	1	0
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)	2.05	1	0
Constipation Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.	2.05	1	0
Headache Disorders Various conditions with the symptom of HEADACHE. Headache disorders are classified into major groups, such as PRIMARY HEADACHE DISORDERS (based on characteristics of their headache symptoms) and SECONDARY HEADACHE DISORDERS (based on their etiologies). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	2.05	1	0
Dyskinesia, Medication-Induced [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)	2.47	2	0
Lesion of Sciatic Nerve [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Tuberculosis, Drug-Resistant [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis resistant to chemotherapy with two or more ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS, including at least ISONIAZID and RIFAMPICIN. The problem of resistance is particularly troublesome in tuberculous OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS associated with HIV INFECTIONS. It requires the use of second line drugs which are more toxic than the first line regimens. TB with isolates that have developed further resistance to at least three of the six classes of second line drugs is defined as EXTENSIVELY DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS.	2.06	1	0
Disseminated Fusariosis [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Aspergillus Infection [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Aspergillosis Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.	2.06	1	0
Fusariosis OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS with the soil fungus FUSARIUM. Typically the infection is limited to the nail plate (ONYCHOMYCOSIS). The infection can however become systemic especially in an IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST (e.g., NEUTROPENIA) and results in cutaneous and subcutaneous lesions, fever, KERATITIS, and pulmonary infections.	2.06	1	0
Convulsions, Febrile [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Seizures, Febrile Seizures that occur during a febrile episode. It is a common condition, affecting 2-5% of children aged 3 months to five years. An autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance has been identified in some families. The majority are simple febrile seizures (generally defined as generalized onset, single seizures with a duration of less than 30 minutes). Complex febrile seizures are characterized by focal onset, duration greater than 30 minutes, and/or more than one seizure in a 24 hour period. The likelihood of developing epilepsy (i.e., a nonfebrile seizure disorder) following simple febrile seizures is low. Complex febrile seizures are associated with a moderately increased incidence of epilepsy. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p784)	2.06	1	0
Developmental Coordination Disorder [description not available]	3.82	2	1
Bile Duct Diseases Diseases in any part of the ductal system of the BILIARY TRACT from the smallest BILE CANALICULI to the largest COMMON BILE DUCT.	2.06	1	0
Viral Diseases [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Virus Diseases A general term for diseases caused by viruses.	2.06	1	0
Dizzyness [description not available]	2.98	1	0
Central Nervous System Origin Vertigo [description not available]	2.98	1	0
Dizziness An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.	2.98	1	0
Vertigo An illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. Vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear (EAR, INNER); VESTIBULAR NERVE; BRAINSTEM; or CEREBRAL CORTEX. Lesions in the TEMPORAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE may be associated with FOCAL SEIZURES that may feature vertigo as an ictal manifestation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp300-1)	2.98	1	0
Cicatrization The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.	2.07	1	0
Cicatrix The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.	2.07	1	0
AIDS Nephropathy [description not available]	2.48	2	0
AIDS-Associated Nephropathy Renal syndrome in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients characterized by nephrotic syndrome, severe proteinuria, focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis with distinctive tubular and interstitial changes, enlarged kidneys, and peculiar tubuloreticular structures. The syndrome is distinct from heroin-associated nephropathy as well as other forms of kidney disease seen in HIV-infected patients.	2.48	2	0
EHS Tumor [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.	2.07	1	0
Angina Pectoris, Stable [description not available]	3.46	1	1
Angina, Stable Persistent and reproducible chest discomfort usually precipitated by a physical exertion that dissipates upon cessation of such an activity. The symptoms are manifestations of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA.	3.46	1	1
Psoriasis Arthropathica [description not available]	2.99	1	0
Arthritis, Psoriatic A type of inflammatory arthritis associated with PSORIASIS, often involving the axial joints and the peripheral terminal interphalangeal joints. It is characterized by the presence of HLA-B27-associated SPONDYLARTHROPATHY, and the absence of rheumatoid factor.	2.99	1	0
Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Erythermalgia [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Erythromelalgia A peripheral arterial disease that is characterized by the triad of ERYTHEMA, burning PAIN, and increased SKIN TEMPERATURE of the extremities (or red, painful extremities). Erythromelalgia may be classified as primary or idiopathic, familial or non-familial. Secondary erythromelalgia is associated with other diseases, the most common being MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS.	2.08	1	0
Oligodendroglioma A relatively slow-growing glioma that is derived from oligodendrocytes and tends to occur in the cerebral hemispheres, thalamus, or lateral ventricle. They may present at any age, but are most frequent in the third to fifth decades, with an earlier incidence peak in the first decade. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, relatively avascular, and tend to form cysts and microcalcifications. Neoplastic cells tend to have small round nuclei surrounded by unstained nuclei. The tumors may vary from well-differentiated to highly anaplastic forms. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2052; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p655)	2.08	1	0
Congenital Nystagmus [description not available]	2.99	1	0
Carotid Arteriopathies, Traumatic [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Carotid Artery Narrowing [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Carotid Stenosis Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)	2.07	1	0
Allergic Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	2.91	4	0
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.	2.91	4	0
Intraepithelial Prostatic Neoplasia [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia A premalignant change arising in the prostatic epithelium, regarded as the most important and most likely precursor of prostatic adenocarcinoma. The neoplasia takes the form of an intra-acinar or ductal proliferation of secretory cells with unequivocal nuclear anaplasia, which corresponds to nuclear grade 2 and 3 invasive prostate cancer.	2.08	1	0
Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available]	7.9	7	4
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.	7.9	7	4
Glucose Metabolic Disorder [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Binge Alcohol Consumption [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Epileptiform Neuralgia [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Trigeminal Neuralgia A syndrome characterized by recurrent episodes of excruciating pain lasting several seconds or longer in the sensory distribution of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. Pain may be initiated by stimulation of trigger points on the face, lips, or gums or by movement of facial muscles or chewing. Associated conditions include MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, vascular anomalies, ANEURYSMS, and neoplasms. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p187)	2.42	2	0
Blunt Injuries [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Abnormalities, Respiratory System [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Polyps Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the DIGESTIVE TRACT or the RESPIRATORY TRACT. Polyps can be spheroidal, hemispheroidal, or irregular mound-shaped structures attached to the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the lumen wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	2.02	1	0
Absence Seizure Disorder [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Epilepsy, Absence A seizure disorder usually occurring in childhood characterized by rhythmic electrical brain discharges of generalized onset. Clinical features include a sudden cessation of ongoing activity usually without loss of postural tone. Rhythmic blinking of the eyelids or lip smacking frequently accompanies the SEIZURES. The usual duration is 5-10 seconds, and multiple episodes may occur daily. Juvenile absence epilepsy is characterized by the juvenile onset of absence seizures and an increased incidence of myoclonus and tonic-clonic seizures. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p736)	2.01	1	0
Orthopedic Disorders [description not available]	5.22	4	3
Musculoskeletal Diseases Diseases of the muscles and their associated ligaments and other connective tissue and of the bones and cartilage viewed collectively.	5.22	4	3
Anterior Cervical Pain [description not available]	3.4	1	1
Muscle Spasm [description not available]	4.05	3	1
Sprains [description not available]	3.81	2	1
Spasm An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.	4.05	3	1
Sprains and Strains A collective term for muscle and ligament injuries without dislocation or fracture. A sprain is a joint injury in which some of the fibers of a supporting ligament are ruptured but the continuity of the ligament remains intact. A strain is an overstretching or overexertion of some part of the musculature.	3.81	2	1
Neck Pain Discomfort or more intense forms of pain that are localized to the cervical region. This term generally refers to pain in the posterior or lateral regions of the neck.	3.4	1	1
Granuloma, Hodgkin [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Hodgkin Disease A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.	2.02	1	0
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Neuroectodermal Tumors Malignant neoplasms arising in the neuroectoderm, the portion of the ectoderm of the early embryo that gives rise to the central and peripheral nervous systems, including some glial cells.	2.02	1	0
