Perfluorodecalin (PFD) is a perfluorinated cyclic alkane with the molecular formula C10F18. It is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless liquid with a high density and low surface tension. PFD is highly inert and non-flammable, making it a useful material in various applications.
Synthesis of PFD typically involves the fluorination of decalin, a saturated hydrocarbon with the formula C10H18. The reaction is often carried out using elemental fluorine or a fluorinating agent such as cobalt trifluoride (CoF3).
PFD has been extensively studied for its potential applications in various fields, including:
- **Oxygen transport:** PFD has a high solubility for oxygen, making it a promising candidate for use as an artificial blood substitute. It can carry oxygen in the bloodstream and deliver it to tissues, potentially providing a temporary solution for blood loss or oxygen deficiency.
- **Contrast agent:** The high density and low viscosity of PFD make it suitable for use as a contrast agent in medical imaging techniques, such as ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
- **Heat transfer fluid:** PFD possesses excellent thermal stability and heat transfer properties, making it a potential candidate for use as a heat transfer fluid in various industrial applications.
- **Lubricant:** PFD's low surface tension and inert nature make it a potential candidate for use as a lubricant in extreme environments, such as aerospace applications.
Despite its promising properties, PFD's use in some applications is limited due to its high cost and potential environmental concerns. The production of PFD involves the use of harsh chemicals and high temperatures, and its disposal can pose environmental challenges. Further research is ongoing to develop more sustainable and cost-effective methods for its production and utilization.'
perfluorodecalin: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]
perfluorodecalin : A fluorocarbon that is decalin in which every hydrogen is replaced by fluorine. Capable of dissolving large quantities of oxygen, it has been used as the basis of an artificial blood substitute. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]
| ID Source | ID |
|---|---|
| PubMed CID | 9386 |
| CHEMBL ID | 1371129 |
| CHEBI ID | 38848 |
| SCHEMBL ID | 63605 |
| SCHEMBL ID | 63606 |
| SCHEMBL ID | 1069193 |
| MeSH ID | M0052977 |
| Synonym |
|---|
| perfluorodecaline-cis |
| perflunafene |
| trans-perfluorodecalin |
| 1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,4a,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8a-octadecafluorodecahydronaphthalene |
| nsc 97066 |
| perflunafenum [latin] |
| naphthalene, decahydrooctadecafluoro- |
| perflunafeno [spanish] |
| brn 2067113 |
| perflunafene [inn:ban] |
| einecs 206-192-4 |
| pp 5 |
| naphthalene, octadecafluorodecahydro- |
| perfluorodecalin |
| nsc97066 |
| nsc-97066 |
| 306-94-5 |
| f-dc |
| perfluorodecahydronaphthalene |
| octadecafluorodecahydronaphthalene |
| perfluorodecalin, 95% |
| NCGC00165971-01 |
| octadecafluorodecaline |
| CHEBI:38848 , |
| decahydrooctadecafluoronaphthalene |
| 1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,4a,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8a-octadecafluoronaphthalene |
| perflunafene (inn) |
| acri-deca (tn) |
| D08338 |
| P0837 |
| A832724 |
| A832725 |
| cis-octadecafluorodecahydronaphthalene |
| 1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,4a,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8a-octadecakis(fluoranyl)naphthalene |
| AKOS005258619 |
| dtxcid8026511 |
| dtxsid0046511 , |
| cas-306-94-5 |
| tox21_112274 |
| perfluoro(decahydronaphthalene) |
| 60433-12-7 |
| 60433-11-6 |
| cis-perfluorodecahydronaphthalene |
| cis-perfluorodecalin |
| AKOS016015610 |
| AKOS016015609 |
| unii-54a06vv62n |
| naphthalene, 1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,4a,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8a-octadecafluorodecahydro- |
| perflunafeno |
| 3-05-00-00249 (beilstein handbook reference) |
| perflunafenum |
| 54a06vv62n , |
| FT-0631927 |
| FT-0623943 |
| perflunafene [inn] |
| perfluorodecalin [inci] |
| perflunafene [mart.] |
| perflunafene [who-dd] |
| perfluorodecalin [vandf] |
| perftoran component perfluorodecalin |
