guanine profile

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	135398634
CHEMBL ID	219568
CHEBI ID	16235
SCHEMBL ID	5259
SCHEMBL ID	16389311
MeSH ID	M0009679

Synonym
2-amino-6,9-dihydro-1h-purin-6-one
EN300-21473
2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6h-purin-6-one
2-amino-6-oxopurine
CHEBI:16235 ,
GUA ,
NCI60_012450
natural pearl essence
einecs 200-799-8
natural white 1
OPREA1_875298
GUN ,
inchi=1/c5h5n5o/c6-5-9-3-2(4(11)10-5)7-1-8-3/h1h,(h4,6,7,8,9,10,11
guanin
6-hydroxy-2-aminopurine
c.i. 75170
6h-purin-6-one, 2-amino-1,7-dihydro- (9ci)
ci 75170
pearl essence
mearlmaid aa
6h-purin-6-one, 2-amino-1,7-dihydro-
ci natural white 1
2-amino-1,7-dihydro-6h-purin-6-one
ai3-24393
guanine enol
2-aminohypoxanthine
mearlmaid
hypoxanthine, 2-amino-
hsdb 2127
c.i. natural white 1
guanine (8ci)
dew pearl
2-amino-6-purinol
stella polaris
6h-purin-6-one, 2-amino-3,7-dihydro-
2-amino-6-hydroxy-1h-purine
GUANINE ,
73-40-5
2-amino-6-hydroxypurine
C00242
2-amino-1,9-dihydropurin-6-one
2-amino-1,9-dihydro-purin-6-one
guanine, 98%
guanine, bioultra
DB02377
3D215030-CD54-4835-A5F4-F00F86B90978
AC-4743
bdbm50200094
AKOS000118904
CHEMBL219568 ,
valacyclovir hydrochloride, guanine-
c.i. no. 75170 (guanine)
valganciclovir hydrochloride impurity b
BMSE000090
AKOS005139176
G0169
2-amino-9h-purin-6-ol
AKOS001426592
A15778
NCGC00246975-01
2-amino-1h-purin-6(7h)-one
5z93l87a1r ,
unii-5z93l87a1r
6h-purin-6-one, 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-
A15593
AKOS016002094
66224-64-4
FT-0611249
guanine [usp-rs]
2-amino-1,7-dihydro-6h-purin-6-one [who-ip]
guanine [usp impurity]
guanine [hsdb]
guanine [mi]
ganciclovir impurity f [ep impurity]
valaciclovir hydrochloride hydrate impurity a [ep impurity]
ci 75170 [inci]
guanine [inci]
aciclovir impurity b [who-ip]
aciclovir impurity b [ep impurity]
guanine [ep impurity]
valaciclovir hydrochloride impurity a [ep impurity]
valganciclovir hydrochloride impurity b [usp impurity]
guanine [who-ip]
EPITOPE ID:140098
S4888
2-amino-3h-purin-6(7h)-one
gtpl4556
AM81389
SCHEMBL5259
DTXSID9052476 ,
W-104453
71660-36-1
mfcd00071533
F8880-3425
aciclovir ep impurity b
2-amino-6,7-dihydro-3h-purin-6-one
SCHEMBL16389311
Z256709612
guanine, united states pharmacopeia (usp) reference standard
guanine, vetec(tm) reagent grade, 99%
guanine, pharmaceutical secondary standard; certified reference material
2-amino-1,7-dihydro-6h-purin-6-one (guanine)
2-amino-6-hydroxypurin
2-amino-6-oxypurin
2-amino-hypoxanthine
2-amino-3,7-dihydro-6h-purin-6-one
CS-6269
HY-Y1055
9h-guanine
2-amino-1,7-dihydropurin-6-one
guanine,(s)
2-amino-7h-purin-6-ol
2-amino-1h-purin-6(9h)-one
AS-10918
BCP26793
Q169313
A866095
phosphonium,[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]triphenyl bromide hydrobromide
2-amino-6,7-dihydro-1h-purin-6-one
valaciclovir hydrochloride hydrate impurity a (ep impurity)
aciclovir impurity b (ep impurity)
valaciclovir hydrochloride impurity a (ep impurity)
valganciclovir hydrochloride impurity b (usp impurity)
aciclovir impurity b
ganciclovir impurity f (ep impurity)
guanine (usp-rs)
guanine (usp impurity)
guanine (ep impurity)
dtxcid6031049

Excerpt	Reference
"Isoguanine is an alternative nucleobase that has been proposed as a component of expanded genetic codes. "	( Photodynamics of alternative DNA base isoguanine. de Vries, MS; Gate, G; Haggmark, MR; Sobolewski, AL; Šponer, J; Szabla, R, 2019)
"Guanine methylation is a ubiquitous process affecting DNA and various RNA species. "	( A novel method for detecting 7-methyl guanine reveals aberrant methylation levels in Huntington disease. Chopra, V; Ferrante, R; Hersch, S; Matson, S; Matson, W; Rosas, HD; Scherzer, C; Sharma, S; Sun, L; Thomas, B, 2013)
"8-oxoguanine is a major lesion of genomic DNA that results from oxidation of guanine by reactive oxygen species. "	( Opening dynamics of 8-oxoguanine in DNA. Every, AE; Russu, IM, 2013)
"8-Oxoguanine (8-oxoG) is a major product of oxidative DNA damage, which induces replication errors and interferes with transcription. "	( Modulation of base excision repair of 8-oxoguanine by the nucleotide sequence. Allgayer, J; Epe, B; Khobta, A; Kitsera, N; von der Lippen, C, 2013)
"8-Oxoguanine (oxoG) is an abundant product of oxidative DNA damage. "	( Effect of 8-oxoguanine on DNA structure and deformability. Dršata, T; Kara, M; Lankaš, F; Zacharias, M, 2013)
"8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) is a candidate molecule that causes germline mutations, because it makes DNA more prone to mutation and is constantly generated by reactive oxygen species in vivo."	( 8-oxoguanine causes spontaneous de novo germline mutations in mice. Fukumura, R; Furuichi, M; Gondo, Y; Hokama, M; Ikemura, T; Iwasaki, Y; Nakabeppu, Y; Ohno, M; Sakumi, K; Tsuzuki, T, 2014)
"Guanine (G) is a target for oxidation by reactive oxygen species in DNA, RNA, and the nucleotide pool. "	( Guanine oxidation product 5-carboxamido-5-formamido-2-iminohydantoin induces mutations when bypassed by DNA polymerases and is a substrate for base excision repair. Alshykhly, OR; Burrows, CJ; Fleming, AM, 2015)
"Isoguanine is an oxidation product of adenine in DNA that is mutagenic to the cell."	( Rescue of the orphan enzyme isoguanine deaminase. Almo, SC; Dangott, LJ; Fedorov, AA; Fedorov, EV; Hitchcock, DS; Raushel, FM, 2011)
"8-Oxoguanine is a ubiquitous oxidative base lesion. "	( 8-oxoguanine in a quadruplex of the human telomere DNA sequence. Bednarova, K; Sagi, AJ; Sagi, J; Tomasko, M; Vorlícková, M, 2012)
"8-Oxoguanine is a mutagenic oxidative damage product of guanine that has been the subject of many experimental studies. "	( First principles calculations of the tautomers and pK(a) values of 8-oxoguanine: implications for mutagenicity and repair. Chung, DS; Goddard, WA; Hwang, S; Jang, YH; Noyes, KT; Sowers, LC, 2002)
"8-Oxoguanine (8-oxoG) is a major oxidized base found in DNA due to endogenous or exogenous pro-oxidant agents. "	( Transcription-coupled repair of 8-oxoguanine in human cells and its deficiency in some DNA repair diseases. Pastoriza Gallego, M; Sarasin, A, 2003)
"8-oxoguanine (8-OG) is a biological marker of oxidative damage to DNA by reactive oxygen species. "	( [Study of formation and elimination of 8-oxoguanine in DNA of the liver and brain of mice after gamma-irradiation]. Bogatova, VS; Bruskov, VI; Gaziev, AI; Malakhova, LV; Masalimov, ZhK, )
"8-Oxoguanine (8-oxoG) is a major oxidative lesion produced in DNA by normal cellular metabolism or after exposure to exogenous sources such as ionizing radiation. "	( Effect of 8-oxoguanine on transcription elongation by T7 RNA polymerase and mammalian RNA polymerase II. Hanawalt, PC; Kolodner, RD; Maeda, LS; Tornaletti, S, 2004)
"8-Oxoguanine (8-oxoG) is a major mutagenic DNA base damage corrected by the base excision repair (BER) pathway, which is initiated by lesion specific DNA glycosylases. "	( Product inhibition and magnesium modulate the dual reaction mode of hOgg1. Bjørås, M; Gustad, E; Luna, L; Morland, I; Seeberg, E, 2005)
"Guanine tetraplexes are a biologically relevant alternative of the Watson and Crick duplex of DNA. "	( Ethanol is a better inducer of DNA guanine tetraplexes than potassium cations. Bednárová, K; Kypr, J; Vorlícková, M, 2006)
"Guanine in DNA is a major oxidation target owing to its low ionization potential (IP), and there is often an inverse correlation between damage frequency and sequence-dependent variation in guanine IP. "	( Paradoxical hotspots for guanine oxidation by a chemical mediator of inflammation. Cloutier, JF; Dedon, PC; Geacintov, NE; Margolin, Y; Shafirovich, V, 2006)
"8-Oxoguanine (8-oxoG) is a common oxidative lesion frequently encountered by DNA polymerases such as the repair enzyme DNA polymerase beta (pol beta). "	( Distinct energetics and closing pathways for DNA polymerase beta with 8-oxoG template and different incoming nucleotides. Schlick, T; Wang, Y, 2007)
"8-Oxyguanine (8ohG) is a major oxidation product of guanine and a biomarker of oxidative stress in mammal. "	( Conformation of plasmid DNA from Escherichia coli deficient in the repair systems protecting DNA from 8-oxyguanine lesions. Grzesiuk, E; Janion, C; Tudek, B; Wójcik, A, 1996)
"8-Oxoguanine (8-oxoG) is a critical mutagenic lesion because of its propensity to mispair with A during DNA replication. "	( Multiple DNA glycosylases for repair of 8-oxoguanine and their potential in vivo functions. Hazra, TK; Hill, JW; Izumi, T; Mitra, S, 2001)
"Guanine is a more effective stimulator as compared to orotate."	( [Effect of potassium orotate and guanine on calcium uptake in small intestine of chickens with different amounts of vitamin D3]. Kokunin, VA; Koshchiuruba, AV, )
"Isoguanine (2) was found to be an antineoplastic constituent of Prioneris thestylis Dbldy. "	( Antineoplastic agents. 42. The butterfly, Prioneris thestylis. Coomes, RM; Ode, RH; Ode, SL; Pettit, GR, )
"1. Guanine-7-oxide is a novel purine antibiotic produced by a Streptomyces species, ATCC 39364. "	( Biochemical pharmacology and experimental chemotherapy studies with guanine-7-oxide, a novel purine antibiotic. Besserer, JA; Boritzki, TJ; Fry, DW; Hamelehle, KL; Jackson, RC; Leopold, WR; Shillis, JL, 1987)

Excerpt	Reference
"The guanine moiety has an acidic proton, which under our Suzuki conditions (pH congruent with 10) may be deprotonated to give an anion that can coordinate to palladium."	( Inhibitory effects of the guanine moiety on Suzuki couplings of unprotected halonucleosides in aqueous media. Shaughnessy, KH; Western, EC, 2005)
"Dezaguanine has an unusual spectrum of activity against experimental rodent tumors; its activity against transplantable rodent leukemias is only modest, but it has significant activity against transplantable rodent solid tumors, particularly mammary adenocarcinomas."	( Dezaguanine mesylate: a new antipurine antimetabolite. Besserer, JA; Boritzki, TJ; Fry, DW; Jackson, RC; Leopold, WR; Pattison, IC, 1985)
"Guanine in DNA has been shown to be the main target of N-containing carcinogens, and many monomeric guanine derivatives have been utilized as models for product analysis and spectroscopic investigations to attempt to better understand the reaction mechanisms of DNA with arylnitrenium ions."	( Direct time-resolved spectroscopic observation of arylnitrenium ion reactions with guanine-containing DNA oligomers. Du, L; Huang, J; Phillips, DL; Xue, J; Zhu, R, 2014)
"Guanine methylase has been shown to be a DDVI-induced modification enzyme and to protect against restriction of B-type."	( Specificity and functions of guanine methylase of Shigella sonnei DDVI phage. Chanishvili, TG; Debov, SS; Lopatina, NG; Nikolskaya, II; Tediashvili, MI, 1979)

Excerpt	Reference
"Dezaguanine nucleotides inhibit synthesis of guanine nucleotides, and can be incorporated into nucleic acids in place of guanine nucleotides; incorporation into DNA may be particularly important in the cytotoxicity of this compound."	( Dezaguanine mesylate: a new antipurine antimetabolite. Besserer, JA; Boritzki, TJ; Fry, DW; Jackson, RC; Leopold, WR; Pattison, IC, 1985)

Excerpt	Reference
"Treatment of guanine with 10% molar excess DMDO in aqueous solution at 0 degrees C and pH 7.5 followed by workup under mild conditions gave 5-carboxamido-5-formamido-2-iminohydantoin (1) as the sole isolable product in 71% yield."	( A 2-iminohydantoin from the oxidation of guanine. Ball, LM; Boysen, G; Degen, DE; Gold, A; Jayaraj, K; Koshlap, KM; Sangaiah, R; Tomer, KB; Williams, J; Ye, W, 2006)

Excerpt	Reference
"We have examined the contributions of O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyl-transferase (AGT) and nucleotide excision repair to the protection of human cells from the toxic and mutagenic effects of ethylnitrosourea."	( Modulation of ethylnitrosourea-induced toxicity and mutagenicity in human cells by O6-benzylguanine. Bronstein, SM; Hooth, MJ; Skopek, TR; Swenberg, JA, 1992)
" Our studies suggest that O6-benzylguanine analogues may have utility in mer+ tumors as an adjuvant to a variety of alkylating agents which produce a toxic lesion at the O6 position of guanine."	( Effect of O6-benzylguanine analogues on sensitivity of human tumor cells to the cytotoxic effects of alkylating agents. Dolan, ME; Mitchell, RB; Moschel, RC; Mummert, C; Pegg, AE, 1991)
" We demonstrate that this protein is functional, acts on damage in host cell DNA and protects the cells from the toxic effects of those alkylating agents that react extensively at oxygen atom positions."	( Expression in mammalian cells of a truncated Escherichia coli gene coding for O6-alkylguanine alkyltransferase reduces the toxic effects of alkylating agents. Brennand, J; Margison, GP, 1986)
" The drug was found to be toxic to all of the cell lines tested."	( Studies on the mechanism of cytotoxicity of 3-deazaguanosine in human cancer cells. Jacobsen, SJ; Mangum, JH; Nyhan, WL; Page, T; Robins, RK; Scheele, J; Smejkal, RM, 1985)
" Our observations lend support to the idea of a specific role for DNA adducts in defining MNU's toxic effects on cell viability and differentiation."	( Modulation of nitrosourea toxicity in rodent embryonic cells by O6-benzylguanine, a depletor of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase. Faustman, EM; Kidney, JK, 1995)
" Furthermore, a "virtually safe dose" was established by means of the NOAEL risk factor approach (e."	( Embryotoxicity induced by alkylating agents: 7. Low dose prenatal-toxic risk estimation based on NOAEL risk factor approach, dose-response relationships, and DNA adducts using methylnitrosourea as a model compound. Bochert, G; Meister, R; Neubert, D; Platzek, T, 1993)
" In addition, an in vitro drug release half-life of 1,000 hours (more than 75 times that of ganciclovir) was found for 2'-nor-cyclic GMP in liposome, which may be able to be exploited in the therapy of patients with CMV retinitis unable to tolerate toxic systemic therapy."	( Evaluation of retinal toxicity and liposome encapsulation of the anti-CMV drug 2'-nor-cyclic GMP. Assil, KK; Bergeron-Lynn, G; Flores-Aguilar, M; Karkas, JD; Listhaus, AD; Munguia, D; Shakiba, S; Tolman, RL; Vuong, C; Wiley, CA, 1993)
" Expression of the ogt ATase provided greater protection against the toxic effects of the alkylating agents then the ada ATase particularly with N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) and N-butyl-N-nitrosourea (BNU) to which the ada ATase expressing cells were as sensitive as parent vector transfected cells."	( Expression in mammalian cells of the Escherichia coli O6 alkylguanine-DNA-alkyltransferase gene ogt reduces the toxicity of alkylnitrosoureas. Harris, LC; Margison, GP, 1993)
" In summary, CI-1000 was well-tolerated at doses of 15, 50, and 150 mg/kg with no adverse effects occurring at 15 mg/kg."	( Subacute toxicity of a purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitor in rats. Bleavins, MR; Hallak, H; Kasali, OB; Urda, E; Wolfgang, GH, 1995)
"The effects of treatment of mice with O6-benzylguanine (O6-BeG) on the levels of O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (ATase) in the hematopoietic compartment and on the in vivo sensitivity of hematopoietic progenitor cells to the toxic and clastogenic effects of the antitumor agents 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-nitrosourea (BCNU) and temozolomide were studied."	( O6-benzylguanine potentiates the in vivo toxicity and clastogenicity of temozolomide and BCNU in mouse bone marrow. Ashby, J; Chinnasamy, N; Dexter, TM; Fairbairn, LJ; Hickson, I; Margison, GP; Rafferty, JA; Tinwell, H, 1997)
" We show that Aag protects against the toxic and clastogenic effects of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea and mitomycin C (MMC), as measured by cell killing, sister chromatid exchange, and chromosome aberrations."	( Mammalian 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase protects against the toxicity and clastogenicity of certain chemotherapeutic DNA cross-linking agents. Allan, JM; Dreslin, AJ; Engelward, BP; Samson, LD; Tomasz, M; Wyatt, MD, 1998)
" In methylcellulose cultures, ada-infected hematopoietic progenitor cells were twice as resistant as uninfected cells to the toxic effects of 1, 3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) following treatment with O6-BG."	( Retroviral transfer of a bacterial alkyltransferase gene into murine bone marrow protects against chloroethylnitrosourea cytotoxicity. Brent, TP; Edwards, CC; Harris, LC; Houghton, PJ; Marathi, UK; Sorrentino, BP; Srivastava, DK; Vanin, EF, 1995)
" The LD50 occurred at 60- and 250-fold lower doses of LY231514 in DBA/2 and CD1 nu/nu mice, respectively, maintained on low folate diet compared to standard diet."	( Role of folic acid in modulating the toxicity and efficacy of the multitargeted antifolate, LY231514. Schultz, RM; Shih, C; Worzalla, JF, )
"The DNA repair protein O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGT) has been shown to protect cells from the toxic and mutagenic effect of alkylating agents by removing lesions from the O6 position of guanine."	( Effect of O6-benzylguanine on alkylating agent-induced toxicity and mutagenicity. In Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing wild-type and mutant O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferases. Cai, Y; Dolan, ME; Ludeman, SM; Pegg, AE; Wu, MH; Xu-Welliver, M, 2000)
" We have examined the possibility that BU may exert part of its toxic effects via DNA alkylation at the O6 position of guanine as this might provide an approach to improving the conditioning regimen."	( O6-Benzylguanine potentiates BCNU but not busulfan toxicity in hematopoietic stem cells. Blokland, I; Boudewijn, A; Down, JD; Margison, GP; McGown, AT; Ploemacher, RE; Watson, AJ; Westerhof, GR; Wood, M, 2001)
" This mycotoxin is a frequent contaminant of human and animal food products, and is toxic to all animal species tested."	( The role of oxidative stress in the ochratoxin A-mediated toxicity in proximal tubular cells. de Groene, EM; Fink-Gremmels, J; Maas, RF; Nijmeijer, SM; Roestenberg, P; Schaaf, GJ, 2002)
" For NTA, the low dose (9 mg/kg per day) was without adverse effect."	( NTA and Fe(III)NTA: differential patterns of renal toxicity in subchronic studies. Deckardt, K; Grundler, O; Jäckh, R; Leibold, E; Mellert, W; Potthoff-Karl, B, 2002)
"O6-Benzylguanine (BG) inactivates O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGT), resulting in an increase in the sensitivity of cells to the toxic effects of O6-alkylating agents."	( Effect of O6-benzylguanine on nitrogen mustard-induced toxicity, apoptosis, and mutagenicity in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Cai, Y; Chung, AB; Dolan, ME; Ludeman, SM; Wilson, LR, 2001)
" Serious neurological adverse side effects have occurred during ACV treatment in patients with renal failure, but the cause of the symptoms remains unknown."	( High serum concentrations of the acyclovir main metabolite 9-carboxymethoxymethylguanine in renal failure patients with acyclovir-related neuropsychiatric side effects: an observational study. Barkholt, L; Diener, P; Helldén, A; Medin, C; Odar-Cederlöf, I; Säwe, J; Ståhle, L; Svensson, JO, 2003)
" However, its use is somewhat limited by its toxic side effects and chemoresistance caused by direct repair of O6-alkyl groups by the enzyme O6-methylguanine DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT)."	( Cytotoxicity, DNA damage, and apoptosis induced by new fotemustine analogs on human melanoma cells in relation to O6-methylguanine DNA-methyltransferase expression. Cupissol, D; Cuq, P; Depeille, P; Evrard, A; Montero, JL; Passagne, I; Vian, L; Winum, JY, 2003)
" Our goal was to see if the assessment of DNA methylation might be a useful tool, when used in conjunction with initial, basic in vitro tests, to provide a more informative preliminary appraisal of the toxic potential of chemicals to prioritize them for further evaluation."	( The value of DNA methylation analysis in basic, initial toxicity assessments. Cockerell, GL; Goodman, JI; McKim, JM; Watson, RE, 2004)
" No unexpected adverse events were noted."	( Phase II study of efficacy and safety of bevacizumab in combination with chemotherapy or erlotinib compared with chemotherapy alone for treatment of recurrent or refractory non small-cell lung cancer. Belani, CP; Bonomi, PD; Fehrenbacher, L; Hart, L; Herbst, RS; Lin, M; Melnyk, O; O'Neill, VJ; Ramies, D; Sandler, A, 2007)
" Many drugs have been used for the treatment of this disease, but there is little information about how predictive factors can be used to aid treatment response and anticipate toxic effects related to anticancer treatment in colorectal cancer."	( Predictive factors for chemotherapy-related toxic effects in patients with colorectal cancer. Pantano, F; Santini, D; Schiavon, G; Tonini, G; Vincenzi, B, 2008)
" Entecavir was well tolerated, with no patients discontinuing study drug due to adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of entecavir in lamivudine-refractory patients with chronic hepatitis B: randomized controlled trial in Japanese patients. Imazeki, F; Kage, M; Katano, Y; Kumada, H; Moriyama, M; Omata, M; Sata, M; Seriu, T; Suzuki, F; Toyoda, J, 2008)
" Main adverse drug reactions of severity grade 3 or 4 were neutrophil count decreased (20."	( Efficacy and safety of two doses of pemetrexed supplemented with folic acid and vitamin B12 in previously treated patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Adachi, S; Fujimoto, T; Fukuoka, M; Ichinose, Y; Kubota, K; Nakagawa, K; Nambu, Y; Nishiwaki, Y; Ohe, Y; Saijo, N; Tamura, T; Yamamoto, N, 2008)
" The frequency of adverse events with entecavir and placebo was comparable."	( Efficacy and safety of entecavir for chronic HBV in HIV/HBV coinfected patients receiving lamivudine as part of antiretroviral therapy. Brandão-Mello, CE; Brett-Smith, H; Cassetti, I; Gazzard, B; Hall, A; Huang, AK; Mendes-Corrêa, MC; Pessôa, MG; Phiri, P; Soriano, V, 2008)
" Furthermore, the cisplatin-DNA adducts formed were more toxic in the presence of NU2058."	( The kinase inhibitor O6-cyclohexylmethylguanine (NU2058) potentiates the cytotoxicity of cisplatin by mechanisms that are independent of its effect upon CDK2. Dolan, ME; Harrison, LR; Newell, DR; Ottley, CJ; Pearson, DG; Roche, C; Tilby, MJ; Wedge, SR, 2009)
"Addition of bevacizumab to various chemotherapy agents or erlotinib in patients with NSCLC and treated brain metastases seems to be safe and is associated with a low incidence of CNS hemorrhage."	( Safety of bevacizumab in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer and brain metastases. Akerley, W; Compton, P; Huang, JE; Kolb, MM; Langer, CJ; Socinski, MA; Wang, L, 2009)
"6% of patients experienced mild and self-limiting adverse events, none of which were attributed to the study drug."	( Antiviral activity and safety of LB80380 in hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B patients with lamivudine-resistant disease. Han, KH; Kim, CR; Kim, HR; Kim, J; Lai, CL; Um, SH; Yoon, SK; Yuen, MF, 2010)
" Dermatitis acneiform, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting were the most frequently reported adverse events with AZD6244, compared with fatigue, anemia, nausea, anorexia, and dermatitis acneiform with pemetrexed."	( A phase II, open-label, randomized study to assess the efficacy and safety of AZD6244 (ARRY-142886) versus pemetrexed in patients with non-small cell lung cancer who have failed one or two prior chemotherapeutic regimens. Cebotaru, CL; Ciuleanu, TE; Damyanov, D; Ganchev, H; Hainsworth, JD; Kanarev, V; Morris, C; Pover, G; Stella, P; Tzekova, V, 2010)
" At each cycle, adverse events were assessed, and concomitant medications, transfusions, and hospitalizations were recorded."	( Safety and resource utilization by non-small cell lung cancer histology: results from the randomized phase III study of pemetrexed plus cisplatin versus gemcitabine plus cisplatin in chemonaïve patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Douillard, JY; Eckardt, J; Liepa, AM; Novello, S; O'Brien, M; Paz-Ares, L; Pimentel, FL; Simms, L; Visseren-Grul, C; von Pawel, J, 2010)
" There were no significant adverse effects from these drugs and no alteration of renal function during the follow-up period."	( Efficacy and safety of entecavir and/or tenofovir for prophylaxis and treatment of hepatitis B recurrence post-liver transplant. de la Cruz-Lombardo, J; Jiménez-Pérez, M; Lozano-Rey, JM; Mongil Poce, L; Rodrigo-López, JM; Sáez-Gómez, AB, 2010)
"Therapy with ETV and/or TDF seems to be efficient and safe when used in the prophylaxis and treatment of HBV recurrence after liver transplantation."	( Efficacy and safety of entecavir and/or tenofovir for prophylaxis and treatment of hepatitis B recurrence post-liver transplant. de la Cruz-Lombardo, J; Jiménez-Pérez, M; Lozano-Rey, JM; Mongil Poce, L; Rodrigo-López, JM; Sáez-Gómez, AB, 2010)
" The most frequent AEs were gastrointestinal adverse events, skin rash, fever and fatigue."	( [The efficacy and safety of pemetrexed as monotherapy for Chinese patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer]. Li, LY; Wang, MZ; Zhang, L; Zhang, XT; Zhao, J; Zhong, W, 2010)
"The no observed adverse effect level of intrathecal administration of pemetrexed was 1 mg/kg in rats."	( Safety and pharmacokinetics of intrathecal administration of pemetrexed in rats. Ahn, JS; Ahn, MJ; Chung, JY; Im, B; Lee, SY; Nam, MH; Park, K; Suh, YL; Sun, JM, 2011)
" Safety and tolerability were evaluated by recording the incidence of adverse events (AE) according to Common Toxicity Criteria for AE (CTCAE)."	( A phase II, randomized, multicenter study to assess the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of zibotentan (ZD4054) in combination with pemetrexed in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Chouaid, C; Morris, T; Nathan, F; Pemberton, K, 2011)
" There were no serious adverse events."	( Three years of continuous entecavir therapy in treatment-naïve chronic hepatitis B patients: VIRAL suppression, viral resistance, and clinical safety. Fung, J; Lai, CL; Seto, WK; Wong, DK; Yuen, JC; Yuen, MF, 2011)
" When this regimen was administered to mice containing humanized bone marrow, flow cytometric analyses indicated that the human bone marrow cells were significantly more sensitive to treatment than the murine bone marrow cells and that the regimen was highly toxic to human-derived hematopoietic cells of all lineages (progenitor, lymphoid, and myeloid)."	( Humanized bone marrow mouse model as a preclinical tool to assess therapy-mediated hematotoxicity. Bailey, B; Baluyut, AR; Cai, S; Chan, RJ; Ernstberger, A; Goebel, WS; Jones, DR; Juliar, BE; Mayo, LD; Pollok, KE; Sinn, AL; Wang, H, 2011)
" Adverse event rates were comparable between groups."	( Efficacy and safety of entecavir versus adefovir in chronic hepatitis B patients with hepatic decompensation: a randomized, open-label study. Beebe, S; Bialkowska, J; Brown, RS; Cheinquer, H; Cooney, E; Jeffers, L; Leung, N; Liaw, YF; Myers, RP; Peng, CY; Raptopoulou-Gigi, M; Sarin, SK; Tang, S; Tanwandee, T; Tsai, N, 2011)
"Objective of this indirect economic comparison was to estimate and compare management costs of grade 3/4 adverse events (AEs) reported for first-line erlotinib or pemetrexed maintenance therapy in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)."	( Comparison of treatment costs of grade 3/4 adverse events associated with erlotinib or pemetrexed maintenance therapy for patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in Germany, France, Italy, and Spain. Banz, K; Bischoff, H; Brunner, M; Chouaid, C; de Castro Carpeño, J; de Marinis, F; Grossi, F; Vergnenègre, A; Walzer, S, 2011)
" Taken together, the data suggest that premexetred and sorafenib act synergistically to enhance tumor killing via the promotion of a toxic form of autophagy that leads to activation of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway, and predict that combination treatment represents a future therapeutic option in the treatment of solid tumors."	( Sorafenib enhances pemetrexed cytotoxicity through an autophagy-dependent mechanism in cancer cells. Bareford, MD; Burow, ME; Cruickshanks, N; Dent, P; Eulitt, P; Fisher, PB; Grant, S; Hamed, HA; Hubbard, N; Moran, RG; Nephew, KP; Park, MA; Tang, Y; Tye, G; Yacoub, A, 2011)
" Taken together, the data suggest that premexetred and sorafenib act synergistically to enhance tumor killing via the promotion of a toxic form of autophagy that leads to activation of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway, and predict that combination treatment represents a future therapeutic option in the treatment of solid tumors."	( Sorafenib enhances pemetrexed cytotoxicity through an autophagy-dependent mechanism in cancer cells. Bareford, MD; Burow, ME; Cruickshanks, N; Dent, P; Fisher, PB; Grant, S; Hamed, HA; Moran, RG; Nephew, KP; Tang, Y, 2011)
"Cancer cells can be killed by photosensitizing agents that induce toxic effects when exposed to nonhazardous light, but this also causes significant damage to surrounding healthy cells."	( SNAP-tag technology mediates site specific conjugation of antibody fragments with a photosensitizer and improves target specific phototoxicity in tumor cells. Barth, S; Hussain, AF; Kampmeier, F; Merk, HF; Tur, MK; von Felbert, V, 2011)
" Pemetrexed was reasonably well tolerated with few severe adverse events reported."	( Efficacy and safety of pemetrexed maintenance therapy versus best supportive care in patients from East Asia with advanced, nonsquamous non-small cell lung cancer: an exploratory subgroup analysis of a global, randomized, phase 3 clinical trial. Belani, CP; Chen, YM; Kim, JH; Orlando, M; Peterson, P; Wu, YL; Yang, SH; Zhang, L, 2012)
"To review long-term safety data from the rollover study ETV-901, focusing on adverse events (AEs) with a potential nucleos(t)ide association."	( Long-term safety and tolerability of entecavir in patients with chronic hepatitis B in the rollover study ETV-901. Akarca, US; Beebe, S; Chang, TT; Manns, MP; Min, A; Pangerl, A; Sievert, W; Tsai, N; Wongcharatrawee, S; Yoon, SK; Yu, M, 2012)
" Rash (98/196 [50%] in the erlotinib group vs 10/213 [5%] in the chemotherapy group for all grades; nine [5%] vs none for grade 3 or 4) and diarrhoea (36 [18%] vs four [2%] for all grades; five [3%] vs none for grade 3 or 4) were the most common treatment-related adverse events with erlotinib, whereas alopecia (none vs 23 [11%] for all grades; none vs one [<1%] for grade 3/4) was the most common treatment-related adverse event with chemotherapy."	( Efficacy and safety of erlotinib versus chemotherapy in second-line treatment of patients with advanced, non-small-cell lung cancer with poor prognosis (TITAN): a randomised multicentre, open-label, phase 3 study. Cicenas, S; Ciuleanu, T; Gonzalez, EE; Grigorescu, AC; Hillenbach, C; Johannsdottir, HK; Klughammer, B; Miliauskas, S; Stelmakh, L, 2012)
" The most common adverse reactions (incidence ≥ 20%) with single-agent use are fatigue, nausea, and anorexia."	( Pemetrexed-induced cellulitis: a rare toxicity in non-small cell lung cancer treatment. Katsenos, S; Panagou, C; Psara, A, 2013)
" No patients discontinued treatment due to adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of entecavir in clinical practice in treatment-naive Caucasian chronic hepatitis B patients. Bonet, L; Buti, M; Diago, M; García-Samaniego, J; Morillas, RM; Palau, A; Pérez, J; Prieto, M; Rodríguez, M; Solà, R; Testillano, M, 2012)
" Several studies suggest that NAs long-term administration have been associated with low rates of serious adverse events (AEs), including lactic acidosis, renal function impairment, osteopenia and osteoporosis."	( Safety of long-term nucleos(t)ide treatment in chronic hepatitis B. Ridruejo, E; Silva, MO, 2012)
" However, it has been reported to have adverse interactions with nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAIDs)."	( [Adverse events during pemetrexed administration caused by concomitant nonsteroid anti-inflammatory therapy]. Hiraki, K; Inata, J; Iwamoto, Y; Kanehara, M; Kitaguchi, S; Matsumoto, S; Miyamori, S; Nakashima, K; Sakamoto, S; Sakata, Y, 2012)
" Laboratory test results, clinical outcomes, and drug-related adverse events were compared among groups."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of lamivudine, entecavir, and tenofovir for treatment of hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis. Akbal, E; Akin, E; Alkan, E; Ataseven, H; Aygün, C; Başar, O; Baykal, O; Coban, S; Demir, M; Gülşen, MT; Ibiş, M; Koçkar, MC; Köklü, S; Köksal, AŞ; Küçükazman, M; Nadir, I; Ozdil, K; Pürnak, T; Tuna, Y; Yildirim, B; Yüksel, I; Yüksel, O, 2013)
"Tenofovir and entecavir are effective and safe for long-term use in patients with compensated or decompensated cirrhosis from HBV infection."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of lamivudine, entecavir, and tenofovir for treatment of hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis. Akbal, E; Akin, E; Alkan, E; Ataseven, H; Aygün, C; Başar, O; Baykal, O; Coban, S; Demir, M; Gülşen, MT; Ibiş, M; Koçkar, MC; Köklü, S; Köksal, AŞ; Küçükazman, M; Nadir, I; Ozdil, K; Pürnak, T; Tuna, Y; Yildirim, B; Yüksel, I; Yüksel, O, 2013)
"Due to the various inter-individual differences in the biological characteristics of tumor cells, as well as issues on the efficacy, adverse reactions, and defects of existing drugs, we compared the clinical efficacy and toxicity of pemetrexed and gemcitabine combined with cisplatin for the treatment of previously untreated advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)."	( [Efficacy and toxicity of pemetrexed or gemcitabine combined with cisplatin in the treatment of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer]. Cheng, G; Hu, C; Hu, X; Huang, C; Jiao, S; Li, K; Luo, R; Lv, W; Ouyang, X; Sun, Y; Wang, J; Wang, M; Wang, Y; Wang, Z; Zhang, S; Zheng, R, 2012)
" The rate of adverse reactions, including white blood cell reduction, lower platelet count, lower hemoglobin, and hair loss in the PP group was significantly lower than that in the GP group."	( [Efficacy and toxicity of pemetrexed or gemcitabine combined with cisplatin in the treatment of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer]. Cheng, G; Hu, C; Hu, X; Huang, C; Jiao, S; Li, K; Luo, R; Lv, W; Ouyang, X; Sun, Y; Wang, J; Wang, M; Wang, Y; Wang, Z; Zhang, S; Zheng, R, 2012)
"The clinical efficacy of pemetrexed and gemcitabine combined with cisplatin for the treatment of previously untreated advanced NSCLC was roughly the same, but the adverse reactions decreased significantly in the PP group compared with those in the GP group."	( [Efficacy and toxicity of pemetrexed or gemcitabine combined with cisplatin in the treatment of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer]. Cheng, G; Hu, C; Hu, X; Huang, C; Jiao, S; Li, K; Luo, R; Lv, W; Ouyang, X; Sun, Y; Wang, J; Wang, M; Wang, Y; Wang, Z; Zhang, S; Zheng, R, 2012)
"Rash is a common side effect of pemetrexed(PEM)."	( [Effectiveness of steroids for the rash side effect of pemetrexed]. Ishikawa, H; Kobayashi, R; Ohashi, Y; Onishi, T; Shino, M; Suzuki, K; Yamamoto, N, 2013)
" No severe adverse events associated with entecavir or tenofovir were reported."	( Efficacy and safety of entecavir and/or tenofovir in hepatitis B compensated and decompensated cirrhotic patients in clinical practice. Arenas, J; Canós, AP; Díaz-Sánchez, A; Jiménez, M; Miquel, M; Núñez, Ó; Trapero-Marugán, M, )
" In addition, no obvious adverse reactions were observed during ETV treatment."	( The efficacy and safety of entecavir in patients with advanced schistosomiasis co-infected with hepatitis B virus. Hua, HY; Huang, LH; Li, YG; Niu, XH; Qiu, YW; Wu, HY; Wu, PF; Yang, XJ; Yao, SZ; Zhu, HY, 2013)
"ETV is safe and effective in patients with advanced schistosomiasis and HBV co-infection."	( The efficacy and safety of entecavir in patients with advanced schistosomiasis co-infected with hepatitis B virus. Hua, HY; Huang, LH; Li, YG; Niu, XH; Qiu, YW; Wu, HY; Wu, PF; Yang, XJ; Yao, SZ; Zhu, HY, 2013)
" Adverse event rates were comparable between treatment-na€ıve and treatment-experienced patients with compensated liver disease, but were higher in decompensated than in compensated patients, consistent with previous reports in these patients with more advanced disease."	( Efficacy and safety of entecavir treatment in a heterogeneous CHB population from a ‘real-world’ clinical practice setting in China. Cheng, M; Cohen, D; Hou, JL; Jia, JD; Llamoso, C; Ren, H; Tan, DM; Tang, H; Tang, X; Wang, YM; Wei, L; Zhao, W, 2013)
" In this study, we aimed to determine the risk factors for severe adverse events associated with pemetrexed administration."	( Analysis of risk factors for severe adverse events of chemotherapy with pemetrexed and comparison of adverse event occurrence according to renal function. Abe, K; Hiraki, K; Inata, J; Iwamoto, Y; Kanehara, M; Miyamori, S; Sakata, Y, 2013)
"To assess whether adjuvant chemotherapy alters pulmonary function and impacts on treatment-related adverse events."	( Impact and safety of adjuvant chemotherapy on pulmonary function in early stage non-small cell lung cancer. Eberhardt, W; Fischer, JR; Griesinger, F; Herth, FJ; Kreuter, M; Reinmuth, N; Thomas, M; Vansteenkiste, J; Zuna, I, 2014)
" This unexpected adverse effect of AuNPs on DNA-based biosensors should be taken into consideration in the future development of biosensing systems that are based on ssDNA aptamers and unmodified AuNPs."	( The unfolding of G-quadruplexes and its adverse effect on DNA-gold nanoparticles-based sensing system. Cheng, S; Ge, X; Lam, MH; Liu, W; Wang, M; Zhao, Q; Zheng, B, 2014)
" The most frequent adverse reactions were: hematological, gastrointestinal and neurological."	( Systematic review of efficacy and safety of pemetrexed in non-small-cell-lung cancer. Bautista-Paloma, FJ; Cotrina-Luque, J; Flores-Moreno, S; Galván-Banqueri, M; Pérez-Moreno, MA; Villalba-Moreno, A, 2014)
" Multivariate analysis demonstrated that a heavy smoking history (40 or more pack-year smoking history) was an independent adverse prognostic factor for OS."	( Safety and efficacy of gemcitabine or pemetrexed in combination with a platinum in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer and prior interstitial lung disease. Ahn, JS; Ahn, MJ; Chang, W; Choi, MK; Chung, MP; Hong, JY; Jung, HA; Kim, M; Kim, S; Lee, SJ; Park, K; Park, S; Sun, JM, 2014)
" The incidence rate of adverse drug reactions(ADR)was 76."	( [Safety and effectiveness of pemetrexed in patients with non-small cell lung cancer in Japan - analysis of post-marketing surveillance]. Enatsu, S; Kaneko, N; Kobayashi, N; Nishiuma, S; Okubo, S; Taketsuna, M, 2014)
"Entecavir (ETV) is effective and safe in patients with chronic hepatitis B in the short term, but its long term efficacy and safety has not been established."	( Efficacy and safety of long term entecavir in chronic hepatitis B treatment naïve patients in clinical practice. Adrover, R; Cocozzella, D; Estepo, C; Fainboim, H; Fernandez, N; Gadano, AC; Galdame, O; Levi, D; Mandó, OG; Marciano, S; Mendizabal, M; Muñoz, AE; Paz, S; Reggiardo, MV; Ridruejo, E; Romero, GA; Schroder, T; Silva, MO, )
" No serious adverse events were reported."	( Efficacy and safety of long term entecavir in chronic hepatitis B treatment naïve patients in clinical practice. Adrover, R; Cocozzella, D; Estepo, C; Fainboim, H; Fernandez, N; Gadano, AC; Galdame, O; Levi, D; Mandó, OG; Marciano, S; Mendizabal, M; Muñoz, AE; Paz, S; Reggiardo, MV; Ridruejo, E; Romero, GA; Schroder, T; Silva, MO, )
"TDF and ETV are similarly effective and safe in chronic HBV patients after 24 weeks and 48 weeks of anti-viral therapy."	( Comparison of efficacy and safety of tenofovir and entecavir in chronic hepatitis B virus infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gao, Y; Ke, W; Liu, L; Yang, Y; Ye, X; Zhang, C; Zhou, S, 2014)
" Entecavir as a potent and safe agent leading to continuous viral suppression proved to be safe and well tolerated therapy."	( Four-year study of entecavir efficacy and safety in nucleos(t)ide-naïve HBeAg positive chronic hepatitis B patients. Ayaz, C; Bayan, K; Celen, MK; Dal, T; Devecil, O; Mert, D; Oruc, EK, 2014)
" Patients who received pemetrexed maintenance (median 4 cycles, range 1-44) following 4 cycles of pemetrexed-cisplatin exhibited a higher incidence of drug-related serious adverse events compared with JMDB patients (median 6 cycles of pemetrexed-cisplatin) (10."	( Efficacy and safety of maintenance pemetrexed in patients with advanced nonsquamous non-small cell lung cancer following pemetrexed plus cisplatin induction treatment: A cross-trial comparison of two phase III trials. Chouaki, N; de Marinis, F; Dediu, M; Gridelli, C; John, W; Manegold, C; Paz-Ares, LG; Peterson, PM; Pujol, JL; San Antonio, B; Scagliotti, GV; Thomas, M; Visseren-Grul, C, 2014)
" Adverse events (by maximum Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events [CTCAE] grade) and QoL (EuroQol 5-dimensional [EQ-5D] scale) were assessed."	( Long-term and low-grade safety results of a phase III study (PARAMOUNT): maintenance pemetrexed plus best supportive care versus placebo plus best supportive care immediately after induction treatment with pemetrexed plus cisplatin for advanced nonsquamou Bidoli, P; Chouaki, N; Corral, J; de Marinis, F; Dediu, M; Gridelli, C; John, W; Paz-Ares, L; Pujol, JL; San Antonio, B; Thomas, M; Visseren-Grul, C; Zimmermann, A, 2014)
" Combination therapy with tenofovir plus entecavir in this setting with multidrug resistance is safe and effective."	( Efficacy and safety of tenofovir in a kidney transplant patient with chronic hepatitis B and nucleos(t)ide multidrug resistance: a case report. Shan, C; Wu, P; Yin, GQ, 2014)
"This retrospective investigation carried out in Guangdong Province indicated that not only are anti-HBV drugs efficacious for blocking vertical transmission of HBV but also are safe for both mothers and infants when taken by fathers or mothers during the reproduction phases of insemination and pregnancy."	( [Retrospective analysis of the efficacy and safety of anti-hepatitis B virus drugs taken during pregnancy in women from the Guangdong Province]. Chen, X; Gao, W; Li, D; Peng, J; Wen, F; Xia, J; Xu, C; Xu, M; Yao, Z, 2014)
" There were no treatment discontinuations due to adverse events."	( Entecavir has high efficacy and safety in white patients with chronic hepatitis B and comorbidities. Andrade, R; Arenas, JI; Bonet, L; Buti, M; Calleja, JL; Castellano, G; Delgado, M; Diago, M; Gallego, A; García-Buey, L; García-Samaniego, J; Gila, A; González-Guirado, A; Gutiérrez, ML; Mas, A; Morillas, RM; Palau, A; Pérez, J; Prieto, M; Rodríguez, M; Romero-Gómez, M; Solà, R; Testillano, M, 2015)
" Herein, we retrospectively investigated the background characteristics of patients with a creatinine clearance rate (Ccr) of<45 mL/min, who experienced severe adverse events due to pemetrexed."	( [Assessment of risk factors for adverse events due to pemetrexed in patients with reduced renal function]. Abe, K; Funaki, M; Hata, Y; Hiraki, K; Inata, J; Iwamoto, Y; Kanehara, M; Kono, M; Miura, S; Miyamori, S; Sakata, Y; Sugawara, T, 2014)
" The main side effect of pemetrexed is myelosuppression, which may be prevented by folinic acid supplementation."	( [Pemetrexed nephrotoxicity]. Izzedine, H, 2015)
" No adverse effect was identified in the examined studies."	( The efficacy and safety of entecavir in patients with chronic hepatitis B- associated liver failure: a meta-analysis. An, Y; Chen, S; Du, Y; Gao, S; Liu, L; Zhang, M; Zhang, X, )
"In both pro- and eukaryotes, the mutagenic and toxic DNA adduct O(6)-methylguanine (O(6)MeG) is subject to repair by alkyltransferase proteins via methyl group transfer."	( The bacterial alkyltransferase-like (eATL) protein protects mammalian cells against methylating agent-induced toxicity. Aasland, D; Fuchs, RP; Kaina, B; Margison, GP; Modesti, M; Pinder, SI; Tomaszowski, KH; Williams, E, 2015)
" Therefore, the adverse events were mostly mild."	( [Efficacy and safety of cisplatin plus pemetrexed as a first-line treatment for Japanese patients with advanced non-squamous non-small-cell lung cancer -- a retrospective analysis]. Hayashi, M; Hoshino, T; Imaizumi, K; Isogai, S; Kato, A; Mieno, Y; Minezawa, T; Morikawa, S; Morishita, M; Nakanishi, T; Niwa, Y; Okamura, T; Okazawa, M; Takeyama, T; Uozu, S; Yamaguchi, T, 2015)
" We analyzed adverse effects, such as myelosuppression, rash, and diarrhea, after 1 cycle of pemetrexed therapy."	( [Safety of pemetrexed according to the duration of vitamin B12 and folic acid supplementation prior to the first dose of pemetrexed]. Chohnabayashi, N; Gotoh, K; Jinta, T; Kitamura, A; Koyama, K; Nishimura, N; Ohde, S; Okafuji, K; Takayama, S; Tomishima, Y; Tsuda, Y; Yagi, N, 2015)
" There was no case with serious adverse event."	( Virologic response and safety of tenofovir versus entecavir in treatment-naïve chronic Hepatitis B patients. An, SH; Choe, WH; Chung, HA; Jeong, GW; Jeong, TG; Kim, J; Kim, JH; Kwon, SW; Kwon, SY; Min, JK; Yu, HM; Yun, SU, )
" ETV, IFN, and the combination of the two are safe in CHB treatment."	( The Efficacy and Safety of Entecavir and Interferon Combination Therapy for Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection: A Meta-Analysis. Fu, LL; Wu, LH; Xiang, Y; Xie, QL; Zhu, Y, 2015)
" No adverse effects were observed or dose reductions required associated with ETV or TDF."	( Tenofovir/entecavir monotherapy after hepatitis B immunoglobulin withdrawal is safe and effective in the prevention of hepatitis B in liver transplant recipients. Abradelo, M; Calvo, J; Cambra, F; Castellano, G; Fernández, I; García, A; Hernández, O; Jiménez, C; Loinaz, C; Manrique, A; Manzano, M, 2015)
"Maintenance therapy with newer NAs, after discontinuation of HBIG prophylaxis, was safe and effective, with a low rate of serological recurrence and no evident clinical, biochemical, or virological consequences."	( Tenofovir/entecavir monotherapy after hepatitis B immunoglobulin withdrawal is safe and effective in the prevention of hepatitis B in liver transplant recipients. Abradelo, M; Calvo, J; Cambra, F; Castellano, G; Fernández, I; García, A; Hernández, O; Jiménez, C; Loinaz, C; Manrique, A; Manzano, M, 2015)
"The applicability of Density Functional Theory (DFT) based descriptors for the development of quantitative structure-toxicity relationships (QSTR) is assessed for two different series of toxic aromatic compounds, viz."	( Toxicity prediction of PHDDs and phenols in the light of nucleic acid bases and DNA base pair interaction. Mondal Roy, S; Roy, DR; Sahoo, SK, 2015)
"Entecavir (ETV) has been shown to be safe and efficacious in randomised controlled trials in highly selected patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection."	( Entecavir safety and effectiveness in a national cohort of treatment-naïve chronic hepatitis B patients in the US - the ENUMERATE study. Ahn, J; Chu, D; Do, S; Lee, HM; Lim, JK; Lok, AS; Mannalithara, A; Min, A; Nguyen, MH; Pan, CQ; Ray Kim, W; Reddy, KR; Te, H; Tran, T; Trinh, H, 2016)
" Rates of ALT normalisation, undetectable HBV DNA, HBeAg and HBsAg loss/seroconversion, adverse events (AE) and clinical outcomes were evaluated."	( Entecavir safety and effectiveness in a national cohort of treatment-naïve chronic hepatitis B patients in the US - the ENUMERATE study. Ahn, J; Chu, D; Do, S; Lee, HM; Lim, JK; Lok, AS; Mannalithara, A; Min, A; Nguyen, MH; Pan, CQ; Ray Kim, W; Reddy, KR; Te, H; Tran, T; Trinh, H, 2016)
"Entecavir treatment was safe in a large cohort of US patients, but ALT normalisation and hepatitis B virus DNA suppression rates were lower than previously reported in clinical trials."	( Entecavir safety and effectiveness in a national cohort of treatment-naïve chronic hepatitis B patients in the US - the ENUMERATE study. Ahn, J; Chu, D; Do, S; Lee, HM; Lim, JK; Lok, AS; Mannalithara, A; Min, A; Nguyen, MH; Pan, CQ; Ray Kim, W; Reddy, KR; Te, H; Tran, T; Trinh, H, 2016)
" The theory of hard and soft acids and bases (HSAB), which states that a toxic electrophile reacts preferentially with a biological macromolecule that has a similar hardness or softness, clarifies the underlying chemistry involved in this critical event."	( Modeling of Toxicity-Relevant Electrophilic Reactivity for Guanine with Epoxides: Estimating the Hard and Soft Acids and Bases (HSAB) Parameter as a Predictor. Ji, L; Liu, W; Wang, C; Zhang, J, 2016)
" The adverse responses were recorded."	( Safety and efficacy of mizoribine treatment in nephrotic syndrome complicated with hepatitis B virus infection: a clinical study. Ji, Y; Li, W; Liu, J; Sun, J; Wang, J; Yong, Q; Zhang, H; Zhang, K; Zhang, W, 2016)
"This study indicates that newer antivirals are effective and safe in HTR with CHB."	( Efficacy and safety of tenofovir, entecavir, and telbivudine for chronic hepatitis B in heart transplant recipients. Andini, R; Durante-Mangoni, E; Falco, E; Iossa, D; Maiello, C; Parrella, A; Ragone, E; Utili, R; Vitrone, M; Zampino, R, 2016)
" Monitoring viral and liver markers combined with hepatologist consultations may ensure safe follow-up in LDKT recipients with prior resolved HBV infection."	( Safety of Monitoring Viral and Liver Function Markers in Patients With Prior Resolved Hepatitis B Infection After Kidney Transplantation. Chikaraishi, T; Imai, N; Kawarazaki, H; Koitabashi, K; Maekawa, H; Nakazawa, R; Sasaki, H; Shibagaki, Y; Yazawa, M, )
" The incidence of serious adverse events was low and unrelated to the study medications."	( Efficacy and safety of entecavir versus lamivudine over 5 years of treatment: A randomized controlled trial in Korean patients with hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B. Byun, KS; Heo, J; Kim, BH; Kim, D; Kim, DJ; Kim, TH; Kweon, YO; Lee, HJ; Lee, KS; Lee, MS; Lee, YS; Lim, YS; Paik, SW; Suh, DJ; Um, SH; Yu, K, 2017)
"Entecavir (ETV) is effective and safe antiviral agent against hepatitis B virus (HBV) in clinical and real-world setting but, most studies were performed in single institute or have limitation in patient's number."	( Large-scale surveillance study of the safety and effectiveness of entecavir in Korean patients with chronic hepatitis B. Kim, CS; Kim, CW; Kim, HY; Lee, CD; Lee, HJ; Llamoso, C; Yu, K, 2018)
" For the safety assessment, investigators recorded the occurrence of observed and patient-reported adverse events (AEs), as well as laboratory abnormalities."	( Large-scale surveillance study of the safety and effectiveness of entecavir in Korean patients with chronic hepatitis B. Kim, CS; Kim, CW; Kim, HY; Lee, CD; Lee, HJ; Llamoso, C; Yu, K, 2018)
"57%), and 67 adverse drug reactions in 54 cases (1."	( Large-scale surveillance study of the safety and effectiveness of entecavir in Korean patients with chronic hepatitis B. Kim, CS; Kim, CW; Kim, HY; Lee, CD; Lee, HJ; Llamoso, C; Yu, K, 2018)
" Death, acute pancreatitis, lactic acidosis and kidney function impairment were considered as major adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of long-term entecavir therapy in a European population. Belci, P; Collo, A; Durazzo, M; Fagoonee, S; Gariglio, V; Loreti, L; Magistroni, P; Parise, R, 2018)
" No major adverse events were recorded."	( Efficacy and safety of long-term entecavir therapy in a European population. Belci, P; Collo, A; Durazzo, M; Fagoonee, S; Gariglio, V; Loreti, L; Magistroni, P; Parise, R, 2018)
" Finally, ETV is a safe drug, substantially free of major side effects."	( Efficacy and safety of long-term entecavir therapy in a European population. Belci, P; Collo, A; Durazzo, M; Fagoonee, S; Gariglio, V; Loreti, L; Magistroni, P; Parise, R, 2018)
"Recent toxicological assessments of graphene, graphene oxides, and some other two-dimensional (2D) materials have shown them to be substantially toxic at the nanoscale, where they inhibit and eventually disrupt biological processes."	( Gauging the Nanotoxicity of h2D-C Bhattacharyya, K; Datta, A; Mukhopadhyay, TK, 2018)
"Many small-interfering (si)RNAs are toxic to cancer cells through a 6mer seed sequence (positions 2-7 of the guide strand)."	( 6mer seed toxicity in tumor suppressive microRNAs. Bartom, ET; Chen, S; Gao, QQ; Hafner, M; Murmann, AE; Peter, JM; Peter, ME; Putzbach, WE; Sarshad, AA, 2018)
"Subconjunctival blank and penciclovir-impregnated implants were well tolerated at the ocular surface and not associated with systemic toxicity, adverse effect, or appreciable plasma penciclovir concentrations."	( Pilot Study of the Safety and Tolerability of a Subconjunctival Penciclovir Implant in Cats Experimentally Infected with Herpesvirus. Covert, JC; Kado-Fong, H; Kass, PH; Kon, LN; Lappin, MR; Maggs, DJ; Margulies, BJ; Reilly, CM; Thomasy, SM, )
" None of our patients reported NUCs-related complications or adverse effects."	( Entecavir and other nucleos(t)ide analogs prophylaxis in hepatitis B virus-related liver transplantation: long-term efficacy and safety. Akroof, K; Darweesh, SK; ElLatif, ZA; Gad, AA, 2019)
"ETV and other NUCs were effective and safe as a long-term prophylaxis of HBV recurrence after LTx, leading to a good graft function."	( Entecavir and other nucleos(t)ide analogs prophylaxis in hepatitis B virus-related liver transplantation: long-term efficacy and safety. Akroof, K; Darweesh, SK; ElLatif, ZA; Gad, AA, 2019)
" Entecavir and tenofovir were safe and well tolerated, while treatment with telbivudine was associated with development of myopathy in 13% of cases."	( Efficacy and safety of long-term therapy with nucleos(t)ide analogues in chronic hepatitis B. Abdurakhmanov, DT; Ibragimov, EK; Moiseev, SV; Nikulkina, EN; Odintsov, AV; Panevkina, SV; Rozina, TP; Tanaschuk, EL, 2019)
" However, less attention has been put on their adverse events."	( Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis for Assessing Adverse Effects of Anti-hepatitis B Drugs. Ji, J; Jia, Y; Shen, Y; Xun, P; Zhou, J, 2019)
" Poisson-prior-based Bayesian NMA was performed to synthesize both direct and indirect evidence with reporting hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% credible intervals (CrIs) for serious adverse events (SAEs) and hepatic/renal impairments."	( Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis for Assessing Adverse Effects of Anti-hepatitis B Drugs. Ji, J; Jia, Y; Shen, Y; Xun, P; Zhou, J, 2019)
"The combination of hepatitis B virus RNA and hepatitis B core-related antigen performed satisfactorily in predicting clinical relapse and hepatitis B surface antigen loss after stopping nucleos(t)ide analogue treatment among noncirrhotic hepatitis B e antigen-positive patients with chronic hepatitis B and could be used to guide safe discontinuation."	( Combining Hepatitis B Virus RNA and Hepatitis B Core-Related Antigen: Guidance for Safely Stopping Nucleos(t)ide Analogues in Hepatitis B e Antigen-Positive Patients With Chronic Hepatitis B. Bai, X; Chen, X; Fan, R; Hou, J; Niu, J; Peng, J; Ren, H; Sheng, J; Sun, J; Tan, D; Tang, H; Wang, H; Wang, M; Wu, Y; Xie, Q; Xu, M; Zhou, B, 2020)
" In addition, the number of adverse events was significantly reduced by ETV plus Tα1, compared to ETV alone (RR = 0."	( The clinical efficacy and adverse effects of Entecavir plus Thymosin alpha-1 combination therapy versus Entecavir Monotherapy in HBV-related cirrhosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Chen, JH; Hou, M; Li, B; Li, C; Peng, D; Wang, XF; Xing, HY, 2020)
"ETV plus Tα1 might lead to a higher clinical response and a lower comprehensive adverse reaction rate in HBV-related patients with cirrhosis, compared to ETV alone."	( The clinical efficacy and adverse effects of Entecavir plus Thymosin alpha-1 combination therapy versus Entecavir Monotherapy in HBV-related cirrhosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Chen, JH; Hou, M; Li, B; Li, C; Peng, D; Wang, XF; Xing, HY, 2020)
" No drug-related adverse events were observed within a 48-week observation period."	( The 48-week safety and therapeutic effects of tenofovir alafenamide in hbv-related acute-on-chronic liver failure: A prospective cohort study. Lai, J; Li, J; Li, X; Peng, L; Shu, X; Xie, C; Xie, J; Xu, W; Zhang, Y; Zhu, X, 2021)
" The treatment using NAs was well-tolerated and there was no serious drug-related adverse event reported."	( Short-term and long-term safety and efficacy of tenofovir alafenamide, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and entecavir treatment of acute-on-chronic liver failure associated with hepatitis B. Chen, T; Chen, Y; Fu, M; Fu, S; Gao, Z; He, Y; Hu, C; Li, J; Liu, J; Yan, T; Yang, Y; Zhang, R; Zhao, Y; Zhou, M, 2021)
"ETV, TDF, and TAF were safe antiviral agents and showed similar antiviral effect for CHB at 48 weeks."	( Real-World Single-Center Comparison of the Safety and Efficacy of Entecavir, Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate, and Tenofovir Alafenamide in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B. Jeong, S; Kim, HI; Shin, HP, 2022)
" The safety endpoints were the incidence of HBV virologic breakthrough and adverse events."	( The efficacy and safety of tacrolimus and entecavir combination therapy in the treatment of hepatitis B virus-associated glomerulonephritis: a multi-center, placebo controlled, and single-blind randomized trial. Hou, JH; Li, RZ; Li, ZL; Liu, DL; Xie, BY; Xie, XF; Xu, LX; Ye, ZM; Zhang, L; Zhang, WH, 2022)
" 10 patients occurred adverse reaction, most of them were mild, and all recovered or achieved remission."	( Efficacy and safety of Fuzheng Huayu tablet on persistent advanced liver fibrosis following 2 years entecavir treatment: A single arm clinical objective performance criteria trial. Huang, JQ; Jiang, XG; Li, XD; Liang, J; Liu, CH; Liu, P; Lv, YH; Sun, KW; Xie, Q; Xing, HC; Zhang, B; Zhang, KJ; Zhang, W; Zhang, Y; Zhang, YX; Zhao, ZM; Zhu, CW; Zong, YL, 2022)
"The combination therapy of FZHY, TCM granules and ETV could regress the liver fibrosis in the patients with HBV cirrhosis, who experienced 2 years of ETV treatment, and it is safe and well tolerated."	( Efficacy and safety of Fuzheng Huayu tablet on persistent advanced liver fibrosis following 2 years entecavir treatment: A single arm clinical objective performance criteria trial. Huang, JQ; Jiang, XG; Li, XD; Liang, J; Liu, CH; Liu, P; Lv, YH; Sun, KW; Xie, Q; Xing, HC; Zhang, B; Zhang, KJ; Zhang, W; Zhang, Y; Zhang, YX; Zhao, ZM; Zhu, CW; Zong, YL, 2022)

Excerpt	Reference
" Furthermore, there was no evidence that dose significantly affected any individual pharmacokinetic parameter."	( The tolerance to and pharmacokinetics of penciclovir (BRL 39,123A), a novel antiherpes agent, administered by intravenous infusion to healthy subjects. Fowles, SE; Pierce, DM; Prince, WT; Staniforth, D, 1992)
" This report is concerned with the pharmacokinetic evaluation of the drug in rats and monkeys and its antiviral activity in African green monkeys infected with simian varicella virus (SVV), a virus closely related to varicella-zoster virus that is also susceptible to inhibition by (+/-)2HM-HBG."	( Pharmacokinetics and antiviral activity in simian varicella virus-infected monkeys of (R,S)-9-[4-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl) butyl]guanine, an anti-varicella-zoster virus drug. Abele, G; Datema, R; Lake-Bakaar, DM; Lindborg, B; Soike, KF, 1988)
" Total body clearance (Cltot) and half-life are dependent on renal function as evaluated by estimated creatinine clearance (Clcr)."	( Overview of acyclovir pharmacokinetic disposition in adults and children. Blum, MR; de Miranda, P; Liao, SH, 1982)
"Data are reported from three step-wise pharmacokinetic studies in 43 patients who received acyclovir."	( Pharmacokinetics of acyclovir in humans following intravenous administration. A model for the development of parenteral antivirals. Barton, N; Blum, MR; de Miranda, P; Whitley, RJ, 1982)
"The pharmacokinetic disposition of acyclovir was studied in six patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) and anuria."	( Influence of hemodialysis on acyclovir pharmacokinetics in patients with chronic renal failure. de Miranda, P; Krasny, HC; Laskin, OL; Liao, SH; Lietman, PS; Whelton, A, 1982)
"05), and an 18% increase in the terminal plasma half-life (2."	( Effects of probenecid on the pharmacokinetics and elimination of acyclovir in humans. de Miranda, P; King, DH; Laskin, OL; Lietman, PS; Longstreth, JA; Page, DA; Rocco, L, 1982)
" The plasma acyclovir concentration-time curves generated from oral (capsule and gavage) data were fit to a one-compartment open pharmacokinetic model."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of acyclovir in the dog. Blum, MR; de Miranda, P; Elion, GB; Krasny, HC, 1981)
" A pharmacokinetic model incorporating separate compartments for O6BG and the O6-benzyl-8-oxoguanine metabolite, first-order conversion of O6BG to the metabolite, and additional first-order elimination rate constants for each compound, was simultaneously fitted to the parent drug and metabolite plasma concentration time data."	( Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid pharmacokinetics of O6-benzylguanine and time course of peripheral blood mononuclear cell O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase inhibition in the nonhuman primate. Balis, FM; Berg, SL; Cole, DE; Gerson, SL; Godwin, K; Liu, L, 1995)
"The pharmacokinetic profile of penciclovir was determined after a single 500-mg dose of its oral precursor, famciclovir, in 9 healthy volunteers and in 14 patients with chronic hepatic disease."	( Pharmacokinetics of famciclovir in subjects with chronic hepatic disease. Audet, PR; Boike, SC; Fairless, A; Freed, MI; Ilson, BE; Jorkasky, DK; Pue, M; Zariffa, N, 1994)
" The possibility of a pharmacokinetic interaction between the anti-viral agent, famciclovir and allopurinol has been investigated in twelve healthy male volunteers following a single oral dose of famciclovir (500 mg) in the presence and absence of steady-state levels of allopurinol (300 mg)."	( Lack of a pharmacokinetic interaction between oral famciclovir and allopurinol in healthy volunteers. Fowles, SE; Laroche, J; Pratt, SK; Prince, WT, 1994)
" Plasma and urine concentrations of penciclovir and its 6-deoxy precursor, BRL 42359, were determined and penciclovir plasma concentration-time data submitted to model-independent pharmacokinetic analysis."	( Linear pharmacokinetics of penciclovir following administration of single oral doses of famciclovir 125, 250, 500 and 750 mg to healthy volunteers. Fairless, AJ; Fowles, S; Georgiou, P; Laroche, J; Pratt, SK; Prince, W; Pue, MA, 1994)
" To prepare O6-benzylguanine for clinical trials and to determine the availability and disposition of O6-benzyl-7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (O6-benzyl-8-oxoguanine), its major metabolite, pharmacokinetic parameters of these compounds were investigated in male Sprague-Dawley rats."	( Pharmacokinetics of O6-benzylguanine in rats and its metabolism by rat liver microsomes. Dolan, ME; Gupta, E; Roy, SK, 1995)
" Similar pharmacokinetic profiles for DXG were observed following either route of administration in serum, liver and brain."	( Biotransformation and pharmacokinetics of prodrug 9-(beta-D-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)-2-aminopurine and its antiviral metabolite 9-(beta-D-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)guanine in mice. Boudinot, FD; Chu, CK; Manouilov, KK; Manouilova, LS; Schinazi, RF, 1997)
" infusion over 10 minutes for 5 days, repeated every 3 weeks, was conducted to evaluate the maximum tolerated dose, pharmacokinetic profile, and antitumor activity of the drug using this schedule."	( A phase I and pharmacokinetic study of LY231514, the multitargeted antifolate. Abrahams, T; Adams, L; Bailey, NP; Calvert, AH; Cassidy, J; Kaye, SB; Lind, MJ; McCarthy, S; McDonald, AC; Siddiqui, N; Twelves, CJ; Vasey, PA; Walling, J; Woodworth, JR, 1998)
" We investigated the pharmacokinetic behavior of O6BG and O6-benzyl-8-oxoguanine (8-oxo-O6BG) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma after intraventricular administration of O6BG in a nonhuman primate model."	( Pharmacokinetics of O6-benzylguanine and its active metabolite 8-oxo-O6-benzylguanine in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid after intrathecal administration of O6-benzylguanine in the nonhuman primate. Balis, FM; Berg, SL; Godwin, K; McCully, CL; Murry, DJ, 1998)
"The pharmacokinetic parameters of peldesine (BCX-34) were investigated after single and multiple oral doses in two groups of healthy adult volunteers."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of peldesine (BCX-34), a purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitor, following single and multiple oral doses in healthy volunteers. Kisicki, J; Omura, GA; Stoltz, RR; Viegas, TX, 2000)
" Plasma concentration-time data were analyzed by nonlinear mixed-effect modeling using NONMEM to estimate pemetrexed disodium pharmacokinetic parameters (mean, and between- and within-patient variability) as well as relationships between the pharmacokinetic parameters and various patient-specific factors (demographic and physiologic data)."	( Population pharmacokinetics of pemetrexed disodium (ALIMTA) in patients with cancer. Johnson, RD; Lalonde, RL; Ouellet, D; Periclou, AP; Woodworth, JR, 2000)
" In conclusion, population pharmacokinetic modeling revealed relationships between pharmacokinetic parameters and various patient specific factors."	( Population pharmacokinetics of pemetrexed disodium (ALIMTA) in patients with cancer. Johnson, RD; Lalonde, RL; Ouellet, D; Periclou, AP; Woodworth, JR, 2000)
" The half-life of MTA in the peritoneal fluid after intraperitoneal infusion was approximately 2 hours."	( Multi-targeted antifolate (MTA): pharmacokinetics of intraperitoneal administration in a rat model. Pestieau, SR; Stuart, OA; Sugarbaker, PH, 2000)
" Pharmacokinetic values are derived from cancer patients participating in a phase I trial (10 or 20 mg/m2 of O6-benzylguanine in a single bolus dose or 10 to 120 mg/m2 as a 60-min constant infusion)."	( Pharmacokinetics of O6-benzylguanine (NSC637037) and its metabolite, 8-oxo-O6-benzylguanine. Boczko, EM; Gerson, SL; Hoppel, CL; Ingalls, ST; Li, X; Majka, S; Spiro, TP; Tserng, KY; Willson, JK, 2003)
"This phase I and pharmacokinetic study of pemetrexed in combination with oxaliplatin was performed to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), and to evaluate safety and pharmacokinetics in patients with metastatic solid tumors."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of the multitargeted antifolate pemetrexed in combination with oxaliplatin in patients with advanced solid tumors. Bozec, L; Campone, M; Delaloge, S; Fumoleau, P; Gamelin, E; Latz, JE; Misset, JL, 2004)
"To report the results of the first pharmacokinetic study in pediatric patients of O(6)-benzylguanine (O(6)BG), which irreversibly inactivates the DNA repair protein alkylguanine-alkyltransferase, thus enhancing the cytotoxicity of nitrosoureas."	( Pharmacokinetics of O(6)-benzylguanine in pediatric patients with central nervous system tumors: a pediatric oncology group study. Adams, D; Aleksic, A; Berg, S; Bernstein, M; Blaney, S; Neville, K; Thompson, P, 2004)
" Serial blood samples for plasma pharmacokinetic studies were obtained."	( Pharmacokinetics of O(6)-benzylguanine in pediatric patients with central nervous system tumors: a pediatric oncology group study. Adams, D; Aleksic, A; Berg, S; Bernstein, M; Blaney, S; Neville, K; Thompson, P, 2004)
" The peak concentration of O(6)BG (mean +/- SD) was 11 +/- 4 microm, and the peak concentration of its active metabolite, 8-oxo-O(6)BG, was 35 +/- 10 microm."	( Pharmacokinetics of O(6)-benzylguanine in pediatric patients with central nervous system tumors: a pediatric oncology group study. Adams, D; Aleksic, A; Berg, S; Bernstein, M; Blaney, S; Neville, K; Thompson, P, 2004)
" In contrast, the terminal half-life for the active metabolite, 8-oxo-O(6)BG, is 4-fold longer."	( Pharmacokinetics of O(6)-benzylguanine in pediatric patients with central nervous system tumors: a pediatric oncology group study. Adams, D; Aleksic, A; Berg, S; Bernstein, M; Blaney, S; Neville, K; Thompson, P, 2004)
" Pharmacokinetic analyses of plasma gemcitabine and pemetrexed concentrations were performed."	( A phase IB study of the pharmacokinetics of gemcitabine and pemetrexed, when administered in rapid sequence to patients with advanced solid tumors. Adjei, AA; Alberts, SR; Atherton, PJ; Burch, PA; Dy, GK; Erlichman, C; Goldberg, RM; Hanson, LJ; Pitot, HC; Reid, JM; Rubin, J; Sloan, JA; Suri, A, 2005)
" There was no pharmacokinetic interaction between the two drugs."	( A phase IB study of the pharmacokinetics of gemcitabine and pemetrexed, when administered in rapid sequence to patients with advanced solid tumors. Adjei, AA; Alberts, SR; Atherton, PJ; Burch, PA; Dy, GK; Erlichman, C; Goldberg, RM; Hanson, LJ; Pitot, HC; Reid, JM; Rubin, J; Sloan, JA; Suri, A, 2005)
"The objectives of these analyses were to (1) develop a semimechanistic-physiologic population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model to describe neutropenic response to pemetrexed and to (2) identify influential covariates with respect to pharmacodynamic response."	( A semimechanistic-physiologic population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model for neutropenia following pemetrexed therapy. Ghosh, A; Johnson, RD; Karlsson, MO; Latz, JE; Rusthoven, JJ, 2006)
"The objectives of these population pharmacokinetic analyses were to (1) assess the overall disposition of pemetrexed, (2) characterize between-patient and within-patient variability and identify influential covariates with respect to pemetrexed pharmacokinetics; and, (3) provide individual empirical Bayesian estimates of pharmacokinetic parameters for use in a subsequent pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic evaluation of neutropenia following pemetrexed administration."	( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of ten phase II clinical trials of pemetrexed in cancer patients. Chaudhary, A; Ghosh, A; Johnson, RD; Latz, JE, 2006)
"Data from 287 patients who received 441 cycles without folic acid or vitamin B12 supplementation during participation in one of ten phase II cancer trials were evaluated by population pharmacokinetic analysis using NONMEM."	( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of ten phase II clinical trials of pemetrexed in cancer patients. Chaudhary, A; Ghosh, A; Johnson, RD; Latz, JE, 2006)
" Since pharmacodynamic analyses have shown that AUC and not C (max) is the primary determinant of neutropenic response to pemetrexed, this suggests that dose adjustments based on renal function, rather than body surface area, might be considered for pemetrexed."	( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of ten phase II clinical trials of pemetrexed in cancer patients. Chaudhary, A; Ghosh, A; Johnson, RD; Latz, JE, 2006)
"Pemetrexed disappearance from plasma was best described by a two compartment model with a mean distribution half-life of 13."	( Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid pharmacokinetics of pemetrexed after intravenous administration in non-human primates. Ames, MM; Blaney, SM; Dauser, R; McGovern, RM; McGuffey, L; Nuchtern, J; Reid, JM; Stapleton, SL; Thompson, PA, 2007)
" Blood and urine samples were collected for pharmacokinetic analyses."	( Entecavir pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability after multiple ascending doses in healthy subjects. Bifano, M; Grasela, DM; LaCreta, F; Olsen, S; Smith, RA; Yan, JH; Zhang, D, 2006)
" The study also sought to detect major pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions between these agents and preliminary evidence of antitumor activity in patients with advanced solid malignancies."	( A phase I and pharmacokinetic study of pemetrexed plus irinotecan in patients with advanced solid malignancies. Beeram, M; Chu, Q; De Bono, J; Forouzesh, B; Hammond, LA; Hong, S; John, W; Latz, JE; Nguyen, B; Rowinsky, EK; Schwartz, G, 2007)
" No major pharmacokinetic interactions between the agents were evident."	( A phase I and pharmacokinetic study of pemetrexed plus irinotecan in patients with advanced solid malignancies. Beeram, M; Chu, Q; De Bono, J; Forouzesh, B; Hammond, LA; Hong, S; John, W; Latz, JE; Nguyen, B; Rowinsky, EK; Schwartz, G, 2007)
" The pharmacokinetic profile of GBP was examined."	( The effect of MDR1 G2677T/A polymorphism on pharmacokinetics of gabapentin in healthy Korean subjects. Cho, HY; Kang, HA; Lee, YB, 2007)
"We report results of a phase I trial and pharmacokinetic study of pemetrexed (LY231514) in children and adolescents with refractory solid tumors."	( Phase I trial and pharmacokinetic study of pemetrexed in children with refractory solid tumors: the Children's Oncology Group. Adamson, PC; Ames, MM; Blaney, SM; Ingle, AM; Krailo, M; Malempati, S; McGovern, R; Melemed, AS; Nicholson, HS; Reid, JM; Safgren, S; Stork, LC, 2007)
" Pharmacokinetic studies were performed during the first course of treatment."	( Phase I trial and pharmacokinetic study of pemetrexed in children with refractory solid tumors: the Children's Oncology Group. Adamson, PC; Ames, MM; Blaney, SM; Ingle, AM; Krailo, M; Malempati, S; McGovern, R; Melemed, AS; Nicholson, HS; Reid, JM; Safgren, S; Stork, LC, 2007)
" Pharmacokinetic assessments were performed on days 4 and 24 for adefovir and on days 14 and 24 for entecavir."	( Absence of a pharmacokinetic interaction between entecavir and adefovir. Bifano, M; Grasela, DM; LaCreta, F; Smith, RA; Yan, JH; Zhang, D, 2007)
"The purpose of this study was to investigate the utility of plasma pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic measures including plasma deoxynucleosides, homocysteine and methylmalonic acid concentrations in understanding the time course and extent of the inhibition of thymidylate synthase (TS) by pemetrexed in the context of a phase I/II combination study with vinorelbine."	( Pemetrexed pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in a phase I/II study of doublet chemotherapy with vinorelbine: implications for further optimisation of pemetrexed schedules. Clarke, SJ; Li, KM; Rivory, LP, 2007)
" The pemetrexed pharmacokinetic results were consistent with those from previous single-agent pemetrexed studies and a previous study of pemetrexed in combination with cisplatin."	( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of platinum derived from cisplatin administered alone and with pemetrexed in head and neck cancer patients. Ciuleanu, T; Darstein, CL; Latz, JE; Musib, LC; Specenier, PM; Vermorken, JB, 2009)
" As Cmax is a determinant of pemetrexed toxicity, intrapleural administration might offer a means of widening the effective therapeutic index of the drug by improving tolerability."	( Intrapleural administration of pemetrexed: a pharmacokinetic study in an animal model. Astoul, P; Bouvenot, J; Coltel, N; Devictor-Pierre, B; Fraticelli, A; Greillier, L; Lamarche, G; Monjanel-Mouterde, S, 2009)
"The enhanced hematologic toxicity resulting from combining O(6)BG with temozolomide does not appear to be the result of a pharmacokinetic interaction between the agents."	( Pharmacokinetics of temozolomide administered in combination with O6-benzylguanine in children and adolescents with refractory solid tumors. Aikin, AA; Balis, FM; Cole, DE; Fox, E; Meany, HJ; Warren, KE, 2009)
" Pharmacodynamic separation by intermittent delivery of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors with chemotherapy may increase efficacy by overcoming hypothesized antagonism."	( Intermittent erlotinib in combination with pemetrexed: phase I schedules designed to achieve pharmacodynamic separation. Beckett, L; Davies, AM; Gandara, DR; Ho, C; Lara, PN; Lau, D; Perkins, N; Scudder, SA, 2009)
" The concentrations of penciclovir declined in a biphasic manner after the peak concentration was attained."	( Pharmacokinetics of penciclovir after oral administration of its prodrug famciclovir to horses. Kondo, T; Kurosawa, M; Matsumura, T; Nagata, S; Nemoto, M; Tsujimura, K; Yamada, M; Yamanaka, T, 2010)
" Seventeen infants were included in the pharmacokinetic analysis; one infant experienced immediate emesis and was excluded."	( Single-dose pharmacokinetics of famciclovir in infants and population pharmacokinetic analysis in infants and children. Blumer, J; Hamed, K; Kaiser, G; Rodriguez, A; Sallas, W; Sánchez, PJ, 2010)
" Blood samples were collected and determined for pharmacokinetic analyses."	( Food effect on the pharmacokinetics of entecavir from dispersible tablets following oral administration in healthy Chinese volunteers. Davey, AK; He, Y; Liu, F; Wang, JP; Yang, J; Zhang, QH, 2010)
" The developed assay method was applied to a clinical pharmacokinetic study in human volunteers."	( Determination of penciclovir in human plasma by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry: application to a clinical pharmacokinetic study. Bhatt, PA; Bhavesh, D; Kanneti, R; Paramar, D; Shivaprakash, R, 2011)
" The objectives were to identify significant and clinically meaningful covariate effects on entecavir population pharmacokinetic parameters and assess whether differences exist between Japanese and non-Japanese patients."	( Pooled model-based approach to compare the pharmacokinetics of entecavir between Japanese and non-Japanese chronic hepatitis B patients. Bifano, M; Hiraoka, M; Ishikawa, H; Pfister, M; Roy, A; Sakurai, T; Seriu, T; Yoshitsugu, H, 2011)
"This article focuses on all of the currently published pharmacokinetic data of pemetrexed reviewing a number of different scenarios and patient populations."	( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of pemetrexed. Sørensen, JB, 2011)
" The aim of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetic differences after single oral administrations of the free base and maleate formulations of LB80380 in healthy male subjects."	( Pharmacokinetic comparison of the maleate and free base formulations of LB80380, a novel nucleotide analog, in healthy male volunteers. Huh, W; Jung, JA; Kim, JR; Kim, SR; Kim, TE; Ko, JW; Lee, SY, 2012)
"Pretreatment with glycyrrhizin resulted in no significant alterations in the main pharmacokinetic parameters of ETV in the short-term and long-term administration experiments."	( Effect of diammonium glycyrrhizinate on entecavir pharmacokinetics in rats. Hao, HP; Hao, K; Li, FY; Wang, GJ; Yan, TT, 2013)
" The validated method was used for a pharmacokinetic study of entecavir in rats and dogs."	( A validated method for quantifying entecavir in biological matrices and its application in a pharmacokinetic study in rats and dogs. Huang, X; Jiang, ZZ; Tang, WW; Xiao, Y; Zhang, LY; Zhang, ZJ, 2013)
" The pharmacokinetic study showed a significant inverse correlation between the AUC of pemetrexed and the creatinine clearance."	( Dose escalation and pharmacokinetic study of carboplatin plus pemetrexed for elderly patients with advanced nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer: Kumamoto thoracic oncology study group trial 1002. Akaike, K; Fujii, S; Hamada, A; Hirosako, S; Iriki, T; Kishi, H; Kohrogi, H; Nakamura, K; Notsute, D; Saeki, S; Sakata, S; Saruwatari, K; Sasaki, J; Sato, R; Tanaka, H, 2015)
" The in vitro to in vivo extrapolation approach used in this work was developed to predict possible drug-drug interactions (DDIs) that may occur after coadministration of pemetrexed and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and it included in vitro assays, risk assessment models, and physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models."	( Prediction of renal transporter mediated drug-drug interactions for pemetrexed using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling. Bacon, JA; Hall, SD; Higgins, JW; Hillgren, KM; Kim, RB; Pak, YA; Posada, MM; Schneck, KB; Tirona, RG, 2015)
"Data from recent clinical trials were used to develop a population pharmacokinetic (PPK) model, which allowed us to estimate entecavir exposures in children and compare them to ranges known to be efficacious in adults."	( Using Population Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Analyses of Entecavir in Pediatric Subjects to Simplify Dosing Recommendations. Bertz, R; Bifano, M; Chan, P; LaCreta, F; Mould, DR; Reynolds, L; Tarif, MA, 2016)
"OBJECTIVES To determine, following oral administration of famciclovir, pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters for 2 of its metabolites (penciclovir and BRL42359) in plasma and tears of healthy cats so that famciclovir dosage recommendations for the treatment of herpetic disease can be optimized."	( Pharmacokinetic modeling of penciclovir and BRL42359 in the plasma and tears of healthy cats to optimize dosage recommendations for oral administration of famciclovir. Knych, HK; Maggs, DJ; Sebbag, L; Thomasy, SM; Woodward, AP, 2016)
" We reviewed the pharmacokinetic characteristics of LB80380 and discussed its role in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B infection."	( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of besifovir for the treatment of HBV infection. Lai, CL; Mak, LY; Seto, WK; Yuen, MF, 2018)
" The ETV-HQD group exhibited a decrease in the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), and a delay in time to achieve Cmax (tmax) following single- and multi-dose administrations, and decreased area under the concentration- time curve (AUC0–t) following single dosing."	( [Effect of Huangqi decoction on entecavir pharmacokinetics in rat plasma]. Li, YY; Liu, P; Ma, YM; Zeng, JK; Zhang, H; Zhang, XY, 2016)
" Subjects received a single oral dose of besifovir dipivoxil 150 mg, and serial blood and urine samples were collected for up to 72 hours after dosing to assess the pharmacokinetic characteristics of besifovir."	( Influence of Renal Function on the Single-Dose Pharmacokinetics of Besifovir, a Novel Antiviral Agent for theTreatment of Hepatitis B Virus Infection. Choi, YS; Han, JH; Hwang, JG; Kim, YK; Kwon, SK; Park, MK, 2022)

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"Rat gliomas of subcutaneously transplanted RGc-6 cells were irradiated with X-ray either alone, or combined with ACNU, and the cell-survival was assayed in vitro."	( [Effect of X-rays combined with ACNU and O6-ethylguanine on rat subcutaneous gliomas]. Katakura, R; Mashiyama, S; Sasaki, T; Suzuki, J; Takahashi, K; Yoshimoto, T, 1991)
"Guanine 7-N-oxide was shown to have synergistic activity in combination with neplanocin A against a rhabdovirus, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), as reported previously."	( The synergism of nucleoside antibiotics combined with guanine 7-N-oxide against a rhabdovirus, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV). Hasobe, M; Isono, K; Saneyoshi, M, 1986)
" The antiCMV activity of acyclovir in combination with human fibroblast interferon (IFN-beta), phosphonoformic acid (PFA), or trifluorothymidine (TFT) was therefore evaluated."	( Effects of acyclovir combined with other antiviral agents on human cytomegalovirus. Kelley, E; Spector, SA; Tyndall, M, 1982)
"The sensitivity of varicella zoster virus (VZV) strain Ellen to acyclovir in combination with other antiherpetic agents in vitro has been examined by the plaque-reduction and infectious center assay methods."	( Effect of acyclovir combined with other antiherpetic agents on varicella zoster virus in vitro. Biron, KK; Elion, GB, 1982)
" In some cases, cimetidine (70 mg/kg) was administered in combination with a 2-fold molar excess of sodium nitrite."	( Nondetection of O6-methylguanine in rat DNA following in vivo treatment with large doses of cimetidine alone or in combination with sodium nitrite. Hadjiloucas, E; Kyrtopoulos, SA; Vrotsou, B, 1982)
" 3TC and PCV are deoxycytidine and deoxyguanosine analogs, respectively, and their modes of action and how they interact are matters of both theoretical and practical interest."	( Synergistic inhibition of hepadnaviral replication by lamivudine in combination with penciclovir in vitro. Colledge, D; Locarnini, S; Shaw, T, 1997)
" The analysis of cell cycle indicated that the drug combination of TZM and PADPRP inhibitors provoked G1 arrest only in p53+ cells."	( Role of wild-type p53 on the antineoplastic activity of temozolomide alone or combined with inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. Benincasa, E; Bonmassar, E; Faraoni, I; Franco, D; Graziani, G; Lacal, PM; Tentori, L, 1998)
" This study was designed to (1) determine the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD), dose-limiting toxicities (DLT), and pharmacokinetics of MTA combined with cisplatin; (2) determine a recommended dose for phase II studies; and (3) collect anecdotal information on the antitumor activity of MTA combined with cisplatin."	( Clinical and pharmacokinetic phase I study of multitargeted antifolate (LY231514) in combination with cisplatin. Blatter, J; Depenbrock, H; Dumez, H; Hanauske, AR; Johnson, RD; Thödtmann, R; van Oosterom, A, 1999)
" AGT depleting agents in combination with methylating and chloroethylating agents are now in clinical testing, and may result in greater clinical efficacy in metastatic malignant melanoma."	( New cytotoxic agents for the treatment of metastatic malignant melanoma: temozolomide and related alkylating agents in combination with guanine analogues to abrogate drug resistance. Gerson, S; Liu, L; Spiro, T, )
" Therefore, we evaluated the anti-proliferative potential of MTA combined with drugs known to exert therapeutic activity against colon cancer, including 5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin, and SN38, the active metabolite of irinotecan."	( Pemetrexed disodium combined with oxaliplatin, SN38, or 5-fluorouracil, based on the quantitation of drug interactions in human HT29 colon cancer cells. Coudray, AM; De Gramont, A; Faivre, S; Gespach, C; Louvet, C; Raymond, E; Tournigand, C, 2002)