Di Guglielmo Disease [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by neoplastic proliferation of erythroblastic and myeloblastic elements with atypical erythroblasts and myeloblasts in the peripheral blood.	2.39	2	0
Bronchospasm [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Bronchial Spasm Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.	2.39	2	0
Delayed Hypersensitivity [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Pulsatile Tinnitus [description not available]	3.41	1	1
Tinnitus A nonspecific symptom of hearing disorder characterized by the sensation of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises in the ear. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of COCHLEAR DISEASES; VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; and other conditions.	3.41	1	1
Encephalitis, Viral Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PARAMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; and ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS.	2.03	1	0
Borna Disease An encephalomyelitis of horses, sheep and cattle caused by BORNA DISEASE VIRUS.	2.03	1	0
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Herpes Simplex A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)	2.03	1	0
Osteophytosis, Spinal [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Deep Vein Thrombosis [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Venous Thrombosis The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.	2.03	1	0
Arthus Phenomenon [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Plica Syndrome [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Synovitis Inflammation of the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.	2.03	1	0
Diffuse Myofascial Pain Syndrome [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Fibromyalgia A common nonarticular rheumatic syndrome characterized by myalgia and multiple points of focal muscle tenderness to palpation (trigger points). Muscle pain is typically aggravated by inactivity or exposure to cold. This condition is often associated with general symptoms, such as sleep disturbances, fatigue, stiffness, HEADACHES, and occasionally DEPRESSION. There is significant overlap between fibromyalgia and the chronic fatigue syndrome (FATIGUE SYNDROME, CHRONIC). Fibromyalgia may arise as a primary or secondary disease process. It is most frequent in females aged 20 to 50 years. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1494-95)	2.42	2	0
Arrhythmia [description not available]	6.82	15	1
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	6.82	15	1
Endometrial Diseases [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Uterine Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the UTERUS.	2.04	1	0
Benign Familial Infantile Convulsions [description not available]	2.96	1	0
Deafness, Transitory [description not available]	2.96	1	0
Hearing Loss A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.	2.96	1	0
Cacosmia [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Tick Infestations Infestations with soft-bodied (Argasidae) or hard-bodied (Ixodidae) ticks.	1.96	1	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired [description not available]	4.67	11	0
Deficiency of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Anemia, Hemolytic A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).	4.67	11	0
Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency A disease-producing enzyme deficiency subject to many variants, some of which cause a deficiency of GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE activity in erythrocytes, leading to hemolytic anemia.	2.65	3	0
Hypercapnia A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.	1.96	1	0
Palsy [description not available]	3.07	5	0
Paralysis A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)	3.07	5	0
Cardiac Tamponade Compression of the heart by accumulated fluid (PERICARDIAL EFFUSION) or blood (HEMOPERICARDIUM) in the PERICARDIUM surrounding the heart. The affected cardiac functions and CARDIAC OUTPUT can range from minimal to total hemodynamic collapse.	1.96	1	0
Flushing A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, or stress.	3.35	1	1
Amyotonia Congenita [description not available]	4.13	6	0
Neuromuscular Diseases A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.	4.13	6	0
Neuroma A tumor made up of nerve cells and nerve fibers. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.37	2	0
Gastric Ulcer [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	2.36	2	0
Hyponatremia Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.96	1	0
Infectious Endophthalmitis Infectious condition of the internal eye.	1.96	1	0
Endophthalmitis Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye frequently associated with an infection.	1.96	1	0
Methemoglobinemia The presence of methemoglobin in the blood, resulting in cyanosis. A small amount of methemoglobin is present in the blood normally, but injury or toxic agents convert a larger proportion of hemoglobin into methemoglobin, which does not function reversibly as an oxygen carrier. Methemoglobinemia may be due to a defect in the enzyme NADH methemoglobin reductase (an autosomal recessive trait) or to an abnormality in hemoglobin M (an autosomal dominant trait). (Dorland, 27th ed)	4.75	12	0
Coma A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.	2.36	2	0