| fluosol da perfluorodecalin [mi] |
| fluosol da perfluorodecalin |
| CHEMBL1371129 |
| acri-deca |
| SCHEMBL63605 |
| SCHEMBL63606 |
| NCGC00165971-02 |
| tox21_112274_1 |
| SCHEMBL1069193 |
| trans-perfluorodecalin, 96% |
| perfluorodecaline, cis- |
| UWEYRJFJVCLAGH-XIXRPRMCSA-N |
| naphthalene, octadecafluorodecahydro-, cis- |
| octadecafluorodecalin |
| 1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,4a,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8a-octadecafluorodecahydronaphthalene, cis- |
| mfcd00010626 |
| octadecafluorodecahydronaphthalene, (cis+trans), >=94% (gc) |
| mfcd00153232 |
| mfcd00153231 |
| sr-01000883733 |
| SR-01000883733-1 |
| J-018071 |
| Q413677 |
| (4ar,8ar)-perfluoronaphthalene |
| (4as,8as)-perfluoronaphthalene |
| benzenemethanamine,3-(difluoromethoxy)-(9ci) |
| (2-amino-thiazol-5-yl)-aceticacidmethylester |
| DTXSID201015480 |
| FS-4493 |
| MS-20338 |
| MS-20597 |
| octadecafluorodecalin; pp 5; pp 6; perflunafene; perfluorodecahydronaphthalene |
| D92022 |
| octadecafluoro-decahydro-naphthalene |
| octadecafluorodecali; pp 5; pp 6; perflunafene; perfluorodecahydronahthalene |
| cis/trans-perfluorodecalin |
| HY-108298 |
| naphthalene,1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,4a,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8a-octadecafluorodecahydro-,trans- |
| DTXSID801021518 |
| uweyrjfjvclagh-ijwzvtfusa-n |
| CS-0028172 |
| perfluorodecalin (cis) |
| perfluorodecalin (trans) |
| Z1741957451 |
| cis-perfluorodecaline |
Perfluorodecalin (PFD) is a chemically and biologically inert biomaterial. It is hydrophobic, radiopaque and has a high solute capacity for gases such as oxygen. Perfluorocarbon liquid used intraoperatively in retinal detachment repair.
| Excerpt | Reference | Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| "Perfluorodecalin (PFD) is an established artificial oxygen carrier due to its physical capability to solve the respiratory gases oxygen and carbon dioxide. " | ( Perfluorodecalin-soluble fluorescent dyes for the monitoring of circulating nanocapsules with intravital fluorescence microscopy. de Groot, H; Ferenz, KB; Groβ-Heitfeld, C; Kirsch, M; Laudien, J; Mayer, C; Naglav, D; Schnepf, A; Schulz, S, 2014) | 3.29 |
| "Perfluorodecalin (PFD) is a chemically and biologically inert biomaterial and, as many perfluorocarbons, is also hydrophobic, radiopaque and has a high solute capacity for gases such as oxygen. " | ( Perfluorodecalin and bone regeneration. Barralet, JE; Bassett, DC; Comeau, P; Gbureck, U; Khalili, S; Komarova, S; Le Nihouannen, D; Tamimi, F; Tran, SD; Zhang, YL, 2013) | 3.28 |
| "Perfluorodecalin is a perfluorocarbon liquid used intraoperatively in retinal detachment repair. " | ( Perfluorodecalin corneal toxicity: five case reports. Apel, AJ; Devenyi, RG; Jolly, SS; Rootman, DS; Wilbanks, GA, 1996) | 3.18 |
| "Perfluorodecalin is a clear colourless fluid with high specific gravity. " | ( [Perfluorodecalin as a hydrokinetic substance in complicated retinal detachment]. Greber, H, 1991) | 2.63 |
| "Perfluorodecalin is a superior artificial oxygen carrier because of its high oxygen dissolving capacity, low toxicity, and short retention times within tissues. " | ( Efficacy of perfluorodecalin as an oxygen carrier for mouse and rat testes perfused in vitro. Chubb, C; Draper, P, 1987) | 2.09 |
| Excerpt | Reference | Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| "Perfluorodecalin (PFD) has previously been shown to rapidly dissipate the opaque, white micro-bubble layer formed after exposure of tattoos to Q-switched lasers [1]. " | ( Rapid, high-fluence multi-pass q-switched laser treatment of tattoos with a transparent perfluorodecalin-infused patch: A pilot study. Biesman, BS; Costner, C; O'Neil, MP, 2015) | 2.08 |
| Excerpt | Reference | Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| "Perfluorodecalin was found to increase the microsomal glutathione S-transferase and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activities 1.4- and 2.3-fold, respectively." | ( Effect of perfluorodecalin on activities of hepatic phase II xenobiotic biotransformation enzymes. Gudkova, OV; Kalinina, EV; Kukushkin, NI; Obraztsov, VV; Saprin, AN; Shekhtman, DG, 1991) | 1.41 |
Perfluorooctane caused significantly more toxic damage than perfluorodecalin.