" With local delivery of O6BG, the MTD of BCNU in combination with O6BG was increased."	( Toxicity of intracranial and intraperitoneal O6-benzyl guanine in combination with BCNU delivered locally in a mouse model. Biser-Rohrbaugh, A; Bunton, TE; Carson, BS; Gabikian, P; Guarnieri, M; Tyler, BM; Weingart, J; Wu, QZ, 2002)
"This study was designed to test the efficacy of antiviral treatment with entecavir (ETV) in combination with DNA vaccines expressing duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) antigens as a therapy for persistent DHBV infection in ducks."	( Entecavir therapy combined with DNA vaccination for persistent duck hepatitis B virus infection. Colonno, RJ; Foster, WK; Jilbert, AR; Kotlarski, I; Marion, PL; Miller, DS, 2003)
" Several phase I/II trials of pemetrexed as a single agent or in combination with a platinum drug have demonstrated considerable activity in mesothelioma."	( Pemetrexed alone and in combination with platinum compounds in the management of malignant mesothelioma. Green, MR; Meyer, ML; Suwanrusme, H, 2004)
"This phase I and pharmacokinetic study of pemetrexed in combination with oxaliplatin was performed to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), and to evaluate safety and pharmacokinetics in patients with metastatic solid tumors."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of the multitargeted antifolate pemetrexed in combination with oxaliplatin in patients with advanced solid tumors. Bozec, L; Campone, M; Delaloge, S; Fumoleau, P; Gamelin, E; Latz, JE; Misset, JL, 2004)
" In this study, we investigated the anticancer activity of BGC9331 either alone or combined with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), MTA (multi-target antifolate), oxali-platin and SN-38, the active metabolite of the topoisomerase I inhibitor CPT-11."	( Increased anticancer activity of the thymidylate synthase inhibitor BGC9331 combined with the topoisomerase I inhibitor SN-38 in human colorectal and breast cancer cells: induction of apoptosis and ROCK cleavage through caspase-3-dependent and -independen André, T; Coudray, AM; De Gramont, A; Faivre, S; Gespach, C; Kornprobst, M; Larsen, AK; Louvet, C; Raymond, E; Tournigand, C, 2005)
" Furthermore, we show that a human haemopoietic cell line (K562) transduced with a retroviral vector encoding MGMT(P140K) is highly resistant to the cytotoxic effects of PaTrin-2 in combination with the methylating agent temozolomide, and that cells expressing MGMT(P140K) can be effectively enriched in vitro following challenge with this drug combination."	( The P140K mutant of human O(6)-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT) confers resistance in vitro and in vivo to temozolomide in combination with the novel MGMT inactivator O(6)-(4-bromothenyl)guanine. Fairbairn, LJ; Margison, GP; Milsom, MD; Southgate, TD; Woolford, LB, 2006)
"Patients received pemetrexed 500 mg/m2 alone or in combination with cisplatin 75 mg/m2 once every 21 days for > or = 6 cycles."	( Open-label study of pemetrexed alone or in combination with cisplatin for the treatment of patients with peritoneal mesothelioma: outcomes of an expanded access program. Ashland, J; Belani, CP; Jänne, PA; Keohan, ML; Mintzer, DM; Monberg, MJ; Obasaju, CK; Polikoff, JA; Ross, HJ; Taylor, L; Wozniak, AJ; Ye, Z, 2005)
" The main aims of this phase I trial were to determine an ATase-depleting dose (ADD) of lomeguatrib, a potent pseudosubstrate inhibitor, and to define a suitable dose of temozolomide to be used in combination with lomeguatrib in patients with advanced cancer."	( Lomeguatrib, a potent inhibitor of O6-alkylguanine-DNA-alkyltransferase: phase I safety, pharmacodynamic, and pharmacokinetic trial and evaluation in combination with temozolomide in patients with advanced solid tumors. Bridgewater, J; Dawson, M; Donnelly, D; Gumbrell, L; Halbert, G; Jowle, D; Lee, SM; Margison, GP; McElhinney, RS; McGrath, H; McMurry, TB; Middleton, MR; Ranson, M; Waller, S, 2006)
"Lomeguatrib was administered at dose levels of 10 to 40 mg/m2 days 1 to 5, as a single agent, and also in combination with temozolomide."	( Lomeguatrib, a potent inhibitor of O6-alkylguanine-DNA-alkyltransferase: phase I safety, pharmacodynamic, and pharmacokinetic trial and evaluation in combination with temozolomide in patients with advanced solid tumors. Bridgewater, J; Dawson, M; Donnelly, D; Gumbrell, L; Halbert, G; Jowle, D; Lee, SM; Margison, GP; McElhinney, RS; McGrath, H; McMurry, TB; Middleton, MR; Ranson, M; Waller, S, 2006)
" Three MMR-proficient melanoma cell clones with low or no MGMT activity were treated daily for 5 days with 50 micromol/l TMZ, alone or in combination with 5 micromol/l BG."	( A single cycle of treatment with temozolomide, alone or combined with O(6)-benzylguanine, induces strong chemoresistance in melanoma cell clones in vitro: role of O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase and the mismatch repair system. Alvino, E; Bonmassar, E; Caporali, S; Caporaso, P; Castiglia, D; D'Atri, S; Fischer, F; Jiricny, J; Lacal, PM; Marra, G; Pepponi, R; Zambruno, G, 2006)
" Pemetrexed is the first and only chemotherapy agent that has been granted a marketing approval for use in combination with cisplatin for the treatment of chemo-naïve patients with unresectable MPM."	( Pemetrexed disodium in combination with cisplatin versus other cytotoxic agents or supportive care for the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma. Dickson, R; Dodd, S; Dundar, Y; Green, J; Walley, T, 2007)
"To examine evidence on the clinical effectiveness of pemetrexed disodium used in combination with cisplatin for the treatment of unresectable malignant pleural mesothelioma in chemotherapy naïve patients compared with other cytotoxic agents used alone or in combination, or supportive care."	( Pemetrexed disodium in combination with cisplatin versus other cytotoxic agents or supportive care for the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma. Dickson, R; Dodd, S; Dundar, Y; Green, J; Walley, T, 2007)
"Pemetrexed disodium in combination with cisplatin and with folic acid and vitamin B(12 )supplementation may improve survival when used in combination with cisplatin in good performance status patients."	( Pemetrexed disodium in combination with cisplatin versus other cytotoxic agents or supportive care for the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma. Dickson, R; Dodd, S; Dundar, Y; Green, J; Walley, T, 2007)
" In the present trial we investigated pemetrexed in combination with paclitaxel as front-line treatment in advanced or metastatic NSCLC."	( Pemetrexed combined with paclitaxel in patients with advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer: a phase I-II trial. Dimitroulis, J; Karaindros, D; Katis, C; Koutandos, J; Stathopoulos, GP; Stathopoulos, J; Toubis, M, 2007)
" Patients were treated every 21 days with pemetrexed 500 mg/m alone (n = 91) or in combination with cisplatin 75 mg/m (n = 96) for a maximum of six cycles."	( Pemetrexed alone or in combination with cisplatin in previously treated malignant pleural mesothelioma: outcomes from a phase IIIB expanded access program. Belani, CP; Jänne, PA; Keohan, ML; Mintzer, DM; Monberg, MJ; Obasaju, CK; Polikoff, JA; Ross, HJ; Wozniak, AJ; Ye, Z, 2006)
"The data from this EAP study suggest that patients with previously treated MPM can benefit from treatment with pemetrexed alone or in combination with cisplatin."	( Pemetrexed alone or in combination with cisplatin in previously treated malignant pleural mesothelioma: outcomes from a phase IIIB expanded access program. Belani, CP; Jänne, PA; Keohan, ML; Mintzer, DM; Monberg, MJ; Obasaju, CK; Polikoff, JA; Ross, HJ; Wozniak, AJ; Ye, Z, 2006)
" The schedule was pemetrexed 500 mg/m(2) in combination with carboplatin area under the curve 5, every 21 days."	( Phase II study of pemetrexed in combination with carboplatin in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM). Aitini, E; Alabiso, O; Botta, M; Buosi, R; Carbone, R; Castagneto, B; Degiovanni, D; Galbusera, V; Giaretto, L; Mencoboni, M; Muzio, A; Piccolini, E; Rebella, L; Serra, M; Spigno, F, 2008)
" These findings suggest that ETV treatment combined with post-exposure "prime-boost" vaccination induced immune responses that eliminated DHBV-infected hepatocytes and prevented the development of persistent DHBV infection."	( Antiviral therapy with entecavir combined with post-exposure "prime-boost" vaccination eliminates duck hepatitis B virus-infected hepatocytes and prevents the development of persistent infection. Boyle, D; Colonno, R; Feng, F; Jilbert, AR; Kotlarski, I; Miller, DS; Reaiche, GY, 2008)
"Pemetrexed in combination with cisplatin (Pem/Cis) is used globally for the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM)."	( Efficacy and safety of pemetrexed in combination with cisplatin for malignant pleural mesothelioma: a phase I/II study in Japanese patients. Adachi, S; Fukuoka, M; Gemba, K; Hida, T; Ichinose, Y; Kunitoh, H; Nakagawa, K; Nambu, Y; Saijo, N; Shinkai, T; Yamazaki, K, 2008)
" Limited pharmacokinetic profiling of PTK787/ZK222584 revealed no evidence of drug-drug interactions."	( A phase I trial of PTK787/ZK222584 in combination with pemetrexed and cisplatin in patients with advanced solid tumors. Berg, W; Freeman, B; Manno, P; Sharma, S; Symanowski, J; Turner, J; Vogelzang, N, 2009)
"This clinical trial assessed the efficacy of pemetrexed combined with oxaliplatin (PEMOX) in patients with advanced gastric cancer (AGC)."	( Pemetrexed in combination with oxaliplatin as a first-line therapy for advanced gastric cancer: a multi-institutional phase II study. Amoroso, V; Bajetta, E; Barone, C; Cascinu, S; Celio, L; Cetto, GL; Di Costanzo, F; La Torre, I; Labianca, R; Pinotti, G; Sternberg, CN, 2009)
" The goal of this study was to evaluate the anticancer effect of a histone deacetylase inhibitor, valproate, on mesothelioma cells in combination with pemetrexed and cisplatin, the usual first-line regimen of chemotherapy for this tumor."	( Valproate, in combination with pemetrexed and cisplatin, provides additional efficacy to the treatment of malignant mesothelioma. Burny, A; Delvenne, P; Grigoriu, B; Hubert, P; Mascaux, C; Scherpereel, A; Vandermeers, F; Willems, L, 2009)
" As expected, valproate alone or combined with pemetrexed and cisplatin triggers hyperacetylation of histone H3."	( Valproate, in combination with pemetrexed and cisplatin, provides additional efficacy to the treatment of malignant mesothelioma. Burny, A; Delvenne, P; Grigoriu, B; Hubert, P; Mascaux, C; Scherpereel, A; Vandermeers, F; Willems, L, 2009)
"These observations support the potential additional efficacy of valproate in combination with pemetrexed and cisplatin for treatment of malignant mesothelioma."	( Valproate, in combination with pemetrexed and cisplatin, provides additional efficacy to the treatment of malignant mesothelioma. Burny, A; Delvenne, P; Grigoriu, B; Hubert, P; Mascaux, C; Scherpereel, A; Vandermeers, F; Willems, L, 2009)
") in combination with pemetrexed."	( Phase Ib safety and pharmacokinetic evaluation of daily and twice daily oral enzastaurin in combination with pemetrexed in advanced/metastatic cancer. Giaccone, G; Graefe, T; Hanauske, AR; Kuenen, B; Lahn, M; McNealy, P; Musib, LC; Thornton, D; Weigang-Köhler, K; Yilmaz, E, 2009)
" This review outlines the current preclinical and clinical studies using pemetrexed in combination with targeted agents in advanced NSCLC."	( The role of pemetrexed combined with targeted agents for non-small cell lung cancer. Jassem, J; Konopa, K, 2010)
" Twenty-three patients experiencing progression following 6 months after concluding platinum-based chemotherapy were managed with second-line treatment with carboplatin combined with gemcitabine or pemetrexed."	( High response of second-line chemotherapy with pemetrexed or gemcitabine combined with carboplatin in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer experiencing progression following 6 months after concluding platinum-based chemotherapy. Arrieta, O; Astorga, A; Flores-Estrada, D; Martinez-Barrera, L; Michel Ortega, RM; Pachuca, D; Villarreal-Garza, C, 2011)
"An oral daily dose of 500 mg enzastaurin was administered once daily (QD) or twice daily (BID) in combination with 500 mg/m pemetrexed on day 1 in repeated 21-day cycles."	( A phase I study of enzastaurin combined with pemetrexed in advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Baldwin, JR; Koshiji, M; Kunitoh, H; Murakami, H; Nakamura, Y; Nokihara, H; Ohe, Y; Shukuya, T; Takahashi, T; Tamura, T; Tanai, C; Yamamoto, N, 2010)
"Both schedules of enzastaurin in combination with pemetrexed were well tolerated and clinically active in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer."	( A phase I study of enzastaurin combined with pemetrexed in advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Baldwin, JR; Koshiji, M; Kunitoh, H; Murakami, H; Nakamura, Y; Nokihara, H; Ohe, Y; Shukuya, T; Takahashi, T; Tamura, T; Tanai, C; Yamamoto, N, 2010)
" We investigated the activity of clevudine (CLV) in combination with other nucleoside/nucleotide analogues to determine if these combinations were compatible in vitro."	( Evaluation of the in vitro anti-HBV activity of clevudine in combination with other nucleoside/nucleotide inhibitors. Bao, H; Furman, PA; Korba, B; Micolochick Steuer, HM; Murakami, E; Niu, C; Tolstykh, T, 2010)
"Using the HepAD38 cell line, which expresses wild-type HBV, and a real-time PCR assay, we tested the anti-HBV activity of CLV in combination with entecavir, lamivudine, adefovir, tenofovir and telbivudine (TBV)."	( Evaluation of the in vitro anti-HBV activity of clevudine in combination with other nucleoside/nucleotide inhibitors. Bao, H; Furman, PA; Korba, B; Micolochick Steuer, HM; Murakami, E; Niu, C; Tolstykh, T, 2010)
"When CLV was combined with entecavir, lamivudine, adefovir or tenofovir, a synergistic antiviral effect was observed; however, the combination of CLV and TBV gave an antagonistic antiviral response."	( Evaluation of the in vitro anti-HBV activity of clevudine in combination with other nucleoside/nucleotide inhibitors. Bao, H; Furman, PA; Korba, B; Micolochick Steuer, HM; Murakami, E; Niu, C; Tolstykh, T, 2010)
" In this study, using an intrathoracic murine model of malignant mesothelioma (MM), we provide evidence suggesting that Treg blockade could enhance survival when combined with pemetrexed in established tumor."	( Synergistic antitumor effects of regulatory T cell blockade combined with pemetrexed in murine malignant mesothelioma. Anraku, M; de Perrot, M; Johnston, MR; Keshavjee, S; Tagawa, T; Wu, L; Yun, Z; Zhang, L, 2010)
"A phase I trial escalating doses of sorafenib in combination with fixed doses of PE (Arm A) or CbP (Arm B) was performed using a 3-patient cohort design to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and dose-limiting toxicities (DLT); DLT were assessed in the first cycle."	( A phase I trial of sorafenib combined with cisplatin/etoposide or carboplatin/pemetrexed in refractory solid tumor patients. Bernard, S; Chiu, M; Davies, JM; Dees, EC; Dhruva, NS; Hayes, DN; Hilbun, LR; Ivanova, A; Keller, K; Kim, WY; Socinski, MA; Stinchcombe, TE; Walko, CM, 2011)
"The MTD of sorafenib was 200 mg BID continuously in combination with carboplatin (AUC of 5) and pemetrexed 500 mg/m² every 3 weeks."	( A phase I trial of sorafenib combined with cisplatin/etoposide or carboplatin/pemetrexed in refractory solid tumor patients. Bernard, S; Chiu, M; Davies, JM; Dees, EC; Dhruva, NS; Hayes, DN; Hilbun, LR; Ivanova, A; Keller, K; Kim, WY; Socinski, MA; Stinchcombe, TE; Walko, CM, 2011)
"This phase I study evaluated the safety, tolerability, preliminary antitumor activity, and pharmacokinetic interaction of weekly topotecan (days 1 and 8) in combination with pemetrexed (day 1 only) in patients with advanced solid tumors."	( A phase I study of weekly topotecan in combination with pemetrexed in patients with advanced malignancies. Burris, HA; Greco, FA; Infante, JR; Jewell, RC; Jones, SF; Spigel, DR; Thompson, DS, 2010)
" We have performed a feasibility study to investigate the safety of sunitinib in combination with pemetrexed for treatment of advanced refractory solid tumors."	( Feasibility study of two schedules of sunitinib in combination with pemetrexed in patients with advanced solid tumors. Fumita, S; Hashimoto, J; Ichikawa, Y; Kimura, N; Miyazaki, M; Nakagawa, K; Ohki, E; Okamoto, I; Shimizu, T; Takeda, M; Terashima, M; Tsurutani, J, 2012)
"5 mg/day) or a 2-weeks-on, 1-week-off treatment schedule (50 mg/day, Schedule 2/1) in combination with pemetrexed at 500 mg/m(2) on day 1 of repeated 21-day cycles."	( Feasibility study of two schedules of sunitinib in combination with pemetrexed in patients with advanced solid tumors. Fumita, S; Hashimoto, J; Ichikawa, Y; Kimura, N; Miyazaki, M; Nakagawa, K; Ohki, E; Okamoto, I; Shimizu, T; Takeda, M; Terashima, M; Tsurutani, J, 2012)
" Pharmacokinetic analysis did not reveal any substantial drug-drug interaction."	( Feasibility study of two schedules of sunitinib in combination with pemetrexed in patients with advanced solid tumors. Fumita, S; Hashimoto, J; Ichikawa, Y; Kimura, N; Miyazaki, M; Nakagawa, K; Ohki, E; Okamoto, I; Shimizu, T; Takeda, M; Terashima, M; Tsurutani, J, 2012)
"This study evaluated overall survival (OS) of patients with advanced non-squamous NSCLC following treatment with the specific endothelin A receptor antagonist, zibotentan in combination with pemetrexed compared with pemetrexed monotherapy."	( A phase II, randomized, multicenter study to assess the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of zibotentan (ZD4054) in combination with pemetrexed in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Chouaid, C; Morris, T; Nathan, F; Pemberton, K, 2011)
"In this double-blinded, placebo-controlled study, patients with advanced NSCLC with non-squamous histology who had failed first-line platinum-based chemotherapy were randomized to receive either once-daily zibotentan 10 mg in combination with 3-weekly pemetrexed 500 mg/m(2) or placebo plus 3-weekly pemetrexed 500 mg/m(2)."	( A phase II, randomized, multicenter study to assess the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of zibotentan (ZD4054) in combination with pemetrexed in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Chouaid, C; Morris, T; Nathan, F; Pemberton, K, 2011)
"There was no survival signal in patients with NSCLC following treatment with zibotentan in combination with pemetrexed."	( A phase II, randomized, multicenter study to assess the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of zibotentan (ZD4054) in combination with pemetrexed in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Chouaid, C; Morris, T; Nathan, F; Pemberton, K, 2011)
" The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and side effects of pemetrexed combined with cisplatin/carboplatin in the treatment of advanced recurrent or metastasis NSCLC."	( [Pemetrexed combined with cisplatin or carboplatin regimen in the treatment of advanced recurrent or metastasis non-small cell lung cancer: analysis of 63 cases]. Li, J; Li, X; Liu, J; Shang, L; Wang, W; Wen, F, 2011)
"Pemetrexed combined with cisplatin/carboplatin is effective and feasible for advanced recurrent or metastasis NSCLC."	( [Pemetrexed combined with cisplatin or carboplatin regimen in the treatment of advanced recurrent or metastasis non-small cell lung cancer: analysis of 63 cases]. Li, J; Li, X; Liu, J; Shang, L; Wang, W; Wen, F, 2011)
"A simple, fast and inexpensive method based on dispersive solid phase extraction (DSPE) combined with LC-MS was developed for simultaneous determination of 7 nucleosides and nucleobases (i."	( Determination of the nucleosides and nucleobases in Tuber samples by dispersive solid-phase extraction combined with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Li, HM; Li, YY; Liu, P; Tang, YJ; Wan, DJ, 2011)
"Entecavir combined with adefovir is an effective rescue therapy in CHB patients after failure of treatment with nucleoside analogs."	( [Safety and efficacy of Entecavir combined with Adefovir in patients with chronic hepatitis B who fail to respond to nucleoside analog treatment]. Guo, YB; Hou, JL; Peng, J; Sun, J; Wang, ZH; Yan, L; Yang, J; Zhou, B, 2011)
" A Bayesian dose-escalation model was used to determine the feasible doses of daily or weekly everolimus combined with pemetrexed (500 mg/m q3w)."	( Everolimus in combination with pemetrexed in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer previously treated with chemotherapy: a phase I study using a novel, adaptive Bayesian dose-escalation model. Anrys, B; Boyer, M; Di Scala, L; Dimitrijevic, S; Laack, E; Miller, N; Petrovic, K; Pylvaenaeinen, I; Solomon, B; Vansteenkiste, J; Wolf, J, 2011)
" The aim of this study is to compare the efficacies and safeties of pemetrexed alone with pemetrexed combined with oxaliplatin as salvage therapy in stage IV lung adenocarcinoma to provide evidences for combination therapy."	( [Pemetrexed alone versus pemetrexed combined with oxaliplatin as salvage therapy in stage IV lung adenocarcinoma]. Gao, Z; Han, B; Jiang, L; Jiang, Y; Liu, Y; Wang, X, 2011)
"From January 2009 to February 2011, 83 patients with stage IV lung adenocarcinoma received pemetrexed alone (single agent arm, n=47) or pemetrexed combined with oxaliplatin (combination arm, n=36) as salvage therapy."	( [Pemetrexed alone versus pemetrexed combined with oxaliplatin as salvage therapy in stage IV lung adenocarcinoma]. Gao, Z; Han, B; Jiang, L; Jiang, Y; Liu, Y; Wang, X, 2011)
"For salvage therapy, pemetrexed combined with oxaliplatin is tolerable in stage IV lung adenocarcinoma patients with good PS scores."	( [Pemetrexed alone versus pemetrexed combined with oxaliplatin as salvage therapy in stage IV lung adenocarcinoma]. Gao, Z; Han, B; Jiang, L; Jiang, Y; Liu, Y; Wang, X, 2011)
" No significant drug-drug interactions were identified."	( A phase I dose-escalation and pharmacokinetic study of sunitinib in combination with pemetrexed in patients with advanced solid malignancies, with an expanded cohort in non-small cell lung cancer. Blais, N; Camidge, DR; Canil, C; Chao, RC; Chow, LQ; Diab, SG; Jonker, DJ; Laurie, SA; McWilliam, M; Ruiz-Garcia, A; Thall, A; Tye, L; Zhang, K, 2012)
" Pemetrexed in combination with carboplatin has been shown to be feasible in a phase I study in PSOC."	( A phase II trial of pemetrexed in combination with carboplatin in patients with recurrent ovarian or primary peritoneal cancer. Alvarez, AM; Bauknecht, T; Ghatage, P; Look, KY; Manouchehrpour, S; Oskay-Öezcelik, G; Sehouli, J; Szczylik, C; Zimmermann, A, 2012)
" Defining the platinum-based combination with the best therapeutic index would require a prospective phase III study."	( A phase II trial of pemetrexed in combination with carboplatin in patients with recurrent ovarian or primary peritoneal cancer. Alvarez, AM; Bauknecht, T; Ghatage, P; Look, KY; Manouchehrpour, S; Oskay-Öezcelik, G; Sehouli, J; Szczylik, C; Zimmermann, A, 2012)
" This phase II study aimed at evaluating its use in combination with cisplatin for recurrent or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC)."	( A phase II study of pemetrexed combined with cisplatin in patients with recurrent or metastatic nanopharyngeal carcinoma. Chan, L; Lee, AW; Ng, WT; Shum, T; Yau, TK; Yeung, MW, 2012)
" Pemetrexed has shown single-agent activity in SCCHN and in combination with cisplatin for other tumors."	( Pemetrexed in combination with cisplatin versus cisplatin monotherapy in patients with recurrent or metastatic head and neck cancer: final results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 study. Chang, SC; Frimodt-Moller, B; Hitt, R; Hong, RL; Hossain, AM; Koustenis, A; Licitra, L; Mezei, K; Reuter, C; Russo, F; Sahoo, TP; Shin, DM; Urba, S; van Herpen, CM, 2012)
"Pemetrexed has radiosensitizing potential when evaluated in vitro in combination with platinum-containing compounds and radiation."	( Dose-escalation study of thoracic radiotherapy in combination with pemetrexed plus Cisplatin followed by pemetrexed consolidation therapy in Japanese patients with locally advanced nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer. Enatsu, S; Funai, J; Kubota, K; Nihei, K; Niho, S; Ohe, Y; Sekiguchi, R; Sekine, I; Sumi, M; Tamura, T, 2013)
"Expected toxicities from concurrent chemoradiation were not worsened with concurrent TRT at a total dose of 66 Gy combined with pemetrexed in Japanese patients with locally advanced (LA) nonsquamous NSCLC."	( Dose-escalation study of thoracic radiotherapy in combination with pemetrexed plus Cisplatin followed by pemetrexed consolidation therapy in Japanese patients with locally advanced nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer. Enatsu, S; Funai, J; Kubota, K; Nihei, K; Niho, S; Ohe, Y; Sekiguchi, R; Sekine, I; Sumi, M; Tamura, T, 2013)
"To evaluate the safety, pharmacokinetics (PKs), and pharmacodynamics of aflibercept, and to identify the recommended phase II dose (RP2D) of aflibercept in combination with pemetrexed and cisplatin."	( A phase I dose-escalation study of aflibercept administered in combination with pemetrexed and cisplatin in patients with advanced solid tumours. Colevas, AD; Diaz-Padilla, I; Gao, B; Lawson, EB; Leighl, NB; Lisano, J; Liu, L; Neal, JW; Razak, AR; San Pedro-Salcedo, M; Shepherd, FA; Siu, LL; Thibault, A; Wakelee, HA, 2012)
"Aflibercept was administered at escalating doses of 2, 4, or 6 mg kg(-1) in combination with fixed doses of pemetrexed (500 mg m(-2)) plus cisplatin (75 mg m(-2)) every 3 weeks."	( A phase I dose-escalation study of aflibercept administered in combination with pemetrexed and cisplatin in patients with advanced solid tumours. Colevas, AD; Diaz-Padilla, I; Gao, B; Lawson, EB; Leighl, NB; Lisano, J; Liu, L; Neal, JW; Razak, AR; San Pedro-Salcedo, M; Shepherd, FA; Siu, LL; Thibault, A; Wakelee, HA, 2012)
" The RP2D of aflibercept was 6 mg kg(-1), to be administered intravenously every 3 weeks in combination with pemetrexed and cisplatin."	( A phase I dose-escalation study of aflibercept administered in combination with pemetrexed and cisplatin in patients with advanced solid tumours. Colevas, AD; Diaz-Padilla, I; Gao, B; Lawson, EB; Leighl, NB; Lisano, J; Liu, L; Neal, JW; Razak, AR; San Pedro-Salcedo, M; Shepherd, FA; Siu, LL; Thibault, A; Wakelee, HA, 2012)
"Due to the various inter-individual differences in the biological characteristics of tumor cells, as well as issues on the efficacy, adverse reactions, and defects of existing drugs, we compared the clinical efficacy and toxicity of pemetrexed and gemcitabine combined with cisplatin for the treatment of previously untreated advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)."	( [Efficacy and toxicity of pemetrexed or gemcitabine combined with cisplatin in the treatment of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer]. Cheng, G; Hu, C; Hu, X; Huang, C; Jiao, S; Li, K; Luo, R; Lv, W; Ouyang, X; Sun, Y; Wang, J; Wang, M; Wang, Y; Wang, Z; Zhang, S; Zheng, R, 2012)
"251 patients were randomly divided into pemetrexed combined with cisplatin group (PP group) with 127 cases and gemcitabine combined with cisplatin group (GP group) with 124 cases."	( [Efficacy and toxicity of pemetrexed or gemcitabine combined with cisplatin in the treatment of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer]. Cheng, G; Hu, C; Hu, X; Huang, C; Jiao, S; Li, K; Luo, R; Lv, W; Ouyang, X; Sun, Y; Wang, J; Wang, M; Wang, Y; Wang, Z; Zhang, S; Zheng, R, 2012)
"The clinical efficacy of pemetrexed and gemcitabine combined with cisplatin for the treatment of previously untreated advanced NSCLC was roughly the same, but the adverse reactions decreased significantly in the PP group compared with those in the GP group."	( [Efficacy and toxicity of pemetrexed or gemcitabine combined with cisplatin in the treatment of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer]. Cheng, G; Hu, C; Hu, X; Huang, C; Jiao, S; Li, K; Luo, R; Lv, W; Ouyang, X; Sun, Y; Wang, J; Wang, M; Wang, Y; Wang, Z; Zhang, S; Zheng, R, 2012)
" There were no clinically significant drug-drug interactions."	( Sunitinib combined with pemetrexed and cisplatin: results of a phase I dose-escalation and pharmacokinetic study in patients with advanced solid malignancies, with an expanded cohort in non-small cell lung cancer and mesothelioma. Blais, N; Camidge, DR; Chao, RC; Chow, LQ; Doebele, RC; Jonker, DJ; Laurie, SA; Ruiz-Garcia, A; Soulières, D; Thall, A; Zhang, K, 2013)
" Moreover, more information can be provided on the evaluation of toxicity of phorate using metabonomics combined with clinical chemistry."	( Metabonomics evaluation of urine from rats administered with phorate under long-term and low-level exposure by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Guo, L; Hou, Y; Sun, C; Sun, X; Xu, W; Zeng, Y; Zhao, X, 2014)
" We aimed to elucidate whether entecavir was a substrate of OAT1, OAT3, OCT, and PEPT1 and to investigate the targets of drug-drug interactions between entecavir and JBP485."	( OAT1 and OAT3: targets of drug-drug interaction between entecavir and JBP485. Kaku, T; Liu, K; Liu, Q; Ma, X; Meng, Q; Peng, J; Sun, H; Wang, C; Xu, Q, 2013)
" Its activity on brain metastases makes pemetrexed attractive in combination with whole-brain radiation therapy (WBRT), but it could also potentially increase toxicity."	( First assessment of whole-brain radiation therapy combined with pemetrexed-based chemotherapy in non-small-cell lung carcinoma: data on safety and efficacy. Bauduceau, O; Ceccaldi, B; Chargari, C; Dulou, R; Fournel, P; Guy, JB; Jacob, J; Le Moulec, S; Magné, N; Moriceau, G; Moussaid, Y; Pacaut, C; Rivoirard, R; Védrine, L, 2013)
"5%) alone, or combined with distant metastases (48."	( Phase II study of pemetrexed in combination with cisplatin and cetuximab in recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Chang, SC; Dietz, A; Gauler, TC; Hamid, O; Hossain, AM; Licitra, L; Lopez-Picazo, JM; Stöhlmacher-Williams, J; Vermorken, JB, 2013)
"To observe the clinical efficacy and safety of pemetrexed or gemcitabine combined with carboplatin as the first-line therapy in elderly patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)."	( [Efficacy and safety of pemetrexed or gemcitabine combined with carboplatin as the first-line therapy in elderly patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer]. Shi, X; Yu, XM; Zhang, YP; Zhao, J, 2013)
" Thus, pemetrexed combined with carboplatin is an effective chemotherapeutic regimen for advanced NSCLC in elderly patients."	( [Efficacy and safety of pemetrexed or gemcitabine combined with carboplatin as the first-line therapy in elderly patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer]. Shi, X; Yu, XM; Zhang, YP; Zhao, J, 2013)
" Pharmacokinetic data revealed no clinically significant drug-drug interactions."	( Sunitinib combined with pemetrexed and carboplatin in patients with advanced solid malignancies--results of a phase I dose-escalation study. Blais, N; Camidge, DR; Chao, RC; Chow, LQ; Diab, SG; Jonker, DJ; Laurie, SA; Ruiz-Garcia, A; Soulières, D; Thall, A; Zhang, K, 2013)
" Application of (177)Lu-EC0800 with PMXther resulted in a two- to four-fold enhanced tumor growth delay and a prolonged survival of KB and IGROV-1 tumor-bearing mice, as compared to the combination with PMXsubther or untreated control mice."	( 177Lu-EC0800 combined with the antifolate pemetrexed: preclinical pilot study of folate receptor targeted radionuclide tumor therapy. Haller, S; Leamon, CP; Müller, C; Reber, J, 2013)
"To investigate the efficacy and safety of Javanica oil emulsion injection (Yadanzi®) combined with pemetrexed and platinum (PP) for treating patients with advanced lung cancer."	( Phase II study on Javanica oil emulsion injection (Yadanzi®) combined with chemotherapy in treating patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma. Cao, J; Huang, XE; Liu, J; Lu, YY; Wu, XY; Xiang, J; Xu, L; Xu, X, 2013)
"Javanica oil emulsion injection combined with chemotherapy could be considered as a safe and effective regimen in treating patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma."	( Phase II study on Javanica oil emulsion injection (Yadanzi®) combined with chemotherapy in treating patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma. Cao, J; Huang, XE; Liu, J; Lu, YY; Wu, XY; Xiang, J; Xu, L; Xu, X, 2013)
"This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of ziv-aflibercept in combination with cisplatin and pemetrexed in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)."	( A phase II multicentre study of ziv-aflibercept in combination with cisplatin and pemetrexed in patients with previously untreated advanced/metastatic non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer. Adjei, AA; Brahmer, JR; Chen, H; Dicioccio, AT; Gao, B; Jotte, RM; Kuo, CJ; Leighl, NB; Liu, L; Modiano, MR; Neal, JW; Riess, JW; Rigas, JR; Wakelee, HA, 2014)
"This randomized open-label phase II study evaluated the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of pazopanib in combination with pemetrexed compared with the standard cisplatin/pemetrexed doublet in patients with previously untreated, advanced, nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer."	( An open-label, multicenter, randomized, phase II study of pazopanib in combination with pemetrexed in first-line treatment of patients with advanced-stage non-small-cell lung cancer. Besse, B; Bosquee, L; Chouaid, C; Felip, E; Lechevalier, T; Lianes-Barragán, P; Mellemgaard, A; Ottesen, LH; Paul, EM; Reck, M; Ruiz-Soto, R; Scagliotti, GV; Sigal, E; von Pawel, J, 2013)
"Inoculation with different WHV doses had a strong influence on the course of WHV infection; NA alone or in combination with a DNA vaccine completely prevented viremia after a high dose of WHV inoculation in Chinese woodchucks and induced partial or complete protective immunity, respectively."	( Nucleoside analogues alone or combined with vaccination prevent hepadnavirus viremia and induce protective immunity: alternative strategy for hepatitis B virus post-exposure prophylaxis. Fan, W; Huang, S; Lu, M; Song, Z; Tao, Y; Wang, B; Wang, H; Wang, J; Wang, Z; Yang, D; Zhu, B; Zhu, Z, 2014)
"NA-based PEP strategies (NA alone or in combination with vaccine) may be an alternative of HBV PEP, especially in those living in the remote and rural areas of the developing countries and the non-responders to the current vaccine, and may be valuable in the PEP of HBV and HIV co-infection after occupational and non-occupational exposure."	( Nucleoside analogues alone or combined with vaccination prevent hepadnavirus viremia and induce protective immunity: alternative strategy for hepatitis B virus post-exposure prophylaxis. Fan, W; Huang, S; Lu, M; Song, Z; Tao, Y; Wang, B; Wang, H; Wang, J; Wang, Z; Yang, D; Zhu, B; Zhu, Z, 2014)
" Although most patients eligible for surgery undergo cytoreductive surgery in combination with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy, the role of perioperative systemic chemotherapy still remains undefined."	( Complete pathological response to neoadjuvant pemetrexed/cisplatin in combination with regional hyperthermia in a patient with sarcomatoid peritoneal mesothelioma. Albertsmeier, M; Angele, MK; Boeck, S; Graser, A; Haas, M; Heinemann, V; Kruger, S; Lindner, LH; Reu, S; Sotlar, K; Stemmler, HJ, 2014)
" This study was conducted to elucidate the safety and efficacy of palliative chemotherapy with gemcitabine or pemetrexed, both in combination with a platinum agent in NSCLC patients with ILD."	( Safety and efficacy of gemcitabine or pemetrexed in combination with a platinum in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer and prior interstitial lung disease. Ahn, JS; Ahn, MJ; Chang, W; Choi, MK; Chung, MP; Hong, JY; Jung, HA; Kim, M; Kim, S; Lee, SJ; Park, K; Park, S; Sun, JM, 2014)
"Patients with advanced or recurrent NSCLC and ILD who received gemcitabine or pemetrexed in combination with a platinum agent as first-line chemotherapy were retrospectively analyzed."	( Safety and efficacy of gemcitabine or pemetrexed in combination with a platinum in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer and prior interstitial lung disease. Ahn, JS; Ahn, MJ; Chang, W; Choi, MK; Chung, MP; Hong, JY; Jung, HA; Kim, M; Kim, S; Lee, SJ; Park, K; Park, S; Sun, JM, 2014)
"Our results suggest that gemcitabine or pemetrexed in combination with platinum agents could be a feasible option for advanced NSCLC with ILD with some risk of AE-ILD or early death."	( Safety and efficacy of gemcitabine or pemetrexed in combination with a platinum in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer and prior interstitial lung disease. Ahn, JS; Ahn, MJ; Chang, W; Choi, MK; Chung, MP; Hong, JY; Jung, HA; Kim, M; Kim, S; Lee, SJ; Park, K; Park, S; Sun, JM, 2014)
" The aim of this study was to investigate the antitumor activity of recombinant human Apo2L/TRAIL (dulanermin) in combination with chemotherapy in MPM in vitro and in vivo."	( Synergistic antitumor activity of recombinant human Apo2L/tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) in combination with carboplatin and pemetrexed in malignant pleural mesothelioma. Cavallari, I; Ciminale, V; Favaretto, A; Marulli, G; Nannini, N; Pasello, G; Rea, F; Schiavon, M; Silic-Benussi, M; Urso, L, 2014)
"In the present studies, we employed a panel of MPM cell lines to test the antitumor activity of recombinant human Apo2L/TRAIL (T) in combination with carboplatin and pemetrexed (CP) in vitro and SCID mice."	( Synergistic antitumor activity of recombinant human Apo2L/tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) in combination with carboplatin and pemetrexed in malignant pleural mesothelioma. Cavallari, I; Ciminale, V; Favaretto, A; Marulli, G; Nannini, N; Pasello, G; Rea, F; Schiavon, M; Silic-Benussi, M; Urso, L, 2014)
" LY2603618 administered in combination with pemetrexed and cisplatin demonstrated an acceptable safety profile."	( Preclinical analyses and phase I evaluation of LY2603618 administered in combination with pemetrexed and cisplatin in patients with advanced cancer. Barnard, D; Calles, A; Calvo, E; Chen, VJ; Diaz, HB; Dickgreber, N; Huber, L; Hynes, SM; Iversen, P; Kays, L; Kumm, E; Lin, AB; Marshall, M; Merzoug, FF; Ohnmacht, U; Sebastian, M; Voss, B; Wehler, T, 2014)
"The primary objective of this study was to determine the safety and maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of the antimesothelin immunotoxin SS1(dsFv)PE38 (SS1P) (a recombinant antimesothelin immunotoxin consisting of a murine antimesothelin variable antibody fragment [Fv] linked to PE38, a truncated portion of Pseudomonas exotoxin A) in combination with pemetrexed and cisplatin in chemotherapy-naive patients with advanced malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM)."	( Phase 1 study of the antimesothelin immunotoxin SS1P in combination with pemetrexed and cisplatin for front-line therapy of pleural mesothelioma and correlation of tumor response with serum mesothelin, megakaryocyte potentiating factor, and cancer antigen Hassan, R; Hollevoet, K; Kreitman, RJ; Ling, A; Miettinen, M; Pastan, I; Sharon, E; Steinberg, SM; Thomas, A; Zhang, J, 2014)
"SS1P given with pemetrexed and cisplatin is safe and well tolerated and exhibits significant antitumor activity in patients with unresectable, advanced pleural mesothelioma."	( Phase 1 study of the antimesothelin immunotoxin SS1P in combination with pemetrexed and cisplatin for front-line therapy of pleural mesothelioma and correlation of tumor response with serum mesothelin, megakaryocyte potentiating factor, and cancer antigen Hassan, R; Hollevoet, K; Kreitman, RJ; Ling, A; Miettinen, M; Pastan, I; Sharon, E; Steinberg, SM; Thomas, A; Zhang, J, 2014)
"In a 3 + 3 dose-escalation design, patients were given intravenous pemetrexed (500 mg/m(2)) on day 1 of a 21-day cycle (maximum 6 cycles), combined with continuous daily oral afatinib (schedule A [SA]; starting dose 30 mg, escalation to 50 mg) or pulsed-dose daily oral afatinib (schedule B [SB]; starting dose 50 mg, escalation to 70 mg) on days 1-6 of each 21-day cycle."	( A phase I, dose-escalation trial of continuous- and pulsed-dose afatinib combined with pemetrexed in patients with advanced solid tumors. Chand, VK; Chu, QS; Hirte, HW; Hotte, SJ; Sangha, R; Schnell, D; Sergenson, G, 2014)
"Continuous- or pulsed-dose afatinib combined with pemetrexed exhibited a manageable safety profile."	( A phase I, dose-escalation trial of continuous- and pulsed-dose afatinib combined with pemetrexed in patients with advanced solid tumors. Chand, VK; Chu, QS; Hirte, HW; Hotte, SJ; Sangha, R; Schnell, D; Sergenson, G, 2014)
" The influence of furin suppression on HBV replication and the effect of CMK combined with nucleoside analog entecavir (ETV) on HBV replication and HBeAg secretion was investigated in HepG2."	( Entecavir combined with furin inhibitor simultaneously reduces hepatitis B virus replication and e antigen secretion. Gu, L; Li, DM; Peng, XM; Yang, HY; Zheng, NQ, 2014)
" Moreover, the viral replication-enhancing effect of CMK was abrogated by ETV and ETV combined with CMK reduced HBV replication and HBeAg secretion simultaneously."	( Entecavir combined with furin inhibitor simultaneously reduces hepatitis B virus replication and e antigen secretion. Gu, L; Li, DM; Peng, XM; Yang, HY; Zheng, NQ, 2014)
" Nucleotide/nucleoside analogs combined with furin inhibitors may be a potential easy way to realize the dual goals of the antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis B in the future."	( Entecavir combined with furin inhibitor simultaneously reduces hepatitis B virus replication and e antigen secretion. Gu, L; Li, DM; Peng, XM; Yang, HY; Zheng, NQ, 2014)
"Fifty-nine mesothelioma patients (31 men with a median age of 62 years) treated in first-line chemotherapy with platinum in combination with pemetrexed or pemetrexed monotherapy were enrolled."	( Correlation between TS, MTHFR, and ERCC1 gene polymorphisms and the efficacy of platinum in combination with pemetrexed first-line chemotherapy in mesothelioma patients. Dyszkiewicz, W; Kalinka-Warzocha, E; Knetki-Wróblewska, M; Kowalski, DM; Krawczyk, P; Krzakowski, M; Kucharczyk, T; Milanowski, J; Powrózek, T; Ramlau, R; Winiarczyk, K, 2014)
" This phase 2 study investigated ramucirumab in combination with first-line pemetrexed and platinum chemotherapy in advanced/metastatic NSCLC."	( Phase 2, randomized, open-label study of ramucirumab in combination with first-line pemetrexed and platinum chemotherapy in patients with nonsquamous, advanced/metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. Alexandris, E; Bonomi, P; Bustin, F; Camidge, DR; Cao, D; Doebele, RC; Eakle, J; Goldschmidt, J; Reck, M; Spigel, D; Tehfe, M; Thomas, S; Verma, S; Yurasov, S, 2015)
"The primary endpoint of significant prolongation of PFS was not met; however, ramucirumab showed evidence of clinical activity in combination with pemetrexed and platinum in nonsquamous NSCLC patients."	( Phase 2, randomized, open-label study of ramucirumab in combination with first-line pemetrexed and platinum chemotherapy in patients with nonsquamous, advanced/metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. Alexandris, E; Bonomi, P; Bustin, F; Camidge, DR; Cao, D; Doebele, RC; Eakle, J; Goldschmidt, J; Reck, M; Spigel, D; Tehfe, M; Thomas, S; Verma, S; Yurasov, S, 2015)
" Docetaxel 75 mg/m(2) or pemetrexed 500 mg/m(2) once every 21 days per the investigator was administered with apricoxib or placebo 400 mg once per day."	( Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter phase II study of the efficacy and safety of apricoxib in combination with either docetaxel or pemetrexed in patients with biomarker-selected non-small-cell lung cancer. de Mayolo, JA; Edelman, MJ; Evans, TL; Feliciano, J; Fidler, MJ; Keresztes, R; Medeiros, M; Otterson, G; Rogers, JS; Sanborn, RE; Schneider, BJ; Sequist, LV; Tan, MT; Yang, Y; Zaknoen, SL, 2015)
" Fifteen patients were enrolled in a dose escalation of eribulin mesylate in combination with pemetrexed (E+P)."	( An open-label, multicenter, randomized phase Ib/II study of eribulin mesylate administered in combination with pemetrexed versus pemetrexed alone as second-line therapy in patients with advanced nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer. Bondarenko, I; Dave, H; Freeman, A; Hodge, JP; Huber, B; Lieberman, R; Shelton, MJ; Shparyk, Y; Vynnychenko, I; Waller, CF, 2015)
" The in vitro to in vivo extrapolation approach used in this work was developed to predict possible drug-drug interactions (DDIs) that may occur after coadministration of pemetrexed and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and it included in vitro assays, risk assessment models, and physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models."	( Prediction of renal transporter mediated drug-drug interactions for pemetrexed using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling. Bacon, JA; Hall, SD; Higgins, JW; Hillgren, KM; Kim, RB; Pak, YA; Posada, MM; Schneck, KB; Tirona, RG, 2015)
" Thus, we examined the feasibility of using thoracic radiotherapy combined with concurrent full-dose pemetrexed as the first-line treatment for advanced nonsquamous NSCLC patients."	( Full-dose pemetrexed plus cisplatin combined with concurrent thoracic radiotherapy for previously untreated advanced nonsquamous non-small cell lung cancer. Cai, XW; Feng, W; Fu, XL; Liu, Q; Xue, MC; Yu, W; Zhang, Q; Zhu, ZF, 2015)
" This study suggests the proof-of-concept that the lower dose of NA in combination with other NA might be the theoretical option for rescue combination therapy in patients with CHB who had failed on prior multiple NA treatments in order to reduce systemic exposure and possible side effects of NA."	( Comparison of the efficacies of entecavir 0.5 and 1.0 mg combined with adefovir in patients with chronic hepatitis B who had failed on prior nucleos(t)ide analogue treatments. Cho, Y; Kim, YJ; Lee, HS; Lee, JH; Yoon, JH; Yu, SJ, 2015)
"Infusion of two high doses of HBIG during surgery in combination with entecavir significantly prevented HBV recurrence and improved the 3-year survival after liver transplantation."	( A new scheme with infusion of hepatitis B immunoglobulin combined with entecavir for prophylaxis of hepatitis B virus recurrence among liver transplant recipients. Bai, JH; Chen, G; Gan, XM; Hu, ZQ; Li, L; Liu, H; Liu, QY; Ma, LJ; Wang, DD; Wang, F; Zhao, YP, 2015)
" We evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of HBV-pulsed DCs in combination with the antiviral drug entecavir in patients with CHB."	( Efficacy of HBV-pulsed DCs in combination with entecavir in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection. Jiang, YL; Li, XH; Liu, XL; Pan, XN; Shen, JK; Wei, KP; Wei, MJ; Zhang, CY; Zhang, XM, 2015)
"The oxidation of guanine (G) is studied by using transient absorption and time-resolved resonance Raman spectroscopies combined with pulse radiolysis."	( Proton Transfer of Guanine Radical Cations Studied by Time-Resolved Resonance Raman Spectroscopy Combined with Pulse Radiolysis. Choi, J; Fujitsuka, M; Ihee, H; Majima, T; Tojo, S; Yang, C, 2015)
" We determined the in vivo antiviral efficacy and effects on innate and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress responses of NVR3-778 alone or in combination with pegylated interferon alpha (peg-IFN) and compared with entecavir."	( Efficacy of NVR 3-778, Alone and In Combination With Pegylated Interferon, vs Entecavir In uPA/SCID Mice With Humanized Livers and HBV Infection. Allweiss, L; Dandri, M; Flores, OA; Hartman, G; Klumpp, K; Lam, AM; Lütgehetmann, M; Shimada, T; Volz, T, 2018)
"The aim of this study was to investigate the reactivation of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) following transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) in primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients with HBV-DNA negative and to evaluate the effects of TACE combined with antiviral therapy."	( Effects of transarterial chemoembolization combined with antiviral therapy on HBV reactivation and liver function in HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma patients with HBV-DNA negative. Jia, Z; Jiang, G; Ni, C; Wang, K; Zhu, X, 2018)
" However, the development of HBVr combined with NS after allo-HSCT is uncommon."	( Reactivation of resolved hepatitis B virus infection combined with nephrotic syndrome in a patient after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Li, XD; Long, B; Sun, YL; Wang, XZ; Zhang, JW; Zhang, XZ, 2019)
" However, she developed HBVr combined with nephrotic syndrome (NS) 16 months after HSCT."	( Reactivation of resolved hepatitis B virus infection combined with nephrotic syndrome in a patient after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Li, XD; Long, B; Sun, YL; Wang, XZ; Zhang, JW; Zhang, XZ, 2019)
"Entecavir combined with immunosuppression has efficacy in the treatment of HBVr combined with NS after allo-HSCT, but long course of treatment is needed."	( Reactivation of resolved hepatitis B virus infection combined with nephrotic syndrome in a patient after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Li, XD; Long, B; Sun, YL; Wang, XZ; Zhang, JW; Zhang, XZ, 2019)
"The network meta-analysis (NMA) is to evaluate whether entecavir combined with Chinese patent medicine, such as "fuzhenghuayu capsules," "anluohuaxian pills," "fufangbiejiaruangan tablets," shows superior efficiency compared with entecavir alone for the treatment of chronic HBV-related liver fibrosis or cirrhosis."	( The efficacy of Chinese patent medicine combined with entecavir for the treatment of chronic HBV-related liver fibrosis or cirrhosis: Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials or prospective cohort studies. Hong, J; Huang, H; Huo, S; Song, Y; Wang, S; Zhao, J; Zuo, J, 2019)
" We will search PubMed, EMbase, Medline, Cochrane, China Network Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Wanfang for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or "prospective cohort studies" of "fuzhenghuayu capsules," "anluohuaxian pills," "fufangbiejiaruangan tablets" respectively combined with entecavir in the treatment of chronic HBV-related liver fibrosis or cirrhosis from their inception to September 30, 2018."	( The efficacy of Chinese patent medicine combined with entecavir for the treatment of chronic HBV-related liver fibrosis or cirrhosis: Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials or prospective cohort studies. Hong, J; Huang, H; Huo, S; Song, Y; Wang, S; Zhao, J; Zuo, J, 2019)
"To investigate the effects of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) combined with transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) and antiviral therapy on the prognosis and quality of life in primary chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related liver cancer."	( Effects of radiofrequency ablation combined with transarterial chemoembolization and antiviral therapy on the prognosis and quality of life in primary chronic HBV-related liver cancer. Cheng, Y; Fan, J; Lu, B; Wang, X; Yu, L; Zhong, L; Zhu, L, )
" The patients in the control group were treated with RFA combined with TACE, while those in the observation group were additionally treated with entecavir."	( Effects of radiofrequency ablation combined with transarterial chemoembolization and antiviral therapy on the prognosis and quality of life in primary chronic HBV-related liver cancer. Cheng, Y; Fan, J; Lu, B; Wang, X; Yu, L; Zhong, L; Zhu, L, )
"The RFA combined with TACE and regular antiviral therapy for HBV-related liver cancer is of significance in reducing the HBV-DNA load and tumor markers, improving the liver function, promoting the overall clinical therapeutic effect and prolonging the survival of patients."	( Effects of radiofrequency ablation combined with transarterial chemoembolization and antiviral therapy on the prognosis and quality of life in primary chronic HBV-related liver cancer. Cheng, Y; Fan, J; Lu, B; Wang, X; Yu, L; Zhong, L; Zhu, L, )
" Traditional Chinese medicine combined with antiviral therapy has become the first choice for clinical treatment of hepatitis b Cirrhosis."	( Meta-analysis of influences of Biejiajian Pill combined with entecavir on serum liver fibrosis markers of compensatory period of hepatitis b cirrhosis: Protocol of systematic review and meta-analysis. Cao, N; Feng, X; Li, G; Shi, J; Wang, B; Wang, L; Yang, Y; Zhang, T; Zheng, X, 2019)
" Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on Biejiajian Pill combined with Entecavir and Entecavir alone against Compensatory period of hepatitis b cirrhosis will be included; inclusion and exclusion criteria will be used to screen the trials."	( Meta-analysis of influences of Biejiajian Pill combined with entecavir on serum liver fibrosis markers of compensatory period of hepatitis b cirrhosis: Protocol of systematic review and meta-analysis. Cao, N; Feng, X; Li, G; Shi, J; Wang, B; Wang, L; Yang, Y; Zhang, T; Zheng, X, 2019)
"This study protocol will be used to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Biejia Pill in combination with entecavir in the treatment of Compensatory period of hepatitis b cirrhosis, as well as the adjuvant treatment of Biejia Pill in combination."	( Meta-analysis of influences of Biejiajian Pill combined with entecavir on serum liver fibrosis markers of compensatory period of hepatitis b cirrhosis: Protocol of systematic review and meta-analysis. Cao, N; Feng, X; Li, G; Shi, J; Wang, B; Wang, L; Yang, Y; Zhang, T; Zheng, X, 2019)
"Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of KS combined with ETV for CHB will be identified from PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, Chinese Biomedical Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chongqing VIP, Wangfang Data."	( Kushenin combined with entecavir for chronic hepatitis B: A protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. Jin, Y; Wang, Y; Xiao, X; Zhang, J; Zhang, Q, 2020)
"A high-quality synthesis of current evidence on the efficacy and safety of KS combined with ETV for CHB will be provided in this study."	( Kushenin combined with entecavir for chronic hepatitis B: A protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. Jin, Y; Wang, Y; Xiao, X; Zhang, J; Zhang, Q, 2020)
"This systematic review will aim to evaluate the efficacy and safety of KS combined with ETV for CHB."	( Kushenin combined with entecavir for chronic hepatitis B: A protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. Jin, Y; Wang, Y; Xiao, X; Zhang, J; Zhang, Q, 2020)
" The patients in MPC group were treated with microwave ablation (MWA) combined with PC while patients in MGC group were given MWA combined with gemcitabine plus cisplatin (GC)."	( Comparative clinical study on microwave ablation combined with gemcitabine and cisplatin or combined with pemetrexed and cisplatin in treatment of advanced NSCLC. Feng, Y; Wang, L; Wu, Y; Zhang, Y; Zhou, Y, 2020)
"A 55-year-old MM patient with a family history of MM, who was also a chronic HBV carrier, achieved HBV clearance after treatment with a bortezomib-based regimen in combination with anti-HBV drugs."	( Clearance of HBsAg in a patient with familial multiple myeloma after a bortezomib-based regimen combined with anti-HBV drug: A case report. Li, X; Liang, Y; Tong, J; Wang, W; Xu, Y; Zhang, X, 2020)
"This is the first case of MM with HBV clearance after receiving a bortezomib-based regimen combined with anti-HBV drug."	( Clearance of HBsAg in a patient with familial multiple myeloma after a bortezomib-based regimen combined with anti-HBV drug: A case report. Li, X; Liang, Y; Tong, J; Wang, W; Xu, Y; Zhang, X, 2020)
" The present study evaluated long-term AIC649 treatment in combination with Entecavir for potency and safety in woodchucks."	( Treatment with the Immunomodulator AIC649 in Combination with Entecavir Produces Antiviral Efficacy in the Woodchuck Model of Chronic Hepatitis B. Huang, X; Kallakury, BV; Korolowicz, KE; Leng, X; Li, B; Menne, S; Suresh, M; Tucker, RD; Yon, C, 2021)
"The objective of this study was to assess whether entecavir (ETV) in combination with interferon-α (IFN-α) could reduce hepatocellular cancer (HCC) and extrahepatic cancers (EHCs) in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB)."	( Entecavir combined with interferon-α Is superior to entecavir monotherapy in reducing hepatic and extrahepatic cancer in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Chen, Y; Cheng, K; Duan, X; Duan, Z; Liao, W; Sun, Y; Wang, L; Wang, X; Xu, M; Zhao, X, 2022)
"The cohort consisted of 4194 patients with CHB treated with ETV combined with IFN-α or ETV monotherapy at a tertiary hospital in Beijing, China, from January 2009 to December 2017."	( Entecavir combined with interferon-α Is superior to entecavir monotherapy in reducing hepatic and extrahepatic cancer in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Chen, Y; Cheng, K; Duan, X; Duan, Z; Liao, W; Sun, Y; Wang, L; Wang, X; Xu, M; Zhao, X, 2022)
"0854) were observed in the group receiving ETV combined with IFN-α in comparison with the ETV monotherapy group."	( Entecavir combined with interferon-α Is superior to entecavir monotherapy in reducing hepatic and extrahepatic cancer in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Chen, Y; Cheng, K; Duan, X; Duan, Z; Liao, W; Sun, Y; Wang, L; Wang, X; Xu, M; Zhao, X, 2022)
"ETV combined with IFN-α therapy is superior to ETV monotherapy in reducing the risk of HCC and EHCs for patients with CHB."	( Entecavir combined with interferon-α Is superior to entecavir monotherapy in reducing hepatic and extrahepatic cancer in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Chen, Y; Cheng, K; Duan, X; Duan, Z; Liao, W; Sun, Y; Wang, L; Wang, X; Xu, M; Zhao, X, 2022)
" NV not only showed good tumor preventive effect, but also could successfully inhibited tumor development and metastasis when combined with anti-PD-L1, and induced long-term immune memory effect."	( A generally minimalist strategy of constructing biomineralized high-efficiency personalized nanovaccine combined with immune checkpoint blockade for cancer immunotherapy. Chen, J; Chen, X; Feng, Y; Hao, K; Li, H; Li, Z; Lin, L; Meng, M; Tang, Z; Tian, H; Xu, C; Zhang, S, 2022)

Excerpt	Reference
" In mice, SQ 34,514 had an oral bioavailability of 80% based on urinary excretion."	( Evaluation of SQ 34,514: pharmacokinetics and efficacy in experimental herpesvirus infections in mice. Blue, B; Bonner, DP; Braitman, A; Clark, JM; Field, AK; Lynch, JS; Michalik, T; Olsen, SJ; Swerdel, MR; Tuomari, AV, 1991)
" The sodium or hydrochloride salts and short-chain esters of (+/-)2HM-HBG showed bioavailability characteristics that were equally as poor as those of (+/-)2HM-HBG."	( Improvement of the absorption of oral (R,S)-9-[4-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)butyl]guanine, an anti-varicella-zoster virus drug, in rats and monkeys. Datema, R; Lake-Bakaar, DM; Lindborg, B, 1989)
"Potential oral prodrugs of the antiherpesvirus acyclonucleoside 9-[4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)but-1-yl]guanine (1, BRL 39123) have been synthesized and evaluated for bioavailability of 1 in the blood of mice."	( Prodrugs of the selective antiherpesvirus agent 9-[4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)but-1-yl]guanine (BRL 39123) with improved gastrointestinal absorption properties. Boyd, MR; Harnden, MR; Jarvest, RL; Sutton, D; Vere Hodge, RA, 1989)
"4 h, and an oral bioavailability of 10."	( Pharmacokinetics and antiviral activity in simian varicella virus-infected monkeys of (R,S)-9-[4-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl) butyl]guanine, an anti-varicella-zoster virus drug. Abele, G; Datema, R; Lake-Bakaar, DM; Lindborg, B; Soike, KF, 1988)
" Prospective bioavailability was determined using amylase as indicator enzyme."	( Studies on the quality of pancreatic preparations: enzyme content, prospective bioavailability, bile acid pattern, and contamination with purines. König, J; Molitor, M; Neef, B; Niessen, KH, 1983)
" Good oral bioavailability (91 and 80%) was observed after the administration of a capsule at the lower doses (5 and 20 mg/kg, respectively) but bioavailability declined (52%) at the 50 mg/kg dose, indicating the possibility that the gastrointestinal absorption of acyclovir is a saturable process."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of acyclovir in the dog. Blum, MR; de Miranda, P; Elion, GB; Krasny, HC, 1981)
" The solubility, metabolism, bioavailability and effectiveness of O6-benzylguanine as an adjuvant therapy with BCNU were compared using two vehicles, cremophor-EL and PEG 400."	( Biodistribution of O6-benzylguanine and its effectiveness against human brain tumor xenografts when given in polyethylene glycol or cremophor-EL. Dolan, ME; Flora, KP; Friedman, HS; Grever, MR; Moschel, RC; Pegg, AE; Vishnuvajjala, BR, 1994)
" Pharmacokinetic analysis of BzDAG in the rat showed it to be 48% orally bioavailable (at a dose of 5 mg/kg)."	( Purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitors: biochemical and pharmacological studies with 9-benzyl-9-deazaguanine and related compounds. Allan, PW; Bennett, LL; Erion, MD; Montgomery, JA; Niwas, S; Noker, PE; Rose, LM, 1993)
" PCV and ACV reduced virus replication to a similar extent when given ad libitum in drinking water, even though ACV had better oral bioavailability and greater potency in murine cells."	( Comparative activity of penciclovir and acyclovir in mice infected intraperitoneally with herpes simplex virus type 1 SC16. Boyd, MR; Sutton, D, 1993)
" Taken together, these promising findings suggest that an orally bioavailable prodrug of MDL 74,968 should be developed for the treatment of HIV infection."	( MDL 74,968, a new acyclonucleotide analog: activity against human immunodeficiency virus in vitro and in the hu-PBL-SCID.beige mouse model of infection. Ahmed, PS; Brennan, TM; Bridges, CG; Casara, P; Hornsperger, JM; Navé, JF; Taylor, DL; Tyms, AS, 1996)
" Interestingly, oral BMS-180194 demonstrated a similar antiviral efficacy as that obtained by the parental route of administration suggesting a high oral bioavailability of the compound."	( Efficacy of BMS-180194 against experimental cytomegalovirus infections in immunocompromised mice. Clark, JM; Drain, RL; Franco, CA; Yang, H, 1996)
"Famciclovir is the well-absorbed oral form of penciclovir, a potent and selective antiviral agent, with activity against members of the herpesvirus family, including varicella-zoster virus (VZV), and herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2."	( The pharmacological profile of famciclovir. Crumpacker, C, 1996)
" Oral bioavailability of BCX-34 in rats is 76%."	( In vivo and in vitro pharmacologic activity of the purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitor BCX-34: the role of GTP and dGTP. Bantia, S; Johnson, HG; Montgomery, JA; Walsh, GM, 1996)
" Much of the current antiviral research focuses on providing drugs with (i) improved oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics which permit less frequent oral or topical dosing for suppressive treatment of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections, (ii) different mechanisms of action for synergic effects in treating resistant HSV infections in the immunocompromised host and (iii) improved efficacy."	( New therapeutic approaches to the alphaherpesvirus infections. Cassady, KA; Whitley, RJ, 1997)
"To modulate the bioavailability and perhaps improve the tumor cell selectivity of O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGT) inactivators, pivaloyloxymethyl ester derivatives of O6-benzylguanine (BG) were synthesized and tested as AGT inactivators and as substrates for cellular esterases."	( O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase inactivation by ester prodrugs of O6-benzylguanine derivatives and their rate of hydrolysis by cellular esterases. Chae, MY; Dolan, ME; Garbiras, BJ; Helft, P; Moschel, RC; Paras, P; Pegg, AE; Roy, SK, 1998)
"A series of 2-amino-9-(3-hydroxymethyl-4-alkoxycarbonyloxybut-1-yl)purines (4-10) and 2-amino-9-(2-(2-oxo-1,3-dioxan-5-yl)ethyl)purine (1) were synthesized as potential prodrugs of penciclovir and evaluated for their oral penciclovir bioavailability in mice and rats."	( Synthesis and evaluation of 2-amino-9-(3-hydroxymethyl-4-alkoxycarbonyloxybut-1-yl)purines as potential prodrugs of penciclovir. Chang, K; Cho, YB; Choi, WS; Hwang, YY; Im, GJ; Jung, I; Kim, DK; Kim, JS; Kim, KH; Kim, TS; Kim, YW; Lee, N; Min, DS; Um, KA, 1998)
"The amino acid ester derivatives of 6-deoxypenciclovir, 11-20, were synthesized as potential prodrugs of penciclovir, and were evaluated for their oral penciclovir bioavailability in mice and rats."	( Synthesis and evaluation of amino acid esters of 6-deoxypenciclovir as potential prodrugs of penciclovir. Chang, K; Choi, WS; Im, GJ; Kim, DK; Kim, KH; Kim, YW; Lee, N, 1999)
"0 h, and the absolute bioavailability of the oral formulation was approximately 51%."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of peldesine (BCX-34), a purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitor, following single and multiple oral doses in healthy volunteers. Kisicki, J; Omura, GA; Stoltz, RR; Viegas, TX, 2000)
" Since intravenous BG is expected to enter phase I development with orally administered anticancer agents such as temozolomide, procarbazine or SarCNU, we determined the bioavailability of orally administered BG, as well as the effect of ketoconazole, a potent intestinal and hepatic CYP3A4 inhibitor, on the disposition of BG."	( Pharmacokinetics of oral O6-benzylguanine and evidence of interaction with oral ketoconazole in the rat. Dolan, ME; Ewesuedo, RB, 2000)
"The oral bioavailability of BG is high, warranting consideration of an oral formulation for clinical development."	( Pharmacokinetics of oral O6-benzylguanine and evidence of interaction with oral ketoconazole in the rat. Dolan, ME; Ewesuedo, RB, 2000)
" Valganciclovir, a prodrug of ganciclovir, offers excellent oral bioavailability and is the closest to approval of all the new anti-CMV drugs."	( Therapeutic developments in cytomegalovirus retinitis. Hoffman, VF; Skiest, DJ, 2000)
" It was reasoned that 8-substituted analogs of BG would exhibit different pharmacological properties compared to BG which could influence tissue bioavailability and, thus, the extent of AGT inactivation in vivo."	( Inactivation of O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase by 8-substituted O6-benzylguanine analogs in mice. Dolan, ME; Ewesuedo, RB; Friedman, HS; Moschel, RC; Wilson, LR, 2001)
" These data indicate that introduction of an isopropoxy carbonate group into one of the two hydroxyl groups of M4 did not significantly alter the oral bioavailability of penciclovir compared with famciclovir."	( Pharmacokinetic studies of 2-amino-9-(3-acetoxymethyl-4-isopropoxycarbonyl-oxybut-1-yl)purine, an oral prodrug for the antiviral agent penciclovir. Chang, K; Choi, WS; Im, GJ; Jung, I; Kim, DK; Kim, JS; Kim, TK; Kim, TS; Kim, YW; Lee, N; Lee, SJ, 2001)
" The oral bioavailability of the prodrug was 40+/-7% estimated from microdialysis sampling data and 48+/-4% estimated from urine sampling data."	( Validation of microdialysis sampling for oral availability studies by means of a new ganciclovir prodrug. Lindén, K; Ståble, L; Zhou, XX, 2002)
"Hydrophilic drugs are poorly absorbed when applied topically, due to low partitioning through the lipid matrix of the stratum corneum."	( The role of stratum corneum and dermal microvascular perfusion in penetration and tissue levels of water-soluble drugs investigated by microdialysis. Friedmann, PS; Morgan, CJ; Renwick, AG, 2003)
"tert-Azido or amino substituted penciclovir analogs, 1-3 were synthesized for the purpose of improving the efficacy and bioavailability of penciclovir and searching for novel antiviral agents."	( Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel tert-azido or tert-amino substituted penciclovir analogs. Baek, HW; Chun, MW; Jeong, LS; Kim, DK; Kim, HO; Moon, HR, 2004)
" Subsequently, the orally bioavailable prodrugs valaciclovir and famciclovir have been introduced."	( Recent clinical experience with famciclovir--a "third generation" nucleoside prodrug. Beutner, K; Chakrabarty, A; Rauser, M; Tyring, SK, 2004)
" A human intervention study was performed to evaluate the bioavailability and antioxidant capacity of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) administered as a single large dose in the form of either purified EGCG or as green tea extract (Polyphenon E)."	( Bioavailability and antioxidant effect of epigallocatechin gallate administered in purified form versus as green tea extract in healthy individuals. Carpenter, CL; Hara, Y; Heber, D; Henning, SM; Lee, NH; Liu, Y; Minutti, RR; Niu, Y; Thames, GD; Wang, H, 2005)
" The bioavailability of CsA and FK506 seems to be associated with the cytocrhome P450 IIIA (CYP3A) gene."	( Genetic polymorphisms in CYP3A5 and MDR1 genes and their correlations with plasma levels of tacrolimus and cyclosporine in renal transplant recipients. Breitenfeld, L; Martinho, A; Mendes, J; Mota, A; Pais, L; Simoes, O, 2009)
" Pharmacokinetic studies in mice established that the oral bioavailability of valcyclopropavir was 95%."	( L-valine ester of cyclopropavir: a new antiviral prodrug. Bowlin, TL; Drach, JC; Prichard, MN; Wu, Z; Yanachkov, I; Yanachkova, M; Zemlicka, J, 2009)
" In this study, we exposed primary cultured cortical neurons to pulsed RF electromagnetic fields at a frequency of 1800 MHz modulated by 217 Hz at an average special absorption rate (SAR) of 2 W/kg."	( Exposure to 1800 MHz radiofrequency radiation induces oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA in primary cultured neurons. Chen, C; Chen, Y; He, M; Li, M; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Xu, S; Yu, Z; Zhang, G; Zhang, L; Zhang, W; Zhong, M; Zhou, Z, 2010)
" The lead candidates, both 1a (PBHBV-001) and 3c (PBHBV-2-15), were well-tolerated in both normal and HBV-transgenic mice and exhibited acceptable pharmacokinetics and bioavailability in Sprague-Dawley rats."	( Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of triazolo-pyrimidine derivatives as novel inhibitors of hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) secretion. Block, TM; Clearfield, E; Cuconati, A; Goddard, C; Guo, H; Mills, C; Morrey, JD; Motter, NE; Xiao, T; Xu, X; Yu, W; Zhao, K, 2011)
" In summary, this mechanistic study supports previous conclusions, namely that the repeated inhalation exposure of rats to highly respirable pigment-type iron oxides cause nonspecific pulmonary inflammation which shows a clear dependence on the particle volume-dependent lung overload rather than any increased dissolution and/or bioavailability of redox-active iron."	( Siderite (FeCO₃) and magnetite (Fe₃O₄) overload-dependent pulmonary toxicity is determined by the poorly soluble particle not the iron content. Pauluhn, J; Wiemann, M, 2011)
"4 hours, respectively; and penciclovir bioavailability was 12."	( Pharmacokinetics of penciclovir in healthy cats following oral administration of famciclovir or intravenous infusion of penciclovir. Bales, JL; Ferrone, M; Maggs, DJ; Stanley, SD; Thomasy, SM; Whittem, T, 2012)
"The LUX-Lung 3 study investigated the efficacy of chemotherapy compared with afatinib, a selective, orally bioavailable ErbB family blocker that irreversibly blocks signaling from epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR/ErbB1), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/ErbB2), and ErbB4 and has wide-spectrum preclinical activity against EGFR mutations."	( Phase III study of afatinib or cisplatin plus pemetrexed in patients with metastatic lung adenocarcinoma with EGFR mutations. Bennouna, J; Boyer, M; Geater, SL; Gorbunova, V; Hirsh, V; Kato, T; Lee, KH; Massey, D; Mok, T; O'Byrne, K; Orlov, S; Schuler, M; Sequist, LV; Shah, R; Shahidi, M; Su, WC; Tsai, CM; Yamamoto, N; Yang, JC; Zazulina, V, 2013)
" In mice xenografted with NCI-H2228 cells expressing EML4-ALK, orally administered ASP3026 was well absorbed in tumor tissues, reaching concentrations >10-fold higher than those in plasma, and induced tumor regression with a wide therapeutic margin between efficacious and toxic doses."	( The selective anaplastic lymphoma receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor ASP3026 induces tumor regression and prolongs survival in non-small cell lung cancer model mice. Doihara, H; Furutani, T; Fushiki, H; Konagai, S; Kondoh, Y; Kudoh, M; Kuromitsu, S; Mori, K; Mori, M; Saito, R; Sakagami, H; Shimada, I; Shindou, N; Soga, T; Ueno, Y, 2014)
"SB 9200, an orally bioavailable dinucleotide, activates the viral sensor proteins, retinoic acid-inducible gene 1 (RIG-I) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2) causing the induction of the interferon (IFN) signaling cascade for antiviral defense."	( Antiviral Efficacy and Host Immune Response Induction during Sequential Treatment with SB 9200 Followed by Entecavir in Woodchucks. Afdhal, N; Balarezo, M; Cleary, D; Gimi, R; Iyer, RP; Kallakury, BV; Korolowicz, KE; Menne, S; Padmanabhan, S; Sheri, A; Suresh, M; Tucker, RD; Yon, C, 2017)
" The absorption rate and extent of EV after SC injection of 12."	( Design and in vivo evaluation of entecavir-3-palmitate microcrystals for subcutaneous sustained delivery. Choi, YW; Han, YT; Ho, MJ; Im, SH; Jang, SW; Kang, MJ; Kim, HJ; Lee, DR; Shin, CY; Yoon, JA, 2018)
" Obtained results show that tested modification do not improve bioavailability of nucleoside analogs in cells."	( Modifications on the heterocyclic base of ganciclovir, penciclovir, acyclovir - syntheses and antiviral properties. Chayrov, R; Chuchkov, K; Hinkov, A; Shishkova, K; Stankova, IG; Todorov, D, 2020)
" Compared to a marketed 1% PV cream, the O3 formulation exhibited a significantly higher and sustained PV release, nearly twice the PV permeability, and a relative bioavailability of 180%."	( Oral gel loaded with penciclovir-lavender oil nanoemulsion to enhance bioavailability and alleviate pain associated with herpes labialis. Abdulaal, WH; Abualsunun, WA; Alghaith, AF; Alhakamy, NA; Ali, SA; Alkhalidi, HM; Alruwaili, NK; Alshehri, S; Alsuabeyl, MS; Bahmdan, RH; Bakhaidar, RB; Hosny, KM; Kurakula, M; Nassar, MS; Rizg, WY; Sindi, AM, 2021)

Excerpt	Reference
" However, on increasing the concentrations of these agents, the reversing effect of guanylic acid decreased gradually, the dose-response curves for the two agents being similar."	( Effect of bredinin and its aglycone on L5178Y cells. Hayano, K; Ishida, N; Mizuno, K; Sakaguchi, K; Tsujino, M, 1975)
" Moderate rhinovirus activity was observed for several compounds at nontoxic dosage levels."	( Imidazo[1,2-a]-s-triazine nucleosides. Synthesis and antiviral activity of the N-bridgehead guanine, guanosine, and guanosine monophosphate analogues of imidazo[1,2-a]-s-triazine. Allen, LB; Bartholomew, DG; Kim, SH; Revankar, GR; Robins, RK, 1978)
" This compound was isolated from the liver DNA of rats dosed with AFB1 (2."	( Identification of the principal aflatoxin B1-DNA adduct formed in vivo in rat liver. Croy, RG; Essigmann, JM; Reinhold, VN; Wogan, GN, 1978)
"A large dose of dimethylnitrosamine was administered to rats by two different dosing regimens, one being eleven intraperitoneal injections of 5 mg/kg body wt."	( The accumulation of O6-methylguanine in the liver and kidney DNA of rats treated with dimethylinitrosamine for a short or a long period. Nicoll, JW; Pegg, AE; Swann, PF, 1977)
" The cultivation of the different strains in media upon which the mutant fails to grow leads to a pronounced growth rate response to the dosage of the wild-type allele."	( Gene dosage effects in polyploid strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae containing gua-1 wild-type and mutant alleles. Reichert, U; Winter, M, 1975)
" Dose-response relationships for 7-HEG were nonlinear in both mice and rats, with the alkylating efficiency of ETO increasing at high exposures."	( Molecular dosimetry of ethylene oxide: formation and persistence of 7-(2-hydroxyethyl)guanine in DNA following repeated exposures of rats and mice. Fennell, TR; Prevost, V; Shuker, DE; Skopek, TR; Swenberg, JA; Upton, PB; Walker, VE, 1992)
" Using the multiple monoclonal antibody affinity column with rat urines obtained from dosed animals, between 90 and 95% of total aflatoxin metabolites can be bound to the column and isolated."	( Molecular dosimetry in rat urine of aflatoxin-N7-guanine and other aflatoxin metabolites by multiple monoclonal antibody affinity chromatography and immunoaffinity/high performance liquid chromatography. Donahue, PR; Groopman, JD; Hasler, JA; Pikul, A; Trudel, LJ; Wogan, GN, 1992)
" The studies described in this paper illustrate the utility of performing dose-response experiments and the quantitation of DNA methylation and repair in not only target tissues but also target cell types."	( Role of DNA methylation in the activation of proto-oncogenes and the induction of pulmonary neoplasia by nitrosamines. Anderson, MW; Belinsky, SA; Devereux, TR, )
" The average dosage of DMN was 2 mg/kg/day, DNA was isolated from liver and lung specimens, and its purine bases separated by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection."	( [The determination of DNA adducts in liver and lung of mice exposed to dimethylnitrosamine]. Zhang, PC, 1990)
"The relationship between the formation of O6-methylguanine (O6MG) and the induction of lung, liver, and nasal tumors in the Fisher 344 rat by the tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) was examined in a dose-response study."	( Dose-response relationship between O6-methylguanine formation in Clara cells and induction of pulmonary neoplasia in the rat by 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone. Anderson, MW; Belinsky, SA; Foley, JF; Maronpot, RR; White, CM, 1990)
" These subsequent studies confirmed that, after oral dosing with famciclovir, more than half the dose was absorbed and rapidly converted to penciclovir."	( Selection of an oral prodrug (BRL 42810; famciclovir) for the antiherpesvirus agent BRL 39123 [9-(4-hydroxy-3-hydroxymethylbut-l-yl)guanine; penciclovir]. Boyd, MR; Harnden, MR; Jarvest, RL; Sutton, D; Vere Hodge, RA, 1989)
" Two different slopes were observed in the dose-response curve when testing MMS with strain TA100."	( Methyl methanesulphonate (MMS) is clearly mutagenic in S. typhimurium strain TA1535; a comparison with strain TA100. Deininger, C; Eder, E; Wiedenmann, M, 1989)
" Using an identical dosing regimen, parallel results were observed in the effects of these isothiocyanates on O6-methylguanine formation in the lung, in which PEITC at either dose resulted in considerable inhibition at 2 or 6 h after NNK administration, while BITC or PITC had little effect."	( Effects of aromatic isothiocyanates on tumorigenicity, O6-methylguanine formation, and metabolism of the tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone in A/J mouse lung. Amin, SG; Chung, FL; Hecht, SS; Morse, MA, 1989)
" Both 5 and its esters (14-17, 21, 22) and also 18 were well absorbed after oral administration and converted efficiently to 1, the diacetyl (14) and dipropionyl (16) esters providing concentrations of 1 in the blood that were more than 15-fold higher than those observed after dosing either 1 or its esters (25-27)."	( Prodrugs of the selective antiherpesvirus agent 9-[4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)but-1-yl]guanine (BRL 39123) with improved gastrointestinal absorption properties. Boyd, MR; Harnden, MR; Jarvest, RL; Sutton, D; Vere Hodge, RA, 1989)
" (+/-)2HM-HBG at a dosage of 10 mg/kg of body weight per day allowed moderate viremia, whereas a dosage of 30 mg/kg of body weight per day strongly suppressed viremia with minimal numbers of virus plaques from blood specimens collected at days 3, 5, and 7 postinfection and complete clearance at day 9 postinfection."	( Pharmacokinetics and antiviral activity in simian varicella virus-infected monkeys of (R,S)-9-[4-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl) butyl]guanine, an anti-varicella-zoster virus drug. Abele, G; Datema, R; Lake-Bakaar, DM; Lindborg, B; Soike, KF, 1988)
" Utilizing the same multiple dosing protocol, patterns of covalent modifications of DNA by AFB1 were determined."	( Modulation of aflatoxin metabolism, aflatoxin-N7-guanine formation, and hepatic tumorigenesis in rats fed ethoxyquin: role of induction of glutathione S-transferases. Davidson, NE; Egner, PA; Groopman, JD; Kensler, TW; Pikul, A; Roebuck, BD, 1986)
" Based on the dose-response curve for ACNU in 9L/AC cells, by O6-methylguanine pretreatment (2 mM), ACNU-resistance decreased markedly to one-third, one-fifth, and one-two hundredth at 12, 24, 36 microM ACNU, respectively."	( [Circumvention of ACNU-resistance in rat glioma cells by pretreatment with O6-methylguanine]. Fushimi, S; Ishino, Y; Kowada, M; Mineura, K; Sasajima, H; Sasaki, J, 1989)
" The dose-response data revealed that all four lesions increased with dose."	( Alkylation of DNA in rats by N-nitrosomethyl-(2-hydroxyethyl)amine: dose response and persistence of the alkylated lesions in vivo. Alvord, WG; Bosan, W; Koepke, SR; Kroeger-Koepke, MB; Michejda, CJ; Thomas, BJ, 1988)
" In contrast, the dose-response curve for methylation by NDMA appeared opposite of that for NNK with alkylation efficiency increasing as a function of dose."	( Factors regulating activation and DNA alkylation by 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone and nitrosodimethylamine in rat lung and isolated lung cells, and the relationship to carcinogenicity. Anderson, MW; Belinsky, SA; Devereux, TR, 1988)
" In an experiment similar to the dose-response study, 20 mg hydrazine/kg body wt was given to the two strains of mice, and animals were killed at 24 hr intervals to determine the persistence of these aberrant purines in DNA."	( Comparative study on the indirect methylation of liver DNA guanine by the 1-carbon pool in hepatotoxicity. Shank, RC, 1987)
" The dose-response to NNK was nonlinear; the ratio of O6-meG to dose, an index of alkylation efficiency, increased dramatically as the dose of carcinogen decreased."	( Molecular dosimetry of O6-methylguanine formation and cell toxicity in lung and nasal mucosa by 4-(N-nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone. Anderson, MW; Belinsky, SA; Swenberg, JA, 1987)
"To investigate the hypothesis that the similarity of dose-response curves for induction of thymic lymphoma in C57BL mice was due to similar DNA alkylation profiles for 1-ethyl-1-nitrosourea (ENU) and 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-nitrosourea (HNU), we measured the reaction of the two agents with DNA in vitro and in target tissues in vivo."	( The binding of 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-nitrosourea to DNA in vitro and to DNA of thymus and marrow in C57BL mice in vivo. Harbach, PR; Petzold, GL; Swenson, DH, 1986)
"With the agar diffusion test and BS-C-1 cells, mycophenolic acid was found to give a straight-line dose-response activity in inhibiting the cytopathic effects of vaccinia, herpes simplex, and measles viruses."	( In vitro antiviral activity of mycophenolic acid and its reversal by guanine-type compounds. Cline, JC; Delong, DC; Gerzon, K; Nelson, JD; Williams, RH, 1969)
" However, the genetic dosage effect of the X chromosomes is not present after the increase in hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase activity in the late morula and the blastocyst stages."	( Expression of the mammalian X chromosome before and after fertilization. Epstein, CJ, 1972)
" A half-life of 5 days was obtained and this was not affected by injecting animals with unlabelled methyl methanesulphonate at the same dosage of 50mg/kg used in the studies of RNA methylation."	( The stability of rat liver ribonucleic acid in vivo after methylation with methyl methanesulphonate or dimethylnitrosamine. Craig, AW; McElhone, MJ; O'Connor, PJ, 1971)
" At a high dosage this rate was greater in vivo than in vitro."	( Stability of deoxyribonucleic acid methylated in the intact animal by administration of dimethylnitrosamine. Rate of breakdown in vivo and in vitro at different dosages. Craddock, VM, 1969)
" A linear dose-response curve was observed with these cells, and their proliferation was inhibited 50% by 100 microM acyclovir."	( Effect of acyclovir on the proliferation of human fibroblasts and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Arbeit, RD; Leary, PL; Levin, MJ, 1980)
"Of the 72 pancreatic preparations currently on the market 24 were randomly selected for study and compared with 3 US preparations with different dosage forms."	( Studies on the quality of pancreatic preparations: enzyme content, prospective bioavailability, bile acid pattern, and contamination with purines. König, J; Molitor, M; Neef, B; Niessen, KH, 1983)
"Acyclovir (9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl)guanine) administered as an intramuscular formulation twice daily at a dosage of 100 mg/kg per day prevented the development of disease in African green monkeys inoculated with simian varicella virus."	( Acyclovir in the treatment of simian varicella virus infection of the African green monkey. Gerone, PJ; Soike, KF, 1982)
"Acyclovir tolerance has been explored in a broad range of human populations and dosage regimens with intravenous, topical, and oral formulations."	( Acyclovir tolerance in humans. Bridgen, D; Keeney, RE; Kirk, LE, 1982)
" This occurred after intravenous bolus injection of high dosages of acyclovir but the risk was considerably reduced by slow intravenous infusion of the same dosage over one hour, with adequate hydration of the patient and adjustment of dosage in patients with preexisting impaired renal function."	( Renal function after acyclovir intravenous injection. Brigden, D; Rosling, AE; Woods, NC, 1982)
" Acyclovir was administered intravenously in a dosage of 5 to 15 mg/kg every eight hours for five to 10 days."	( Use of acyclovir in premature and term neonates. Yeager, AS, 1982)