ACD-MPV [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Persistent Fetal Circulation Syndrome A syndrome of persistent PULMONARY HYPERTENSION in the newborn infant (INFANT, NEWBORN) without demonstrable HEART DISEASES. This neonatal condition can be caused by severe pulmonary vasoconstriction (reactive type), hypertrophy of pulmonary arterial muscle (hypertrophic type), or abnormally developed pulmonary arterioles (hypoplastic type). The newborn patient exhibits CYANOSIS and ACIDOSIS due to the persistence of fetal circulatory pattern of right-to-left shunting of blood through a patent ductus arteriosus (DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS, PATENT) and at times a patent foramen ovale (FORAMEN OVALE, PATENT).	1.96	1	0
Decerebrate Posturing [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive [description not available]	3.21	6	0
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.	3.21	6	0
Abnormality, Heart [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Heart Valve Diseases Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).	2.37	2	0
Heart Defects, Congenital Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.	1.96	1	0
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	2.87	4	0
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	2.87	4	0
Muscle Disorders [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Muscular Diseases Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.	1.96	1	0
Blood Pressure, Low [description not available]	4.96	3	1
Hypotension Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.	4.96	3	1
Cyanosis A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an increase in the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule.	1.96	1	0
Urinary Bladder Fistula An abnormal passage in the URINARY BLADDER or between the bladder and any surrounding organ.	1.96	1	0
Bladder Diseases [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Remission, Spontaneous A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.	1.96	1	0
Intraocular Pressure The pressure of the fluids in the eye.	3.34	1	1
Hypertension, Renal Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.	2.36	2	0
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Respiratory Insufficiency Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.65	3	0
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Anesthesia Related Hyperthermia [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Dermatitis, Occupational A recurrent contact dermatitis caused by substances found in the work place.	2.39	2	0
Diaphragmatic Paralysis [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Acquired-Immune Deficiency Syndrome Dementia Complex [description not available]	1.98	1	0
AIDS Dementia Complex A neurologic condition associated with the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and characterized by impaired concentration and memory, slowness of hand movements, ATAXIA, incontinence, apathy, and gait difficulties associated with HIV-1 viral infection of the central nervous system. Pathologic examination of the brain reveals white matter rarefaction, perivascular infiltrates of lymphocytes, foamy macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp760-1; N Engl J Med, 1995 Apr 6;332(14):934-40)	1.98	1	0
Facial Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the FACE.	2.38	2	0
Hand Dermatosis [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Leg Dermatoses A nonspecific term used to denote any cutaneous lesion or group of lesions, or eruptions of any type on the leg. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	1.98	1	0
Hand Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the HANDS.	1.98	1	0
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Parkinson Disease, Secondary Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)	1.99	1	0
Myofascial Trigger Point Pain [description not available]	3.77	2	1
Myofascial Pain Syndromes Muscular pain in numerous body regions that can be reproduced by pressure on TRIGGER POINTS, localized hardenings in skeletal muscle tissue. Pain is referred to a location distant from the trigger points. A prime example is the TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DYSFUNCTION SYNDROME.	3.77	2	1
Hay Fever [description not available]	6.46	6	3
Rhinitis, Allergic, Nonseasonal [description not available]	3.59	3	0
Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal Allergic rhinitis that occurs at the same time every year. It is characterized by acute CONJUNCTIVITIS with lacrimation and ITCHING, and regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific ALLERGENS.	6.46	6	3
Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose similar to that found in hay fever except that symptoms persist throughout the year. The causes are usually air-borne allergens, particularly dusts, feathers, molds, animal fur, etc.	3.59	3	0
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.	1.99	1	0
Trypanosomiasis Infection with protozoa of the genus TRYPANOSOMA.	2	1	0
Apnea A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.	2.38	2	0
Rida [description not available]	2	1	0
Acquired Neuromyotonia [description not available]	2.92	1	0
Primary Peritonitis [description not available]	2	1	0
Peritonitis INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.	2	1	0
Nearsightedness [description not available]	2	1	0
Myopia A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness.	2	1	0
Allergy, Food [description not available]	2.92	1	0
Food Hypersensitivity Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.	2.92	1	0
Nicotine Addiction [description not available]	2	1	0