| Excerpt | Reference | Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| "The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs." | ( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019) | 0.51 |
| Role | Description |
|---|---|
| blood substitute | A substance that can carry oxygen to and carbon dioxide away from the tissues when introduced into the blood stream. Blood substitutes are used to replace hemoglobin in severe hemorrhage and also to perfuse isolated organs. |
| solvent | A liquid that can dissolve other substances (solutes) without any change in their chemical composition. |
| [role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res] | |
| Class | Description |
|---|---|
| fluorocarbon | Compounds consisting wholly of fluorine and carbon. |
| [compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res] | |
| Protein | Taxonomy | Measurement | Average (µ) | Min (ref.) | Avg (ref.) | Max (ref.) | Bioassay(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chain A, TYROSYL-DNA PHOSPHODIESTERASE | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 5.6234 | 0.0040 | 23.8416 | 100.0000 | AID485290 |
| USP1 protein, partial | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 79.4328 | 0.0316 | 37.5844 | 354.8130 | AID504865 |
| TDP1 protein | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 25.1436 | 0.0008 | 11.3822 | 44.6684 | AID686978; AID686979 |
| histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2A isoform 2 precursor | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 50.1187 | 0.0103 | 23.8567 | 63.0957 | AID2662 |
| Cellular tumor antigen p53 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 1.1883 | 0.0023 | 19.5956 | 74.0614 | AID651631 |
| [prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023] | |||||||
| Assay ID | Title | Year | Journal | Article |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AID504749 | qHTS profiling for inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum proliferation | 2011 | Science (New York, N.Y.), Aug-05, Volume: 333, Issue:6043 | Chemical genomic profiling for antimalarial therapies, response signatures, and molecular targets. |
| AID1347107 | qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh30 cells | 2018 | Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4 | Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing. |
| AID1347106 | qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for control Hh wild type fibroblast cells | 2018 | Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4 | Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing. |
| AID1347101 | qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-12 cells | 2018 | Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4 | Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing. |
| AID1296008 | Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening | 2020 | SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1 | Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening. |
| AID1347090 | qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for DAOY cells | 2018 | Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4 | Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing. |
| AID1347093 | qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-MC cells | 2018 | Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4 | Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing. |
| AID1347102 | qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh18 cells | 2018 | Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4 | Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing. |
| AID1347100 | qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for LAN-5 cells | 2018 | Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4 | Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing. |
| AID1347083 | qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen | 2020 | Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173 | A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity. |
| AID1347092 | qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for A673 cells | 2018 | Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4 | Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing. |
| AID1347089 | qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for TC32 cells | 2018 | Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4 | Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing. |
| AID1347108 | qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh41 cells | 2018 | Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4 | Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing. |
| AID1347103 | qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for OHS-50 cells | 2018 | Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4 | Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing. |
| AID1347425 | Rhodamine-PBP qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1) | 2019 | The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46 | Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens. |
| AID651635 | Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression | |||
| AID1347099 | qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB1643 cells | 2018 | Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4 | Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing. |
| AID1347082 | qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal | 2020 | Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173 | A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity. |
| AID1347094 | qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-37 cells | 2018 | Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4 | Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing. |
| AID1347407 | qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Pharmaceutical Collection | 2020 | ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7 | High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle. |
| AID1347104 | qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for RD cells | 2018 | Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4 | Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing. |
| AID1745845 | Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression | |||
| AID1508630 | Primary qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay | 2021 | Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4 | A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome. |
| AID1347097 | qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Saos-2 cells | 2018 | Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4 | Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing. |
| AID1347096 | qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for U-2 OS cells | 2018 | Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4 | Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing. |
| AID1347086 | qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal | 2020 | Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173 | A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity. |
| AID1347424 | RapidFire Mass Spectrometry qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1) | 2019 | The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46 | Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens. |
| AID1347154 | Primary screen GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors | 2020 | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49 | Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors. |
| AID1347095 | qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB-EBc1 cells | 2018 | Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4 | Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing. |
| AID1347098 | qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-SH cells | 2018 | Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4 | Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing. |
| AID1347091 | qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SJ-GBM2 cells | 2018 | Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4 | Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing. |
| AID1347105 | qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for MG 63 (6-TG R) cells | 2018 | Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4 | Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing. |
| AID1346986 | P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen | 2019 | Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5 | A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. |
| AID1346987 | P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen | 2019 | Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5 | A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. |
| [information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023] | ||||
| Timeframe | Studies, This Drug (%) | All Drugs % |
|---|---|---|
| pre-1990 | 41 (13.76) | 18.7374 |
| 1990's | 97 (32.55) | 18.2507 |
| 2000's | 61 (20.47) | 29.6817 |
| 2010's | 81 (27.18) | 24.3611 |
| 2020's | 18 (6.04) | 2.80 |
| [information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023] | ||
According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.
| This Compound (50.40) All Compounds (24.57) |
| Publication Type | This drug (%) | All Drugs (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Trials | 5 (1.54%) | 5.53% |
| Reviews | 5 (1.54%) | 6.00% |
| Case Studies | 36 (11.11%) | 4.05% |
| Observational | 0 (0.00%) | 0.25% |
| Other | 278 (85.80%) | 84.16% |
| [information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023] | ||