" The mean percent urinary recovery of acyclovir (+/- SD) at each dosage level was similar, with an overall mean recovery of 65 percent."	( Neonatal acyclovir pharmacokinetics in patients with herpes virus infections. Blum, MR; Connor, JD; Hintz, M; Keeney, RE; Spector, SA; Yeager, AS, 1982)
"2 mg/kg per day dosage to 36."	( Treatment of herpes virus infections in immunocompromised patients with acyclovir by continuous intravenous infusion. Connor, JD; Hintz, M; Keeney, RE; Liao, S; Spector, SA; Wyborny, C, 1982)
" Comparison of the dose-response curve for adduct excretion with that previously observed for adduct formation in rat liver DNA in vivo revealed a high degree of qualitative similarity, with the levels of adduct excreted in urine representing 30 to 40% of the levels seen initially in liver DNA."	( Excretion of an aflatoxin-guanine adduct in the urine of aflatoxin B1-treated rats. Bennett, RA; Essigmann, JM; Wogan, GN, 1981)
" levels of O6-methylguanine (O6-MeG) in the DNA extracted from the bacteria follow a similar dose-response curve suggesting a dependency of mutagenesis on O6-MeG."	( Resistance of Salmonella typhimurium TA 1535 to O6-guanine methylation and mutagenesis induced by low doses of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine: an apparent constitutive repair activity. Guttenplan, JB; Milstein, S, 1982)
" Dosage adjustment for various stages of renal impairment are proposed based on the observed relationship between Cltot and Clcr."	( Overview of acyclovir pharmacokinetic disposition in adults and children. Blum, MR; de Miranda, P; Liao, SH, 1982)
" At the higher dosage of 100 mg/kg per day for four days, there was a slight reduction in the numbers of these cells."	( Effect of acyclovir on various murine in vivo and in vitro immunologic assay systems. Elion, GB; Medzihradsky, J; Quinn, RP; Wolberg, G, 1982)
" Since ACV elimination is markedly reduced in end-stage renal failure and because ACV is readily hemodialyzible, dosage modification are needed to avoid cumulation and to replace dialyzed drug."	( Acyclovir kinetics in end-stage renal disease. Keeney, RE; Krasny, HC; Laskin, OL; Lietman, PS; Longstreth, JA; Rocco, L; Whelton, A, 1982)
" A fall in DNA polymerase activity was seen with all courses of acyclovir but no dose-response relationship was evident."	( Preliminary studies of acyclovir in chronic hepatitis B. Gregory, PB; Merigan, TC; Robinson, WS; Scullard, GH; Smith, CI, 1982)
" 2,5-Bis(4-guanylphenyl)-1,3-oxazole and -1,3,4-thiadiazole showed good activity, whithout acute toxicity, against Trypanosoma rhodesiense in mice, producing cures at a 3 mg/kg dosage level."	( Synthesis and antitrypanosomal activity of some bis(4-guanylphenyl) five- and six-membered ring heterocycles. Boykin, DW; Das, BP; Wallace, RA, 1980)
", Hodgkin disease, malignant melanoma) treated with the methylating cytostatic drugs procarbazine or dacarbazine; these studies have provided detailed information on dose-response relationships."	( Variability in DNA repair and individual susceptibility to genotoxins. Kyrtopoulos, SA, 1995)
" This dose-response relationship is in contrast to the sharp increase in the liver tumour induction in rats chronically treated with similar concentrations of NDMA reported by Peto et al."	( Dosimetry of O6-methylguanine in rat DNA after low-dose, chronic exposure to N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA). Implications for the mechanism of NDMA hepatocarcinogenesis. Anderson, LM; Chhabra, S; Kyrtopoulos, SA; Souliotis, VL, 1995)
" On oral dosing of famciclovir to humans, only penciclovir and BRL 42359 can be detected consistently in the plasma; thus, attention was focused on the oxidation reaction."	( Role of aldehyde oxidase in the in vitro conversion of famciclovir to penciclovir in human liver. Chenery, RJ; Clarke, SE; Harrell, AW, 1995)
" Pretreatment of mice with O6-benzylguanine increased temozolomide-induced mortality, requiring reduction of the dosage from 1200 to 750 mg/m2 on the single-day regimen."	( Activity of temozolomide in the treatment of central nervous system tumor xenografts. Bigner, DD; Catino, JJ; Dolan, ME; Friedman, HS; Keir, S; Marcelli, S; Pegg, AE; Schold, SC, 1995)
" We also observed a dose-response effect of ethanol on MGMT activity, again only in the castrated rats."	( Acute ethanol exposure suppresses the repair of O6-methylguanine DNA lesions in castrated adult male rats. Carney, JP; Kelley, MR; Tentler, JJ; Wilson, DM; Wilson, TM, 1994)
" Our analysis indicates that HDL-C levels do not vary by genotype, and no gene dosage effect is apparent in men or in women."	( Genetic analysis of a polymorphism in the human apolipoprotein A-I gene promoter: effect on plasma HDL-cholesterol levels. Barre, DE; Cohen, JC; Grundy, SM; Guerra, R; Verstraete, R; Wang, Z, 1994)
" Comparison of the dose-response relationships for humans and rats indicates that, under conditions of no depletion of O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGT), O6-meG accumulates in blood leukocyte DNA of humans at a rate which is only approximately 2-fold lower than in rats, implying that, to the extent to which O6-meG contributes to the genotoxic activity of procarbazine, human susceptibility to it is likely to be comparable to that of the rat."	( Comparative dosimetry of O6-methylguanine in humans and rodents treated with procarbazine. Boussiotis, VA; Kyrtopoulos, SA; Pangalis, GA; Souliotis, VL; Valavanis, C, 1994)
" This new drug produces enhanced plasma levels of acyclovir following oral dosing, which will not only allow more convenient dosing for the treatment of herpes simplex virus and varicella zoster virus (VZV) infections, but also mean that valaciclovir has the potential for superior clinical efficacy over acyclovir."	( Acyclovir--and beyond. Darby, G, 1994)
"1 mg/kg body wt MNU) as well as extrapolation by probit analysis based on a dose-response study (estimated ED0."	( Embryotoxicity induced by alkylating agents: 7. Low dose prenatal-toxic risk estimation based on NOAEL risk factor approach, dose-response relationships, and DNA adducts using methylnitrosourea as a model compound. Bochert, G; Meister, R; Neubert, D; Platzek, T, 1993)
" We have developed methods to defect the major aflatoxin DNA adduct, aflatoxin N7-guanine (AFB-N7-guanine), in urine, examined the dose-response characteristics in people living in China and The Gambia, and have found an excellent association of this biomarker with exposure."	( Molecular epidemiology of aflatoxin exposures: validation of aflatoxin-N7-guanine levels in urine as a biomarker in experimental rat models and humans. Groopman, JD; Hasler, J; Junshi, C; Kensler, TW; Wild, CP; Wogan, GN, 1993)
" The dose-response curves for 7-HEG in rat tissues were linear between 10 and 100 ppm ETO and increased in slope above 100 ppm."	( Molecular dosimetry of DNA and hemoglobin adducts in mice and rats exposed to ethylene oxide. Fennell, TR; MacNeela, JP; Swenberg, JA; Upton, PB; Walker, VE, 1993)
" Dosage adjustment is required in the presence of renal impairment."	( Pharmacokinetics of new antiherpetic agents. Rolan, P, 1995)
" Comparisons with BCNU were made on both single and multiple dosing schedules, since temozolomide cytotoxicity is highly schedule dependent."	( Potentiation of temozolomide and BCNU cytotoxicity by O(6)-benzylguanine: a comparative study in vitro. May, BL; Newlands, ES; Porteus, JK; Wedge, SR, 1996)
" This protocol was aimed at assessing two sensitive measures of beta-cell dysfunction: the priming effect of glucose on the glucose-insulin secretion rate (ISR) dose-response curve and the ability of oscillatory glucose infusion to entrain insulin secretory oscillations."	( Clinical phenotypes, insulin secretion, and insulin sensitivity in kindreds with maternally inherited diabetes and deafness due to mitochondrial tRNALeu(UUR) gene mutation. Blanché, H; Byrne, MM; Clément, K; Fiet, J; Froguel, P; Passa, P; Polonsky, KS; Pueyo, ME; Robert, JJ; Sturis, J; Velho, G; Vionnet, N, 1996)
" At 72 h following conclusion of dosing no O6-meGua was detected in the esophagi of rats treated with either regimen."	( O6-methylguanine levels and histopathological changes in the rat esophagus and liver following single and repeated administration of N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine. Conran, PB; Geil, RG; Morse, MA; Schut, HA; Siglin, JC; Stoner, GD, 1996)
" The dose-response curve for GCV appeared more exponential, without a threshold, but with a no-effect dose of around 150 mumols/kg per day."	( Comparative in-vivo genotoxicity of antiviral nucleoside analogues; penciclovir, acyclovir, ganciclovir and the xanthine analogue, caffeine, in the mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay. Haynes, P; Lambert, TR; Mitchell, ID, 1996)
" Dosage adjustment is not required for famciclovir in elderly patients with normal or mildly impaired renal function, and the extent of penciclovir availability is not affected by food."	( The pharmacological profile of famciclovir. Crumpacker, C, 1996)
" The results demonstrate that BCX-34 inhibits human PNP and T-cell proliferation, is orally bioavailable in rodents, and pharmacologically active in vivo in rodents after oral dosing with no apparent side effects or toxicity."	( In vivo and in vitro pharmacologic activity of the purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitor BCX-34: the role of GTP and dGTP. Bantia, S; Johnson, HG; Montgomery, JA; Walsh, GM, 1996)
" However, for MMS and UV light, which was included in this study for comparison, c-fos, c-jun, junB and junD mRNA as well as AP-1 induction paralleled the dose-response for induction of cell killing effects, recombination and chromosomal breakage indicating that increased expression of Fos and Jun is related to the generation of MMS and UV-induced genetic changes."	( Induction of c-fos, c-jun, junB and junD mRNA and AP-1 by alkylating mutagens in cells deficient and proficient for the DNA repair protein O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) and its relationship to cell death, mutation induction and chromosomal Dosch, J; Kaina, B, 1996)
" A dose-response relationship of NAAC values was observed in the livers of M10 mice when treated with AFB1 at different doses ranging from 1 to 16 mg/kg body weight, whereas in nontransgenic mice, only slight but not statistically significant increases of NAAC values were observed."	( In vivo activation of aflatoxin B1 in C57BL/6N mice carrying a human fetus-specific CYP3A7 gene. Groopman, JD; Kamataki, T; Katsuki, M; Li, Y; Wang, JS; Yokoi, T, 1997)
" Much of the current antiviral research focuses on providing drugs with (i) improved oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics which permit less frequent oral or topical dosing for suppressive treatment of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections, (ii) different mechanisms of action for synergic effects in treating resistant HSV infections in the immunocompromised host and (iii) improved efficacy."	( New therapeutic approaches to the alphaherpesvirus infections. Cassady, KA; Whitley, RJ, 1997)
" Quantification results are shown for 7HEG after calf thymus DNA and blood exposure to various doses of EO, in both cases obtaining clear dose-response relationships."	( High-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray mass spectrometry for the analysis of modified bases in DNA: 7-(2-hydroxyethyl)guanine, the major ethylene oxide-DNA adduct. De Pauw, E; Laurent, C; Leclercq, L, 1997)
") was examined using single and daily x5 dosing regimens in athymic mice bearing subcutaneous A375P xenografts."	( Effect of single and multiple administration of an O6-benzylguanine/temozolomide combination: an evaluation in a human melanoma xenograft model. Newlands, ES; Porteous, JK; Wedge, SR, 1997)
" The immunoaffinity column and the indirect competitive ELISA were evaluated and validated by quantitation of aflatoxin B1-N7-guanine in urine from rats dosed with aflatoxin B1 (1 mg/kg body weight)."	( Quantitation of aflatoxin B1-N7-guanine adduct in urine by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay coupled with immunoaffinity chromatography. Bhat, RV; Rao, BS; Sujatha, N; Vidyasagar, T; Vyjayanthi, V, )
" Earlier work also showed that after ten daily doses the AFB dose-response relationship with gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) positive preneoplastic foci measured at 3 months was sublinear, with a threshold at a dose of about 150 micrograms/kg body weight/day."	( Dissimilarity in aflatoxin dose-response relationships between DNA adduct formation and development of preneoplastic foci in rat liver. Campbell, TC; Lange, T; Root, M, 1997)
"Ducks congenitally infected with duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) were treated with the antiviral guanine nucleoside analog penciclovir for 12 or 24 weeks at a dosage of 10 mg/kg of body weight per day."	( Long-term therapy with the guanine nucleoside analog penciclovir controls chronic duck hepatitis B virus infection in vivo. Colledge, D; Lin, E; Locarnini, S; Luscombe, C; Wang, YY, 1998)
" The 3-weekly dosing schedule was chosen for phase II evaluation."	( Clinical studies with MTA. Calvert, AH; Walling, JM, 1998)
" The every three week dosing schedule has proven to be convenient and easy to administer and the clinical toxicities of LY231514 seem to be well tolerated."	( Multiple folate enzyme inhibition: mechanism of a novel pyrrolopyrimidine-based antifolate LY231514 (MTA). Chen, VJ; Habeck, LL; Mendelsohn, LG; Schultz, RM; Shih, C, 1998)
" In conclusion, PCV q12h is a well-tolerated and effective therapy for mucocutaneous HSV infection in IC patients and offers a reduced frequency of dosing compared with ACV q8h."	( Intravenous penciclovir for treatment of herpes simplex infections in immunocompromised patients: results of a multicenter, acyclovir-controlled trial. The Penciclovir Immunocompromised Study Group. Aoun, M; Belanger, R; Candoni, A; Jurewicz, R; Lazarus, HM; Marks, L, 1999)
"Early phase evaluation of anticancer drugs has traditionally used toxicity (usually hematological) rather than efficacy end points to establish appropriate dosing schedules."	( O6-benzylguanine: a clinical trial establishing the biochemical modulatory dose in tumor tissue for alkyltransferase-directed DNA repair. Gerson, SL; Haaga, J; Hoppel, CL; Ingalls, ST; Liu, L; Majka, S; Pluda, JM; Spiro, TP; Willson, JK, 1999)
" 7-HEG exhibited tissue- and species-specific dose-response relationships in EO-exposed animals."	( Molecular dosimetry of endogenous and ethylene oxide-induced N7-(2-hydroxyethyl) guanine formation in tissues of rodents. Ranasinghe, A; Swenberg, JA; Upton, PB; Walker, VE; Wu, KY, 1999)
" Three dosing schedules have been investigated in the phase I setting: daily x5 every 21 days, weekly x4 every 42 days, and once every 21 days."	( Overview of phase I trials of multitargeted antifolate (MTA, LY231514). Rinaldi, DA, 1999)
" Previously, large-scale dose-response studies on teratogenicity as well as on DNA modification were performed using these substances."	( DNA alkylation studies of combined treatment with methylnitrosourea and ethylmethanesulfonate in mice. Bochert, G; Platzek, T, 2000)
" For mutagenesis and other genotoxicity endpoints, the dose-response reflects the molecular dose of each type of DNA adduct, cell proliferation, as well as endogenous factors that lead to mutagenesis such as the formation and repair of endogenous DNA adducts."	( DNA adducts: effects of low exposure to ethylene oxide, vinyl chloride and butadiene. Ham, A; Koc, H; Morinello, E; Ranasinghe, A; Swenberg, JA; Tretyakova, N; Upton, PB; Wu, K, 2000)
" However, following multiple dosing a statistically significant 3-fold increase in mutant frequency was observed in the liver, while a non-statistically significant increase was observed in the bone marrow."	( Induction of somatic mutations but not methylated DNA adducts in lambdalacZ transgenic mice by dichlorvos. Baan, RA; Kyrtopoulos, SA; Pletsa, V; Steenwinkel, MJ; van Delft, JH, 1999)
" The major objectives of this study were: (a) to determine the formation and persistence of N7-HEG adducts in liver DNA of adult male rats exposed to 0, 50, 100 and 200 ppm by inhalation (4 weeks, 5 days/week, 6 h/day) and (b) to assess dose-response relationships for Hprt gene mutations and various types of chromosomal changes in splenic lymphocytes."	( Formation of DNA adducts and induction of mutagenic effects in rats following 4 weeks inhalation exposure to ethylene oxide as a basis for cancer risk assessment. Boogaard, PJ; Ehrenberg, LG; Natarajan, AT; Tates, AD; Törnqvist, MA; van Sittert, NJ, 2000)
" Serial blood samples and total urine outputs were collected during dosing and for at least 24 hours after the last dose was administered."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of peldesine (BCX-34), a purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitor, following single and multiple oral doses in healthy volunteers. Kisicki, J; Omura, GA; Stoltz, RR; Viegas, TX, 2000)
" injection) once weekly for up to 10 weeks, a dosing regime that produced tumours principally within the distal colon (Jackson et al."	( Formation and persistence of O(6)-methylguanine in the mouse colon following treatment with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine as measured by an O(6)-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase inactivation assay. Cooper, DP; Jackson, PE; Margison, GP; Meyer, TA; Povey, AC; Wood, M, 2000)
" Comparison of MNU dose-response curves for exonuclease-proficient and -deficient forms of T4 polymerase reveals that the exonuclease efficiently removes 50-86% of total premutagenic alkyl mispairs."	( The 3' --> 5' exonuclease of T4 DNA polymerase removes premutagenic alkyl mispairs and contributes to futile cycling at O6-methylguanine lesions. Eckert, KA; Khare, V, 2001)
" A dose-response relationship was established, indicating that the adduct formation increases with the exposure level."	( Quantitative detection of N(7)-(2-hydroxyethyl)guanine adducts in DNA using high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Chen, SH; Hung, CW; Li, CM; Liao, PC, 2001)
" The values of C(max), AUC, and urinary recovery of penciclovir after dosing with SK1899 to rats and dogs were similar or slightly higher than those from famciclovir."	( Pharmacokinetic studies of 2-amino-9-(3-acetoxymethyl-4-isopropoxycarbonyl-oxybut-1-yl)purine, an oral prodrug for the antiviral agent penciclovir. Chang, K; Choi, WS; Im, GJ; Jung, I; Kim, DK; Kim, JS; Kim, TK; Kim, TS; Kim, YW; Lee, N; Lee, SJ, 2001)
" Data from correlation analysis of the log ratios for normal tissues from cancer were consistent with an age-dependent, dose-response relationship."	( Age-related radical-induced DNA damage is linked to prostate cancer. Barker, EA; Johnson, PM; Malins, DC; Polissar, NL; Vinson, MA; Wheeler, TM, 2001)
" The present data suggest the potential clinical efficacy of combining Alimta administration with radiotherapy for Alimta-sensitive cells and indicate that further testing needs to be conducted to optimize the dosing schedule to enhance the interaction between the therapeutic agents."	( Treatment of head and neck and esophageal xenografts employing Alimta and concurrent ionizing radiation. Mauceri, HJ; Salloum, RM; Seetharam, S; Vokes, EE; Weichselbaum, RR, 2001)
" A clear dose-response relationship was observed for entecavir with the higher doses showing significantly greater viral suppression."	( Entecavir is superior to lamivudine in reducing hepatitis B virus DNA in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection. Anderson, FH; Dehertogh, D; Lai, CL; Lao, J; Rosmawati, M; Thomas, N; Van Vlierberghe, H, 2002)
" Preemptive post-transplant lamivudine monotherapy is associated with progressively increasing HBV recurrence rates, but combined therapy with lamivudine and HBIG at relatively low dosage is currently the most effective approach in this setting, even in HBV-DNA-positive patients, who also receive lamivudine in the pretransplant period."	( Prevention of and treatment for hepatitis B virus infection after liver transplantation in the nucleoside analogues era. Burroughs, AK; Papatheodoridis, GV; Sevastianos, V, 2003)
" The non-linear dose-response relationship for mutations could therefore not be explained by a reduced inhalation or increased detoxification at higher exposure levels."	( Mutagenic activity of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide under XPG proficient and deficient conditions in relation to N-7-(2-hydroxyalkyl)guanine levels in Drosophila. Czene, K; Nivard, MJ; Segerbäck, D; Vogel, EW, 2003)
" Within the range of concentrations where the dose-response curves for adduct formation are linear, the relationship between exposure dose and resulting tissue doses could be based equally well on adduct data from the short-term exposure as on adduct data from the prolonged exposure."	( Dosimetry by means of DNA and hemoglobin adducts in propylene oxide-exposed rats. Csanády, GA; Czene, K; Faller, TH; Filser, JG; Kessler, W; Lee, MS; Osterman-Golkar, S; Pérez, HL; Segerbäck, D, 2003)
" The dose-response relationship for the formation of adduct G4 was approximately linear for all tissues studied for both rats and mice exposed in the 1-20 ppm range."	( Dose responses for DNA adduct formation in tissues of rats and mice exposed by inhalation to low concentrations of 1,3-[2,3-[(14)C]-butadiene. Booth, ED; Kilgour, JD; Robinson, SA; Watson, WP, 2004)
" A clear dose-response relationship was seen between dose groups and 8-OH Adenine levels related with time in all periods."	( The oxidative DNA base damage in testes of rats after intraperitoneal cadmium injection. Ates, I; Aydin, A; Karakaya, A; Suzen, HS, 2004)
" Both timing and dosing of selection regimens and the starting level of marking may all be important to the level of selective increase of in vivo marking achieved."	( Nuclear-localizing O6-benzylguanine-resistant GFP-MGMT fusion protein as a novel in vivo selection marker. Choi, U; DeRavin, SS; Linton, GF; Loktionova, NA; Malech, HL; Pegg, AE; Whiting-Theobald, N; Yamashita, K, 2004)
" These compounds offer high oral bioavailabilty and deliver acyclovir and penciclovir, respectively, to the target cells by means of more convenient dosing schedules."	( Recent clinical experience with famciclovir--a "third generation" nucleoside prodrug. Beutner, K; Chakrabarty, A; Rauser, M; Tyring, SK, 2004)
" The marked improvement in toxicity and tolerance with vitamin supplementation suggests the need to reexamine optimal dosing in pemetrexed combination schedules."	( Pemetrexed in advanced colorectal cancer. de Gramont, A; Louvet, C, 2004)
" Ongoing and future studies will establish optimal dosing regimens of pemetrexed and potential benefits of vitamin supplementation in the settings of metastatic breast cancer and gynecologic malignancies."	( Phase II studies of pemetrexed in metastatic breast and gynecologic cancers. Smith, I, 2004)
" Dosing mice and rats with AA (50 mg/kg) led to presence of glycidamide (GA) in serum and tissues."	( DNA adducts derived from administration of acrylamide and glycidamide to mice and rats. Beland, FA; Churchwell, MI; Doerge, DR; Gamboa da Costa, G; McDaniel, LP; Twaddle, NC, 2005)
" A linear dose-response was observed for the formation of N-7EtG in calf thymus DNA treated with diethyl sulfate at concentrations ranging from 1 to 1000 microM."	( Detection of DNA damage derived from a direct acting ethylating agent present in cigarette smoke by use of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Farmer, PB; Kaur, B; Singh, R, 2005)
"5 mg as a better dosage for a further large scale clinical trial."	( [A study of the dosage and efficacy of entecavir for treating hepatitis B virus]. Lei, BJ; Wang, BE; Xu, DZ; Yao, GB; Zhang, DF; Zhou, XQ, 2005)
" There were no clinically meaningful differences in the incidence of any adverse events between the entecavir dosing and the placebo groups."	( [A study of the dosage and efficacy of entecavir for treating hepatitis B virus]. Lei, BJ; Wang, BE; Xu, DZ; Yao, GB; Zhang, DF; Zhou, XQ, 2005)
"05 ppm, caused significant reduction, showing a J-shape dose-response curve."	( Alpha-benzene hexachloride exerts hormesis in preneoplastic lesion formation of rat hepatocarcinogenesis with the possible role for hepatic detoxifying enzymes. Fukushima, S; Funae, Y; Kinoshita, A; Mitsuru, F; Morimura, K; Oka, M; Puatanachokchai, R; Wanibuchi, H; Yamaguchi, S, 2006)
" The complexity of these dose-response relationships is likely due to the dual role of peroxynitrite as both an oxidant and a nucleophile in competition with water."	( Quantitation of four guanine oxidation products from reaction of DNA with varying doses of peroxynitrite. Tannenbaum, SR; Venkatarangan, L; Wishnok, JS; Yu, H, 2005)
" Additional studies are needed to define appropriate dosing for renally impaired patients receiving higher dose pemetrexed with vitamin supplementation."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of pemetrexed administered every 3 weeks to advanced cancer patients with normal and impaired renal function. Baker, SD; Chaudhary, AK; Chaudhuri, T; Goetz, A; Hammond, LA; Johnson, RD; Latz, JE; Mita, AC; Molpus, K; Patnaik, A; Rowinsky, EK; Sandler, A; Simms, L; Sweeney, CJ; Takimoto, CH; Tolcher, AW; Villalona-Calero, M, 2006)
"Pemetrexed (500 mg/m(2)) with vitamin supplementation is well tolerated and requires no dosage adjustment when coadministered with aspirin (in patients with CrCl > or =60 mL/min) or ibuprofen (in patients with CrCl > or =80 mL/min)."	( Two drug interaction studies evaluating the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of pemetrexed when coadministered with aspirin or Ibuprofen in patients with advanced cancer. Baker, SD; Battiato, L; Chaudhary, AK; Chaudhuri, T; Cleverly, A; Fife, K; Krull, JH; Latz, JE; Mita, AC; Murry, DJ; Rowinsky, EK; Sandler, A; Sweeney, CJ; Takimoto, CH, 2006)
" Treatment of patients with lamivudine failure requires a higher dosage of entecavir and induces a significant decline in viraemia levels."	( Entecavir: a new treatment option for chronic hepatitis B. Zoulim, F, 2006)
" Finally, dosing and administration are reviewed, including appropriate premedication."	( Pemetrexed, a novel antifolate therapeutic alternative for cancer chemotherapy. Shah, SR; Stanford, BL; Villela, LR, 2006)
" Extended dosing has met with early favourable results."	( Exploiting the role of O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT) in cancer therapy. Middleton, MR; Sabharwal, A, 2006)
" No clear dose-response relationship could be established."	( Use of pemetrexed in breast cancer. Dittrich, C, 2006)
" At steady state, the mean area under the plasma concentration-time curve over 1 dosing interval, increased approximately proportional to dose."	( Entecavir pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability after multiple ascending doses in healthy subjects. Bifano, M; Grasela, DM; LaCreta, F; Olsen, S; Smith, RA; Yan, JH; Zhang, D, 2006)
" A linear dose-response relationship was observed between the GA concentration and the levels of N7-GA-Gua."	( Cytogenetic damage induced by acrylamide and glycidamide in mammalian cells: correlation with specific glycidamide-DNA adducts. Beland, FA; Churchwell, MI; Doerge, DR; Gamboa da Costa, G; Gaspar, JF; Marques, MM; Martins, C; Martins, V; Oliveira, NG; Pingarilho, M; Rueff, J, 2007)
" Genotyping all additional ETV patients with PCR-detectable HBV DNA at Weeks 48, 96, or end of dosing identified seven additional patients with LVDr substitutions, including one with simultaneous emergence of LVDr/ETVr."	( Entecavir resistance is rare in nucleoside naïve patients with hepatitis B. Baldick, CJ; Colonno, RJ; Eggers, B; Fang, J; Hsu, M; Klesczewski, K; Levine, S; Mazzucco, C; Plym, M; Pokornowski, K; Rose, R; Tenney, DJ; Walsh, A; Yu, CF; Zhang, S, 2006)
" The HBV DNA suppression was approximately constant at doses of 60 mg and higher over the 28-day dosing period."	( A randomized placebo-controlled, dose-finding study of oral LB80380 in HBeAg-positive patients with chronic hepatitis B. Kang, HM; Kim, CR; Kim, J; Lai, CL; Min, C; Ngai, V; Shin, BS; Yoo, SD; Yuen, JC; Yuen, MF, 2006)
" Pemetrexed dosing was 500 mg/m and carboplatin was AUC (area under the curve) 5 once every 3 weeks."	( Pemetrexed as second-line treatment in malignant pleural mesothelioma after platinum-based first-line treatment. Perell, K; Sundstrøm, S; Sørensen, JB; Thielsen, AK, 2007)
"Chemonaive patients with stage IIIB/IV NSCLC and an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0 to 2 received either 500 mg/m2 of pemetrexed (day 1, every 3 weeks) for eight cycles, or the same dosage of pemetrexed for cycles 1 and 2 and then 1200 mg/m2 of gemcitabine (days 1 and 8, every 3 weeks) for cycles 3 and 4 (repeated once for a total of eight cycles)."	( Single-agent pemetrexed or sequential pemetrexed/gemcitabine as front-line treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer in elderly patients or patients ineligible for platinum-based chemotherapy: a multicenter, randomized, phase II trial. Caffo, O; Favaretto, A; Gregorc, V; Gridelli, C; Kaukel, E; Manegold, C; Martoni, A; Migliorino, MR; Müller, TR; Muñoz, M; Peterson, P; Reck, M; Rossi, A; Russo, F; Schmittel, A, 2007)
" We established minimal cell and drug dosage requirements for selection of P140K mutant O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT P140K)-expressing HSCs and monitored their differentiation potential and clonality under long-term selective stress."	( Stable differentiation and clonality of murine long-term hematopoiesis after extended reduced-intensity selection for MGMT P140K transgene expression. Ball, CR; Fessler, S; Glimm, H; Pilz, IH; Schmidt, M; von Kalle, C; Williams, DA, 2007)
" For xenobiotics that generate adducts without background, the difference is even more pronounced because the dose-response curve starts at zero and the limit of detection of an increase is not affected by background variation."	( Biological significance of DNA adducts investigated by simultaneous analysis of different endpoints of genotoxicity in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells treated with methyl methanesulfonate. Brink, A; Lutz, WK; Schulz, B; Stopper, H, 2007)
" There was a significant dose-response relationship between NC and DNA damage, with the 57-nm mode as the major contributor to effects."	( Exposure to ultrafine particles from ambient air and oxidative stress-induced DNA damage. Bräuner, EV; Forchhammer, L; Glasius, M; Loft, S; Møller, P; Raaschou-Nielsen, O; Simonsen, J; Wåhlin, P, 2007)
"Penciclovir pharmacokinetics following oral famciclovir administration in cats appeared complex within the dosage range studied."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of penciclovir following oral administration of famciclovir to cats. Maggs, DJ; Moulin, NK; Stanley, SD; Thomasy, SM, 2007)
" Single-dose temozolomide at five dosage levels (267, 355, 472, 628, and 835 mg/m(2)) was given at least 6 h after completion of O(6)-benzylguanine bolus."	( Phase I trial of single-dose temozolomide and continuous administration of o6-benzylguanine in children with brain tumors: a pediatric brain tumor consortium report. Boyett, JM; Broniscer, A; Danks, MK; Friedman, HS; Gajjar, A; Goldman, S; Gururangan, S; Kun, LE; MacDonald, TJ; Packer, RJ; Poussaint, TY; Stewart, CF; Wallace, D, 2007)
" At level 1, 4/6 patients experienced DLTs; dosing decreased to level 0 and 4/5 patients experienced DLTs."	( Phase I study of a 3-drug regimen of gemcitabine/cisplatin/pemetrexed in patients with metastatic transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelium. Atienza, D; Awasthi, S; Berry, W; Delaune, R; Deutsch, M; Dien, PY; Gregory, TF; Hood, K; Hutson, TE; Ilegbodu, D; Kolodziej, MJ; Mull, S; Muscato, JJ; Nicol, S; Raju, RN; Ruxer, RL; Vukelja, S, 2008)
"This phase III randomized trial compared pemetrexed 500 mg/m(2) (P500) with pemetrexed 900 mg/m(2) (P900) to determine whether higher dosing benefits non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients as second-line therapy."	( A randomized phase III trial comparing standard and high-dose pemetrexed as second-line treatment in patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer. Cullen, MH; Fischer, JR; Iscoe, N; Joy, AA; Novello, S; Peterson, P; Sörenson, S; Visseren-Grul, CM; Zatloukal, P; Zereu, M, 2008)
" The cellular pharmacology of DXG in primary human lymphocytes, including dose-response relationships, intracellular half-life of DXG triphosphate (DXG-TP), and combination studies were determined."	( Short communication cellular pharmacology of 9-(beta-D-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl) guanine and its lack of drug interactions with zidovudine in primary human lymphocytes. Fromentin, E; Hernandez-Santiago, BI; Hurwitz, SJ; Obikhod, A; Schinazi, RF, 2007)
"The Pem/Cis combination provides promising activity and an acceptable safety profile for chemonaive Japanese MPM patients with the same recommend dosage and schedule used in rest of the world."	( Efficacy and safety of pemetrexed in combination with cisplatin for malignant pleural mesothelioma: a phase I/II study in Japanese patients. Adachi, S; Fukuoka, M; Gemba, K; Hida, T; Ichinose, Y; Kunitoh, H; Nakagawa, K; Nambu, Y; Saijo, N; Shinkai, T; Yamazaki, K, 2008)
"5 mg and 1 mg, respectively, with 33% of patients in each dosing group achieving <400 copies/mL."	( Efficacy and safety of entecavir in lamivudine-refractory patients with chronic hepatitis B: randomized controlled trial in Japanese patients. Imazeki, F; Kage, M; Katano, Y; Kumada, H; Moriyama, M; Omata, M; Sata, M; Seriu, T; Suzuki, F; Toyoda, J, 2008)
"Recent changes in the risk assessment landscape underscore the need to be able to compare the results of toxicity and dose-response testing between a growing list of animal models and, quite possibly, an array of in vitro screening assays."	( Toward a molecular equivalent dose: use of the medaka model in comparative risk assessment. Deangelo, AB; Hobbie, KR; King, LC; Law, JM; Winn, RN, 2009)
"O(6)-BG when added to a 1-day dosing regimen of temozolomide was able to restore temozolomide sensitivity in patients with temozolomide-resistant anaplastic glioma, but there seemed to be no significant restoration of temozolomide sensitivity in patients with temozolomide-resistant GBM."	( Phase II trial of temozolomide plus o6-benzylguanine in adults with recurrent, temozolomide-resistant malignant glioma. Bigner, DD; Desjardins, A; Friedman, AH; Friedman, HS; Gururangan, S; Herndon, JE; Jiang, SX; McLendon, RE; Quinn, JA; Reardon, DA; Rich, JN; Sampson, JH; Vredenburgh, JJ; Walker, A, 2009)
" To attain a better antiviral response the dosage of entecavir was increased to 2mg daily in two patients, resulting in further viral load decline for both of them."	( Entecavir shows limited efficacy in HBeAg-positive hepatitis B patients with a partial virologic response to adefovir therapy. de Man, RA; Janssen, HL; Pas, SD; Reijnders, JG; Schutten, M, 2009)
"Entecavir monotherapy dosed at 1mg resulted in a slow reduction of viral load in both lamivudine-experienced and -naïve patients with persistently high HBV DNA during adefovir therapy."	( Entecavir shows limited efficacy in HBeAg-positive hepatitis B patients with a partial virologic response to adefovir therapy. de Man, RA; Janssen, HL; Pas, SD; Reijnders, JG; Schutten, M, 2009)
" We have therefore defined in vivo dose-response relationships over a concentration range relevant to human EO exposures using a dual-isotope approach."	( Dose-response relationships for N7-(2-hydroxyethyl)guanine induced by low-dose [14C]ethylene oxide: evidence for a novel mechanism of endogenous adduct formation. Britton, RG; Brown, K; Farmer, PB; Johnson, GE; Jones, DJ; Marsden, DA; Ognibene, T; Ubick, E, 2009)
"This phase I clinical trial conducted with patients who had recurrent or progressive malignant glioma (MG) was designed to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and toxicity of three different 5-day dosing regimens of temozolomide (TMZ) in combination with O(6)-benzylguanine (O(6)-BG)."	( Phase I trial of temozolomide plus O6-benzylguanine 5-day regimen with recurrent malignant glioma. Bigner, DD; Desjardins, A; Friedman, AH; Friedman, HS; Gururangan, S; Herndon, JE; Jiang, SX; McLendon, RE; Quinn, JA; Reardon, DA; Rich, JN; Sampson, JH; Vredenburgh, JJ; Walker, A, 2009)
" The most significant protective effect was demonstrated when 1 mg/kg dosage of C(60)HyFn was administered before irradiation."	( Peculiarities of the antioxidant and radioprotective effects of hydrated C60 fullerene nanostuctures in vitro and in vivo. Andrievsky, GV; Bruskov, VI; Gudkov, SV; Tykhomyrov, AA, 2009)
" We defined each agent's clinical potency index (CPI) as the AUC achieved with standard pediatric dosing regimens divided by the in vitro IC50."	( Clinical potency of methotrexate, aminopterin, talotrexin and pemetrexed in childhood leukemias. Adamson, PC; Norris, RE, 2010)
" This review summarizes the background, scientific rationale and early clinical data in support of intercalation of intermittent erlotinib dosing with pemetrexed as a means of achieving pharmacodynamic separation."	( Intercalation of erlotinib and pemetrexed in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. Gandara, DR; Lara, PN; Li, T; Mack, PC; Perez-Soler, R, 2010)
" Developing optimal treatment regimens requires understanding how to best measure anti-HIV activity in vitro and how drug dose-response curves generated in vitro correlate with in-vivo efficacy."	( New approaches for quantitating the inhibition of HIV-1 replication by antiviral drugs in vitro and in vivo. McMahon, MA; Shen, L; Siliciano, RF, 2009)
" Recent studies using a single-round infectivity assay have shown that a previously neglected parameter, the dose-response curve slope, is an extremely important determinant of antiviral activity."	( New approaches for quantitating the inhibition of HIV-1 replication by antiviral drugs in vitro and in vivo. McMahon, MA; Shen, L; Siliciano, RF, 2009)
"5 mg orally, daily) or lamivudine (100 mg orally, daily) together with a long-term low dosage of HBIG to prevent hepatitis B recurrence after transplantation."	( The role of entecavir in preventing hepatitis B recurrence after liver transplantation. Chen, XS; Han, LZ; Luo, Y; Qiu, DK; Shen, CH; Wang, SY; Wang, X; Xi, ZF; Xia, Q; Xin, TY; Zhang, JJ, 2009)
" The participating laboratories were successful in finding a dose-response of oxidatively damaged DNA in coded samples, but there remains a need to standardize the protocols to enable direct comparisons between laboratories."	( An ECVAG trial on assessment of oxidative damage to DNA measured by the comet assay. Allione, A; Azqueta, A; Charlton, AJ; Collins, AR; Forchhammer, L; Godschalk, RW; Johansson, C; Jones, GD; Kwok, RW; Langie, SA; Loft, S; Lumeij, S; Matullo, G; Möller, L; Møller, P; Palus, J; Phillips, DH; Porrini, M; Riso, P; Routledge, MN; Sozeri, O; Stepnik, M, 2010)
" Indwelling intrathecal catheters allowed serial CSF sampling throughout the dosing interval."	( Pharmacokinetics of acyclovir and its metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid and systemic circulation after administration of high-dose valacyclovir in subjects with normal and impaired renal function. Haas, DW; Johnson, B; Luther, JM; Nicotera, J; Smith, JP; Weller, S, 2010)
" An eight-step dosing regimen was derived that targeted exposure in infants and children 6 months to 12 years of age to match the penciclovir AUC seen in adults after a 500-mg dose of famciclovir."	( Single-dose pharmacokinetics of famciclovir in infants and population pharmacokinetic analysis in infants and children. Blumer, J; Hamed, K; Kaiser, G; Rodriguez, A; Sallas, W; Sánchez, PJ, 2010)
" Hematologic toxicities limiting day 8 gemcitabine dosing were observed in the first 20 patients, prompting a protocol amendment to evaluate pemetrexed 500 mg/m2 followed by gemcitabine 1500 mg/m2 on day 1 of a 14-day cycle."	( A phase II trial of pemetrexed and gemcitabine in patients with metastatic breast cancer who have received prior taxane therapy. Elias, AD; Gralow, J; Muscato, J; Neubauer, M; O'Shaughnessy, JA; Orlando, M; Pippen, J; Shonukan, O; Stokoe, C; Vaughn, LG; Wang, Y, 2010)
" The enzastaurin dosing regimen (QD or BID) had no effect on pemetrexed pharmacokinetics."	( A phase I study of enzastaurin combined with pemetrexed in advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Baldwin, JR; Koshiji, M; Kunitoh, H; Murakami, H; Nakamura, Y; Nokihara, H; Ohe, Y; Shukuya, T; Takahashi, T; Tamura, T; Tanai, C; Yamamoto, N, 2010)
"An RP-HPLC method was validated for the determination of entecavir in tablet dosage form."	( Validation of a stability-indicating RP-HPLC method for the determination of entecavir in tablet dosage form. da Silva, LM; Dalmora, SL; Nogueira, DR; Sangoi, Mda S, )
"Sunitinib was administered once daily on a continuous daily dosing (CDD) schedule (37."	( Feasibility study of two schedules of sunitinib in combination with pemetrexed in patients with advanced solid tumors. Fumita, S; Hashimoto, J; Ichikawa, Y; Kimura, N; Miyazaki, M; Nakagawa, K; Ohki, E; Okamoto, I; Shimizu, T; Takeda, M; Terashima, M; Tsurutani, J, 2012)
"88 ng/g in the controls and experimental groups exposed to 1, 2 and 4 mg/l As(2)O(3), respectively and increased in dose-response manner."	( Abnormal expression of 8-nitroguanine in the brain of mice exposed to arsenic subchronically. Li, Q; Li, S; Liu, S; Piao, F; Ye, J, 2011)
" Treatment durations and dosing were derived from randomized controlled trials, FDA labeling, and National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines."	( Budget impact of erlotinib for maintenance therapy in advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Carlson, JJ; Reyes, C; Veenstra, DL; Wong, WB, 2011)
"9999), and was applied for the analysis of entecavir in tablet dosage forms."	( Development and validation of a stability-indicating capillary zone electrophoretic method for the assessment of entecavir and its correlation with liquid chromatographic methods. D'Avila, FB; Dalmora, SL; Leal, DP; Nogueira, DR; Souto, RB, 2011)
" Twenty-four hours after dosing with AFB(1) (6 mg/kg), the highly mutagenic AFB(1)-FAPY adduct was present at twice the level of AFB(1)-N(7)-guanine in liver DNA of males and females."	( Aflatoxin B1-DNA adduct formation and mutagenicity in livers of neonatal male and female B6C3F1 mice. Belanger, CL; Bouhenguel, JT; Croy, RG; Egner, PA; Essigmann, JM; Groopman, JD; Trudel, LJ; Wattanawaraporn, R; Wogan, GN; Woo, LL, 2011)
" Entecavir provides sustained viral suppression and histological benefit with minimal resistance during long-term treatment of chronic hepatitis B, it is well-tolerable and has good safety profile, simple dosing and simple monitoring requirements."	( [Long-term therapy with nucleoside analog entecavir (baraclude) in patients with chronic hepatitis B]. Halota, W; Pawłowska, M, 2011)
"Using a 3 + 3 dose-escalation design, patients received oral sunitinib qd by continuous daily dosing (CDD schedule; 37."	( A phase I dose-escalation and pharmacokinetic study of sunitinib in combination with pemetrexed in patients with advanced solid malignancies, with an expanded cohort in non-small cell lung cancer. Blais, N; Camidge, DR; Canil, C; Chao, RC; Chow, LQ; Diab, SG; Jonker, DJ; Laurie, SA; McWilliam, M; Ruiz-Garcia, A; Thall, A; Tye, L; Zhang, K, 2012)
" We performed a dose-response study with AA in female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats."	( N7-glycidamide-guanine DNA adduct formation by orally ingested acrylamide in rats: a dose-response study encompassing human diet-related exposure levels. Baum, M; Berger, F; Böhm, N; Eisenbrand, G; Feld, J; Lampen, A; Merz, KH; Reemtsma, T; Richling, E; Scherbl, D; Skipper, PL; Tannenbaum, SR; Watzek, N, 2012)
" The antitumor activity, different dosing sequences, and dosing regimens of TH-302 in combination with commonly used conventional chemotherapeutics were investigated in human tumor xenograft models."	( TH-302, a hypoxia-activated prodrug with broad in vivo preclinical combination therapy efficacy: optimization of dosing regimens and schedules. Ahluwalia, D; Ammons, WS; Baker, AF; Cranmer, LD; Curd, JG; Duan, JX; Ferraro, D; Hart, CP; Liu, Q; Matteucci, MD; Sun, JD; Wang, J; Wang, Y, 2012)
" Simultaneous administration of TH-302 and chemotherapeutics increased toxicity versus schedules with dosing separations."	( TH-302, a hypoxia-activated prodrug with broad in vivo preclinical combination therapy efficacy: optimization of dosing regimens and schedules. Ahluwalia, D; Ammons, WS; Baker, AF; Cranmer, LD; Curd, JG; Duan, JX; Ferraro, D; Hart, CP; Liu, Q; Matteucci, MD; Sun, JD; Wang, J; Wang, Y, 2012)
" Entecavir was given at a dosage of 1 mg/d for 1 year."	( Entecavir treatment of chronic hepatitis D. Bozdayi, AM; Idilman, R; Kabaçam, G; Karatayli, E; Karatayli, SC; Onder, FO; Savas, B; Seven, G; Yakut, M; Yurdaydin, C, 2012)
" Both groups had one patient who reduced dosage because of myelosuppression (grade IV)."	( [Effects of EGFR-TKIs on sequential pemetrexed for advanced pulmonary adenocarcinoma]. Gao, Z; Han, B; Jiang, L; Jiang, Y; Liu, Y; Wang, X, 2012)
"Penciclovir pharmacokinetics following oral administration of famciclovir were nonlinear within the dosage range studied, likely because of saturation of famciclovir metabolism."	( Pharmacokinetics of penciclovir in healthy cats following oral administration of famciclovir or intravenous infusion of penciclovir. Bales, JL; Ferrone, M; Maggs, DJ; Stanley, SD; Thomasy, SM; Whittem, T, 2012)
" One patient dosed at 4 mg kg(-1) experienced grade 3 hypophosphatemia (dose-limiting toxicity; DLT), which prompted a cohort expansion."	( A phase I dose-escalation study of aflibercept administered in combination with pemetrexed and cisplatin in patients with advanced solid tumours. Colevas, AD; Diaz-Padilla, I; Gao, B; Lawson, EB; Leighl, NB; Lisano, J; Liu, L; Neal, JW; Razak, AR; San Pedro-Salcedo, M; Shepherd, FA; Siu, LL; Thibault, A; Wakelee, HA, 2012)
" Pemetrexed was given at the dosage of 500 mg/m(2) on day 1, with folic acid and vitamin B12 supplementation, each cycle repeated every 3 weeks."	( Open-label, single-arm phase II study of pemetrexed in the treatment of patients with recurrent or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma who have had prior platinum-based chemotherapy. Huang, P; Huang, Y; Wang, F; Wu, J; Zhang, L; Zhang, Y; Zhao, L, 2012)
" The results showed that four types of aqueous extracts significantly induced the formation of N7-MeG and N3-MeA in a linear dose-response manner."	( Direct-acting DNA alkylating agents present in aqueous extracts of areca nut and its products. Chao, MR; Hu, CW, 2012)
"5 or 50 mg) qd on a continuous daily dosing (CDD) schedule or Schedule 2/1 (2 weeks on, 1 week off treatment) plus pemetrexed (400 or 500 mg/m(2) IV) and cisplatin (75 mg/m(2) IV) q3w up to 6 cycles."	( Sunitinib combined with pemetrexed and cisplatin: results of a phase I dose-escalation and pharmacokinetic study in patients with advanced solid malignancies, with an expanded cohort in non-small cell lung cancer and mesothelioma. Blais, N; Camidge, DR; Chao, RC; Chow, LQ; Doebele, RC; Jonker, DJ; Laurie, SA; Ruiz-Garcia, A; Soulières, D; Thall, A; Zhang, K, 2013)
" Double dosage of gefitinib (500 mg per day) together with pemetrexed were given as the second-line therapy after the patient developed new brain lesions and leptomeningeal metastasis during the maintenance therapy of gefitinib."	( Activity of pemetrexed and high-dose gefitinib in an EGFR-mutated lung adenocarcinoma with brain and leptomeningeal metastasis after response to gefitinib. Fang, X; Hu, Y; Li, M; Ma, S; Shen, H; Tan, C; Yuan, Y, 2012)
" In this study, we have examined the dose-response relationship for the formation of the above four products arising in calf thymus DNA exposed to gamma irradiation, photoactivated rose bengal, and two sources of peroxynitrite."	( Comparative analysis of four oxidized guanine lesions from reactions of DNA with peroxynitrite, singlet oxygen, and γ-radiation. Cui, L; Dedon, PC; Prestwich, EG; Taghizadeh, K; Tannenbaum, SR; Wishnok, JS; Ye, W, 2013)
" However, the dosage and period of medication was not fully verified."	( [Effectiveness of steroids for the rash side effect of pemetrexed]. Ishikawa, H; Kobayashi, R; Ohashi, Y; Onishi, T; Shino, M; Suzuki, K; Yamamoto, N, 2013)
" Decreasing the price or adjusting the dosage of pemetrexed may be a better option for meeting the treatment demands of Chinese patients."	( Cost-effectiveness of continuation maintenance pemetrexed after cisplatin and pemetrexed chemotherapy for advanced nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer: estimates from the perspective of the Chinese health care system. Chen, G; Li, J; Ouyang, L; Peng, L; Tan, C; Wan, X; Wang, S; Zeng, X; Zhao, Z, 2013)
" Still, there was linear dose-response relationship for 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine in lung tissue without obvious signs of a threshold."	( Oxidatively damaged DNA in animals exposed to particles. Danielsen, PH; Jantzen, K; Loft, S; Møller, P; Roursgaard, M, 2013)
"In this phase I dose-escalation study, patients received oral sunitinib on a continuous daily dosing (CDD) schedule (37."	( Sunitinib combined with pemetrexed and carboplatin in patients with advanced solid malignancies--results of a phase I dose-escalation study. Blais, N; Camidge, DR; Chao, RC; Chow, LQ; Diab, SG; Jonker, DJ; Laurie, SA; Ruiz-Garcia, A; Soulières, D; Thall, A; Zhang, K, 2013)
"NAs are cleared by kidneys and their dosage should be adjusted in patients with creatinine clearance <50 mL/min."	( Review article: nucleos(t)ide analogues in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection and chronic kidney disease. Cholongitas, E; Papatheodoridis, G; Pipili, C, 2014)
" Antiviral treatments were withdrawn in patients who met all of the following 7 criteria: (i) no clinical and histologic evidence of cirrhosis, (ii) normal liver biochemistry, (iii) negative for both HBV DNA and hepatitis B envelope antigen (HBeAg), (iv) no resistance to antiviral agent, (v) antiviral therapy > 9 months, (vi) maintenance dosage of immunosuppressant for > 3 months, and (vii) no history of acute rejection during recent 6 months."	( Successful withdrawal of antiviral treatment in kidney transplant recipients with chronic hepatitis B viral infection. Cho, JH; Choi, JY; Huh, S; Kang, YJ; Kim, CD; Kim, HK; Kim, JS; Kim, YL; Kwon, O; Lim, JH; Park, GY; Park, SH, 2014)
"To analyze the effect of increasing Entecavir (ETV) dosage in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) who partially responded to ETV after 1 year."	( Is increasing the dose of Entecavir effective in partial virological responders? Akdogan, RA; Cumhur Cure, M; Cure, E; Erturk, A; Ozturk, C; Parlak, E, 2014)
" Pulsed dosing conferred no apparent safety or dose advantage."	( A phase I, dose-escalation trial of continuous- and pulsed-dose afatinib combined with pemetrexed in patients with advanced solid tumors. Chand, VK; Chu, QS; Hirte, HW; Hotte, SJ; Sangha, R; Schnell, D; Sergenson, G, 2014)
"During phase Ib, E+P was tolerated only at a markedly lower dosing intensity relative to the eribulin monotherapy regimen approved for breast cancer and used in phase II studies of NSCLC."	( An open-label, multicenter, randomized phase Ib/II study of eribulin mesylate administered in combination with pemetrexed versus pemetrexed alone as second-line therapy in patients with advanced nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer. Bondarenko, I; Dave, H; Freeman, A; Hodge, JP; Huber, B; Lieberman, R; Shelton, MJ; Shparyk, Y; Vynnychenko, I; Waller, CF, 2015)
" Targeted therapies do not require any adjustment of the dosage in case of moderate or severe renal insufficiency but adapting the doses of biphosphonates to renal function is necessary."	( [Impact of lung cancer treatments on renal function]. Belaiche, S; Couraud, S; Moro-Sibilot, D; Sakhri, L; Toffart, AC, 2014)
"Using non-linear regression models, dose-response curves of cloned HBV strains from patients pre-treated with RT inhibitors were established in human hepatoma cell lines after transfection with HBV genomes containing HBV polymerase genes from patient isolates."	( Entecavir allows an unexpectedly high residual replication of HBV mutants resistant to lamivudine. Geipel, A; Gerlich, WH; Glebe, D; Kaiser, R; Neumann-Fraune, M; Niekamp, H; Protzer, U; Seiz, PL; Zhang, K, 2015)
"The entecavir dose-response curve of lamivudine-resistant HBV RT mutants rtM204 for the replication of HBV decreased less than expected with increasing drug dose."	( Entecavir allows an unexpectedly high residual replication of HBV mutants resistant to lamivudine. Geipel, A; Gerlich, WH; Glebe, D; Kaiser, R; Neumann-Fraune, M; Niekamp, H; Protzer, U; Seiz, PL; Zhang, K, 2015)
" The adjusted odds ratios for high 8-oxodG level exhibited a significantly dose-response relationship with NP levels, stratified into four quartiles."	( Nonylphenol exposure is associated with oxidative and nitrative stress in pregnant women. Chen, ML; Huang, LW; Huang, YF; Wang, PW; Wu, KY; Yang, W, 2015)
"Multidrug resistance protein 4 is a critical protein associated with the antiviral efficacy of NAs, and combination therapy of NA and MRP inhibitors could reduce the dosage for long-term NA use."	( Multidrug resistance protein 4 is a critical protein associated with the antiviral efficacy of nucleos(t)ide analogues. Chen, Q; Liu, W; Liu, Y; Lu, M; Song, H; Wang, B; Xu, C; Xu, D; Yang, D; Zhang, W; Zheng, X, 2016)
"To develop simplified entecavir dosing recommendations for young children infected with CHB."	( Using Population Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Analyses of Entecavir in Pediatric Subjects to Simplify Dosing Recommendations. Bertz, R; Bifano, M; Chan, P; LaCreta, F; Mould, DR; Reynolds, L; Tarif, MA, 2016)
"Model-estimated, steady-state entecavir area under the concentration-time curve, in both the original (15 weight groups) and simplified (eight weight groups) pediatric dosing regimens, provided entecavir exposures consistent with those observed to be efficacious in adults, and resulted in the simplified dose algorithm for pediatric patients that is approved for the current entecavir label."	( Using Population Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Analyses of Entecavir in Pediatric Subjects to Simplify Dosing Recommendations. Bertz, R; Bifano, M; Chan, P; LaCreta, F; Mould, DR; Reynolds, L; Tarif, MA, 2016)
"OBJECTIVES To determine, following oral administration of famciclovir, pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters for 2 of its metabolites (penciclovir and BRL42359) in plasma and tears of healthy cats so that famciclovir dosage recommendations for the treatment of herpetic disease can be optimized."	( Pharmacokinetic modeling of penciclovir and BRL42359 in the plasma and tears of healthy cats to optimize dosage recommendations for oral administration of famciclovir. Knych, HK; Maggs, DJ; Sebbag, L; Thomasy, SM; Woodward, AP, 2016)
" The virologic response was determined by the dosage of serum HBV-DNA, HBsAg, HBeAg, anti-HBs and anti-HBe antibodies."	( Efficacy and safety of long-term entecavir therapy in a European population. Belci, P; Collo, A; Durazzo, M; Fagoonee, S; Gariglio, V; Loreti, L; Magistroni, P; Parise, R, 2018)
", 4 years) treatment with coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone) at the dosage of 4 mg/kg/d does not affect whole body DNA and RNA oxidation."	( The effect of long-term treatment with coenzyme Q10 on nucleic acid modifications by oxidation in children with Down syndrome. Bergholdt, HKM; Gabrielli, O; Henriksen, T; Larsen, EL; Littarru, GP; Orlando, P; Padella, L; Poulsen, HE; Santoro, L; Tiano, L, 2018)
" The dose-response analyses of adherence rates showed that the risk of LREs increased progressively as medication adherence declined."	( Medication Nonadherence Increases Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Cirrhotic Complications, and Mortality in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients Treated With Entecavir. Jung, SW; Lee, BU; Lee, SB; Park, BR; Park, EJ; Park, NH; Shin, JW, 2018)
" The sirolimus dosage was increased to 2 mg daily without causing HBV reactivation."	( Successful Sirolimus Treatment of Lymphangioleiomyomatosis in a Hepatitis B Virus Carrier. Akira, M; Arai, T; Hirose, M; Inoue, Y; Kasai, T; Kitaichi, M; Sonobe, S; Sugimoto, C; Tanimoto, Y, 2019)
" The concentration of ETV in the liver was not obviously altered during pregnancy, which indicates that dosage adjustment in pregnancy is not necessary."	( Roles of organic anion transporter 2 and equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 in hepatic disposition and antiviral activity of entecavir during non-pregnancy and pregnancy. Bai, M; Jiang, H; Jiang, T; Lin, N; Lu, S; Ma, Z; Sun, D; Zeng, S; Zhou, H, 2019)
" Evaluation of CSF:serum albumin ratios, renal function and CSF concentrations of aciclovir and CMMG may all contribute to the optimization of aciclovir dosing and avoidance of AINS."	( An unexpectedly high occurrence of aciclovir-induced neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients treated for herpesvirus CNS infection: a prospective observational study. Grahn, A; Helldén, A; Lindström, J; Lycke, J; Studahl, M, 2019)
" Because 70% of orally dosed ETV is eliminated by kidney, the effects of estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4), 2 important hormones during pregnancy, on ETV-related renal transporters were investigated."	( Pregnancy Impacts Entecavir Pharmacokinetics but Does Not Alter Its Renal Excretion. Jiang, H; Jiang, T; Lin, N; Lu, S; Ma, Z; Wang, W; Yang, X; Zeng, S; Zhou, H, 2020)
" This refined pharmacokinetic model for endogenous and exogenous formaldehyde acetal adducts can assist in updating biologically based dose-response models for formaldehyde carcinogenicity."	( A Kinetic Analysis of DNA-Deoxy Guanine Adducts in the Nasal Epithelium Produced by Inhaled Formaldehyde in Rats-Assessing Contributions to Adduct Production From Both Endogenous and Exogenous Sources of Formaldehyde. Andersen, ME; Campbell, JL; Clewell Iii, HJ; Gentry, PR, 2020)
" Subjects received a single oral dose of besifovir dipivoxil 150 mg, and serial blood and urine samples were collected for up to 72 hours after dosing to assess the pharmacokinetic characteristics of besifovir."	( Influence of Renal Function on the Single-Dose Pharmacokinetics of Besifovir, a Novel Antiviral Agent for theTreatment of Hepatitis B Virus Infection. Choi, YS; Han, JH; Hwang, JG; Kim, YK; Kwon, SK; Park, MK, 2022)
"8%), requiring a repeated dosing regimen that limits its efficacy and increases adverse events."	( Temozolomide: An Overview of Biological Properties, Drug Delivery Nanosystems, and Analytical Methods. Carvalho, SG; Chorilli, M; Di Filippo, LD; Dutra, JAP; Luiz, MT; Tavares Junior, AG, 2022)
" Because activated natural killer T (NKT) cells can cooperate with pattern-recognition via TLRs to improve adaptive immune responses, we assessed the impact of combining a repeated dosing regimen of intratumoural CpG with a single intratumoural dose of the NKT cell agonist α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer)."	( Intratumoural administration of an NKT cell agonist with CpG promotes NKT cell infiltration associated with an enhanced antitumour response and abscopal effect. Anderson, RJ; Burn, OK; Chen, CJ; Compton, BJ; Dasyam, N; Dundar, PR; Ferrer-Font, L; Godfrey, DI; Hermans, IF; Mattarollo, SR; Mayer, JU; Painter, GF; Prasit, KK; Ritchie, DS; Schmidt, AJ, 2022)

Role	Description
human metabolite	Any mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in humans (Homo sapiens).
algal metabolite	Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in algae including unicellular organisms like chlorella and diatoms to multicellular organisms like giant kelps and brown algae.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite	Any fungal metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae).
Escherichia coli metabolite	Any bacterial metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in Escherichia coli.
mouse metabolite	Any mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in a mouse (Mus musculus).
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
2-aminopurines	Any aminopurine having the amino substituent at the 2-position.
purine nucleobase	A nucleobase whose skeleton is derived from purine.
oxopurine
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathway	Proteins	Compounds
Metabolism	1496	1108
Nucleotide metabolism	89	125
Nucleotide salvage	21	28
Purine salvage	13	22
Nucleotide catabolism	36	71
Purine catabolism	20	51
Metabolism of RNA	637	40
tRNA processing	107	29
tRNA modification in the nucleus and cytosol	43	25
guanine and guanosine salvage II	1	7
purine nucleosides salvage II (plant)	4	19
guanosine nucleotides degradation II	1	25
superpathway of purines degradation in plants	7	45
superpathway of guanosine nucleotides degradation (plants)	2	27
purine nucleotides degradation I (plants)	3	34
Purine nucleotides and Nucleosides metabolism ( Purine nucleotides and Nucleosides metabolism )	105	77
Guanosine + Orthophosphate = Guanine + D-Ribose 1-phosphate ( Purine nucleotides and Nucleosides metabolism )	1	3
GMP + Pyrophosphate = Guanine + D-5-Phospho-ribosyl 1-diphosphate ( Purine nucleotides and Nucleosides metabolism )	1	4
Deoxy-guanosine + Orthophosphate = 2-Deoxy-D-ribose 1-phosphate + Guanine ( Purine nucleotides and Nucleosides metabolism )	1	4
Purine metabolism	13	36
Organic Nitrogen Assimilation	4	36
Renz2020 - GEM of Human alveolar macrophage with SARS-CoV-2	0	490
The impact of Nsp14 on metabolism (COVID-19 Disease Map)	0	84
queuosine biosynthesis II (queuine salvage)	0	2
salvage pathways of purine nucleosides	0	21
purine and pyrimidine metabolism	0	32
salvage pathways of guanine, xanthine, and their nucleosides	0	17
salvage pathways of purine nucleosides I	0	27
Biochemical pathways: part I	0	466
Purine metabolism and related disorders	23	53

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Purine nucleoside phosphorylase	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	5.0000	0.0035	1.4987	5.0000	AID164911
Purine nucleoside phosphorylase	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	5.0000	0.0000	0.5289	7.0000	AID1136403
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyldihydropteridine pyrophosphokinase	Escherichia coli K-12	Kd	38.0000	7.5000	7.5000	7.5000	AID1129829
Purine nucleoside phosphorylase	Bos taurus (cattle)	Kd	0.9350	0.0000	0.6667	3.3000	AID694065; AID694066; AID694067; AID694069
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase	Homo sapiens (human)	Km	1.9000	1.1500	2.7563	5.9000	AID274549; AID274562
Purine nucleoside phosphorylase	Bos taurus (cattle)	Kieq	4.0000	0.0000	3.4750	7.4000	AID694063
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
inosine catabolic process	Purine nucleoside phosphorylase	Homo sapiens (human)
urate biosynthetic process	Purine nucleoside phosphorylase	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of T cell proliferation	Purine nucleoside phosphorylase	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of alpha-beta T cell differentiation	Purine nucleoside phosphorylase	Homo sapiens (human)
allantoin metabolic process	Purine nucleoside phosphorylase	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process	Purine nucleoside phosphorylase	Homo sapiens (human)
inosine catabolic process	Purine nucleoside phosphorylase	Homo sapiens (human)
deoxyinosine catabolic process	Purine nucleoside phosphorylase	Homo sapiens (human)
deoxyadenosine catabolic process	Purine nucleoside phosphorylase	Homo sapiens (human)
purine ribonucleoside salvage	Purine nucleoside phosphorylase	Homo sapiens (human)
IMP catabolic process	Purine nucleoside phosphorylase	Homo sapiens (human)
nicotinamide riboside catabolic process	Purine nucleoside phosphorylase	Homo sapiens (human)
immune response	Purine nucleoside phosphorylase	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleotide biosynthetic process	Purine nucleoside phosphorylase	Homo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulus	Purine nucleoside phosphorylase	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of interleukin-2 production	Purine nucleoside phosphorylase	Homo sapiens (human)
purine-containing compound salvage	Purine nucleoside phosphorylase	Homo sapiens (human)
dAMP catabolic process	Purine nucleoside phosphorylase	Homo sapiens (human)
T cell mediated cytotoxicity	Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase	Homo sapiens (human)
response to amphetamine	Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase	Homo sapiens (human)
purine nucleotide biosynthetic process	Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase	Homo sapiens (human)
purine ribonucleoside salvage	Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase	Homo sapiens (human)
guanine salvage	Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase	Homo sapiens (human)
grooming behavior	Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase	Homo sapiens (human)
locomotory behavior	Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase	Homo sapiens (human)
striatum development	Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase	Homo sapiens (human)
cerebral cortex neuron differentiation	Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase	Homo sapiens (human)
central nervous system neuron development	Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase	Homo sapiens (human)
GMP salvage	Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase	Homo sapiens (human)
IMP salvage	Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase	Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine metabolic process	Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase	Homo sapiens (human)
hypoxanthine salvage	Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase	Homo sapiens (human)
AMP salvage	Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of dopamine metabolic process	Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase	Homo sapiens (human)
GMP catabolic process	Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase	Homo sapiens (human)
IMP metabolic process	Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase	Homo sapiens (human)
adenine metabolic process	Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase	Homo sapiens (human)
hypoxanthine metabolic process	Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase	Homo sapiens (human)
lymphocyte proliferation	Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase	Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite morphogenesis	Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase	Homo sapiens (human)
protein homotetramerization	Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase	Homo sapiens (human)
dopaminergic neuron differentiation	Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase	Homo sapiens (human)
folic acid-containing compound biosynthetic process	2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyldihydropteridine pyrophosphokinase	Escherichia coli K-12
tetrahydrofolate biosynthetic process	2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyldihydropteridine pyrophosphokinase	Escherichia coli K-12
folic acid biosynthetic process	2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyldihydropteridine pyrophosphokinase	Escherichia coli K-12
purine ribonucleoside salvage	Purine nucleoside phosphorylase	Bos taurus (cattle)
allantoin metabolic process	Guanine deaminase	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process	Guanine deaminase	Homo sapiens (human)
guanine catabolic process	Guanine deaminase	Homo sapiens (human)
deoxyguanosine catabolic process	Guanine deaminase	Homo sapiens (human)
nervous system development	Guanine deaminase	Homo sapiens (human)
amide catabolic process	Guanine deaminase	Homo sapiens (human)
GMP catabolic process	Guanine deaminase	Homo sapiens (human)
dGMP catabolic process	Guanine deaminase	Homo sapiens (human)
guanine metabolic process	Guanine deaminase	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
nucleoside binding	Purine nucleoside phosphorylase	Homo sapiens (human)
purine nucleobase binding	Purine nucleoside phosphorylase	Homo sapiens (human)
purine-nucleoside phosphorylase activity	Purine nucleoside phosphorylase	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Purine nucleoside phosphorylase	Homo sapiens (human)
phosphate ion binding	Purine nucleoside phosphorylase	Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding	Purine nucleoside phosphorylase	Homo sapiens (human)
guanosine phosphorylase activity	Purine nucleoside phosphorylase	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleotide binding	Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase	Homo sapiens (human)
magnesium ion binding	Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase	Homo sapiens (human)
hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase activity	Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase	Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding	Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase	Homo sapiens (human)
guanine phosphoribosyltransferase activity	Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase	Homo sapiens (human)
magnesium ion binding	2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyldihydropteridine pyrophosphokinase	Escherichia coli K-12
2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyldihydropteridine diphosphokinase activity	2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyldihydropteridine pyrophosphokinase	Escherichia coli K-12
ATP binding	2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyldihydropteridine pyrophosphokinase	Escherichia coli K-12
kinase activity	2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyldihydropteridine pyrophosphokinase	Escherichia coli K-12
purine-nucleoside phosphorylase activity	Purine nucleoside phosphorylase	Bos taurus (cattle)
guanosine phosphorylase activity	Purine nucleoside phosphorylase	Bos taurus (cattle)
zinc ion binding	Guanine deaminase	Homo sapiens (human)
guanine deaminase activity	Guanine deaminase	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
extracellular region	Purine nucleoside phosphorylase	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Purine nucleoside phosphorylase	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Purine nucleoside phosphorylase	Homo sapiens (human)
secretory granule lumen	Purine nucleoside phosphorylase	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosome	Purine nucleoside phosphorylase	Homo sapiens (human)
ficolin-1-rich granule lumen	Purine nucleoside phosphorylase	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Purine nucleoside phosphorylase	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosome	Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Guanine deaminase	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Guanine deaminase	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID502384	Activity at GDA by colorimetric assay	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 18, Issue:18	Identification of small molecule compounds with higher binding affinity to guanine deaminase (cypin) than guanine.
AID694065	Binding affinity to calf recombinant PNP expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) by fluorimetric titration analysis	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 20, Issue:22	Trimeric purine nucleoside phosphorylase: exploring postulated one-third-of-the-sites binding in the transition state.
AID694067	Binding affinity to calf recombinant PNP Phe200Trp mutant expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) by fluorimetric titration analysis	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 20, Issue:22	Trimeric purine nucleoside phosphorylase: exploring postulated one-third-of-the-sites binding in the transition state.
AID694069	Binding affinity to calf recombinant PNP Phe159Trp mutant expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) by fluorimetric titration analysis	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 20, Issue:22	Trimeric purine nucleoside phosphorylase: exploring postulated one-third-of-the-sites binding in the transition state.
AID1348887	Binding affinity to Bacillus subtilis guaA riboswitch	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 143	Purine analogs targeting the guanine riboswitch as potential antibiotics against Clostridioides difficile.
AID1348882	Binding affinity to Clostridium difficile [5'-32P]guaA riboswitch by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis method	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 143	Purine analogs targeting the guanine riboswitch as potential antibiotics against Clostridioides difficile.
AID274550	Inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum HGXPRT at pH 7.4	2006	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-14, Volume: 49, Issue:25	Lead compounds for antimalarial chemotherapy: purine base analogs discriminate between human and P. falciparum 6-oxopurine phosphoribosyltransferases.
AID274548	Antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7	2006	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-14, Volume: 49, Issue:25	Lead compounds for antimalarial chemotherapy: purine base analogs discriminate between human and P. falciparum 6-oxopurine phosphoribosyltransferases.
AID1324551	Inhibition of Shigella dysenteriae Shiga toxin-induced mortality in Balb/c mouse exposed to 5 x LD50 Shigella toxin assessed as increase in mouse survival at 2 mM, ip dosed 1 after toxin injection measured after 24 to 48 hrs	2016	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-08, Volume: 59, Issue:23	In Silico Discovery and Validation of Amide Based Small Molecule Targeting the Enzymatic Site of Shiga Toxin.
AID1324544	Inhibition of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 Shiga toxin A subunit in African green monkey Vero cells assessed as inhibition of Stx-induced cytotoxicity pre-treated with compound for 1 hr followed by Stx exposure for 24 hrs by neutral red uptake assay	2016	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-08, Volume: 59, Issue:23	In Silico Discovery and Validation of Amide Based Small Molecule Targeting the Enzymatic Site of Shiga Toxin.
AID164770	Tested for its ability to inhibit calf spleen purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP)	1994	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-22, Volume: 37, Issue:15	Structure-based design of inhibitors of purine nucleoside phosphorylase. 5. 9-Deazahypoxanthines.
AID694063	Inhibition of bovine PNP using 7-methylguanosine as substrate by spectrophotometric based coupled assay	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 20, Issue:22	Trimeric purine nucleoside phosphorylase: exploring postulated one-third-of-the-sites binding in the transition state.
AID274563	Inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum HGXPRT at pH 8.5	2006	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-14, Volume: 49, Issue:25	Lead compounds for antimalarial chemotherapy: purine base analogs discriminate between human and P. falciparum 6-oxopurine phosphoribosyltransferases.
AID338748	Inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase in human A431 cell membrane by liquid scintillation counting
AID230017	Ratio of Ki values for guanine and related hypoxanthines in PNP inhibition assay	1994	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-22, Volume: 37, Issue:15	Structure-based design of inhibitors of purine nucleoside phosphorylase. 5. 9-Deazahypoxanthines.
AID155106	The anti-HIV-1 activity was assayed in activated human peripheral blood mononuclear (PBM) cells, relative to RVT; not determined	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-03, Volume: 14, Issue:9	2('),3(')-didehydro-2('),3(')-dideoxynucleosides are degraded to furfuryl alcohol under acidic conditions.
AID694066	Binding affinity to calf recombinant PNP expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) by isothermal titration calorimetry	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 20, Issue:22	Trimeric purine nucleoside phosphorylase: exploring postulated one-third-of-the-sites binding in the transition state.
AID1204895	Binding affinity to guanine riboswitch in Bacillus subtilis	2015	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-23, Volume: 58, Issue:8	(Dis)similar Analogues of Riboswitch Metabolites as Antibacterial Lead Compounds.
AID1136401	Inhibition of human erythrocyte purine nucleoside phosphorylase assessed as inhibition of guanosine phosphorylysis at 1.3 umol after 30 mins by orcinol reaction	1978	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 21, Issue:9	Stereoelectronic factors in the binding of substrate analogues and inhibitors to purine nucleoside phosphorylase isolated from human erythrocytes.
AID1452128	Inhibition of ATPgammaS-BODIPY binding to Thermotoga maritima His-tagged HK853 expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)pLysS Rosetta preincubated for 30 mins prior to ATPgammaS-BODIPY addition measured after 1 hr by coomassie staining-based SDS-PAGE analys	2017	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 10-12, Volume: 60, Issue:19	Rational Design of Selective Adenine-Based Scaffolds for Inactivation of Bacterial Histidine Kinases.
AID274562	Inhibition of human HGPRT at pH 8.5	2006	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-14, Volume: 49, Issue:25	Lead compounds for antimalarial chemotherapy: purine base analogs discriminate between human and P. falciparum 6-oxopurine phosphoribosyltransferases.
AID155120	The anti-HIV-1 activity was assayed in activated human peripheral blood mononuclear (PBM) cells, relative to RVT; not determined	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-03, Volume: 14, Issue:9	2('),3(')-didehydro-2('),3(')-dideoxynucleosides are degraded to furfuryl alcohol under acidic conditions.
AID1324539	Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells incubated for 24 hrs by neutral red uptake assay	2016	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-08, Volume: 59, Issue:23	In Silico Discovery and Validation of Amide Based Small Molecule Targeting the Enzymatic Site of Shiga Toxin.
AID1324545	Selectivity index, ratio of CC50 for cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells to IC50 for nhibition of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 Shiga toxin A subunit in African green monkey Vero cells assessed as inhibition of Stx-induced cytotoxicity	2016	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-08, Volume: 59, Issue:23	In Silico Discovery and Validation of Amide Based Small Molecule Targeting the Enzymatic Site of Shiga Toxin.
AID1324549	Inhibition of Shigella dysenteriae Shiga toxin-induced mortality in Balb/c mouse exposed to 5 x LD50 Shigella toxin assessed as reduction in symptomatic effects of toxin at 2 mM, ip preincubated with Stx for 1 hr measured after 0 to 14 days	2016	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-08, Volume: 59, Issue:23	In Silico Discovery and Validation of Amide Based Small Molecule Targeting the Enzymatic Site of Shiga Toxin.
AID66419	Inhibitory concentration against Enzymatic A chain of ricin (RTA) using Artemia salina ribosomes	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-03, Volume: 45, Issue:1	Structure-based design and characterization of novel platforms for ricin and shiga toxin inhibition.
AID1324541	Inhibition of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 Shiga toxin A subunit in African green monkey Vero cells assessed as inhibition of Stx-induced cytotoxicity pre-treated with compound for 1 hr followed by Stx exposure for 24 hrs by MTT assay relative to untreated	2016	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-08, Volume: 59, Issue:23	In Silico Discovery and Validation of Amide Based Small Molecule Targeting the Enzymatic Site of Shiga Toxin.
AID19262	Aqueous solubility	2000	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-05, Volume: 10, Issue:11	Prediction of drug solubility from Monte Carlo simulations.
AID274549	Inhibition of human HGPRT at pH 7.4	2006	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-14, Volume: 49, Issue:25	Lead compounds for antimalarial chemotherapy: purine base analogs discriminate between human and P. falciparum 6-oxopurine phosphoribosyltransferases.
AID274547	Inhibition of [3H]hypoxanthine uptake in Plasmodium falciparum 3D7	2006	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-14, Volume: 49, Issue:25	Lead compounds for antimalarial chemotherapy: purine base analogs discriminate between human and P. falciparum 6-oxopurine phosphoribosyltransferases.
AID1324536	Inhibition of Shigella dysenteriae Shiga toxin-induced mortality in Balb/c mouse exposed to 5 x LD50 Shigella toxin assessed as increase in mouse survival at 2 mM, ip preincubated with Stx for 1 hr measured after 0 to 14 days	2016	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-08, Volume: 59, Issue:23	In Silico Discovery and Validation of Amide Based Small Molecule Targeting the Enzymatic Site of Shiga Toxin.
AID1324550	Inhibition of Shigella dysenteriae Shiga toxin-induced mortality in Balb/c mouse exposed to 5 x LD50 Shigella toxin assessed as increase in mouse survival at 2 mM, ip dosed 1 hr before toxin injection measured after 24 to 48 hrs	2016	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-08, Volume: 59, Issue:23	In Silico Discovery and Validation of Amide Based Small Molecule Targeting the Enzymatic Site of Shiga Toxin.
AID1324537	Inhibition of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 Shiga toxin A subunit	2016	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-08, Volume: 59, Issue:23	In Silico Discovery and Validation of Amide Based Small Molecule Targeting the Enzymatic Site of Shiga Toxin.
AID217732	Cytotoxicity was determined in Vero cells, relative to RVT	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-03, Volume: 14, Issue:9	2('),3(')-didehydro-2('),3(')-dideoxynucleosides are degraded to furfuryl alcohol under acidic conditions.
AID1324542	Inhibition of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 Shiga toxin A subunit in African green monkey Vero cells assessed as inhibition of Stx-induced cytotoxicity pre-treated with compound for 1 hr followed by Stx exposure for 24 hrs by LDH release assay relative to u	2016	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-08, Volume: 59, Issue:23	In Silico Discovery and Validation of Amide Based Small Molecule Targeting the Enzymatic Site of Shiga Toxin.
AID1324543	Inhibition of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 Shiga toxin A subunit in African green monkey Vero cells assessed as protection of cell membrane integrity pre-treated with compound for 1 hr followed by Stx exposure for 24 hrs by LDH release assay relative to un	2016	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-08, Volume: 59, Issue:23	In Silico Discovery and Validation of Amide Based Small Molecule Targeting the Enzymatic Site of Shiga Toxin.
AID155299	Cytotoxicity was determined in PBM cells, relative to RVT	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-03, Volume: 14, Issue:9	2('),3(')-didehydro-2('),3(')-dideoxynucleosides are degraded to furfuryl alcohol under acidic conditions.
AID1324552	Toxicity in Balb/c mouse at 2 mM, ip measured after 0 to 14 days	2016	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-08, Volume: 59, Issue:23	In Silico Discovery and Validation of Amide Based Small Molecule Targeting the Enzymatic Site of Shiga Toxin.
AID515780	Intrinsic solubility of the compound in water	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 18, Issue:19	QSAR-based solubility model for drug-like compounds.
AID164911	Compound was tested for inhibition of purine nucleoside phosphorylase using human erythro lysate	1986	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 29, Issue:10	Synthesis of 8-amino-3-deazaguanine via imidazole precursors. Antitumor activity and inhibition of purine nucleoside phosphorylase.
AID1324540	Inhibition of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 Shiga toxin A subunit in African green monkey Vero cells assessed as inhibition of Stx-induced cytotoxicity pre-treated with compound for 1 hr followed by Stx exposure for 24 hrs by neutral red uptake assay relati	2016	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-08, Volume: 59, Issue:23	In Silico Discovery and Validation of Amide Based Small Molecule Targeting the Enzymatic Site of Shiga Toxin.
AID1129829	Binding affinity to GST-tagged Escherichia coli HPPK expressed in Escherichia coli by SPR assay based alternative equilibrium affinity method in presence of AMP-CPP	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 22, Issue:7	The identification, analysis and structure-based development of novel inhibitors of 6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin pyrophosphokinase.
AID47311	Cytotoxicity was determined in CEM cells, relative to RVT	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-03, Volume: 14, Issue:9	2('),3(')-didehydro-2('),3(')-dideoxynucleosides are degraded to furfuryl alcohol under acidic conditions.
AID1136403	Competitive inhibition of human erythrocyte purine nucleoside phosphorylase assessed as inhibition of guanosine phosphorylysis after 30 mins by Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis	1978	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 21, Issue:9	Stereoelectronic factors in the binding of substrate analogues and inhibitors to purine nucleoside phosphorylase isolated from human erythrocytes.