Tobacco Use Disorder Tobacco used to the detriment of a person's health or social functioning. Tobacco dependence is included.	2	1	0
Agitation, Psychomotor [description not available]	2	1	0
Psychomotor Agitation A feeling of restlessness associated with increased motor activity. This may occur as a manifestation of nervous system drug toxicity or other conditions.	2	1	0
Bronchospasm, Exercise-Induced [description not available]	3.39	1	1
Asthma, Exercise-Induced Asthma attacks following a period of exercise. Usually the induced attack is short-lived and regresses spontaneously. The magnitude of postexertional airway obstruction is strongly influenced by the environment in which exercise is performed (i.e. inhalation of cold air during physical exertion markedly augments the severity of the airway obstruction; conversely, warm humid air blunts or abolishes it).	3.39	1	1
Teratocarcinoma A malignant neoplasm consisting of elements of teratoma with those of embryonal carcinoma or choriocarcinoma, or both. It occurs most often in the testis. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.01	1	0
Alcohol Abuse, Nervous System [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Clasp-Knife Spasticity [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Muscle Spasticity A form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper MOTOR NEURON DISEASE. Resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a free interval) followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. Tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. Spasticity is usually accompanied by HYPERREFLEXIA and variable degrees of MUSCLE WEAKNESS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p54)	2.01	1	0
Metabolic Acidosis [description not available]	2.87	1	0
Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.	2.87	1	0
Amblyopia, Developmental [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Amblyopia A nonspecific term referring to impaired vision. Major subcategories include stimulus deprivation-induced amblyopia and toxic amblyopia. Stimulus deprivation-induced amblyopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex. A discrepancy between visual information received by the visual cortex from each eye results in abnormal cortical development. STRABISMUS and REFRACTIVE ERRORS may cause this condition. Toxic amblyopia is a disorder of the OPTIC NERVE which is associated with ALCOHOLISM, tobacco SMOKING, and other toxins and as an adverse effect of the use of some medications.	1.95	1	0
Epiphora [description not available]	2.87	1	0
Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases Diseases of the LACRIMAL APPARATUS.	2.87	1	0
Urinary Tract Infections Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.	2.87	1	0
Hepatitis INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.	1.95	1	0
Allergic Conjunctivitis [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Conjunctivitis, Allergic Conjunctivitis due to hypersensitivity to various allergens.	1.97	1	0
Urinary Incontinence, Stress Involuntary discharge of URINE as a result of physical activities that increase abdominal pressure on the URINARY BLADDER without detrusor contraction or overdistended bladder. The subtypes are classified by the degree of leakage, descent and opening of the bladder neck and URETHRA without bladder contraction, and sphincter deficiency.	2.89	1	0
Cardiac Complex, Premature [description not available]	2.88	1	0
Ventricular Fibrillation A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.	1.96	1	0
Prinzmetal Angina [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Coronary Artery Vasospasm [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Angina Pectoris, Variant A clinical syndrome characterized by the development of CHEST PAIN at rest with concomitant transient ST segment elevation in the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM, but with preserved exercise capacity.	1.96	1	0
Coronary Vasospasm Spasm of the large- or medium-sized coronary arteries.	2.66	3	0
Day Blindness [description not available]	4.83	4	0
Mast-Cell Sarcoma A unifocal malignant tumor that consists of atypical pathological MAST CELLS without systemic involvement. It causes local destructive growth in organs other than in skin or bone marrow.	1.97	1	0
Adenoma, beta-Cell [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Island Cell Tumor [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Insulinoma A benign tumor of the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS. Insulinoma secretes excess INSULIN resulting in HYPOGLYCEMIA.	1.97	1	0
Adenoma, Islet Cell A benign tumor of the pancreatic ISLET CELLS. Usually it involves the INSULIN-producing PANCREATIC BETA CELLS, as in INSULINOMA, resulting in HYPERINSULINISM.	1.97	1	0
Ptosis, Eyelid [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Blepharoptosis Drooping of the upper lid due to deficient development or paralysis of the levator palpebrae muscle.	1.97	1	0
Hives [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Urticaria A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.	1.97	1	0
Alcoholic Intoxication An acute brain syndrome which results from the excessive ingestion of ETHANOL or ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.	1.97	1	0
Amentia [description not available]	4.27	1	1
Dementia An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.	4.27	1	1