AID1129827	Inhibition of GST-tagged Escherichia coli HPPK expressed in Escherichia coli using 6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin hydrochloride as substrate at 250 uM after 20 mins by luminescence assay	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 22, Issue:7	The identification, analysis and structure-based development of novel inhibitors of 6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin pyrophosphokinase.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	3924 (24.97)	18.7374
1990's	2248 (14.30)	18.2507
2000's	4210 (26.79)	29.6817
2010's	4313 (27.44)	24.3611
2020's	1022 (6.50)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	822 (5.05%)	5.53%
Reviews	1,080 (6.63%)	6.00%
Case Studies	510 (3.13%)	4.05%
Observational	47 (0.29%)	0.25%
Other	13,819 (84.89%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
acetylcarnitine Acetylcarnitine: An acetic acid ester of CARNITINE that facilitates movement of ACETYL COA into the matrices of mammalian MITOCHONDRIA during the oxidation of FATTY ACIDS.	2.02	1	0	O-acylcarnitine	human metabolite
9-ethyladenine [no description available]	2.7	3	0
ethylene dichloride ethylene dichloride: RN given refers to 1,2-isomer; structure given in first source. 1,2-dichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes substituted by two chloro groups at positions 1 and 2.	2.39	2	0	chloroethanes	hepatotoxic agent; mutagen; non-polar solvent
chloroacetaldehyde [no description available]	3.68	10	0	organochlorine compound
alpha-hydroxyglutarate 2-hydroxyglutarate : A dicarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of at least one of the carboxy groups of 2-hydroxyglutaric acid.. 2-hydroxyglutaric acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is glutaric acid in which one hydrogen alpha- to a carboxylic acid group is substituted by a hydroxy group.	2.15	1	0	2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	metabolite; mouse metabolite
3-oxoadipic acid 3-oxoadipic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-oxoadipic acid : An oxo dicarboxylic acid consisting of adipic acid having a single oxo group at the 3-position.	1.98	1	0	dicarboxylic fatty acid; oxo dicarboxylic acid	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; human metabolite
phosphoserine Phosphoserine: The phosphoric acid ester of serine.	2.07	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; O-phosphoamino acid; serine derivative	human metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	4.35	4	1	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
4-hydroxybenzoic acid 4-hydroxybenzoic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid carrying a hydroxy substituent at C-4 of the benzene ring.	2.05	1	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; plant metabolite
aminolevulinic acid Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.	2.4	2	0	4-oxo monocarboxylic acid; amino acid zwitterion; delta-amino acid	antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
5-hydroxytryptophan 5-Hydroxytryptophan: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.. 5-hydroxytryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.	1.95	1	0	hydroxytryptophan	human metabolite; neurotransmitter
phosphoribosyl-n-formylglycineamide [no description available]	2.05	1	0
ethylene glycol Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.. ethanediol : Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.. ethylene glycol : A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.	2.47	2	0	ethanediol; glycol	metabolite; mouse metabolite; solvent; toxin
acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.	4.23	18	0	aldehyde	carcinogenic agent; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; electron acceptor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; oxidising agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; teratogenic agent
acetamide acetimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is acetic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.	2.41	2	0	acetamides; carboximidic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia
acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).	3.58	9	0	ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
adenine [no description available]	25.12	3,189	66	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
agmatine Agmatine: Decarboxylated arginine, isolated from several plant and animal sources, e.g., pollen, ergot, herring sperm, octopus muscle.	6.93	1	0	guanidines; primary amino compound	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
allantoic acid allantoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. allantoic acid : A member of the class of ureas that consists of acetic acid in which the two methyl hydrogens are replaced by carbamoylamino groups respectively.	2.46	2	0	ureas	mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
allantoin [no description available]	3.82	12	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; ureas	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; vulnerary
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	5.66	26	0	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
arsenic acid arsenic acid: RN given refers to orthoarsenic acid(H3AsO4); see also sodium arsenate. arsenic acid : An arsenic oxoacid comprising one oxo group and three hydroxy groups attached to a central arsenic atom.	1.99	1	0	arsenic oxoacid	Escherichia coli metabolite
quinacrine Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.	7.64	3	0	acridines; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	antimalarial; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
beta-alanine [no description available]	1.97	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid	agonist; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; inhibitor; neurotransmitter
benzaldehyde [no description available]	2.38	2	0	benzaldehydes	EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; fragrance; odorant receptor agonist; plant metabolite
benzene [no description available]	5.04	13	0	aromatic annulene; benzenes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; non-polar solvent
benzoic acid Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.	2.4	2	0	benzoic acids	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
bromide Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)	3.34	7	0	halide anion; monoatomic bromine
hydrobromic acid Hydrobromic Acid: Hydrobromic acid (HBr). A solution of hydrogen bromide gas in water.. hydrobromide : Salts formally resulting from the reaction of hydrobromic acid with an organic base.. hydrogen bromide : A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and bromine atoms.	2.07	1	0	gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
1-butanol 1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.	2.37	2	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
butyric acid Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.	3.82	2	1	fatty acid 4:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	human urinary metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
cadaverine [no description available]	2.17	1	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
carbamates [no description available]	4.61	8	0	amino-acid anion
carbon monoxide Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.	6.51	5	1	carbon oxide; gas molecular entity; one-carbon compound	biomarker; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; ligand; metabolite; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; neurotransmitter; P450 inhibitor; probe; signalling molecule; vasodilator agent
formic acid formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.	9.41	22	0	monocarboxylic acid	antibacterial agent; astringent; metabolite; protic solvent; solvent
carnitine [no description available]	6.16	11	3	amino-acid betaine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
catechol [no description available]	2.7	3	0	catechols	allelochemical; genotoxin; plant metabolite
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	11.95	53	0	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
choline [no description available]	8.35	7	0	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	2.78	3	0	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	6.86	67	1	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.	3.57	9	0	chlorine molecular entity; gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
coumarin 2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative	1.99	1	0	coumarins	fluorescent dye; human metabolite; plant metabolite
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	2.73	3	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
phloroglucinol Phloroglucinol: A trinitrobenzene derivative with antispasmodic properties that is used primarily as a laboratory reagent.. phloroglucinol : A benzenetriol with hydroxy groups at position 1, 3 and 5.	2.08	1	0	benzenetriol; phenolic donor	algal metabolite
2-nitropropane 2-nitropropane: RN given refers to cpd with locant for nitro moiety in 2 position. 2-nitropropane : A secondary nitroalkane that is propane in which a hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a nitro group. Mainly used as a solvent (b.p. 120degreeC).	7.67	3	0	secondary nitroalkane	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; polar aprotic solvent; xenobiotic
hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.	2.4	2	0	gas molecular entity; hydracid; mononuclear parent hydride; sulfur hydride	Escherichia coli metabolite; genotoxin; metabolite; signalling molecule; toxin; vasodilator agent
dihydrolipoic acid dihydrolipoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. dihydrolipoic acid : A thio-fatty acid that is reduced form of lipoic acid. A potent antioxidant shown to directly destroy superoxide, hydroperoxy and hydroxyl radicals; also has neuroprotective and anti-tumour effects.. dihydrolipoate : The conjugate base of dihydrolipoic acid.	2.73	3	0	thio-fatty acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent
3-hydroxybutyric acid 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.	2.41	1	0	(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid; 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid	human metabolite
sorbitol [no description available]	2.49	2	0	hexitol
oxaluric acid oxaluric acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is amino(oxo)acetic acid substituted by a carbamoylamino group at the nitrogen atom.	7.7	3	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; ureas	Escherichia coli metabolite
n(1)-methylnicotinamide N(1)-methylnicotinamide: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-methylnicotinamide : A pyridinium ion comprising nicotinamide having a methyl group at the 1-position. It is a metabolite of nicotinamide which was initially considered to be biologically inactive but has emerged as an anti-thrombotic and anti-inflammatory agent.	1.95	1	0	pyridinium ion	algal metabolite; anti-inflammatory agent; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hippuric acid hippuric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4591. N-benzoylglycine : An N-acylglycine in which the acyl group is specified as benzoyl.	2.48	2	0	N-acylglycine	human blood serum metabolite; uremic toxin
4-aminoimidazole 4-aminoimidazole: structure in first source. 4-aminoimidazole : An aminoimidazole that is 1H-imidazole substituted by an amino group at position 4.	1.94	1	0	aminoimidazole
methylmalonic acid Methylmalonic Acid: A malonic acid derivative which is a vital intermediate in the metabolism of fat and protein. Abnormalities in methylmalonic acid metabolism lead to methylmalonic aciduria. This metabolic disease is attributed to a block in the enzymatic conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA.. methylmalonic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is malonic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a methyl group.	5.19	3	1	C4-dicarboxylic acid	human metabolite
malic acid malic acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.. 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid : Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group.	3.23	1	0	2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
propionaldehyde propionaldehyde: may cause respiratory irritation; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. propanal : An aldehyde that consists of ethane bearing a formyl substituent. The parent of the class of propanals.	2	1	0	alpha-CH2-containing aldehyde; propanals	Escherichia coli metabolite
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid consisting of cyclopropane having amino and carboxy substituents both at the 1-position.	2.05	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; monocarboxylic acid; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	ethylene releasers; plant metabolite
phosphonoacetic acid Phosphonoacetic Acid: A simple organophosphorus compound that inhibits DNA polymerase, especially in viruses and is used as an antiviral agent.. phosphonoacetic acid : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorous is replaced by a carboxymethyl group.	7.69	30	1	monocarboxylic acid; phosphonic acids	antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
dibenzofuran Dibenzofurans: Compounds that include the structure of dibenzofuran.. dibenzofurans : Any organic heterotricyclic compound based on a dibenzofuran skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.. dibenzofuran : A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a furan ring flanked by two benzene rings ortho-fused across the 2,3- and 4,5-positions.	2	1	0	dibenzofurans; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	xenobiotic
creatine [no description available]	3.04	5	0	glycine derivative; guanidines; zwitterion	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical
cytosine [no description available]	19.83	2,629	7	aminopyrimidine; pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
alanine [no description available]	2	1	0	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion	fundamental metabolite
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	3.09	5	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
dihydrouracil hexahydropyrimidine-2,4-dione: structure in first source. 5,6-dihydrouracil : A pyrimidine obtained by formal addition of hydrogen across the 5,6-position of uracil.	3.13	5	0	pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
diacetyl butane-2,3-dione : An alpha-diketone that is butane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite produced during the malolactic fermentation.	1.98	1	0	alpha-diketone	Escherichia coli metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dihydroxyacetone [no description available]	1.99	1	0	ketotriose; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antifungal agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dimethylamine [no description available]	2.67	3	0	methylamines; secondary aliphatic amine	metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	4.46	23	0	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
ethanolamine [no description available]	2.43	2	0	ethanolamines; primary alcohol; primary amine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	7.44	39	1	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
formamide formimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is formic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.. primary carboxamide : A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxylic acid with ammonia; formula RC(=O)NH2.	3.31	6	0	carboximidic acid; formamides; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	solvent
hexachlorocyclohexane Lindane: An organochlorine insecticide made up of greater than 99% gamma-Hexachlorocyclohexane. It has been used as a pediculicide and scabicide, and shown to cause cancer.. beta-hexachlorocyclohexane : The beta-isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane.	2	1	0	chlorocyclohexane
glycine [no description available]	6.88	109	0	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
glyceraldehyde Glyceraldehyde: An aldotriose containing the propionaldehyde structure with hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It is involved in the formation of ADVANCED GLYCOSYLATION END PRODUCTS.. glyceraldehyde : An aldotriose comprising propanal having hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It plays role in the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), a deleterious accompaniment to ageing.. aldose : Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H, n >= 2) and their intramolecular hemiacetals.	2.51	2	0	aldotriose	fundamental metabolite
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	4.32	20	0	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
carbonic acid Carbonic Acid: Carbonic acid (H2C03). The hypothetical acid of carbon dioxide and water. It exists only in the form of its salts (carbonates), acid salts (hydrogen carbonates), amines (carbamic acid), and acid chlorides (carbonyl chloride). (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	2.03	1	0	carbon oxoacid; chalcocarbonic acid	mouse metabolite
hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen Cyanide: Hydrogen cyanide (HCN); A toxic liquid or colorless gas. It is found in the smoke of various tobacco products and released by combustion of nitrogen-containing organic materials.. hydrogen cyanide : A one-carbon compound consisting of a methine group triple bonded to a nitrogen atom	3.24	6	0	hydracid; one-carbon compound	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; poison
hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.	3.82	12	0	carbon oxoanion	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histamine [no description available]	4.29	6	0	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	5.62	74	0	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
hydroquinone [no description available]	2.67	3	0	benzenediol; hydroquinones	antioxidant; carcinogenic agent; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; skin lightening agent
hydroxylamine amino alcohol : An alcohol containing an amino functional group in addition to the alcohol-defining hydroxy group.	2.89	4	0	hydroxylamines	algal metabolite; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; EC 1.1.3.13 (alcohol oxidase) inhibitor; EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor; EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; nitric oxide donor; nucleophilic reagent
imidazole imidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1H-imidazole : An imidazole tautomer which has the migrating hydrogen at position 1.	3.3	6	0	imidazole
indole [no description available]	3.1	5	0	indole; polycyclic heteroarene	Escherichia coli metabolite
indole-3-acetaldehyde indoleacetaldehyde : An aldehyde that is acetaldehyde substituted by an indolyl group.. indol-3-ylacetaldehyde : An indoleacetaldehyde that is acetaldehyde in which one of the methyl hydrogens are replaced by a indol-3-yl group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the metabolism of tryptophan.	7.1	1	0	indoleacetaldehyde	bacterial metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
indoleacetic acid indoleacetic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4841. auxin : Any of a group of compounds, both naturally occurring and synthetic, that induce cell elongation in plant stems (from Greek alphaupsilonxialphanuomega, "to grow").. indole-3-acetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 1H-indol-3-yl group.	2.07	1	0	indole-3-acetic acids; monocarboxylic acid	auxin; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant hormone; plant metabolite
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	8.57	9	0	diatomic iodine	nutrient
dihydroxyphenylalanine Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.	2	1	0	hydroxyphenylalanine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative	human metabolite
kynurenine Kynurenine: A metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan metabolized via the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway.. kynurenine : A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group.	1.94	1	0	aromatic ketone; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; substituted aniline	human metabolite
thioctic acid Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.	3.14	5	0	dithiolanes; heterocyclic fatty acid; thia fatty acid	fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
malonic acid malonic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group.. dicarboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups.	7.01	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	human metabolite
pyruvaldehyde Pyruvaldehyde: An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.. methylglyoxal : A 2-oxo aldehyde derived from propanal.	2.72	3	0	2-oxo aldehyde; propanals	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	4.28	19	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
inositol Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.	2.86	4	0	cyclitol; hexol
melatonin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
croton oil [no description available]	2.35	2	0	N-acyl-hexosamine
n-acetylserotonin N-acetylserotonin : An N-acylserotonin resulting from the formal condensation of the primary amino group of serotonin with the carboxy group of acetic acid.	1.97	1	0	acetamides; N-acylserotonin; phenols	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist
acetanilide acetanilide: a phenylacetamide; use ACETANILIDES for the plural group meaning of the singular term. N-phenylacetamide : A member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group.	2	1	0	acetamides; anilide	analgesic
naphthalene [no description available]	7.71	3	0	naphthalenes; ortho-fused bicyclic arene	apoptosis inhibitor; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.	6.62	39	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom	epitope; micronutrient
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	6.3	14	3	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
niacin Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.	2.37	2	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; vitamin B3	antidote; antilipemic drug; EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	6.99	42	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitroxyl nitroxyl: hydroxamic acid oxidized to nitroxyl free radical. nitroxyl : A nitrogen oxoacid consisting of an oxygen atom double-bonded to an NH group.	2.13	1	0	nitrogen oxoacid
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	6.46	35	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
nitrous oxide Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.	2.9	4	0	gas molecular entity; nitrogen oxide	analgesic; bacterial metabolite; food packaging gas; food propellant; general anaesthetic; greenhouse gas; inhalation anaesthetic; NMDA receptor antagonist; raising agent; refrigerant; vasodilator agent
1-octanol 1-Octanol: A colorless, slightly viscous liquid used as a defoaming or wetting agent. It is also used as a solvent for protective coatings, waxes, and oils, and as a raw material for plasticizers. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). octan-1-ol : An octanol carrying the hydroxy group at position 1.	2	1	0	octanol; primary alcohol	antifungal agent; bacterial metabolite; fuel additive; kairomone; plant metabolite
hydroxide ion [no description available]	2.74	3	0	oxygen hydride	mouse metabolite
orotic acid Orotic Acid: An intermediate product in PYRIMIDINE synthesis which plays a role in chemical conversions between DIHYDROFOLATE and TETRAHYDROFOLATE.. orotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6.	7.32	35	1	pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
oxalic acid Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.. oxalic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2.	6.92	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
oxamic acid Oxamic Acid: Amino-substituted glyoxylic acid derivative.. oxamic acid : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide resulting from the formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of oxalic acid with ammonia.	2.7	3	0	dicarboxylic acid monoamide	Escherichia coli metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid 4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.	3.76	3	0	aminobenzoic acid; aromatic amino-acid zwitterion	allergen; Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
4-nitrophenol 4-nitrophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. mononitrophenol : A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.. 4-nitrophenol : A member of the class of 4-nitrophenols that is phenol in which the hydrogen that is para to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group.	1.99	1	0	4-nitrophenols	human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
triphosphoric acid triphosphoric acid: used as water softener, peptizing agent, emulsifier & dispersing agent; ingredient of cleansers; meat preservative; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.15	1	0	acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride; phosphorus oxoacid
phenol [no description available]	7.93	4	0	phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
phosphorylcholine Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.	2.02	1	0	phosphocholines	allergen; epitope; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phthalic acid phthalic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7178. phthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid cosisting of two carboxy groups at ortho positions.	2.05	1	0	benzenedicarboxylic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite
picolinic acid picolinic acid: iron-chelating agent that inhibits DNA synthesis; may interfere with iron-dependent production of stable free organic radical which is essential for ribonucleotide reductase formation of deoxyribonucleotides; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7206. picolinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position 2. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan.	2.46	2	0	pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; MALDI matrix material
diphosphoric acid diphosphoric acid : An acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride obtained by condensation of two molecules of phosphoric acid.	1.94	1	0	acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride; phosphorus oxoacid	Escherichia coli metabolite
propylene glycol Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.	2.05	1	0	glycol; propane-1,2-diols	allergen; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
1-propanol 1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.	3.06	5	0	propan-1-ols; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	metabolite; protic solvent
pteridines [no description available]	7.26	32	1	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; pteridines
purine 1H-purine : The 1H-tautomer of purine.. 3H-purine : The 3H-tautomer of purine.. 9H-purine : The 9H-tautomer of purine.. 7H-purine : The 7H-tautomer of purine.	8.63	143	0	purine
putrescine [no description available]	3.23	6	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite
pyrazole 1H-pyrazole : The 1H-tautomer of pyrazole.	2.43	2	0	pyrazole
pyridine azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.	7.94	4	0	azaarene; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; pyridines	environmental contaminant; NMR chemical shift reference compound
pyridoxal phosphate Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.	2.02	1	0	methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6 phosphate	coenzyme; cofactor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).	2.35	2	0	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyrogallol benzenetriol : A triol in which three hydroxy groups are substituted onto a benzene ring.	2.01	1	0	benzenetriol; phenolic donor	plant metabolite
pyruvic acid Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.	2.43	2	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid	cofactor; fundamental metabolite
quinolinic acid Quinolinic Acid: A metabolite of tryptophan with a possible role in neurodegenerative disorders. Elevated CSF levels of quinolinic acid are correlated with the severity of neuropsychological deficits in patients who have AIDS.. pyridinedicarboxylic acid : Any member of the class of pyridines carrying two carboxy groups.. quinolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid that is pyridine substituted by carboxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan.	7.04	1	0	pyridinedicarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist
dimethyl sulfide dimethyl sulfide: structure. dimethyl sulfide : A methyl sulfide in which the sulfur atom is substituted by two methyl groups. It is produced naturally by some marine algae.. methyl sulfide : Any aliphatic sulfide in which at least one of the organyl groups attached to the sulfur is a methyl group.	2.91	4	0	aliphatic sulfide	algal metabolite; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; marine metabolite
thiosulfates Thiosulfates: Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.. thiosulfate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from thiosulfuric acid.	2.66	3	0	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion	human metabolite
sarcosine cocobetaine: N-alkyl-betaine; cause of shampoo dermatitis	1.96	1	0	N-alkylglycine zwitterion; N-alkylglycine; N-methyl-amino acid; N-methylglycines	Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; glycine transporter 1 inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
selenious acid Selenious Acid: A selenium compound with the molecular formula H2SO3. It used as a source of SELENIUM, especially for patients that develop selenium deficiency following prolonged PARENTERAL NUTRITION.	2.08	1	0	selenium oxoacid
sulfites Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).	3.23	6	0	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
spermidine [no description available]	10.29	17	0	polyazaalkane; triamine	autophagy inducer; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
spermine [no description available]	4.36	21	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
succinic acid Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	2	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	anti-ulcer drug; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical; radiation protective agent
sulfuric acid sulfuric acid : A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom.	1.97	1	0	sulfur oxoacid	catalyst
sulfur dioxide Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant.	1.94	1	0	sulfur oxide	Escherichia coli metabolite; food bleaching agent; refrigerant
taurine [no description available]	4.68	6	1	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiamine thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.	3.66	10	0	primary alcohol; vitamin B1	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thymine [no description available]	17.14	1,121	4	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
toluene methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.	8.39	7	0	methylbenzene; toluenes; volatile organic compound	cholinergic antagonist; fuel additive; neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
trimethylamine [no description available]	2.68	3	0	methylamines; tertiary amine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite
tryptamine [no description available]	2.41	2	0	aminoalkylindole; aralkylamino compound; indole alkaloid; tryptamines	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
uracil 2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder	12.81	625	1	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.	8.63	143	0	uric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	7.12	69	0	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vanillin Vanilla: A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that is the source of the familiar flavoring used in foods and medicines (FLAVORING AGENTS).	1.97	1	0	benzaldehydes; monomethoxybenzene; phenols	anti-inflammatory agent; anticonvulsant; antioxidant; flavouring agent; plant metabolite
xanthine 7H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-7 is protonated.. 9H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated.	5.98	106	0	xanthine	Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin: A serotonin 1A-receptor agonist that is used experimentally to test the effects of serotonin.. 8-OH-DPAT : A tetralin substituted at positions 1 and 7 by hydroxy and dipropylamino groups respectively	2.02	1	0	phenols; tertiary amino compound; tetralins	serotonergic antagonist
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.	2.01	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
mandelic acid SAMMA: mandelic acid condensation polymer	2.69	3	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; benzenes	antibacterial agent; human xenobiotic metabolite
1,10-phenanthroline 1,10-phenanthroline: RN given refers to parent cpd; inhibits Zn-dependent metalloproteinases	3.14	5	0	phenanthroline	EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor
1,2-dimethylhydrazine 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine: A DNA alkylating agent that has been shown to be a potent carcinogen and is widely used to induce colon tumors in experimental animals.. 1,2-dimethylhydrazine : A member of the class of hydrazines that is hydrazine in which one of the hydrogens attached to each nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group. A powerful DNA alkylating agent and carcinogen, it is used to induce colon cancer in laboratory rats and mice.	4.28	19	0	hydrazines	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent
1,3-diethyl-8-phenylxanthine 1,3-diethyl-8-phenylxanthine: structure given in first source	1.95	1	0
1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine DPCPX : An oxopurine that is 7H-xanthine substituted at positions 1 and 3 by propyl groups and at position 8 by a cyclohexyl group.	2.06	1	0	oxopurine	adenosine A1 receptor antagonist; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	3.49	8	0	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.	2.03	1	0	methylpyridines; phenylpyridine; tetrahydropyridine	neurotoxin
1-methylimidazole 1-methyl-1H-imidazole : A 1H-imidazole having a methyl substituent at the N-1 position.	2.01	1	0	imidazoles
n-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine N-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine: structure in first source. N-[3-(aminomethyl)benzyl]acetamidine : An aralkylamine that is Nbenzylacetamidine substituted at position 3 on the benzene ring by an aminomethyl group. An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase.	2.17	1	0	aralkylamine; carboxamidine; primary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector
2,2'-dipyridyl 2,2'-Dipyridyl: A reagent used for the determination of iron.. 2,2'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.	3.39	7	0	bipyridine	chelator; ferroptosis inhibitor
2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine: mutagen from fried ground beef; structure given in first source. PhIP : An imidazopyridine that is 1H--imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine which is substituted at positions 1, 2, and 6 by methyl, amino, and phenyl groups, respectively. It is the most abundant of the mutagenic heterocyclic amines found in cooked meat and fish.	2.92	4	0	imidazopyridine; primary amino compound	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
2-aminofluorene [no description available]	3.39	7	0
mercaptoethanol Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.	2.89	4	0	alkanethiol; primary alcohol	geroprotector
n-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine: An N-substituted amphetamine analog. It is a widely abused drug classified as a hallucinogen and causes marked, long-lasting changes in brain serotonergic systems. It is commonly referred to as MDMA or ecstasy.. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a 2-(methylamino)propyl group at position 5.	2.05	1	0	amphetamines; benzodioxoles	neurotoxin
3-aminobenzamide [no description available]	7.92	4	0	benzamides; substituted aniline	EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
meglutol Meglutol: An antilipemic agent which lowers cholesterol, triglycerides, serum beta-lipoproteins and phospholipids. It acts by interfering with the enzymatic steps involved in the conversion of acetate to hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A as well as inhibiting the activity of HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES which is the rate limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of cholesterol.. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is glutaric acid in which one of the two hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a hydroxy group, while the other is substituted by a methyl group. It has been found to accumulate in urine of patients suffering from HMG-CoA lyase (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase, EC 4.1.3.4) deficiency. It occurs as a plant metabolite in Crotalaria dura.	2.21	1	0	3-hydroxy carboxylic acid; dicarboxylic acid; tertiary alcohol	anticholesteremic drug; antimetabolite; EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; human metabolite; plant metabolite
3-methylcholanthrene Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.	2.87	4	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; carcinogenic agent
3-nitropropionic acid 3-nitropropionic acid: succinate dehydrogenase inactivator; biosynthesized by FABACEAE plants from ASPARAGINE. 3-nitropropanoic acid : A C-nitro compound that is propanoic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a nitro group.	2.46	2	0	C-nitro compound	antimycobacterial drug; EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; mycotoxin; neurotoxin
pleconaril WIN 63843: structure given in first source	2.13	1	0
p-chloromercuribenzoic acid p-Chloromercuribenzoic Acid: An organic mercurial used as a sulfhydryl reagent.	2.01	1	0	chlorine molecular entity; mercuribenzoic acid
4-nonylphenol 4-nonylphenol: structure in first source; see also record for nonylphenol. 4-nonylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol which is para-substituted with a nonyl group.	2.05	1	0	phenols	environmental contaminant
phenytoin [no description available]	3.82	3	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
oxyquinoline Oxyquinoline: An antiseptic with mild fungistatic, bacteriostatic, anthelmintic, and amebicidal action. It is also used as a reagent and metal chelator, as a carrier for radio-indium for diagnostic purposes, and its halogenated derivatives are used in addition as topical anti-infective agents and oral antiamebics.. quinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8. Its fungicidal properties are used for the control of grey mould on vines and tomatoes.	3.53	2	0	monohydroxyquinoline	antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug; iron chelator
2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane): water-soluble free-radical initiator	2.93	4	0	monoazo compound
acebutolol Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.. acebutolol : An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol.	2.05	1	0	aromatic amide; ethanolamines; ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympathomimetic agent
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	2.42	2	0	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
acetazolamide Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)	2.05	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles	anticonvulsant; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
acetohydroxamic acid acetohydroxamic acid: urease inhibitor. oxime : Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.. N-hydroxyacetimidic acid : A carbohydroximic acid consisting of acetimidic acid having a hydroxy group attached to the imide nitrogen.. acetohydroxamic acid : A member of the class of acetohydroxamic acids that is acetamide in which one of the amino hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.13	1	0	acetohydroxamic acids; carbohydroximic acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
acridone acridone : A member of the class of acridines that is 9,10-dihydroacridine substituted by an oxo group at position 9.	2.04	1	0	acridines; cyclic ketone
beta-aminoethyl isothiourea beta-Aminoethyl Isothiourea: A radiation-protective agent that can inhibit DNA damage by binding to the DNA. It also increases the susceptibility of blood cells to complement-mediated lysis.	1.94	1	0
alprenolol Alprenolol: One of the ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent.. alprenolol : A secondary alcohol that is propan-2-ol substituted by a 2-allylphenoxy group at position 1 and an isopropylamino group at position 3. It is a beta-adrenergic antagonist used as a antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmia and a sympatholytic agent.	2.05	1	0	secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
amantadine amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source	9.05	14	2	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	analgesic; antiparkinson drug; antiviral drug; dopaminergic agent; NMDA receptor antagonist; non-narcotic analgesic
ametantrone ametantrone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.98	1	0
pimagedine pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure. aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide.	1.99	1	0	guanidines; one-carbon compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
p-aminohippuric acid p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.	2.06	1	0	N-acylglycine	Daphnia magna metabolite
theophylline [no description available]	3.89	13	0	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
amiodarone Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.	2.05	1	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone; organoiodine compound; tertiary amino compound	cardiovascular drug
amitriptyline Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.	2.05	1	0	carbotricyclic compound; tertiary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist; xenobiotic
amlodipine Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.	2.04	1	0	dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
amsacrine Amsacrine: An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.. amsacrine : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits antineoplastic activity.	2.7	3	0	acridines; aromatic ether; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
anthralin Anthralin: An anthracene derivative that disrupts MITOCHONDRIA function and structure and is used for the treatment of DERMATOSES, especially PSORIASIS. It may cause FOLLICULITIS.. anthralin : An anthracene compound derived by the substitution of -OH groups for hydrogen at C-1 and C-8, and with an oxo group at C-9.	1.98	1	0	anthracenes	antipsoriatic
aristolochic acid i aristolochic acid I: phospholipase A inhibitor. aristolochic acid A : An aristolochic acid that is phenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid that is substituted by a methylenedioxy group at the 3,4 positions, by a methoxy group at position 8, and by a nitro group at position 10. It is the most abundant of the aristolochic acids and is found in almost all Aristolochia (birthworts or pipevines) species. It has been tried in a number of treatments for inflammatory disorders, mainly in Chinese and folk medicine. However, there is concern over their use as aristolochic acid is both carcinogenic and nephrotoxic.	2	1	0	aristolochic acids; aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; cyclic acetal; monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotetracyclic compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; mutagen; nephrotoxin; toxin
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	4.78	7	1	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
atrazine [no description available]	2	1	0	chloro-1,3,5-triazine; diamino-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
aurintricarboxylic acid Aurintricarboxylic Acid: A dye which inhibits protein biosynthesis at the initial stages. The ammonium salt (aluminon) is a reagent for the colorimetric estimation of aluminum in water, foods, and tissues.. aurintricarboxylic acid : A member of the class of quinomethanes that is 3-methylidene-6-oxocyclohexa-1,4-diene-1-carboxylic acid in which the methylidene hydrogens are replaced by 4-carboxy-3-hydroxyphenyl groups. The trisodium salt is the biological stain 'chrome violet CG' while the triammonium salt is 'aluminon'.	1.95	1	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid; quinomethanes; tricarboxylic acid	fluorochrome; histological dye; insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 antagonist
azathioprine Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.	4.45	7	0	aryl sulfide; C-nitro compound; imidazoles; thiopurine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
barbital 5,5-diethylbarbituric acid : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by two ethyl groups. Formerly used as a hypnotic (sleeping aid).	2.44	2	0	barbiturates	drug allergen
benzamide benzamide : An aromatic amide that consists of benzene bearing a single carboxamido substituent. The parent of the class of benzamides.	2	1	0	benzamides
benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.	6.83	34	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	carcinogenic agent; mouse metabolite
benzocaine Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.. dextran sulfate sodium : An organic sodium salt of dextran sulfate. It induces colitis in mice.. benzocaine : A benzoate ester having 4-aminobenzoic acid as the acid component and ethanol as the alcohol component. A surface anaesthetic, it is used to suppress the gag reflex, and as a lubricant and topical anaesthetic on the larynx, mouth, nasal cavity, respiratory tract, oesophagus, rectum, urinary tract, and vagina.	2.43	2	0	benzoate ester; substituted aniline	allergen; antipruritic drug; sensitiser; topical anaesthetic
benzothiazide benzothiazide: structure. benzthiazide : 7-Sulfamoyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by chlorine and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzylsulfanylmethyl group. A diuretic, it is used to treat hypertension and edema.	2.44	2	0	benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
benzyl isothiocyanate benzyl isothiocyanate: inhibits carcinogen-induced neoplasia; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #715; also promotes urinary bladder carcinoma	1.97	1	0	benzenes; isothiocyanate	antibacterial drug
berberine [no description available]	7.8	3	0	alkaloid antibiotic; berberine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite; potassium channel blocker
diminazene Diminazene: An effective trypanocidal agent.. diminazene : A triazene derivative that is triazene in which each of the terminal nitrogens is substituted by a 4-carbamimidoylphenyl group.	1.97	1	0	carboxamidine; triazene derivative	antiparasitic agent; trypanocidal drug
beta-naphthoflavone beta-Naphthoflavone: A polyaromatic hydrocarbon inducer of P4501A1 and P4501A2 cytochromes. (Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1994 Dec:207(3):302-308). beta-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the f side of flavone.	6.97	1	0	extended flavonoid; naphtho-gamma-pyrone; organic heterotricyclic compound	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist
propiolactone Propiolactone: Disinfectant used in vapor form to sterilize vaccines, grafts, etc. The vapor is very irritating and the liquid form is carcinogenic.	1.96	1	0	propan-3-olide
bicalutamide bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism.	2.03	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; monofluorobenzenes; nitrile; sulfone; tertiary alcohol
bay h 4502 bifonazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-bifonazole. It is a broad spectrum antifungal drug used for the treatment of fungal skin and nail infections.. 1-[biphenyl-4-yl(phenyl)methyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles carrying an alpha-(biphenyl-4-yl)benzyl substituent at position 1.	2	1	0	biphenyls; imidazoles
bisbenzimidazole Bisbenzimidazole: A benzimidazole antifilarial agent; it is fluorescent when it binds to certain nucleotides in DNA, thus providing a tool for the study of DNA replication; it also interferes with mitosis.	3.61	9	0	bibenzimidazole; N-methylpiperazine	anthelminthic drug; fluorochrome
bromazepam Bromazepam: One of the BENZODIAZEPINES that is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS.	2	1	0	organic molecular entity
bromhexine Bromhexine: A mucolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with viscid or excessive mucus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p744). bromhexine : A substituted aniline that is 2,4-dibromoaniline which is substituted at position 6 by a [cyclohexyl(methyl)amino]methyl group. It is used (as the monohydrochloride salt) as a mucolytic for the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with productive cough (i.e. a cough characterised by the production of sputum).	1.97	1	0	organobromine compound; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	mucolytic
busulfan [no description available]	7.46	2	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; insect sterilant; teratogenic agent
cacodylic acid dimethylarsinic acid : The organoarsenic compound that is arsenic acid substituted on the central arsenic atom with two methyl groups.	2.44	2	0	organoarsenic compound	xenobiotic metabolite
caffeine [no description available]	9.64	28	0	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	2.77	3	0	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
camostat camostat : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-guanidinobenzoic acid with the hydroxy group of 2-(dimethylamino)-2-oxoethyl (4-hydroxyphenyl)acetate. It is a potent inhibitor of the human transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and its mesylate salt is currently under investigation for its effectiveness in COVID-19 patients.	3.41	1	0	benzoate ester; carboxylic ester; diester; guanidines; tertiary carboxamide	anti-inflammatory agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifibrinolytic drug; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; serine protease inhibitor
camphor, (+-)-isomer [no description available]	2.11	1	0	bornane monoterpenoid; cyclic monoterpene ketone	plant metabolite
carbamazepine Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.	3.44	1	1	dibenzoazepine; ureas	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; glutamate transporter activator; mitogen; non-narcotic analgesic; sodium channel blocker; xenobiotic
carmustine Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.	14.24	138	15	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
carprofen carprofen: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. carprofen : Propanoic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a 6-chloro-9H-carbazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is no longer used in human medicine but is still used for treatment of arthritis in elderly dogs.	2.05	1	0	carbazoles; organochlorine compound	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; photosensitizing agent
carvedilol [no description available]	2.05	1	0	carbazoles; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone: A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.. CCCP : A member of the class of monochlorobenzenes that is benzene substituted by 2-(1,3-dinitrilopropan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl and chloro groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is a mitochondrial depolarizing agent that induces reactive oxygen species mediated cell death.	2.07	1	0	hydrazone; monochlorobenzenes; nitrile	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; ionophore
cetyltrimethylammonium ion Cetrimonium: Cetyltrimethylammonium compound whose salts and derivatives are used primarily as topical antiseptics.. cetyltrimethylammonium ion : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are one hexadecyl and three methyl groups.	2	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
chlorambucil Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.	4.58	8	0	aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	7.86	4	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
chlorpheniramine Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.	2.05	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidepressant; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.	3.1	5	0	organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpropamide Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.	2.05	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.	7.67	3	0	aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile	adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	3.29	6	0	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
citalopram Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.	2.08	1	0	2-benzofurans; cyclic ether; nitrile; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound
clofibrate angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate	2	1	0	aromatic ether; ethyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; geroprotector; PPARalpha agonist
clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	1.99	1	0	clonidine; imidazoline
4-cresol 4-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd. p-cresol : A cresol that consists of toluene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4. It is a metabolite of aromatic amino acid metabolism produced by intestinal microflora in humans and animals.	2.4	2	0	cresol	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; uremic toxin
cypermethrin cypermethrin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and the alcoholic hydroxy group of hydroxy(3-phenoxyphenyl)acetonitrile.. zeta-cypermethrin : A diastereoisomeric mixture comprising the isomeric pair (1R)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaR)-cypermethrin together with the isomeric pair (1S)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaS)-cypermethrin where the ratio between the isomeric pairs lies in the range 45:55 to 55:45.	2.6	1	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organochlorine compound	agrochemical; molluscicide; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
cystamine [no description available]	1.95	1	0	organic disulfide; primary amino compound	EC 2.3.2.13 (protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor
dantrolene Dantrolene: Skeletal muscle relaxant that acts by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. It is used in spasticity and other neuromuscular abnormalities. Although the mechanism of action is probably not central, dantrolene is usually grouped with the central muscle relaxants.. dantrolene : The hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of 5-(4-nitrophenyl)furfural with 1-aminohydantoin. A ryanodine receptor antagonist used for the relief of chronic severe spasticity and malignant hyperthermia.	2.25	1	0	hydrazone; imidazolidine-2,4-dione	muscle relaxant; neuroprotective agent; ryanodine receptor antagonist
dapi DAPI: RN given refers to parent cpd.	2.7	3	0	indoles	fluorochrome
dapsone [no description available]	1.94	1	0	substituted aniline; sulfone	anti-inflammatory drug; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; leprostatic drug
decanoic acid decanoate : A fatty acid anion 10:0 that is the conjugate base of decanoic acid.. decanoic acid : A C10, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.	2.52	2	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; human metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
deferoxamine Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.	1.98	1	0	acyclic desferrioxamine	bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; iron chelator; siderophore
desipramine Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.	2.43	2	0	dibenzoazepine; secondary amino compound	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; cholinergic antagonist; drug allergen; EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
eflornithine Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.	2.43	2	0	alpha-amino acid; fluoroamino acid	trypanocidal drug
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	2.38	2	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
diazoxide Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.	2.05	1	0	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfone	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; diuretic; K-ATP channel agonist; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasodilator agent
dibucaine Dibucaine: A local anesthetic of the amide type now generally used for surface anesthesia. It is one of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics and its parenteral use is restricted to spinal anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1006). cinchocaine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is the 2-(diethylamino)ethyl amide of 2-butoxyquinoline-4-carboxylic acid. One of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics, its parenteral use was restricted to spinal anesthesia. It is now generally only used (usually as the hydrochloride) in creams and ointments and in suppositories for temporary relief of pain and itching associated with skin and anorectal conditions.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	topical anaesthetic
diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.	3.56	1	1	amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
ddt 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source	2	1	0	benzenoid aromatic compound; chlorophenylethane; monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine insecticide	bridged diphenyl acaricide; carcinogenic agent; endocrine disruptor; persistent organic pollutant
dichlorvos Dichlorvos: An organophosphorus insecticide that inhibits ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE.. dichlorvos : An alkenyl phosphate that is the 2,2-dichloroethenyl ester of dimethyl phosphate.	8.06	5	0	alkenyl phosphate; dialkyl phosphate; organochlorine acaricide; organophosphate insecticide	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
diethyl pyrocarbonate Diethyl Pyrocarbonate: Preservative for wines, soft drinks, and fruit juices and a gentle esterifying agent.. diethyl pyrocarbonate : The diethyl ester of dicarbonic acid.	2.89	4	0	acyclic carboxylic anhydride
pentetic acid Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.	2.92	4	0	pentacarboxylic acid	copper chelator
diflunisal Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position.	2.39	2	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid; organofluorine compound	non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
dimaprit Dimaprit: A histamine H2 receptor agonist that is often used to study the activity of histamine and its receptors.	2.41	1	0	imidothiocarbamic ester
dimethoate Dimethoate: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic and contact insecticide.. dimethoate : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N-methylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group attached to the carbonyl moiety is replaced by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanediyl group.	7.36	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
diphenhydramine Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.	2.05	1	0	ether; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; antitussive; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; oneirogen; sedative
benzophenone benzophenone : The simplest member of the class of benzophenones, being formaldehyde in which both hydrogens are replaced by phenyl groups.	2	1	0	benzophenones	photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
n,n-di-n-propyldopamine N,N-di-n-propyldopamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.01	2	0	catecholamine
dipyridamole Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.	5.08	10	1	piperidines; pyrimidopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tetrol	adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
stallimycin [no description available]	3.5	8	0
disulfiram [no description available]	2.65	3	0	organic disulfide; organosulfur acaricide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; fungicide; NF-kappaB inhibitor
diuron Diuron: A pre-emergent herbicide.. diuron : A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which both of the hydrogens attached to one nitrogen are substituted by methyl groups, and one of the hydrogens attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group.	2	1	0	3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea; dichlorobenzene	environmental contaminant; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; photosystem-II inhibitor; urea herbicide; xenobiotic
valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.	4.14	3	1	branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid	anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent
n(6),n(6)-dimethyladenine N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenine : A tertiary amine that is adenine substituted at N-6 by geminal methyl groups.	2	1	0	tertiary amine
domperidone Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.	1.98	1	0	benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist
dup 697 DuP 697: structure given in first source	2.08	1	0	thiophenes
9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine 9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine: specific inhibitor of adenosine deaminase	2.01	1	0
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	4	13	0
ethacrynic acid Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.	2.04	1	0	aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; loop diuretic
ether Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.	2	1	0	ether; volatile organic compound	inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
ethoxyquin Ethoxyquin: Antioxidant; also a post-harvest dip to prevent scald on apples and pears.. ethoxyquin : A quinoline that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline bearing three methyl substituents at position 2, 2 and 4 as well as an ethoxy substituent at position 6.	6.96	1	0	aromatic ether; quinolines	antifungal agrochemical; food antioxidant; genotoxin; geroprotector; herbicide; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activator
ethylenediamine ethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; edamine is the recommended contraction for the ethylenediamine radical. ethylenediamine : An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine in which the alkane is ethane.	2.73	3	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	GABA agonist
brl 42810 [no description available]	17.86	50	7	2-aminopurines; acetate ester	antiviral drug; prodrug
fenbufen fenbufen: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0	4-oxo monocarboxylic acid; biphenyls	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fenofibrate Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE	3.42	1	1	aromatic ether; chlorobenzophenone; isopropyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
fenoprofen Fenoprofen: A propionic acid derivative that is used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent.. fenoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 3-phenoxyphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, the dihydrate form of the calcium salt is used for the management of mild to moderate pain and for the relief of pain and inflammation associated with disorders such as arthritis. It is pharmacologically similar to aspirin, but causes less gastrointestinal bleeding.	2.05	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluconazole Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.	2.44	2	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	environmental contaminant; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
flucytosine Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.	2.42	2	0	aminopyrimidine; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine antifungal drug; pyrimidone	prodrug
flumazenil Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.	2.03	1	0	ethyl ester; imidazobenzodiazepine; organofluorine compound	antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning; GABA antagonist
flumequine flumequine: structure. flumequine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-flumequine. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, formerly used in veterinary medicine for stock breeding and treatment of aquacultures.. 9-fluoro-5-methyl-1-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-2-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyridoquinolines that is 1-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline carrying additional carboxy, methyl and fluoro substituents at positions 2, 5 and 9 respectively.	2.05	1	0	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; pyridoquinoline; quinolone antibiotic
flunitrazepam Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.	1.96	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; C-nitro compound; monofluorobenzenes	anxiolytic drug; GABAA receptor agonist; sedative
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	14.05	67	7	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
flurbiprofen Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.	2.43	2	0	fluorobiphenyl; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
foscarnet Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.. phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.	12.71	31	0	carboxylic acid; one-carbon compound; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; geroprotector; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	2.47	2	0	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
gabapentin Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.	3.85	2	1	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	2.01	1	0
glipizide Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.	2.05	1	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-sulfonylurea; pyrazines	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
glutaral Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.	2.67	3	0	dialdehyde	cross-linking reagent; disinfectant; fixative
glyphosate glyphosate: active cpd in herbicidal formulation Roundup; inhibits EC 2.5.1.19, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase; structure. glyphosate : A phosphonic acid resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the methyl group of methylphosphonic acid with the amino group of glycine. It is one of the most commonly used herbicides worldwide, and the only one to target the enzyme 5-enolpyruvyl-3-shikimate phosphate synthase (EPSPS).	1.96	1	0	glycine derivative; phosphonic acid	agrochemical; EC 2.5.1.19 (3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor; herbicide
guaifenesin Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.	2	1	0	methoxybenzenes
guanidine Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.	3.69	10	0	carboxamidine; guanidines; one-carbon compound
n-(2-(methylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide [no description available]	1.98	1	0	isoquinolines; sulfonamide
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.	1.97	1	0	isoquinolines; N-sulfonylpiperazine	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.	2.91	4	0	aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
hexestrol [no description available]	7.02	1	0	stilbenoid
ethidium Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.	4.78	32	0	phenanthridines	fluorochrome; intercalator
hycanthone Hycanthone: Potentially toxic, but effective antischistosomal agent, it is a metabolite of LUCANTHONE.. hycanthone : A thioxanthen-9-one compound having a hydroxymethyl substituent at the 1-position and a 2-[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino substituent at the 4-position. It was formerly used (particularly as the monomethanesulfonic acid salt) as a schistosomicide for individual or mass treatement of infection with Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni, but due to its toxicity and concern about possible carcinogenicity, it has been replaced by other drugs such as praziquantel.	1.99	1	0	thioxanthenes	mutagen; schistosomicide drug
hydralazine Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.	1.98	1	0	azaarene; hydrazines; ortho-fused heteroarene; phthalazines	antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent
hydrochlorothiazide Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	3.32	1	1	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
hydroflumethiazide Hydroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p822). hydroflumethiazide : A benzothiadiazine consisting of a 3,4-dihydro-HH-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine bicyclic system dioxygenated on sulfur and carrying trifluoromethyl and aminosulfonyl groups at positions 6 and 7 respectively. A diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide.	2.05	1	0	benzothiadiazine; thiazide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
hydroxyurea [no description available]	8.58	9	0	one-carbon compound; ureas	antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent
hypericin [no description available]	1.98	1	0
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	4.11	3	1	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
phenelzine Phenelzine: One of the MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS used to treat DEPRESSION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; and PANIC.	1.97	1	0	primary amine
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.	2.43	2	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic
batyl alcohol batyl alcohol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. batilol : An alkylglycerol that is glycerol in which one of the primary hydroxy groups has been converted into the corresponding octadecyl ether. It is used in cosmetics as a stabilising ingredient and skin-conditioning agent.	2.03	1	0	alkylglycerol
ifosfamide [no description available]	7.72	3	0	ifosfamides	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
imipramine Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.	2.43	2	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
indole-3-carbinol indole-3-carbinol: occurs in edible cruciferous vegetables. indole-3-methanol : An indolyl alcohol carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It is a constituent of the cruciferous vegetables and had anticancer activity.	6.97	1	0	indolyl alcohol	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	2.95	4	0	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
indoprofen Indoprofen: A drug that has analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Following reports of adverse reactions including reports of carcinogenicity in animal studies it was withdrawn from the market worldwide. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p21). indoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-(1-oxo-1,3-dihydroisoindol-2-yl)phenyl group. Initially used as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic, it was withdrawn from the market due to causing severe gastrointestinal bleeding. It has been subsequently found to increase production of the survival motor neuron protein.	2	1	0	gamma-lactam; isoindoles; monocarboxylic acid	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
iodoacetamide [no description available]	2.67	3	0
iproniazid [no description available]	1.94	1	0	carbohydrazide; pyridines
avapro Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.	3.51	1	1	azaspiro compound; biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.	1.96	1	0	3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isoflurane Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.	3.5	1	1	organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).	4.2	5	0	carbohydrazide	antitubercular agent; drug allergen
2-propanol 2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.	3.36	7	0	secondary alcohol; secondary fatty alcohol	protic solvent
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	2.38	2	0	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
ketoconazole 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.	7	1	0	dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.	2.74	3	0	benzophenones; oxo monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
khellin Khellin: A vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. It has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light A, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024). khellin : A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator.	1.99	1	0	furanochromone; organic heterotricyclic compound; oxacycle	anti-asthmatic agent; bronchodilator agent; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
kynurenic acid Kynurenic Acid: A broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist used as a research tool.. kynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-4.	2.1	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	G-protein-coupled receptor agonist; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
labetalol Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5.	2.04	1	0	benzamides; benzenes; phenols; primary carboxamide; salicylamides; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
lapachol lapachol : A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone substituted by hydroxy and 3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl groups at positions 2 and 3, respectively. It is a natural compound that exhibits antibacterial and anticancer properties, first isolated in 1882 from the bark of Tabebuia avellanedae.	2.08	1	0
letrozole [no description available]	3.56	1	1	nitrile; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
lomefloxacin lomefloxacin: structure given in first source. lomefloxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic, used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery.	3.81	3	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antimicrobial agent; antitubercular agent; photosensitizing agent
lomustine [no description available]	5.61	18	0	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
loperamide Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.	2.05	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; piperidines; tertiary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antidiarrhoeal drug; mu-opioid receptor agonist
lorazepam Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.	2.44	2	0	benzodiazepine
losartan Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position	2.02	1	0	biphenylyltetrazole; imidazoles	angiotensin receptor antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source	3.36	2	0	chromones; morpholines; organochlorine compound	autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
maprotiline Maprotiline: A bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use.	2.05	1	0	anthracenes
mechlorethamine nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.	10.47	21	0	nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent
meclizine Meclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in the treatment of motion sickness, vertigo, and nausea during pregnancy and radiation sickness.	2.05	1	0	diarylmethane
meclofenamic acid Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.. meclofenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	2.05	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mefenamic acid Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	2.05	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; secondary amino compound	analgesic; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
vitamin k 3 Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.	3.16	5	0	1,4-naphthoquinones; vitamin K	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; human urinary metabolite; nutraceutical
mephenytoin Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). It may cause blood dyscrasias.. mephenytoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) in which the imidazolidine nucleus carries a methyl group at N-3 and has ethyl and phenyl substituents at C-5. An anticonvulsant, it is no longer available in the USA or the UK but is still studied largely because of its interesting hydroxylation polymorphism.	1.98	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.	2.48	2	0	guanidines	environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
methoxyamine methoxyamine: analytical reagent for aldehydes and ketones; strong irritant, can probably produce methemoglobinemia; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	10.6	6	1	organooxygen compound
methoxsalen Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.	1.98	1	0	aromatic ether; psoralens	antineoplastic agent; cross-linking reagent; dermatologic drug; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
nocodazole [no description available]	2.15	1	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester; thiophenes	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
methyl methanesulfonate [no description available]	7.02	43	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen
metoprolol Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.	3.41	1	1	aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	2.42	2	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
mianserin Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.. mianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.	2.08	1	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine agonist; sedative; serotonergic antagonist
miconazole Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.	2.48	2	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles
midazolam Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.	3.45	1	1	imidazobenzodiazepine; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; anxiolytic drug; apoptosis inducer; central nervous system depressant; GABAA receptor agonist; general anaesthetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
mirtazapine Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders.	2.08	1	0	benzazepine; tetracyclic antidepressant	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anxiolytic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; oneirogen; serotonergic antagonist
2,7-diaminomitosene [no description available]	7	1	0
mitoxantrone Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.	2.72	3	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	analgesic; antineoplastic agent
molsidomine Molsidomine: A morpholinyl sydnone imine ethyl ester, having a nitrogen in place of the keto oxygen. It acts as NITRIC OXIDE DONORS and is a vasodilator that has been used in ANGINA PECTORIS.. molsidomine : A member of the class of oxadiazoles that is 1,2,3-oxadiazole substituted by morpholin-4-yl and (ethoxycarbonyl)azanidyl groups at positions 3 and 5, respectively. It is used as a vasodilator drug for the treatment of myocardial ischemic syndrome and congestive heart failure.	2.42	2	0	ethyl ester; morpholines; oxadiazole; zwitterion	antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
monodansylcadaverine monodansylcadaverine: inhibits cross linkage of fibrin. monodansylcadaverine : A sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of 5-(dimethylamino)naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid with one of the amino groups of cadaverine.	2.17	1	0	aminonaphthalene; primary amino compound; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound	EC 2.3.2.13 (protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; protective agent
ethylmaleimide Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.	2.86	4	0	maleimides	anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
nafamostat nafamostat: inhibitor of trypsin, plasmin, pancreatic kallikrein, plasma kallikrein & thrombin; strongly inhibits esterolytic activities of C1r & C1 esterase complement-mediated hemolysis; antineoplastic	3.41	1	0	benzoic acids; guanidines
nalidixic acid [no description available]	9.45	7	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
netropsin Netropsin: A basic polypeptide isolated from Streptomyces netropsis. It is cytotoxic and its strong, specific binding to A-T areas of DNA is useful to genetics research.	4.97	12	0
nevirapine Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.	2.4	2	0	cyclopropanes; dipyridodiazepine	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.	2	1	0	C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester	calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent
niflumic acid Niflumic Acid: An analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.	2.02	1	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.	2.07	1	0	nitroglycerol	explosive; muscle relaxant; nitric oxide donor; prodrug; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
norfloxacin Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.	7.73	3	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
nortriptyline Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline.	2.05	1	0	organic tricyclic compound; secondary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; analgesic; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; drug metabolite
nu2058 NU2058: structure in first source	8.28	6	0
nu6102 NU6102: structure in first source	2.42	2	0
o(6)-benzylguanine O(6)-benzylguanine: a suicide inhibitor of O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase activity	17.76	316	28
octopamine Octopamine: An alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetic amine, biosynthesized from tyramine in the CNS and platelets and also in invertebrate nervous systems. It is used to treat hypotension and as a cardiotonic. The natural D(-) form is more potent than the L(+) form in producing cardiovascular adrenergic responses. It is also a neurotransmitter in some invertebrates.. octopamine : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is phenol which is substituted at the para- position by a 2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl group. A biogenic phenylethanolamine which has been found to act as a neurotransmitter, neurohormone or neuromodulator in invertebrates.	2.71	3	0	phenylethanolamines; tyramines	neurotransmitter
ofloxacin Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.	3.8	2	1	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxazinoquinoline
oxonic acid Oxonic Acid: Antagonist of urate oxidase.	5.93	7	0	1,3,5-triazines; monocarboxylic acid
1,2-cyclohexanediamine 1,2-cyclohexanediamine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.41	1	0	primary aliphatic amine
oxamniquine Oxamniquine: An anthelmintic with schistosomicidal activity against Schistosoma mansoni, but not against other Schistosoma spp. Oxamniquine causes worms to shift from the mesenteric veins to the liver where the male worms are retained; the female worms return to the mesentery, but can no longer release eggs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p121). oxamniquine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-oxamniquine. An anthelmintic, it is administered orally for the treatment of schistomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni (but not by other Schistosoma species); intramuscular administration is no longer used as it causes severe pain at the injection site.. {2-[(isopropylamino)methyl]-7-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl}methanol : A member of the class of quinolines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 2, 6, and 7 by (isopropylamino)methyl, hydroxymethyl, and nitro groups, respectively.	1.99	1	0	aromatic primary alcohol; C-nitro compound; quinolines; secondary amino compound
oxazepam Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5.	2	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
oxidopamine Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).	2.48	2	0	benzenetriol; catecholamine; primary amino compound	drug metabolite; human metabolite; neurotoxin
quinone benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups.. 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).	2.39	2	0	1,4-benzoquinones	cofactor; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
pamidronate [no description available]	3.16	1	0	phosphonoacetic acid
papaverine Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.	2.69	3	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; dimethoxybenzene; isoquinolines	antispasmodic drug; vasodilator agent
pd 169316 2-(4-nitrophenyl)-4-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-imidazole: p38 MAP kinase inhibitor	3	1	0	imidazoles
pd 98059 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.	2.08	1	0	aromatic amine; monomethoxyflavone	EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
pemoline Pemoline: A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children.. pemoline : A member of the class of 1,3-oxazoles that is 1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one which is substituted by an amino group at position 2 and by a phenyl group at position 5. A central nervous system stimulant, it was used to treat hyperactivity disorders in children, but withdrawn from use following reports of serious hepatotoxicity.	3.04	1	0	1,3-oxazoles	central nervous system stimulant
pentamidine Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.	2.02	1	0	aromatic ether; carboxamidine; diether	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; calmodulin antagonist; chemokine receptor 5 antagonist; EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor; NMDA receptor antagonist; S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor; trypanocidal drug; xenobiotic
perphenazine Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.	2	1	0	N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-alkylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
phenacetin Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione	3.75	3	0	acetamides; aromatic ether	cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug
phenazopyridine Phenazopyridine: A local anesthetic that has been used in urinary tract disorders. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.. phenazopyridine : A diaminopyridine that is 2,6-diaminopyridine substituted at position 3 by a phenylazo group. A local anesthetic that has topical analgesic effect on mucosa lining of the urinary tract. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.	2.05	1	0	diaminopyridine; monoazo compound	anticoronaviral agent; carcinogenic agent; local anaesthetic; non-narcotic analgesic
phenindione Phenindione: An indandione that has been used as an anticoagulant. Phenindione has actions similar to WARFARIN, but it is now rarely employed because of its higher incidence of severe adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p234)	3.16	1	0	aromatic ketone; beta-diketone	anticoagulant
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	3.48	8	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
phenoxybenzamine Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.	1.94	1	0	aromatic amine
phentermine Phentermine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been used most frequently in the treatment of obesity.	3.35	1	0	primary amine	adrenergic agent; appetite depressant; central nervous system drug; central nervous system stimulant; dopaminergic agent; sympathomimetic agent
phenylbutazone Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.	2.05	1	0	pyrazolidines	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
phorate Phorate: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.. phosphatidylcholine O-34:2 : A glycerophosphocholine that is an alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 34 carbons and 2 double bonds.	2.1	1	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
pindolol Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.	2.05	1	0	indoles; secondary amine	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; serotonergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
pioglitazone Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	2.04	1	0	aromatic ether; pyridines; thiazolidinediones	antidepressant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug; PPARgamma agonist; xenobiotic
piracetam Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.	3.44	1	1	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
pirenzepine Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.	1.97	1	0	pyridobenzodiazepine	anti-ulcer drug; antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	3.61	9	0	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
potassium iodide Potassium Iodide: An inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (From Dorland, 27th ed). potassium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a K(+) counterion. It is a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals.	2.87	4	0	potassium salt	expectorant; radical scavenger
praziquantel azinox: Russian drug	2.13	1	0	isoquinolines
primaquine Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.	3.04	1	0	aminoquinoline; aromatic ether; N-substituted diamine	antimalarial
proadifen Proadifen: An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity.	1.94	1	0	diarylmethane
probenecid Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.	5.27	6	0	benzoic acids; sulfonamide	uricosuric drug
probucol Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.	2	1	0	dithioketal; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory drug; anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antioxidant; cardiovascular drug
procainamide Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.	2.05	1	0	benzamides	anti-arrhythmia drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; sodium channel blocker
procaine Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.	2.43	2	0	benzoate ester; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; drug allergen; local anaesthetic; peripheral nervous system drug
procarbazine Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.	4.87	11	0	benzamides; hydrazines	antineoplastic agent
promazine Promazine: A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE but with less antipsychotic activity. It is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic.. promazine : A phenothiazine deriative in which the phenothiazine tricycle has a 3-(dimethylaminopropyl) group at the N-10 position.	2	1	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug; serotonergic antagonist
propidium Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.	2.42	2	0	phenanthridines; quaternary ammonium ion	fluorochrome; intercalator
propofol Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.	3.5	1	1	phenols	anticonvulsant; antiemetic; intravenous anaesthetic; radical scavenger; sedative
propoxur Propoxur: A carbamate insecticide.. propoxur : A carbamate ester that is phenyl methylcarbamate substituted at position 2 by a propan-2-yloxy group.	1.96	1	0	aromatic ether; carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
protoporphyrin ix protoporphyrin IX: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7685. protoporphyrin : A cyclic tetrapyrrole that consists of porphyrin bearing four methyl substituents at positions 3, 8, 13 and 17, two vinyl substituents at positions 7 and 12 and two 2-carboxyethyl substituents at positions 2 and 18. The parent of the class of protoporphyrins.	2.11	1	0
pyrimethamine Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds	2.38	2	0	aminopyrimidine; monochlorobenzenes	antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
ranitidine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	aralkylamine
resorcinol resorcinol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7951. resorcinol : A benzenediol that is benzene dihydroxylated at positions 1 and 3.	2	1	0	benzenediol; phenolic donor; resorcinols	erythropoietin inhibitor; sensitiser
rimantadine Rimantadine: An RNA synthesis inhibitor that is used as an antiviral agent in the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza.	2.4	2	0	alkylamine
risperidone Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.	2.04	1	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
ro 31-8220 Ro 31-8220: a protein kinase C inhibitor	2.04	1	0	imidothiocarbamic ester; indoles; maleimides	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
safrole Safrole: A member of the BENZODIOXOLES that is a constituent of several VOLATILE OILS, notably SASSAFRAS oil. It is a precursor in the synthesis of the insecticide PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE and the drug N-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDMA).. safrole : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole which is substituted by an allyl group at position 5. It is found in several plants, including black pepper, cinnamon and nutmeg, and is present in several essential oils, notably that of sassafras. It has insecticidal properties and has been used as a topical antiseptic. Although not thought to pose a significant carcinogenic risk to humans, findings of weak carcinogenicity in rats have resulted in the banning of its (previously widespread) use in perfumes and soaps, and as a food additive.	2.96	4	0	benzodioxoles	flavouring agent; insecticide; metabolite; plant metabolite
sb 202190 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)imidazole: structure given in first source; inhibits p38 MAP kinase	2.1	1	0	imidazoles; organofluorine compound; phenols; pyridines	apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
sc-10 N-(m-heptyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide: protein kinase C activator	1.93	1	0	naphthalenes; sulfonic acid derivative
semustine Semustine: 4-Methyl derivative of LOMUSTINE; (CCNU). An antineoplastic agent which functions as an alkylating agent.. semustine : An organochlorine compound that is urea in which the two hydrogens on one of the amino groups are replaced by nitroso and 2-chloroethyl groups and one hydrogen from the other amino group is replaced by a 4-methylcyclohexyl group.	2.66	3	0	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent
linsidomine linsidomine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.42	2	0	morpholines
sodium fluoride [no description available]	1.98	1	0	fluoride salt	mutagen
sodium iodide Sodium Iodide: A compound forming white, odorless deliquescent crystals and used as iodine supplement, expectorant or in its radioactive (I-131) form as an diagnostic aid, particularly for thyroid function tests.. sodium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a Na(+) counterion.	3.1	1	0	inorganic sodium salt; iodide salt
iodoacetic acid Iodoacetic Acid: A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains one IODINE atom attached to its methyl group.. iodoacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an iodine atom.	2	1	0	haloacetic acid; organoiodine compound	alkylating agent
spiperone Spiperone: A spiro butyrophenone analog similar to HALOPERIDOL and other related compounds. It has been recommended in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. spiperone : An azaspiro compound that is 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 8 by phenyl, oxo, and 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl groups, respectively.	2.42	2	0	aromatic ketone; azaspiro compound; organofluorine compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; psychotropic drug; serotonergic antagonist
stearic acid octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.	2.13	1	0	long-chain fatty acid; saturated fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
vorinostat Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).	3.87	3	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide; hydroxamic acid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
succinylcholine Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.	3.04	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion; succinate ester	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent
sulfacetamide Sulfacetamide: An anti-bacterial agent that is used topically to treat skin infections and orally for urinary tract infections.. sulfacetamide : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide acylated on the sulfonamide nitrogen.	2.05	1	0	N-sulfonylcarboxamide; substituted aniline	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfamerazine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; drug allergen
sulfamethazine Sulfamethazine: A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.. sulfamethazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	2.05	1	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ligand; xenobiotic
sulfamethizole Sulfamethizole: A sulfathiazole antibacterial agent.. sulfamethizole : A sulfonamide consisting of a 1,3,4-thiadiazole nucleus with a methyl substituent at C-5 and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at C-2.	2.05	1	0	sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfapyridine Sulfapyridine: Antibacterial, potentially toxic, used to treat certain skin diseases.. sulfapyridine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyridine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	3.13	1	0	pyridines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; dermatologic drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sulfasalazine Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.	3.55	2	0
sulfobromophthalein Sulfobromophthalein: A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination.	2.78	3	0	2-benzofurans; organobromine compound; organosulfonic acid; phenols	dye
sulforaphane sulforaphane: from Cardaria draba L.. sulforaphane : An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen.	7.06	1	0	isothiocyanate; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
suramin Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.	2.21	1	0	naphthalenesulfonic acid; phenylureas; secondary carboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antinematodal drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; GABA antagonist; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; purinergic receptor P2 antagonist; ryanodine receptor agonist; trypanocidal drug
tazarotene tazarotene: a topical acetylenic retinoid; a topical kerytolytic. tazarotene : The ethyl ester of tazarotenic acid. A prodrug for tazarotenic acid, it is used for the treatment of psoriasis, acne, and sun-damaged skin.	2.17	1	0	acetylenic compound; ethyl ester; pyridines; retinoid; thiochromane	keratolytic drug; prodrug; teratogenic agent
tegafur [no description available]	6.55	8	0	organohalogen compound; pyrimidines
temozolomide [no description available]	13.93	112	13	imidazotetrazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; triazene derivative	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
tetracaine Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.	2.05	1	0	benzoate ester; tertiary amino compound	local anaesthetic
tetraethylammonium Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)	2	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
thalidomide Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.	6.04	4	2	phthalimides; piperidones
theobromine Theobromine: 3,7-Dimethylxanthine. The principle alkaloid in Theobroma cacao (the cacao bean) and other plants. A xanthine alkaloid that is used as a bronchodilator and as a vasodilator. It has a weaker diuretic activity than THEOPHYLLINE and is also a less powerful stimulant of smooth muscle. It has practically no stimulant effect on the central nervous system. It was formerly used as a diuretic and in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, pp1318-9). theobromine : A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 3 and 7. A purine alkaloid derived from the cacao plant, it is found in chocolate, as well as in a number of other foods, and is a vasodilator, diuretic and heart stimulator.	3.45	8	0	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; bronchodilator agent; food component; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
thiabendazole Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate	2.05	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles	antifungal agrochemical; antinematodal drug
thioridazine Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.	2	1	0	phenothiazines; piperidines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
thiotepa Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).	2.07	1	0	aziridines
ticlopidine Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.	2.03	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; hematologic agent; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
tolazoline Tolazoline: A vasodilator that apparently has direct actions on blood vessels and also increases cardiac output. Tolazoline can interact to some degree with histamine, adrenergic, and cholinergic receptors, but the mechanisms of its therapeutic effects are not clear. It is used in treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.. tolazoline : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole substituted by a benzyl group.	1.95	1	0	imidazoles	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent
tolbutamide Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.	2.05	1	0	N-sulfonylurea	human metabolite; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; potassium channel blocker
tolmetin Tolmetin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL) similar in mode of action to INDOMETHACIN.. tolmetin : A monocarboxylic acid that is (1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)acetic acid substituted at position 5 on the pyrrole ring by a 4-methylbenzoyl group. Used in the form of its sodium salt dihydrate as a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; pyrroles	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
trazodone Trazodone: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309). trazodone : An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group.	2.05	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; triazolopyridine	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
trichlormethiazide Trichlormethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p830). trichlormethiazide : A benzothiadiazine, hydrogenated at positions 2, 3 and 4 and substituted with an aminosulfonyl group at C-7, a chloro substituent at C-6 and a dichloromethyl group at C-3 and with S-1 as an S,S-dioxide. A sulfonamide antibiotic, it is used as a diuretic to treat oedema (including that associated with heart failure) and hypertension.	2.05	1	0	benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide antibiotic	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
trientine Trientine: An ethylenediamine derivative used as stabilizer for EPOXY RESINS, as ampholyte for ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING and as chelating agent for copper in HEPATOLENTICULAR DEGENERATION.. TETA : An azamacrocyle in which four nitrogen atoms at positions 1, 4, 8 and 11 of a fouteen-membered ring are each substituted with a carboxymethyl group.. 2,2,2-tetramine : A polyazaalkane that is decane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 are replaced by nitrogens.	2.03	1	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine	copper chelator
trifluoperazine [no description available]	2	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; calmodulin antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
triflupromazine Triflupromazine: A phenothiazine used as an antipsychotic agent and as an antiemetic.. triflupromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a trifluoromethyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the N-10 position.	2	1	0	organofluorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic
trimethoprim Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.	2.64	3	0	aminopyrimidine; methoxybenzenes	antibacterial drug; diuretic; drug allergen; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
trimetrexate Trimetrexate: A nonclassical folic acid inhibitor through its inhibition of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. It is being tested for efficacy as an antineoplastic agent and as an antiparasitic agent against PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS patients. Myelosuppression is its dose-limiting toxic effect.	3.81	3	0
trimipramine Trimipramine: Tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE, but with more antihistaminic and sedative properties.. trimipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group at the nitrogen atom. It is used as an antidepressant.	2.05	1	0	dibenzoazepine; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
tyramine [no description available]	1.94	1	0	monoamine molecular messenger; primary amino compound; tyramines	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
urethane [no description available]	4.16	5	0	carbamate ester	fungal metabolite; mutagen
pirinixic acid pirinixic acid: structure	2.43	2	0	aryl sulfide; organochlorine compound; pyrimidines
xanthurenic acid xanthurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at C-4 and C-8.	7.76	3	0	dihydroxyquinoline; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	animal metabolite; iron chelator; metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist; vesicular glutamate transport inhibitor
zinc chloride zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.	4.31	4	1	inorganic chloride; zinc molecular entity	astringent; disinfectant; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; Lewis acid
zopiclone zopiclone: S(+)-enantiomer of racemic zopiclone; azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; was term of zopiclone 2004-2007. zopiclone : A pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine compound having a 4-methylpiperazine-1-carboxyl group at the 5-position, a 5-chloropyridin-2-yl group at the 6-position and an oxo-substituent at the 7-position.	2.03	1	0	monochloropyridine; pyrrolopyrazine	central nervous system depressant; sedative
mitomycin Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.	5.34	18	0	mitomycin	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
corticosterone [no description available]	2.4	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	5.12	13	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.	2.65	3	0	alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
phentolamine Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.	1.94	1	0	imidazoles; phenols; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
sorbitol D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).	2.42	2	0	glucitol	cathartic; Escherichia coli metabolite; food humectant; human metabolite; laxative; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
alloxan Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.	3.05	5	0	pyrimidone	hyperglycemic agent; metabolite
thymidine [no description available]	16.74	339	20	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
floxuridine Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.	3.24	6	0	nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; radiosensitizing agent
benzimidazole 1H-benzimidazole : The 1H-tautomer of benzimidazole.	3.07	5	0	benzimidazole; polycyclic heteroarene
triethylenemelamine Triethylenemelamine: Toxic alkylating agent used in industry; also as antineoplastic and research tool to produce chromosome aberrations and cancers.	6.94	1	0	1,3,5-triazines	alkylating agent; insect sterilant
2-aminophenol [no description available]	2	1	0	aminophenol	bacterial metabolite
bromouracil Bromouracil: 5-Bromo-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. Brominated derivative of uracil that acts as an antimetabolite, substituting for thymine in DNA. It is used mainly as an experimental mutagen, but its deoxyriboside (BROMODEOXYURIDINE) is used to treat neoplasms.. 5-bromouracil : A pyrimidine having keto groups at the 2- and 4-positions and a bromo group at the 5-position. Used mainly as an experimental mutagen.	5.09	14	0	nucleobase analogue; pyrimidines	mutagen
hydroxyproline Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.	1.95	1	0	4-hydroxyproline; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	2.37	2	0	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
carbachol Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.	2.37	2	0	ammonium salt; carbamate ester	cardiotonic drug; miotic; muscarinic agonist; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; non-narcotic analgesic
spironolactone Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.	2.06	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; oxaspiro compound; steroid lactone; thioester	aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
aldosterone [no description available]	2.4	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 18-oxo steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid aldehyde	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
penicillamine Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.	1.94	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; penicillamine	antirheumatic drug; chelator; copper chelator; drug allergen
trichlorfon Trichlorfon: An organochlorophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide for the control of flies and roaches. It is also used in anthelmintic compositions for animals. (From Merck, 11th ed). trichlorfon : A phosphonic ester that is dimethyl phosphonate in which the hydrogen atom attched to the phosphorous is substituted by a 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl group.	3.06	5	0	organic phosphonate; organochlorine compound; phosphonic ester	agrochemical; anthelminthic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.	7.84	11	3	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
estrone Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.	3.5	8	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; phenolic steroid; phenols	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dehydroepiandrosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.	2.41	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
2-acetylaminofluorene 2-Acetylaminofluorene: A hepatic carcinogen whose mechanism of activation involves N-hydroxylation to the aryl hydroxamic acid followed by enzymatic sulfonation to sulfoxyfluorenylacetamide. It is used to study the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of aromatic amines.	6.58	39	0	2-acetamidofluorenes	antimitotic; carcinogenic agent; epitope; mutagen
azauridine Azauridine: A triazine nucleoside used as an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with pyrimidine biosynthesis thereby preventing formation of cellular nucleic acids. As the triacetate, it is also effective as an antipsoriatic.	1.95	1	0	N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite
penicillin g Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.	2.08	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; epitope
idoxuridine [no description available]	9.28	31	6	organoiodine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
pilocarpine Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.	1.95	1	0	pilocarpine	antiglaucoma drug
triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.	2	1	0	2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
diethylnitrosamine Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.	4.86	35	0	nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; mutagen
methyldimethylaminoazobenzene Methyldimethylaminoazobenzene: A very potent liver carcinogen.. 3-methyl-4'-dimethylaminoazobenzene : A member of the class of azobenzenes that is azobenzene in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group, while the other is substituted at position 4 by a dimethylamino group. It is a potent liver carcinogen.	2.42	2	0
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	3.47	8	0	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	13.56	69	5	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.	7.88	58	0	L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
benz(a)anthracene benz(a)anthracene: 4 fused rings of which one is angular in contrast to the linear NAPHTHACENES. tetraphene : An angular ortho-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings.	2.42	2	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; tetraphenes
4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide : A quinoline N-oxide carrying a nitro substituent at position 4.	5.84	18	0	C-nitro compound; quinoline N-oxide	carcinogenic agent
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.	4.34	21	0	C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	4.93	37	0	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.	6.61	40	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	10.56	95	1	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cyanides Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.	3.75	11	0	pseudohalide anion	EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	11.17	33	1	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.	2.05	1	0	17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	xenoestrogen
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.	3.08	5	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; tetraphenes	carcinogenic agent
aminopyrine Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.	6.96	1	0	pyrazolone; tertiary amino compound	antipyretic; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
puromycin aminonucleoside 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine: structure in first source. 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine : Puromycin derivative that lacks the methoxyphenylalanyl group on the amine of the sugar ring.	1.99	1	0	3'-deoxyribonucleoside; adenosines
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	4.46	23	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
cephalothin Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.	2.05	1	0	azabicycloalkene; beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carboxylic acid; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative; thiophenes	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for tetrachlorophenol with locants for chloro groups not specified. 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6.	2.42	2	0	tetrachlorophenol	xenobiotic metabolite
uridine [no description available]	8.57	135	0	uridines	drug metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
uridine monophosphate Uridine Monophosphate: 5'-Uridylic acid. A uracil nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.. uridine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having uracil as the nucleobase.	3.35	7	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
uridine diphosphate Uridine Diphosphate: A uracil nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety.	2.42	2	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
kanamycin a Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.	3.05	5	0	kanamycins	bacterial metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.	14.14	49	1	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.	3.06	5	0	D-galactose; galactopyranose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	5.24	9	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
levodopa Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease	1.99	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; dopa; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	allelochemical; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; prodrug
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	5.42	20	0	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
p-dimethylaminoazobenzene p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene: A reagent used mainly to induce experimental liver cancer. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, p. 89) published in 1985, this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed)	2.37	2	0	azobenzenes
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	6.85	85	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
cysteamine Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.	1.97	1	0	amine; thiol	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; radiation protective agent
monomethylhydrazine Monomethylhydrazine: Hydrazine substituted by one methyl group.	2.87	4	0
adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.	7.26	56	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
methylene blue Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.	6	36	0	organic chloride salt	acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	7.46	65	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethyl methanesulfonate Ethyl Methanesulfonate: An antineoplastic agent with alkylating properties. It also acts as a mutagen by damaging DNA and is used experimentally for that effect.. ethyl methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with ethanol.	5.28	17	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen; teratogenic agent
aniline [no description available]	3.4	7	0	anilines; primary arylamine
2-aminoisobutyric acid 2-aminoisobutyric acid: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. 2-aminoisobutyric acid : A rare, non-protein amino acid and end-product of pyrimidine metabolism, excreted in urine and found in some antibiotics of fungal origin. With the exception of a few bacteria, it is non-metabolisable, and therefore used in bioassays.	1.96	1	0	2,2-dialkylglycine zwitterion; 2,2-dialkylglycine
dimethylnitrosamine Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.	9.12	113	0	nitrosamine	geroprotector; mutagen
cytidine monophosphate Cytidine Monophosphate: Cytidine (dihydrogen phosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.. cytidine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having cytosine as the nucleobase.	3.24	6	0	cytidine 5'-phosphate; pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
uridine triphosphate Uridine Triphosphate: Uridine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A uracil nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	3.26	6	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.	3.45	8	0	lactose
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	6.81	85	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	5.38	60	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
diethyl sulfate diethyl sulfate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. diethyl sulfate : The diethyl ester of sulfuric acid.	2.66	3	0	alkyl sulfate	alkylating agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mutagen
desoxycorticosterone Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE	2.06	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.	2.7	3	0	alkaloid; colchicine	anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen
cytidine [no description available]	7.06	64	0	cytidines	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytidine triphosphate Cytidine Triphosphate: Cytidine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	4.64	10	0	cytidine 5'-phosphate; pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
uracil mustard Uracil Mustard: Nitrogen mustard derivative of URACIL. It is a alkylating antineoplastic agent that is used in lymphatic malignancies, and causes mainly gastrointestinal and bone marrow damage.	2.38	2	0	aminouracil; nitrogen mustard
oxacillin Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.	2.17	1	0	penicillin	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	4.96	15	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
ficusin Ficusin: A naturally occurring furocoumarin, found in PSORALEA. After photoactivation with UV radiation, it binds DNA via single and double-stranded cross-linking.. psoralen : The simplest member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromene having a keto group at position 7. It has been found in plants like Psoralea corylifolia and Ficus salicifolia.	1.99	1	0	psoralens	plant metabolite
chloroform Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.	3.87	12	0	chloromethanes; one-carbon compound	carcinogenic agent; central nervous system drug; inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
dimethyl sulfone [no description available]	2	1	0	sulfone
dimethylformamide Dimethylformamide: A formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylformamide : A member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.	3.07	5	0	formamides; volatile organic compound	geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; polar aprotic solvent
cycloserine Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).	2.35	2	0	4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic; zwitterion	antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antitubercular agent; metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist
17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is the 17alpha-hydroxy derivative of progesterone.	2.02	1	0	17alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; progestin
tubercidin Tubercidin: An antibiotic purine ribonucleoside that readily substitutes for adenosine in the biological system, but its incorporation into DNA and RNA has an inhibitory effect on the metabolism of these nucleic acids.. tubercidin : An N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine that is adenosine in which the in the 5-membered ring that is not attached to the ribose moiety is replaced by a carbon. Tubercidin is produced in the culture broth of Streptomyces tubericidus.	3.07	5	0	antibiotic antifungal agent; N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine; ribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.	3.08	5	0	beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