Choline Deficiency A condition produced by a deficiency of CHOLINE in animals. Choline is known as a lipotropic agent because it has been shown to promote the transport of excess fat from the liver under certain conditions in laboratory animals. Combined deficiency of choline (included in the B vitamin complex) and all other methyl group donors causes liver cirrhosis in some animals. Unlike compounds normally considered as vitamins, choline does not serve as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)	1.97	1	0
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	2.37	2	0
Dysesthesia [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Hyperthyroid [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Hyperthyroidism Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.	1.96	1	0
Abnormal Deep Tendon Reflex [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Reflex, Abnormal An abnormal response to a stimulus applied to the sensory components of the nervous system. This may take the form of increased, decreased, or absent reflexes.	1.96	1	0
Convulsions, Grand Mal [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329)	1.97	1	0
Athletic Injuries Injuries incurred during participation in competitive or non-competitive sports.	3.35	1	1
Carcinoma, Intraepithelial [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Carcinoma in Situ A lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane.	1.97	1	0
Active Hyperemia [description not available]	3.76	2	1
Hyperemia The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous).	3.76	2	1
Leukemia L5178 An experimental lymphocytic leukemia of mice.	1.97	1	0
Arterial Diseases, Carotid [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Carotid Artery Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.	1.97	1	0
Fetal Resorption The disintegration and assimilation of the dead FETUS in the UTERUS at any stage after the completion of organogenesis which, in humans, is after the 9th week of GESTATION. It does not include embryo resorption (see EMBRYO LOSS).	1.96	1	0
Hyperesthesia Increased sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation due to a diminished threshold or an increased response to stimuli.	1.96	1	0
Aseptic Meningitis [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Meningitis, Aseptic A syndrome characterized by headache, neck stiffness, low grade fever, and CSF lymphocytic pleocytosis in the absence of an acute bacterial pathogen. Viral meningitis is the most frequent cause although MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS; RICKETTSIA INFECTIONS; diagnostic or therapeutic procedures; NEOPLASTIC PROCESSES; septic perimeningeal foci; and other conditions may result in this syndrome. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p745)	1.97	1	0
Glycogenosis [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Acid Alpha-Glucosidase Deficiency [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Glycogen Storage Disease A group of inherited metabolic disorders involving the enzymes responsible for the synthesis and degradation of glycogen. In some patients, prominent liver involvement is presented. In others, more generalized storage of glycogen occurs, sometimes with prominent cardiac involvement.	1.96	1	0
Glycogen Storage Disease Type II An autosomal recessively inherited glycogen storage disease caused by GLUCAN 1,4-ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASE deficiency. Large amounts of GLYCOGEN accumulate in the LYSOSOMES of skeletal muscle (MUSCLE, SKELETAL); HEART; LIVER; SPINAL CORD; and BRAIN. Three forms have been described: infantile, childhood, and adult. The infantile form is fatal in infancy and presents with hypotonia and a hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (CARDIOMYOPATHY, HYPERTROPHIC). The childhood form usually presents in the second year of life with proximal weakness and respiratory symptoms. The adult form consists of a slowly progressive proximal myopathy. (From Muscle Nerve 1995;3:S61-9; Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp73-4)	1.96	1	0
Purpura, Thrombopenic [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic Any form of purpura in which the PLATELET COUNT is decreased. Many forms are thought to be caused by immunological mechanisms.	1.96	1	0
Complication, Intraoperative [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Cardiac Output, Low A state of subnormal or depressed cardiac output at rest or during stress. It is a characteristic of CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, including congenital, valvular, rheumatic, hypertensive, coronary, and cardiomyopathic. The serious form of low cardiac output is characterized by marked reduction in STROKE VOLUME, and systemic vasoconstriction resulting in cold, pale, and sometimes cyanotic extremities.	1.96	1	0
Intraventricular Septal Defects [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular Developmental abnormalities in any portion of the VENTRICULAR SEPTUM resulting in abnormal communications between the two lower chambers of the heart. Classification of ventricular septal defects is based on location of the communication, such as perimembranous, inlet, outlet (infundibular), central muscular, marginal muscular, or apical muscular defect.	1.96	1	0
Salmonella Infections, Animal Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.	1.96	1	0
Anoxia, Brain [description not available]	1.96	1	0

alpha-aminopyridine

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