mannitol [no description available]	2.88	4	0	mannitol	allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent
cytarabine [no description available]	5.84	18	0	beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; pyrimidine nucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; immunosuppressive agent
trifluridine Trifluridine: An antiviral derivative of THYMIDINE used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis due to HERPES SIMPLEX virus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p557). trifluridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-trifluoromethyluracil as the nucleobase. An antiviral drug used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis.	6.88	20	4	nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor
ornithine Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.	2.9	4	0	non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; ornithine	algal metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; mouse metabolite
asparagine Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.	9.29	19	0	amino acid zwitterion; asparagine; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-toluenesulfonamide 4-toluenesulfonamide: RN given refers to parent cpd. toluene-4-sulfonamide : A sulfonamide that is benzenesulfonamide bearing a methyl group at position 4.	2	1	0	sulfonamide
histidine Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.	5.3	55	0	amino acid zwitterion; histidine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-pentanol n-pentanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. pentan-1-ol : A short-chain primary fatty alcohol that is pentane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It has been isolated from Melicope ptelefolia.	2	1	0	pentanol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; plant metabolite
1,1,1-trichloroethane Trichloroethanes: Chlorinated ethanes which are used extensively as industrial solvents. They have been utilized in numerous home-use products including spot remover preparations and inhalant decongestant sprays. These compounds cause central nervous system and cardiovascular depression and are hepatotoxic. Include 1,1,1- and 1,1,2-isomers.. 1,1,1-trichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes carrying three chloro substituents at position 1.	2	1	0	chloroethanes	polar solvent
valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.	16.4	78	1	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.	3.99	14	0	amino acid zwitterion; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; threonine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mestranol [no description available]	1.94	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; aromatic ether; terminal acetylenic compound	prodrug; xenoestrogen
cordycepin [no description available]	2.34	2	0	3'-deoxyribonucleoside; adenosines	antimetabolite; nucleoside antibiotic
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	6.21	54	0	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucine Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.	4.27	19	0	aspartate family amino acid; isoleucine; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n,n'-diphenyl-4-phenylenediamine N,N'-diphenyl-4-phenylenediamine: in veterinary medicine, has been used to prevent vitamin E deficiency in lambs; structure. N,N'-diphenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine : An N-substituted diamine that is 1,4-phenylenediamine in which one hydrogen from each amino group is replaced by a phenyl group.	2.39	2	0	N-substituted diamine; secondary amino compound	antioxidant
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	9.54	107	0	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
methyl bromide methyl bromide: used in ionization chambers, degreasing wool, extracting oils; insect fumigant; high concentrations can produce pulmonary edema,narcosis; chronic exposure can cause CNS depression,kidney injury; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bromomethane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to three hydrogen atoms and one bromine atom. It is produced naturally by marine algae.	2.9	4	0	bromohydrocarbon; bromomethanes; methyl halides	algal metabolite; fumigant insecticide; marine metabolite
ethane Ethane: A two carbon alkane with the formula H3C-CH3.. ethane : An alkane comprising of two carbon atoms.	2.04	1	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	plant metabolite; refrigerant
ethylene Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges	7.93	4	0	alkene; gas molecular entity	plant hormone; refrigerant
acetylene [no description available]	2.11	1	0	alkyne; gas molecular entity; terminal acetylenic compound
methyl chloride Methyl Chloride: A hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent. It has been used as an aerosal propellent, as a refrigerant and as a local anesthetic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p1403). chlorocarbon : Compounds consisting wholly of chlorine and carbon.. chloromethane : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a chloro group.	2.38	2	0	chloromethanes; methyl halides	marine metabolite; mutagen; refrigerant
methyl iodide methyl iodide: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd with MF of CH3-I. iodomethane : A member of the class of iodomethanes that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by iodine.	3.08	5	0	iodomethanes; methyl halides	fumigant insecticide
methylamine methyl group : An alkyl group that is the univalent group derived from methane by removal of a hydrogen atom.	3.1	5	0	methylamines; one-carbon compound; primary aliphatic amine	mouse metabolite
boranes Boranes: The collective name for the boron hydrides, which are analogous to the alkanes and silanes. Numerous boranes are known. Some have high calorific values and are used in high-energy fuels. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). borane : The simplest borane, consisting of a single boron atom carrying three hydrogens.. boranes : The molecular hydrides of boron.	3.87	2	1	boranes; mononuclear parent hydride
propane Propane: A three carbon alkane with the formula H3CCH2CH3.	7.67	3	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	food propellant
vinyl chloride Vinyl Chloride: A gas that has been used as an aerosol propellant and is the starting material for polyvinyl resins. Toxicity studies have shown various adverse effects, particularly the occurrence of liver neoplasms.. chloroethene : A monohaloethene that is ethene in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a chloro group.	4.42	22	0	chloroethenes; gas molecular entity; monohaloethene	carcinogenic agent
vinyl fluoride [no description available]	2	1	0	gas molecular entity; monohaloethene
ethylamine ethylamine : A two-carbon primary aliphatic amine.	2	1	0	primary aliphatic amine	human metabolite
acetonitrile acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.	3.3	6	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
ethanethiol ethanethiol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. ethanethiol : An alkanethiol that is ethane substituted by a thiol group at position 1. It is added to odorless gaseous products such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) to provide a garlic scent which helps warn of gas leaks.	1.99	1	0	alkanethiol	rodenticide
methylene chloride Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.. dichloromethane : A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea.	2.01	1	0	chloromethanes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; polar aprotic solvent; refrigerant
isocyanic acid isocyanic acid: structure. isocyanic acid : A colourless, volatile, poisonous inorganic compound with the formula HNCO; the simplest stable chemical compound that contains carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, the four most commonly-found elements in organic chemistry and biology.	2.11	1	0	hydracid; one-carbon compound
cyclopropane cyclopropane : A cycloalkane composed of three carbon atoms to form a ring.	2	1	0	cycloalkane; cyclopropanes	inhalation anaesthetic
ethylene oxide Ethylene Oxide: A colorless and flammable gas at room temperature and pressure. Ethylene oxide is a bactericidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal disinfectant. It is effective against most micro-organisms, including viruses. It is used as a fumigant for foodstuffs and textiles and as an agent for the gaseous sterilization of heat-labile pharmaceutical and surgical materials. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p794). oxirane : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a three-membered heterocycle of two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.	6.57	38	0	gas molecular entity; oxacycle; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	allergen; mouse metabolite; mutagen
2-bromopropane 2-bromopropane: used as a substitute for freon	7.01	1	0
bromodichloromethane bromodichloromethane: RN given refers to parent cpd. bromodichloromethane : A halomethane that is dichloromethane in which oneof the hydrogens has been replaced by a bromine atom. It occurs as a contaminant in drinking water.	2.02	1	0	halomethane	environmental contaminant; reagent
nitromethane nitromethane: structure. nitromethane : A primary nitroalkane that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replace by a nitro group. A polar solvent (b.p. 101 degreeC), it is an important starting material in organic synthesis. It is also used as a fuel for rockets and radio-controlled models.	2	1	0	primary nitroalkane; volatile organic compound	EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; explosive; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
propylene oxide propylene oxide: structure. 1,2-epoxypropane : An epoxide that is oxirane substituted by a methyl group at position 2.	3.79	11	0	epoxide
tert-butyl alcohol tert-Butyl Alcohol: An isomer of butanol that contains a tertiary butyl group that consists of three methyl groups, each separately attached to a central (tertiary) carbon.. tert-butanol : A tertiary alcohol alcohol that is isobutane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.	2	1	0	tertiary alcohol	human xenobiotic metabolite
methanesulfonic acid [no description available]	3.8	3	0	alkanesulfonic acid; one-carbon compound	Escherichia coli metabolite
trifluoroethanol Trifluoroethanol: A non-aqueous co-solvent that serves as tool to study protein folding. It is also used in various pharmaceutical, chemical and engineering applications.	2	1	0	fluoroalcohol
tert-butylhydroperoxide tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.	2	1	0	alkyl hydroperoxide	antibacterial agent; oxidising agent
trichloroacetic acid Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.	3.45	8	0	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; mouse metabolite
trifluoroacetic acid Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.	2	1	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; reagent
gibberellic acid gibberellic acid: RN given refers to (1alpha,2beta,4aalpha,4bbeta,10beta)-isomer; structure. gibberellin A3 : A C19-gibberellin that is a pentacyclic diterpenoid responsible for promoting growth and elongation of cells in plants. Initially identified in Gibberella fujikuroi,it differs from gibberellin A1 in the presence of a double bond between C-3 and C-4.	2.07	1	0	C19-gibberellin; gibberellin monocarboxylic acid; lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.	6	27	1	benzenes; piperidines	anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug
dimethyl sulfate dimethyl sulfate: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. dimethyl sulfate : The dimethyl ester of sulfuric acid.	6.26	47	0	alkyl sulfate	alkylating agent; immunosuppressive agent
tromethamine Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)	1.97	1	0	primary amino compound; triol	buffer
quinic acid (-)-quinic acid : The (-)-enantiomer of quinic acid.	2.06	1	0
3-mercaptopropionic acid 3-Mercaptopropionic Acid: An inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase. It decreases the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID concentration in the brain, thereby causing convulsions.. 3-mercaptopropanoic acid : A mercaptopropanoic acid that is propanoic acid carrying a sulfanyl group at position 3.	2.03	1	0	mercaptopropanoic acid	algal metabolite
isoprene isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.	7.41	2	0	alkadiene; hemiterpene; volatile organic compound	plant metabolite
methacrylaldehyde [no description available]	2.11	1	0	enal
methylethyl ketone methylethyl ketone: solvent; colorless synthetic resins, smokeless powders; may be irritating to eyes, mucous membranes; may be toxic in high concentrations; structure. butanone : Any ketone that is butane substituted by an oxo group at unspecified position.. butan-2-one : A dialkyl ketone that is a four-carbon ketone carrying a single keto- group at position C-2.	2	1	0	butanone; dialkyl ketone; methyl ketone; volatile organic compound	bacterial metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
trichloroethylene Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.	2	1	0	chloroethenes	inhalation anaesthetic; mouse metabolite
acrylamide [no description available]	3.99	13	0	acrylamides; N-acylammonia; primary carboxamide	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; Maillard reaction product; mutagen; neurotoxin
acrylic acid acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.	2.48	2	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid	metabolite
methyl acetate methyl acetate : An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of acetic acid with methanol. A low-boiling (57 degreeC) colourless, flammable liquid, it is used as a solvent for many resins and oils.	2	1	0	acetate ester; methyl ester; volatile organic compound	EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor; fragrance; polar aprotic solvent
peracetic acid Peracetic Acid: A liquid that functions as a strong oxidizing agent. It has an acrid odor and is used as a disinfectant.. peracetic acid : A peroxy acid that is acetic acid in which the OH group is substituted by a hydroperoxy group. It is a versatile oxidising agent that is used as a disinfectant.	2	1	0	a peroxy acid	disinfectant; oxidising agent
nitroethane nitroethane : A nitroalkane that is ethane substituted by a nitro group.	2	1	0	primary nitroalkane
pantothenic acid Pantothenic Acid: A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.. pantothenic acid : A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.. vitamin B5 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.. (R)-pantothenate : A pantothenate that is the conjugate base of (R)-pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. (R)-pantothenic acid : A pantothenic acid having R-configuration.	3.2	6	0	pantothenic acid; vitamin B5	antidote to curare poisoning; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite
bisphenol a 4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.	2.75	3	0	bisphenol	endocrine disruptor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic; xenoestrogen
dehydrocholic acid Dehydrocholic Acid: A semisynthetic bile acid made from cholic acid. It is used as a cholagogue, hydrocholeretic, diuretic, and as a diagnostic aid.. 3,7,12-trioxo-5beta-cholanic acid : An oxo-5beta-cholanic acid in which three oxo substituents are located at positions 3, 7 and 12 on the cholanic acid skeleton.	2.25	1	0	12-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-5beta-steroid; 7-oxo steroid; oxo-5beta-cholanic acid	gastrointestinal drug
rhodamine b rhodamine B: RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7973; TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE was see RHODAMINES 1975-93; use RHODAMINES to search TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE 1975-93. rhodamine B : An organic chloride salt having N-[9-(2-carboxyphenyl)-6-(diethylamino)-3H-xanthen-3-ylidene]-N-ethylethanaminium as the counterion. An amphoteric dye commonly used as a fluorochrome.	2.17	1	0	organic chloride salt; xanthene dye	fluorescent probe; fluorochrome; histological dye
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	4.12	4	0	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
rotenone Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.	2.02	1	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; phytogenic insecticide; piscicide; toxin
9,10-anthraquinone 9,10-anthraquinone : An anthraquinone that is anthracene in which positions 9 and 10 have been oxidised to carbonyls.	2.44	2	0	anthraquinone
fluorene [no description available]	2.44	2	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon
hexamethylbenzene hexamethylbenzene : A methylbenzene that is benzene in which all six hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups.	2	1	0	methylbenzene
xylitol xylooligosaccharide: structure in first source. pentitol : An alditol obtained by reduction of any pentose.. xylooligosaccharide : An oligosaccharide comprised of xylose residues.	2.25	1	0
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source	1.94	1	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones
guaiene guaiene: RN given refers to (1S-cis)-isomer	2.03	1	0	sesquiterpene
thymol Thymol: A phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutical preparations, and as an antiseptic (antibacterial or antifungal) agent.. thymol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene.	2.05	1	0	monoterpenoid; phenols	volatile oil component
2-anisidine 2-anisidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. o-anisidine : A substituted aniline that is aniline in which the hydrogen ortho to the amino group has been replaced by a methoxy group. It is used as a chemical intermediate in the synthesis of azo pigments and dyes.	2	1	0	monomethoxybenzene; primary amino compound; substituted aniline	genotoxin; reagent
1-naphthol 1-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 1.. hydroxynaphthalene : Any member of the class of naphthalenes that is naphthalene carrying one or more hydroxy groups.	2.47	2	0	naphthol	genotoxin; human xenobiotic metabolite
1-naphthylphenylamine N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine: RN given refers to 1-naphthylamine cpd; structure	1.99	1	0	naphthalenes
aminacrine Aminacrine: A highly fluorescent anti-infective dye used clinically as a topical antiseptic and experimentally as a mutagen, due to its interaction with DNA. It is also used as an intracellular pH indicator.. 9-aminoacridine : An aminoacridine that is acridine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by an amino group. A fluorescent dyd and topical antiseptic agent, it is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) in eye drops for the treatment of superficial eye infections.	2.69	3	0	aminoacridines; primary amino compound	acid-base indicator; antiinfective agent; antiseptic drug; fluorescent dye; MALDI matrix material; mutagen
xanthone xanthone : The parent compound of the xanthone class consisting of xanthene bearing a single oxo substituent at position 9.	7.42	2	0	xanthones	insecticide
beta-glucono-1,5-lactone beta-glucono-1,5-lactone: structure. D-glucono-1,5-lactone : An aldono-1,5-lactone obtained from D-gluconic acid.	2.05	1	0	aldono-1,5-lactone; gluconolactone	animal metabolite; mouse metabolite
pseudoephedrine Pseudoephedrine: A phenethylamine that is an isomer of EPHEDRINE which has less central nervous system effects and usage is mainly for respiratory tract decongestion.. pseudoephedrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1S)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a methyl group.	2.05	1	0	phenylethanolamines; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-asthmatic drug; bronchodilator agent; central nervous system drug; nasal decongestant; plant metabolite; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.	4.86	6	0	mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene
quinoline [no description available]	2.41	2	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinolines
2-naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine: A naphthalene derivative with carcinogenic action.. 2-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine carrying the amino group at position 2.	6.95	1	0	naphthylamine	carcinogenic agent
tolonium chloride Tolonium Chloride: A phenothiazine that has been used as a hemostatic, a biological stain, and a dye for wool and silk. Tolonium chloride has also been used as a diagnostic aid for oral and gastric neoplasms and in the identification of the parathyroid gland in thyroid surgery.. tolonium chloride : An organic chloride salt having 3-amino-7-(dimethylamino)-2-methylphenothiazin-5-ium (tolonium) as the counterion. It is a blue nuclear counterstain that can be used to demonstrate Nissl substance and is also useful for staining mast cell granules, both in metachromatic and orthochromatic techniques.	1.97	1	0
diphenyl diphenyl: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure	2.78	3	0	aromatic fungicide; benzenes; biphenyls	antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial food preservative
proflavine Proflavine: Topical antiseptic used mainly in wound dressings.. 3,6-diaminoacridine : An aminoacridine that is acridine that is substituted by amino groups at positions 3 and 6. A slow-acting bacteriostat that is effective against many Gram-positive bacteria (but ineffective against spores), its salts were formerly used for treatment of burns and infected wounds.	3.34	7	0	aminoacridines	antibacterial agent; antiseptic drug; carcinogenic agent; chromophore; intercalator
4-biphenylamine 4-biphenylamine: used in detection of sulfates, & as a carcinogen in cancer research; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. biphenyl-4-amine : An aminobiphenyl that is biphenyl substituted by an amino group at position 4.	3.49	2	0	aminobiphenyl	carcinogenic agent
xanthenes Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.	2.9	4	0	xanthene
phenothiazine 10H-phenothiazine : The 10H-tautomer of phenothiazine.	2.44	2	0	phenothiazine	ferroptosis inhibitor; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
benzidine benzidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzidine : A member of the class of biphenyls that is 1,1'-biphenyl in which the hydrogen at the para-position of each phenyl group has been replaced by an amino group.	2	1	0	biphenyls; substituted aniline	carcinogenic agent
methyl benzoate methyl benzoate : A benzoate ester obtained by condensation of benzoic acid and methanol.	2	1	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester	insect attractant; metabolite
benzoyl peroxide Benzoyl Peroxide: A peroxide derivative that has been used topically for BURNS and as a dermatologic agent in the treatment of ACNE and POISON IVY DERMATITIS. It is used also as a bleach in the food industry.	2.67	3	0	carbonyl compound
2-dichlorobenzene 2-dichlorobenzene: structure. 1,2-dichlorobenzene : A dichlorobenzene carrying chloro substituents at positions 1 and 2.	1.98	1	0	dichlorobenzene	hepatotoxic agent; metabolite
2-chlorophenol chlorophenol : A halophenol that is any phenol containing one or more covalently bonded chlorine atoms.	2.17	1	0	2-halophenol; monochlorophenol
4-chloro-1,2-diaminobenzene 4-chloro-1,2-diaminobenzene: RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0	monochlorobenzenes
styrene oxide styrene oxide: structure. styrene oxide : An epoxide that is oxirane in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a phenyl group.	9.96	12	0	epoxide	human xenobiotic metabolite
thioglycerol thioglycerol: potentiates action of bradykinin in guinea-pig ileum; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. monothioglycerol : A thiol that is glycerol in which one of the primary hydroxy groups is replaced by a thiol group.	2.02	1	0	propane-1,2-diols; thiol	reducing agent; vulnerary
sulfosalicylic acid 5-sulfosalicylic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by a hydroxy at position C-2 and a sulfo group at C-5.	7.06	1	0	arenesulfonic acid; benzoic acids; phenols	metabolite
phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate Phosphoribosyl Pyrophosphate: The key substance in the biosynthesis of histidine, tryptophan, and purine and pyrimidine nucleotides.. 5-phosphoribosyl diphosphate : A ribose diphosphate carrying an additional phosphate group at position 5.. 5-O-phosphono-alpha-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphate : A derivative of alpha-D-ribose having a phosphate group at the 5-position and a diphosphate at the 1-position.	5.58	24	0	5-O-phosphono-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
furfuryl alcohol furfuryl alcohol: structure. furfuryl alcohol : A furan bearing a hydroxymethyl substituent at the 2-position.	2.02	1	0	furans; primary alcohol	Maillard reaction product
furaldehyde Furaldehyde: A heterocyclic compound consisting of a furan where the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a formyl group.. furfural : An aldehyde that is furan with the hydrogen at position 2 substituted by a formyl group.	3.56	1	1	aldehyde; furans	Maillard reaction product; metabolite
benzotrifluoride alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluorotoluene: structure in first source. (trifluoromethyl)benzene : A fluorohydrocarbon that is fluoroform in which the hydrogen is substituted by a phenyl group.	2	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; fluorohydrocarbon	environmental contaminant; NMR chemical shift reference compound; solvent
butylphen butylphen: irritant; structure. 4-tert-butylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol substituted with a tert-butyl group at position 4.	2	1	0	phenols	allergen
acetophenone acetophenone : A methyl ketone that is acetone in which one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.	2.69	3	0	acetophenones	animal metabolite; photosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
nitrobenzene nitrobenzene : A nitroarene consisting of benzene carrying a single nitro substituent. An industrial chemical used widely in the production of aniline.	2.4	2	0	nitroarene; nitrobenzenes
trehalose alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.	2.1	1	0	trehalose	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
carvone carvone: an oxidized derivative of limonene; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; L-carvone has spearmint flavor, D-carvone has dill/caraway flavor. carvone : A p-menthane monoterpenoid that consists of cyclohex-2-enone having methyl and isopropenyl substituents at positions 2 and 5, respectively.	2	1	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; carvones	allergen
4-cymene 4-cymene: structure. p-cymene : A monoterpene that is toluene substituted by an isopropyl group at position 4.	3.1	4	0	monoterpene; toluenes	human urinary metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
4-aminoacetophenone [no description available]	2.02	1	0
dimethyl-4-toluidine [no description available]	2.11	1	0
benzyl bromide benzyl bromide: structure given in first source. benzyl bromide : A member of the class of benzyl bromides that is toluene substituted on the alpha-carbon with bromine.	2.46	2	0	benzyl bromides	lachrymator
ethylbenzene [no description available]	2.06	1	0	alkylbenzene
styrene Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics.. styrene : A vinylarene that is benzene carrying a vinyl group. It has been isolated from the benzoin resin produced by Styrax species.	3.65	9	0	styrenes; vinylarene; volatile organic compound	mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite
benzonitrile benzonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a phenyl group.	2	1	0	benzenes; nitrile
phenylhydrazine [no description available]	2	1	0	phenylhydrazines	xenobiotic
anisole anisole : A monomethoxybenzene that is benzene substituted by a methoxy group.	2	1	0	monomethoxybenzene	plant metabolite
quinuclidines Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group.	2.03	1	0	quinuclidines; saturated organic heterobicyclic parent
cyclamic acid Cyclamates: Salts and esters of cyclamic acid.. cyclohexylsulfamic acid : A member of the class of sulfamic acids that is sulfamic acid carrying an N-cyclohexyl substituent.	2.21	1	0	sulfamic acids	environmental contaminant; human xenobiotic metabolite
phenyl isocyanate [no description available]	1.97	1	0	benzenes; isocyanates	allergen; hapten
4-chloroaniline 4-chloroaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-chloroaniline : A chloroaniline in which the chloro atom is para to the aniline amino group.	2	1	0	chloroaniline; monochlorobenzenes
epichlorohydrin Epichlorohydrin: A chlorinated epoxy compound used as an industrial solvent. It is a strong skin irritant and carcinogen.. epichlorohydrin : An epoxide that is 1,2-epoxypropene in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by chlorine.	7	1	0	epoxide; organochlorine compound
glycidyl methacrylate glycidyl methacrylate: RN given refers to monomer. glycidyl methacrylate : An enoate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of methacrylic acid with the hydroxy group of glycidol.	7.05	1	0	enoate ester; epoxide
ethylene dibromide Ethylene Dibromide: An effective soil fumigant, insecticide, and nematocide. In humans, it causes severe burning of skin and irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract. Prolonged inhalation may cause liver necrosis. It is also used in gasoline. Members of this group have caused liver and lung cancers in rodents. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), 1,2-dibromoethane may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen.. 1,2-dibromoethane : A bromoalkane that is ethane carrying bromo substituents at positions 1 and 2. It is produced by marine algae.	2.71	3	0	bromoalkane; bromohydrocarbon	algal metabolite; carcinogenic agent; fumigant; marine metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen
butane butane : A straight chain alkane composed of 4 carbon atoms.	2.02	1	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	food propellant; refrigerant
1,3-butadiene buta-1,3-diene : A butadiene with unsaturation at positions 1 and 3.	4.37	20	0	butadiene	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
acrolein [no description available]	3.88	12	0	enal	herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; toxin
propionitrile propionitrile: structure. propionitrile : A nitrile that is acrylonitrile in which the carbon-carbon double bond has been reduced to a single bond.	2	1	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	polar aprotic solvent
acrylonitrile [no description available]	3.08	5	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	antifungal agent; carcinogenic agent; fungal metabolite; mutagen; polar aprotic solvent
chloroacetonitrile [no description available]	7	1	0	nitrile
allyl alcohol allyl alcohol: structure. allylic alcohol : An alcohol where the hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon atom adjacent to a double bond (R groups may be H, organyl, etc.).. allyl alcohol : A propenol in which the C=C bond connects C-2 and C-3. It is has been found in garlic (Allium sativum). Formerly used as a herbicide for the control of various grass and weed seeds.	2.06	1	0	primary allylic alcohol; propenol	antibacterial agent; fungicide; herbicide; insecticide; plant metabolite
glyoxal [no description available]	4.29	19	0	dialdehyde	agrochemical; allergen; pesticide; plant growth regulator
hexylene glycol hexylene glycol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-methylpentane-2,4-diol : A glycol in which the two hydroxy groups are at positions 2 and 4 of 2-methylpentane (isopentane).	1.99	1	0	glycol
2-methylpentane Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.	2.06	1	0	alkane
biuret Biuret: Used as feed supplement for sheep and cattle since it is a good non-protein nitrogen source. In strongly alkaline solution biuret gives a violet color with copper sulfate.. biuret : A member of the class of condensed ureas that is the compound formed by the condensation of two molecules of urea; the parent compound of the biuret group of compounds. Used as a non-protein nitrogen source in ruminant feed.	7.03	1	0	condensed ureas
acetic anhydride acetic anhydride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. acetic anhydride : An acyclic carboxylic anhydride derived from acetic acid.	2.38	2	0	acyclic carboxylic anhydride	metabolite; reagent
succinic anhydride [no description available]	2	1	0	cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride; tetrahydrofurandione
2,6-lutidine 2,6-dimethylpyridine : A member of the class of methylpyridines that is pyridine carrying methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.	2.05	1	0	methylpyridines
melamine melamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. melamine : A trimer of cyanamide, with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton.	3.16	1	0	triamino-1,3,5-triazine	xenobiotic metabolite
cyanuric acid cyanuric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. isocyanuric acid : The keto tautomer of cyanuric acid.. cyanuric acid : The enol tautomer of isocyanuric acid.	7.1	1	0	1,3,5-triazinanes; 1,3,5-triazines; heteroaryl hydroxy compound	xenobiotic
bromobenzene [no description available]	2	1	0	bromoarene; bromobenzenes; volatile organic compound	hepatotoxic agent; mouse metabolite; non-polar solvent
chlorobenzene [no description available]	7.39	2	0	monochlorobenzenes	solvent
triethylene glycol dimethacrylate [no description available]	2.05	1	0
pentane Pentanes: Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. pentane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms.	2.41	2	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; refrigerant
dimethoxymethane dimethoxymethane : An acetal that is the dimethyl acetal derivative of formaldehyde.	2	1	0	acetal; diether
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	11.94	60	6	pyrrole; secondary amine
tetrahydrofuran oxolane : A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen.	9.53	7	0	cyclic ether; oxolanes; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; volatile organic compound	polar aprotic solvent
furan furan : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.	2	1	0	furans; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; Maillard reaction product
thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.	11.51	53	1	mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
isopropyl myristate isopropyl myristate: used for microemulsions; structure	2	1	0	fatty acid ester
n-hexane hexane : An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms.	2	1	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
cyclohexane Cyclohexane: C6H12. cyclohexane : An alicyclic hydrocarbon comprising a ring of six carbon atoms; the cyclic form of hexane, used as a raw material in the manufacture of nylon.	7.44	2	0	cycloalkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
cyclohexene cyclohexene : A cycloalkene that is cylohexane with a single double bond.	2	1	0	cycloalkene
piperidine [no description available]	5.49	21	0	azacycloalkane; piperidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; secondary amine	base; catalyst; human metabolite; non-polar solvent; plant metabolite; protic solvent; reagent
morpholine [no description available]	2	1	0	morpholines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	NMR chemical shift reference compound
octylamine octylamine: RN given refers to 1-octylamine. octan-1-amine : An 8-carbon primary aliphatic amine.	1.97	1	0	primary aliphatic amine	metabolite
triethylene glycol triethylene glycol : A poly(ethylene glycol) that is octane-1,8-diol in which the carbon atoms at positions 3 and 6 have been replaced by oxygen atoms.	2.04	1	0	diol; poly(ethylene glycol); primary alcohol	plasticiser
n-dodecane dodecane : A straight-chain alkane with 12 carbon atoms. It has been isolated from the essential oils of various plants including Zingiber officinale (ginger).	2.52	2	0	alkane	plant metabolite
phenformin Phenformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). phenformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of lactic acidosis.	1.94	1	0	biguanides	antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent
propylene propylene: structure	7.39	2	0	alkene; gas molecular entity	refrigerant; xenobiotic
bromcresol purple Bromcresol Purple: An indicator and reagent. It has been used for several purposes including the determination of serum albumin concentrations. bromocresol purple : A member of the class of 2,1-benzoxathioles that is 2,1-benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 3-bromo-4-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl groups. A hydrophilic dye that is used as a pH indicator and to measure serum albumin concentrations.	2.11	1	0	2,1-benzoxathiole; arenesulfonate ester; organobromine compound; polyphenol; sultone	acid-base indicator; dye; two-colour indicator
chloranil Chloranil: A quinone fungicide used for treatment of seeds and foliage.. tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquiones that is 1,4-benzoquinone in which all four hydrogens are substituted by chlorines.	1.95	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; organochlorine compound	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; metabolite
framycetin Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.	3.09	5	0	aminoglycoside	allergen; antibacterial drug; Escherichia coli metabolite
dianisidine Dianisidine: Highly toxic compound which can cause skin irritation and sensitization. It is used in manufacture of azo dyes.	2.02	1	0	biphenyls
anthracene acene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement.. acenes : Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement and their substitution derivatives.	2.41	1	0	acene; anthracenes; ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon
ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate: structure	2	1	0	ethyl ester; paraben	antifungal agent; antimicrobial food preservative; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
sulfoxide sulfoxide: synergistic insecticide for use with pyrethrum, allethrin, rotenone, ryania, etc.; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. sulfoxide : An organosulfur compound having the structure R2S=O or R2C=S=O (R =/= H).	7.11	1	0	benzodioxoles
triethylamine [no description available]	2.31	1	0	tertiary amine
3-nitrobenzoic acid 3-nitrobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0
2,6-diaminoanthraquinone 2,6-diaminoanthraquinone: structure in first source	1.99	1	0
meglumine Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.	2.03	1	0	hexosamine; secondary amino compound
peucedanin peucedanin: isolated from Peucedanum tauricum Bieb; structure in first source. peucedanin : A member of the class of furanocoumarins that is furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one, bearing additional isopropyl and methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 3 respectively.	2.21	1	0	aromatic ether; furanocoumarin; lactone	plant metabolite
1-naphthylamine 1-Naphthylamine: A suspected industrial carcinogen (and listed as such by OSHA). Its N-hydroxy metabolite is strongly carcinogenic and mutagenic.. naphthylamine : A primary arylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at unspecified position.. 1-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at position 1.	7.91	4	0	naphthylamine	human xenobiotic metabolite
fluorodeoxyuridylate Fluorodeoxyuridylate: 5-Fluoro-2'-deoxyuridylate. An inhibitor of thymidylate synthetase. Formed from 5-fluorouracil or 5-fluorodeoxyuridine.	2.03	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate
2-naphthol 2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.	3.4	7	0	naphthol	antinematodal drug; genotoxin; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
4-nitrosodimethylaniline 4-nitrosodimethylaniline: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd. N,N-dimethyl-4-nitrosoaniline : A member of the class of dimethylanilines that is N,N-dimethylaniline having a nitroso group at the 4-position.	4.34	6	0	dimethylaniline; nitroso compound; tertiary amino compound
nitrilotriacetic acid Nitrilotriacetic Acid: A derivative of acetic acid, N(CH2COOH)3. It is a complexing (sequestering) agent that forms stable complexes with Zn2+. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed.)	3.5	8	0	NTA; tricarboxylic acid	carcinogenic agent; nephrotoxic agent
n,n-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine: RN given refers to parent cpd. N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine : A bicine that is a Good's buffer substance, pKa = 8.35 at 20 degreeC.	1.96	1	0	bicine
n-butyl acrylate butyl acrylate : An acrylate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of butan-1-ol with the carboxy group of acrylic acid.	2.08	1	0	acrylate ester
ethyl acetate ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.	2	1	0	acetate ester; ethyl ester; volatile organic compound	EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor; metabolite; polar aprotic solvent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-hydroxypyridine hydroxypyridine : Any member of the class of pyridines with at least one hydroxy substituent.. pyridin-2-ol : A monohydroxypyridine that is pyridine substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.	2	1	0	monohydroxypyridine	plant metabolite
n-heptane Heptanes: Seven-carbon alkanes with the formula C7H16.. heptane : A straight-chain alkane with seven carbon atoms. It has been found in Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi).	2.15	1	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; plant metabolite
monomethylarsonic acid monomethylarsonic acid: structure given in first source	2.1	1	0	arsonic acids; one-carbon compound; organoarsonic acid
pregnenolone [no description available]	1.95	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; C21-steroid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
yohimbine Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.	2.69	3	0	methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
acridine mustard acridine mustard: ICR 170 was heading 1975-95 (see under NITROGEN MUSTARD COMPOUNDS 1975-90); ACRIDINE MUSTARD was see ICR 170 1981-95; use ICR-170 (NM) to search ICR 170 1975-95	1.98	1	0	acridines	intercalator
2-chloroadenosine 5-chloroformycin A: structure given in first source	3.52	2	0	purine nucleoside
2-fluoroadenosine [no description available]	2.15	1	0	adenosines; organofluorine compound
pentoxyl Pentoxyl: 5-Hydroxymethyl-6-methyl- 2,4-(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. Uracil derivative used in combination with toxic antibiotics to lessen their toxicity; also to stimulate leukopoiesis and immunity. Synonyms: pentoksil; hydroxymethylmethyluracil.	5.69	15	0	pyrimidone
2-vanillin ortho-vanillin : A member of the class of benzaldehydes that is salicylaldehyde substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.	1.97	1	0	benzaldehydes; guaiacols	antimutagen; plant metabolite
aziridine [no description available]	2.42	2	0	azacycloalkane; aziridines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	alkylating agent
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	2.95	4	0	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
thiamine pyrophosphate Thiamine Pyrophosphate: The coenzyme form of Vitamin B1 present in many animal tissues. It is a required intermediate in the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX and the KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX.. thiamine(1+) diphosphate chloride : An organic chloride salt of thiamine(1+) diphosphate.	2.38	2	0	organic chloride salt; vitamin B1
homoarginine L-homoarginine : An L-lysine derivative that is the L-enantiomer of homoarginine.	3.21	1	0	homoarginine; L-lysine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	biomarker; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; human metabolite; rat metabolite; xenobiotic metabolite
diazooxonorleucine Diazooxonorleucine: An amino acid that inhibits phosphate-activated glutaminase and interferes with glutamine metabolism. It is an antineoplastic antibiotic produced by an unidentified species of Streptomyces from Peruvian soil. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-norleucine which is substituted at position 5 by an oxo group and at position 6 by a diazo group. It is as inhibitor of various glutamine-utilising enzymes.	2.37	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; diazo compound; ketone; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	analgesic; antibacterial agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.4.2.14 (amidophosphoribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.2 (glutaminase) inhibitor; EC 6.3.4.2 [CTP synthase (glutamine hydrolyzing)] inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.1 [NAD(+) synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.2 [GMP synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.3 (phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase) inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.4 [asparagine synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.5 [carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; glutamine antagonist
dibenzo(a,l)pyrene dibenzo(a,l)pyrene: structure in first source	2.99	4	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	human metabolite; mutagen
perylene Perylene: A 20-carbon dibenz(de,kl)anthracene that can be viewed as a naphthalene fused to a phenalene or as dinaphthalene. It is used as fluorescent lipid probe in the cytochemistry of membranes and is a polycyclic hydrocarbon pollutant in soil and water. Derivatives may be carcinogenic.. perylene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene comprising of five benzene rings that is anthracene in which the d,e and k,l sides are fused to benzene rings.	9.9	11	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene; perylenes
quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	20.66	186	57	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines
acridines Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.	5.03	42	0	acridines; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	genotoxin
indazoles Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.	6.42	5	3	indazole
benzoxazoles 1,3-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.	2.58	2	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
adamantane Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.	2.41	2	0	adamantanes; polycyclic alkane
cyclopentane Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.	2.35	2	0	cycloalkane; cyclopentanes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	2	1	0	isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	3.13	5	0	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	5.4	19	0	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
pyrimidine pyrimidine : The parent compound of the pyrimidines; a diazine having the two nitrogens at the 1- and 3-positions.	5.98	36	0	diazine; pyrimidines	Daphnia magna metabolite
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	11.43	20	5	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
nitroblue tetrazolium Nitroblue Tetrazolium: Colorless to yellow dye that is reducible to blue or black formazan crystals by certain cells; formerly used to distinguish between nonbacterial and bacterial diseases, the latter causing neutrophils to reduce the dye; used to confirm diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease.	1.97	1	0	organic cation
ephedrine Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.	2.43	2	0	phenethylamine alkaloid; phenylethanolamines	bacterial metabolite; environmental contaminant; nasal decongestant; plant metabolite; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
diiodotyrosine Diiodotyrosine: A product from the iodination of MONOIODOTYROSINE. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones, diiodotyrosine residues are coupled with other monoiodotyrosine or diiodotyrosine residues to form T4 or T3 thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE).. diiodotyrosine : A dihalogenated L-tyrosine which has two iodo-substituents on the benzyl moiety.. 3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine : A diiodotyrosine that is L-tyrosine carrying iodo-substituents at positions C-3 and C-5 of the benzyl group. It is an intermediate in the thyroid hormone synthesis.	1.94	1	0	diiodotyrosine; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
muscarine Muscarine: A toxic alkaloid found in Amanita muscaria (fly fungus) and other fungi of the Inocybe species. It is the first parasympathomimetic substance ever studied and causes profound parasympathetic activation that may end in convulsions and death. The specific antidote is atropine.	1.97	1	0	monosaccharide
hydrazine diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.	6.3	50	0	azane; hydrazines	EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
thiocyanate thiocyanate: RN given refers to parent cpd. thiocyanate : A pseudohalide anion obtained by deprotonation of the thiol group of thiocyanic acid.	2.42	2	0	pseudohalide anion; sulfur molecular entity	human metabolite
perfluorodecalin perfluorodecalin: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. perfluorodecalin : A fluorocarbon that is decalin in which every hydrogen is replaced by fluorine. Capable of dissolving large quantities of oxygen, it has been used as the basis of an artificial blood substitute.	2.05	1	0	fluorocarbon	blood substitute; solvent
monocrotaline Monocrotaline: A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment.	6.99	1	0	pyrrolizidine alkaloid
azacitidine Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.	3.94	13	0	N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent
nornitrogen mustard nornitrogen mustard: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.38	2	0	nitrogen mustard
diazomethane Diazomethane: A diazonium compound with the formula CH2N2.. diazomethane : The simplest diazo compound, in which a diazo group is attached to a methylene group.	3.35	7	0	diazo compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; poison
methylthioinosine Methylthioinosine: 6-(Methylthio)-9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurine. An analog of inosine with a methylthio group replacing the hydroxyl group in the 6-position.	2.36	2	0	purine ribonucleoside; thiopurine
aminoimidazole carboxamide Aminoimidazole Carboxamide: An imidazole derivative which is a metabolite of the antineoplastic agents BIC and DIC. By itself, or as the ribonucleotide, it is used as a condensation agent in the preparation of nucleosides and nucleotides. Compounded with orotic acid, it is used to treat liver diseases.. 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide : An aminoimidazole in which the amino group is at C-5 with a carboxamido group at C-4.	3.75	11	0	aminoimidazole; monocarboxylic acid amide	mouse metabolite
thymidine monophosphate Thymidine Monophosphate: 5-Thymidylic acid. A thymine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the deoxyribose moiety.. dTMP : The neutral species of thymidine 5'-monophosphate (2'-deoxythymidine 5'-monophosphate).	3.37	7	0	thymidine 5'-monophosphate	fundamental metabolite
benzenediazonium benzenediazonium: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzenediazonium : The aromatic diazonium ion formed from diazotisation of aniline.	6.98	1	0	aromatic diazonium ion	hapten
citrulline citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.	3.45	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; citrulline	Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; protective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
betamethasone Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)	3.34	1	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-asthmatic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent
silicon carbide silicon carbide: fibers used for reinforcement of porcelain crowns; a feldspathic body (gingival) porcelain; used to coat titanium hip prostheses	2.08	1	0	organosilicon compound
cyanamide Cyanamide: A cyanide compound which has been used as a fertilizer, defoliant and in many manufacturing processes. It often occurs as the calcium salt, sometimes also referred to as cyanamide. The citrated calcium salt is used in the treatment of alcoholism.. cyanamide : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by an amino group.	2.47	2	0	nitrile; one-carbon compound	EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor
2-aminopurine 2-Aminopurine: A purine that is an isomer of ADENINE (6-aminopurine).. aminopurine : Any purine having at least one amino substituent.. 2-aminopurine : The parent compound of the 2-aminopurines, comprising a purine core carrying an amino substituent at the 2-position.	13.79	122	7	2-aminopurines; nucleobase analogue	antimetabolite
hydantoins Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.	10.94	32	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
fluorobenzenes Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.	2	1	0	monofluorobenzenes	NMR chemical shift reference compound
methylguanidine Methylguanidine: A product of putrefaction. Poisonous.. methylguanidine : A guanidine in which one of the amino hydrogens of guanidine itself is substituted by a methyl group.	1.95	1	0	guanidines	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; metabolite; uremic toxin
limestone Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.	3.04	1	0	calcium salt; carbonate salt; inorganic calcium salt; one-carbon compound	antacid; fertilizer; food colouring; food firming agent
chenodeoxycholic acid Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	2.01	1	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
fusarium Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.	1.96	1	0
lucanthone Lucanthone: One of the SCHISTOSOMICIDES, it has been replaced largely by HYCANTHONE and more recently PRAZIQUANTEL. (From Martindale The Extrapharmacopoeia, 30th ed., p46). lucanthone : A thioxanthen-9-one compound having a methyl substituent at the 1-position and a 2-[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino substituent at the 4-position. Formerly used for the treatment of schistosomiasis. It is a prodrug, being metabolised to hycanthone.	1.94	1	0	thioxanthenes	adjuvant; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; mutagen; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; schistosomicide drug
cytisine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	alkaloid; bridged compound; lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary amino compound	nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; phytotoxin; plant metabolite
adenosine phosphosulfate Adenosine Phosphosulfate: 5'-Adenylic acid, monoanhydride with sulfuric acid. The initial compound formed by the action of ATP sulfurylase on sulfate ions after sulfate uptake. Synonyms: adenosine sulfatophosphate; APS.. 5'-adenylyl sulfate : An adenosine 5'-phosphate having a sulfo group attached to one the phosphate OH groups.	2.02	1	0	acyl monophosphate; acyl sulfate; adenosine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
kainic acid Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.	2.02	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid	antinematodal drug; excitatory amino acid agonist
thymoquinone thymoquinone: constituent of cedarwood; can cause dermatitis; structure. thymoquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-bezoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are replaced by methyl and isopropyl groups, respectively. It is a natural compound isolated from Nigella sativa which has demonstrated promising chemotherapeutic activity.	2.6	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones	adjuvant; anti-inflammatory agent; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; plant metabolite
pamaquine pamaquine: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.92	1	0	aminoquinoline
methyl red methyl red: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. methyl red : An azo dye consisting of benzoic acid substituted at position 2 by a 4-[(dimethylamino)phenyl]diazenyl group.	1.96	1	0
indoline indoline: structure given in first source	2.13	1	0	indoles
dipicolinic acid dipicolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid carrying two carboxy groups at positions 2 and 6.	2.25	1	0	pyridinedicarboxylic acid	bacterial metabolite
indophenol Indophenol: A deep blue dye (with the formula OC6H4NC6H4OH) used to detect AMMONIA in a common test called the Berthelot's reaction and to detect PARACETAMOL by spectrophotometry.. indophenol : A quinone imine obtained by formal condensation of one of the keto groups of benzoquinone with the amino group of 4-hydroxyaniline.	1.94	1	0	quinone imine	dye
biphenylacetylene biphenylacetylene : An arylacetylene that is acetylene in which the hydrogens are replaced by phenyl groups.	2.11	1	0	arylacetylene; benzenes	fluorochrome
azomethane azomethane: structure	1.98	1	0
formoguanamine [no description available]	1.92	1	0	diamino-1,3,5-triazine
alpha-aminopyridine alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.	2.5	2	0
suberic acid suberic acid: used in plastics industry; inhibits activity of some enzymes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. suberic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is the 1,6-dicarboxy derivative of hexane.	2.1	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	human metabolite
mustard gas Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed).. bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide : An ethyl sulfide that is diethyl sulfide in which a hydrogen from each of the terminal methyl groups is replaced by a chlorine. It is a powerful vesicant regulated under the Chemical Weapons Convention.	3.97	13	0	ethyl sulfide; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; vesicant
cyanogen bromide Cyanogen Bromide: Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.	2.65	3	0
oleanolic acid [no description available]	2.25	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
tetranitromethane [no description available]	1.95	1	0	organonitrogen compound
podophyllotoxin Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.	2.36	2	0	furonaphthodioxole; lignan; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
dihydrotestosterone Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.	1.98	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one; 3-oxo-5alpha-steroid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
luminol Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.	2.44	2	0
1,2-naphthoquinone naphthalene-1,2-dione: structure given in first source. 1,2-naphthoquinone : The parent structure of the family of 1,2-naphthoquinones, in which the oxo groups of the quinone moiety are at positions 1 and 2 of the naphthalene ring. It is a metabolite of naphthalene and is found in diesel exhaust particles.	7.03	1	0	1,2-naphthoquinones	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; carcinogenic agent
gluconic acid gluconic acid: zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted. ketogluconic acid : A gluconic acid that contains a ketonic carbonyl group.. D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid having D-configuration.	2.05	1	0	gluconic acid	chelator; Penicillium metabolite
copper gluconate Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.	2.68	3	0	organic molecular entity
azomycin azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure	3.82	11	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles	antitubercular agent
1,2-dinitrobenzene [no description available]	1.97	1	0	dinitrobenzene
cellobiose beta-cellobiose : A cellobiose with beta configuration at the reducing-end glucose residue.	2.05	1	0	cellobiose	epitope
coumarin-3-carboxylic acid coumarin-3-carboxylic acid: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	coumarins
methamphetamine Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.	2.44	2	0	amphetamines; secondary amine	central nervous system stimulant; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; psychotropic drug; xenobiotic
4-chloroacetanilide 4-chloroacetanilide : Acetamide substituted on nitrogen by a para-chlorophenyl group.	2	1	0	acetamides; monochlorobenzenes
4-iodophenol [no description available]	2.05	1	0	iodophenol
1-chloropropane 1-chloropropane: structure in first source	2	1	0
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	4.77	30	0	dialdehyde	biomarker
1-chlorohexane [no description available]	2.06	1	0
triethylenephosphoramide Triethylenephosphoramide: An insect chemosterilant and an antineoplastic agent.	2.07	1	0	phosphoramide
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	1.95	1	0	arenesulfonic acid; C-nitro compound	epitope; explosive; reagent
eosine yellowish-(ys) Eosine Yellowish-(YS): A versatile red dye used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc., and as tissue stain, vital stain, and counterstain with HEMATOXYLIN. It is also used in special culture media.. eosin YS dye : An organic sodium salt that is 2',4',5',7'-tetrabromofluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.	2.13	1	0	organic sodium salt; organobromine compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
lucanthone hydrochloride Schistosomicides: Agents that act systemically to kill adult schistosomes.	1.99	1	0
gentian violet Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.	2.17	1	0	organic chloride salt	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antiseptic drug; histological dye
hematoporphyrin Hematoporphyrins: Iron-free derivatives of heme with 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxyethyl groups and 2 propionic acid groups attached to the pyrrole rings. Some of these PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS are used in the PHOTOTHERAPY of malignant NEOPLASMS.. hematoporphyrin : A dicarboxylic acid that is protoporphyrin in which the vinyl groups at positions 7 and 12 are replaced by 1-hydroxyethyl groups.	8.47	2	0
neutral red Neutral Red: A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.. neutral red : A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of neutral red with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Neutral red acts as a pH indicator, changing from red to yellow between pH 6.8 and 8.0.	2.39	2	0	hydrochloride	acid-base indicator; dye; two-colour indicator
aniline mustard Aniline Mustard: Alkylating anti-neoplastic agent.	6.98	1	0
lithium carbonate Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of BIOGENIC MONOAMINES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems.	2.04	1	0	carbonate salt; lithium salt	antimanic drug
siderite ferrous carbonate : A carbonate salt in which the counter-ion is iron in the +2 oxidation state.	2.06	1	0	carbonate mineral; carbonate salt; iron molecular entity; one-carbon compound
diepoxybutane diepoxybutane: difunctional alkylating agent; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure	3.61	9	0	epoxide	mutagen
malachite green malachite green: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. malachite green : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of malachite green cation. Used as a green-coloured dye, as a counter-stain in histology, and for its anti-fungal properties in aquaculture.	7.03	1	0	organic chloride salt	antibacterial agent; antifungal drug; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; fluorochrome; histological dye; teratogenic agent
1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene: RN given refers to parent cpd	7.03	1	0	naphthalenediol	mouse metabolite
2,3-dichlorophenol dichlorophenol : Any chlorophenol carrying chloro substituents.	2	1	0
3-hydroxyflavone 3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.	2.71	3	0	flavonols; monohydroxyflavone
nitrosobenzene [no description available]	2	1	0	benzenes; nitroso compound	xenobiotic metabolite
1,3-cyclohexadiene 1,3-cyclohexadiene: structure given in first source	2.15	1	0	cyclohexadiene
allyl sulfide allyl sulfide: essence of garlic; inhibits CYP2E1	1.98	1	0	organic sulfide
triphenylphosphine triphenylphosphine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triphenylphosphine : A member of the class of tertiary phosphines that is phosphane in which the three hydrogens are replaced by phenyl groups.	2.01	1	0	benzenes; tertiary phosphine	NMR chemical shift reference compound; reducing agent
alpha-naphthoflavone alpha-naphthoflavone: inhibits P4501A1 and P4501A2; stimulates some activities of P4503A4. alpha-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the h side of flavone. A synthetic compound, it is an inhibitor of aromatase (EC 1.14.14.14).	2.4	2	0	extended flavonoid; naphtho-gamma-pyrone; organic heterotricyclic compound	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonist; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
toyocamycin Toyocamycin: 4-Amino-5-cyano-7-(D-ribofuranosyl)-7H- pyrrolo(2,3-d)pyrimidine. Antibiotic antimetabolite isolated from Streptomyces toyocaensis cultures. It is an analog of adenosine, blocks RNA synthesis and ribosome function, and is used mainly as a tool in biochemistry.. toyocamycin : An N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine that is tubercidin in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the pyrrolopyrimidine moiety has been replaced by a cyano group.	2.03	1	0	antibiotic antifungal agent; N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine; nitrile; ribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite
n-hydroxy-1-naphthylamine N-hydroxy-1-naphthylamine: carcinogen	6.96	1	0	N-substituted amine
2-nitrofluorene 2-nitrofluorene: RN given refers to cpd with locant with nitro moiety in 2 position. 2-nitrofluorene : A nitroarene that is fluorene substituted by a nitro group at position 2.	1.99	1	0	nitroarene	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
2-anthramine 2-anthramine: structure	2.01	1	0	anthracenamine
n-methyl-n-nitrosoaniline N-methyl-N-nitrosoaniline: structure	1.96	1	0
1-methyluracil 1-methyluracil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-methyluracil : A pyrimidone that is uracil with a methyl group substituent at position 1.	1.99	1	0	nucleobase analogue; pyrimidone	metabolite
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	6.63	19	1	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol [no description available]	1.98	1	0
isovanillin isovanillin: inhibits aldehyde oxidase. isovanillin : A member of the class of benzaldehydes that is 4-methoxybenzaldehyde substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3. It is an inhibitor of aldehyde oxidase.	1.98	1	0	benzaldehydes; monomethoxybenzene; phenols	animal metabolite; antidiarrhoeal drug; antifungal agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; HIV protease inhibitor; plant metabolite
n-nitroso(di-n-propyl)amine [no description available]	2.36	2	0	nitroso compound
methyl butyrate [no description available]	2	1	0	fatty acid ester
methyl isocyanate methyl isocyanate: structure. methyl isocyanate : The isocyanate that is methane modified by a single isocyanato substituent.	2.02	1	0	isocyanates	allergen; apoptosis inducer
dimethyl disulfide [no description available]	1.97	1	0	organic disulfide	xenobiotic metabolite
3-methylglutaric acid [no description available]	2.21	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	metabolite
hexamethylene glycol hexane-1,6-diol : A diol that is hexane substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 6.	2.03	1	0	diol; primary alcohol
c.i. 42510 Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.	2.37	2	0
benzydamine Benzydamine: A benzyl-indazole having analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects. It is used to reduce post-surgical and post-traumatic pain and edema and to promote healing. It is also used topically in treatment of RHEUMATIC DISEASES and INFLAMMATION of the mouth and throat.. benzydamine : A member of the class of indazoles carrying benzyl and 3-(dimethylamino)propyl groups at positions 1 and 3 respectively. A locally-acting nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that also exhibits local anaesthetic and analgesic properties.	2.17	1	0	aromatic ether; indazoles; tertiary amino compound	analgesic; central nervous system stimulant; hallucinogen; local anaesthetic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	2.65	3	0	cyclic ketone; erythromycin
2'-deoxy-5'-adenosine monophosphate 2'-deoxy-5'-adenosine monophosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having adenine as the nucleobase.	3.09	5	0	2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-phosphate; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	fundamental metabolite
docosanol Tadenan: from powdered bark of Pygaeum africanum (Rosaceae), see also heading for docosanol (a priciple ingredient of extract). docosan-1-ol : A long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is docosane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1. It is a non-prescription medicine approved by the FDA to shorten healing time of cold sores.. docosanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of twenty-two carbon atoms.	4.72	5	0	docosanol; long-chain primary fatty alcohol	antiviral drug; plant metabolite
nitrosoguanidines Nitrosoguanidines: Nitrosylated derivatives of guanidine. They are used as MUTAGENS in MOLECULAR BIOLOGY research.	4.02	15	0
2-piperidone 2-piperidone: structure given in first source. piperidin-2-one : A delta-lactam that is piperidine which is substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.47	2	0	delta-lactam; piperidones	EC 1.2.1.88 (L-glutamate gamma-semialdehyde dehydrogenase) inhibitor
methylnitrosourea Methylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups.	8.44	142	0	N-nitrosoureas	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; mutagen; teratogenic agent
2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide [no description available]	2.71	3	0
2-fluoroadenine 2-fluoroadenine : An organofluorine compound that is adenine in which the hydrogen at position 2 (the carbon between the two nitrogens of the pyrimidine ring) is replaced by a fluorine.	2.15	1	0	organofluorine compound; purines	antineoplastic agent
2-phenylbenzimidazole 2-phenylbenzimidazole: structure in first source	7	1	0
phosmet Phosmet: An organothiophosphorus insecticide that has been used to control pig mange.	6.96	1	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide; phthalimides	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
ethylnitrosourea Ethylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by ethyl and nitroso groups.	8.64	77	0	N-nitrosoureas	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen
1,2-cyclohexanedione cyclohexanedione : Cyclohexanones carrying two oxo substituents.. cyclohexane-1,2-dione : A cyclohexanedione carrying oxo substituents at positions 1 and 2.	1.98	1	0	cyclohexanedione
levonorgestrel Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.	2.06	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	contraceptive drug; female contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
porfiromycin Porfiromycin: Toxic antibiotic of the mitomycin group, obtained from MITOMYCIN and also from Streptomyces ardus and other species. It is proposed as an antineoplastic agent, with some antibiotic properties.	1.94	1	0
methylphosphate methylphosphate: specifically and irreversibly inactivates inorganic pyrophosphatase; RN given refers to parent cpd. methyl dihydrogen phosphate : A monoalkyl phosphate having methyl as the alkyl group.	3.09	1	0	monoalkyl phosphate; one-carbon compound	algal metabolite; epitope; phosphoantigen
1-phenylazo-2-naphthol 1-phenylazo-2-naphthol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.98	1	0
n-nitrosobutylurea N-nitrosobutylurea: structure	3.06	5	0
dibutylnitrosamine dibutylnitrosamine: structure	2.37	2	0	nitroso compound
isopropylmethanesulfonate isopropylmethanesulfonate: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	2.13	1	0
3,4-epoxy-1-butene 3,4-epoxy-1-butene: RN given refers to monomer	3.78	11	0
n-nitrosopyrrolidine N-Nitrosopyrrolidine: Carcinogenic nitrosamine that may be formed from preservatives in meats during their preparation or in the liver during metabolism.	3.36	7	0	pyrrolidines
nitrosobenzylmethylamine nitrosobenzylmethylamine: structure	5.14	18	0
deoxycytidine [no description available]	21.65	275	83	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyuridine [no description available]	7.12	16	1	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2,6-dichloroindophenol 2,6-Dichloroindophenol: A dye used as a reagent in the determination of vitamin C.. 2,6-dichloroindophenol : A quinone imine that is indophenol substituted by chloro groups at positions 2 and 6.. N-3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl-1,4-benzoquinone imine : 1,4-benzoquinone imine having a 3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl substituent attached to the nitrogen atom.	2.38	2	0	dichlorobenzene; quinone imine
2'-deoxyadenosine 2'-deoxyformycin A: RN not in Chemline 9/85; RN and structure given in first source	2.88	4	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methylphosphonic acid methylphosphonic acid : A one-carbon compound that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorus is substituted by a methyl group.	2.7	3	0	one-carbon compound; phosphonic acids
deoxycytidine monophosphate Deoxycytidine Monophosphate: Deoxycytidine (dihydrogen phosphate). A deoxycytosine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the deoxyribose moiety in the 2'-,3'- or 5- positions.. 2'-deoxycytosine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having cytosine as the nucleobase.	4.36	6	0	2'-deoxycytidine phosphate; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
ethambutol Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.	2.13	1	0	ethanolamines; ethylenediamine derivative	antitubercular agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
phenylglyoxal [no description available]	8.11	5	0	phenylacetaldehydes
pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde: structure in first source. 2-formylpyridine : A pyridinecarbaldehyde that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a formyl group.	2.04	1	0	pyridinecarbaldehyde
5-iodocytosine 5-iodocytosine: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure	2.01	1	0
gallium arsenide [no description available]	2.41	1	0
durapatite Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).	1.98	1	0
cadmium sulfide [no description available]	2.05	1	0	cadmium molecular entity
sodium hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	3.98	14	0	alkali metal hydroxide
manganese dioxide [no description available]	2.05	1	0	manganese molecular entity; metal oxide
zinc oxide Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.	8.19	5	0	zinc molecular entity
molybdenum disulfide [no description available]	7.57	2	0	sulfide salt
arsenic trioxide Arsenic Trioxide: An inorganic compound with the chemical formula As2O3 that is used for the treatment of ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA in patients who have relapsed from, or are resistant to, conventional drug therapy.	2.44	2	0
vancomycin Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.	1.94	1	0	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
glycyrrhizic acid glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.	2.52	2	0	enone; glucosiduronic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; tricarboxylic acid; triterpenoid saponin	EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; plant metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	6.72	21	3	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
tocopherols [no description available]	2.05	1	0
propanidid Propanidid: An intravenous anesthetic that has been used for rapid induction of anesthesia and for maintenance of anesthesia of short duration. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p918)	1.95	1	0	methoxybenzenes
pseudouridine [no description available]	9.85	11	0	pseudouridines	fundamental metabolite
picolinamide picolinamide: degradation product of diquat. pyridinecarboxamide : A member of the class of pyridines that is a substituted pyridine in which at least one of the substituents is a carboxamide or N-substituted caraboxamide group.. picolinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is the monocarboxylic acid amide derivative of picolinic acid.	2.05	1	0	pyridinecarboxamide
methyl tert-butyl ether methyl tert-butyl ether: used to dissolve gallstones; gasoline additive. methyl tert-butyl ether : An ether having methyl and tert-butyl as the two alkyl components.	2.11	1	0	ether	fuel additive; metabolite; non-polar solvent
5-chlorouracil 5-chlorouracil : An organochlorine compound consisting of uracil having an chloro substituent at the 5-position.	8.13	5	0	organochlorine compound
ethyldimethylaminopropyl carbodiimide Ethyldimethylaminopropyl Carbodiimide: Carbodiimide cross-linking reagent.	2.21	1	0
paraquat Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.	8.54	8	0	organic cation	geroprotector; herbicide
2'-deoxyadenosine triphosphate 2'-deoxyadenosine triphosphate: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd	4.03	14	0	2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-phosphate; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
methionine sulfoximine methionine sulfoximine : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is the sulfoximine derivative of methionine .	2.36	2	0	methionine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide
amiloride Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.	2.01	1	0	aromatic amine; guanidines; organochlorine compound; pyrazines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
decachlorobiphenyl decachlorobiphenyl: structure. decachlorobiphenyl : A polychlorobiphenyl that is biphenyl in which all of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.	2	1	0	pentachlorobenzenes; polychlorobiphenyl
3'-methyl-4-methylaminoazobenzene [no description available]	2.02	1	0
bromophos bromophos: minor descriptor (72-83); on-line & Index Medicus search ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHORUS COMPOOUNDS (72) & INSECTICIDES (72) & INSECTICIDES, ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATE (73-83); structure	6.96	1	0	organic thiophosphate
phenethyl isothiocyanate phenethyl isothiocyanate: a dietary liver aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor; promotes urinary bladder carcinoma. phenethyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate having a phenethyl group attached to the nitrogen. It is a naturally occurring compound found in some cruciferous vegetables (e.g. watercress) and is known to possess anticancer properties.	2.89	4	0	isothiocyanate	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; metabolite
peroxyacetyl nitrate peroxyacetyl nitrate: important air pollutant; structure	7	1	0
fluorescein Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.	3.12	5	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
6-methylbenzo(a)pyrene [no description available]	2.41	2	0
thioflavin t thioflavin T: RN given refers to chloride; structure. thioflavine T : An organic chloride salt having 2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-3,6-dimethyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium as the counterion. It is widely used to visualise and quantify the presence of amyloids, both in vitro and in vivo.	8.31	5	0	organic chloride salt	fluorochrome; geroprotector; histological dye
fucose Fucose: A six-member ring deoxysugar with the chemical formula C6H12O5. It lacks a hydroxyl group on the carbon at position 6 of the molecule.. L-fucopyranose : The pyranose form of L-fucose.. fucose : Any deoxygalactose that is deoxygenated at the 6-position.	2.38	2	0	fucopyranose; L-fucose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
cme-carbodiimide [no description available]	1.98	1	0
polyethylene glycol 300 [no description available]	2.08	1	0	poly(ethylene glycol)
nitrosyl chloride nitrosyl chloride: a strong oxidizing agent; capable of nitrosylating organic compounds and thereby generating mutagens or promutagens	2.01	1	0
thymine glycol thymine glycol: forms photodimers (thymine dimers) under UV; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	11.9	23	0	hydroxypyrimidine
uridine diphosphate galactose Uridine Diphosphate Galactose: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which can be epimerized into UDPglucose for entry into the mainstream of carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a source of galactose in the synthesis of lipopolysaccharides, cerebrosides, and lactose.. UDP-alpha-D-galactose : A UDP-D-galactose in which the anomeric centre of the galactose moiety has alpha-configuration.	1.95	1	0	UDP-D-galactose	mouse metabolite
stavudine Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase	2.48	2	0	dihydrofuran; nucleoside analogue; organic molecular entity	antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
doxifluridine doxifluridine : A pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside that is 5-fluorouridine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position is replaced by a hydrogen. It is an oral prodrug of the antineoplastic agent 5-fluorouracil. Designed to circumvent the rapid degradation of 5-fluorouracil by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in the gut wall, it is converted into 5-fluorouracil in the presence of pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase.	2.06	1	0	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
sudan red [no description available]	2.07	1	0
tetrahydropapaveroline Tetrahydropapaveroline: A leukomaine (animal alkaloid) formed in brain and liver from dopamine and L-dopa; it may be implicated in psychiatric problems.	2.01	1	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline; isoquinolinol	human metabolite
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.	2.42	2	0	fluorescein isothiocyanate
sabinene sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.	1.95	1	0	thujene	plant metabolite
mannose mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.	3.06	5	0	D-aldohexose; D-mannose; mannopyranose	metabolite
dithiothreitol 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.	2.38	2	0	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol; butanediols; dithiol; glycol; thiol	chelator; human metabolite; reducing agent
palmatine burasaine: structure in first source	7.02	1	0	berberine alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound	plant metabolite
9-amino-6-chloro-2-methoxyacridine [no description available]	2.04	1	0
streptomycin [no description available]	9.29	20	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; antibiotic fungicide; streptomycins	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; antimicrobial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
carbonates Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.	4.12	16	0	carbon oxoanion
butylhydroxybutylnitrosamine Butylhydroxybutylnitrosamine: A substituted carcinogenic nitrosamine.. N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine : A nitrosamine that has butyl and 4-hydroxybutyl substituents. In mice, it causes high-grade, invasive cancers in the urinary bladder, but not in any other tissues.	2.69	3	0	nitrosamine; primary alcohol	carcinogenic agent
2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0
quinacrine mustard Quinacrine Mustard: Nitrogen mustard analog of quinacrine used primarily as a stain in the studies of chromosomes and chromatin. Fluoresces by reaction with nucleic acids in chromosomes.	2.67	3	0	hydrochloride	intercalator
9-benzyladenine [no description available]	2.15	1	0
cladribine [no description available]	3.5	2	0	organochlorine compound; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent
2-cyanoethylene oxide 2-cyanoethylene oxide: acrylonitrile metabolite; structure in first source	2.17	1	0
buthionine sulfoximine Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.	2.43	2	0	diastereoisomeric mixture; homocysteines; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide	EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer
1'-hydroxysafrole [no description available]	6.96	1	0
1,2-epoxy-3-(p-nitrophenoxy)propane 1,2-epoxy-3-(p-nitrophenoxy)propane: a protease inhibitor. 1,2-epoxy-3-(4-nitrophenoxy)propane : An epoxide that is oxirane substituted by a (4-nitrophenoxy)methyl group.	2	1	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; epoxide
1-hydroxypyrene 1-hydroxypyrene: pyrene metabolite; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.43	2	0	pyrenes
1-nitropyrene [no description available]	7.4	2	0	nitroarene	carcinogenic agent
vidarabine adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.	11.14	45	9	beta-D-arabinoside; purine nucleoside	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; nucleoside antibiotic
acetoxyacetylaminofluorene Acetoxyacetylaminofluorene: An alkylating agent that forms DNA ADDUCTS at the C-8 position in GUANINE, resulting in single strand breaks. It has demonstrated carcinogenic action.. N-acetoxy-2-acetamidofluorene : A 2-acetamidofluorene compound in which the parent 2-acetamidofluorene is substituted on nitrogen by an acetoxy group.	3.47	8	0	2-acetamidofluorenes	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
nsc 520594 [no description available]	2.15	1	0
n-methylaspartate N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.	2.38	2	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; D-alpha-amino acid; D-aspartic acid derivative; secondary amino compound	neurotransmitter agent
3-deazaadenosine 3-deazaadenosine: RN given refers to parent cpd.	2.37	2	0
coralyne coralyne: RN given refers to parent cpd; at this time it is not known for which salt NSC-154890 is synonym; structure; DNA topoisomerse antagonist	7.71	3	0	isoquinolines
1-phenyl-3,3-dimethyltriazene [no description available]	1.98	1	0
iridium Iridium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22.	4.97	8	1	cobalt group element atom; platinum group metal atom
lanthanum [no description available]	2.65	3	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom; scandium group element atom
lutetium Lutetium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Lu, atomic number 71, and atomic weight 175.	2.08	1	0	d-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	4.78	32	0	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
mercury Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.	4.42	22	0	elemental mercury; zinc group element atom	neurotoxin
molybdenum Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.	3.91	12	0	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
osmium Osmium: A very hard, gray, toxic, and nearly infusible metal element, atomic number 76, atomic weight 190.2, symbol Os.	3.62	9	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
palladium Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.	3.66	9	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
platinum Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.	13.01	94	9	elemental platinum; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
rhenium Rhenium: A metal, atomic number 75, atomic weight 186.207, symbol Re.	3.43	7	0	manganese group element atom
rhodium Rhodium: A hard and rare metal of the platinum group, atomic number 45, atomic weight 102.905, symbol Rh.. rhodium atom : A cobalt group element atom of atomic number 45.	4.15	16	0	cobalt group element atom
ruthenium Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.	5.43	58	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	5.09	40	0	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
technetium Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.	3.11	5	0	manganese group element atom
terbium Terbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tb, atomic number 65, and atomic weight 158.92.	3.88	12	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	9.85	7	1	titanium group element atom
tungsten Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus.	1.94	1	0	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
argon Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used.	2.91	4	0	monoatomic argon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom	food packaging gas; neuroprotective agent
cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.	5.57	22	0	cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom
chromium Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.	5.6	17	1	chromium group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
erbium Erbium: Erbium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Er, atomic number 68, and atomic weight 167.26.	3.56	1	1	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
europium Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy.	2.69	2	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gadolinium Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	2.1	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	6.82	74	0	copper group element atom; elemental gold
helium Helium: A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics.	7.68	3	0	monoatomic helium; noble gas atom; s-block element atom	food packaging gas
uranium Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors.	2.38	2	0	actinoid atom; f-block element atom; monoatomic uranium
vanadium Vanadium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs.	2.42	2	0	elemental vanadium; vanadium group element atom	micronutrient
ytterbium Ytterbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Yb, atomic number 70, and atomic weight 173. Ytterbium has been used in lasers and as a portable x-ray source.	3.56	1	1	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
yttrium Yttrium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Y, atomic number 39, and atomic weight 88.91. In conjunction with other rare earths, yttrium is used as a phosphor in television receivers and is a component of the yttrium-aluminum garnet (YAG) lasers.	3.91	2	1	d-block element atom; rare earth metal atom; scandium group element atom
zirconium Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.	2.06	1	0	titanium group element atom
cupric chloride cupric chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. copper(II) chloride : An inorganic chloride of copper in which the metal is in the +2 oxidation state.	2.91	4	0	copper molecular entity; inorganic chloride	EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor
zalcitabine Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.. zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase.	4.01	4	0	pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
magnesium sulfate Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.	2.38	2	0	magnesium salt; metal sulfate; organic magnesium salt	anaesthetic; analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; fertilizer; tocolytic agent
mercuric chloride Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.. mercury dichloride : A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.	1.97	1	0	mercury coordination entity	sensitiser
6-nitrochrysene 6-nitrochrysene: RN given refers to cpd with locant for nitro group in position 6	7.08	1	0	carbopolycyclic compound
meladrazine nitrosoproline: RN given refers to 1-nitroso-L-proline	2.38	2	0
phosphoric acid, trisodium salt [no description available]	2.44	2	0	sodium phosphate
sodium nitrate sodium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of sodium.	1.98	1	0	inorganic nitrate salt; inorganic sodium salt	fertilizer; NMR chemical shift reference compound
cesium chloride cesium chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. caesium chloride : The inorganic chloride salt of caesium; each caesium ion is coordinated by eight chlorine ions.	2.36	2	0	inorganic caesium salt; inorganic chloride	phase-transfer catalyst; vasoconstrictor agent
hypochlorous acid Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.	4.02	4	0	chlorine oxoacid; reactive oxygen species	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite
camptothecin NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source	18.44	45	9	delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; quinoline alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; genotoxin; plant metabolite
ferric chloride ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents	1.97	1	0	iron coordination entity	astringent; Lewis acid
nickel chloride nickel chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-Cl2. nickel dichloride : A compound of nickel and chloride in which the ratio of nickel (in the +2 oxidation state) to chloride is 1:2.	2.7	3	0	nickel coordination entity	calcium channel blocker; hapten
phosphine phosphane : The simplest phosphine, consisting of a single phosphorus atom with three hydrogens attached.. phosphine : Phosphane (PH3) and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups: RPH2, R2PH, R3P (R =/= H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary phosphines, respectively. A specific phosphine is preferably named as a substituted phosphane.	7.44	2	0	mononuclear parent hydride; phosphanes; phosphine	carcinogenic agent; fumigant insecticide
isopentenyladenosine Isopentenyladenosine: N(6)-[delta(3)-isopentenyl]adenosine. Isopentenyl derivative of adenosine which is a member of the cytokinin family of plant growth regulators.. N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenosine : A nucleoside analogue in which adenosine has been modified by substitution at the 6-amino nitrogen by a Delta(2)-isopentenyl group.	3.06	1	0	N-ribosyl-N(6)-isopentenyladenine; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent; plant growth regulator; plant metabolite
bromine Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.	10.84	12	0	diatomic bromine
s-methylcysteine S-methylcysteine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. S-methylcysteine : A cysteine derivative that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen attached to the sulfur is replaced by a methyl group.	3.35	7	0	S-alkyl-L-cysteine zwitterion; S-alkyl-L-cysteine	human urinary metabolite; plant metabolite
potassium nitrate potassium nitrate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-HNO3; when combined with charcoal and sulfur it can form EXPLOSIVE AGENTS. potassium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of potassium.	1.96	1	0	inorganic nitrate salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
tricalcium phosphate tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.	1.95	1	0	calcium phosphate
chromates Chromates: Salts of chromic acid containing the CrO(2-)4 radical.. chromate(2-) : A chromium oxoanion resulting from the removal of two protons from chromic acid.	2.02	1	0	chromium oxoanion; divalent inorganic anion	oxidising agent
copper sulfate Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.	2.42	2	0	metal sulfate	emetic; fertilizer; sensitiser
tungstate [no description available]	7.11	1	0	divalent inorganic anion; tungsten oxoanion
silver nitrate Silver Nitrate: A silver salt with powerful germicidal activity. It has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.	2.37	2	0	inorganic nitrate salt; silver salt	astringent
chloroethylene oxide chloroethylene oxide: postulated metabolite of vinyl chloride; structure	8.07	5	0	organochlorine compound
calcium sulfate Calcium Sulfate: A calcium salt that is used for a variety of purposes including: building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient. It exists in various forms and states of hydration. Plaster of Paris is a mixture of powdered and heat-treated gypsum.	1.99	1	0	calcium salt; inorganic calcium salt
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	4.79	33	0	dihydrogen
fluorine Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.	8.84	12	0	diatomic fluorine; gas molecular entity	NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.	10.01	13	0	diatomic chlorine; gas molecular entity	bleaching agent
nitrous acid Nitrous Acid: Nitrous acid (HNO2). A weak acid that exists only in solution. It can form water-soluble nitrites and stable esters. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	7.67	3	0	nitrogen oxoacid
silver chloride [no description available]	2.02	1	0	inorganic chloride; silver salt
deuterium oxide Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.	3.51	8	0	deuterated compound; water	NMR solvent
molybdate ion molybdate : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from molybdic acid	2.1	1	0	divalent inorganic anion; molybdenum oxoanion	Escherichia coli metabolite
desmedipham desmedipham: structure. desmedipham : A carbamate ester that is phenylcarbamic acid in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3-[(ethoxycarbonyl)amino]phenyl group. It is an agrochemical used as a herbicide.	2	1	0	carbamate ester	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
galactose aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.	2.11	1	0
ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.	7.67	11	1	elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer
cadmium chloride Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.	7.91	4	0	cadmium coordination entity
ancitabine Ancitabine: Congener of CYTARABINE that is metabolized to cytarabine and thereby maintains a more constant antineoplastic action.. ancitabine : An organic heterotricyclic compound resulting from the formal condensation of the oxo group of cytidine to the 2' position with loss of water to give the corresponding cyclic ether. A prodrug, it is metabolised to the antineoplastic agent cytarabine, so is used to maintain a more constant antineoplastic action.	2.25	1	0	diol; organic heterotricyclic compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
camphoroquinone camphoroquinone: a natural monoterpene, non-aromatic quinone; structure given in first source. bornane-2,3-dione : A bornane monoterpenoid that is bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane substituted by methyl groups at positions 1, 7 and 7 and oxo groups at positions 2 and 3.	2.11	1	0	bornane monoterpenoid; carbobicyclic compound
trolamine salicylate Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	2.67	3	0
rhamnose [no description available]	1.94	1	0	L-rhamnose
methylethylnitrosamine [no description available]	2.66	3	0	nitroso compound
clodronic acid Clodronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.. clodronic acid : An organochlorine compound that is methylene chloride in which both hydrogens are replaced by phosphonic acid groups. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification, and is used (often as the disodium salt tetrahydrate) as an adjunct in the treatment of severe hypercalcaemia associated with malignancy, and in the management of osteolytic lesions and bone pain associated with skeletal metastases.	2.73	3	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); one-carbon compound; organochlorine compound	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent
coformycin [no description available]	2.37	2	0	coformycins	EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
ammonium chloride Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.	6.94	1	0	ammonium salt; inorganic chloride	ferroptosis inhibitor
tricalcium silicate tricalcium silicate: might be used as injectable bioactive cement	3.87	2	0
ethionine L-ethionine : An S-ethylhomocysteine that has S-configuration at the chiral centre.	8.89	13	0	S-ethylhomocysteine	antimetabolite; carcinogenic agent
arabinofuranosylcytosine triphosphate Arabinofuranosylcytosine Triphosphate: A triphosphate nucleotide analog which is the biologically active form of CYTARABINE. It inhibits nuclear DNA synthesis.	2.39	2	0
n-amyl-n-methylnitrosamine N-methyl-N-pentylnitrosamine : A nitrosamine that has methyl and pentyl substituents. It is a potent oesophageal carcinogen.	1.98	1	0	nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent
titanium dioxide titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.	8.32	6	0	titanium oxides	food colouring
misonidazole Misonidazole: A nitroimidazole that sensitizes normally radio-resistant hypoxic cells to radiation. It may also be directly cytotoxic to hypoxic cells and has been proposed as an antineoplastic.	2.66	3	0
desmethylmisonidazole [no description available]	1.96	1	0
menthone menthone : The trans-stereoisomer of p-menthan-3-one.. (-)-menthone : A menthone that is cyclohexanone substituted by a methyl and an isopropyl group at positions 5 and 2 respectively (the 2S,5R-stereoisomer).	2	1	0	menthone
salen disalicylaldehyde ethylenediamine: reagents for determination of iron	2.01	1	0
tiletamine hydrochloride Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	1.98	1	0
selegiline Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.	2.05	1	0	selegiline; terminal acetylenic compound	geroprotector
levamisole Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.	3.06	1	0	6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole	antinematodal drug; antirheumatic drug; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; immunological adjuvant; immunomodulator
2-bromoacrolein [no description available]	1.98	1	0
1-methyladenosine [no description available]	2.93	3	0	methyladenosine	human metabolite
ferric nitrilotriacetate ferric nitrilotriacetate: induces diabetes in animals (iron loading)	3.5	8	0	iron chelate	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
n'-nitrosonornicotine N'-nitrosonornicotine: structure; a potent carcinogen in laboratory animals	2.89	4	0	pyridines; pyrrolidines
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	3.77	11	0	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
hexachloroiridic acid hexachloroiridic acid: inhibitor of DNA synthesis; K2IrCl6 as oxidizing agent; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.41	2	0
fluorides [no description available]	5.14	11	1	halide anion; monoatomic fluorine
acridine half-mustard acridine half-mustard: RN given refers to parent cpd. acridine half-mustard : A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine which is substituted by a methoxy group at position 2, chlorine at position 6, and a {3-[(2-chloroethyl)amino]propyl}amino group at position 9.	1.97	1	0	aminoacridines; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound	mutagen
chromium chromium hexavalent ion: a human respiratory carcinogen	4.83	7	1	chromium cation; monoatomic hexacation
iodine [no description available]	3.47	8	0	halide anion; monoatomic iodine	human metabolite
osmium tetroxide Osmium Tetroxide: (T-4)-Osmium oxide (OsO4). A highly toxic and volatile oxide of osmium used in industry as an oxidizing agent. It is also used as a histological fixative and stain and as a synovectomy agent in arthritic joints. Its vapor can cause eye, skin, and lung damage.. osmium tetroxide : An osmium coordination entity consisting of four oxygen atoms bound to a central osmium atom via covalent double bonds.	8.37	7	0	osmium coordination entity	fixative; histological dye; oxidising agent; poison
daunorubicin Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.	4.33	6	0	aminoglycoside antibiotic; anthracycline; p-quinones; tetracenequinones	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
phosphotyrosine Phosphotyrosine: An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.. O(4)-phospho-L-tyrosine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-tyrosine phosphorylated at the phenolic hydroxy group.	1.98	1	0	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; O(4)-phosphotyrosine	Escherichia coli metabolite; immunogen
2,6-diaminopurine 9H-purine-2,6-diamine : A member of the class of 2,6-diaminopurines that is 9H-purine in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 6 are replaced by amino groups.	4.69	29	0	2,6-diaminopurines; primary amino compound	antineoplastic agent
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	4.59	27	0	benzenes; phenyl acetates
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.	4.9	2	1	chloride salt; organic chloride salt	antiseptic drug; surfactant
isopentyl alcohol isopentyl alcohol: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. isoamylol : An primary alcohol that is butan-1-ol in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a methyl group.	2	1	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	antifungal agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; xenobiotic metabolite
pyrrolidine [no description available]	7.25	1	0	azacycloalkane; pyrrolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
tetrachloroethylene Tetrachloroethylene: A chlorinated hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent and cooling liquid in electrical transformers. It is a potential carcinogen.	2.01	1	0	chlorocarbon; chloroethenes	nephrotoxic agent
dimethylacetamide hallucinogen : Drugs capable of inducing illusions, hallucinations, delusions, paranoid ideations and other alterations of mood and thinking.. N,N-dimethylacetamide : A member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide in which the hydrogens attached to the N atom have been replaced by two methyl groups respectively. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.	2	1	0	acetamides; monocarboxylic acid amide	human metabolite
pyrene pyrene: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7746. pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings, resulting in a flat aromatic system.	3.53	8	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	fluorescent probe; persistent organic pollutant
isothiuronium Isothiuronium: An undecenyl THIOUREA which may have topical anti-inflammatory activity.	1.97	1	0
benzonidazole benzonidazole: used in treatment of Chagas' disease. benznidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the aromatic amino group of benzylamine. Used for treatment of Chagas disease.	2.1	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antiprotozoal drug
4-methoxyamphetamine 4-methoxyamphetamine: para-methoxy derivative to amphetamine with hallucinogenic properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search AMPHETAMINES (75-86); RN given refers to parent compound without isomeric designation	2.42	2	0
transferrin Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.	4.01	4	0
3-butenoic acid but-3-enoic acid : That isomer of butenoic acid having the double bond at position C-3.	2.01	1	0	butenoic acid
alkenes [no description available]	2.89	4	0
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	5.94	24	1	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
alovudine [no description available]	4.06	4	0	pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside
ribostamycin Ribostamycin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial isolated from Streptomyces ribosifidicus.. ribostamycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is 4,6-diaminocyclohexane-1,2,3-triol having a 2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-glucosyl residue attached at position 1 and a beta-D-ribosyl residue attached at position 2. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces ribosidificus (formerly S. thermoflavus).	2.05	1	0	amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; metabolite
adenylyl imidodiphosphate Adenylyl Imidodiphosphate: 5'-Adenylic acid, monoanhydride with imidodiphosphoric acid. An analog of ATP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It is a potent competitive inhibitor of soluble and membrane-bound mitochondrial ATPase and also inhibits ATP-dependent reactions of oxidative phosphorylation.	1.99	1	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate
azoxymethane Azoxymethane: A potent carcinogen and neurotoxic compound. It is particularly effective in inducing colon carcinomas.	4.02	14	0
torpedo Torpedo: A genus of the Torpedinidae family consisting of several species. Members of this family have powerful electric organs and are commonly called electric rays.	1.97	1	0
sodium azide Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).	2.38	2	0	inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; explosive; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mutagen
azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.	4.18	17	0	pseudohalide anion	mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
adenosine diphosphate ribose Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose: An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.	4.22	5	0	ADP-sugar	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.	2.44	2	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
ensulizole ensulizole: sunscreening agent; structure in first source	2.42	2	0	benzimidazoles
kethoxal kethoxal: modifies guanine containing oligoribonucleotides by reacting selectively with guanine in polynucleotides. Drug is hydrate of 3-ethoxy-2-oxobutyraldehyde. 1,1-dihydroxy-3-ethoxy-2-butanone : A butanone derivative having two hydroxy substituents at the 1-position and an ethoxy substituent at the 3-position.	8.36	7	0	aldehyde hydrate; butanone	antiinfective agent
dimethyl suberimidate Dimethyl Suberimidate: The methyl imidoester of suberic acid used to produce cross links in proteins. Each end of the imidoester will react with an amino group in the protein molecule to form an amidine.	1.98	1	0
s-adenosylmethionine acylcarnitine: structure in first source. S-adenosyl-L-methioninate : A sulfonium betaine that is a conjugate base of S-adenosyl-L-methionine obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group.	2.71	3	0	sulfonium betaine	human metabolite
vidarabine phosphate Vidarabine Phosphate: An adenosine monophosphate analog in which ribose is replaced by an arabinose moiety. It is the monophosphate ester of VIDARABINE with antiviral and possibly antineoplastic properties.	6.34	7	1
zidovudine Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.	4.64	10	0	azide; pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl 3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl : A tetrachlorobiphenyl that is biphenyl in which the hydrogens at position 3 and 4 on each phenyl group are replaced by chlorines.	2.08	1	0	dichlorobenzene; tetrachlorobiphenyl
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	15.4	56	18	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
etoposide [no description available]	11.17	22	5	beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
1'-acetoxysafrole [no description available]	1.96	1	0
ribavirin Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename	14.77	47	1	1-ribosyltriazole; aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems.	1.96	1	0	butyrate ester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
methyldopa Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	3.32	1	1	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent; hapten; peripheral nervous system drug; sympatholytic agent
nimustine Nimustine: Antineoplastic agent especially effective against malignant brain tumors. The resistance which brain tumor cells acquire to the initial effectiveness of this drug can be partially overcome by the simultaneous use of membrane-modifying agents such as reserpine, calcium antagonists such as nicardipine or verapamil, or the calmodulin inhibitor, trifluoperazine. The drug has also been used in combination with other antineoplastic agents or with radiotherapy for the treatment of various neoplasms.. nimustine : An organochlorine compound that is urea in which the two hydrogens on one of the amino groups are replaced by nitroso and 2-chloroethyl groups and one hydrogen from the other amino group is replaced by a 4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-ylmethyl] group. An antineoplastic agent especially effective against malignant brain tumors.	4.06	15	0	aminopyrimidine; N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.	2.42	2	0	pyridinium ion	apoptosis inducer; herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; neurotoxin
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.	2.44	2	0	alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
1'-hydroxyestragole 1'-hydroxyestragole: structure	6.96	1	0
exifone [no description available]	2.25	1	0	benzophenones
chlorodiphenyl (54% chlorine) Chlorodiphenyl (54% Chlorine): A mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls that induces hepatic microsomal UDP-glucuronyl transferase activity towards thyroxine.. Aroclor 1254 : A mixture of polychlorobiphenyls of unspecified composition, containing 54% chlorine (X = Cl or H).	1.97	1	0
decamethrin decamethrin: pyrethroid insecticide; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	1.99	1	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organobromine compound	agrochemical; antifeedant; calcium channel agonist; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; pyrethroid ester insecticide
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid [no description available]	2.42	2	0	chromanol; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger; Wnt signalling inhibitor
1-carboxyglutamic acid 1-Carboxyglutamic Acid: Found in various tissues, particularly in four blood-clotting proteins including prothrombin, in kidney protein, in bone protein, and in the protein present in various ectopic calcifications.	1.98	1	0
diisopropanolnitrosamine diisopropanolnitrosamine: experimental carcinogen. N,N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine : A nitrosamine that is dipropylamine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a nitroso group. It is a genotoxic carcinogen, targeting the lung, liver, thyroid, and kidney.	3.09	5	0	diol; nitrosamine; secondary alcohol	carcinogenic agent
3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine T1023: radioprotective NO-Synthase Inhibitor	2.13	1	0
7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide 7,8-Dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide: 7,8,8a,9a-Tetrahydrobenzo(10,11)chryseno (3,4-b)oxirene-7,8-diol. A benzopyrene derivative with carcinogenic and mutagenic activity.	5.76	28	0	epoxide	intercalator
arprinocid arprinocid: structure	1.95	1	0	6-aminopurines
arildone [no description available]	4.44	1	1	methoxybenzenes
epirubicin Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.	4.13	3	1	aminoglycoside; anthracycline antibiotic; anthracycline; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative; p-quinones; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
methyl(acetoxymethyl)nitrosamine methyl(acetoxymethyl)nitrosamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in seventh source	3.37	7	0
diaziquone diaziquone: RN given refers to parent cpd. diaziquone : A 1,4-benzoquinone that is substituted at positions 2 and 5 have been replaced by aziridin-1-yl groups and at positions 3 and 6 by (ethoxycarbonyl)amino groups.	1.98	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; aziridines; carbamate ester; enamine	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
elliptinium elliptinium: synthetic ellipticine deriv; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.37	2	0	carbazoles
idarubicin Idarubicin: An orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. The compound has shown activity against BREAST NEOPLASMS; LYMPHOMA; and LEUKEMIA.	7.41	1	0	anthracycline antibiotic; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative
eniluracil eniluracil: structure in first source; inactivates dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	3.1	1	0	pyrimidone
nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine: structure. nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine : A nitrosamine that is iminodiacetone that is substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom. It induces pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas in Syrian golden hamsters (other rodents are not susceptible).	3.23	6	0	ketone; nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent
7,8,9,10-tetrahydroxytetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene 7,8,9,10-tetrahydroxytetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.04	1	0
n-nitroso(2-hydroxypropyl)(2-oxopropyl)amine N-nitroso(2-hydroxypropyl)(2-oxopropyl)amine: structure	1.98	1	0
n-(2-chloroethyl)-n-nitrosoacetamide N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosoacetamide: structure given in first source	3.99	4	0
4-(n-methyl-n-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone: structure; from tobacco smoke	5.25	51	0	nitrosamine; pyridines
oltipraz oltipraz : A 1,2-dithiole that is 3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione substituted at positions 4 and 5 by methyl and pyrazin-2-yl groups respectively.	5.17	3	1	1,2-dithiole; pyrazines	angiogenesis modulating agent; antimutagen; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; neurotoxin; protective agent; schistosomicide drug
arsenobetaine [no description available]	2.1	1	0	organic salt
cyromazine cyromazine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0	triamino-1,3,5-triazine	mouse metabolite; triazine insecticide
colforsin Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.	1.98	1	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triol	adenylate cyclase agonist; anti-HIV agent; antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protein kinase A agonist
5-hydroxymethylchrysene 5-hydroxymethylchrysene: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
fiacitabine fiacitabine: anti-herpes virus agent which also inhibits growth of certain human tumor cell lines in vitro.	3.77	3	0
fialuridine [no description available]	2.42	2	0
fenoxycarb fenoxycarb: used against mosquitoes (Diptera:Culicidae); structure given in first source. fenoxycarb : A carbamate ester that is the O-ethyl carbamate of 2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethylamine.	2.47	2	0	aromatic ether; carbamate ester	environmental contaminant; insecticide; juvenile hormone mimic; xenobiotic
nitrosocimetidine nitrosocimetidine: possible metabolite of cimetidine	1.96	1	0
1-methylpiperazine 1-methylpiperazine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0	N-methylpiperazine
2-amino-3-methylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline 2-amino-3-methylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline: mutagen found in broiled food; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source; frequently abbreviated as IQ in the literature. 3-methyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinolin-2-amine : An imidazoquinoline that is 3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoline substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and an amino group at position 2.	2.69	3	0	imidazoquinoline	carcinogenic agent
3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5h)-furanone 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone: structure given in first source	2.41	2	0	butenolide
piritrexim piritrexim: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	3.09	1	0
simvastatin Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.	2.1	1	0	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; statin (semi-synthetic)	EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; prodrug
quinapril Quinapril: A tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME inhibitor that is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. quinapril : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is (3S)-2-L-alanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in which the alpha-amino group of the alanyl residue has been substituted by a 1-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group (the all-S isomer). A prodrug for quinaprilat (by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	2.03	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; isoquinolines; tertiary carboxamide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
raloxifene hydrochloride Raloxifene Hydrochloride: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.. raloxifene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride.	2.01	1	0	hydrochloride	bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
desciclovir [no description available]	2.41	2	0
5-propynylarabinofuranosyluracil 5-propynylarabinofuranosyluracil: potent inhibitor of VZV	3.08	1	0
itraconazole Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.	4.39	1	1	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; N-arylpiperazine; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
3-deazaguanine 3-deazaguanine: structure	7.46	39	1
difloxacin difloxacin: RN & structure given in first source. difloxacin : A quinolone that is pefloxacin in which the ethyl group at position 1 of the quinolone has been replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group. A broad-spectrum antibiotic effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, it is used (usually as the monohydrochloride salt) for the treatment of bacterial infections in dogs.	2.05	1	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
sarafloxacin sarafloxacin: RN & structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	quinolines
fura-2 Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.	2.05	1	0
eticlopride eticlopride: blocks dopamine-D2 binding sites; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (S)-isomer	1.98	1	0	salicylamides
imiquimod Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.	3.13	1	0	imidazoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; interferon inducer
rufloxacin rufloxacin: structure in first source	7.43	2	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolines; quinolone antibiotic
adapalene Adapalene: A naphthalene derivative that has specificity for RETINOIC ACID RECEPTORS. It is used as a DERMATOLOGIC AGENT for the treatment of ACNE.. adapalene : A naphthoic acid that is CD437 in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been converted to its methyl ether.	2.17	1	0	adamantanes; monocarboxylic acid; naphthoic acid	dermatologic drug; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
adefovir adefovir: inhibitor of African swine fever virus. adefovir(1-) : A organophosphonate oxoanion obtained by removal of a proton from the phosphonate group of adefovir, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).. adefovir : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)ethoxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(t-butoxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (dipivoxil ester) prodrug is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.	24.82	273	33	6-aminopurines; ether; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; drug metabolite; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; nephrotoxic agent
sparfloxacin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone
orbifloxacin orbifloxacin: structure given in first source in error (quinolone nitrogen atom not shown)	2.05	1	0	quinolines
clopidogrel Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.	2.03	1	0	methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
cidofovir anhydrous Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.	7.66	29	0	phosphonic acids; pyrimidone	anti-HIV agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; photosensitizing agent
marbofloxacin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	quinolines
topotecan Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.. topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks.	5.48	4	1	pyranoindolizinoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
bromfenac bromfenac: bromfenac sodium is the active cpd; structure in first source. bromfenac : Amfenac in which the the hydrogen at the 4 position of the benzoyl group is substituted by bromine. It is used for the management of ocular pain and treatment of postoperative inflammation in patients who have undergone cataract extraction. It was withdrawn from the US market in 1998, following concerns over off-label abuse and hepatic failure.	2.02	1	0	aromatic amino acid; benzophenones; organobromine compound; substituted aniline	non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gemcitabine gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.	20.97	214	80	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
atorvastatin [no description available]	2.5	2	0	aromatic amide; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrroles; statin (synthetic)	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
lamivudine [no description available]	23.06	556	95	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; oxacycle; primary alcohol	allergen; anti-HBV agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; prodrug
duloxetine hydrochloride Duloxetine Hydrochloride: A thiophene derivative and selective NEUROTRANSMITTER UPTAKE INHIBITOR for SEROTONIN and NORADRENALINE (SNRI). It is an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT and ANXIOLYTIC, and is also used for the treatment of pain in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS and FIBROMYALGIA.. (S)-duloxetine hydrochloride : A duloxetine hydrochloride in which the duloxetine moiety has S configuration.	2.13	1	0	duloxetine hydrochloride	antidepressant
irinotecan [no description available]	13.09	38	9	carbamate ester; delta-lactone; N-acylpiperidine; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; ring assembly; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; prodrug
valsartan Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.	2.05	1	0	biphenylyltetrazole; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
ibandronic acid Ibandronic Acid: Aminobisphosphonate that is a potent inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION. It is used in the treatment of HYPERCALCEMIA associated with malignancy, for the prevention of fracture and bone complications in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases, and for the treatment and prevention of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.	2.02	1	0
zanamivir Zanamivir: A guanido-neuraminic acid that is used to inhibit NEURAMINIDASE.	4.31	3	0	guanidines	antiviral agent; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor
3-iodobenzylguanidine 3-Iodobenzylguanidine: A guanidine analog with specific affinity for tissues of the sympathetic nervous system and related tumors. The radiolabeled forms are used as antineoplastic agents and radioactive imaging agents. (Merck Index, 12th ed) MIBG serves as a neuron-blocking agent which has a strong affinity for, and retention in, the adrenal medulla and also inhibits ADP-ribosyltransferase.	2.06	1	0	organoiodine compound
adefovir dipivoxil bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine: structure given in first source. adefovir pivoxil : An organic phosphonate that is the dipivoxil ester of adefovir. A prodrug for adefovir, an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, adefovir pivoxil is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.	15.21	84	16	6-aminopurines; carbonate ester; ether; organic phosphonate	antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; nephrotoxic agent; prodrug
emtricitabine Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.	11.93	25	2	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidone	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
bisnafide bisnafide: structure in first source	2.01	1	0
capecitabine Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.	8.89	9	2	carbamate ester; cytidines; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	10.66	189	0	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
n,n-diethylethylenediamine N,N-diethylethylenediamine: structure in first source	2.02	1	0
monoammonium molybdate ammonium molybdate: RN given refers to unspecified ammonium molybdate salt. ammonium molybdate : An ammonium salt composed of ammonium and molybdate ions in a 2:1 ratio.	1.97	1	0	ammonium salt	poison
difluorophosphoric acid [no description available]	2.03	1	0
ruthenium chloride (rucl3) ruthenium chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	1.97	1	0
dimethylhydrazines Dimethylhydrazines: Hydrazines substituted with two methyl groups in any position.	4.44	23	0
3-(methylnitrosamino)propionitrile 3-(methylnitrosamino)propionitrile: formed from the alkaloid of betel quid	6.97	1	0	nitroso compound
4-(methylnitrosamino)-4-(3-pyridyl)butanal 4-(methylnitrosamino)-4-(3-pyridyl)butanal: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline: strong mutagens found in broiled food; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	aminoquinoline
2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxaline 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxaline: strong mutagen found in broiled foods; structure given in first source. MeIQx : An imidazoquinoxaline that is 3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline substituted at positions 3 and 8 by methyl groups and at position 2 by an amino group. A mutagenic compound found in cooked beef.	1.99	1	0	aromatic amine; imidazoquinoxaline	carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; Maillard reaction product; mutagen
acridine orange Acridine Orange: A cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms.. acridine orange : Fluorescent dye useful for cell cycle determination. It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions respectively.. acridine orange free base : A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine carrying two dimethylamino substituents at positions 3 and 6. The hydrochloride salt is the fluorescent dye 'acridine orange', used for cell cycle determination.	7.91	4	0	aminoacridines; aromatic amine; tertiary amino compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
trifluoromethanesulfonic acid trifluoromethanesulfonic acid: deblocking reagent for peptide synthesis; RN given refers to parent cpd. triflic acid : A one-carbon compound that is methanesulfonic acid in which the hydrogens attached to the methyl carbon have been replaced by fluorines.	2.05	1	0	one-carbon compound; perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid
isothiocyanic acid [no description available]	2	1	0	hydracid; one-carbon compound
ammonium peroxydisulfate ammonium persulfate : An inorganic ammonium salt in which two of the terminal hydroxy groups of peroxydisulfuric acid are deprotonated and associated with ammonium ions as counter-cations.	2.48	2	0
cuprous chloride cuprous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. copper(I) chloride : An inorganic chloride of copper in which the metal is in the +1 oxidation state.	2	1	0	copper molecular entity; inorganic chloride	agrochemical; molluscicide
potassium phosphate potassium phosphate: used in dental materials and to treat hypophosphatemia; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF. tripotassium phosphate : An inorganic potassium salt that is the tripotassium salt of phosphoric acid.	2.02	1	0	inorganic phosphate salt; inorganic potassium salt
trazodone hydrochloride Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.	3.47	8	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
2,4-diamino-5-adamantyl-6-methylpyrimidine [no description available]	1.98	1	0
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	2.43	2	0	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
2',7'-dichlorofluorescein 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.07	1	0	2-benzofurans	fluorochrome
xanthosine [no description available]	3.57	9	0	purines D-ribonucleoside; xanthosines	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	2.69	3	0	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
thymidine 5'-triphosphate thymidine 5'-triphosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd. dTTP : A thymidine phosphate having a triphosphate group at the 5'-position.	4.3	19	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate; thymidine phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
3-methylhistidine 3-methylhistidine: marker for myofibrillar-protein breakdown; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. 3-methylhistidine : A methylhistidine in which the methyl group is located at N-3.. N(pros)-methyl-L-histidine : A L-histidine derivative that is L-histidine substituted by a methyl group at position 3 on the imidazole ring.	2.37	2	0	L-histidine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; zwitterion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dexelvucitabine dexelvucitabine: inhibits human hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in vitro	3.51	2	0
baicalin [no description available]	2.15	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative	antiatherosclerotic agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite; prodrug
9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)-2,6-diaminopurine [no description available]	5.19	15	0
oseltamivir Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.	4.31	3	0	acetamides; amino acid ester; cyclohexenecarboxylate ester; primary amino compound	antiviral drug; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; prodrug; xenobiotic
isocytidine [no description available]	2.03	1	0
5-methylcytosine 5-Methylcytosine: A methylated nucleotide base found in eukaryotic DNA. In ANIMALS, the DNA METHYLATION of CYTOSINE to form 5-methylcytosine is found primarily in the palindromic sequence CpG. In PLANTS, the methylated sequence is CpNpGp, where N can be any base.. 5-methylcytosine : A pyrimidine that is a derivative of cytosine, having a methyl group at the 5-position.	6.91	37	0	methylcytosine; pyrimidines	human metabolite
thionine thionine: do not confuse with the thionins which is a class of polypeptides; RN above is for the chloride;. thionine : An organic chloride salt composed of 3,7-diaminophenothiazin-5-ium and chloride ions in a 1:1 ratio. A strongly metachromatic dye, useful for the staining of acid mucopolysaccharides. It is also a common nuclear stain and can be used for the demonstration of Nissl substance in nerve cells of the CNS.	7.42	2	0
thymine arabinoside thymine arabinoside: selectively inhibits replication of herpes simplex virus	3.75	3	0	N-glycosyl compound
ibacitabine ibacitabine: antiherpetic agent	1.96	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside
methylthymidine methylthymidine: RN given refers to N-3-methylthymidine	2	1	0
2'-deoxyuridylic acid 2'-deoxyuridylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0	deoxyuridine phosphate; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
epigallocatechin gallate epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.	2.71	3	0	flavans; gallate ester; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
deoxyuridine triphosphate [no description available]	2.07	1	0	deoxyuridine phosphate; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Arabidopsis thaliana metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
2'-deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate 2'-deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd	4.5	23	0	2'-deoxycytidine phosphate; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
25-hydroxycholesterol [no description available]	1.99	1	0	25-hydroxy steroid; oxysterol	human metabolite
1-methylinosine 1-methylinosine : Inosine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1 on the hypoxanthine ring.	1.96	1	0	inosines	metabolite
10,10'-dimethyl-9,9'-biacridinium 10,10'-dimethyl-9,9'-biacridinium: chemoluminescent probe; RN given refers to dinitrate; Lucigenin refers to dinitrate	2.01	1	0
phenylalanylphenylalanine phenylalanylphenylalanine: RN given refers to (L,L)-isomer	2.06	1	0
phosphoramidic acid phosphoramidic acid: urease inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; do not confuse with phosphoramidites, which are organophosphorus compounds	3.82	3	0	phosphoric acid derivative
aica ribonucleotide AICA ribonucleotide: purine precursor that has antineoplastic activity. AICA ribonucleotide : A 1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide that is acadesine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position has been converted to its monophosphate derivative.	2.69	3	0	1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide; aminoimidazole	cardiovascular drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2'-deoxynebularine 2'-deoxynebularine: structure given in first source. purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside : A 2'-deoxyribonucleoside that has a purine moiety as the nucleobase (the R group in the illustration).. purine deoxyribonucleoside : A deoxyribonucleoside containing a purine base.. 2'-deoxynebularine : A purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside in which a 2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue is attached at position 9 of 9H-purine via a glycosidic linkage.	2.38	2	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside
bathocuproine bathocuproine: reagent for copper; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.92	4	0
n-methylisatin beta-4',4'-diethylthiosemicarbazone [no description available]	1.96	1	0
kasugamycin kasugamycin: experimental antimicrobial agent from Streptomyces kausugaensis; used in pseudomonas infections; interfers with protein synthesis in susceptible Escherichia coli. kasugamycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is isolated from Streptomyces kasugaensis and exhibits antibiotic and fungicidal properties.	2.05	1	0
metaperiodate Periodic Acid: A strong oxidizing agent.	3.44	8	0	iodine oxoacid
neocuproine neocuproine: Spectrophotometric determination of copper and ultramicro blood sugar determinations; structure; RN given refers to parent cpd. neocuproine : A member of the class of phenanthrolines that is 1,10-phenanthroline bearing two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 9.	2.02	1	0	phenanthrolines	chelator; copper chelator
tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II): a fluorescent dye; structure in first source	2.44	2	0	ruthenium coordination entity	fluorochrome
aristeromycin aristeromycin: RN given refers to (1R-(1alpha,2alpha,3beta,5alpha)-isomer	2.66	3	0
o-(6)-methylguanine O-(6)-methylguanine: structure. 6-O-methylguanine : A methylguanine in which the methyl group is positioned on the oxygen at position 6. Formed in DNA by alkylation of the oxygen atom of guanine, most often by N-nitroso compounds and sometimes due to methylation by other compounds such as endogenous S-adenosylmethionine, it base-pairs to thymine rather than cytidine, causing a G:C to A:T transition in DNA.. methylguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is guanine bearing a single methyl substituent.	17	728	3	methylguanine	mutagen
o-4-methylthymine O(4)-methylthymine : A methylthymine in which the methyl group is located at the O4-position.	5.64	25	0	aromatic ether; methylthymine	human metabolite
peroxynitric acid [no description available]	5.4	19	0	nitrogen oxoacid
glutathione disulfide Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.	2.71	3	0	glutathione derivative; organic disulfide	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
fenclofenac fenclofenac: RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0	aromatic ether
hypusine hypusine: N-terminal amino alcohol deriv of Lys occurring in bovine brain & in the urine of children with familial hyperlysinemia; minor descriptor (75-82); online & Index Medicus search LYSINE/AA (75-82). hypusine : An L-lysine derivative that is L-lysine bearing a (2R)-4-amino-2-hydroxybutyl substituent at position N(6).	5.34	10	0
4-nitrobenzylthioinosine 4-nitrobenzylthioinosine: inhibitor of nucleoside transport; acts on ENT1	4.64	6	1	purine nucleoside
sinefungin [no description available]	7.7	3	0	adenosines; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent
phenosafranine phenosafranine: structure. phenosafranine : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-diamino-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium as the counterion. It is commonly used for staining Gram negative bacteria red in smears to contrast with the blue Gram positive organisms.	2.05	1	0	organic chloride salt	fluorochrome; histological dye; photosensitizing agent
1,1,3,3-tetramethoxypropane [no description available]	2.9	2	0
tetramethylputrescine tetramethylputrescine: RN given refers to 1,4-amine cpd	2.06	1	0
boron nitride [no description available]	7.82	3	0	nitride
edoxudin [no description available]	3.49	2	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside
perylenediimide perylenediimide: structure in first source. perylenediimide : The 3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic diimide derivative of perylene.	7.08	1	0	dicarboximide; organic heteropolycyclic compound	fluorochrome
isocytosine 2-amino-4-hydroxypyrimidine : An aminopyrimidine in which the pyrimidine ring bears amino and hydroxy substituents at positions 2 and 4, respectively.	3.62	9	0	aminopyrimidine; pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone
9,10-anthraquinone 2-carboxylic acid 9,10-anthraquinone 2-carboxylic acid: structure in first source	2	1	0
bromosuccinimide Bromosuccinimide: A brominating agent that replaces hydrogen atoms in benzylic or allylic positions. It is used in the oxidation of secondary alcohols to ketones and in controlled low-energy brominations. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed,).	1.95	1	0	dicarboximide; organobromine compound; pyrrolidinone	reagent
estradiol-3,4-quinone estradiol-3,4-quinone: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
1,7-phenanthroline [no description available]	4.55	24	0	phenanthroline
pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidine [no description available]	2.01	1	0
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	8.96	13	0	1,2,3-triazole
1h-tetrazole tetrazole : An azaarene that is a five-membered ring composed of 4 nitrogen and 1 carbon atom.. 2H-tetrazole : A tetrazole tautomer where the proton is located on the 2 position.	2.03	1	0	one-carbon compound; tetrazole
6-methyladenine 6-methyladenine: structure. 6-methyladenine : A methyladenine that is 9H-purin-6-amine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen.	8.48	8	0	6-alkylaminopurine; methyladenine	human metabolite
isodialuric acid isodialuric acid: structure given in first source. 5,6-dihydroxyuracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil substituted at positions 5 and 6 by hydroxy groups.	2.13	1	0	hydroxypyrimidine; nucleobase analogue; pyrimidone	Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
difluorotoluene difluorotoluene: structure in first source	7.94	4	0
azauracil azauracil: minor descriptor (64-72); major descriptor (73-86); on line search URACIL (66-74); URACIL/AA (75-86); INDEX MEDICUS search URACIL (64-72); AZAURACIL (73-86). 6-azauracil : A 1,2,4-triazine compound having oxo-substituents at the 3- and 5-positions.	2.4	2	0	1,2,4-triazines; nucleobase analogue	antimetabolite
1,2-dithiol-3-thione 1,2-dithiol-3-thione: has antioxidant activity; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	1,2-dithiole
nebularine nebularine: structure. nebularine : A purine ribonucleoside that is 9H-purine attached to a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue at position 9 via a glycosidic (N-glycosyl) linkage.	2.45	2	0	purine ribonucleoside; purines D-ribonucleoside	fungal metabolite
7-methylxanthine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	oxopurine; purine alkaloid	human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
fluorodeoxyglucose f18 Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)	8.92	18	1	2-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose; 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
sertraline Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.	2.05	1	0	dichlorobenzene; secondary amino compound; tetralins	antidepressant; serotonin uptake inhibitor
zoledronic acid Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.	2.08	1	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); imidazoles	bone density conservation agent
elmustine elmustine: structure	1.97	1	0
fluindione fluindione: structure	3.16	1	0	cyclic ketone; indanones
4-aminopyrimidine [no description available]	2.13	1	0	aminopyrimidine
glycine amide glycine amide: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.43	2	0	amino acid amide; glycine derivative
n-hydroxy-2-naphthylamine [no description available]	6.95	1	0
glycyl-glycyl-glycyl-glycine [no description available]	1.98	1	0
5-iodouracil 5-iodouracil: RN given refers to parent cpd. 5-iodouracil : An organoiodine compound consisting of uracil having an iodo substituent at the 5-position.	2.38	2	0	organoiodine compound	antimetabolite
9-methyladenine 9-methyladenine : Adenine substituted with a methyl group at position N-9.	3.44	7	0	methyladenine	metabolite
indole-3-carboxylic acid indole-3-carboxylic acid : An indole-3-carboxylic acid carrying a carboxy group at position 3.	2.1	1	0	indol-3-yl carboxylic acid	bacterial metabolite; human metabolite
3-chloroperbenzoic acid 3-chloroperbenzoic acid: oxidizing agent	2.69	3	0	monochlorobenzenes; peroxy acid
1-methylguanine [no description available]	4.01	14	0	methylguanine
8-azaadenine 8-azaadenine: xanthine oxidase inhibitor. 8-azaadenine : A triazolopyrimidine that is [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine bearing an amino substituent at position 7.	2.79	3	0	aromatic amine; nucleobase analogue; triazolopyrimidines	EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
5-hydroxymethylcytosine 5-(hydroxymethyl)cytosine : A nucleobase analogue that is cytosine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by a hydroxymethyl group.	4.42	3	0	aminopyrimidine; aromatic primary alcohol; nucleobase analogue; pyrimidone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
1-methylhypoxanthine 1-methylhypoxanthine: increased concentration in rats bearing Yoshida Tumour. 1-methylhypoxanthine : A methylhypoxanthine that is hypoxanthine with the methyl group at position 1.	7.38	2	0	methylhypoxanthine	human urinary metabolite; rat metabolite
6-methylthioguanine [no description available]	2.45	2	0	2-aminopurines; thiopurine	human xenobiotic metabolite
acamprosate Acamprosate: Structural analog of taurine that is used for the prevention of relapse in individuals with ALCOHOLISM.. acamprosate : An organosulfonic acid that is propane-1-sulfonic acid substituted by an acetylamino group at position 3.	2.03	1	0	acetamides; organosulfonic acid	environmental contaminant; neurotransmitter agent; xenobiotic
enrofloxacin Enrofloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial and antimycoplasma agent that is used in veterinary practice.. enrofloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 4, a fluoro group at position 6, a cyclopropyl group at position 1 and a 4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 7. It is a veterinary antibacterial agent used for the treatment of pets.	2.05	1	0	cyclopropanes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent
danofloxacin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	quinolines
pirodavir pirodavir: antipicornavirus agent; structure given in first source	2.13	1	0
7-methyladenine 7-methyladenine: potential marker for monitoring exposure to methylatingcarcinogens. 7-methyladenine : Adenine substituted with a methyl group at position N-7.	2.74	3	0	methyladenine	metabolite
voriconazole Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.	2.11	1	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; pyrimidines; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	P450 inhibitor
ranimustine ranimustine: RN given refers to (alpha)-(D)-isomer; structure	1.97	1	0	organic molecular entity
mitozolomide mitozolomide: RN & structure given in first source	5.97	8	0
carbazeran carbazeran: structure given in first source	2.21	1	0
quindoxin quindoxin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #702	3.06	1	0	quinoxaline derivative
2-aminoadenosine [no description available]	2.42	2	0	purine nucleoside
oxetanocin a oxetanocin: from Bacillus megaterium NK84-0218; structure given in first source. oxetanocin A : A nucleoside analogue found in Bacillus megaterium in which an adenine moiety is attached to position 2 of a of an oxetane ring which is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by hydroxymethyl groups.	2.89	4	0	diol; nucleoside analogue; oxetanes; primary alcohol	anti-HIV agent; antibacterial agent; bacterial metabolite
9-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonomethoxypropyl)-2,6-diaminopurine 9-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonomethoxypropyl)-2,6-diaminopurine: RN refers to (S)-isomer	1.98	1	0
lycorine lycorine: from bulbs of LYCORIS & other plants; RN given refers to (1 alpha,2 beta)-isomer; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5444. lycorine : An indolizidine alkaloid that is 3,12-didehydrogalanthan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions and 2 and a methylenedioxy group across positions 9 and 10. Isolated from Crinum asiaticum, it has been shown to exhibit antimalarial activity.	7.01	1	0	indolizidine alkaloid	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; plant metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
neamine neamine: fragment of NEOMYCIN B; structure in first source. neamine : 2-Deoxy-D-streptamine glycosylated at the 4-oxygen with a 6-amino-alpha-D-glucosaminyl group.	2.48	2	0	2,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-glucoside; aminoglycoside	antibacterial agent
mesoporphyrin ix mesoporphyrin IX: RN given refers to parent cpd; mesoheme is the iron salt of mesoporphyrin IX. mesoporphyrin IX : A member of the class of mesoporphyrins obtained by formal hydrogenation of the two vinyl groups in protoporphyrin.	8	4	0
teleocidin b-4 teleocidins: structure; RN given refers to teleocidin	1.96	1	0
alantolactone alantolactone: allergenic sesquiterpene lactone; crystalline mixture of alantolactones from group of sesquiterpenes; structure. alantolactone : A sesquiterpene lactone that is 3a,5,6,7,8,8a,9,9a-octahydronaphtho[2,3-b]furan-2-one bearing two methyl substituents at positions 5 and 8a as well as a methylidene substituent at position 3.	2.13	1	0	naphthofuran; olefinic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
cryptating agent 222 cryptating agent 222: forms ligands with metal cations; structure	2.05	1	0
neplanocin a neplanocin A: neplanocins are antitumor antibiotics & carbocyclic analogs of purine nucleosides from Ampullarilla regularis A11079; see also neplanocin B, neplanocin C, neplanocin D & neplanocin F; structure in first source; a potent inhibitor of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase	9.69	5	0
difluoromethylene diphosphonate difluoromethylene diphosphonate: inhibits bone resorption	2.73	3	0
5-ethyluracil 5-ethyluracil: antagonist of dihydrouracil dehydrogenase (NADP)	1.99	1	0
5-hydroxyuracil 5-hydroxyuracil: used in treatment of colonic adenocarcinoma	5.42	14	1	hydroxypyrimidine
o(6)-methyl-2'-deoxyguanosine O(6)-methyl-2'-deoxyguanosine: RN given refers to (beta)-isomer. O(6)-methyl-2'-deoxyguanosine : A purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside having O(6)-methylguanine as the nucleobase.	3.49	8	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside
xanthosine 5'-triphosphate xanthosine 5'-phosphate : xanthosine phosphate compounds having phosphate groups at position 5'.. 5'-xanthylic acid : A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having xanthine as the nucleobase.	2.9	4	0	purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate; xanthosine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
calpeptin [no description available]	2.04	1	0	amino acid amide
thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
2,2'-dipicolylamine 2,2'-dipicolylamine: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
oxazolidin-2-one Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.	1.99	1	0	carbamate ester; oxazolidinone	metabolite
5-aminopyrazole 5-aminopyrazole: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
dicetylphosphate dicetylphosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd. dicetyl hydrogen phosphate : The dihexadecyl ester of phosphoric acid.	2.01	1	0	dialkyl phosphate
5-bromocytosine [no description available]	7.74	3	0
1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea [no description available]	10.5	16	0
o-methylisourea O-methylisourea: RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0
3-methylguanine 3-methylguanine : A methylguanine carrying the methyl substituent at position 3.. 2-amino-3-methyl-3,9-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one : A 3-methylguanine that is 3,9-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one substituted by an amino group at position 2 and a methyl group at position 3.. 2-imino-3-methyl-1,2,3,9-tetrahydro-6H-purin-6-one : A 3-methylguanine that is 1,2,3,9-tetrahydro-6H-purin-6-one substituted by an imino group at position 2 and a methyl group at position 3.. 2-amino-3-methyl-3,7-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one : A 3-methylguanine that is 3,7-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one substituted by an amino group at position 2 and a methyl group at position 3.	4.12	16	0	3-methylguanine
6-carboxyfluorescein 6-carboxyfluorescein: originally sold as 6-carboxyfluorescein, but commercial product is a mixture of two isomers; correct name is 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein	3.16	5	0	monocarboxylic acid
isoguanine isoguanine: structure. isoguanine : An oxopurine that is 3,7-dihydro-purin-2-one in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by an amino group.	7.94	67	0	oxopurine
bendamustine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.48	2	0
sofosbuvir 5-carboxycytosine: a 5-formylcystosine oxidation product; structure in first source. 5-carboxycytosine : A nucleobase analogue that is cytosine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by a carboxy group.	2.49	2	0	aminopyrimidine; aromatic carboxylic acid; nucleobase analogue; pyrimidone	metabolite
1-benzylimidazole 1-benzylimidazole: inhibits human thromboxane synthetase	2.05	1	0
5-hydroxymethyluracil [no description available]	5.69	15	0	primary alcohol; pyrimidone	human metabolite
1-methylcytosine 1-methylcytosine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-methylcytosine : A pyrimidone that is cytosine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a methyl group.	4.11	15	0	aminopyrimidine; methylcytosine; pyrimidone	metabolite
2-amino-5-bromobenzoic acid 2-amino-5-bromobenzoic acid: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
methylenecyclopropane methylenecyclopropane: structure in first source	9.27	5	0
4,4'-dimethoxytrityl cation 4,4'-dimethoxytrityl cation: RN given refers to non-ionic form; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
lithium bromide lithium bromide: denatures ribonuclease A; also sedative. lithium bromide : A lithium salt in which the counterion is bromide. The anhydrous salt forms cubic crystals similar to common salt.	2.01	1	0	bromide salt; lithium salt
2-aminoimidazole 2-aminoimidazole: from catabolism of arginine	3.09	1	0
iridium oxide iridium oxide: RN given refers to Ir-O2	3.53	1	1
hypobromous acid [no description available]	2	1	0	bromine oxoacid
1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-nitrosourea 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-nitrosourea: structure	2.9	4	0
clarithromycin Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.	2.45	2	0	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; protein synthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic
ferroin ferroin: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.03	1	0
bromates Bromates: Negative ions or salts derived from bromic acid, HBrO3.	3.96	13	0	bromine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
1-cyclohexyl-3-(2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl)carbodiimide N-cyclohexyl-N'-(2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl)carbodiimide : A carbodiimide having cyclcohexyl and 2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl as the two N-substituents.	2.45	2	0	carbodiimide; morpholines	cross-linking reagent
1-nitroso-5,6-dihydrouracil N-nitrosodihydrouracil: structure in first source	7.4	2	0
coenzyme a [no description available]	2.39	2	0	adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate	coenzyme; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
7,8-dihydromethysticin [no description available]	2.52	2	0	2-pyranones; aromatic ether
va 061 VA 061: a water-soluble radical initiator; structure in first source	2.02	1	0
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	2.93	4	0	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	3.52	8	0	iditol	fungal metabolite
5-bromouridine 5-bromouridine : A uridine having a bromo substituent at the 5-position.	3.06	1	0	uridines	mutagen
cadmium telluride cadmium telluride: used in radiation monitoring device	2.49	2	0
cytidylyl-3',5'-adenosine cytidylyl adenosine: CPA removed as SY because it is also used as an abbreviation for N6-cyclopentyladenosine, CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE, and cyclopiazonic acid	1.98	1	0	nucleoside analogue; purines
glycidamide glycidamide: metabolite of acrylamide; structure given in first source	3.56	8	0
homocysteine Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.	6.41	13	1	amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine; serine family amino acid	fundamental metabolite; mouse metabolite
2-methoxyacetaldehyde 2-methoxyacetaldehyde: shows testicular toxicity; structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
methylglucoside [no description available]	1.96	1	0
2-hydroxypropyl-n-propylnitrosamine [no description available]	2	1	0
2-oxopropyl-n-propylnitrosamine [no description available]	2.38	2	0
adenosine 5'-methylenediphosphate [no description available]	2.01	1	0	nucleoside diphosphate analogue
2-nitro-5-thiocyanobenzoic acid 2-nitro-5-thiocyanobenzoic acid: inhibits iron-containing nitrile hydratases	2	1	0
2,8-dihydroxyadenine 2,8-dihydroxyadenine: xanthine oxidase reacted adenine metabolite in epidermis of hairless mice; component of urinary stores; structure. 2,8-dihydroxyadenine : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 2 and 8. It is a highly insoluble metabolite of adenine that causes radiolucent urolithiasis. It is produced by individuals who suffer from adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) deficiency, a rare autosomal recessive error of purine metabolism.	1.95	1	0	6-aminopurines; diol; heteroaryl hydroxy compound; oxopurine	human urinary metabolite; mammalian metabolite; mouse metabolite; nephrotoxic agent
4-azidophenacyl bromide 4-azidophenacyl bromide: photolabile bifunctional reagent; bromide is an integral part of cpd; structure	1.99	1	0
lopinavir [no description available]	3.41	1	0	amphetamines; dicarboxylic acid diamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
gamma-tocopherol gamma-Tocopherol: A natural tocopherol with less antioxidant activity than ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL. It exhibits antioxidant activity by virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus. As in BETA-TOCOPHEROL, it also has three methyl groups on the 6-chromanol nucleus but at different sites.. gamma-tocopherol : A tocopherol in which the chroman-6-ol core is substituted by methyl groups at positions 7 and 8. It is found particularly in maize (corn) oil and soya bean (soybean) oils.	4.4	2	2	tocopherol; vitamin E	algal metabolite; food antioxidant; plant metabolite
n(alpha)-acetyllysine N(alpha)-acetyllysine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. acetyl-L-lysine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetyl derivative of L-lysine.. N(2)-acetyl-L-lysine : An acetyl-L-lysine where the acetyl group is located at the N(2)-posiiton.	2	1	0	acetyl-L-lysine; amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite
5-methylcytidine [no description available]	1.98	1	0	methylcytidine
glycidyl nitrate glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.	2.88	4	0
glycylsarcosine glycylsarcosine : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of glycine with the amino group of sarcosine.	2.08	1	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide
4-desacetylvinblastine-3-carboxhydrazide [no description available]	2.1	1	0
5,6-dihydrothymine 5,6-dihydrothymine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 5,6-dihydrothymine : A pyrimidone obtained by formal addition of hydrogen across the 5,6-position of thymine.	2.71	3	0	pyrimidone	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
6-deoxyglucose 6-deoxyglucose: RN given refers to (D)-isomer; Main Heading DEOXYGLUCOSE refers to 2-deoxyglucose	2.13	1	0	quinovose
erythrose D-erythrose : The D-enantiomer of erythrose.	2.53	2	0	erythrose	plant metabolite
pyrimidine dimers Pyrimidine Dimers: Dimers found in DNA chains damaged by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They consist of two adjacent PYRIMIDINE NUCLEOTIDES, usually THYMINE nucleotides, in which the pyrimidine residues are covalently joined by a cyclobutane ring. These dimers block DNA REPLICATION.	13.23	43	0
pyrogallol sulfonphthalein [no description available]	2.01	1	0
glucuronic acid Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.	2.05	1	0	D-glucuronic acid	algal metabolite
2-chloroadenine 6-amino-2-chloropurine: RN & structure given in first source	2.46	2	0
isoluminol isoluminol: chemiluminescent label	2	1	0
o(6)-n-butylguanine [no description available]	3.47	8	0
6-ethylguanine 6-ethylguanine: found in rat brain DNA	7.31	82	0
1-methylthymine 1,5-dimethyluracil : A pyrimidone that is uracil with methyl group substituents at positions 1 and 5.	8.13	5	0	methylthymine	metabolite
6'-o-methylguanosine [no description available]	4.6	8	0
phosphoramide mustard [no description available]	2.38	2	0	nitrogen mustard; phosphorodiamide
1-methylguanosine 1-methylguanosine : Guanosine substituted with a methyl group at position N-1.	2.36	2	0	methylguanosine	metabolite
3-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid 3-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
1-(2-carboxyethyl)uracil [no description available]	6.96	1	0
8-bromo-2'-deoxyadenosine [no description available]	2.15	1	0
2-chloromandelic acid 2-chloromandelic acid: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
hedamycin [no description available]	7.68	3	0
adenylyl cytidine [no description available]	2	1	0
quindoline quindoline: a fused indole-quinoline alkaloid from CRYPTOLEPIS sanguinolenta; structure	2.44	2	0
cellulose sulfate cellulose sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF; vaginal gel being developed as both a contraceptive and blockage to STD somewhat like nonoxynol-9	2.05	1	0	ether; flavonoids
s-2-aminoethyl cysteine S-2-aminoethyl cysteine: inhibits protein synthesis in mammalian cells; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. L-thialysine : A cysteine derivative that is the S-(2-aminoethyl) analogue of L-cysteine; reported to have cytotoxic effects.	3.21	1	0	L-cysteine thioether; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 5.4.3.2 (lysine 2,3-aminomutase) inhibitor; metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
n-formylmethionylvaline N-formylmethionylvaline: RN given refers to (L)-isomer	1.98	1	0
2'-fluoro-2'-deoxyadenosine [no description available]	2.01	1	0
isophosphamide mustard isophosphamide mustard: antitumor metabolite of ifosfamide; palifosfamide-tris is a salt with tris; structure in first source	2	1	0	phosphorodiamide
clomesone clomesone: structure & RN given in first source	10.96	8	0
selenazofurin selenazofurin: selenazole analog of tiazofurin	1.96	1	0
5-chloro-2'-deoxycytidine [no description available]	2.02	1	0
safrole oxide safrole oxide: structure	7.57	2	0
n(6)-phenyladenosine [no description available]	2.15	1	0	purine nucleoside
benzyl selenocyanate benzyl selenocyanate: prevents colon carcinogenesis	1.97	1	0
2-amino-n(6)-hydroxyadenine 2-amino-N(6)-hydroxyadenine: mutagen & bacterial growth inhibitor; structure in first source. 2-amino-6-hydroxyaminopurine : A 2,6-diaminopurine that is the N(6)-hydroxy derivative of 2,6-diamino-3H-purine.	3.21	1	0	2,6-diaminopurines; hydroxylamines; nucleobase analogue	mutagen; teratogenic agent
n-methyladenosine N-methyladenosine: is a inhibitor of cell differentiation. N(6)-methyladenosine : A methyladenosine compound with one methyl group attached to N(6) of the adenine nucleobase.	2.44	2	0	methyladenosine
2'-o-methyluridine [no description available]	2.17	1	0	methyluridine
2'-o-methyladenosine cordysinin B : A member of the class of adenosines that is adenosine in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced by a methoxy group. It has been isolated from the mycelia of Cordyceps sinensis.	2.17	1	0	adenosines; ether	fungal metabolite
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	4.88	35	0	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
fulvestrant Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.	2.44	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist
mafosfamide mafosfamide: RN given refers to cis-(+-)-isomer	1.98	1	0
hydrogen sulfite [no description available]	2.66	2	0	sulfur oxoanion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
aflatoxin b1-2,3-oxide [no description available]	2.92	4	0	aflatoxin	human metabolite
aflatoxin q1 aflatoxin Q1 : A member of the class of aflatoxins that is aflatoxin B1 in which the hydrogen at the pro-3S position is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.02	1	0	aflatoxin; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone	carcinogenic agent; human xenobiotic metabolite
yttrium radioisotopes Yttrium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of yttrium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Y atoms with atomic weights 82-88 and 90-96 are radioactive yttrium isotopes.	3.56	1	1
mizoribine [no description available]	2.91	4	0	imidazoles	anticoronaviral agent
monocrotaline pyrrole monocrotaline pyrrole: RN given refers to (13alpha,14alpha)-isomer	1.99	1	0
chlorates Chlorates: Inorganic salts of chloric acid that contain the ClO3- ion.	1.94	1	0	chlorine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
enkephalin, d-penicillamine (2,5)- Enkephalin, D-Penicillamine (2,5)-: A disulfide opioid pentapeptide that selectively binds to the DELTA OPIOID RECEPTOR. It possesses antinociceptive activity.. DPDPE : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is a cyclic enkephalin analogue, having D-penicillaminyl residues located at positions 2 and 5, which form the heterocycle via a disulfide bond.	2.02	1	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide	delta-opioid receptor agonist
fotemustine fotemustine: structure given in first source. fotemustine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fotemustine. It is an alkylating agent used in the treatment of malignant melanoma.. diethyl (1-{[(2-chloroethyl)(nitroso)carbamoyl]amino}ethyl)phosphonate : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is ethyl diethylphosphonate in the hydrogen at position 1 of the ethyl group attached to the phosphorus has been replaced by a [(2-chloroethyl)(nitroso)carbamoyl]amino group.	7.92	4	0	N-nitrosoureas; organic phosphonate; organochlorine compound
vitamin b 6 Vitamin B 6: VITAMIN B 6 refers to several PICOLINES (especially PYRIDOXINE; PYRIDOXAL; & PYRIDOXAMINE) that are efficiently converted by the body to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, and aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into PYRIDOXAMINE phosphate. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990). Most of vitamin B6 is eventually degraded to PYRIDOXIC ACID and excreted in the urine.	2.03	1	0
imipenem, anhydrous Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.	2.25	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carbapenems; zwitterion	antibacterial drug
cremophor el cremophor EL: solvent for Althesin & Propanidid implicated as possible cause of similar adverse effects polyethoxylated castor oil; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF; see also records for cremophor & cremophor A	2.41	2	0
4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butan-1-ol 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butan-1-ol: structure in first source. 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol : A member of the class of nitrosamines that is butan-1-ol substituted by a pyridin-3-yl group at position 1 and by a methyl(nitroso)amino group at position 4. It is a major metabolite of nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), which is a carcinogen found in tobacco and responsible for inducing lung cancer in smokers.	2.98	4	0	nitrosamine; pyridines; secondary alcohol	biomarker; carcinogenic agent; human urinary metabolite
2-hydroxyamino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine 2-hydroxyamino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine: directly acting genotoxic metabolite of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine. N-hydroxy-PhIP : An imidazopyridine that is 1H--imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine which is substituted at positions 1, 2, and 6 by methyl, hydoxyamino, and phenyl groups, respectively. The active metabolite of the dietary carcinogen PhIP.	1.98	1	0	hydroxylamine; imidazopyridine	carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; neurotoxin; rat metabolite
1,n(6)-ethenoadenine 1,N(6)-ethenoadenine: biologically active fluorescent derivatives of this cpd potentially valuable in studies concerning interactions between adenine cpds & various enzymes for which they serve as substrates or co-factors; structure	6.31	20	0	imidazo[2,1-i]purine	mutagen
cyanates Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).	8.37	7	0
indo-1 indo-1: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	indoles	fluorochrome
4-(methylnitrosoamino)-4-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol 4-(methylnitrosoamino)-4-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol: tobacco-specific N-nitrosamine; structure given in first source	2.67	3	0
1,n(6)-ethenodeoxyadenosine [no description available]	2.9	4	0	purines
bromoacetaldehyde bromoacetaldehyde: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	1.98	1	0	organobromine compound
altertoxin ii altertoxin II: structure given in first source; isolated from Alternaria species; do not confuse with toxin II from Anemonia sulcata which is abbreviated ATX II	7.25	1	0
alpha-acetoxy-n-nitrosopyrrolidine alpha-acetoxy-N-nitrosopyrrolidine: structure in first source	7.37	2	0
3,n(4)-ethenodeoxycytidine [no description available]	2.38	2	0
4-ethylthymine [no description available]	3.68	10	0
saikosaponin d [no description available]	2.25	1	0
4-hydoxy-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone 4-hydoxy-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone: structure given in first source; may be metabolic product of tobacco-specific nitrosamines	1.98	1	0	aromatic ketone
n-nitroso-2-hydroxymorpholine N-nitroso-2-hydroxymorpholine: structure given in first source	2	1	0
dityrosine dityrosine: o,o'-biphenol analog of tyrosine; isolated from insoluble protein of human cataractous lenses; structure. dityrosine : A biphenyl compound comprising two tyrosine residues linked at carbon-3 of their benzene rings.	2.15	1	0	biphenyls; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative	biomarker
epicatechin gallate epicatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor; RN given refers to the (cis)-isomer; structure given in first source; isolated from green tea. (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of epicatechin. A natural product found in Parapiptadenia rigida.	2.11	1	0	catechin; gallate ester; polyphenol	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; metabolite
phosphites Phosphites: Inorganic salts or organic esters of phosphorous acid that contain the (3-)PO3 radical. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). phosphite(3-) : A trivalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of all three protons from phosphorous acid.	2.03	1	0	phosphite ion; trivalent inorganic anion
2-hydroxyethylvaline 2-hydroxyethylvaline: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 11/88	4	4	0
daidzin daidzin: a potent, selective, and reversible inhibitor of human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase. daidzein 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is daidzein attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. It is used in the treatment of alcohol dependency (antidipsotropic).	2.03	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside; hydroxyisoflavone; monosaccharide derivative	plant metabolite
o(4)-ethylthymidine O(4)-ethylthymidine: accumulates in hepatocyte DNA of rats exposed to diethylnitrosamine	2.37	2	0
cafestol [no description available]	2.03	1	0	diterpenoid; furans; organic heteropentacyclic compound; primary alcohol; tertiary alcohol	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
ecteinascidin 743 [no description available]	5.42	4	0	acetate ester; azaspiro compound; bridged compound; hemiaminal; isoquinoline alkaloid; lactone; organic heteropolycyclic compound; organic sulfide; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; tertiary amino compound	alkylating agent; angiogenesis modulating agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; marine metabolite
aristolochic acid ii aristolochic acid II: structure given in first source. aristolochic acid B : An aristolochic acid that is phenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid substituted by a methylenedioxy group at the 3,4 positions and by a nitro group at position 10.	2	1	0	aristolochic acids; aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; cyclic acetal; monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotetracyclic compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; mutagen; nephrotoxin; toxin
1,n(6)-ethenoadenosine 1,N(6)-ethenoadenosine: fluorescent probe; structure	2.38	2	0
3,4-epoxybutane-1,2-diol 3,4-epoxybutane-1,2-diol: a butadiene metabolite	2.92	4	0
deoxyglucose Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.	2.13	1	0
3-chloro-L-tyrosine 3-chloro-L-tyrosine : A chloroamino acid comprising a tyrosine core with a chloro- substituent ortho to the phenolic hydroxy group.	2.02	1	0	chloroamino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-tyrosine derivative; monochlorobenzenes; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	biomarker; human metabolite
anserine Anserine: A dipeptide containing BETA-ALANINE.. anserine : A dipeptide comprising of beta-alanine and 3-methyl-L-histidine units.	6.98	1	0	beta-alanine derivative; dipeptide; zwitterion	animal metabolite; mouse metabolite
6-phenylhexyl isothiocyanate [no description available]	2.39	2	0
9-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)adenine [no description available]	3.77	3	0
kahweol [no description available]	2.03	1	0	diterpenoid; furans; organic heteropentacyclic compound; primary alcohol; tertiary alcohol	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
valerates Valerates: Derivatives of valeric acid, including its salts and esters.	2.37	2	0	short-chain fatty acid anion; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	plant metabolite
1,5(10)-estradiene-3,4,17-trione 1,5(10)-estradiene-3,4,17-trione: structure given in first source. estra-1,5(10)-diene-3,4,17-trione : An o-quinone resulting from the formal oxidation of the dihydroxyphenyl moiety of 4-hydroxyestrone.	1.99	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1) steroid; orthoquinones	human metabolite
tanshinone tanshinone: from root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge; RN given refers to tanshinone I; cardioprotective agent and neuroprotective agent	1.99	1	0	abietane diterpenoid	anticoronaviral agent
4,6-diamino-5-n-formamidopyrimidine 4,6-diamino-5-N-formamidopyrimidine: formed when adenine is exposed to ionizing radiation. 4,6-diamino-5-formamidopyrimidine : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 4,6-diaminopyrimidine bearing an additional formamido substituent at position 5. A DNA lesion formed when DNA exposed to ionising radiation.	5.12	14	0	aminopyrimidine; formamidopyrimidine
fe(ii)-edta Fe(II)-EDTA: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.4	2	0	iron coordination entity
dimethyldioxirane dimethyldioxirane: structure given in first source; powerful oxidizing agent	7.4	2	0
annamycin annamycin: structure given in first source	3.13	1	0
marimastat marimastat: a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor active in patients with advanced carcinoma of the pancreas, prostate, or ovary. marimastat : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the foraml condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[(1S)-1-hydroxy-2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the alpha-amino group of N,3-dimethyl-L-valinamide.	3.11	1	0	hydroxamic acid; secondary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
5-methoxymethyl-2'-deoxyuridine 5-methoxymethyl-2'-deoxyuridine: used in treatment of experimental herpes simplex keratitis	1.96	1	0
clofarabine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	adenosines; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
caprylates Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.	2.44	2	0	fatty acid anion 8:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4,5-dioxovaleric acid 4,5-dioxopentanoic acid : A dioxo monocarboxylic acid consisting of a valeric acid core with the two oxo groups at the 4- and 5-positions.	1.99	1	0	dioxo monocarboxylic acid
lexitropsin lexitropsin: structure given in first source; information reading oligopeptide	2.41	2	0
4-(acetoxymethylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone 4-(acetoxymethylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone: structure given in first source; a pyridyloxobutylating agent used for altering DNA	8.5	8	0
angustmycin a angustmycin A: structure; from Streptomyces hygroscopicus; inhibits GMP synthesis	2.44	2	0	6-aminopurines
1,2-dioxetane [no description available]	8.49	2	0
wye [no description available]	5.9	33	0
deoxyhypusine deoxyhypusine : An L-lysine derivative in which the N(6) of the lysine is substituted with a 4-aminobutyl group.	2.1	1	0	L-lysine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	human metabolite
cyclobut a cyclobut A: structure given in first source; RN given refers to the (1alpha,2beta,3alpha)-(+-)-isomer	3.07	5	0
hexaamminecobalt(ii) hexaamminecobalt(II): RN given refers to parent cpd	3.23	6	0
5-chloromethylfluorescein diacetate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	acetate ester	fluorochrome
florox reagent Florox Reagent: reagent for analysis of ketosteroids; structure	2	1	0
1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminoethyl)carbodiimide 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminoethyl)carbodiimide: carboxyl modifying agent	2	1	0
5-ethynyl-1-ribofuranosylimidazole-4-carboxamide 5-ethynyl-1-ribofuranosylimidazole-4-carboxamide: used in therapy of experimental leukemia	1.98	1	0
4-amino-5-bromo-7-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl)pyrrolo(2,3-d)pyrimidine 4-amino-5-bromo-7-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl)pyrrolo(2,3-d)pyrimidine: structure given in first source; 5-bromotubercidin in which the ribose is replaced by 2-hydroxyethoxymethyl	2.38	2	0
trichloromethyl free radical trichloromethyl free radical: able to react with amino acid esters	2.38	2	0	organic radical
methyleneimine methyleneimine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source	1.95	1	0	aldimine; one-carbon compound
carbene carbene: electrically neutral species H2C: and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons; carbene is the name of the parent hydride :CH2 ; hence, the name dichlorocarbene for :CCl2. However, names for acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons containing one or more divalent carbon atoms are derived from the name of the corresponding all-4-hydrocarbon using the suffix -ylidene; methylene carbene also available. carbene : The electrically neutral species H2C(2.) and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons, which may be spin-paired (singlet state) or spin-non-paired (triplet state).	2.02	1	0	carbene; methanediyl
3-methylthymine 3,5-dimethyluracil : A pyrimidone that is uracil with methyl group substituents at positions 3 and 5.	2.46	2	0	methylthymine; pyrimidone	metabolite
peroxynitrous acid Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).	5.54	21	0	nitrogen oxoacid
pentafluorophenylisothiocyanate pentafluorophenylisothiocyanate: coupling agent used in Edman degradation	1.99	1	0
fullerene c60 Fullerenes: A polyhedral CARBON structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. Fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere.. fullerene : A compound composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with twelve five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings. The term has been broadened to include any closed cage structure consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atoms.	2.74	3	0	fullerene	geroprotector
imatinib mesylate imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.	5.51	3	1	methanesulfonate salt	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
gefitinib [no description available]	16.06	53	20	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; morpholines; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
deltorphin ii, ala(2)- deltorphin II, Ala(2)-: isolated from skin extracts of frogs belonging to the genus Phyllomedusa; has affinity to opioid receptors	2.02	1	0
glycerophosphoethanolamine glycerol 3-phosphoethanolamine: a membrane lipid degradation product	2.05	1	0	phosphoethanolamine; sn-glycerol 3-phosphates
1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone 1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone: structure given in first source. 1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)hexan-1-one : A differentiation-inducing factor that is hexaphenone bearing two chloro substituents at positions 3 and 5, two hydroxy substituents at positions 2 and 6 as well as a single methoxy substituent at position 4. A secreted, chlorinated molecule that controls cell fate during development of Dictyostelium cells.	3.36	7	0	dichlorobenzene; differentiation-inducing factor; monomethoxybenzene; resorcinols	eukaryotic metabolite; signalling molecule
coenzyme f420 coenzyme gamma-F420-2 : The amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of F420-0 with the amino group of L-gamma-glutamyl-L-glutamic acid.	1.96	1	0
amdoxovir amdoxovir: structure in first source; RN given refers to (2R-cis)-isomer	7.42	2	0
ferric bleomycin iron bleomycin: iron-bleomycin complexes	2.39	2	0
4-azido-7-phenylpyrazolo-(1,5a)-1,3,5-triazine 4-azido-7-phenylpyrazolo-(1,5a)-1,3,5-triazine: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
3-deazaguanosine 3-deazaguanosine: structure	4.93	12	0
5'-amino-5-iodo-2',5'-dideoxyuridine [no description available]	3.46	2	0
1,(n2)-ethenoguanine 1,(N2)-ethenoguanine: formed from 2-halooxiranes; structure given in first source. 1,N(2)-ethenoguanine : A nucleobase analogue obtained by addition of an etheno group across positions 1 and N2 of guanine.	4.04	14	0	imidazopurine; nucleobase analogue
pseudoisocytidine pseudoisocytidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2	1	0
1,n(2)-ethenoguanosine 1,N(2)-ethenoguanosine: structure given in first source	3.08	1	0
8-oxo-dado 2'-deoxy-7,8-dihydro-8-oxoadenosine: structure given in first source	4.2	6	0
o(6)-benzyl-2'-deoxyguanosine [no description available]	8.4	7	0
n'-(2-chloroethyl)-n-(2-(methylsulfinyl)ethyl)-n'-nitrosourea N'-(2-chloroethyl)-N-(2-(methylsulfinyl)ethyl)-N'-nitrosourea: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
psorospermin psorospermin: from Psorospermum febrifugum (Clusiaceae); some evidence it alkylates Gua N7 of DNA. psorospermin : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 1,2-dihydro-6H-furo[2,3-c]xanthene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 10, a methoxy group at position 5 nad a 2-methyloxiran-2-yl group at position 2.	1.99	1	0	epoxide; organic heterotetracyclic compound; xanthones	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
ethazolastone ethazolastone: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
methotrexate [no description available]	10.85	57	1	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
5,6,7,9-tetrahydro-7-hydroxy-9-oxoimidazo(1,2-a)purine 5,6,7,9-tetrahydro-7-hydroxy-9-oxoimidazo(1,2-a)purine: derivative of N(2)-(2-oxoethyl)guanine; structure given in first source	2.4	2	0
brl 42359 BRL 42359: metabolite of famciclovir; does not inhibit the 6beta-hydroxylation of testosterone in human liver microsomes; structure given in first source	4.64	6	1
dihydroethidium dihydroethidium: RN given is for the (+-)-isomer	2.1	1	0
3-n-(2-fluoroethyl)spiperone 3-N-(2-fluoroethyl)spiperone: structure given in first source	2.42	2	0
4-amino-3-iodobenzylguanidine 4-amino-3-iodobenzylguanidine: labeled with 125I; structure given in first source	2.06	1	0
9-aminoacridine-4-carboxamide [no description available]	2	1	0
4-s-(propionic acid)sulfidocyclophosphamide 4-S-(propionic acid)sulfidocyclophosphamide: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
2-hydroxypropylvaline 2-hydroxypropylvaline: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 11/88	2.41	2	0
talotrexin N(alpha)-(4-amino-4-deoxypteroyl)-N(delta)-hemiphthaloyl-L-ornithine: RN refers to (S)-isomer	2.72	3	0
6h,8h-3,4-dihydropyrimido(4,5-c)(1,2)oxazin-7-one 6H,8H-3,4-dihydropyrimido(4,5-c)(1,2)oxazin-7-one: structure given in first source	2.69	3	0
umifenovir umifenovir: an antiviral agent	3.41	1	0	indolyl carboxylic acid
6-hydroxyethylguanine 6-hydroxyethylguanine: formed in DNA treated with BCNU	3.07	5	0
omega-n-methylarginine omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.	4.45	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; arginine derivative; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
imidazolecarboxamide imidazolecarboxamide: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also related record for imidazole-4-carboxamide	2.62	3	0
4-hydroxy-equilenin 4-hydroxy-equilenin: structure given in first source; is the major catechol metabolite of the equine estrogens EQUILENIN and EQUILIN; induces DNA damage	7.41	2	0
cytidine 5'-phospho-2-methylimidazolide [no description available]	2.68	3	0
xylose xylopyranose: structure in first source	3.05	5	0	D-xylose
quinone methide quinone methide: intermediate in eumelanin biosynthesis; structure given in first source. quinomethane : A methylidenecyclohexadienone, formally derived from a benzoquinone by replacement of one of the quinone oxygens by a methylidene group.	2.01	1	0	quinomethane
1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane: structure in first source	2.04	1	0
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	6.86	36	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cucurbitaceae Cucurbitaceae: The gourd plant family of the order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. It is sometimes placed in its own order, Cucurbitales. 'Melon' generally refers to CUCUMIS; CITRULLUS; or MOMORDICA.	2.01	1	0
3-nitropyrrole [no description available]	2.4	2	0
eckol eckol: structure given in first source; isolated from brown alga Ecklonia kurome Okamura; inhibitor of alpha 2-antiplasmin. eckol : A phlorotannin that is oxanthrene-1,3,6,8-tetrol substituted by a 3,5-dihydroxyphenoxy moiety at position 4. Isolated from the marine brown alga, Ecklonia cava, it exhibits antioxidant activity.	2.07	1	0	phlorotannin	antioxidant; metabolite
tris-(1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium tris-(1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium: (103)Ru-labeled indigestible marker for large intestine studies; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.21	1	0
10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin 10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin: structure in first source. pralatrexate : A pteridine that is the N-4-[1-(2,4-diaminopteridin-6-yl)pent-4-yn-2-yl]benzoyl derivative of L-glutamic acid. Used for treatment of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma, an aggressive form of non-Hodgkins lymphoma.	2.76	3	0	N-acyl-L-glutamic acid; pteridines; terminal acetylenic compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
docetaxel anhydrous Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.	18.89	118	38	secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent
altromycin b altromycin B: from an actinomycete; structure given in second source	7.39	2	0
irofulven irofulven: structure in first source	3.11	1	0	cyclohexenones
peptide elongation factor 2 Peptide Elongation Factor 2: Peptide Elongation Factor 2 catalyzes the translocation of peptidyl-tRNA from the A site to the P site of eukaryotic ribosomes by a process linked to the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP.	1.98	1	0
levofloxacin Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.	2.05	1	0	9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
dx 8951 [no description available]	3.13	1	0	pyranoindolizinoquinoline
glucose 6-(hydrogen sulfate) glucose 6-(hydrogen sulfate): RN given refers to (D)-isomer	1.93	1	0	monosaccharide sulfate
vatalanib [no description available]	3.43	1	1	monochlorobenzenes; phthalazines; pyridines; secondary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
altritol altritol: structure given in first source. D-altritol : A hexitol that is hexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having (2R,3R,4S,5R) configuration; the D-enantiomer of altritol.	2.07	1	0	hexitol	algal metabolite; marine metabolite
phosphorodithioic acid dithiophosphoric acid : A phosphorothioic acid that is the phosphoric acid having two of its oxygen atoms replaced by sulfur atoms.	2.51	2	0	phosphorothioic acid
dirhodium tetraacetate dirhodium tetraacetate: structure given in first source	2.94	4	0
potassium diazoacetate potassium diazoacetate: it is a stable nitrosated derivative of glycine, one of the most common dietary amino acids	2	1	0
1-ethynylpyrene 1-ethynylpyrene: RN & structure given in first source; RN not in Chemline 12/84	7.02	1	0
phorbols Phorbols: The parent alcohol of the tumor promoting compounds from CROTON OIL (Croton tiglium).	2.87	4	0	diterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent
naproxen Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.	2	1	0	methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.	7.37	59	0	oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species
lactitol lactitol : A glycosyl alditol consisting of beta-D-galactopyranose and D-glucitol joined by a 1->4 glycosidic bond. It is used as a laxative, as an excipient, and as replacement bulk sweetener in some low-calorie foods.	2.02	1	0	glycosyl alditol	cathartic; excipient; laxative
1-(2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-beta-arabinofuranosyl)-5-methylcytosine triphosphate 1-(2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-beta-arabinofuranosyl)-5-methylcytosine triphosphate: RN given refers to (D)-isomer	2	1	0
naphthalenediimide naphthalenediimide: structure in first source	4.24	5	0
n-acetyl-s-(propionamide)cysteine N-acetyl-S-(propionamide)cysteine: structure in first source	2.11	1	0	N-acyl-L-amino acid
camphora camphora: a component of Guanxingao, a kind of traditional Chinese rubber electuary medicine which is able to either cure or guard against coronary heart disease and angina pectoris. (R)-camphor : The (R)- enantiomer of camphor.	2	1	0	camphor
telbivudine [no description available]	16.39	140	15	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
barminomycin i barminomycin I: an anthracycline antibiotic from Actinomadura roseoviolacea or Actinomadura carminata	2	1	0
tipifarnib [no description available]	3.11	1	0	imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound; quinolone	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor
calcium aluminate [no description available]	2.06	1	0
ammonium cyanide [no description available]	2.7	3	0
singlet oxygen Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.	7.12	35	0	chalcogen; monoatomic oxygen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
2,5-dimethyl-3,6-diaziridinyl-1,4-benzoquinone 2,5-dimethyl-3,6-diaziridinyl-1,4-benzoquinone: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
1,7-dimethylguanosine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	purine nucleoside
fenton's reagent Fenton's reagent: used for oxidizing sugars & alcohols	4.22	5	0
cyc 202 seliciclib : 2,6-Diaminopurine carrying benzylamino, (2R)-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl and isopropyl substituents at C-6, C-2-N and N-9 respectively. It is an experimental drug candidate in the family of pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors.	2.02	1	0	2,6-diaminopurines	antiviral drug; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
carbodiimides Carbodiimides: Compounds with the general formula RN=C=NR, where R is a hydrocarbyl group.. methanediimine : A carbodiimide in which both nitrogens are unsubstituted.	3.38	7	0	carbodiimide
i-677 4-oxalysine: from Streptomyces reseoviridofuscus; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. O-(2-aminoethyl)-L-serine : An L-alpha-amino acid that is L-serine in which the hydroxy group at position 3 is converted to the corresponding 2-aminoethyl ether. An antimetabolic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces reseoviridofuscus.	3.21	1	0	L-serine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
n(4)-methoxycytosine [no description available]	2.91	4	0
2,4,5-trihydroxypentanoic acid gamma-lactone [no description available]	2.13	1	0	ribonolactone	metabolite
5-trifluoromethyl-2'-deoxyuridylic acid [no description available]	1.96	1	0
6-methylthiohexyl isothiocyanate 6-methylthiohexyl isothiocyanate: isolated from Wasabia japonica (wasabi). 1-isothiocyanato-6-(methylsulfanyl)hexane : A isothiocyanate that is hexane in which two of the terminal methyl hydrogens at positions 1 and 6 have been replaced by isothiocyanato and methylsulfanyl groups.	2	1	0	isothiocyanate; methyl sulfide	antineoplastic agent; Arabidopsis thaliana metabolite; EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
paromomycin Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.	2.74	3	0	amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside antibiotic	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial drug; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug
chlorophyllide a chlorophyllide a: important intermediate in the chlorophyll a biosynthetic pathway	2.11	1	0
thiophosphoric acid thiophosphoric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.55	2	0	phosphorothioic acid
amplex red Amplex Red: a component of the Amplex Red Hydrogen Peroxide Assay Kit	2.07	1	0
n(6)-methyl-2'-deoxyadenosine N(6)-methyl-2'-deoxyadenosine: structure given in first source	1.96	1	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside
aminopterin Aminopterin: A folic acid derivative used as a rodenticide that has been shown to be teratogenic.	5.14	15	0	dicarboxylic acid	EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; mutagen
wyosine wyosine: derivative of tricyclic guanine nucleus; see also record for wye (base); structure	3.47	2	0	carbohydrate derivative; nucleobase-containing molecular entity
biotin vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.	8.69	10	0	biotins; vitamin B7	coenzyme; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; prosthetic group; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	2.92	4	0	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
campesterol campesterol: RN refers to (3beta,24R)-isomer; structure	1.96	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; C28-steroid; phytosterols	mouse metabolite
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	3.06	5	0
ruthenium-tris-1,4,5,8-tetraazaphenanthrene ruthenium-tris-1,4,5,8-tetraazaphenanthrene: structure given in first source; RN refers to dichloride	2.52	2	0
7-hydroxy-5,11-dioxotetranorprostane-1,16-dioic acid [no description available]	4.41	1	1	prostanoid
enzastaurin [no description available]	9.31	11	6	indoles; maleimides
n(2),3-ethenoguanine N(2),3-ethenoguanine: formed from 2-halooxiranes. N(2),3-ethenoguanine : A nucleobase analogue obtained by addition of an etheno group across positions N2 and 3 of guanine.	6.05	22	0	imidazopurine; nucleobase analogue
erlotinib hydrochloride [no description available]	17.49	90	24	hydrochloride; terminal acetylenic compound	antineoplastic agent; protein kinase inhibitor
organophosphonates hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.	22.77	543	65	divalent inorganic anion; phosphite ion
nickel monoxide [no description available]	2.04	1	0
dibenz(a,j)anthracene-3,4-diol-1,2-epoxide dibenz(a,j)anthracene-3,4-diol-1,2-epoxide: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
2,4-diamino-6-benzyloxy-5-nitrosopyrimidine 2,4-diamino-6-benzyloxy-5-nitrosopyrimidine: inhibits O(6)-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase; structure given in first source	2.08	1	0
aflatoxin b1 Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.	10.7	62	2	aflatoxin; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone	carcinogenic agent; human metabolite
4-nitrophenyl phosphonate 4-nitrophenyl phosphonate: catalyzes hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl esters	2.17	1	0
fe(iii)-edta Fe(III)-EDTA: iron fortifying agent; RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0	iron coordination entity
2-deoxystreptamine 2-deoxystreptamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure.. 2-deoxystreptamine : An amino cyclitol consisting of scyllo-inositol with the hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 3 replaced by unsubstituted amino groups and that at position 2 replaced by hydrogen.	2.01	1	0
lapatinib [no description available]	3.14	1	0	furans; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; quinazolines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
prizes acetamiprid: structure in first source. (E)-acetamiprid : The (E)-stereoisomer of acetamiprid.. acetamiprid : A carboxamidine that is acetamidine in which the amino hydrogens are substituted by a (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl and a methyl group while the hydrogen attached to the imino nitrogen is replaced by a cyano group.	2.6	1	0	carboxamidine; monochloropyridine; nitrile	environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; xenobiotic
sorafenib [no description available]	5.98	9	3	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas; pyridinecarboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
lenalidomide [no description available]	2.21	1	0	aromatic amine; dicarboximide; isoindoles; piperidones	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; immunomodulator
solifenacin succinate Solifenacin Succinate: A quinuclidine and tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and selective M3 MUSCARINIC ANTAGONIST. It is used as a UROLOGIC AGENT in the treatment of URINARY INCONTINENCE.	2.03	1	0	isoquinolines
s-benzylcysteine [no description available]	1.98	1	0
salophen salphen: structure in first source	2.6	1	0
cholic acid Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.	2.1	1	0	12alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid; bile acid; C24-steroid; trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
deoxycholic acid Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.	2.01	1	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human blood serum metabolite
cortisone [no description available]	7.86	4	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
cholesterol alpha-oxide cholesterol alpha-oxide: RN given refers to (3beta,5alpha,6alpha)-isomer; structure	2.07	1	0	3beta-hydroxy steroid; epoxy steroid; oxysterol
3-nitrotyrosine 3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	5.43	19	0	2-nitrophenols; C-nitro compound; nitrotyrosine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
5-hydroxymethylfurfural 5-hydroxymethylfurfural: has antisickling activity; HMF is the causative component in honey that affects the presystemic metabolism and pharmacokinetics of GZ in-vivo. 5-hydroxymethylfurfural : A member of the class of furans that is furan which is substituted at positions 2 and 5 by formyl and hydroxymethyl substituents, respectively. Virtually absent from fresh foods, it is naturally generated in sugar-containing foods during storage, and especially by drying or cooking. It is the causative component in honey that affects the presystemic metabolism and pharmacokinetics of GZ in-vivo.	3.56	1	1	arenecarbaldehyde; furans; primary alcohol	indicator; Maillard reaction product
sodium sulfide sodium sulfide: see also record for sodium bisulfide; actisoufre is the sodium sulfide component of sulfur-containing thermal springs which is also found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae	2.05	1	0
2-hydroxyestradiol 2-hydroxyestradiol: catechol estrogen; RN given refers to (17 beta)-isomer. 2-hydroxy-17beta-estradiol : A 2-hydroxy steroid that consists of 17beta-estradiol having an additional hydroxy group at position 2.	7.41	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 2-hydroxy steroid	carcinogenic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug
benzofurans Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.	3.21	6	0
potassium bromide potassium bromide : A metal bromide salt with a K(+) counterion.	1.97	1	0	potassium salt
lupeol [no description available]	2.17	1	0	pentacyclic triterpenoid; secondary alcohol	anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite
homoharringtonine Homoharringtonine: Semisynthetic derivative of harringtonine that acts as a protein synthesis inhibitor and induces APOPTOSIS in tumor cells. It is used in the treatment of MYELOID LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC.. omacetaxine mepesuccinate : A cephalotaxine-derived alkaloid ester obtained from Cephalotaxus harringtonia; used for the treatment of chronic or accelerated phase chronic myeloid leukaemia.	7.21	1	0	alkaloid ester; enol ether; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; protein synthesis inhibitor
acivicin [no description available]	2	1	0	isoxazoles; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound	antileishmanial agent; antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.3.2.2 (gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor; glutamine antagonist; metabolite
5-formyluracil 5-formyluracil: structure. 5-formyluracil : A pyrimidone resulting from the formal oxidation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of 5-hydroxymethyluracil to the corresponding aldehyde. It is a major one-electron photooxidation product of thymine in oligodeoxynucleotides.	8.29	6	0	aldehyde; nucleobase analogue; pyrimidone	human metabolite; mutagen
wortmannin [no description available]	2.72	3	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; delta-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Penicillium metabolite; radiosensitizing agent
acronine Acronine: A pyrano-acridone alkaloid found in RUTACEAE plants.. acronycine : An alkaloid antineoplastic agent isolated from Acronychia baueri.	3.52	2	0	acridone derivatives; alkaloid	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
2'-fluorothymidine [no description available]	9.54	26	2
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.	2.06	1	0
o-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol O-(Chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol: Semisynthetic analog of fumagillin (a cyclohexane-sesquiterpene antibiotic isolated from ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS) that inhibits angiogenesis.. O-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol : A carbamate ester that is fumagillol in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding N-(chloroacetyl)carbamate derivative.	2.05	1	0	carbamate ester; organochlorine compound; semisynthetic derivative; sesquiterpenoid; spiro-epoxide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor; retinoic acid receptor alpha antagonist
bortezomib [no description available]	9.13	11	2	amino acid amide; L-phenylalanine derivative; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; protease inhibitor; proteasome inhibitor
ritonavir Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.	3.73	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; carbamate ester; carboxamide; L-valine derivative; ureas	antiviral drug; environmental contaminant; HIV protease inhibitor; xenobiotic
dihydropyridines Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.	2.47	2	0
permanganate [no description available]	7.41	2	0	manganese oxoacid
leupeptins Leupeptins: A group of acylated oligopeptides produced by Actinomycetes that function as protease inhibitors. They have been known to inhibit to varying degrees trypsin, plasmin, KALLIKREINS, papain and the cathepsins.	2.08	1	0
carboplatin [no description available]	25.2	199	92
lithium chloride Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.	2.04	1	0	inorganic chloride; lithium salt	antimanic drug; geroprotector
9-deazaadenosine [no description available]	1.96	1	0
s-adenosylhomocysteine S-Adenosylhomocysteine: 5'-S-(3-Amino-3-carboxypropyl)-5'-thioadenosine. Formed from S-adenosylmethionine after transmethylation reactions.. S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine : An organic sulfide that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-homocysteine.	4.67	9	0	adenosines; amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine derivative; homocysteines; organic sulfide	cofactor; EC 2.1.1.72 [site-specific DNA-methyltransferase (adenine-specific)] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.79 (cyclopropane-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase) inhibitor; epitope; fundamental metabolite
5'-methylthioadenosine 5'-methylthioadenosine: structure. 5'-S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine : Adenosine with the hydroxy group at C-5' substituted with a methylthio (methylsulfanyl) group.	1.97	1	0	thioadenosine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycogen glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.	2.65	3	0
ribulose 5-phosphate ribulose 5-phosphate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. D-ribulose 5-phosphate : The D-enantiomer of ribulose 5-phosphate that is one of the end-products of the pentose phosphate pathway.. ribulose 5-phosphate : A ribulose phosphate in which the phosphate group is attached at position 5.	1.99	1	0	ribulose 5-phosphate	mouse metabolite
arabinose [no description available]	2.87	4	0	L-arabinose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
bradykinin [no description available]	2.38	2	0	oligopeptide	human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent
canavanine L-canavanine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-homoserine substituted at oxygen with a guanidino (carbamimidamido) group. Although structurally related to L-arginine, it is non-proteinogenic.	2.44	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite
hexacyanoferrate iii hexacyanoferrate III: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0
glucosamine D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.	1.95	1	0	D-glucosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; mouse metabolite
elastin [no description available]	2.38	2	0	oligopeptide
carnosine polaprezinc: stimulates bone growth	6.98	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; dipeptide	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Daphnia magna metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent
ribose 1-phosphate ribose 1-phosphate: RN given refers to (D)-isomer. alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate : The 1-phospho derivative of alpha-D-ribose.	2.39	2	0	D-ribose 1-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite
xanthosine 5'-triphosphate xanthosine 5'-triphosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.03	1	0	purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate; xanthosine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
7-dehydrocholesterol [no description available]	2.08	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; cholestanoid; Delta(5),Delta(7)-sterol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
ouabain Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.	2.88	4	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; alpha-L-rhamnoside; cardenolide glycoside; steroid hormone	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; plant metabolite
puromycin [no description available]	3.45	8	0	puromycins	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor; nucleoside antibiotic; protein synthesis inhibitor
alpha-aminobutyric acid alpha-aminobutyric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. alpha-aminobutyric acid : An alpha-amino acid that is butyric acid bearing a single amino substituent located at position 2.. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid : An optically active form of alpha-aminobutyric acid having D-configuration.	1.97	1	0	alpha-aminobutyric acid; D-alpha-amino acid
pentostatin Pentostatin: A potent inhibitor of ADENOSINE DEAMINASE. The drug induces APOPTOSIS of LYMPHOCYTES, and is used in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity.. pentostatin : A member of the class of coformycins that is coformycin in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced with a hydrogen. It is a drug used for the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia.	2.67	3	0	coformycins	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
5-methyldeoxycytidine [no description available]	2.72	3	0	2'-deoxycytidine
inositol 3-phosphate inositol 3-phosphate: RN given refers to (myo)-isomer	2.38	2	0
dehydroascorbic acid Dehydroascorbic Acid: The reversibly oxidized form of ascorbic acid. It is the lactone of 2,3-DIKETOGULONIC ACID and has antiscorbutic activity in man on oral ingestion.. L-dehydroascorbate : An organic anion and the conjugate base of L-dehydroascorbic acid, arising from deprotonation of the acidic C2-position.. L-dehydroascorbic acid : Dehydroascorbic acid having the L-configuration.	2.01	1	0	dehydroascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; mouse metabolite
(+)-limonene (4R)-limonene : An optically active form of limonene having (4R)-configuration.	2	1	0	limonene	plant metabolite
quinidine Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.	2.34	2	0	cinchona alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; muscarinic antagonist; P450 inhibitor; potassium channel blocker; sodium channel blocker
meropenem Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.	2.25	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; carbapenemcarboxylic acid; organic sulfide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug; drug allergen
griseofulvin Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.	2	1	0	1-benzofurans; antibiotic antifungal drug; benzofuran antifungal drug; organochlorine compound; oxaspiro compound	antibacterial agent; Penicillium metabolite
monensin Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.	2	1	0	cyclic hemiketal; monocarboxylic acid; polyether antibiotic; spiroketal	antifungal agent; coccidiostat; ionophore
abacavir abacavir: a carbocyclic nucleoside with potent selective anti-HIV activity. abacavir : A 2,6-diaminopurine that is (1S)-cyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in which the pro-R hydrogen at the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl group. A nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with antiretroviral activity against HIV, it is used (particularly as the sulfate) with other antiretrovirals in combination therapy of HIV infection.	2.95	4	0	2,6-diaminopurines	antiviral drug; drug allergen; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
indican [no description available]	3.48	2	0	beta-D-glucoside; exopolysaccharide; indolyl carbohydrate
naringin [no description available]	2.44	2	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; neohesperidoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
ochratoxin a ochratoxin A: structure in first source & in Merck, 9th ed, #6549. ochratoxin A : A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid (ochratoxin alpha). It is among the most widely occurring food-contaminating mycotoxins, produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium verrucosum.	8.02	4	0	isochromanes; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acyl-L-phenylalanine; organochlorine compound; phenylalanine derivative	Aspergillus metabolite; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; mycotoxin; nephrotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; teratogenic agent
lignans Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	2.13	1	0
acriflavine Acriflavine: 3,6-Diamino-10-methylacridinium chloride mixt. with 3,6-acridinediamine. Fluorescent dye used as a local antiseptic and also as a biological stain. It intercalates into nucleic acids thereby inhibiting bacterial and viral replication.	2.35	2	0
teprotide Teprotide: A synthetic nonapeptide (Pyr-Trp-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gln-Ile-Pro-Pro) which is identical to the peptide from the venom of the snake, Bothrops jararaca. It inhibits kininase II and ANGIOTENSIN I and has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.	2.01	1	0	peptide
sodium arsenite sodium arsenite : An inoganic sodium salt with formula with formula NaAsO2.	2.01	1	0	arsenic molecular entity; inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; herbicide; insecticide; rodenticide
darifenacin darifenacin : 2-[(3S)-1-Ethylpyrrolidin-3-yl]-2,2-diphenylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens at the 2-position of the ethyl group is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl group. It is a selective antagonist for the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, which is primarily responsible for bladder muscle contractions, and is used as the hydrobromide salt in the management of urinary incontinence.	2.03	1	0	1-benzofurans; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrrolidines	antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	3	4	0	cyclodextrin
maleic acid maleic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd(Z)-isomer which is maleic acid; all RR's given refer to (Z)-isomer; (E)-isomer is fumaric acid. maleic acid : A butenedioic acid in which the double bond has cis- (Z)-configuration.	4.16	3	1	butenedioic acid	algal metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
ergosterol [no description available]	2.43	2	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; ergostanoid; phytosterols	fungal metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
trichostatin a trichostatin A: chelates zinc ion in the active site of histone deacetylases, resulting in preventing histone unpacking so DNA is less available for transcription; do not confuse with TRICHOSANTHIN which is a protein; found in STREPTOMYCES	2.96	4	0	antibiotic antifungal agent; hydroxamic acid; trichostatin	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; geroprotector
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	3.08	5	0	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
equilenin Equilenin: An estrogenic steroid produced by HORSES. It has a total of five double bonds in the A- and B-ring. High concentration of equilenin is found in the URINE of pregnant mares.. equilenin : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estrone which carries two double bonds at positions 6 and 8. It is found in the urine of pregnant mare's and extensively used for estrogen replacement therapy in postmenopausal women.	7.69	3	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid	antioxidant; mammalian metabolite
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	8.27	6	0	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
elinafide elinafide: structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
alpha-cyclodextrin alpha-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of six alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.	2.17	1	0	cyclodextrin
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	2.99	4	0	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
retinol Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).	2.69	3	0	retinol; vitamin A	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
ribothymidine ribothymidine : A methyluridine having a single methyl substituent at the 5-position on the uracil ring.	3.06	1	0	methyluridine	antigen; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
cyanoginosin lr cyanoginosin LR: cyclic heptapeptide from cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. microcystin-LR : A microcystin consisting of D-alanyl, L-leucyl, (3S)-3-methyl-D-beta-aspartyl,L-arginyl, 2S,3S,4E,6E,8S,9S)-3-amino-4,5,6,7-tetradehydro-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldecanoyl, D-gamma-glutamyl, and 2,3-didehydro-N-methylalanyl residues joined into a 25-membered macrocycle. Produced by the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, it is the most studied of the microcystins.	2.17	1	0	microcystin	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
palmitoleic acid hexadecenoate : A long-chain unsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of hexadecenoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	2.04	1	0	hexadec-9-enoic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human blood serum metabolite
oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.	2	1	0	octadec-9-enoic acid	antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent
tacrolimus Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.	5.27	4	1	macrolide lactam	bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
ferulic acid ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.	2.06	1	0	ferulic acids	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	2.42	2	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
mycophenolic acid Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.	5.01	40	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; xenobiotic
brivudine brivudine: anti-herpes agent	8.45	24	1
lycopene [no description available]	3.4	1	1	acyclic carotene	antioxidant; plant metabolite
adenylosuccinate aspartyl adenylate: RN given refers to (L)-isomer	2.41	2	0
formycin [no description available]	2.66	3	0	formycin	antineoplastic agent
2-butenal crotonaldehyde : An enal consisting of propene having a formyl group at the 1-position.	3.14	5	0	enal
neocarzinostatin chromophore neocarzinostatin chromophore: nonprotein chromophore of neocarzinostatin; antibiotic activity of Neocarzinostatin depends on wholy on chromophore interaction with DNA; Chrom A & Chrom B are separated by HPLC; Chrom C is derived from Chrom A; Chrom D is inactive minor component. neocarzinostatin chromophore : A naphthoate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-hydroxy-7-methoxy-5-methyl-1-naphthoic acid with the 5-hydroxy group of (1aS,5R,6R,6aE,9aR)-5-hydroxy-1a-[(4R)-2-oxo-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]-2,3,8,9-tetradehydro-1a,5,6,9a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[5,6]cyclonona[1,2-b]oxiren-6-yl 2,6-dideoxy-2-(methylamino)-alpha-D-galactopyranoside. The chromophoric part of neocarzinostatin, it is tightly and non-covelently bound to a 113-membered apoprotein, which serves to protect it and release it to the target DNA.	1.99	1	0	cyclopentacyclononaoxirene; D-galactosaminide; dioxolane; monosaccharide derivative; naphthoate ester	antineoplastic agent
argininamide argininamide: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. L-arginine amide : An amino acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-arginine with ammonia.	2.71	3	0	amino acid amide; guanidines; L-arginine derivative
n(1)-guanyl-1,7-diaminoheptane N(1)-guanyl-1,7-diaminoheptane: inhibits deoxyhypusine synthase. 2-(7-aminoheptyl)guanidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which the imino hydrogen of guanidine itself has been replaced by a 7-aminoheptyl group. It is an inhibitor of deoxyhypusine synthase activity (GO:0034038).	6.94	34	0	guanidines; primary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.5.1.46 (deoxyhypusine synthase) inhibitor
diethylstilbestrol Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.	2.86	4	0	olefinic compound; polyphenol	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inducer; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; endocrine disruptor; xenoestrogen
n-acetylmethionine N-acetylmethionine: RN given refers to L-isomer. N-acetylmethionine : A methionine derivative that is methionine in which one of the amine hydrogens is substituted by an acetyl group.	2.31	1	0	L-methionine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid; N-acetylmethionine	nutraceutical
epothilone a Epothilones: A group of 16-member MACROLIDES which stabilize MICROTUBULES in a manner similar to PACLITAXEL. They were originally found in the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum, now renamed to Polyangium (MYXOCOCCALES).	5.14	4	0	epothilone; epoxide	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent; tubulin modulator
afimoxifene afimoxifene : A tertiary amino compound that is tamoxifen in which the phenyl group which is in a Z- relationship to the ethyl substituent is hydroxylated at the para- position. It is the active metabolite of tamoxifen.	2.42	2	0	phenols; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; estrogen receptor antagonist; metabolite
thymopentin Thymopentin: Synthetic pentapeptide corresponding to the amino acids 32-36 of thymopoietin and exhibiting the full biological activity of the natural hormone. It is an immunomodulator which has been studied for possible use in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, AIDS, and other primary immunodeficiencies.	3.59	1	1	oligopeptide
taribavirin [no description available]	3.13	1	0	nucleobase-containing molecular entity
decitabine [no description available]	3.33	6	0	2'-deoxyribonucleoside
phorbol-12,13-didecanoate phorbol-12,13-didecanoate: RN given refers to (1aR-(1a alpha,1b beta,4a beta,7a alpha,7b alpha,8 alpha,9 beta,9a alpha))-isomer	3.22	6	0
lamivudine triphosphate [no description available]	2.92	1	0
phosmidosine phosmidosine: from Streptomyces sp. RK-16; structure given in first source	3.31	1	0
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)	7.21	54	0	actinomycin	mutagen
tiazofurin tiazofurin: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer; structure given in first source. tiazofurine : A C-glycosyl compound that is 1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl group. It is metabolised to thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide (TAD), a selective inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP dehydrogenase).	9.86	11	0	1,3-thiazoles; C-glycosyl compound; monocarboxylic acid amide	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; prodrug
aphidicolin Aphidicolin: An antiviral antibiotic produced by Cephalosporium aphidicola and other fungi. It inhibits the growth of eukaryotic cells and certain animal viruses by selectively inhibiting the cellular replication of DNA polymerase II or the viral-induced DNA polymerases. The drug may be useful for controlling excessive cell proliferation in patients with cancer, psoriasis or other dermatitis with little or no adverse effect upon non-multiplying cells.. aphidicolin : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that has an tetradecahydro-8,11a-methanocyclohepta[a]naphthalene skeleton with two hydroxymethyl substituents at positions 4 and 9, two methyl substituents at positions 4 and 11b and two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9. An antibiotic with antiviral and antimitotical properties. Aphidicolin is a reversible inhibitor of eukaryotic nuclear DNA replication.	8.6	9	0	tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimicrobial agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; apoptosis inducer; Aspergillus metabolite; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite
carbodine carbodine: RN given refers to (R-(1alpha,2beta,3beta,4alpha))-isomer	2.38	2	0
azaserine Azaserine: Antibiotic substance produced by various Streptomyces species. It is an inhibitor of enzymatic activities that involve glutamine and is used as an antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent.. azaserine : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of diazoacetic acid with the alcoholic hydroxy group of L-serine. An antibiotic produced by a Streptomyces species.	4.2	18	0	carboxylic ester; diazo compound; L-serine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	antifungal agent; antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; glutamine antagonist; immunosuppressive agent; metabolite
melphalan Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.	8.77	11	0	L-phenylalanine derivative; nitrogen mustard; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
enkephalin, leucine Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.	1.98	1	0	pentapeptide; peptide zwitterion	analgesic; delta-opioid receptor agonist; human metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; rat metabolite
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde: proteasome inhibitor. N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal : A tripeptide that is L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been reduced to the corresponding aldehyde and the N-terminal amino group is protected as its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative.	2.08	1	0	amino aldehyde; carbamate ester; tripeptide	proteasome inhibitor
tenofovir tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.	22.46	548	37	nucleoside analogue; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; drug metabolite; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
elvucitabine [no description available]	2.02	1	0
gw 257406x maribavir: has antiviral activity against human cytomegalovirus	3.92	4	0
bromodeoxycytidine Bromodeoxycytidine: 5-Bromo-2'-deoxycytidine. Can be incorporated into DNA in the presence of DNA polymerase, replacing dCTP.	1.96	1	0
rubitecan rubitecan: RN refers to (+-)-isomer; anti-HIV agent; DNA Topoisomerases, Type I inhibitor. rubitecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline that is camptothecin in which the hydrogen at position 9 has been replaced by a nitro group. It is a prodrug for 9-aminocamptothecin.	3.11	1	0	C-nitro compound; delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; semisynthetic derivative; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; prodrug
5-hydroxy-2'-deoxycytidine 5-hydroxy-2'-deoxycytidine: a major oxidation product of 2'-deoxycytidine	2	1	0
micafungin Micafungin: A cyclic lipo-hexapeptide echinocandin antifungal agent that is used for the treatment and prevention of CANDIDIASIS.. micafungin : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic which exerts its effect by inhibiting the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall. It is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, and of aspergillosis in patients who are intolerant of other therapy.	2.03	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; echinocandin	antiinfective agent
oxanosine oxanosine: from Streptomyces capreolus MG265-CF3; has weak anti-bacterial action; structure in first source	2.02	1	0
cmx 001 [no description available]	2.17	1	0
favipiravir favipiravir : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine substituted by aminocarbonyl, hydroxy and fluoro groups at positions 2, 3 and 6, respectively. It is an anti-viral agent that inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of several RNA viruses and is approved for the treatment of influenza in Japan.	4.27	2	0	hydroxypyrazine; organofluorine compound; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor
riboflavin vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).	5.2	50	0	flavin; vitamin B2	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; food colouring; fundamental metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
maltitol maltitol : An alpha-D-glucoside consisting of D-glucitol having an alpha-D-glucosyl residue attached at the 4-position. Used as a sugar substitute.	7.03	1	0	alpha-D-glucoside; glycosyl alditol	laxative; metabolite; sweetening agent
5-fluoro-2'-deoxycytidine 5-fluoro-2'-deoxycytidine: structure	2.03	1	0
potassium permanganate Potassium Permanganate: Permanganic acid (HMnO4), potassium salt. A highly oxidative, water-soluble compound with purple crystals, and a sweet taste. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Information, 4th ed)	3.85	12	0
potassium perchlorate potassium perchlorate: thyroid antagonist; structure	2	1	0
sodium acetate, anhydrous Sodium Acetate: The trihydrate sodium salt of acetic acid, which is used as a source of sodium ions in solutions for dialysis and as a systemic and urinary alkalizer, diuretic, and expectorant.	2.06	1	0	organic sodium salt	NMR chemical shift reference compound
sodium perchlorate sodium perchlorate : An inorganic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and perchlorate ions.	2.71	3	0	inorganic sodium salt
bromochloroacetic acid Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.	3.39	7	0	2-bromocarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound
2-chloroacrolein 2-chloroacrolein: metabolite of the herbicide sulfallate	2.39	2	0
n-fluorobenzenesulfonimide N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
2-amino-7-methyl-1,8-naphthyridine 2-amino-7-methyl-1,8-naphthyridine: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
dimethyl fumarate [no description available]	3.35	1	0	diester; enoate ester; methyl ester	antipsoriatic; immunomodulator
glycosides [no description available]	4.94	12	0
chalcone trans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.	7.01	1	0	chalcone	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
isomethyleugenol Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	11.63	465	0	isomethyleugenol
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	3.96	13	0	stilbene
phenyl-n-tert-butylnitrone phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone: a spin-trapping agent	4.02	4	0
sorbic acid Sorbic Acid: Mold and yeast inhibitor. Used as a fungistatic agent for foods, especially cheeses.. (2E,4E)-hexa-2,4-dienoic acid : A sorbic acid having trans-double bonds at positions 2 and 4; a food preservative that can induce cutaneous vasodilation and stinging upon topical application to humans. It is the most thermodynamically stable of the four possible geometric isomers possible, as well as the one with the highest antimicrobial activity.. sorbic acid : A hexadienoic acid with double bonds at C-2 and C-4; it has four geometrical isomers, of which the trans,trans-form is naturally occurring.	2.06	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; sorbic acid
flavin-adenine dinucleotide Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide: A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)	2.37	2	0	flavin adenine dinucleotide; vitamin B2	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prosthetic group
pyrophosphate Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.	4.72	31	0	diphosphate ion
isopropyl thiogalactoside Isopropyl Thiogalactoside: A non-metabolizable galactose analog that induces expression of the LAC OPERON.. isopropyl beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside : An S-glycosyl compound consisting of beta-D-1-thiogalactose having an isopropyl group attached to the anomeric sulfur.	2.68	3	0	S-glycosyl compound
fludarabine [no description available]	3.52	2	0	purine nucleoside
propylthiouracil Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.	1.93	1	0	pyrimidinethione	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antimetabolite; antioxidant; antithyroid drug; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; hormone antagonist
nsc 4347 NSC 4347: structure in first source	2.02	1	0
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	3.82	3	0
chlorprothixene Chlorprothixene: A thioxanthine with effects similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics.. (Z)-chlorprothixene : A chlorprothixene in which the double bond adopts a (Z)-configuration.	2.05	1	0	chlorprothixene
mercaptopurine Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.	6.18	54	0	aryl thiol; purines; thiocarbonyl compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
methisazone Methisazone: An antiviral agent effective against pox viruses.	3.46	2	0
3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene 3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene: demethyl derivative of isorhapontigenin; structure in first source; a Syk kinase inhibitor; found in heartwood of FABACEAE; inhibitor of photosynthesis in spinach chloroplasts; may be inhibitor of plant growth; RN given refers to (E)-isomer. piceatannol : A stilbenol that is trans-stilbene in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4, while the other phenyl group is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5.	2.25	1	0	catechols; polyphenol; resorcinols; stilbenol	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
thioinosine Thioinosine: Sulfhydryl analog of INOSINE that inhibits nucleoside transport across erythrocyte plasma membranes, and has immunosuppressive properties. It has been used similarly to MERCAPTOPURINE in the treatment of leukemia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p503)	5.97	8	1
caffeic acid trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.	7.48	2	0	caffeic acid	geroprotector; mouse metabolite
urocanic acid Urocanic Acid: 4-Imidazoleacrylic acid.. urocanic acid : An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is prop-2-enoic acid substituted by a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3. It is a metabolite of hidtidine.. trans-urocanic acid : A urocanic acid in which the double bond of the carboxyethene moiety has E configuration.	3.51	2	0	urocanic acid	human metabolite
purine-nucleoside phosphorylase nucleoside phosphorylase: from Klebsiella sp.; acts on both purine & pyrimidine nucleosides & catalyzes the production of AraA from uridine arabinoside (AraU) & adenine	1.99	1	0
cotinine Cotinine: The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.. (-)-cotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum.	8.44	7	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine; pyridines; pyrrolidin-2-ones; pyrrolidine alkaloid	antidepressant; biomarker; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	8.32	6	0	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
6-thioxanthine 6-thioxanthine: gpt/6-TXenzyme/prodrug pair is a promising alternative to the thymidine kinase gene and ganciclovir combination in the gene therapy of cancer	2.7	3	0
2-thioxanthene [no description available]	2.03	1	0
thiouracil Thiouracil: Occurs in seeds of Brassica and Crucifera species. Thiouracil has been used as antithyroid, coronary vasodilator, and in congestive heart failure although its use has been largely supplanted by other drugs. It is known to cause blood dyscrasias and suspected of terato- and carcinogenesis.. thiouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the oxo group at C-2 is replaced by a thioxo group.	3.23	6	0	nucleobase analogue; thiocarbonyl compound	antithyroid drug; metabolite
methimazole Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.	1.97	1	0	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones	antithyroid drug
sulindac Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.	2.43	2	0	monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	analgesic; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; tocolytic agent
oxazolone Oxazolone: Immunologic adjuvant and sensitizing agent.	4.62	8	0
chlorogenic acid caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	2.06	1	0	cinnamate ester; tannin	food component; plant metabolite
thioguanine anhydrous Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.	6.47	71	0	2-aminopurines	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
thiobarbituric acid thiobarbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-thiobarbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid in which the oxygen at C-2 is replaced by sulfur.	2.38	2	0	barbiturates	allergen; reagent
ethylenethiourea Ethylenethiourea: A degradation product of ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate) fungicides. It has been found to be carcinogenic and to cause THYROID hyperplasia.	2.05	1	0	imidazolidines
s-phenyl-n-acetylcysteine S-phenyl-N-acetylcysteine: found in urine of rats exposed to benzene; RN given refers to (L)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 4/88	2.11	1	0	aryl sulfide; S-substituted N-acetyl-L-cysteine	biomarker; human urinary metabolite
thiourea Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.	3.2	6	0	one-carbon compound; thioureas; ureas	antioxidant; chromophore
safranine t safranin O : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-diamino-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium as the counterion. It is commonly used for staining Gram negative bacteria.	2.05	1	0	organic chloride salt	fluorochrome; histological dye
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	4.31	6	0	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
thioacetamide Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.	2.66	3	0	thiocarboxamide	hepatotoxic agent
tempo TEMPO: structure. TEMPO : A member of the class of aminoxyls that is piperidine that carries an oxidanediyl group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 2, 2, 6, and 6, respectively.	2.77	3	0	aminoxyls; piperidines	catalyst; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
aflatoxin b aflatoxin B2: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. aflatoxin B2 : An aflatoxin having a hexahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.	2.37	2	0	aflatoxin
6-thioguanosine 6-thioguanosine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.41	2	0	purine nucleoside
alpha-acetyllysine methyl ester alpha-acetyllysine methyl ester: RN refers to the (L-Lys)-isomer. N(alpha)-acetyl-L-lysine methyl ester : An alpha-amino acid ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N(alpha)-acetyl-L-lysine with the hydroxy group of methanol.	2.04	1	0	acetamides; alpha-amino acid ester; L-lysine derivative; methyl ester; primary amino compound
meso-1,2-diphenylethylenediamine, (r-(r,s))-isomer diphenylethylenediamine: structure in first source	3.56	1	1
tamoxifen [no description available]	8.27	6	0	stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate: structure in first source	2.1	1	0
nadp [no description available]	3.91	13	0
5-carboxytetramethylrhodamine succinimidyl ester [no description available]	2.03	1	0
6-carboxytetramethylrhodamine [no description available]	2.43	2	0
nitrobenzanthrone 3-nitrobenzanthrone: mutagenic environmental contaminant; structure in first source	7.75	3	0	phenanthrenes
estrone sulfate estrone sulfate: sulfoconjugated estrone; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.78	3	0	17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
alpha-2'-deoxythioguanosine alpha-2'-deoxythioguanosine: structure	2.4	2	0
2-thiothymidine 2-thiothymidine: structure given in first source	2.02	1	0
u 0126 U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.07	1	0	aryl sulfide; dinitrile; enamine; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; osteogenesis regulator; vasoconstrictor agent
telaprevir [no description available]	4.59	4	0	cyclopentapyrrole; cyclopropanes; oligopeptide; pyrazines	antiviral drug; hepatitis C protease inhibitor; peptidomimetic
5-hydroxycytosine [no description available]	11.63	16	1
lomeguatrib [no description available]	11.31	11	1
lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.	9.18	17	0	alkali metal atom
alpha-sarcin alpha-sarcin: basic protein 150 aa, MW 16 kDa; isolated from aspergillus giganteus; sequence similarity with ribonucleases such as RIBONUCLEASE T1; 85% identity with restrictocin; a ribotoxin cleaving the phosphodiester bond on the 3' side of G4325 in the alpha-sarcin/ricin domain of rat 28S RIBOSOMAL RNA; sometimes called a ribosome-inactivating protein but falls outside the normal definition of plant RIP that de-adenylate rRNA	2.03	1	0
cobaltous chloride cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.	1.99	1	0	cobalt salt; inorganic chloride	allergen; calcium channel blocker; sensitiser; two-colour indicator
nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.	3.41	7	0	nitrogen oxide
thiouridine Thiouridine: A photoactivable URIDINE analog that is used as an affinity label.. 4-thiouridine : A thiouridine in which the oxygen replaced by sulfur is that at C-4.	2.46	2	0	nucleoside analogue; thiouridine	affinity label; antimetabolite
quinine [no description available]	2.38	2	0	cinchona alkaloid	antimalarial; muscle relaxant; non-narcotic analgesic
6-thioguanylic acid [no description available]	2.01	1	0	organic molecule
4-thio-2'-deoxyuridine 4-thio-2'-deoxyuridine: RN in Chemline for 2-thio-isomer: 2i35059-12-2	2.02	1	0
15,16-dihydro-11-methylcyclopenta(a)phenanthren-17-one 15,16-dihydro-11-methylcyclopenta(a)phenanthren-17-one: structure	1.96	1	0
2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxyaflatoxin b(1) 2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxyaflatoxin B(1): acid hydrolysis product of RNA-aflatoxin B(1) adduct formed by liver microsomes; structure; RN given refers to (6aS-(6aalpha,8beta,9alpha,9aalpha))-isomer	1.96	1	0	coumarins
amrubicin amrubicin: structure in first source; a 9-amino-anthracycline antibiotic. amrubicin : A synthetic anthracycline antibiotic with molecular formula C25H25NO9. A specific inhibitor of topoisomerase II, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of cancer, especially lung cancer, where it is a prodrug for the active metabolite, ambrucinol.	3.55	2	0	anthracycline antibiotic; methyl ketone; primary amino compound; quinone; tetracenes	antineoplastic agent; prodrug; topoisomerase II inhibitor
thymidine glycol thymidine glycol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.4	2	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside
ro 19-8022 Ro 19-8022: structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
6-thioguanosine 5'-diphosphate [no description available]	2.38	2	0
e 7010 E 7010: inhibits tubulin polymerization; structure given in first source	5.85	2	1	sulfonamide
cystine [no description available]	8.58	9	0
2-thiouridine [no description available]	2.11	1	0	nucleoside analogue; thiouridine
alpha-hydroxytamoxifen alpha-hydroxytamoxifen: structure in first source	2.01	1	0	stilbenoid
dasatinib N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide: a dasatinib prodrug; structure in first source. dasatinib (anhydrous) : An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN).	3.57	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; aminopyrimidine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
laromustine laromustine: has antineoplastic activity	3.43	7	0
zd 6474 CH 331: structure in first source	8.22	7	3	aromatic ether; organobromine compound; organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinazolines; secondary amine	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
bis(phenanthrenequinonediimine)(bipyridyl)rhodium(iii) bis(phenanthrenequinonediimine)(bipyridyl)rhodium(III): structure given in first source; photofootprinting reagent	2.91	4	0
calixarenes Calixarenes: Phenolic metacyclophanes derived from condensation of PHENOLS and ALDEHYDES. The name derives from the vase-like molecular structures. A bracketed [n] indicates the number of aromatic rings.. calixarenes : Originally macrocyclic compounds capable of assuming a basket (or "calix") shaped conformation. They are formed from p-hydrocarbyl phenols and formaldehyde. The term now applies to a variety of derivatives by substitution of the hydrocarbon cyclo{oligo[(1,3-phenylene)methylene]}.. calixarene : A macrocycle composed of 1,3-phenylene groups linked by methylene groups. The number of 1,3-phenylene units in the macrocycle is denoted by the "n" in calix[n]arene name.	2.04	1	0
nickel(ii) (2,12-dimethyl-3,7,11,17-tetraazabicyclo(11.3.1)heptadeca-1(17),2,11,13,15-pentaene) perchlorate nickel(II) (2,12-dimethyl-3,7,11,17-tetraazabicyclo(11.3.1)heptadeca-1(17),2,11,13,15-pentaene) perchlorate: RN given refers to diperchlorate	2.4	2	0
5-chlorocytosine 5-chlorocytosine: structure in first source	2.42	2	0
amanitins Amanitins: Cyclic peptides extracted from carpophores of various mushroom species. They are potent inhibitors of RNA polymerases in most eukaryotic species, blocking the production of mRNA and protein synthesis. These peptides are important in the study of transcription. Alpha-amanitin is the main toxin from the species Amanitia phalloides, poisonous if ingested by humans or animals.	1.98	1	0
gentamicin c gentamicin C: RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF; see also record for micronomicin for which gentamicin C2b is synonym	2.01	1	0
phosphonic acid phosphonic acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of a single pentavalent phosphorus covalently bound via single bonds to a single hydrogen and two hydroxy groups and via a double bond to an oxygen. The parent of the class of phosphonic acids.	2.11	1	0
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	3.11	5	0
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	3.59	9	0	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
mtt formazan MTT formazan: a blue MEM-insoluble mitochondrial byproduct; used to determine viability of cells with active mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzymes	2.05	1	0
mrs 1523 2,3-diethyl-4,5-dipropyl-6-phenylpyridine-3-thiocarboxylate-5-carboxylate: adenosine A3 receptor antagonist	2.01	1	0
2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine: structure. 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine : A C-nitro compound that is phenylhydrazine substituted at the 2- and 4-positions by nitro groups.	2	1	0	C-nitro compound; phenylhydrazines	reagent
alpha-chymotrypsin Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.	2.87	4	0
4-benzyl-2-methyl-1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione 4-benzyl-2-methyl-1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione: a GSK3beta inhibitor. TDZD-8 : A member of the class of thiadiazolidines that is 1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione which is substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and by a benzyl group at position 4. It is a non-ATP competitive inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta). An experimental compound which was being developed for the potential treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	3.56	1	1	benzenes; thiadiazolidine	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
7-deazapurine 7-deazapurine: structure in first source	2.53	2	0
2-amino-1,8-naphthyridine 2-amino-1,8-naphthyridine: structure in first source	3.11	5	0
bromodeoxyuridine triphosphate [no description available]	1.96	1	0
naphthoquinones Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.	2.76	3	0
sodium borohydride sodium borohydride: RN given refers to parent cpd	8.49	8	0	inorganic sodium salt; metal tetrahydridoborate
alpha-carotene alpha-carotene: RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer; see also related record beta-carotene. alpha-carotene : A cyclic carotene with a beta- and an epsilon-ring at opposite ends respectively.	1.99	1	0	carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene	plant metabolite; provitamin A
osteoprotegerin Osteoprotegerin: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.	2.11	1	0	long-chain fatty acid
cathepsin g Cathepsin G: A serine protease found in the azurophil granules of NEUTROPHILS. It has an enzyme specificity similar to that of chymotrypsin C.	2.02	1	0
3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
myelin basic protein Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.	2.1	1	0
imd 0354 N-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzamide: a cardioprotective agent that inhibits IkappaB kinase beta (IKKbeta); structure in first source	2.1	1	0	benzamides
jtk-303 [no description available]	2.1	1	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone	HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
ku 55933 2-morpholin-4-yl-6-thianthren-1-yl-pyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated kinase ATM; structure in first source	3.13	1	0
sphingosine sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.	1.97	1	0	sphing-4-enine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
quercetin [no description available]	3.28	6	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
bilirubin [no description available]	8.6	18	3	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	2	1	0	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	4.49	8	0	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
linoleic acid Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.	2.41	2	0	octadecadienoic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; plant metabolite
vitamin k semiquinone radical vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.	4.58	8	0
beta carotene beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.	4.09	3	1	carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene	antioxidant; biological pigment; cofactor; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; provitamin A
11-cis-retinal Rhodopsin: A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.. 11-cis-retinal : A retinal having 2E,4Z,6E,8E-double bond geometry.	4.02	4	0	retinal	chromophore; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
vitamin d 2 Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.	2.08	1	0	hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-ergostane; vitamin D	bone density conservation agent; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; rodenticide
rutin Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.	2.46	2	0	disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; rutinoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha 6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.	2	1	0	prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
harmine Harmine: Alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM HARMALA; ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. It is identical to banisterine, or telepathine, from Banisteria caapi and is one of the active ingredients of hallucinogenic drinks made in the western Amazon region from related plants. It has no therapeutic use, but (as banisterine) was hailed as a cure for postencephalitic PARKINSON DISEASE in the 1920's.. harmine : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7.	2.1	1	0	harmala alkaloid	anti-HIV agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; metabolite
amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.	2.66	3	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic	antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite
kava Kava: Dried rhizome and roots of Piper methysticum, a shrub native to Oceania and known for its anti-anxiety and sedative properties. Heavy usage results in some adverse effects. It contains ALKALOIDS; LACTONES; kawain, methysticin, mucilage, STARCH, and yangonin. Kava is also the name of the pungent beverage prepared from the plant's roots.	7.5	2	0
butein [no description available]	2.07	1	0	chalcones; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; radiosensitizing agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
cryptoxanthins Cryptoxanthins: Mono-hydroxylated xanthophylls formed from the hydroxylation of BETA-CAROTENE. Isomers include: beta-cryptoxanthin, alpha-cryptoxanthin, and zeinoxanthin. The alpha- and beta-cryptoxanthin are provitamin A precursors.. beta-cryptoxanthin : A carotenol that exhibits antioxidant activity. It has been isolated from fruits such as papaya and oranges.	3.82	2	1	carotenol	antioxidant; biomarker; plant metabolite; provitamin A
esculin [no description available]	1.95	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; hydroxycoumarin	antioxidant; metabolite
7-hydroxycoumarin 7-oxycoumarin: derivatives have anti-oxidant properties. umbelliferone : A hydroxycoumarin that is coumarin substituted by a hydroxy group ay position 7.	1.99	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	fluorescent probe; food component; plant metabolite
garcinol garcinol: from stem bark of Garcinia huillensis; has chemotherapeutic activity against gram-positive & gram-negative cocci, mycobacteria & fungi	2.13	1	0
baicalein [no description available]	2.07	1	0	trihydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hormone antagonist; plant metabolite; prostaglandin antagonist; radical scavenger
3-methylquercetin isorhamnetin : A monomethoxyflavone that is quercetin in which the hydroxy group at position 3' is replaced by a methoxy group.	1.98	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; monomethoxyflavone; tetrahydroxyflavone	anticoagulant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; metabolite
myricetin [no description available]	2.08	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; hexahydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; food component; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
rhamnetin rhamnetin: aglycone of xanthorhamnin; from Rhamnus. rhamnetin : A monomethoxyflavone that is quercetin methylated at position 7.	1.98	1	0	monomethoxyflavone; tetrahydroxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; metabolite
robustaflavone robustaflavone: bis-apigenin coupled at 6 and 3' positions; a potential non-nucleoside anti-hepatitis B agent;. robustaflavone : A biflavonoid that is obtained by oxidative coupling of two molecules of apigenin resulting in a bond between positions C-3 of the hydroxyphenyl ring and C-6 of the chromene ring. Isolated from Thuja orientalis and Rhus succedanea it exhibits antioxidant, cytotoxic and anti-hepatitis B activity.	1.99	1	0	biflavonoid; hydroxyflavone; ring assembly	anti-HBV agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; metabolite
daidzein [no description available]	2	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
rosmarinic acid rosmarinic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; promote OT project. (R)-rosmarinic acid : A stereoisomer of rosmarinic acid having (R)-configuration.. rosmarinic acid : The 1-carboxy-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl ester of trans-caffeic acid.	2.53	2	0	rosmarinic acid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
ellagic acid [no description available]	9.28	7	0	catechols; cyclic ketone; lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyphenol	antioxidant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.5 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.4.1.1 (glycogen phosphorylase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.127 (inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.151 (inositol-polyphosphate multikinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.4.6 (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
prostaglandin a1 [no description available]	2	1	0	prostaglandins A
coenzyme q10 coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.	3.97	2	1	ubiquinones	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite
sorivudine [no description available]	4.87	6	0	organic molecular entity
8-epi-prostaglandin f2alpha 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha: a potent preglomerular vasoconstrictor acting principally through thromboxane A2 receptor activation. 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha : An isoprostane that is prostaglandin F2alpha having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.	4.49	8	0	F2-isoprostane	biomarker; bronchoconstrictor agent; vasoconstrictor agent
4-hydroxyestradiol 4-hydroxyestradiol: catechol estrogen. 4-hydroxy-17beta-estradiol : A 4-hydroxy steroid that consists of 17beta-estradiol having an additional hydroxy group at position 4.	3.11	5	0	4-hydroxy steroid	metabolite
zinostatin Zinostatin: An enediyne that alkylates DNA and RNA like MITOMYCIN does, so it is cytotoxic.	2.71	3	0
15-keto-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin f2alpha 15-keto-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin F2alpha: main metabolite of PGF2alpha in plasma after allergen provoked asthma; RN given refers to (5Z,9alpha,11alpha)-isomer; structure. 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha obtained by formal oxidation of the 15-hydroxy group and hydrogenation of the 13,14-double bond of prostaglandin F2alpha.	2.05	1	0	ketone; prostaglandins Falpha	metabolite
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	3.64	9	0	4-hydroxynon-2-enal; 4-hydroxynonenal
ubiquinone 8 [no description available]	3.56	1	1	ubiquinones	biomarker
menaquinone 6 menaquinone 6: RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer	4.04	2	1
codeine [no description available]	2	1	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antitussive; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; opioid analgesic; opioid receptor agonist; prodrug; xenobiotic
mitolactol Mitolactol: Alkylating antineoplastic toxic to bone marrow; used in breast cancer, also in combination with other drugs.	1.96	1	0	alcohol; organobromine compound
tetrachlorvinphos Tetrachlorvinphos: An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide. It has low mammalian toxicity. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.37	2	0	alkenyl phosphate; dialkyl phosphate; organochlorine insecticide; organophosphate insecticide; trichlorobenzene	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
3-amino-1-methyl-5h-pyrido(4,3-b)indole 3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido(4,3-b)indole: structure	1.97	1	0	pyridoindole
acitretin Acitretin: An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of ETRETINATE with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate.. acitretin : A retinoid that consists of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid having a 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl group attached at position 9.	2.17	1	0	acitretin; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; retinoid	keratolytic drug
diminazene aceturate diminazene diaceturate : An N-acetylglycinate salt resulting from the reaction of diminazene with 2 mol eq. of N-acetylglycine.	1.97	1	0	N-acetylglycinate salt	antiparasitic agent; trypanocidal drug
levetiracetam Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.	3.44	1	1	pyrrolidin-2-ones	anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
naloxone Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.	2.4	2	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	5.96	13	2	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
6-methylpurine 6-methylpurine : Purine bearing a methyl substituent at position 6.	2.13	1	0	purines	EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor
menaquinone 7 menaquinone-7 : A menaquinone whose side-chain contains seven isoprene units in an all-trans-configutation.	3.56	1	1	menaquinone	bone density conservation agent; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
brefeldin a [no description available]	2.01	1	0	macrolide antibiotic	Penicillium metabolite
fenretinide Fenretinide: A synthetic retinoid that is used orally as a chemopreventive against prostate cancer and in women at risk of developing contralateral breast cancer. It is also effective as an antineoplastic agent.. 4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide : A retinoid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of all-trans retinoic acid and the anilino group of 4-hydroxyaniline. Synthetic retinoid agonist. Antiproliferative, antioxidant and anticancer agent with a long half-life in vivo. Apoptotic effects appear to be mediated by a mechanism distinct from that of 'classical' retinoids.	2.92	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; retinoid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	4.01	4	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
pactamycin Pactamycin: Antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pactum used as an antineoplastic agent. It is also used as a tool in biochemistry because it inhibits certain steps in protein synthesis.	2.02	1	0
su 9516 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
anthramycin [no description available]	4.77	7	0
dexmedetomidine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	medetomidine	alpha-adrenergic agonist; analgesic; non-narcotic analgesic; sedative
lacidipine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	cinnamate ester; tert-butyl ester
cytochalasin b Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.	2.66	3	0	cytochalasin; lactam; lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound	actin polymerisation inhibitor; metabolite; mycotoxin; platelet aggregation inhibitor
1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z,Z)-isomer. dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.	2.07	1	0	phosphatidylcholine(1+)
kushenin [no description available]	2.25	1	0
2,6-dichloropurine [no description available]	2	1	0
casein kinase ii Casein Kinase II: A ubiquitous casein kinase that is comprised of two distinct catalytic subunits and dimeric regulatory subunit. Casein kinase II has been shown to phosphorylate a large number of substrates, many of which are proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression.	3.57	2	0
semaxinib semaxanib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethylpyrrol-2-yl group.	3.8	2	0	olefinic compound; oxindoles; pyrroles	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
su 11248 [no description available]	8.25	7	5	monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrroles	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; neuroprotective agent; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
2'-hydroxy-4-methoxychalcone [no description available]	2.13	1	0
mitoguazone Mitoguazone: Antineoplastic agent effective against myelogenous leukemia in experimental animals. Also acts as an inhibitor of animal S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase.. mitoguazone : A hydrazone obtained by formal condensation of the two carbonyl groups of methylglyoxal with the primary amino groups of two molecules of aminoguanidine.	1.97	1	0	guanidines; hydrazone	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 4.1.1.50 (adenosylmethionine decarboxylase) inhibitor
ergothioneine ergothioneine thione form : A L-histidine derivative that is N(alpha),N(alpha),N(alpha)-trimethyl-L-histidine in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the imdazole ring is replaced by a thioxo group.	7.11	1	0	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones; amino-acid betaine; L-histidine derivative; sulfur-containing amino acid	antioxidant; chelator; fungal metabolite; plant metabolite; xenobiotic metabolite
lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.	4.14	16	0	carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom	neurotoxin
tin [no description available]	2.4	2	0	carbon group element atom; elemental tin; metal atom	micronutrient
antimony Antimony: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes.	2.47	2	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen
cesium Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.	5.35	59	0	alkali metal atom
8-hydroxyadenine 8-hydroxyadenine: xanthine oxidase reacted adenine metabolite in epidermis of hairless mice; structure. 8-oxoadenine : An oxopurine that is adenine bearing a single oxo substituent at position 8.. 8-hydroxyadenine : A nucleobase analogue that is adenine bearing a single hydroxy substituent at position 8.	12.97	38	1	6-aminopurines; heteroaryl hydroxy compound; nucleobase analogue; oxopurine	bacterial metabolite; human metabolite
barium Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.	7.89	4	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental barium
8-oxo-7,8-dihydrodeoxyguanine 8-oxo-7,8-dihydrodeoxyguanine: structure given in first source	17.14	79	7
muconic acid muconic acid: a metabolite of benzene; reported to be a reliable indicator of occupational exposure to benzene; structure given in first source. trans,trans-muconic acid : The trans,trans-isomer of muconic acid. It is metabolite of benzene in humans and serves as a biomarker of occupational exposure to benzene.. muconic acid : A hexadienedioic acid with unsaturation at positions 2 and 4.	2.06	1	0	muconic acid	biomarker; human xenobiotic metabolite
rubidium Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.	2.75	3	0	alkali metal atom
aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.	3.38	7	0	boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom
levorphanol Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection.	1.94	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
6-chloropurine [no description available]	2.44	2	0	purines
strontium Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.	4.79	7	1	alkaline earth metal atom
bismuth Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.	2.06	1	0	metal atom; pnictogen
thallium Thallium: A heavy, bluish white metal, atomic number 81, atomic weight [204.382; 204.385], symbol Tl.. thallium : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant green line in its flame spectrum (from Greek thetaalphalambdalambdaomicronsigma, a green shoot).	2.73	3	0	boron group element atom
arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	4.26	18	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen	micronutrient
7-deazaadenine [no description available]	4.82	10	0
indium Indium: A metallic element, atomic number 49, atomic weight 114.818, symbol In. It is named from its blue line in the spectrum.. indium atom : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant indigo (Latin indicum) blue line in its flame spectrum.	2.61	2	0	boron group element atom
4-hydroxyaminoquinoline-1-oxide 4-Hydroxyaminoquinoline-1-oxide: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a reduction product of 4-NITROQUINOLINE-1-OXIDE. It binds with nucleic acids and inactivates both bacteria and bacteriophage.	3.22	6	0
2-amino-6-chloropurine 6-chloroguanine: an antimalarial that inhibits hypoxanthine-guanine-xanthine phosphoribosyltransferase; structure in first source. 6-chloroguanine : An organochlorine compound that is 7H-purin-2-amine substituted by a chloro group at position 6.	8.47	7	0	2-aminopurines; organochlorine compound
gallium Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72.. gallium atom : A metallic element predicted as eka-aluminium by Mendeleev in 1870 and discovered by Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Named in honour of France (Latin Gallia) and perhaps also from the Latin gallus cock, a translation of Lecoq.	2.45	2	0	boron group element atom
ramipril Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles.	2.05	1	0	azabicycloalkane; cyclopentapyrrole; dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; ethyl ester	bradykinin receptor B2 agonist; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; prodrug
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	6.2	26	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
methylazoxymethanol acetate Methylazoxymethanol Acetate: The aglycone of CYCASIN. It acts as a potent carcinogen and neurotoxin and inhibits hepatic DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis.	3.23	6	0	azoxy compound
isoalloxazine isoalloxazine: structure	2.05	1	0	benzo[g]pteridine-2,4-dione
5-deazaflavin [no description available]	1.96	1	0	pyridopyrimidine
7-hydroxymethotrexate [no description available]	2	1	0	folic acids
enalapril Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).	2.17	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; geroprotector; prodrug
deoxyribose [no description available]	6.54	26	0	deoxypentose	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
fumarates Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)	6.19	7	1	butenedioate; C4-dicarboxylate	human metabolite; metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
beryllium Beryllium: An element with the atomic symbol Be, atomic number 4, and atomic weight 9.01218. Short exposure to this element can lead to a type of poisoning known as BERYLLIOSIS.. beryllium atom : Alkaline earth metal atom with atomic number 4.	1.96	1	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental beryllium; metal allergen	adjuvant; carcinogenic agent; epitope
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	6.64	69	0	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
silicon Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].	2.31	1	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	4.17	17	0	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
boron Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.	3	4	0	boron group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid 2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid: chromogen in glucose oxidase-peroxidase method for determining serum glucose; used in free radical scavenging assays; structure in first source	2.73	3	0
4,4'-dihydroxychalcone 4,4'-dihydroxychalcone: structure	2.01	1	0
phytochlorin phytochlorin: RN given refers to (2S-trans)-isomer; structure given in the first source	2.06	1	0
enkephalin, ala(2)-mephe(4)-gly(5)- Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-: An enkephalin analog that selectively binds to the MU OPIOID RECEPTOR. It is used as a model for drug permeability experiments.	2.02	1	0
talaporfin Talaporfin: effective tumor localizer that brings about the selective degradation of tumor tissue following light exposure; structure given in first source	2.11	1	0
pregabalin Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.	2.13	1	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker
tnp 351 TNP 351: a novel antifolate being evaluated for chemotherapy of lung cancer	2.01	1	0
citrusinine i citrusinine I: acridone alkaloid isolated from Rutaceae	1.97	1	0	acridines
4-acetoxyaminoquinoline 1-oxide 4-acetoxyaminoquinoline 1-oxide: structure given in first source	2.38	2	0
oxyhyponitrite oxyhyponitrite: nitrosating agent; structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent acid	1.99	1	0
famotidine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; guanidines; sulfonamide	anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
abscisic acid Abscisic Acid: Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.. (S)-2-trans-abscisic acid : A 2-trans-abscisic acid with (S)-configuration at the chiral centre.. (+)-abscisic acid : The naturally occurring (1'S)-(+) enantiomer of abscisic acid. It is an important sesquiterpenoid plant hormone which acts as a regulator of plant responses to environmental stresses such as drought and cold.	2.07	1	0	2-trans-abscisic acid
carbocyanines Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.	3.27	6	0	cyanine dye; organic iodide salt	fluorochrome
viroxime [no description available]	2.13	1	0
1,2-dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine 1,2-dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine: RN given refers to (E,E)-isomer; member of a class of cationic lipid formulations called cytofectins	2.01	1	0
flumethrin flumethrin: synthetic pyrethrin insecticide	1.96	1	0
ammonium sulfate Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.	3.91	13	0	ammonium salt; inorganic sulfate salt	fertilizer
proguanil Proguanil: A biguanide compound which metabolizes in the body to form cycloguanil, an anti-malaria agent.. proguanil : A biguanide compound which has isopropyl and p-chlorophenyl substituents on the terminal N atoms. A prophylactic antimalarial drug, it works by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which is involved in the reproduction of the malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax within the red blood cells.	2.33	2	0	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
lasiocarpine lasiocarpine: RN given refers to parent cpd(1S-(1alpha(Z),7(2S,3R),7aalpha))-isomer; structure	2.17	1	0	pyrrolizines
germanium Germanium: A rare metal element with a blue-gray appearance and atomic symbol Ge, atomic number 32, and atomic weight 72.63.	2.58	2	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
selenium Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.	3.84	12	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
selenocysteine Selenocysteine: A naturally occurring amino acid in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. It is found in tRNAs and in the catalytic site of some enzymes. The genes for glutathione peroxidase and formate dehydrogenase contain the TGA codon, which codes for this amino acid.. selenocysteine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of alanine where one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted with a seleno group.	2.92	4	0
tellurium Tellurium: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.	7.82	3	0	chalcogen; metalloid atom
oxalates Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.	3.74	3	0
6-selenoguanosine 6-selenoguanosine: potential antineoplastic agent; analog of 6-thioguanosine with slightly superior therapeutic index; structure	6.95	1	0
3,3'-(1,4-naphthylidene)diproprionate 3,3'-(1,4-naphthylidene)diproprionate: RN given refers to the disodium salt	1.98	1	0
6-selenoguanine 6-selenoguanine: analog of 6-thioguanine with superior therapeutic index & lower toxicity; structure	2.89	4	0
methylazoxymethanol methylazoxymethanol: a neuroteratogen; reacts with guanine residues of DNA & RNA forming 7-methylguanine adduct products; carcinogenicity probably related to biological decomposition into methyldiazonium ion, the ultimate methylating agent; structure in first source	2.39	2	0	azoxy compound
hygromycin a hygromycin A: a cinnamide derivative produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus; structure differs from HYGROMYCIN B	1.99	1	0	hydroxycinnamic acid	metabolite
tezacitabine tezacitabine: structure given in first source	3.12	1	0
involucrin involucrin: soluble precursor protein of cross-linked envelope characteristic of epidermal s. corneum synthesized by keratinocytes in natural & cultured human epithelia; see also related records for prekeratin & stratum corneum basic protein precursor	2.43	2	0
1,1'-((4,4,7,7-tetramethyl)-4,7-diazaundecamethylene)bis-4-(3-methyl-2,3-dihydro(benzo-1,3-oxazole)-2-methylidine)quinolinium, tetraiodide 1,1'-((4,4,7,7-tetramethyl)-4,7-diazaundecamethylene)bis-4-(3-methyl-2,3-dihydro(benzo-1,3-oxazole)-2-methylidene)quinolinium: non-fluorescent in solution but forms highly fluorescent complex with double-stranded DNA; RN refers to the tetraiodide compound	2.1	1	0	cyanine dye; organic iodide salt	fluorochrome
thiazole orange thiazole orange: structure given in first source. thiazole orange : A cyanine dye comprising the thiazole orange cation [1-methyl-4-[(3-methyl-1,3-benzothiazol-2(3H)-ylidene)methyl]quinolinium] with the p-tosylate counterion.	2	1	0	cyanine dye	fluorochrome
5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine-5'-triphosphate [no description available]	1.96	1	0
kapurimycin a3 kapurimycin A3: structure given in first source; isolated from a Streptomyces sp.	6.98	1	0
5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)-1-methylimidazole-4-carboxamide 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)-1-methylimidazole-4-carboxamide: metabolite of dacarbazine	1.96	1	0
3-(thymin-1'-yl)-2-propenal 3-(thymin-1'-yl)-2-propenal: structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.99	1	0
disufenton sodium disufenton sodium: a nitrone benzene bissulfonate in development for stroke; has neuroprotective activity; structure in first source	3.14	1	0
everolimus [no description available]	4.92	4	2	cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
axitinib [no description available]	4.4	1	1	aryl sulfide; benzamides; indazoles; pyridines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
5,6-epoxycholesterol [no description available]	2.07	1	0
glucuronyl glucosamine glycan sulfate [no description available]	3.51	1	1
nifuroxime 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde oxime: structure in first source	2	1	0
verlukast verlukast: LTD4 receptor antagonist	2.03	1	0
synadenol synadenol: structure in first source	7.01	1	0
beta-escin [no description available]	2.25	1	0
nitrofurantoin Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.	2.43	2	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; nitrofuran antibiotic; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; hepatotoxic agent
lactacystin [no description available]	2.02	1	0	lactam; S-substituted L-cysteine
peplomycin Peplomycin: An antineoplastic agent derived from BLEOMYCIN.	1.99	1	0	glycopeptide
gadolinium dtpa Gadolinium DTPA: A complex of gadolinium with a chelating agent, diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA see PENTETIC ACID), that is given to enhance the image in cranial and spinal MRIs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706)	2.1	1	0	gadolinium coordination entity	MRI contrast agent
morphinans Morphinans: Compounds based on a partially saturated iminoethanophenanthrene, which can be described as ethylimino-bridged benzo-decahydronaphthalenes. They include some of the OPIOIDS found in PAPAVER that are used as ANALGESICS.	2.03	1	0	isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parent; morphinane alkaloid
fumagillin [no description available]	2.02	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; carboxylic ester; dicarboxylic acid monoester; meroterpenoid; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic; spiro-epoxide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiprotozoal drug; fungal metabolite; methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor
edatrexate edatrexate: structure given in first source	3.09	1	0	glutamic acid derivative
perfosfamide [no description available]	2.39	2	0
larotaxel larotaxel: has antineoplastic activity	8.41	1	0
bay 12-9566 Bay 12-9566: an angiogenesis inhibitor with matrix metalloproteinase inhibitory activity	3.11	1	0	biphenyls; organochlorine compound
staurosporine staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.	3.26	6	0	ammonium ion derivative
phosphocreatine Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.	1.96	1	0	phosphagen; phosphoamino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
taxane taxane: produced by Taxomyces andreanae	7.45	5	3	diterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent
chlorhexidine Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.	2.02	1	0	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent
mannich bases Mannich Bases: Ketonic amines prepared from the condensation of a ketone with formaldehyde and ammonia or a primary or secondary amine. A Mannich base can act as the equivalent of an alpha,beta unsaturated ketone in synthesis or can be reduced to form physiologically active amino alcohols.	2.08	1	0
formazans Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.	2.05	1	0
gemifloxacin Gemifloxacin: A naphthyridine and fluoroquinolone derivative antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia and acute bacterial infections associated with chronic bronchitis.. gemifloxacin : A 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a substituted pyrrolin-1-yl group at the 7-position.	2.03	1	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
gs-7340 tenofovir alafenamide: component of Biktarvy. tenofovir alafenamide : An L-alanine derivative that is isopropyl L-alaninate in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by an (S)-({[(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)(phenoxy)phosphoryl group. A prodrug for tenofovir, it is used (as the fumarate salt) in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.	11.63	28	4	6-aminopurines; ether; isopropyl ester; L-alanine derivative; phosphoramidate ester	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; prodrug
fenpyroximate fenpyroximate: structure in first source	2.67	3	0	pyrazole acaricide; tert-butyl ester	mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
2-acetylpyridine semicarbazone [no description available]	2.6	1	0
disilver oxide [no description available]	1.93	1	0
braco-19 BRACO-19: structure in first source	2.78	3	0	acridines; N-alkylpyrrolidine
edotecarin [no description available]	3.12	1	0
jbp 485 JBP 485: has antihepatitis activity	2.08	1	0
apricoxib apricoxib: a COX-2 inhibitor; structure in first source	4.41	1	1
nikkomycin [no description available]	3.31	1	0
midostaurin midostaurin : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is the N-benzoyl derivative of staurosporine.	2.05	1	0	benzamides; gamma-lactam; indolocarbazole; organic heterooctacyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
sincalide Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.	1.98	1	0	oligopeptide
n(6)-cyclohexyladenosine N(6)-cyclohexyladenosine: structure given in first source; receptors, purinergic P1 agonist	1.95	1	0
qsymia Qsymia: a mixture of phetermine and topiramate	3.35	1	0
du 86 DU 86: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
dc 107 leinamycin: a thiazole containing macrolide characterized by an unusual 1,3-dioxo-1,2-dithiolane moiety that is spiro fused to an 18 member macrolactam ring; isolated from Streptomyces; MF C22-H26-N2-O6-S3; possible DNA alkylator; the leinamycin biosynthetic gene cluster from Streptomyces atroolivaceus S-140 consists of two polyketide synthases genes	2.7	3	0	dithiolanes
ag 331 AG 331: structure given in second source	4.01	2	0
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	5.15	14	0	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
treosulfan treosulfan: immunosuppressant; RN given refers to (S-(R,R))-isomer	7.17	1	0	methanesulfonate ester
clerocidin [no description available]	7.93	4	0
zibotentan ZD4054: a potent endothelin receptor A antagonist that inhibits ovarian carcinoma cell proliferation	3.45	1	1	phenylpyridine
hki 272 [no description available]	3.16	1	0	nitrile; quinolines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
ym-254890 YM-254890: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
motexafin gadolinium [no description available]	3.45	1	1
sorbitan monooleate [no description available]	2.11	1	0	fatty acid ester
cc 1065 CC 1065: from Streptomyces zelensis; structure in second sourc	2.39	2	0
tetramethylrhodamine tetramethylrhodamine: RN given refers to perchlorate; structure	2.21	1	0	xanthene dye
ubiquinol ubiquinol: reduced forms of ubiquinone; see also record for ubiquinol 10. ubiquinol-10 : A ubiquinol in which the polyprenyl substituent is decaprenyl.	2.47	2	0	polyprenylhydroquinone; ubiquinol	biomarker; metabolite
4-hydroxyestrone 4-hydroxyestrone : A 4-hydroxy steroid that is estrone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4.	1.98	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; 4-hydroxy steroid; catechols; phenolic steroid	carcinogenic agent; estrogen; human urinary metabolite
hippuristanol hippuristanol: from the gorgonian Isis hippuris	2.17	1	0
aluminum oxide Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.	2.75	3	0
phosphoramidite phosphoramidite: structure in first source. phosphoramidite : A compound with the general formula (RO)2PNR2. Phosphoramidites can be regarded as phosphites that have an NR2 instead of an OH group, or as amides of phosphorous acid.	4.12	15	0
ly-2157299 LY-2157299: an orally active transforming growth factor beta receptor (TGF-beraR) kinase inhibitor. LY-2157299 : A pyrrolopyrazole that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole which is substituted at positions 2 and 3 by 6-methylpyridin-2-yl and 6-(aminocarbonyl)quinolin-4-yl groups, respectively. A Transforming growth factor-betaRI (TGF-betaRI) kinase inhibitor, it blocks TGF-beta-mediated tumor growth in glioblastoma.	2.31	1	0	aromatic amide; methylpyridines; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrrolopyrazole; quinolines	antineoplastic agent; TGFbeta receptor antagonist
pazopanib pazopanib: a protein kinase inhibitor. pazopanib : A pyrimidine that is 5-(pyrimidin-2-yl}amino-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide substituted at position 4 by a (2,3-dimethylindazol-6-yl)(methyl)amino group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of kidney cancer.	4.71	3	2	aminopyrimidine; indazoles; sulfonamide	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
azd 6244 AZD 6244: a MEK inhibitor	3.44	1	1	benzimidazoles; bromobenzenes; hydroxamic acid ester; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
6-thioguanosine 5'-triphosphate [no description available]	1.97	1	0
bibw 2992 [no description available]	13.99	22	15	aromatic ether; enamide; furans; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; quinazolines; secondary carboxamide; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
1,2-bis(methylsulfonyl)-1-(2-chloroethyl)hydrazine 1,2-bis(methylsulfonyl)-1-(2-chloroethyl)hydrazine: a chloroethylating agent that alkylates and cross-links DNA; structure in first source	2.47	2	0
dehydrolysine [no description available]	3.21	1	0
dihydrokavain dihydrokavain: inhibits binding of batrachotoxinin-A 20-alpha-benzoate to receptor site 2 of voltage-gated sodium channels	2.1	1	0	2-pyranones; aromatic ether
homocarnosine homocarnosine: RN given refers to parent cpd. homocarnosine : A histidine derivative that is histidine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-amino group has been replaced by a 4-aminobutanoyl group.	6.98	1	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide; homocarnosine; L-histidine derivative; N-acyl-L-alpha-amino acid anion; N-acyl-L-alpha-amino acid	human metabolite
alpha-synuclein alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.	4.06	4	0
7-aminoactinomycin d 7-aminoactinomycin D: staining reagent used in flow cytometry	2.72	3	0
8-nitroxanthine 8-Nitroxanthine: structure in first source	2.93	4	0
2-hydroxydeoxyadenosine triphosphate 2-hydroxy-dATP : A purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate in which the 2'-deoxyribonucleoside moiety is 2'-deoxy-2-hydroxyadenosine.	3.51	2	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate
bacilysin bacilysin: structure. bacilysin : A non-ribosomally synthesised dipeptide that consists of L-alanyl and anticapsin units linked by a peptide bond.	7.01	1	0
oxadiazoles Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.	4.04	4	0
vinflunine vinflunine: inhibits tubulin assembly; structure in first source. vinflunine : An organic heteropentacyclic compound and an organic heterotetracyclic compound that is vinorelbine in which the tetrahydropyridine moiety of the heterotetracyclic part of the molecule has been redced to the corresponding piperidine, and in which the ethyl group attached to this ring has been replaced by a 1,1-difluoroethyl group.	4.94	2	1	acetate ester; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; semisynthetic derivative; vinca alkaloid	antineoplastic agent
benzene oxide benzene oxide: RN given refers to parent cpd	7.1	1	0
ribose ribopyranose : The pyranose form of ribose.	5.65	79	0	D-ribose; ribopyranose
5-formylcytosine 5-formylcytosine: structure in first source. 5-formylcytosine : A nucleobase analogue that is cytosine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by a formyl group.	2.49	2	0	aminopyrimidine; heteroarenecarbaldehyde; nucleobase analogue; pyrimidone	metabolite
molybdenum carbide molybdenum carbide: catalyst for the hydrodeoxygenation of vegetable oils	7.17	1	0
acebutolol alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-mannose : An alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha configuration.	2.88	4	0	alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose
8-oxo-2'-deoxyadenosine 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyadenosine: structure in first source	2.42	2	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside
8,5'-cyclo-2'-deoxyadenosine 8,5'-cyclo-2'-deoxyadenosine : An organic heterotetracyclic compound obtained by intramolecular formation of a C-C bond between positions 8 and 5' of 2'-deoxyadenosine.	2.46	2	0	aromatic amine; bridged compound; diol; N-glycosyl compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound	Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
calpain inhibitor iii calpain inhibitor III: potential anticataract drug	2.07	1	0
nystatin a1 Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.	2.1	1	0	nystatins
er-086526 eribulin: a halichondrin B derivative that suppresses microtubule growth and acts as an antimitotic agent; structure in first source. eribulin : A fully synthetic macrocyclic ketone analogue of marine sponge natural products. Inhibits growth phase of microtubules via tubulin-based antimitotic mechanism, which leads to G2/M cell-cycle block, disruption of mitotic spindles, and, ultimately, apoptotic cell death after prolonged mitotic blockage	4.96	2	1	cyclic ketal; cyclic ketone; macrocycle; polycyclic ether; polyether; primary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent
bi 2536 [no description available]	3.86	2	1
amenamevir ASP2151: a herpesvirus helicase-primase inhibitor, in a guinea pig model of genital herpes; structure in first source	3.27	1	0
danusertib [no description available]	2.13	1	0	piperazines
arq 197 [no description available]	2.1	1	0	indoles
apremilast [no description available]	3.56	1	1	aromatic ether; N-acetylarylamine; phthalimides; sulfone	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
sitagliptin phosphate Sitagliptin Phosphate: A pyrazine-derived DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBITOR and HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT that increases the levels of the INCRETIN hormones GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.	2.06	1	0
crizotinib Crizotinib: A piperidine and aminopyridine derivative that acts as an inhibitor of RECEPTOR PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASES, including ANAPLASTIC LYMPHOMA KINASE (ALK) and HEPATOCYTE GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR (HGFR; c-Met). It is used in the treatment of NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. crizotinib : A 3-[1-(2,6-dichloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethoxy]-5-[1-(piperidin-4-yl)pyrazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-amine that has R configuration at the chiral centre. The active enantiomer, it acts as a kinase inhibitor and is used for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)	10.92	13	8	3-[1-(2,6-dichloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethoxy]-5-[1-(piperidin-4-yl)pyrazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-amine	antineoplastic agent; biomarker; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
ru 66647 telithromycin: a ketolide; semisynthetic derivative of erythromycin with cycling of the C11-12 positions to form a carbamate ring to avoid acquired resistance to macrolides; binds 70S bacterial rRNA, specifically to the 23S part (23S RIBOSOMAL RNA), preventing protein synthesis;	2.11	1	0
losartan potassium Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.	4.64	6	1
azinomycin a azinomycin A: from Streptomyces griseofuscus S42227; structure given in first source; (but Biochemistry. 2000 Dec 5;39(48):14968-75 says Azinomycin B = carzinophilin A)	2.03	1	0
dc 88-a duocarmycin A: from a Streptomycete	2.39	2	0
imidazolone imidazolone: a reaction product of arginine with 3-deoxyglucosone which markedly accumulates in uremic serum; structure in first source	2.46	2	0	organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
sesone 7-deazaxanthine: structure in first source	2.04	1	0
n-acetylmannosamine N-acetylmannosamine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. N-acetylmannosamine : Any mannosamine carrying an N-acetyl substituent	3.56	1	1
lc15-0444 LC15-0444: Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Inhibitors; orally active small molecule for the treatment of type II diabetes	2.11	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
octanoylcarnitine octanoylcarnitine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. O-octanoyl-L-carnitine : The L-enantiomer of an O-octanoylcarnitine.	2.02	1	0	O-octanoylcarnitine; saturated fatty acyl-L-carnitine	human metabolite
telomestatin telomestatin: isolated from Spreptomyces anulatus; structure in first source	2.71	3	0
ly2603618 [no description available]	5.36	2	2	ureas
calcimycin Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.	1.97	1	0	benzoxazole
veliparib [no description available]	2.25	1	0	benzimidazoles	EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
sepharose agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.	4.73	9	0
dactolisib dactolisib: antineoplastic agent that inhibits both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mTOR. dactolisib : An imidazoquinoline that is 3-methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline substituted at position 1 by a 4-(1-cyanoisopropyl)phenyl group and at position 8 by a quinolin-3-yl group. A dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor used in cancer treatment.	2.07	1	0	imidazoquinoline; nitrile; quinolines; ring assembly; ureas	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; mTOR inhibitor
podophyllin Podophyllin: Caustic extract from the roots of Podophyllum peltatum and P. emodi. It contains PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and its congeners and is very irritating to mucous membranes and skin. Podophyllin is a violent purgative that may cause CNS damage and teratogenesis. It is used as a paint for warts, skin neoplasms, and senile keratoses.	3.44	1	1
th 302 TH 302: an hypoxia-activated prodrug of bromo-isophosphoramide mustard; an antineoplastic agent	2.07	1	0
nitryl chloride nitryl chloride : A nitro compound in which the nitrogen of the nitro group is bonded to a chlorine. It is used as a nitrating and chlorinating agent in organic synthesis.	2.01	1	0
n-butylpyridinium [no description available]	2.06	1	0
arabinofuranosyluracil Arabinofuranosyluracil: A pyrimidine nucleoside formed in the body by the deamination of CYTARABINE.	10.12	36	2
phytosterols Phytosterols: A class of organic compounds known as sterols or STEROIDS derived from plants.. phytosterols : Sterols similar to cholesterol which occur in plants and vary only in carbon side chains and/or presence or absence of a double bond.	1.96	1	0
rifamycins [no description available]	1.95	1	0
ethidium homodimer-1 [no description available]	2.02	1	0
tomaymycin tomaymycin: structure. tomaymycin : A pyrrolobenzodiazepine that is (11aS)-2,3,5,10,11,11a-hexahydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 2,5,7,8 and 11R by ethylidene, oxo, methoxy, hydroxy and methoxy groups, respectively. It is a natural product of Streptomyces achromogenes that binds covalently with guanine in the minor groove of DNA. It is an antitumoral compound which is active in ovarian, plasmacytoma, and leukemia cancer cell lines at nanomolar concentrations.. (Z)-tomaymycin : The (Z)-isomer of tomaymycin.	1.98	1	0	tomaymycin
clove Madagascar: One of the Indian Ocean Islands off the southeast coast of Africa. Its capital is Antananarivo. It was formerly called the Malagasy Republic. Discovered by the Portuguese in 1500, its history has been tied predominantly to the French, becoming a French protectorate in 1882, a French colony in 1896, and a territory within the French union in 1946. The Malagasy Republic was established in the French Community in 1958 but it achieved independence in 1960. Its name was changed to Madagascar in 1975. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p714)	2.03	1	0
acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	2.35	2	0
ants Ants: Insects of the family Formicidae, very common and widespread, probably the most successful of all the insect groups. All ants are social insects, and most colonies contain three castes, queens, males, and workers. Their habits are often very elaborate and a great many studies have been made of ant behavior. Ants produce a number of secretions that function in offense, defense, and communication. (From Borror, et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p676)	1.98	1	0
tetrahydrouridine Tetrahydrouridine: An inhibitor of nucleotide metabolism.	1.96	1	0
o-methylthymidine O-methylthymidine: RN given refers to (beta)-isomer	3.36	7	0
isoguanosine [no description available]	2.9	4	0
ascamycin ascamycin: from a Streptomyces species; structure given in first source	3.31	1	0
wyosine wybutosine: structure in first source. wybutosine : A nucleoside analogue having methyl (2S)-4-(4,6-dimethyl-9-oxo-4,9-dihydro-3H-imidazo[1,2-a]purin-7-yl)-2-[(methoxycarbonyl)amino]butanoate as the modified nucleobase.	2.02	1	0	carbamate ester; methyl ester; nucleoside analogue
5-methylaminomethyluridine 5-methylaminomethyluridine : A derivative of uridine, bearing an additional methylaminomethyl substituent at position 5 on the uracil ring.	2.02	1	0	uridines
azinomycin b azinomycin B: C31H33N3O11; from Streptomyces griseofuscus S42227; structure given in first source	2.46	2	0
aflatoxin m1 Aflatoxin M1: A 4-hydroxylated metabolite of AFLATOXIN B1, one of the MYCOTOXINS from ASPERGILLUS tainted food. It is associated with LIVER damage and cancer resulting from its P450 activation to the epoxide which alkylates DNA. Toxicity depends on the balance of liver enzymes that activate it (CYTOCHROME P-450) and others that detoxify it (GLUTATHIONE S TRANSFERASE) (Pharmac Ther 50.443 1991). Primates & rat are sensitive while mouse and hamster are tolerant (Canc Res 29.236 1969).. aflatoxin M1 : A member of the class of aflatoxins that is aflatoxin B1 in which the hydrogen at position 9a is replaced by a hydroxy group.	7.98	4	0	aflatoxin; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; tertiary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mammalian metabolite
pluramycin [no description available]	6.98	1	0
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	10.46	25	0	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dianhydrogalactitol Dianhydrogalactitol: One of the cytotoxic dihalohexitols that alkylates and cross-links DNA via an epoxide group during all phases of the cell cycle, resulting in a disruption of DNA function and cell cycle arrest. It has antineoplastic activity and also causes bone marrow toxicity.	2.17	1	0
nvp-tae684 [no description available]	2.08	1	0	piperidines
rabacfosadine rabacfosadine: has potent antineoplastic activity in dogs with spontaneous non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; structure in first source	5.45	4	1
amodiaquine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.05	1	0
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	3.56	8	0
sch 54292 SCH 54292: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
cholecystokinin Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.	1.98	1	0
atrial natriuretic factor Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.	2.7	3	0	polypeptide
thymalfasin Thymalfasin: A thymus hormone polypeptide found in thymosin fraction 5 (a crude thymus gland extract) but now produced by synthesis. It is used alone or with interferon as an immunomodulator for the treatment of CHRONIC HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C. Thymalfasin is also used for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced immunosuppression, and to enhance the efficacy of influenza and hepatitis B vaccines in immunocompromised patients.	5.34	3	1	polypeptide
gastrins Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.	2.4	2	0
glucagon Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.	2.36	2	0	peptide hormone
angiotensinogen Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of about 453 amino acids, depending on the species. It is produced by the liver in response to lowered blood pressure and secreted into blood circulation. Angiotensinogen is the inactive precursor of the ANGIOTENSINS produced in the body by successive enzyme cleavages. Cleavage of angiotensinogen by RENIN yields the decapeptide ANGIOTENSIN I. Further cleavage of angiotensin I (by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME) yields the potent vasoconstrictor octapeptide ANGIOTENSIN II; and then, via other enzymes, other angiotensins also involved in the hemodynamic-regulating RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM.	4.22	5	0
tannins Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.	3.92	2	1
oligonucleotides [no description available]	12.13	450	1
anticodon Anticodon: The sequential set of three nucleotides in TRANSFER RNA that interacts with its complement in MESSENGER RNA, the CODON, during translation in the ribosome.	6.13	41	0
ziconotide ziconotide: amino acid sequence in first source; from venom of South Pacific sea cone snail, Conus magus; calcium channel blocker; administered by injection into Cerebrospinal Fluid; Prialt is synthetic form. omega-conotoxin MVIIA : A heterodetic cyclic polypeptide consisting of the linear sequence Cys-Lys-Gly-Lys-Gly-Ala-Lys-Cys-Ser-Arg-Leu-Met-Tyr-Asp-Cys-Cys-Thr-Gly-Ser-Cys-Arg-Ser-Gly-Lys-Cys-NH2 with three disulfide bridges between cysteine residues 1-16, 8-20 and 15-25. A neuronal N-type Ca(2+) channel blocker in mammalian and amphibian brain, it blocks release of GABA and glutamate at neuronal synapses. Used as a probe for calcium channel receptors, it is selective for different receptor subtypes. A synthetic form, named ziconotide, is an atypical analgesic agent for the amelioration of severe and chronic pain.	2.03	1	0
cbp 501 Cdc25C phosphatase (211-221): inhibits G2 checkpoint	5.83	2	2
c-peptide C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.	2.39	2	0
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	4.14	17	0	glycoside
endothelin-1 Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)	2.44	2	0
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	3.24	6	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
cufe2o4 [no description available]	2.11	1	0
atractyloside Atractyloside: A glycoside of a kaurene type diterpene that is found in some plants including Atractylis gummifera (ATRACTYLIS); COFFEE; XANTHIUM, and CALLILEPIS. Toxicity is due to inhibition of ADENINE NUCLEOTIDE TRANSLOCASE.	1.97	1	0
mk-8776 MK-8776: a checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) inhibitor; SCH900776 was renamed MK-8776; structure in first source	2.08	1	0	pyrazolopyrimidine
chlorophyll a Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.	1.96	1	0	chlorophyll; methyl ester	cofactor
adenosine kinase Adenosine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of ADP plus AMP from adenosine plus ATP. It can serve as a salvage mechanism for returning adenosine to nucleic acids. EC 2.7.1.20.	4.31	6	0
hoe 33342 bisbenzimide ethoxide trihydrochloride: benzimidazole fluorescent dye	2.38	2	0
sodium salicylate [no description available]	2.35	2	0	organic molecular entity
ubiquinone Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.	4.55	5	1
actinomycin c3 actinomycin C3: structure	1.95	1	0
calpain Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.	2.95	4	0
aphidicolin glycinate aphidicolin glycinate: DNA polymerase II inhibitor; RN given refers to(HCL(3R-(3alpha,4alpha,4aalpha,6abeta,8beta,9beta,11abeta,11bbeta)-isomer); RN for parent cpd without isomeric designation not avail 5/91	2.39	2	0
chitosan [no description available]	3.46	6	0
1,3-diaza-2-oxophenoxazine 1,3-diaza-2-oxophenoxazine: structure in first source	2.41	1	0
icotinib [no description available]	3.01	1	0
p276-00 P276-00: antineoplastic, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.25	1	0
bucladesine Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.	1.95	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
lithium perchlorate lithium perchlorate: stabilizes DNA-polycation complex; RN given refers to parent compound	2	1	0
sodium hypochlorite Sodium Hypochlorite: It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). sodium hypochlorite : An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.	1.95	1	0	inorganic sodium salt	bleaching agent; disinfectant
sodium bisulfite sodium bisulfite: has been used externally for parasitic skin diseases and as gastrointestinal antiseptic; structure. sodium hydrogensulfite : An inorganic sodium salt having hydrogensulfite as the counterion.	1.96	1	0	inorganic sodium salt; sulfite salt	allergen; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; mutagen; reducing agent
4-hydroxymercuribenzoate [no description available]	1.96	1	0
sodium nitrite Sodium Nitrite: Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines.. sodium nitrite : An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning.	8.06	5	0	inorganic sodium salt; nitrite salt	antidote to cyanide poisoning; antihypertensive agent; antimicrobial food preservative; food antioxidant; poison
potassium bromate potassium bromate: used as bread improver	3.89	12	0	bromate salt; potassium salt	flour treatment agent
nuclear fast red nuclear fast red: structure in first source; do not confuse with nuclear fast red (basic dye). nuclear fast red : An organic sodium salt that is the monosodium salt of 4-amino-1,3-dihydroxy-9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracene-2-sulfonic acid. It forms bright red lakes with calcium and is a useful red nuclear staining lake with aluminum.	7.1	1	0	organic sodium salt	fluorochrome; histological dye
sodium ethylxanthate Sex: The totality of characteristics of reproductive structure, functions, PHENOTYPE, and GENOTYPE, differentiating the MALE from the FEMALE organism.	1.95	1	0
echinomycin Echinomycin: A cytotoxic polypeptide quinoxaline antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces echinatus that binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis.	2.92	4	0	cyclodepsipeptide
thiostrepton Thiostrepton: One of the CYCLIC PEPTIDES from Streptomyces that is active against gram-positive bacteria. In veterinary medicine, it has been used in mastitis caused by gram-negative organisms and in dermatologic disorders.. thiostrepton : A heterodetic cyclic peptide, in which the cyclisation step involves a formal lactonisation between the carboxy group of a quinaldic acid-based residue and a secondary alcohol. An antibiotic that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis. Also acts as an antitumor agent.	1.98	1	0
hygromycin b [no description available]	2.38	2	0
s-adenosylmethionine (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.	10.96	35	0	organic cation; sulfonium compound	coenzyme; cofactor; human metabolite; micronutrient; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
gdc 0449 HhAntag691: inhibits the hedgehog pathway and ABC transporters; has antineoplastic activity	2.08	1	0	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; sulfone	antineoplastic agent; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; SMO receptor antagonist; teratogenic agent
mk-1775 adavosertib: a Wee1 kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.05	1	0	piperazines
4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene [no description available]	3.21	5	0	BODIPY compound
incb-018424 [no description available]	3.06	4	0	nitrile; pyrazoles; pyrrolopyrimidine	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
asp3026 ASP3026: an anaplastic lymphoma receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor; structure in first source. ASP-3026 : A member of the class of diamino-1,3,5-triazines that is 1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine in which the amino groups at positions 2 and 4 are respectively carrying 2-methoxy-4-[4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)piperidin-1-yl]phenyl and 2-(propan-2-ylsulfonyl)phenyl substituents. It is a potent inhibitor of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), Ack and ROS1 activity (IC50 values are 3.5, 5.8 and 8.9 nM respectively) and exhibits anti-cancer properties.	2.1	1	0	aromatic amine; diamino-1,3,5-triazine; monomethoxybenzene; N-methylpiperazine; piperidines; secondary amino compound; sulfone	antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 6.1.1.6 (lysine--tRNA ligase) inhibitor
s-ethylcysteine S-ethylcysteine: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. S-ethyl-L-cysteine zwitterion : A S-alkyl-L-cysteine zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of S-ethyl-L-cysteine; major species at pH 7.3.	1.96	1	0	S-alkyl-L-cysteine zwitterion; S-alkyl-L-cysteine	antitubercular agent
pyridostatin pyridostatin: binds telomeric G-quadruplexes; structure in first source	3.35	1	0
peptones Peptones: Derived proteins or mixtures of cleavage products produced by the partial hydrolysis of a native protein either by an acid or by an enzyme. Peptones are readily soluble in water, and are not precipitable by heat, by alkalis, or by saturation with ammonium sulfate. (Dorland, 28th ed)	2.86	4	0
4-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl acetic acid (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.	2.11	1	0	monocarboxylic acid anion
glycolipids [no description available]	3.77	2	1
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	10.5	48	3
thymosin Thymosin: Thymosin. A family of heat-stable, polypeptide hormones secreted by the thymus gland. Their biological activities include lymphocytopoiesis, restoration of immunological competence and enhancement of expression of T-cell characteristics and function. They have therapeutic potential in patients having primary or secondary immunodeficiency diseases, cancer or diseases related to aging.	2.11	1	0
5-hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxyuridine 5-hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxyuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside composed of 2'-deoxyuridine having a 5-hydroxymethyl substituent.	1.98	1	0
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	2.78	3	0
guanidinohydantoin guanidinohydantoin: structure in first source. 5-guanidinohydantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a guanidino group at position 5.	4.31	18	0	guanidines; imidazolidine-2,4-dione
abt-450 paritaprevir: inhibits HCV NS3 protease. paritaprevir : An azamacrocycle which is used which is in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and ritonavir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.	2.17	1	0
tylosin [no description available]	2.01	1	0
sofosbuvir Sofosbuvir: A uridine monophosphate analog inhibitor of HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) polymerase NS5B that is used as an ANTIVIRAL AGENT in the treatment of CHRONIC HEPATITIS C.. sofosbuvir : A nucleotide conjugate that is used in combination with ledipasvir (under the trade name Harvoni) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection.	4.18	4	0	isopropyl ester; L-alanyl ester; nucleotide conjugate; organofluorine compound; phosphoramidate ester	antiviral drug; hepatitis C protease inhibitor; prodrug
exenatide Exenatide: A synthetic form of exendin-4, a 39-amino acid peptide isolated from the venom of the Gila monster lizard (Heloderma suspectum). Exenatide increases CYCLIC AMP levels in pancreatic acinar cells and acts as a GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR (GLP-1) agonist and incretin mimetic, enhancing insulin secretion in response to increased glucose levels; it also suppresses inappropriate glucagon secretion and slows gastric emptying. It is used an anti-diabetic and anti-obesity agent.	2.03	1	0
abemaciclib [no description available]	2.31	1	0
diphthamide [no description available]	1.98	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
birinapant birinapant: a Smac mimetic with antineoplastic activity	2.11	1	0	dipeptide
natriuretic peptide, brain Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.	2.03	1	0	polypeptide
heme Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.	9.61	8	0
nitrosoperoxycarbonate nitrosoperoxycarbonate: a peroxynitrite and carbon dioxide adduct involved in oxidative DNA damage. nitrosoperoxycarbonic acid : A carbon oxoacid that is carbonic acid in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a nitrosoxy group. At physiological pH, nitrosoperoxycarbonic acid is highly unstable, rapidly decomposing to give CO2, NO2, and hydroxyl radicals.	7.44	2	0	carbon oxoacid; nitroso compound; organic peroxide
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	9.87	32	4	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
novobiocin Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.	2.01	1	0	carbamate ester; ether; hexoside; hydroxycoumarin; monocarboxylic acid amide; monosaccharide derivative; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	3.57	9	0
chlortetracycline Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.	1.95	1	0
minocycline Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.	1.95	1	0
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	3.06	5	0	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
piroxicam [no description available]	2.44	2	0	benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	5.41	11	0	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
gimeracil gimeracil: a biochemical and pharmacological modulator of 5-FU	3.53	2	0	organic molecular entity
fuscin fuscin: antibacterial pigment produced by the fungus Didiodendron fuscom; minor descriptor (75-82); online & Index Medicus search BENZOPYRANS (75-82)	1.97	1	0
s 1 (combination) S 1 (combination): consists of tegafur, 5-chloro-2,4-dihydroxyuridine & potassium oxonate; an inhibitor of fluorouracil(5-FU) degradation; prolongs the blood 5-FU level as well as increases selective toxicity to tumor; used for the treatment of colon cancer	5.79	6	0
abt-267 ombitasvir: inhibits HCV NS5A protein, component of Viekirax. ombitasvir : A dipeptide derivative which is used which is in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, paritaprevir and ritonavir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.	2.17	1	0	aromatic amide; carbamate ester; dipeptide; pyrrolidines	antiviral drug; hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor
almagate pegaptanib: a 28-base ribonucleic acid aptamer covalently linked to two branched 20-kD polyethylene glycol moieties to block the activity of extracellular VEGF, specifically the 165-amino-acid isoform (VEGF165); for treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration	2.03	1	0
epidermal growth factor Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.	8.78	11	0
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	7.13	10	1
staphyloxanthin staphyloxanthin: Staph aureus pigment; glucose esterified with both a triterpenoid carotenoid carboxylic acid & a C15 fatty acid. staphyloxanthin : A xanthophyll that is beta-D-glucopyranose in which the hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 6 have been acylated by an all-trans-2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosa-2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,22-decaenoyl group and a 12-methyltetradecanoyl group, respectively. Staphyloxanthin is responsible for the characteristic yellow-golden colour which gives the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus its name.	2.08	1	0	apo carotenoid triterpenoid; D-aldohexose derivative; fatty acid ester; triol; xanthophyll	antioxidant; biological pigment; metabolite; virulence factor
okadaic acid Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.	2.04	1	0	ketal
hexa-d-arginine [no description available]	2.1	1	0
sybr green i SYBR Green I: binds to double stranded DNA of less than 20 pg following agarose or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; excited at 497 nm and emits at 520 nm. SYBR Green I : A benzothiazolium ion resulting from the methylation of the nitrogen of the benzothiazole group of N-[4-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylmethylene)-1-phenyl-1,4-dihydroquinolin-2-yl]-N',N'-dimethyl-N-propylpropane-1,3-diamine. A cationic unsymmetrical cyanine dye that binds to double-stranded DNA and is used as a nucleic acid stain in molecular biology.	2.03	1	0	benzothiazolium ion; cyanine dye; quinolines; tertiary amine	fluorescent dye
pyrethrins [no description available]	2.38	2	0
gs-5816 velpatasvir: an NS5A inhibitor used for treating hepatitis C infections. velpatasvir : A complex organic heteropentacyclic compound that is a hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor used in combination with sofosbuvir (under the brand name Epclusa) for treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis C of all six major genotypes.	3.35	1	0	carbamate ester; ether; imidazoles; L-valine derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; organic heteropentacyclic compound; ring assembly	antiviral drug; hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor
spiroiminodihydantoin spiroiminodihydantoin: structure in first source. spiroiminodihydantoin : An azaspiro compound that is 1,3,6,8-tetraazaspiro[4.4]non-6-ene which is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 4, and 9. Both enantiomers are highly mutagenic products resulting from the oxidation of guanine and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine in DNA by reactive oxygen species.	4.48	22	0	azaspiro compound	mutagen
agar Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.	3.96	14	0
cyclin d1 Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.	7.5	2	0
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	3.34	7	0
ter 286 TER 286: a glutathione-based glutathione S-transferase-activated cytotoxin; TLK-286 is the ((R)-(-))-isomer	4.04	2	0
limbrel flavocoxid: a mixture of baicalin and catechin used as an NSAID	2.17	1	0
n-acetoxy-4-acetylaminostilbene N-acetoxy-4-acetylaminostilbene: carcinogenic electrophile; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in 2nd source	2.37	2	0
mitotracker green fm [no description available]	2.13	1	0
oligomycins Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).	1.97	1	0
asbestos, crocidolite Asbestos, Crocidolite: A lavender, acid-resistant asbestos.	2.92	4	0
phthalocyanine phthalocyanine : A tetrapyrrole fundamental parent that consists of four isoindole-type units, with the connecting carbon atoms in the macrocycle replaced by nitrogen.	2.49	2	0	phthalocyanines; tetrapyrrole fundamental parent
tetraphenylporphine tetraphenylporphyrin: structure in first source	2.43	2	0
osmium tetroxide-2,2'-bipyridine [no description available]	2.02	1	0
nitrophenols Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.	3.36	7	0
carboxyatractyloside carboxyatractyloside: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.97	1	0
d-ala(2),mephe(4),met(0)-ol-enkephalin D-Ala(2),MePhe(4),Met(0)-ol-enkephalin: A stable synthetic analog of methionine enkephalin (ENKEPHALIN, METHIONINE). Actions are similar to those of methionine enkephalin. Its effects can be reversed by narcotic antagonists such as naloxone.	1.97	1	0
gibberellins [no description available]	2.38	2	0
t-2 toxin T-2 Toxin: A potent mycotoxin produced in feedstuffs by several species of the genus FUSARIUM. It elicits a severe inflammatory reaction in animals and has teratogenic effects.. T-2 toxin : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium. It is a common contaminant in food and feedstuffs of cereal origin and is known to cause a range of toxic effects in humans and animals.	2.41	1	0
vitamin b 12 Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.	14.36	52	18
oblimersen oblimersen: targets the Bcl-2 oncogene good efficacy with low toxicity tumour regressions	2.02	1	0
s 8932 [no description available]	3.41	1	0	aromatic amine; C-nucleoside; carboxylic ester; nitrile; phosphoramidate ester; pyrrolotriazine	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; prodrug
cyclopenta(cd)pyrene 3,4-oxide cyclopenta(cd)pyrene 3,4-oxide: structure given in first source	2.4	2	0
1-nitropyrene-4,5-oxide 1-nitropyrene-4,5-oxide: microsomal meabolite of 1-nitropyrene	1.97	1	0
transforming growth factor alpha Transforming Growth Factor alpha: An EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR related protein that is found in a variety of tissues including EPITHELIUM, and maternal DECIDUA. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form which binds to the EGF RECEPTOR.	2.1	1	0
as 1411 AGRO 100: an antineoplastic agent that inhibits nuclear factor-kappaB activation; base sequence in first source	2.08	1	0
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	4.65	8	0
flavin mononucleotide Flavin Mononucleotide: A coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH DEHYDROGENASE. It is the principal form in which RIBOFLAVIN is found in cells and tissues.	3.48	2	0
lactoferrin Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.	2.8	3	0
digitonin Digitonin: A glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars. Digitonin solubilizes lipids, especially in membranes and is used as a tool in cellular biochemistry, and reagent for precipitating cholesterol. It has no cardiac effects.. digitonin : A spirostanyl glycoside that is digitogenin in which the 3-hydroxy group is substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl group. It is a steroidal saponin isolated from the foxglove plant, Digitalis purpurea. It is used extensively as a mild non-ionic detergent for extracting proteins from membranes for structure and function studies.	1.99	1	0
orabase Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers	2.02	1	0
thromboplastin Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.	2.02	1	0
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	3.56	9	0
chromomycins Chromomycins: A complex of several closely related glycosidic antibiotics from Streptomyces griseus. The major component, CHROMOMYCIN A3, is used as a fluorescent stain of DNA where it attaches and inhibits RNA synthesis. It is also used as an antineoplastic agent, especially for solid tumors.. chromomycin : A family of antibiotics isolated from Streptomyces griseus.	1.99	1	0
ribosomal protein l7-l12 [no description available]	2.02	1	0
nedaplatin nedaplatin: structure given in first source	3.87	2	1
amyloid beta-peptides amyloid beta-protein (1-40): although acutely neurotoxic in both rat & monkey cerebral cortex, neuronal degeneration in primates resembles more closely to that found in Alzheimer's disease; amino acid sequence has been determined	2.01	1	0
amyloid beta-peptides [no description available]	2.01	1	0
exudates Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)	2.41	2	0
5'-deoxythymidine 5'-deoxythymidine: structure given in first source; used to study mechanism of entry into human erythrocytes in comparison with other deoxythymidines	2.05	1	0
tetra(4-n-methylpyridyl)porphine tetra(4-N-methylpyridyl)porphine: structure in first source	4.05	14	0
entecavir entecavir (anhydrous) : Guanine substituted at the 9 position by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl group. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, it is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Entecavir is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.	32.36	1,752	272	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
acyclovir Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.	20.12	526	72	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antimetabolite; antiviral drug
nu 1025 NU 1064: structure in first source	3.13	1	0	phenols; quinazolines	EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
levoleucovorin Levoleucovorin: A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN.. (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : The pharmacologically active (6S)-stereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.	10	15	3	5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
8-oxodeoxyguanosine triphosphate 8-oxodeoxyguanosine triphosphate: mutagenic nucleotide; hydrolyzed by 8-oxodGTPase to 8-oxodGMP. 8-oxo-dGTP : A purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate having 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine as the nucleobase.	4.54	7	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	mutagen
6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin 2-amino-6-(hydroxymethyl)-7,8-dihydropteridin-4-one : A dihydropterin that is 7,8-dihydropteridin-4-one substituted at positions 2 and 6 by amino and hydroxymethyl groups respectively.. 2-amino-6-(hydroxymethyl)-7,8-dihydropteridin-4-ol : A dihydropterin that is 7,8-dihydropteridin-4-ol substituted at positions 2 and 6 by amino and hydroxymethyl groups respectively.	7.1	1	0	dihydropterin	Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.	7.76	31	1	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sepiapterin sepiapterin: A substrate of sepiapterin reductase	3.1	1	0	sepiapterin
deoxyguanosine [no description available]	13.58	313	3	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyinosine [no description available]	2.38	2	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-phosphate 2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-phosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd.. 2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.	4.07	15	0	deoxyguanosine phosphate; guanyl deoxyribonucleotide; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
deoxyguanosine triphosphate [no description available]	4.43	22	0	deoxyguanosine phosphate; guanyl deoxyribonucleotide; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Arabidopsis thaliana metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine diphosphate Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	4.95	37	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanosine diphosphate mannose Guanosine Diphosphate Mannose: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which can be converted to the deoxy sugar GDPfucose, which provides fucose for lipopolysaccharides of bacterial cell walls. Also acts as mannose donor for glycolipid synthesis.. GDP-D-mannose : A GDP-mannose in which the mannose fragment has D-configuration.. GDP-alpha-D-mannose : The alpha-anomer of GDP-D-mannose.	1.95	1	0	GDP-D-mannose	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
guanosine pentaphosphate Guanosine Pentaphosphate: Guanosine 5'-triphosphate 2'(3')-diphosphate. A guanine nucleotide containing five phosphate groups. Three phosphate groups are esterified to the sugar moiety in the 5' position and the other two in the 2' or 3' position. This nucleotide serves as a messenger to turn off the synthesis of ribosomal RNA when amino acids are not available for protein synthesis.. guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-triphosphate : A guanosine bisphosphate having a diphosphate at the 3'-position and a triphosphate at the 5'-position.	2.11	1	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; guanosine bisphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
guanosine monophosphate Guanosine Monophosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety and found widely in nature.. guanosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.	7.73	88	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
guanosine triphosphate Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	8.95	140	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanosine ribonucleoside : Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.	11.73	341	1	guanosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	fundamental metabolite
guanosine tetraphosphate Guanosine Tetraphosphate: Guanosine 5'-diphosphate 2'(3')-diphosphate. A guanine nucleotide containing four phosphate groups. Two phosphate groups are esterified to the sugar moiety in the 5' position and the other two in the 2' or 3' position. This nucleotide serves as a messenger to turn off the synthesis of ribosomal RNA when amino acids are not available for protein synthesis. Synonym: magic spot I.. guanosine 3',5'-bis(diphosphate) : A guanosine bisphosphate having diphosphate groups at both the 3' and 5'-positions.	2.41	2	0	guanosine bisphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
hypoxanthine [no description available]	9.62	183	0	nucleobase analogue; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	fundamental metabolite
inosinic acid Inosine Monophosphate: Inosine 5'-Monophosphate. A purine nucleotide which has hypoxanthine as the base and one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety.	11.35	31	0	inosine phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
inosine [no description available]	9.1	124	1	inosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
inosine triphosphate Inosine Triphosphate: Inosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). An inosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. Synonym: IRPPP.	2.46	2	0	inosine phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
1-methyladenine 1-methyladenine : Adenine substituted with a methyl group at position N-1.	7.46	2	0
inosine diphosphate Inosine Diphosphate: An inosine nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety.	1.98	1	0	inosine phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite
sapropterin sapropterin: RN given refers to parent cpd; co-factor required for catalytic activity of nitric oxide synthases. (6R)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin : A 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin in which the stereocentre at position 6 has R-configuration.. sapropterin : A tetrahydropterin that is 2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridin-4(3H)-one in which a hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a 1,2-dihydroxypropyl group (6R,1'R,2'S-enantiomer).	2.38	2	0	5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin	coenzyme; cofactor; diagnostic agent; human metabolite
folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.	16.58	117	21	folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient
2-amino-4-hydroxypteridine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	2-amino-4-hydroxypteridine; pterin
3-methyladenine N3-methyladenine: structure in first source	6.96	57	0
cyclic imp Cyclic IMP: Inosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). An inosine nucleotide which acts as a mild inhibitor of the hydrolysis of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP and as an inhibitor of cat heart cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 3',5'-cyclic IMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide having hypoxanthine as the nucleobase.	1.96	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphate	mammalian metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
queuine [no description available]	8.16	106	0	pyrrolopyrimidine	Escherichia coli metabolite
guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.	3.7	10	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
7-methylguanine 7-methylguanine: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. 7-methylguanine : A methylguanine that is guanine substituted by a methyl group at position 7. It is a metabolite obtained during the methylation of DNA.. 2-imino-7-methyl-1,2,3,7-tetrahydro-6H-purin-6-one : A 7-methylguanine that is 1,2,3,7-tetrahydro-6H-purin-6-one substituted by an imino group at position 2 and a methyl group at position 7.. 2-amino-7-methyl-7H-purin-6-ol : A 7-methylguanine that is 7H-purine substituted by an amino group at position 2, a methyl group at position 7 and a hydroxy group at position 6.. 2-amino-7-methyl-1,7-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one : A 7-methylguanine that is 1,7-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one substituted by an amino group at position 2 and a methyl group at position 7.	10.75	302	0	7-methylguanine
n(5)-methyl-n(5)-formyl-2,5,6-triamino-4-hydroxypyrimidine N(5)-methyl-N(5)-formyl-2,5,6-triamino-4-hydroxypyrimidine: structure given in first source. 2,6-diamino-4-hydroxy-5-(N-methylformamido)pyrimidine : A pyrimidine derivative having amino substituents in the 2- and 6-positions, a hydroxy substituent at the 4-position and an N-methylformamido group at the 5-position.	2.38	2	0	aminopyrimidine; formamidopyrimidine; hydroxypyrimidine
neopterin [no description available]	2.82	3	0
3'-guanylic acid 3'-guanylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. guanosine 3'-monophosphate : A guanosine 3'-phosphate compound with a monophosphate group at the 3'-position.	2.4	2	0	guanosine 3'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 3'-monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite
rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)	3.91	13	0	cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.	2.73	3	0	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound	adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; GABA antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; xenobiotic
dacarbazine (E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	13.35	114	12	dacarbazine
didanosine Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS.	1.99	1	0	purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor; geroprotector; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
ganciclovir [no description available]	12.48	92	2	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antiinfective agent; antiviral drug
valacyclovir Valacyclovir: A prodrug of acyclovir that is used in the treatment of HERPES ZOSTER and HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION of the skin and mucous membranes, including GENITAL HERPES.	15.46	29	1	L-valyl ester	antiviral drug
penciclovir penciclovir : A member of the class of 2-aminopurines that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)but-1-yl group. An antiviral drug, it is administered topically for treatment of herpes labialis. A prodrug, famciclovir, is used for oral administration.	15.73	208	20	2-aminopurines; propane-1,3-diols	antiviral drug
pteroic acid pteroic acid: structure	2.01	1	0	pteroic acid
oxypurinol Oxypurinol: A xanthine oxidase inhibitor.. alloxanthine : A pyrazolopyrimidine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine substituted by oxo groups at positions 4 and 6.	2.67	3	0	pyrazolopyrimidine	drug metabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
zaprinast zaprinast: anaphylaxis inhibitor; structure	2.03	1	0	triazolopyrimidines
raltitrexed [no description available]	9.71	37	0	N-acyl-amino acid
nolatrexed nolatrexed: structure given in first source; RN given refers to dihydrochloride	5.2	6	0
8-azaxanthine methanochondroitin: a heteropolysaccharide from cell wall which resembles the eukaryotic chondroitin	2.03	1	0	triazolopyrimidines
2-aminopurine dioxolane (4-2-aminopurin-9-yl)-1,3-dioxolane-2-methanol: structure in first source	2.41	2	0
8-amino-9-(2-thienylmethyl)guanine [no description available]	7.37	2	0
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	9.8	101	1	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
9-methylguanine 9-methylguanine: structure in first source	5.15	43	0
azaguanine Azaguanine: One of the early purine analogs showing antineoplastic activity. It functions as an antimetabolite and is easily incorporated into ribonucleic acids.. 8-azaguanine : A triazolopyrimidine that consists of 3,6-dihydro-7H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine bearing amino and oxo substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively.	6.1	128	0	nucleobase analogue; triazolopyrimidines	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor
guanylyl imidodiphosphate Guanylyl Imidodiphosphate: A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg2+. The nucleotide is a potent stimulator of ADENYLYL CYCLASES.. guanosine 5'-[beta,gamma-imido]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is GTP in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta- to the gamma- phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, it binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg(2+).	1.98	1	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
xanthopterin [no description available]	8.6	9	0
1843u89 1843U89: structure given in first source; a folate analog	5.04	5	0
acyclovir triphosphate [no description available]	5.17	9	0
5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate (6R)-5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolic acid : The 5,10-methenyl derivative of tetrahydrofolic acid arising from enzymatic cyclisation of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.	3.16	1	0	methylenetetrahydrofolic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
6-hydroxy-2,4,5-triaminopyrimidine 6-hydroxy-2,4,5-triaminopyrimidine: pyrimidine moiety of pterins; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 2,5,6-triamino-4-hydroxypyrimidine : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 2,5,6-triaminopyrimidine carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 4.	3.64	2	0	aminopyrimidine; hydroxypyrimidine	antioxidant; chromophore
2'-o-methylguanosine 2'-O-methylguanosine : Guanosine with the hydrogen on the hydroxyl at position C-2' substituted with a methyl group.	2.21	1	0	methylguanosine	metabolite
allopurinol riboside allopurinol riboside : A nucleoside analogue that is allopurinol with a beta-D-ribofuranosyl moiety at the 1-position.	2.36	2	0	nucleoside analogue	metabolite
8-hydroxyguanosine 8-hydroxyguanosine: immunostimulant for B lymphocytes; structure given in first source	6.18	30	1	purine nucleoside
7-deazainosine [no description available]	1.99	1	0
7-deazaguanine [no description available]	6.64	66	0	organic molecular entity
8-bromoguanine 8-bromoguanine: structure in first source	3.87	11	0
8-amino-9-benzylguanine 8-amino-9-benzylguanine: structure given in first source	3.08	5	0
noc 18 NOC 18: releases nitric oxide; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
cyclopropavir cyclopropavir: cyclopropavir is the (Z)-isomer; has antiviral activity; structure in first source	12.66	17	0
alanosine [no description available]	7.36	2	0
2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-formylpteridine 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-formylpteridine: pteridine precursor in biosynthesis of dihydropteroate; structure. 6-formylpterin : Pterin carrying a formyl group at position 6.	2.36	2	0	aldehyde; pterins	EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; reactive oxygen species generator
forodesine forodesine: structure in first source	2.72	3	0	dihydroxypyrrolidine; pyrrolopyrimidine
9-((2-phosphonylmethoxy)ethyl)guanine 9-((2-phosphonylmethoxy)ethyl)guanine: structure given in first source	7.3	32	1	phosphoethanolamine
buciclovir buciclovir: structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
thiopurinol ribonucleoside [no description available]	1.96	1	0
8-azahypoxanthine 8-azahypoxanthine: an antimalarial that inhibits hypoxanthine-guanine-xanthine phosphoribosyltransferase; structure. 8-azahypoxanthine : A triazolopyrimidine that consists of 1,4-dihydro-7H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine bearing an oxo substituent at position 7.	2.67	3	0	nucleobase analogue; triazolopyrimidines	antimalarial; EC 2.4.2.8 (hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase) inhibitor
guanosine 5'-o-(2-thiodiphosphate) [no description available]	2	1	0	nucleoside diphosphate analogue
pemetrexed pemetrexed disodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of N-{4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl}-L-glutamic acid. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).	28.17	1,428	482	N-acyl-L-glutamic acid; pyrrolopyrimidine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.2.2 (phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase) inhibitor
7-deazaguanosine 7-deazaguanosine: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
7-deaza-2'-deoxyguanosine 7-deaza-2'-deoxyguanosine: structure given in first source	2.11	1	0	pyrrolopyrimidine
tirapazamine Tirapazamine: A triazine derivative that introduces breaks into DNA strands in hypoxic cells, sensitizing tumor cells to the cytotoxic activity of other drugs and radiation.. tirapazamine : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,4-benzotriazine carrying an amino substituent at position 3 and two oxido substituents at positions 1 and 4.	2.7	3	0	aromatic amine; benzotriazines; N-oxide	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer
lometrexol lometrexol: RN & structure given in first source;	6.47	9	0
lobucavir lobucavir: inhibits the replication of HIV virus in T cells, monocytes & macrophages in vitro by inhibiting DNA polymerase and viral DNA synthesis	12.77	36	0
peldesine peldesine: potent inhibitor of human CCRF-CEM T-cell proliferation; structure given in first source	7.34	13	3
valganciclovir Valganciclovir: A ganciclovir prodrug and antiviral agent that is used to treat CYTOMEGALOVIRUS RETINITIS in patients with AIDS, and for the prevention of CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS in organ transplant recipients who have received an organ from a CMV-positive donor.. valganciclovir : The L-valinyl ester of ganciclovir, into which it is rapidly converted by intestinal and hepatic esterases. It is a synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine.	5.5	6	0	L-valyl ester; purines	antiviral drug; prodrug
aprepitant Aprepitant: A morpholine neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist that is used in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by DRUG THERAPY, and for the prevention of POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING.. aprepitant : A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors.	4.4	1	1	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; cyclic acetal; morpholines; triazoles	antidepressant; antiemetic; neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist; peripheral nervous system drug; substance P receptor antagonist
pyrazofurin pirazofurin : A C-glycosyl compound that is 4-hydroxy-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl group.	2.66	3	0	C-glycosyl compound; pyrazoles	antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 4.1.1.23 (orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase) inhibitor
2'-deoxy-2'-fluoroguanosine 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoroguanosine: has activity in human respiratory epithelial cells against both influenza A & B viruses	1.98	1	0
n(2)-phenylguanine [no description available]	2.68	3	0
9-ethylguanine [no description available]	4.96	36	0
5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer	2.06	1	0	tetrahydrofolic acid
ci 972 CI 972: structure given in first source	3.23	6	0
8-hydroxyguanine 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine: was substituted for guanine at G(8), G(9), G(14), or G(15) in the human telomeric oligonucleotide 5'-d[AGGGTTAG(8)G(9)GTT AG(14)G(15)GTTAGGGTGT]-3'. 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine : An oxopurine that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by an oxo group and in which the nitrogens at positions 7 and 9 each bear a hydrogen.	19.35	1,247	13	oxopurine
8-methylguanine 8-methylguanine: structure given in first source	4.24	18	0
8-aminoguanine [no description available]	4.36	20	0
acyclovir monophosphate acyclovir monophosphate: structure given in first source	5.36	4	1
nintedanib nintedanib : A member of the class of oxindoles that is a kinase inhibitor used (in the form of its ethylsulfonate salt) for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and cancer.	3.44	1	1
2-amino-6-hydroxy-8-mercaptopurine [no description available]	2.44	2	0
n(2),n(2),7-trimethylguanosine [no description available]	2.43	2	0	methylguanosine
ec20 folate peptide EC20 folate peptide: peptide derivative of folic acid; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
zd 9331 ZD 9331: BGC9331 was formerly known as ZD9331; structure in first source	5.91	10	0
3'-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxyguanosine 3'-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxyguanosine: structure given in first source	2	1	0
9-(4-hydroxybutyl)guanine [no description available]	2.39	2	0
nsc 614846 carbovir: structure given in first source; potent & selective anti-HIV agent. carbovir : Cyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in which the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-hydroxy-9H-purin-9-yl group such that the two substitutents on the cyclopentene ring are in a cis relationship. The (-)-enantiomer, also known as carbovir, is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication replication in cell cultures.. (-)-carbovir : The (active) (-)-enantiomer of the carbocyclic analogue of 2',3'-dideoxy-2',3'-didehydroguanosine.	2.04	1	0	carbovir	HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
oxetanocin g oxetanocin G: inhibits human cytomegalovirus replication; structure given in first source	5.51	16	1
n(2)-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)guanine [no description available]	2.42	2	0
3-ethyladenine 3-ethyladenine: RN given refers to parent cpd	7.7	3	0
9-(4-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)butyl)guanine 9-(4-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)butyl)guanine: structure given in first source	4.88	11	0
methylnitronitrosoguanidine Methylnitronitrosoguanidine: A nitrosoguanidine derivative with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine : An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position	10.56	128	0	nitroso compound	alkylating agent
8-bromo-2'-deoxyguanosine 8-bromo-2'-deoxyguanosine: structure in first source. 8-bromo-2'-deoxyguanosine : An organobromine compound comprising 2'-deoxyguanosine having a bromo substituent at position 8 of the guanine ring system.	2.17	1	0	guanosines; organobromine compound
bis(3',5')-cyclic diguanylic acid [no description available]	3.05	4	0	cyclic purine dinucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	immunomodulator; signalling molecule
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.	15.42	231	10	guanosines	biomarker
n-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)acetylaminofluorene N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-2-acetylaminofluorene : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by an acetyl(9H-fluoren-2-yl)amino group.	2.68	3	0	guanosines
6-methylisoxanthopterin 6-methylisoxanthopterin: a fluorescent structural probe for monitoring the integrity of triple-stranded DNA conformation	3.16	5	0
coelenterazine coelenterazine: active group in AEQUORIN, a coelenterate luciferin. Oplophorus luciferin : An imidazopyrazine that is imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazin-3(7H)-one in which positions 2, 6, and 8 are substituted by 4-hydroxybenzyl, 4-hydroxyphenyl, and benzyl groups, respectively.	2.25	1	0
7-methylguanosine 7-methylguanosine : A positively charged methylguanosine in which a single methyl substituent is located at position 7.	7.95	4	0	methylguanosine; organic cation	metabolite
7-ethylguanine [no description available]	4.23	18	0	oxopurine
guanine 7-oxide guanine 7-oxide: from Streptomyces sp.; structure given in first source	9.86	11	0
formycin b formycin B: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer	3.07	5	0	formycin
guanylyl-(3'-5')-guanosine [no description available]	2.06	1	0	nucleoside analogue; purines
tetrahydropterin [no description available]	2.08	1	0
prodigiosin Prodigiosin: 4-Methoxy-5-((5-methyl-4-pentyl-2H-pyrrol-2-ylidene)methyl)- 2,2'-bi-1H-pyrrole. A toxic, bright red tripyrrole pigment from Serratia marcescens and others. It has antibacterial, anticoccidial, antimalarial, and antifungal activities, but is used mainly as a biochemical tool.. prodigiosin : A member of the class of tripyrroles that is a red-coloured pigment with antibiotic properties produced by Serratia marcescens.	1.94	1	0
8-thioguanosine 8-thioguanosine: lymphocyte activator	2	1	0
2'-guanylic acid 2'-guanylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. guanosine 2'-monophosphate : A purine ribonucleoside 2'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.	2	1	0	purine ribonucleoside 2'-monophosphate	EC 3.1.27.3 (ribonuclease T1) inhibitor
molybdopterin cytosine dinucleotide molybdopterin cytosine dinucleotide: pterin of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas carboxydoflava; structure has been determined	2.06	1	0	molybdopterin dinucleotide; molybdopterins; thiol
9-deazaguanine [no description available]	6.58	15	1
2',3'-dideoxyguanosine [no description available]	1.99	1	0
8-methylguanosine 8-methylguanosine: structure in first source	2.73	3	0
8-bromoguanosine [no description available]	2.91	4	0	purine nucleoside
deoxyadenylyl-(3'-5')-deoxyguanosine [no description available]	2.01	1	0
8-nitroguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate 8-nitroguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate: a signal for protein S-guanylation; structure in first source. 8-nitroguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate in which the hydrogen at position 8 on the purine fragment has been replaced by a nitro group.	5.28	3	1	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; C-nitro compound	biomarker; Brassica napus metabolite; human metabolite; signalling molecule
3,n(4)-ethanocytosine [no description available]	5.98	14	0	organic heterobicyclic compound	mutagen
formycins Formycins: Pyrazolopyrimidine ribonucleosides isolated from Nocardia interforma. They are antineoplastic antibiotics with cytostatic properties.	4.85	11	0
8-nitroguanine [no description available]	11.98	82	2	oxopurine
9-deazainosine [no description available]	1.99	1	0
5-methyltetrahydrofolate 5-methyltetrahydrofolate : A group of heterocyclic compounds based on the 5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroic acid skeleton conjugated with one or more L-glutamic acid or L-glutamate units.	2.97	4	0
mocimycin mocimycin: induces GTPase activity of EF-TU; N-demethyl analog of antibiotic X-5108; structure	2.01	1	0	C-glycosyl compound
n(7)-hydroxyethylguanine [no description available]	6.25	46	0
9-(4-fluoro-3-hydroxymethylbutyl)guanine [no description available]	8.85	45	3
9-deazahypoxanthine 9-deazahypoxanthine: structure in first source	7.13	1	0
8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine 5'-monophosphate 8-oxo-dGMP : A purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine as the nucleobase.	3.52	2	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate
8-oxyguanine 8-oxyguanine: structure given in first source. 8-oxoguanine : An oxopurine that is guanine which is substituted by an oxo group at position 8.	4.61	8	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine
9-arabinofuranosylguanine 9-arabinofuranosylguanine: RN given refers to (beta)-isomer. 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylguanine : A purine nucleoside in which guanine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. It inhibits DNA synthesis and causes cell death.	2.66	3	0	beta-D-arabinoside; purine nucleoside	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
n(2),n(2)-dimethylguanosine N(2),N(2)-dimethylguanosine: elevated levels in urine of cancer patients. N(2),N(2)-dimethylguanosine : A guanosine where the hydrogens of the amine group at C-2 are substituted by methyl groups.	2.66	3	0	methylguanosine	human metabolite
9-carboxymethoxymethylguanine 9-carboxymethoxymethylguanine: metabolite of acyclovir	5.29	16	0	oxopurine
cytidylyl-3'-5'-guanosine cytidylyl-3'-5'-guanosine: also referred to as CpG	4.87	11	0	(3'->5')-dinucleotide
8-hydroxyguanosine triphosphate [no description available]	2.71	3	0
deoxycytidylyl-(3'-5')-deoxyguanosine deoxycytidylyl-(3'-5')-deoxyguanosine: RN given refers to parent cpd. dCpdG : A (3'->5')-dinucleotide consisting of 2'-deoxyguanosine having a 2'-deoxycytidylyl-3-phospho moiety attached at the 5-position.	3.08	5	0	(3'->5')-dinucleotide
enng [no description available]	2.66	3	0
9-deaza-9-(3-thienylmethyl)guanine [no description available]	3.93	13	0
8-aminoguanosine [no description available]	8.36	7	0
9-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonomethoxypropyl)guanine 9-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonomethoxypropyl)guanine: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (+-)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 3/89	3.08	5	0
imidacloprid imidacloprid: systemic & contact insecticide exhibiting low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source; it is one of the neonicotinoid insecticides, which acts as an antagonist by binding to postsynaptic nicotinic receptors in the insect central nervous system. imidacloprid : An imidazolidine that is N-nitroimidazolidin-2-imine bearing a (6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl substituent at position 1.	2.15	1	0	imidacloprid; imidazolidines; monochloropyridine	environmental contaminant; genotoxin; neonicotinoid insectide; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
nucleoside q Nucleoside Q: A modified nucleoside which is present in the first position of the anticodon of tRNA-tyrosine, tRNA-histidine, tRNA-asparagine and tRNA-aspartic acid of many organisms. It is believed to play a role in the regulatory function of tRNA. Nucleoside Q can be further modified to nucleoside Q*, which has a mannose or galactose moiety linked to position 4 of its cyclopentenediol moiety.. queuosine : A nucleoside found in tRNA that has an additional cyclopentenyl ring added via an NH group to the methyl group of 7-methyl-7-deazaguanosine. The cyclopentenyl ring may carry other substituents.	6.47	24	0	7-deazaguanine ribonucleoside
2'-deoxy-7-deazaguanosine triphosphate 2'-deoxy-7-deazaguanosine triphosphate: has been proposed as a replacement for dGTP	2.39	2	0
9-beta-d-arabinofuranosylguanosine 5'-triphosphate [no description available]	1.97	1	0
guanosine 5'-o-(1-thiotriphosphate) [no description available]	1.99	1	0
n-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-2-aminofluorene N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-2-aminofluorene : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a (9H-fluoren-2-yl)amino group.	1.99	1	0	guanosines
guanylyl-(3',5')-cytidine guanylyl-(3'->5')-cytidine : A (3'->5')-dinucleotide composed from guanosine and cytidine units.	2.01	1	0	(3'->5')-dinucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide
2,3-dihydro-2-(n(7)-guanyl)-3-hydroxyaflatoxin b1 2,3-dihydro-2-(N(7)-guanyl)-3-hydroxyaflatoxin B1: aflatoxin-guanine adduct in urine of aflatoxin B1 treated rats; RN given refers to (6aS-(6aalpha,8beta,9alpha,9aalpha))-isomer	8.59	27	2
n-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-1-aminopyrene N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-1-aminopyrene: major DNA adduct in female rats treated with 1-nitropyrene	2	1	0
7-methylguanosine-5'-monophosphate 7-methylguanosine 5'-phosphate(1-) : An organophosphate oxoanion arising from deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups of 7-methylguanosine 5'-phosphate; major species at pH 7.3.	3.07	5	0	organophosphate oxoanion
s-(2-(n(7)-guanyl)ethyl)glutathione [no description available]	1.96	1	0
deoxyguanylyl-(3'-5')-guanosine deoxyguanylyl-(3'-5')-guanosine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.95	4	0
7-methyl-2-deoxyguanosine 7-methyl-2-deoxyguanosine: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
6-(4-hydroxyphenylhydrazino)uracil 6-(4-hydroxyphenylhydrazino)uracil: antimicrobial agent which selectively blocks replication of DNA synthesis in Bacillus subtilis by inhibiting DNA polymerase III	1.97	1	0
thymidylyl-(3',5')-2'-deoxyguanosine [no description available]	1.99	1	0
n(2)-(4-n-butylphenyl)-2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-triphosphate N(2)-(4-n-butylphenyl)-2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-triphosphate: RN & structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0
n-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-2-aminopyrene N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-2-aminopyrene: structure given in first source	2	1	0
n(7)-phenylguanine [no description available]	3.09	5	0
2'-carbodeoxyguanosine [no description available]	2.01	1	0
7-methylguanosine triphosphate [no description available]	2.01	1	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate
archaeosine archaeosine: post-transcriptional modification seen in archaeal RNA; structure given in first source. archaeosine : A 7-deazaguanine ribonucleoside having 7-formamidino-7-deazaguanine as the nucleobase. It is found in the majority of archaeal tRNAs specifically at position 15 of the dihydrouridine loop (D-loop), a position not modified in either eukaryotic or bacterial tRNA.	7.74	3	0	7-deazaguanine ribonucleoside
guanosine 5'-phospho-2-methylimidazolide [no description available]	2.68	3	0
8-oxoguanosine 2'-phosphate [no description available]	2.02	1	0
5-guanidino-4-nitroimidazole 5-guanidino-4-nitroimidazole: a guanine oxidation product; structure in first source	3.15	5	0
8-nitroguanosine 8-nitroguanosine: structure in first source. 8-nitroguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a nitro group.	2.45	2	0	nitroguanosine
8-nitro-2'-deoxyguanosine 8-nitro-2'-deoxyguanosine: a marker of oxidation by reactive nitrogen intermediates in phagocytic neutrophils, generated through the cell-mediated myeloperoxidase pathway; structure in first source	2	1	0
7-methyl-2'-deoxyguanosine 3'-monophosphate [no description available]	2.4	2	0
7-n-(2-oxoethyl)guanine [no description available]	3.84	12	0
aflatoxin b1-formamidopyrimidine aflatoxin B1-formamidopyrimidine: persistent aflatoxin-deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA) adduct	2.42	2	0
molybdenum cofactor molybdenum cofactor: also see records for molybdopterin cytosine dinucleotide and molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide. MoO2-molybdopterin cofactor(2-) : An organophosphate oxoanion obtained by deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups of MoO2-molybdopterin cofactor.. MoO2-molybdopterin cofactor : An Mo-molybdopterin cofactor in which the coordinated molybdenum species is MoO2.	2.94	4	0	Mo-molybdopterin cofactor; organophosphate oxoanion
8-azidoguanosine triphosphate [no description available]	1.98	1	0
9-((2-hydroxy-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinan-5-yl)oxymethyl)guanine p-oxide 9-((2-hydroxy-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinan-5-yl)oxymethyl)guanine P-oxide: has anti-DNA-viral activity; acyclonucleotide analog of cGMP; structure given in first source; RN given refers to monosodium salt	3.84	12	0
cyanine dye 3 cyanine dye 3: structures of Cy3 derivatives given in first source	2.42	2	0
nucleoside oq nucleoside oQ: found in tRNA(Tyr) from E coli; structure given in first source. epoxyqueuosine : A 7-deazaguanine ribonucleoside obtained by formal epoxidation of the cyclohexene moiety of queuosine.	1.98	1	0	7-deazaguanine ribonucleoside; epoxide
3'-(methylanthraniloyl)-2'-deoxy-guanosine diphosphate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
8-methyl-2'-deoxyguanosine 8-methyl-2'-deoxyguanosine: structure given in first source	2.06	1	0
3,5-difluoro-4-hydroxybenzylidene imidazolinone 3,5-difluoro-4-hydroxybenzylidene imidazolinone: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
eye [no description available]	5.36	11	0
chromomycin a3 Chromomycin A3: Glycosidic antibiotic from Streptomyces griseus used as a fluorescent stain of DNA and as an antineoplastic agent.	1.96	1	0
molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide: structure given in first source	7.42	2	0
amicoumacin a amicoumacin A: has antibacterial activity, & strongly suppresses inflammatory & ulcer activity; structure in first source	2.13	1	0	organic molecular entity
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	2.87	4	0
metallothionein Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.	5.7	7	1
dinitrobenzenes Dinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with two nitro groups in the ortho, meta or para positions.	2.39	2	0
phosphorus radioisotopes Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.	7.85	56	0
thrombin aptamer thrombin aptamer: nucleotide sequence given in first source; a synthetic polynucleotide	4.09	14	0
leptin Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.	2.08	1	0
pyrimidinones Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.	13.61	83	6
tetrafluoroaluminate tetrafluoroaluminate: induces inositol phosphate formation	2	1	0
phenanthrenes Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	3.61	9	0

Condition	Indicated	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Leukemia L 1210 [description not available]	0	6.16	52	0
Cognition Disorders Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.	0	3.14	5	0
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	0	4.11	16	0
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	0	4.11	16	0
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	0	4.64	6	0
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	0	4.64	6	0
Chronic Hepatitis B [description not available]	0	28.06	1,639	416
Cirrhosis [description not available]	0	8.49	16	2
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	0	13.49	16	2
Hepatitis B, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	0	28.06	1,639	416
Local Neoplasm Recurrence [description not available]	0	17.5	113	55
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	0	4.59	26	0
Lymphoma of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue [description not available]	0	2.76	2	0
Cancer of Rectum [description not available]	0	5.83	8	3
Rectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.	0	5.83	8	3
Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone Extranodal lymphoma of lymphoid tissue associated with mucosa that is in contact with exogenous antigens. Many of the sites of these lymphomas, such as the stomach, salivary gland, and thyroid, are normally devoid of lymphoid tissue. They acquire mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) type as a result of an immunologically mediated disorder.	0	2.76	2	0
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	0	24.26	349	16
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	0	19.81	409	20
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	0	19.26	349	16
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	0	19.81	409	20
Smoking Cessation Discontinuing the habit of SMOKING.	0	7.5	2	0
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	0	4.95	10	0
Clostridioides difficile Infection [description not available]	0	2.66	2	0
Clostridium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM and closely related CLOSTRIDIOIDES species.	0	2.66	2	0
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	0	15.46	79	11
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	1	17.46	79	11
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	0	10.39	21	4
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	0	10.39	21	4
Latent Infection Delayed infection of the host by a dormant or inactive pathogen.	0	2.31	1	0
Hepatitis B Virus Infection [description not available]	0	24.97	347	34
Germinoblastoma [description not available]	0	10.17	44	5
Hepatitis B INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	0	19.97	347	34
Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.	1	12.17	44	5
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung [description not available]	0	27.09	900	491
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	0	28.02	1,235	627
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.	0	27.09	900	491
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	0	28.02	1,235	627
Neutropenia A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.	0	18.34	114	97
Recrudescence [description not available]	0	17.42	148	30
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	0	19.46	249	32
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	0	19.46	249	32
Sterility, Male [description not available]	0	4.69	10	0
Infertility, Male The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.	0	4.69	10	0
Kashin-Beck Disease Disabling osteochondrodysplasia with OSTEOSCLEROSIS, cone-shaped METAPHYSIS, and shortening of the DIAPHYSIS. It is endemic in parts of Siberia and northern China. Mineral deficiencies (e.g., selenium, iodine), fungal cereal contamination, and water contamination may be contributing factors in its etiology.	0	7.41	1	0
Acute Symptom Flare [description not available]	0	4.1	4	0
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	0	10.27	40	7
Infections, Helicobacter [description not available]	0	3.55	8	0
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	0	10.27	40	7
Helicobacter Infections Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.	0	3.55	8	0
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	0	3.16	5	0
Adult Premature Aging Syndrome [description not available]	0	4.28	6	0
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	0	20.53	304	53
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	1	27.53	304	53
Luft Disease [description not available]	0	2.96	4	0
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure [description not available]	0	2.99	4	0
Respiratory Insufficiency Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.99	4	0
Mitochondrial Myopathies A group of muscle diseases associated with abnormal mitochondria function.	0	2.96	4	0
Preterm Birth [description not available]	0	4.16	3	0
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	0	3.66	3	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	0	19	139	10
Premature Birth CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).	0	4.16	3	0
Cardiac Toxicity [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	0	2.54	2	0
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	0	2.54	2	0
Cardiotoxicity Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.	0	2.41	1	0
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	0	7.9	17	1
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	0	7.9	17	1
Rhabdomyolysis Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.	0	2.78	3	0
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	0	8.12	19	2
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	0	8.12	19	2
Enterovirus Infections Diseases caused by ENTEROVIRUS.	0	2.41	1	0
Hand Foot and Mouth Disease [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease A mild, highly infectious viral disease of children, characterized by vesicular lesions in the mouth and on the hands and feet. It is caused by coxsackieviruses A.	0	2.41	1	0
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	0	6.71	30	0
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Pre-Eclampsia A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.	0	2.41	1	0
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	0	15.07	83	22
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	0	11.46	44	5
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	0	15.07	83	22
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	1	13.46	44	5
Fra(X) Syndrome [description not available]	0	5.35	13	0
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	0	5.47	11	0
Fragile X Syndrome A condition characterized genotypically by mutation of the distal end of the long arm of the X chromosome (at gene loci FRAXA or FRAXE) and phenotypically by cognitive impairment, hyperactivity, SEIZURES, language delay, and enlargement of the ears, head, and testes. INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY occurs in nearly all males and roughly 50% of females with the full mutation of FRAXA. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p226)	0	5.35	13	0
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	0	5.47	11	0
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	0	8.61	29	6
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	0	13.61	29	6
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	0	9.85	94	0
Pigmentary Retinopathy [description not available]	0	4.33	7	0
Retinal Degeneration A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)	0	2.97	4	0
Retinitis Pigmentosa Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the retina due to death of ROD PHOTORECEPTORS initially and subsequent death of CONE PHOTORECEPTORS. It is characterized by deposition of pigment in the retina.	0	4.33	7	0
Blue-Eared Pig Disease [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Microsatellite Instability The occurrence of highly polymorphic mono- and dinucleotide MICROSATELLITE REPEATS in somatic cells. It is a form of genome instability associated with defects in DNA MISMATCH REPAIR.	0	3.32	6	0
Carcinogenesis The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.	0	11.37	16	0
Friedreich Disease [description not available]	0	3.39	6	0
Friedreich Ataxia An autosomal recessive disease, usually of childhood onset, characterized pathologically by degeneration of the spinocerebellar tracts, posterior columns, and to a lesser extent the corticospinal tracts. Clinical manifestations include GAIT ATAXIA, pes cavus, speech impairment, lateral curvature of spine, rhythmic head tremor, kyphoscoliosis, congestive heart failure (secondary to a cardiomyopathy), and lower extremity weakness. Most forms of this condition are associated with a mutation in a gene on chromosome 9, at band q13, which codes for the mitochondrial protein frataxin. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1081; N Engl J Med 1996 Oct 17;335(16):1169-75) The severity of Friedreich ataxia associated with expansion of GAA repeats in the first intron of the frataxin gene correlates with the number of trinucleotide repeats. (From Durr et al, N Engl J Med 1996 Oct 17;335(16):1169-75)	0	8.39	6	0
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Aneurysm, Thoracic Aortic [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	0	9.04	21	3
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	0	9.04	21	3
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the ABDOMINAL AORTA which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.	0	2.41	1	0
Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the THORACIC AORTA. This proximal descending portion of aorta gives rise to the visceral and the parietal branches above the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.	0	2.41	1	0
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	0	9.36	41	0
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	0	9.36	41	0
Bright Disease A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.	0	5.25	3	1
Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	0	5.25	3	1
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	0	5.22	4	1
Argentaffinoma [description not available]	0	2.55	2	0
Carcinoid Tumor A usually small, slow-growing neoplasm composed of islands of rounded, oxyphilic, or spindle-shaped cells of medium size, with moderately small vesicular nuclei, and covered by intact mucosa with a yellow cut surface. The tumor can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract (and in the lungs and other sites); approximately 90% arise in the appendix. It is now established that these tumors are of neuroendocrine origin and derive from a primitive stem cell. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1182)	0	2.55	2	0
Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine A group of carcinomas which share a characteristic morphology, often being composed of clusters and trabecular sheets of round blue cells, granular chromatin, and an attenuated rim of poorly demarcated cytoplasm. Neuroendocrine tumors include carcinoids, small (oat) cell carcinomas, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, Merkel cell tumor, cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma, pancreatic islet cell tumors, and pheochromocytoma. Neurosecretory granules are found within the tumor cells. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)	0	5.86	4	2
Neuroendocrine Tumors Tumors whose cells possess secretory granules and originate from the neuroectoderm, i.e., the cells of the ectoblast or epiblast that program the neuroendocrine system. Common properties across most neuroendocrine tumors include ectopic hormone production (often via APUD CELLS), the presence of tumor-associated antigens, and isozyme composition.	0	9.84	2	1
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney [description not available]	0	7.52	10	2
Cancer of Kidney [description not available]	0	9.79	24	2
Carcinoma, Renal Cell A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.	0	7.52	10	2
Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.	0	9.79	24	2
Aggression Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.	0	2.66	3	0
Chronic Liver Failure [description not available]	0	6.65	18	3
End Stage Liver Disease Final stage of a liver disease when the liver failure is irreversible and LIVER TRANSPLANTATION is needed.	0	6.65	18	3
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary [description not available]	0	4.69	6	1
Coronary Artery Disease Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.	0	4.69	6	1
Infectious Diseases [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Communicable Diseases An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.	0	2.41	1	0
Genetic Predisposition [description not available]	0	17.2	180	19
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	0	5.67	13	0
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	0	10.67	13	0
Bladder Neck Obstruction [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Liver Steatosis [description not available]	0	6.04	10	1
Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.	0	6.04	10	1
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	0	7.3	40	0
Bonnevie-Ullrich Syndrome This syndrome that was originally observed by Ullrich, and designated as identical to TURNER SYNDROME, related the webbing of the neck, loose skin and other anomalies of the syndrome to accumulation of fluid in the embryo starting at the head and dispersing to the extremities (as observed by Bonnevie in mice). Commonly observed at birth in Turner Syndrome and NOONAN SYNDROME; EDEMA of the extremities usually recedes by one year and is an early sign of Turner syndrome, especially in female neonates.	0	2.41	1	0
Autosomal Chromosome Disorders [description not available]	0	3.58	3	0
Turner Syndrome A syndrome of defective gonadal development in phenotypic females associated with the karyotype 45,X (or 45,XO). Patients generally are of short stature with undifferentiated GONADS (streak gonads), SEXUAL INFANTILISM, HYPOGONADISM, webbing of the neck, cubitus valgus, elevated GONADOTROPINS, decreased ESTRADIOL level in blood, and CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS. NOONAN SYNDROME (also called Pseudo-Turner Syndrome and Male Turner Syndrome) resembles this disorder; however, it occurs in males and females with a normal karyotype and is inherited as an autosomal dominant.	0	2.41	1	0
Chemical Dependence [description not available]	0	2.47	2	0
Substance-Related Disorders Disorders related to substance use or abuse.	0	2.47	2	0
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	0	5.46	10	0
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease [description not available]	0	3.91	12	0
Huntington Disease A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)	0	8.91	12	0
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	0	5.46	10	0
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	0	5.37	7	0
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	0	5.37	7	0
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome [description not available]	0	9.19	3	1
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.	0	4.19	3	1
Child Mental Disorders [description not available]	0	2.9	2	0
Neurodevelopmental Disorders These are a group of conditions with onset in the developmental period. The disorders typically manifest early in development, often before the child enters grade school, and are characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning. (From DSM-5).	0	7.9	2	0
Aging, Premature Changes in the organism associated with senescence, occurring at an accelerated rate.	0	3	4	0
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	0	9.56	59	1
Thalassemias [description not available]	0	2.69	3	0
Anemia, Cooley's [description not available]	0	3.51	8	0
Thalassemia A group of hereditary hemolytic anemias in which there is decreased synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains. There are several genetic types with clinical pictures ranging from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and fatal anemia.	0	2.69	3	0
beta-Thalassemia A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin. There is retardation of hemoglobin A synthesis in the heterozygous form (thalassemia minor), which is asymptomatic, while in the homozygous form (thalassemia major, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, erythroblastic anemia), which can result in severe complications and even death, hemoglobin A synthesis is absent.	0	3.51	8	0
Molar, Fourth [description not available]	0	2.81	3	0
Fallot's Tetralogy [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Tetralogy of Fallot A combination of congenital heart defects consisting of four key features including VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECTS; PULMONARY STENOSIS; RIGHT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY; and a dextro-positioned AORTA. In this condition, blood from both ventricles (oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor) is pumped into the body often causing CYANOSIS.	0	2.41	1	0
Dysplastic Nevus Syndrome, Hereditary [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	0	13.09	34	3
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	0	11.65	31	5
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	1	10.09	34	3
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	0	11.65	31	5
Apoplexy [description not available]	0	4.85	7	0
Acute Ischemic Stroke [description not available]	0	3.33	1	0
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	0	4.38	4	0
Ischemic Stroke Stroke due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke. Wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin.	0	3.33	1	0
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	0	4.38	4	0
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	0	4.85	7	0
African Swine Fever A sometimes fatal ASFIVIRUS infection of pigs, characterized by fever, cough, diarrhea, hemorrhagic lymph nodes, and edema of the gallbladder. It is transmitted between domestic swine by direct contact, ingestion of infected meat, or fomites, or mechanically by biting flies or soft ticks (genus Ornithodoros).	0	2.41	1	0
Swine Diseases Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.	0	2.41	1	0
American Trypanosomiasis [description not available]	0	3.3	6	0
Chagas Disease Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.	0	3.3	6	0
Kaposi Disease [description not available]	0	6.42	23	0
Xeroderma Pigmentosum A rare, pigmentary, and atrophic autosomal recessive disease. It is manifested as an extreme photosensitivity to ULTRAVIOLET RAYS as the result of a deficiency in the enzyme that permits excisional repair of ultraviolet-damaged DNA.	0	6.42	23	0
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia [description not available]	0	5.46	10	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.	0	5.46	10	0
Aphthae [description not available]	0	3.02	4	0
Stomatitis, Aphthous A recurrent disease of the oral mucosa of unknown etiology. It is characterized by small white ulcerative lesions, single or multiple, round or oval. Two to eight crops of lesions occur per year, lasting for 7 to 14 days and then heal without scarring. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p742)	0	3.02	4	0
Poultry Diseases Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.	0	3.55	8	0
Acariasis [description not available]	0	3.46	7	0
Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Microcephaly A congenital abnormality in which the CEREBRUM is underdeveloped, the fontanels close prematurely, and, as a result, the head is small. (Desk Reference for Neuroscience, 2nd ed.)	0	2.6	1	0
Chronic Lung Injury [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Malignant Mesothelioma [description not available]	0	12.59	48	12
Mesothelioma A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	28.09	382	140
Chordoma A malignant tumor arising from the embryonic remains of the notochord. It is also called chordocarcinoma, chordoepithelioma, and notochordoma. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.6	1	0
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	0	5.31	20	0
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	0	5.31	20	0
Ataxia Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.	0	2.55	2	0
Action Tremor [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Tremor Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.	0	2.6	1	0
Cognitive Decline [description not available]	0	2.59	2	0
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	0	5.28	12	0
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	0	5.28	12	0
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	0	2.59	2	0
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	0	10.12	47	8
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	0	10.12	47	8
Cancer of Cervix [description not available]	0	9.08	16	3
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.	0	9.08	16	3
Infections, Chlamydia [description not available]	0	2.59	2	0
Chlamydia Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CHLAMYDIA.	0	2.59	2	0
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar [description not available]	0	4.69	6	1
Bipolar Disorder A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.	0	9.69	6	1
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	0	11.5	162	5
Behavior Disorders [description not available]	0	3.1	5	0
Central Nervous System Disease [description not available]	0	3.81	4	0
B Virus Infection [description not available]	0	12.47	56	8
Mental Disorders Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.	0	3.1	5	0
Central Nervous System Diseases Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.	0	3.81	4	0
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	0	10.12	23	5
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	0	13.33	64	7
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	0	10.12	23	5
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	0	13.33	64	7
Left Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.	0	2.21	1	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	0	19.46	177	72
Breast Cancer [description not available]	0	15.95	111	25
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	0	15.95	111	25
Genome Instability [description not available]	0	11.28	23	0
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Cerebral Hemorrhage Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	0	2.25	1	0
Late Onset Diseases [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Complex IV Deficiency [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
External Ophthalmoplegia [description not available]	0	2.73	3	0
Atypical Mycobacterial Infection, Disseminated [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Genital Herpes [description not available]	0	11.69	38	11
Herpes Genitalis Infection of the genitals (GENITALIA) with HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS in either the males or the females.	0	11.69	38	11
Bordetella pertussis Infection, Respiratory [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Whooping Cough A respiratory infection caused by BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath.	0	2.21	1	0
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	0	11.49	21	9
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.	0	11.49	21	9
Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure (ACLF) [description not available]	0	9.37	16	3
Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure Sudden liver failure in the presence of underlying compensated chronic LIVER DISEASE (e.g., LIVER CIRRHOSIS; HEPATITIS; and liver injury and failure) due to a precipitating acute hepatic insult.	0	9.37	16	3
Amazon Black Fever [description not available]	0	4.8	11	0
Hepatitis D INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS DELTA VIRUS, a defective RNA virus that can only infect HEPATITIS B patients. For its viral coating, hepatitis delta virus requires the HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGENS produced by these patients. Hepatitis D can occur either concomitantly with (coinfection) or subsequent to (superinfection) hepatitis B infection. Similar to hepatitis B, it is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	0	4.8	11	0
Chronic Hepatitis C [description not available]	0	7.74	16	1
Hepatitis C, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	0	7.74	16	1
Angina Pectoris with Normal Coronary Arteriogram [description not available]	0	4.55	1	1
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available]	0	3.29	6	0
Co-infection [description not available]	0	8.58	14	1
Chronic Delta Hepatitis [description not available]	0	4.42	7	0
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae [description not available]	0	2.66	3	0
Orthomyxoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.	0	2.66	3	0
Hepatic Failure [description not available]	0	10.1	19	7
Liver Failure Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)	0	10.1	19	7
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	0	11.79	28	7
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	0	11.79	28	7
Pulsatile Tinnitus [description not available]	0	3.56	1	1
Tinnitus A nonspecific symptom of hearing disorder characterized by the sensation of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises in the ear. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of COCHLEAR DISEASES; VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; and other conditions.	0	3.56	1	1
Cancer of Pituitary [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Benign Hypothalamic Neoplasms [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Pituitary Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.	0	2.44	2	0
Keratosis Seborrheica [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Skin Aging The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.	0	2.25	1	0
Keratosis, Seborrheic Benign eccrine poromas that present as multiple oval, brown-to-black plaques, located mostly on the chest and back. The age of onset is usually in the fourth or fifth decade.	0	2.25	1	0
Familial Hypokalemia-Hypomagnesemia [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Hypokalemia Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.63	2	0
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms [description not available]	0	4.27	19	0
Disbacteriosis [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	0	5.51	14	0
Ascites Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.	0	5.3	13	1
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	0	5.51	14	0
Hematologic Malignancies [description not available]	0	5.37	4	0
Hematologic Neoplasms Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.	0	5.37	4	0
B16 Melanoma [description not available]	0	3.27	6	0
Infections, Coronavirus [description not available]	0	2.94	3	0
Pneumonia, Viral Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.	0	4.98	9	1
Coronavirus Infections Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).	0	2.94	3	0
Viremia The presence of viruses in the blood.	0	11.11	28	3
Respiratory Syndrome, Acute, Severe [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome A viral disorder characterized by high FEVER, dry COUGH, shortness of breath (DYSPNEA) or breathing difficulties, and atypical PNEUMONIA. A virus in the genus CORONAVIRUS is the suspected agent.	0	2.25	1	0
Kidney Failure A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.	0	10.96	18	4
Renal Insufficiency Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.	0	10.96	18	4
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack [description not available]	0	3.86	4	0
Ischemic Attack, Transient Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)	0	3.86	4	0
Blood Clot [description not available]	0	2.71	3	0
Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.	0	2.71	3	0
Erythrophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis, Familial [description not available]	0	2.61	2	0
Cytokine Release Syndrome A severe immune reaction characterized by excessive release of CYTOKINES. Symptoms include DYSPNEA; FEVER; HEADACHE; HYPOTENSION; NAUSEA; RASH; TACHYCARDIA; HYPOXIA; HYPERFERRITINEMIA, and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE. It is associated with viral infections, SEPSIS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES and a variety of factors used in IMMUNOTHERAPY.	0	2.66	2	0
Pyrexia [description not available]	0	5.44	8	2
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	0	5.44	8	2
Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic A group of related disorders characterized by LYMPHOCYTOSIS; HISTIOCYTOSIS; and hemophagocytosis. The two major forms are familial and reactive.	0	2.61	2	0
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available]	0	5.65	6	1
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.	0	5.65	6	1
Cardiac Hypertrophy Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.	0	2.39	2	0
Cardiomegaly Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.	0	2.39	2	0
Lung Injury, Acute [description not available]	0	3.18	5	0
Acute Lung Injury A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).	0	3.18	5	0
Bacillus anthracis Infection [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Anthrax An acute infection caused by the spore-forming bacteria BACILLUS ANTHRACIS. It commonly affects hoofed animals such as sheep and goats. Infection in humans often involves the skin (cutaneous anthrax), the lungs (inhalation anthrax), or the gastrointestinal tract. Anthrax is not contagious and can be treated with antibiotics.	0	2.25	1	0
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	0	12.85	37	7
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	0	12.85	37	7
Urinary Tract Diseases [description not available]	0	2.52	2	0
Exanthem [description not available]	0	6.51	9	2
Exanthema Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.	0	6.51	9	2
Autosomal Dominant Striatonigral Degeneration [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Autosomal Dominant Cerebellar Ataxia, Type II [description not available]	0	2.75	3	0
Machado-Joseph Disease A dominantly-inherited ATAXIA first described in people of Azorean and Portuguese descent, and subsequently identified in Brazil, Japan, China, and Australia. This disorder is classified as one of the SPINOCEREBELLAR ATAXIAS (Type 3) and has been associated with a mutation of the MJD1 gene on chromosome 14. Clinical features include progressive ataxia, DYSARTHRIA, postural instability, nystagmus, eyelid retraction, and facial FASCICULATIONS. DYSTONIA is prominent in younger patients (referred to as Type I Machado-Joseph Disease). Type II features ataxia and ocular signs; Type III features MUSCULAR ATROPHY and a sensorimotor neuropathy; and Type IV features extrapyramidal signs combined with a sensorimotor neuropathy. (From Clin Neurosci 1995;3(1):17-22; Ann Neurol 1998 Mar;43(3):288-96)	0	2.31	1	0
Spinocerebellar Ataxias A group of predominately late-onset, cerebellar ataxias which have been divided into multiple subtypes based on clinical features and genetic mapping. Progressive ataxia is a central feature of these conditions, and in certain subtypes POLYNEUROPATHY; DYSARTHRIA; visual loss; and other disorders may develop. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1997, Ch65, pp 12-17; J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1998 Jun;57(6):531-43)	0	2.75	3	0
Kahler Disease [description not available]	0	7.31	8	2
Multiple Myeloma A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	1	14.31	8	2
Extramembranous Glomerulopathy [description not available]	0	6.11	10	1
Glomerulonephritis, Membranous A type of glomerulonephritis that is characterized by the accumulation of immune deposits (COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX) on the outer aspect of the GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE. It progresses from subepithelial dense deposits, to basement membrane reaction and eventual thickening of the basement membrane.	0	6.11	10	1
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	0	4.08	5	0
Congenital Myotonic Dystrophy [description not available]	0	4.2	6	0
Myotonic Dystrophy Neuromuscular disorder characterized by PROGRESSIVE MUSCULAR ATROPHY; MYOTONIA, and various multisystem atrophies. Mild INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY may also occur. Abnormal TRINUCLEOTIDE REPEAT EXPANSION in the 3' UNTRANSLATED REGIONS of DMPK PROTEIN gene is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 1. DNA REPEAT EXPANSION of zinc finger protein-9 gene intron is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 2.	0	9.2	6	0
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	0	10.68	78	2
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	0	10.68	78	2
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	0	13.58	15	1
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	0	8.58	15	1
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates in the EPITHELIUM of the NASOPHARYNX and includes four subtypes: keratinizing squamous cell, non-keratinizing, basaloid squamous cell, and PAPILLARY ADENOCARCINOMA. It is most prevalent in Southeast Asian populations and is associated with EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTIONS. Somatic mutations associated with this cancer have been identified in NPCR, BAP1, UBAP1, ERBB2, ERBB3, MLL2, PIK3CA, KRAS, NRAS, and ARID1A genes.	0	8.93	2	1
Cancer of Nasopharynx [description not available]	0	5.31	4	3
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.	0	5.31	4	3
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	0	3.66	9	0
Hematochezia The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.	0	3.77	3	0
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.	0	3.77	3	0
Protein Aggregation, Pathological A biochemical phenomenon in which misfolded proteins aggregate either intra- or extracellularly. Triggered by factors such as MUTATION; POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS, and environmental stress, it is generally associated with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; PARKINSON DISEASE; HUNTINGTON DISEASE; and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.	0	2.31	1	0
Dermatomyositis, Adult Type [description not available]	0	3.57	2	0
Dermatomyositis A subacute or chronic inflammatory disease of muscle and skin, marked by proximal muscle weakness and a characteristic skin rash. The illness occurs with approximately equal frequency in children and adults. The skin lesions usually take the form of a purplish rash (or less often an exfoliative dermatitis) involving the nose, cheeks, forehead, upper trunk, and arms. The disease is associated with a complement mediated intramuscular microangiopathy, leading to loss of capillaries, muscle ischemia, muscle-fiber necrosis, and perifascicular atrophy. The childhood form of this disease tends to evolve into a systemic vasculitis. Dermatomyositis may occur in association with malignant neoplasms. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1405-6)	0	3.57	2	0
DDPAC [description not available]	0	2.55	2	0
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis [description not available]	0	3.54	8	0
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)	0	8.54	8	0
Frontotemporal Dementia The most common clinical form of FRONTOTEMPORAL LOBAR DEGENERATION, this dementia presents with personality and behavioral changes often associated with disinhibition, apathy, and lack of insight.	0	2.55	2	0
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	0	3.85	2	1
Condition, Preneoplastic [description not available]	0	6.47	27	0
Precancerous Conditions Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.	0	6.47	27	0
Brain Disorders [description not available]	0	4.29	4	0
Shingles [description not available]	0	11.04	32	5
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	0	4.29	4	0
Herpes Zoster An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of CHICKENPOX. It involves the SENSORY GANGLIA and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	11.04	32	5
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	0	7.16	34	1
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	0	16.32	113	39
Cancer of Head [description not available]	0	13.99	40	17
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	0	16.32	113	39
Head and Neck Neoplasms Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)	0	13.99	40	17
Cold Sore [description not available]	0	10.46	36	12
Herpes Labialis Herpes simplex, caused by type 1 virus, primarily spread by oral secretions and usually occurring as a concomitant of fever. It may also develop in the absence of fever or prior illness. It commonly involves the facial region, especially the lips and the nares. (Dorland, 27th ed.)	0	10.46	36	12
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli, Familial [description not available]	0	5.14	10	0
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli A polyposis syndrome due to an autosomal dominant mutation of the APC genes (GENES, APC) on CHROMOSOME 5. The syndrome is characterized by the development of hundreds of ADENOMATOUS POLYPS in the COLON and RECTUM of affected individuals by early adulthood.	0	5.14	10	0
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection [description not available]	0	14.94	113	16
Herpes Simplex A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)	0	19.94	113	16
Encephalopathy, Hepatic [description not available]	0	3.06	1	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	0	10.54	29	5
Hepatic Encephalopathy A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)	0	3.06	1	0
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	0	10.79	80	0
ANCA-Associated Vasculitides [description not available]	0	3.44	2	0
Back Ache [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Anasarca [description not available]	0	3.83	11	0
Bilateral Headache [description not available]	0	2.97	4	0
Paralysis, Legs [description not available]	0	2.39	2	0
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Demyelinative Myelitis [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Back Pain Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions.	0	2.15	1	0
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	0	3.83	11	0
Headache The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.	0	2.97	4	0
Paraplegia Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.	0	2.39	2	0
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.	0	2.15	1	0
Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis Group of systemic vasculitis with a strong association with ANCA. The disorders are characterized by necrotizing inflammation of small and medium size vessels, with little or no immune-complex deposits in vessel walls.	0	3.44	2	0
Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Familial [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Agnogenic Myeloid Metaplasia [description not available]	0	2.52	2	0
Erythremia [description not available]	0	2.71	3	0
Polycythemia Vera A myeloproliferative disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by abnormal proliferation of all hematopoietic bone marrow elements and an absolute increase in red cell mass and total blood volume, associated frequently with splenomegaly, leukocytosis, and thrombocythemia. Hematopoiesis is also reactive in extramedullary sites (liver and spleen). In time myelofibrosis occurs.	0	2.71	3	0
Primary Myelofibrosis A de novo myeloproliferation arising from an abnormal stem cell. It is characterized by the replacement of bone marrow by fibrous tissue, a process that is mediated by CYTOKINES arising from the abnormal clone.	0	2.52	2	0
Cancer of Esophagus [description not available]	0	11.17	30	5
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.	0	5.31	20	0
Esophageal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.	0	11.17	30	5
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted [description not available]	0	7.32	21	0
Cryoglobulinemia A condition characterized by the presence of abnormal quantities of CRYOGLOBULINS in the blood. Upon cold exposure, these abnormal proteins precipitate into the microvasculature leading to restricted blood flow in the exposed areas.	0	4.25	6	0
Hepatitis C INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.	0	7.32	21	0
Chromosomal Instability An increased tendency to acquire CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS when various processes involved in chromosome replication, repair, or segregation are dysfunctional.	0	2.74	3	0
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia [description not available]	0	4.27	19	0
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.	0	4.27	19	0
Cataract, Membranous [description not available]	0	4.65	10	0
Cataract Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	9.65	10	0
Dysmyelopoietic Syndromes [description not available]	0	2.48	2	0
Myelodysplastic Syndromes Clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by dysplasia in one or more hematopoietic cell lineages. They predominantly affect patients over 60, are considered preleukemic conditions, and have high probability of transformation into ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.	0	2.48	2	0
Bloom Syndrome An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by telangiectatic ERYTHEMA of the face, photosensitivity, DWARFISM and other abnormalities, and a predisposition toward developing cancer. The Bloom syndrome gene (BLM) encodes a RecQ-like DNA helicase.	0	3.82	4	0
Cytomegalovirus A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.	0	9.79	69	1
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.	0	7.65	19	2
Lactic Acidosis [description not available]	0	2.97	4	0
Acidosis, Lactic Acidosis caused by accumulation of lactic acid more rapidly than it can be metabolized. It may occur spontaneously or in association with diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS; LEUKEMIA; or LIVER FAILURE.	0	2.97	4	0
Adenoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	0	6.39	22	0
Adenoma A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	0	6.39	22	0
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic [description not available]	0	3.23	5	0
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.	0	3.23	5	0
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia [description not available]	0	10.45	9	0
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.	0	5.45	9	0
Endometrioma An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.	0	2.95	4	0
Endometriosis A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.	0	2.95	4	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired [description not available]	0	2.72	3	0
Anemia, Hemolytic A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).	0	2.72	3	0
Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Transfusion Reaction Complications of BLOOD TRANSFUSION. Included adverse reactions are common allergic and febrile reactions; hemolytic (delayed and acute) reactions; and other non-hemolytic adverse reactions such as infections and adverse immune reactions related to immunocompatibility.	0	2.15	1	0
Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Vitreoretinopathy, Proliferative Vitreoretinal membrane shrinkage or contraction secondary to the proliferation of primarily retinal pigment epithelial cells and glial cells, particularly fibrous astrocytes, followed by membrane formation. The formation of fibrillar collagen and cellular proliferation appear to be the basis for the contractile properties of the epiretinal and vitreous membranes.	0	2.15	1	0
EBV Infections [description not available]	0	2.49	2	0
Epstein-Barr Virus Infections Infection with human herpesvirus 4 (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN); which may facilitate the development of various lymphoproliferative disorders. These include BURKITT LYMPHOMA (African type), INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS, and oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).	0	2.49	2	0
AIDS, Simian [description not available]	0	2.48	2	0
Chronic Illness [description not available]	0	8.54	35	2
Hepatitis, Viral, Animal INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in animals due to viral infection.	0	3.28	6	0
Infections, Hepadnaviridae [description not available]	0	3.89	12	0
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	0	8.54	35	2
Hepadnaviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the HEPADNAVIRIDAE.	0	3.89	12	0
Cancer of Mouth [description not available]	0	6.95	27	0
Mouth Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.	0	6.95	27	0
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	0	5.48	5	1
Deficiency, Vitamin D [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	0	5.48	5	1
Vitamin D Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)	0	2.17	1	0
Osteoporotic Fractures Breaks in bones resulting from low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration characteristic of OSTEOPOROSIS.	0	2.17	1	0
Acute Hepatic Failure [description not available]	0	7.63	12	1
Liver Failure, Acute A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.	0	7.63	12	1
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	0	3.17	5	0
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	0	3.17	5	0
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer [description not available]	0	3.91	2	1
Epithelial Neoplasms [description not available]	0	3.91	2	1
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	0	11.79	44	12
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	0	8.22	23	3
Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial A malignant neoplasm that originates in cells on the surface EPITHELIUM of the ovary and is the most common form of ovarian cancer. There are five histologic subtypes: papillary serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell, and transitional cell. Mutations in BRCA1, OPCML, PRKN, PIK3CA, AKT1, CTNNB1, RRAS2, and CDH1 genes are associated with this cancer.	0	3.91	2	1
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	0	11.79	44	12
Acute Autoimmune Neuropathy [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Guillain-Barre Syndrome An acute inflammatory autoimmune neuritis caused by T cell- mediated cellular immune response directed towards peripheral myelin. Demyelination occurs in peripheral nerves and nerve roots. The process is often preceded by a viral or bacterial infection, surgery, immunization, lymphoma, or exposure to toxins. Common clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, loss of sensation, and loss of deep tendon reflexes. Weakness of respiratory muscles and autonomic dysfunction may occur. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1312-1314)	0	2.17	1	0
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Sexually Transmitted Diseases Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact.	0	2.17	1	0
Gonorrhea Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE, was isolated by Neisser in 1879.	0	2.17	1	0
Atherogenesis [description not available]	0	2.48	2	0
Atheroma [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	0	2.48	2	0
47,XX,+21 [description not available]	0	3.22	6	0
Down Syndrome A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)	0	3.22	6	0
Minimal Disease, Residual [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Experimental Hepatoma [description not available]	0	6.02	45	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	0	9.8	34	5
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	0	9.34	115	1
Prediabetes [description not available]	0	3.53	1	1
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	0	3.85	2	1
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	0	9.65	22	3
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	0	9.8	34	5
Prediabetic State The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	0	3.53	1	1
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei [description not available]	0	3.31	6	0
Retinal Diseases Diseases involving the RETINA.	0	3.29	6	0
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	0	3.66	10	0
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	0	3.66	10	0
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease [description not available]	0	10.93	36	2
Cytomegalovirus Infections Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.	0	10.93	36	2
Adult Fanconi Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.83	3	0
Abortion, Recurrent [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Abortion, Habitual Three or more consecutive spontaneous abortions.	0	2.17	1	0
Adult Periodontitis [description not available]	0	8.24	23	1
Familial Nonmedullary Thyroid Cancer [description not available]	0	3.56	1	1
Health Care Associated Infection [description not available]	0	3.78	2	1
Intertrochanteric Fractures [description not available]	0	3.56	1	1
Hypercapnia A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.	0	3.56	1	1
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	0	4.93	8	1
Cells, Neoplasm Circulating [description not available]	0	4.18	3	1
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis [description not available]	0	5.55	6	1
Ankylosing Spondylarthritis [description not available]	0	4.45	2	2
Cancer of the Thyroid [description not available]	0	6.29	7	2
Alveolar Bone Atrophy [description not available]	0	6.15	11	1
Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational [description not available]	0	3.91	2	1
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative [description not available]	0	3.56	1	1
Anovulation Suspension or cessation of OVULATION in animals or humans with follicle-containing ovaries (OVARIAN FOLLICLE). Depending on the etiology, OVULATION may be induced with appropriate therapy.	0	3.56	1	1
Cross Infection Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.	0	3.78	2	1
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	0	4.95	8	1
Hip Fractures Fractures of the FEMUR HEAD; the FEMUR NECK; (FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES); the trochanters; or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region (FEMORAL FRACTURES).	0	3.56	1	1
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	0	4.93	8	1
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	0	5.93	13	2
Psoriasis A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.	0	5.55	6	1
Spondylitis, Ankylosing A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the axial joints, such as the SACROILIAC JOINT and other intervertebral or costovertebral joints. It occurs predominantly in young males and is characterized by pain and stiffness of joints (ANKYLOSIS) with inflammation at tendon insertions.	0	4.45	2	2
Thyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.	0	6.29	7	2
Urinary Tract Infections Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.	0	4.28	4	1
Diabetes, Gestational Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.	0	3.91	2	1
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.	0	3.56	1	1
Anterior Optic Neuritis [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Optic Neuritis Inflammation of the optic nerve. Commonly associated conditions include autoimmune disorders such as MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, infections, and granulomatous diseases. Clinical features include retro-orbital pain that is aggravated by eye movement, loss of color vision, and contrast sensitivity that may progress to severe visual loss, an afferent pupillary defect (Marcus-Gunn pupil), and in some instances optic disc hyperemia and swelling. Inflammation may occur in the portion of the nerve within the globe (neuropapillitis or anterior optic neuritis) or the portion behind the globe (retrobulbar neuritis or posterior optic neuritis).	0	2.17	1	0
Lymphangiomyomatosis [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis A disease characterized by the progressive invasion of SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS into the LYMPHATIC VESSELS, and the BLOOD VESSELS. The majority of the cases occur in the LUNGS of women of child-bearing age, eventually blocking the flow of air, blood, and lymph. The common symptom is shortness of breath (DYSPNEA).	0	2.21	1	0
Low Bone Density [description not available]	0	4.92	2	1
Bone Diseases, Metabolic Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE.	0	4.92	2	1
Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available]	0	7.8	15	3
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available]	0	4.06	5	0
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.	0	4.06	5	0
Acidosis, Renal Tubular, Type I [description not available]	0	2.48	2	0
Acidosis, Renal Tubular A group of genetic disorders of the KIDNEY TUBULES characterized by the accumulation of metabolically produced acids with elevated plasma chloride, hyperchloremic metabolic ACIDOSIS. Defective renal acidification of URINE (proximal tubules) or low renal acid excretion (distal tubules) can lead to complications such as HYPOKALEMIA, hypercalcinuria with NEPHROLITHIASIS and NEPHROCALCINOSIS, and RICKETS.	0	2.48	2	0
DDD MPGNII [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy [description not available]	0	6.95	11	1
Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative Chronic glomerulonephritis characterized histologically by proliferation of MESANGIAL CELLS, increase in the MESANGIAL EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX, and a thickening of the glomerular capillary walls. This may appear as a primary disorder or secondary to other diseases including infections and autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Various subtypes are classified by their abnormal ultrastructures and immune deposits. Hypocomplementemia is a characteristic feature of all types of MPGN.	0	2.21	1	0
Nephrotic Syndrome A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.	0	2.81	3	0
Grippe [description not available]	0	4.17	6	0
Influenza, Human An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.	0	4.17	6	0
Esophageal Varices [description not available]	0	5.14	3	1
Enlarged Spleen [description not available]	0	4.15	3	1
Thrombopenia [description not available]	0	12.3	28	20
Esophageal and Gastric Varices Dilated blood vessels in the ESOPHAGUS or GASTRIC FUNDUS that shunt blood from the portal circulation (PORTAL SYSTEM) to the systemic venous circulation. Often they are observed in individuals with portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL).	0	5.14	3	1
Thrombocytopenia A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.	0	12.3	28	20
Autism [description not available]	0	2.68	3	0
Autistic Disorder A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)	0	2.68	3	0
Colon Cancer, Familial Nonpolyposis [description not available]	0	4.66	6	0
Colorectal Neoplasms, Hereditary Nonpolyposis A group of autosomal-dominant inherited diseases in which COLON CANCER arises in discrete adenomas. Unlike FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI with hundreds of polyps, hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal neoplasms occur much later, in the fourth and fifth decades. HNPCC has been associated with germline mutations in mismatch repair (MMR) genes. It has been subdivided into Lynch syndrome I or site-specific colonic cancer, and LYNCH SYNDROME II which includes extracolonic cancer.	0	4.66	6	0
Amino Acid Metabolism Disorders, Inborn [description not available]	0	2.74	3	0
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	0	4.67	11	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	0	4.67	11	0
Arthritides, Bacterial [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	0	3.67	10	0
Bone Inflammation [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	0	3.67	10	0
Metabolic Acidosis [description not available]	0	3.58	3	0
Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.	0	8.58	3	0
Hypophosphatemia A condition of an abnormally low level of PHOSPHATES in the blood.	0	3.5	2	0
Complete Trisomy 18 Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease [description not available]	0	3.94	4	0
Lung Diseases, Interstitial A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of PULMONARY ALVEOLI that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.	0	3.94	4	0
Encephalopathy, Traumatic [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Brain Injuries, Traumatic A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.	0	2.25	1	0
Hemorrhagic Fevers, Viral A group of viral diseases of diverse etiology but having many similar clinical characteristics; increased capillary permeability, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia are common to all. Hemorrhagic fevers are characterized by sudden onset, fever, headache, generalized myalgia, backache, conjunctivitis, and severe prostration, followed by various hemorrhagic symptoms. Hemorrhagic fever with kidney involvement is HEMORRHAGIC FEVER WITH RENAL SYNDROME.	0	3.12	1	0
Furcation Defects Conditions in which a bifurcation or trifurcation of the molar tooth root becomes denuded as a result of periodontal disease. It may be followed by tooth mobility, temperature sensitivity, pain, and alveolar bone resorption.	0	4.95	4	0
Neoplasms, Pleural [description not available]	0	22.27	289	126
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	0	21.5	334	186
Adenocarcinoma, Alveolar [description not available]	0	8	15	6
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	0	21.5	334	186
Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar A carcinoma derived from epithelium of terminal bronchioles, in which the neoplastic tissue extends along the alveolar walls and grows in small masses within the alveoli. Involvement may be uniformly diffuse and massive, or nodular, or lobular. The neoplastic cells are cuboidal or columnar and form papillary structures. Mucin may be demonstrated in some of the cells and in the material in the alveoli, which also includes denuded cells. Metastases in regional lymph nodes, and in even more distant sites, are known to occur, but are infrequent. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	0	8	15	6
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck [description not available]	0	5.89	6	4
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this cancer.	0	10.89	6	4
Muscle Disorders [description not available]	0	4.53	9	0
Muscular Diseases Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.	0	4.53	9	0
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	0	2.67	3	0
Metastase [description not available]	0	20.06	159	124
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	0	2.67	3	0
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	0	20.06	159	124
Cancer of Endometrium [description not available]	0	5.45	5	1
Endometrial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.	0	5.45	5	1
Bilharziasis [description not available]	0	3.77	2	1
Schistosomiasis Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.	0	3.77	2	1
Dysarthosis [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Lymph Node Metastasis [description not available]	0	7.62	15	4
Flaccid Quadriplegia [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Anterior Horn Cell Disease [description not available]	0	2.71	3	0
Autonomic Dysfunction, Paraneoplastic [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Pleural Effusion, Malignant Presence of fluid in the PLEURAL CAVITY as a complication of malignant disease. Malignant pleural effusions often contain actual malignant cells.	0	7.63	12	1
Motor Neuron Disease Diseases characterized by a selective degeneration of the motor neurons of the spinal cord, brainstem, or motor cortex. Clinical subtypes are distinguished by the major site of degeneration. In AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS there is involvement of upper, lower, and brainstem motor neurons. In progressive muscular atrophy and related syndromes (see MUSCULAR ATROPHY, SPINAL) the motor neurons in the spinal cord are primarily affected. With progressive bulbar palsy (BULBAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE), the initial degeneration occurs in the brainstem. In primary lateral sclerosis, the cortical neurons are affected in isolation. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)	0	2.71	3	0
Berger Disease [description not available]	0	2.72	3	0
Glomerulonephritis, IGA A chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by deposits of predominantly IMMUNOGLOBULIN A in the mesangial area (GLOMERULAR MESANGIUM). Deposits of COMPLEMENT C3 and IMMUNOGLOBULIN G are also often found. Clinical features may progress from asymptomatic HEMATURIA to END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE.	0	2.72	3	0
Osteogenic Sarcoma [description not available]	0	4.79	7	1
Hypophosphatasia A genetic metabolic disorder resulting from serum and bone alkaline phosphatase deficiency leading to hypercalcemia, ethanolamine phosphatemia, and ethanolamine phosphaturia. Clinical manifestations include severe skeletal defects resembling vitamin D-resistant rickets, failure of the calvarium to calcify, dyspnea, cyanosis, vomiting, constipation, renal calcinosis, failure to thrive, disorders of movement, beading of the costochondral junction, and rachitic bone changes. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.47	2	0
Osteosarcoma A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	0	4.79	7	1
Blood Diseases [description not available]	0	8.03	7	3
Hematologic Diseases Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.	0	8.03	7	3
Hypermelanosis [description not available]	0	2.48	2	0
Abnormalities, Skin [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Enteritis Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.	0	2.08	1	0
Skin Abnormalities Congenital structural abnormalities of the skin.	0	2.08	1	0
Hyperpigmentation Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased epidermal or dermal melanin pigmentation, hypermelanosis. Hyperpigmentation can be localized or generalized. The condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance.	0	2.48	2	0
Digestive System Disorders [description not available]	0	3.86	2	1
Mucositis, Oral [description not available]	0	5.03	5	2
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	0	14.26	35	29
Digestive System Diseases Diseases in any part of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the accessory organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).	0	3.86	2	1
Stomatitis INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.	0	5.03	5	2
Carcinoma, Oat Cell [description not available]	0	10.24	15	5
Carcinoma, Small Cell An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)	0	10.24	15	5
Lung Adenocarcinoma [description not available]	0	17.98	120	86
Adenocarcinoma of Lung A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.	0	17.98	120	86
Anodontia Congenital absence of the teeth; it may involve all (total anodontia) or only some of the teeth (partial anodontia, hypodontia), and both the deciduous and the permanent dentition, or only teeth of the permanent dentition. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	3.85	11	0
Sarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	0	7.21	14	3
Sarcoma A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.	1	9.21	14	3
Anhidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia [description not available]	0	2.68	3	0
Canine Diseases [description not available]	0	4.54	5	1
Congenital Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura [description not available]	0	2.75	3	0
Purpura, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic An acquired, congenital, or familial disorder caused by PLATELET AGGREGATION with THROMBOSIS in terminal arterioles and capillaries. Clinical features include THROMBOCYTOPENIA; HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA; AZOTEMIA; FEVER; and thrombotic microangiopathy. The classical form also includes neurological symptoms and end-organ damage, such as RENAL FAILURE. Mutations in the ADAMTS13 PROTEIN gene have been identified in familial cases.	0	2.75	3	0
Carcinoma, Large Cell A tumor of undifferentiated (anaplastic) cells of large size. It is usually bronchogenic. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	11.17	26	16
Bone Cancer [description not available]	0	9.14	14	5
Bone Neoplasms Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.	0	9.14	14	5
Avian Diseases [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Parasitemia The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.08	1	0
Cancer of Mediastinum [description not available]	0	2.46	2	0
B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	0	3.89	4	0
Mediastinal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MEDIASTINUM.	0	2.46	2	0
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	0	3.91	12	0
Lymphoma, B-Cell A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.	0	3.89	4	0
Central Nervous System Neoplasm [description not available]	0	8.17	12	4
Central Nervous System Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the brain, spinal cord, or meninges.	1	10.17	12	4
Eyelid Diseases Diseases involving the EYELIDS.	0	2.74	3	0
Infant, Newborn, Diseases Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.	0	4.97	3	0
Depression, Involutional Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.	0	2.75	3	0
Depressive Disorder, Major Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)	0	2.75	3	0
Suicidal Ideation A risk factor for suicide attempts and completions, it is the most common of all suicidal behavior, but only a minority of ideators engage in overt self-harm.	0	2.08	1	0
Emesis [description not available]	0	7.57	5	4
Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.	0	12.89	25	21
Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.	0	7.57	5	4
Teeth, Impacted [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Teeth, Unerupted [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Ankylosis of Teeth [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Angle Class III [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Tooth Eruption, Ectopic An abnormality in the direction of a TOOTH ERUPTION.	0	2.08	1	0
Tooth Diseases Diseases involving the TEETH.	0	2.46	2	0
Cholangiocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	0	5.73	7	0
Bile Duct Cancer [description not available]	0	3.42	2	0
Cholangiitis, Sclerosing [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Bile Duct Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.	0	3.42	2	0
Cholangitis, Sclerosing Chronic inflammatory disease of the BILIARY TRACT. It is characterized by fibrosis and hardening of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary ductal systems leading to bile duct strictures, CHOLESTASIS, and eventual BILIARY CIRRHOSIS.	0	2.08	1	0
Cholangiocarcinoma A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.	0	5.73	7	0
Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Long QT Syndrome A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.	0	2.08	1	0
Choreoathetosis Self-Mutilation Hyperuricemia Syndrome [description not available]	0	7.21	54	0
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome An inherited disorder transmitted as a sex-linked trait and caused by a deficiency of an enzyme of purine metabolism; HYPOXANTHINE PHOSPHORIBOSYLTRANSFERASE. Affected individuals are normal in the first year of life and then develop psychomotor retardation, extrapyramidal movement disorders, progressive spasticity, and seizures. Self-destructive behaviors such as biting of fingers and lips are seen frequently. Intellectual impairment may also occur but is typically not severe. Elevation of uric acid in the serum leads to the development of renal calculi and gouty arthritis. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp127)	0	7.21	54	0
Leukocytopenia [description not available]	0	6.82	10	7
Leukopenia A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).	0	6.82	10	7
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis [description not available]	0	11.1	30	10
Peritoneal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.	0	11.1	30	10
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Parkinson Disease, Secondary Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)	0	2.08	1	0
Hypoalbuminemia A condition in which albumin level in blood (SERUM ALBUMIN) is below the normal range. Hypoalbuminemia may be due to decreased hepatic albumin synthesis, increased albumin catabolism, altered albumin distribution, or albumin loss through the urine (ALBUMINURIA).	0	2.51	2	0
Genetic Diseases [description not available]	0	4.5	5	0
Genetic Diseases, Inborn Diseases that are caused by genetic mutations present during embryo or fetal development, although they may be observed later in life. The mutations may be inherited from a parent's genome or they may be acquired in utero.	0	4.5	5	0
Cancer of the Fallopian Tube [description not available]	0	5.54	4	4
Fallopian Tube Neoplasms Benign or malignant neoplasms of the FALLOPIAN TUBES. They are uncommon. If they develop, they may be located in the wall or within the lumen as a growth attached to the wall by a stalk.	0	5.54	4	4
Ache [description not available]	0	8.46	12	8
Androgen-Independent Prostatic Cancer [description not available]	0	4.39	1	1
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	0	8.46	12	8
Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE which can grow in the presence of low or residual amount of androgen hormones such as TESTOSTERONE.	0	4.39	1	1
Cadaver A dead body, usually a human body.	0	2.94	4	0
Electron Transfer Flavoprotein Alpha Subunit Deficiency [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Hemorrhagic Thrombocythemia [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Thrombocythemia, Essential A clinical syndrome characterized by repeated spontaneous hemorrhages and a remarkable increase in the number of circulating platelets.	0	2.1	1	0
Amelogenesis Imperfecta A clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of hereditary conditions characterized by malformed DENTAL ENAMEL, usually involving DENTAL ENAMEL HYPOPLASIA and/or TOOTH HYPOMINERALIZATION.	0	3.66	9	0
Dental Enamel Hypoplasia An acquired or hereditary condition due to deficiency in the formation of tooth enamel (AMELOGENESIS). It is usually characterized by defective, thin, or malformed DENTAL ENAMEL. Risk factors for enamel hypoplasia include gene mutations, nutritional deficiencies, diseases, and environmental factors.	0	3.17	5	0
Gingival Hyperplasia Non-inflammatory enlargement of the gingivae produced by factors other than local irritation. It is characteristically due to an increase in the number of cells. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p400)	0	2.5	2	0
Abnormalities, Teeth [description not available]	0	3.17	5	0
Anomalous Dysplasia of Dentin [description not available]	0	2.47	2	0
Nephrocalcinosis A condition characterized by calcification of the renal tissue itself. It is usually seen in distal RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS with calcium deposition in the DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULES and the surrounding interstitium. Nephrocalcinosis causes RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	0	2.46	2	0
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	0	3.64	9	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	0	3.64	9	0
Choroid Neoplasms Tumors of the choroid; most common intraocular tumors are malignant melanomas of the choroid. These usually occur after puberty and increase in incidence with advancing age. Most malignant melanomas of the uveal tract develop from benign melanomas (nevi).	0	3.71	3	0
Gingival Overgrowth Excessive growth of the gingiva either by an increase in the size of the constituent cells (GINGIVAL HYPERTROPHY) or by an increase in their number (GINGIVAL HYPERPLASIA). (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p574)	0	2.76	3	0
Calculus, Dental [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Caries, Dental [description not available]	0	3.84	11	0
Dental Caries Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.	0	3.84	11	0
Muscular Weakness [description not available]	0	3.67	3	0
Muscle Weakness A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)	0	3.67	3	0
Asbestosis A form of pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of asbestos fibers which elicit potent inflammatory responses in the parenchyma of the lung. The disease is characterized by interstitial fibrosis of the lung, varying from scattered sites to extensive scarring of the alveolar interstitium.	0	8.62	3	0
Carcinoma, Colloid [description not available]	0	5.26	6	2
Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous An adenocarcinoma producing mucin in significant amounts. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	5.26	6	2
Attachment Loss, Periodontal [description not available]	0	6.16	21	0
Aggressive Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of PERIODONTIUM that is characterized by rapid attachment loss and bone destruction in the presence of little local factors such as DENTAL PLAQUE and DENTAL CALCULUS. This highly destructive form of periodontitis often occurs in young people and was called early-onset periodontitis, but this disease also appears in old people.	0	5.46	14	0
Keratoconus A noninflammatory, usually bilateral protrusion of the cornea, the apex being displaced downward and nasally. It occurs most commonly in females at about puberty. The cause is unknown but hereditary factors may play a role. The -conus refers to the cone shape of the corneal protrusion. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.1	1	0
Rida [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Dementias, Transmissible [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	0	4.88	4	2
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	0	4.88	4	2
Aura [description not available]	0	5.41	5	1
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	0	5.41	5	1
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	0	3.11	5	0
Blastocyst Disintegration [description not available]	0	2.39	2	0
Prognathism A condition marked by abnormal protrusion of the mandible. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.48	2	0
Carcinosarcoma A malignant neoplasm that contains elements of carcinoma and sarcoma so extensively intermixed as to indicate neoplasia of epithelial and mesenchymal tissue. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.47	2	0
Giant Cell Tumors Tumors of bone tissue or synovial or other soft tissue characterized by the presence of giant cells. The most common are giant cell tumor of tendon sheath and GIANT CELL TUMOR OF BONE.	0	2.08	1	0
Sicca Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Sjogren's Syndrome Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.	0	7.42	2	0
Arterial Inflammation [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Aortitis Inflammation of the wall of the AORTA.	0	2.08	1	0
Petechiae Pinhead size (3 mm) skin discolorization due to hemorrhage.	0	2.1	1	0
Purpura Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. When the size of the discolorization is	0	2.1	1	0
Skin Ulcer An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.	0	2.1	1	0
Periodontitis, Acute Nonsuppurative [description not available]	0	2.76	3	0
Periapical Periodontitis Inflammation of the PERIAPICAL TISSUE. It includes general, unspecified, or acute nonsuppurative inflammation. Chronic nonsuppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL GRANULOMA. Suppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL ABSCESS.	0	2.76	3	0
Harelip [description not available]	0	5.58	26	0
Cleft Palate, Isolated [description not available]	0	5.62	27	0
Cleft Lip Congenital defect in the upper lip where the maxillary prominence fails to merge with the merged medial nasal prominences. It is thought to be caused by faulty migration of the mesoderm in the head region.	0	5.58	26	0
Cleft Palate Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion.	0	5.62	27	0
Genetic Diseases, X-Chromosome Linked [description not available]	0	2.96	4	0
Pleural Effusion Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.	0	2.42	2	0
Carcinomatous Meningitis [description not available]	0	2.49	2	0
Meningeal Carcinomatosis Primary or secondary neoplasm in the ARACHNOID or SUBARACHNOID SPACE. It appears as a diffuse fibrotic thickening of the MENINGES associated with variable degrees of inflammation.	0	2.49	2	0
Enterically-Transmitted Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis [description not available]	0	3.01	1	0
Hepatitis E Acute INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans; caused by HEPATITIS E VIRUS, a non-enveloped single-stranded RNA virus. Similar to HEPATITIS A, its incubation period is 15-60 days and is enterically transmitted, usually by fecal-oral transmission.	0	3.01	1	0
Aberrant Crypt Foci Clusters of colonic crypts that appear different from the surrounding mucosa when visualized after staining. They are of interest as putative precursors to colorectal adenomas and potential biomarkers for colorectal carcinoma.	0	2.48	2	0
Pocket, Periodontal [description not available]	0	7.22	21	1
Periodontal Pocket An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment and bone resorption.	0	7.22	21	1
Dermatitis, Radiation-Induced [description not available]	0	2.96	4	0
Radiodermatitis A cutaneous inflammatory reaction occurring as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation.	0	2.96	4	0
DRESS Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Hypertension, Essential [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Essential Hypertension Hypertension that occurs without known cause, or preexisting renal disease. Associated polymorphisms for a number of genes have been identified, including AGT, GNB3, and ECE1. OMIM: 145500	0	2.1	1	0
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates usually from cells on the surface of the middle and lower third of the ESOPHAGUS. Tumor cells exhibit typical squamous morphology and form large polypoid lesions. Mutations in RNF6, LZTS1, TGFBR2, DEC1, and WWOX1 genes are associated with this cancer.	0	3.48	1	1
Colitis, Granulomatous [description not available]	0	2.73	3	0
Pericementitis [description not available]	0	8.27	25	1
Hemorrhage, Gingival [description not available]	0	4.84	7	0
Crohn Disease A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.	0	2.73	3	0
Gingival Hemorrhage The flowing of blood from the marginal gingival area, particularly the sulcus, seen in such conditions as GINGIVITIS, marginal PERIODONTITIS, injury, and ASCORBIC ACID DEFICIENCY.	0	4.84	7	0
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	0	4.16	6	0
Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)	0	8.27	25	1
Benign Cerebellar Neoplasms [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Arachnoidal Cerebellar Sarcoma, Circumscribed [description not available]	0	3.25	6	0
Medulloblastoma A malignant neoplasm that may be classified either as a glioma or as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of childhood (see NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR, PRIMITIVE). The tumor occurs most frequently in the first decade of life with the most typical location being the cerebellar vermis. Histologic features include a high degree of cellularity, frequent mitotic figures, and a tendency for the cells to organize into sheets or form rosettes. Medulloblastoma have a high propensity to spread throughout the craniospinal intradural axis. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2060-1)	0	8.25	6	0
Hepatic Insufficiency Conditions in which the LIVER functions fall below the normal ranges. Severe hepatic insufficiency may cause LIVER FAILURE or DEATH. Treatment may include LIVER TRANSPLANTATION.	0	3.89	2	1
Lassitude [description not available]	0	14.04	35	31
Anorexia The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.	0	5.56	4	4
Fatigue The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.	0	14.04	35	31
Psoriasis Arthropathica [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Arthritis, Psoriatic A type of inflammatory arthritis associated with PSORIASIS, often involving the axial joints and the peripheral terminal interphalangeal joints. It is characterized by the presence of HLA-B27-associated SPONDYLARTHROPATHY, and the absence of rheumatoid factor.	0	2.1	1	0
Aqueductal Stenosis [description not available]	0	2.69	3	0
Carcinoma, Small Cell Lung [description not available]	0	13.22	24	15
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma A form of highly malignant lung cancer that is composed of small ovoid cells (SMALL CELL CARCINOMA).	0	13.22	24	15
Brill-Symmers Disease [description not available]	0	3.02	4	0
Lymphoma, Follicular Malignant lymphoma in which the lymphomatous cells are clustered into identifiable nodules within the LYMPH NODES. The nodules resemble to some extent the GERMINAL CENTER of lymph node follicles and most likely represent neoplastic proliferation of lymph node-derived follicular center B-LYMPHOCYTES.	0	3.02	4	0
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	0	3.72	10	0
Tooth Loss The failure to retain teeth as a result of disease or injury.	0	2.11	1	0
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	0	3.72	10	0
Chemotherapy-Induced Febrile Neutropenia FEVER accompanied by a significant reduction in NEUTROPHIL count associated with CHEMOTHERAPY.	0	3.01	1	0
Cardiac Cancer [description not available]	0	2.97	4	0
Autoimmune Disease [description not available]	0	10.31	8	0
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	0	5.64	13	0
Duncan Disease [description not available]	0	3.32	2	0
Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.	0	10.31	8	0
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.	0	5.64	13	0
Lymphoproliferative Disorders Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified.	0	3.32	2	0
Cranial Nerve II Injuries [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Cleidocranial Digital Dysostosis [description not available]	0	2.51	2	0
Adamantiades-Behcet Disease [description not available]	0	2.71	3	0
Behcet Syndrome Rare chronic inflammatory disease involving the small blood vessels. It is of unknown etiology and characterized by mucocutaneous ulceration in the mouth and genital region and uveitis with hypopyon. The neuro-ocular form may cause blindness and death. SYNOVITIS; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; gastrointestinal ulcerations; RETINAL VASCULITIS; and OPTIC ATROPHY may occur as well.	0	2.71	3	0
Neoplasms, Squamous Cell Neoplasms of the SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in tissue composed of squamous elements.	0	5.73	5	4
Encephalomyelitis, Subacute Necrotizing [description not available]	0	3.26	6	0
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	0	2.75	3	0
Hereditary Optic Atrophy [description not available]	0	3.09	5	0
Leigh Disease A group of metabolic disorders primarily of infancy characterized by the subacute onset of psychomotor retardation, hypotonia, ataxia, weakness, vision loss, eye movement abnormalities, seizures, dysphagia, and lactic acidosis. Pathological features include spongy degeneration of the neuropile of the basal ganglia, thalamus, brain stem, and spinal cord. Patterns of inheritance include X-linked recessive, autosomal recessive, and mitochondrial. Leigh disease has been associated with mutations in genes for the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX; CYTOCHROME-C OXIDASE; ATP synthase subunit 6; and subunits of mitochondrial complex I. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p850).	0	3.26	6	0
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	0	2.75	3	0
Postherpetic Neuralgia [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Neuralgia, Postherpetic Pain in nerves, frequently involving facial SKIN, resulting from the activation the latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). The two forms of the condition preceding the pain are HERPES ZOSTER OTICUS; and HERPES ZOSTER OPHTHALMICUS. Following the healing of the rashes and blisters, the pain sometimes persists.	0	2.1	1	0
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	0	3.1	5	0
Benign Paroxysmal Peritonitis [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Familial Mediterranean Fever A group of HEREDITARY AUTOINFLAMMATION DISEASES, characterized by recurrent fever, abdominal pain, headache, rash, PLEURISY; and ARTHRITIS. ORCHITIS; benign MENINGITIS; and AMYLOIDOSIS may also occur. Homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in marenostrin gene encoding PYRIN result in autosomal recessive transmission; simple heterozygous, autosomal dominant form of the disease also exists with mutations in the same gene.	0	2.1	1	0
Empyema, Gall Bladder [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Cholecystitis Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.	0	2.1	1	0
Cystitis Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.	0	2.48	2	0
Angiitis [description not available]	0	4.33	7	0
Vasculitis Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	0	4.33	7	0
Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonia [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors An internationally recognized set of published rules used for evaluation of cancer treatment that define when tumors found in cancer patients improve, worsen, or remain stable during treatment. These criteria are based specifically on the response of the tumor(s) to treatment, and not on the overall health status of the patient resulting from treatment.	0	4.4	1	1
Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast An invasive (infiltrating) CARCINOMA of the mammary ductal system (MAMMARY GLANDS) in the human BREAST.	0	5.71	2	1
Remission, Spontaneous A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.	0	2.39	2	0
Hyponatremia Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.11	1	0
Bleeding [description not available]	0	6.53	6	1
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	0	6.53	6	1
Congenital Epulides [description not available]	0	2.48	2	0
Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Lentiginosis, Perioral [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Hamartoma Syndrome, Multiple A hereditary disease characterized by multiple ectodermal, mesodermal, and endodermal nevoid and neoplastic anomalies. Facial trichilemmomas and papillomatous papules of the oral mucosa are the most characteristic lesions. Individuals with this syndrome have a high risk of BREAST CANCER; THYROID CANCER; and ENDOMETRIAL CANCER. This syndrome is associated with mutations in the gene for PTEN PHOSPHATASE.	0	2.1	1	0
Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome A hereditary disease caused by autosomal dominant mutations involving CHROMOSOME 19. It is characterized by the presence of INTESTINAL POLYPS, consistently in the JEJUNUM, and mucocutaneous pigmentation with MELANIN spots of the lips, buccal MUCOSA, and digits.	0	2.1	1	0
Carcinoma, Lewis Lung A carcinoma discovered by Dr. Margaret R. Lewis of the Wistar Institute in 1951. This tumor originated spontaneously as a carcinoma of the lung of a C57BL mouse. The tumor does not appear to be grossly hemorrhagic and the majority of the tumor tissue is a semifirm homogeneous mass. (From Cancer Chemother Rep 2 1972 Nov;(3)1:325) It is also called 3LL and LLC and is used as a transplantable malignancy.	0	6.47	10	0
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	0	10.45	41	4
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	0	15.45	41	4
Calcification, Pathologic [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Groenblad-Strandberg Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Calcinosis Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.	0	2.1	1	0
Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum An inherited disorder of connective tissue with extensive degeneration and calcification of ELASTIC TISSUE primarily in the skin, eye, and vasculature. At least two forms exist, autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant. This disorder is caused by mutations of one of the ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS. Patients are predisposed to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION and GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE.	0	2.44	2	0
Dyslipidemia [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Dyslipidemias Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.	0	2.11	1	0
Anoxemia [description not available]	0	3.12	5	0
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	0	8.12	5	0
Pneumothorax, Primary Spontaneous [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Pneumothorax An accumulation of air or gas in the PLEURAL CAVITY, which may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma or a pathological process. The gas may also be introduced deliberately during PNEUMOTHORAX, ARTIFICIAL.	0	2.1	1	0
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	0	7.16	35	1
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	0	7.16	35	1
Adrenocortical Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm of the ADRENAL CORTEX. Adrenocortical carcinomas are unencapsulated anaplastic (ANAPLASIA) masses sometimes exceeding 20 cm or 200 g. They are more likely to be functional than nonfunctional, and produce ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES that may result in hypercortisolism (CUSHING SYNDROME); HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and/or VIRILISM.	0	2.1	1	0
Adrenal Cortex Cancer [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the ADRENAL CORTEX.	0	2.1	1	0
Delayed Hypersensitivity [description not available]	0	2.89	4	0
Glioblastoma with Sarcomatous Component [description not available]	0	4.74	2	1
Gliosarcoma Rare mixed tumors of the brain and rarely the spinal cord which contain malignant neuroectodermal (glial) and mesenchymal components, including spindle-shaped fibrosarcoma cells. These tumors are highly aggressive and present primarily in adults as rapidly expanding mass lesions. They may arise in tissue that has been previously irradiated. (From Br J Neurosurg 1995 Apr;9(2):171-8)	1	11.74	2	1
Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous, Subacute [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Multiple Primary Neoplasms [description not available]	0	3.3	6	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous A form of lupus erythematosus in which the skin may be the only organ involved or in which skin involvement precedes the spread into other body systems. It has been classified into three forms - acute (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC with skin lesions), subacute, and chronic (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, DISCOID).	0	2.1	1	0
Drug-Induced Stevens Johnson Syndrome [description not available]	0	3.16	5	0
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive KERATINOCYTE apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement. It is often provoked by the use of drugs (e.g., antibiotics and anticonvulsants) or associated with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA. It is considered a continuum of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.	0	3.16	5	0
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.	0	9.19	9	5
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	0	3.29	6	0
Cancer of the Thymus [description not available]	0	3.47	8	0
Thymus Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYMUS GLAND.	0	3.47	8	0
A-Thalassemia [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Mental Retardation, X-Linked A class of genetic disorders resulting in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY that is associated either with mutations of GENES located on the X CHROMOSOME or aberrations in the structure of the X chromosome (SEX CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS).	0	2.11	1	0
alpha-Thalassemia A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the alpha chains of hemoglobin. The severity of this condition can vary from mild anemia to death, depending on the number of genes deleted.	0	2.42	2	0
AIDS Seroconversion [description not available]	0	4.33	4	1
Alobar Holoprosencephaly [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	0	5.76	11	2
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	0	5.76	11	2
Moniliasis, Oral [description not available]	0	3.86	2	1
Glossitis Inflammation of the tongue.	0	2.1	1	0
Mouth Diseases Diseases involving the MOUTH.	0	2.73	3	0
Gingivostomatitis, Herpetic [description not available]	0	5.05	10	1
Candidiasis, Oral Infection of the mucous membranes of the mouth by a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	3.86	2	1
Cheilitis Inflammation of the lips. It is of various etiologies and degrees of pathology.	0	2.1	1	0
Stomatitis, Herpetic Stomatitis caused by Herpesvirus hominis. It usually occurs as acute herpetic stomatitis (or gingivostomatitis), an oral manifestation of primary herpes simplex seen primarily in children and adolescents.	0	5.05	10	1
Libman-Sacks Disease [description not available]	0	3.78	11	0
Glomerulonephritis, Lupus [description not available]	0	2.45	2	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.	0	3.78	11	0
Lupus Nephritis Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).	0	2.45	2	0
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	0	5.56	10	0
Diseases in Twins Disorders affecting TWINS, one or both, at any age.	0	2.72	3	0
Air Embolism [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Pycnodysostosis Rare autosomal recessive syndrome characterized by delayed closing of CRANIAL SUTURES, short stature, ACRO-OSTEOLYSIS of distal phalanges, dental and MAXILLOFACIAL ABNORMALITIES and an increase in bone density that results in frequent BONE FRACTURES. It is associated with BONE RESORPTION defect due to mutations in the lysosomal cysteine protease CATHEPSIN K.	0	2.11	1	0
Tooth Erosion Progressive loss of the hard substance of a tooth by chemical processes that do not involve bacterial action. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p296)	0	2.11	1	0
Graft-Versus-Host Disease [description not available]	0	5.45	5	1
Graft vs Host Disease The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.	0	5.45	5	1
Bilateral Wilms Tumor [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Wilms Tumor A malignant kidney tumor, caused by the uncontrolled multiplication of renal stem (blastemal), stromal (STROMAL CELLS), and epithelial (EPITHELIAL CELLS) elements. However, not all three are present in every case. Several genes or chromosomal areas have been associated with Wilms tumor which is usually found in childhood as a firm lump in a child's side or ABDOMEN.	0	2.38	2	0
Reproductive Sterility [description not available]	0	2.45	2	0
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	0	3.29	6	0
Infertility A reduced or absent capacity to reproduce.	0	2.45	2	0
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	0	8.29	6	0
Breathlessness [description not available]	0	6.17	6	2
Dyspnea Difficult or labored breathing.	0	6.17	6	2
Hemoptysis Expectoration or spitting of blood originating from any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT, usually from hemorrhage in the lung parenchyma (PULMONARY ALVEOLI) and the BRONCHIAL ARTERIES.	0	4.8	2	1
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia [description not available]	0	2.43	2	0
Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital A group of inherited disorders of the ADRENAL GLANDS, caused by enzyme defects in the synthesis of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) and/or ALDOSTERONE leading to accumulation of precursors for ANDROGENS. Depending on the hormone imbalance, congenital adrenal hyperplasia can be classified as salt-wasting, hypertensive, virilizing, or feminizing. Defects in STEROID 21-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 11-BETA-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE; 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES); TESTOSTERONE 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE; or steroidogenic acute regulatory protein; among others, underlie these disorders.	0	2.43	2	0
Cancer of the Urinary Tract [description not available]	0	4.35	4	0
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available]	0	5.94	9	0
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	0	9.61	11	6
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	0	2.97	4	0
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	0	2.72	3	0
Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.	0	2.97	4	0
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	0	2.72	3	0
Albuminuria The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	0	2.95	4	0
Dental Fluoroses [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Gingivitis Inflammation of gum tissue (GINGIVA) without loss of connective tissue.	0	2.11	1	0
Fluorosis, Dental A chronic endemic form of hypoplasia of the dental enamel caused by drinking water with a high fluorine content during the time of tooth formation, and characterized by defective calcification that gives a white chalky appearance to the enamel, which gradually undergoes brown discoloration. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p286)	0	2.11	1	0
AL Amyloidosis [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Immunoglobulin Light-chain Amyloidosis A nonproliferative disorder of the PLASMA CELL characterized by excessive production and misfolding of IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS that form insoluble amyloid fibrils (see AMYLOID DEPOSITS) in various tissues. Clinical features include LIVER FAILURE; MULTIPLE MYELOMA; NEPHROTIC SYNDROME; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY, and neuropathies.	0	2.11	1	0
Amyloidosis A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.	0	2.49	2	0
Hemoglobinopathies A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations within the hemoglobin molecule.	0	2.41	2	0
African Sleeping Sickness [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Trypanosomiasis, African A disease endemic among people and animals in Central Africa. It is caused by various species of trypanosomes, particularly T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense. Its second host is the TSETSE FLY. Involvement of the central nervous system produces African sleeping sickness. Nagana is a rapidly fatal trypanosomiasis of horses and other animals.	0	2.44	2	0
Craniofacial Abnormalities Congenital structural deformities, malformations, or other abnormalities of the cranium and facial bones.	0	2.11	1	0
Hair Diseases Diseases affecting the orderly growth and persistence of hair.	0	2.11	1	0
Break-Bone Fever [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Dengue An acute febrile disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with DENGUE VIRUS. It is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. SEVERE DENGUE is a more virulent form of dengue.	0	2.11	1	0
Tuberculosis, Drug-Resistant [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis resistant to chemotherapy with two or more ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS, including at least ISONIAZID and RIFAMPICIN. The problem of resistance is particularly troublesome in tuberculous OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS associated with HIV INFECTIONS. It requires the use of second line drugs which are more toxic than the first line regimens. TB with isolates that have developed further resistance to at least three of the six classes of second line drugs is defined as EXTENSIVELY DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS.	0	2.11	1	0
Airway Remodeling The structural changes in the number, mass, size and/or composition of the airway tissues.	0	2.11	1	0
Deficiency, Protein [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Cachexia General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease.	0	2.11	1	0
Eye Disorders [description not available]	0	5.44	8	2
Eye Diseases Diseases affecting the eye.	0	5.44	8	2
Birth Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	0	4.77	2	1
Alveolitis, Fibrosing [description not available]	0	4.33	7	0
Pulmonary Fibrosis A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.	0	9.33	7	0
Cancer of Gallbladder [description not available]	0	5.83	4	2
Gallbladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the gallbladder.	0	5.83	4	2
Abnormalities, Multiple Congenital abnormalities that affect more than one organ or body structure.	0	3.53	8	0
Abnormality, Heart [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Atrial Septal Defect [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Lower Extremity Deformities, Congenital Congenital structural abnormalities of the LOWER EXTREMITY.	0	2.11	1	0
Upper Extremity Deformities, Congenital Congenital structural abnormalities of the UPPER EXTREMITY.	0	2.11	1	0
Heart Defects, Congenital Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.	0	2.11	1	0
Viral Diseases [description not available]	0	8.38	18	1
Virus Diseases A general term for diseases caused by viruses.	0	8.38	18	1
Palsy [description not available]	0	2.88	4	0
Paralysis A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)	0	2.88	4	0
Electron Transport Chain Deficiencies, Mitochondrial [description not available]	0	3.88	4	0
Deaf Mutism [description not available]	0	4.94	14	0
Deafness A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.	0	4.94	14	0
Mitochondrial Diseases Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.	0	3.88	4	0
Ureteral Obstruction Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.	0	2.11	1	0
Chromosome Deletion Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.	0	3.85	12	0
Chronic Pancreatitis [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Pancreatitis, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS that is characterized by recurring or persistent ABDOMINAL PAIN with or without STEATORRHEA or DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the irregular destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma which may be focal, segmental, or diffuse.	0	2.13	1	0
Asymptomatic Colonization [description not available]	0	3.76	3	0
Bacteriuria The presence of bacteria in the urine which is normally bacteria-free. These bacteria are from the URINARY TRACT and are not contaminants of the surrounding tissues. Bacteriuria can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Significant bacteriuria is an indicator of urinary tract infection.	0	3.35	2	0
Starvation Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.65	3	0
Rhabdomyosarcoma A malignant solid tumor arising from mesenchymal tissues which normally differentiate to form striated muscle. It can occur in a wide variety of sites. It is divided into four distinct types: pleomorphic, predominantly in male adults; alveolar (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, ALVEOLAR), mainly in adolescents and young adults; embryonal (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, EMBRYONAL), predominantly in infants and children; and botryoidal, also in young children. It is one of the most frequently occurring soft tissue sarcomas and the most common in children under 15. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2186; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1647-9)	0	3.23	6	0
Polyneuropathy, Acquired [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Polyneuropathies Diseases of multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously. Polyneuropathies usually are characterized by symmetrical, bilateral distal motor and sensory impairment with a graded increase in severity distally. The pathological processes affecting peripheral nerves include degeneration of the axon, myelin or both. The various forms of polyneuropathy are categorized by the type of nerve affected (e.g., sensory, motor, or autonomic), by the distribution of nerve injury (e.g., distal vs. proximal), by nerve component primarily affected (e.g., demyelinating vs. axonal), by etiology, or by pattern of inheritance.	0	2.13	1	0
CJD (Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease) [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome A rare transmissible encephalopathy most prevalent between the ages of 50 and 70 years. Affected individuals may present with sleep disturbances, personality changes, ATAXIA; APHASIA, visual loss, weakness, muscle atrophy, MYOCLONUS, progressive dementia, and death within one year of disease onset. A familial form exhibiting autosomal dominant inheritance and a new variant CJD (potentially associated with ENCEPHALOPATHY, BOVINE SPONGIFORM) have been described. Pathological features include prominent cerebellar and cerebral cortical spongiform degeneration and the presence of PRIONS. (From N Engl J Med, 1998 Dec 31;339(27))	0	2.4	2	0
Acoustic Trauma Usually refer to hearing loss due to a single noise event such as an explosion or shotgun blast.	0	3.4	2	0
Diseases, Occupational [description not available]	0	2.48	2	0
Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced Hearing loss due to exposure to explosive loud noise or chronic exposure to sound level greater than 85 dB. The hearing loss is often in the frequency range 4000-6000 hertz.	0	3.4	2	0
Cancer of Testis [description not available]	0	2.93	4	0
Testicular Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.	0	2.93	4	0
alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency Deficiency of the protease inhibitor ALPHA 1-ANTITRYPSIN that manifests primarily as PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA and LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	0	2.13	1	0
Clonorchiasis Infection of the biliary passages with CLONORCHIS SINENSIS, also called Opisthorchis sinensis. It may lead to inflammation of the biliary tract, proliferation of biliary epithelium, progressive portal fibrosis, and sometimes bile duct carcinoma. Extension to the liver may lead to fatty changes and cirrhosis. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.13	1	0
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.	0	2.13	1	0
Birt-Hogg-Dubu00E9 Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Birt-Hogg-Dube Syndrome Autosomal dominant neoplastic syndrome characterised by genodermatosis, lung cysts, spontaneous and recurrent PNEUMOTHORAX; and RENAL CANCER. It is associated with mutations in the folliculin protein gene (FLCN protein).	0	7.15	1	0
Anemia, Fanconi [description not available]	0	2.94	4	0
Fanconi Anemia Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)	0	2.94	4	0
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	0	3.64	3	0
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	0	3.64	3	0
Denys-Drash Syndrome A disorder of sex development characterized by UROGENITAL ABNORMALITIES; GONADAL DYSGENESIS; and WILMS TUMOR. It is caused by a mutation in the Wilms tumor suppressor gene (GENES, WILMS TUMOR) on chromosome 11.	0	2.46	2	0
Glycosuria The appearance of an abnormally large amount of GLUCOSE in the urine, such as more than 500 mg/day in adults. It can be due to HYPERGLYCEMIA or genetic defects in renal reabsorption (RENAL GLYCOSURIA).	0	2.13	1	0
Dry Eye [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Dry Eye Syndromes Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.	0	2.13	1	0
HPV Infection [description not available]	0	3.87	4	0
Papillomavirus Infections Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.	0	3.87	4	0
Nevi, Melanocytic [description not available]	0	3.53	1	1
Nevus, Pigmented A nevus containing melanin. The term is usually restricted to nevocytic nevi (round or oval collections of melanin-containing nevus cells occurring at the dermoepidermal junction of the skin or in the dermis proper) or moles, but may be applied to other pigmented nevi.	0	3.53	1	1
Glandular Fever [description not available]	0	3.79	2	0
Infectious Mononucleosis A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis.	0	3.79	2	0
Chromosomal Translocation [description not available]	0	3.37	7	0
Lymphoma, T Cell, Peripheral [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral A group of malignant lymphomas thought to derive from peripheral T-lymphocytes in lymph nodes and other nonlymphoid sites. They include a broad spectrum of lymphocyte morphology, but in all instances express T-cell markers admixed with epithelioid histiocytes, plasma cells, and eosinophils. Although markedly similar to large-cell immunoblastic lymphoma (LYMPHOMA, LARGE-CELL, IMMUNOBLASTIC), this group's unique features warrant separate treatment.	0	2.15	1	0
Latent Tuberculosis The dormant form of TUBERCULOSIS where the person shows no obvious symptoms and no sign of the causative agent (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) in the SPUTUM despite being positive for tuberculosis infection skin test.	0	2.15	1	0
Stenosis, Pulmonary Artery Narrowing of the PULMONARY ARTERIES.	0	2.15	1	0
Aortitis Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Takayasu Arteritis A chronic inflammatory process that affects the AORTA and its primary branches, such as the brachiocephalic artery (BRACHIOCEPHALIC TRUNK) and CAROTID ARTERIES. It results in progressive arterial stenosis, occlusion, and aneurysm formation. The pulse in the arm is hard to detect. Patients with aortitis syndrome often exhibit retinopathy.	0	2.15	1	0
Avian Flu [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Influenza in Birds Infection of domestic and wild fowl and other BIRDS with INFLUENZA A VIRUS. Avian influenza usually does not sicken birds, but can be highly pathogenic and fatal in domestic POULTRY.	0	2.15	1	0
Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	0	5.93	3	3
Mycosis Fungoides A chronic, malignant T-cell lymphoma of the skin. In the late stages, the LYMPH NODES and viscera are affected.	1	8.06	3	2
Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous A group of lymphomas exhibiting clonal expansion of malignant T-lymphocytes arrested at varying stages of differentiation as well as malignant infiltration of the skin. MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES; SEZARY SYNDROME; LYMPHOMATOID PAPULOSIS; and PRIMARY CUTANEOUS ANAPLASTIC LARGE CELL LYMPHOMA are the best characterized of these disorders.	1	7.93	3	3
Fibrosarcoma A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.9	4	0
Cryptogenic Fibrosing Alveolitis [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis A common interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology, usually occurring between 50-70 years of age. Clinically, it is characterized by an insidious onset of breathlessness with exertion and a nonproductive cough, leading to progressive DYSPNEA. Pathological features show scant interstitial inflammation, patchy collagen fibrosis, prominent fibroblast proliferation foci, and microscopic honeycomb change.	0	2.04	1	0
Dementia Praecox [description not available]	0	3.61	9	0
Schizophrenia A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.	0	3.61	9	0
Cancer, Radiation-Induced [description not available]	0	4.42	3	0
Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).	0	2.44	2	0
Arsenic Encephalopathy [description not available]	0	2.96	4	0
Female Genital Neoplasms [description not available]	0	4.77	5	0
Genital Neoplasms, Female Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	0	4.77	5	0
Dwarfism, Growth Hormone Deficiency [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Dwarfism, Pituitary A form of dwarfism caused by complete or partial GROWTH HORMONE deficiency, resulting from either the lack of GROWTH HORMONE-RELEASING FACTOR from the HYPOTHALAMUS or from the mutations in the growth hormone gene (GH1) in the PITUITARY GLAND. It is also known as Type I pituitary dwarfism. Human hypophysial dwarf is caused by a deficiency of HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE during development.	0	2.04	1	0
Injuries, Radiation [description not available]	0	4.27	4	0
Candida Infection [description not available]	0	2.67	3	0
Candidiasis Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.67	3	0
Deafness, Transitory [description not available]	0	3.53	8	0
Hearing Loss A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.	0	3.53	8	0
Bullous Dermatoses [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Allergy, Drug [description not available]	0	3.12	5	0
Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.	0	3.12	5	0
Dysesthesia [description not available]	0	3.82	2	1
Drug Abuse, Intravenous [description not available]	0	3.81	2	1
Oral Submucous Fibrosis Irreversible FIBROSIS of the submucosal tissue of the MOUTH.	0	3.12	5	0
Desmoid [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Fibromatosis, Aggressive A childhood counterpart of abdominal or extra-abdominal desmoid tumors, characterized by firm subcutaneous nodules that grow rapidly in any part of the body but do not metastasize. The adult form of abdominal fibromatosis is FIBROMATOSIS, ABDOMINAL. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.04	1	0
Cecitis [description not available]	0	2.45	2	0
Cervix Dysplasia [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Uterine Cervical Dysplasia Abnormal development of immature squamous EPITHELIAL CELLS of the UTERINE CERVIX, a term used to describe premalignant cytological changes in the cervical EPITHELIUM. These atypical cells do not penetrate the epithelial BASEMENT MEMBRANE.	0	2.04	1	0
Hamartoma A focal malformation resembling a neoplasm, composed of an overgrowth of mature cells and tissues that normally occur in the affected area.	0	2.43	2	0
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.	0	4.65	6	0
Adult-Onset Still Disease [description not available]	0	2.46	2	0
Still's Disease, Adult-Onset Systemic-onset rheumatoid arthritis in adults. It differs from classical rheumatoid arthritis in that it is more often marked by acute febrile onset, and generalized lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly are more prominent.	0	2.46	2	0
Biliary Tract Cancer [description not available]	0	4.75	2	1
Biliary Tract Neoplasms Tumors or cancer in the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.	0	4.75	2	1
Attrition, Dental [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Tooth Discoloration Any change in the hue, color, or translucency of a tooth due to any cause. Restorative filling materials, drugs (both topical and systemic), pulpal necrosis, or hemorrhage may be responsible. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p253)	0	2.04	1	0
Dentin Dysplasia An apparently hereditary disorder of dentin formation, marked by a normal appearance of coronal dentin associated with pulpal obliteration, faulty root formation, and a tendency for peripheral lesions without obvious cause. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.74	3	0
Complications, Neoplastic Pregnancy [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
MEA 2a [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Chronic Motor and Vocal Tic Disorder [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Tourette Syndrome A neuropsychological disorder related to alterations in DOPAMINE metabolism and neurotransmission involving frontal-subcortical neuronal circuits. Both multiple motor and one or more vocal tics need to be present with TICS occurring many times a day, nearly daily, over a period of more than one year. The onset is before age 18 and the disturbance is not due to direct physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition. The disturbance causes marked distress or significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. (From DSM-IV, 1994; Neurol Clin 1997 May;15(2):357-79)	0	2.38	2	0
Carcinoma, Medullary A carcinoma composed mainly of epithelial elements with little or no stroma. Medullary carcinomas of the breast constitute 5%-7% of all mammary carcinomas; medullary carcinomas of the thyroid comprise 3%-10% of all thyroid malignancies. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1141; Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)	0	2.04	1	0
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract [description not available]	0	4.79	5	0
Colonic Polyps Discrete tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the COLON. These POLYPS are connected to the wall of the colon either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	0	2.72	3	0
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	0	4.37	20	0
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	0	4.37	20	0
Chronic Progressive Multiple Sclerosis [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive A form of multiple sclerosis characterized by a progressive deterioration in neurologic function which is in contrast to the more typical relapsing remitting form. If the clinical course is free of distinct remissions, it is referred to as primary progressive multiple sclerosis. When the progressive decline is punctuated by acute exacerbations, it is referred to as progressive relapsing multiple sclerosis. The term secondary progressive multiple sclerosis is used when relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis evolves into the chronic progressive form. (From Ann Neurol 1994;36 Suppl:S73-S79; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)	0	2.44	2	0
Depression, Endogenous [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Depressive Disorder An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.	0	2.05	1	0
Laurence-Moon-Bardet-Biedl Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Bardet-Biedl Syndrome An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA; POLYDACTYLY; OBESITY; MENTAL RETARDATION; hypogenitalism; renal dysplasia; and short stature. This syndrome has been distinguished as a separate entity from LAURENCE-MOON SYNDROME. (From J Med Genet 1997 Feb;34(2):92-8)	0	2.05	1	0
Cough A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.	0	2.47	2	0
Complex and Mixed Neoplasms [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Cancer of Parotid [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Parotid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PAROTID GLAND.	0	2.05	1	0
Neoplasms, Complex and Mixed Neoplasms composed of more than one type of neoplastic tissue.	0	2.05	1	0
Precordial Catch [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Chest Pain Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.	0	2.05	1	0
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	0	5.43	5	1
T-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	0	2.93	4	0
Lymphoma, T-Cell A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors representing malignant transformations of T-lymphocytes.	0	2.93	4	0
Infections, RNA Virus [description not available]	0	2.96	1	0
Experimental Radiation Injuries [description not available]	0	2.65	3	0
Alopecia Cicatrisata [description not available]	0	4.83	4	2
Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available]	0	4.15	3	1
Alopecia Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.	0	4.83	4	2
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.	0	4.15	3	1
Embolus [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Eosinophilia, Tropical [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Embolism Blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved material in the blood stream.	0	2.05	1	0
Eosinophilia Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.	0	2.05	1	0
Congenital Poikiloderma [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Giant Cell Tumor of Bone A bone tumor composed of cellular spindle-cell stroma containing scattered multinucleated giant cells resembling osteoclasts. The tumors range from benign to frankly malignant lesions. The tumor occurs most frequently in an end of a long tubular bone in young adults. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.05	1	0
Hyperoxia An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs.	0	3.12	5	0
Academic Disorder, Developmental [description not available]	0	2.47	2	0
Learning Disabilities Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.	0	2.47	2	0
Flank Pain Pain emanating from below the RIBS and above the ILIUM.	0	2.05	1	0
Adrenal Cancer [description not available]	0	6.16	6	2
Coin Lesion, Pulmonary [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Erythema Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.	0	2.91	4	0
Dysentery, Shiga bacillus [description not available]	0	2.73	3	0
Dysentery, Bacillary DYSENTERY caused by gram-negative rod-shaped enteric bacteria (ENTEROBACTERIACEAE), most often by the genus SHIGELLA. Shigella dysentery, Shigellosis, is classified into subgroups according to syndrome severity and the infectious species. Group A: SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE (severest); Group B: SHIGELLA FLEXNERI; Group C: SHIGELLA BOYDII; and Group D: SHIGELLA SONNEI (mildest).	0	2.73	3	0
Facial Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the FACE.	0	2.96	1	0
Brain Inflammation [description not available]	0	5.62	10	2
Encephalitis Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.	0	5.62	10	2
Dirofilariasis Infection with nematodes of the genus DIROFILARIA, usually in animals, especially dogs, but occasionally in man.	0	2.05	1	0
Equine Diseases [description not available]	0	2.89	4	0
Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic A syndrome characterized by persistent or recurrent fatigue, diffuse musculoskeletal pain, sleep disturbances, and subjective cognitive impairment of 6 months duration or longer. Symptoms are not caused by ongoing exertion; are not relieved by rest; and result in a substantial reduction of previous levels of occupational, educational, social, or personal activities. Minor alterations of immune, neuroendocrine, and autonomic function may be associated with this syndrome. There is also considerable overlap between this condition and FIBROMYALGIA. (From Semin Neurol 1998;18(2):237-42; Ann Intern Med 1994 Dec 15;121(12): 953-9)	0	2.05	1	0
Coronary Restenosis Recurrent narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery following surgical procedures performed to alleviate a prior obstruction.	0	2.05	1	0
Becker Muscular Dystrophy [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne An X-linked recessive muscle disease caused by an inability to synthesize DYSTROPHIN, which is involved with maintaining the integrity of the sarcolemma. Muscle fibers undergo a process that features degeneration and regeneration. Clinical manifestations include proximal weakness in the first few years of life, pseudohypertrophy, cardiomyopathy (see MYOCARDIAL DISEASES), and an increased incidence of impaired mentation. Becker muscular dystrophy is a closely related condition featuring a later onset of disease (usually adolescence) and a slowly progressive course. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1415)	0	2.05	1	0
Abnormalities, Congenital [description not available]	0	2.66	3	0
Central Hypothyroidism [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Thyroid Agenesis [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Hypothyroidism A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.	0	2.44	2	0
Black Death [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Plague An acute infectious disease caused by YERSINIA PESTIS that affects humans, wild rodents, and their ectoparasites. This condition persists due to its firm entrenchment in sylvatic rodent-flea ecosystems throughout the world. Bubonic plague is the most common form.	0	2.05	1	0
Tooth Fractures Break or rupture of a tooth or tooth root.	0	2.05	1	0
Avulsed Tooth [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Nasopharyngitis Inflammation of the NASOPHARYNX, usually including its mucosa, related lymphoid structure, and glands.	0	3.45	1	1
Keratosis, Oral [description not available]	0	2.72	3	0
Leukoplakia, Oral A white patch seen on the oral mucosa. It is considered a premalignant condition and is often tobacco-induced. When evidence of Epstein-Barr virus is present, the condition is called hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).	0	2.72	3	0
Ulcer A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.	0	4.61	3	2
Bronchiolitis, Exudative [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Bronchiolitis Obliterans Inflammation of the BRONCHIOLES leading to an obstructive lung disease. Bronchioles are characterized by fibrous granulation tissue with bronchial exudates in the lumens. Clinical features include a nonproductive cough and DYSPNEA.	0	2.05	1	0
Ameloblastoma An immature epithelial tumor of the JAW originating from the epithelial rests of Malassez or from other epithelial remnants of the ENAMEL from the developmental period. It is a slowly growing tumor, usually benign, but displays a marked propensity for invasive growth.	0	2.47	2	0
Cancer of the Tongue [description not available]	0	4.14	3	1
Mandibular Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MANDIBLE.	0	2.47	2	0
Tongue Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TONGUE.	0	4.14	3	1
Mastitis INFLAMMATION of the BREAST, or MAMMARY GLAND.	0	2.05	1	0
Angiomatosis Retinae [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
von Hippel-Lindau Disease An autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in a tumor suppressor gene. This syndrome is characterized by abnormal growth of small blood vessels leading to a host of neoplasms. They include HEMANGIOBLASTOMA in the RETINA; CEREBELLUM; and SPINAL CORD; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; pancreatic tumors; and renal cell carcinoma (see CARCINOMA, RENAL CELL). Common clinical signs include HYPERTENSION and neurological dysfunctions.	0	2.05	1	0
Eczema, Atopic [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Dermatitis, Atopic A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.	0	2.05	1	0
Cancer, Second Primary [description not available]	0	2.47	2	0
Diverticulum, Meckel [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Anosmic Hypogonadism [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Kallmann Syndrome A genetically heterogeneous disorder caused by hypothalamic GNRH deficiency and OLFACTORY NERVE defects. It is characterized by congenital HYPOGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM and ANOSMIA, possibly with additional midline defects. It can be transmitted as an X-linked (GENETIC DISEASES, X-LINKED), an autosomal dominant, or an autosomal recessive trait.	0	2.05	1	0
Auricular Fibrillation [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Coronary Thrombosis Coagulation of blood in any of the CORONARY VESSELS. The presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) often leads to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	0	2.05	1	0
Mitral Stenosis [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Atrial Fibrillation Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.	0	2.44	2	0
Mitral Valve Stenosis Narrowing of the passage through the MITRAL VALVE due to FIBROSIS, and CALCINOSIS in the leaflets and chordal areas. This elevates the left atrial pressure which, in turn, raises pulmonary venous and capillary pressure leading to bouts of DYSPNEA and TACHYCARDIA during physical exertion. RHEUMATIC FEVER is its primary cause.	0	2.05	1	0
Thromboembolism Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.	0	6.63	7	1
Embryopathies [description not available]	0	3.33	2	0
Corneal Dystrophies [description not available]	0	2.73	3	0
Eye Abnormalities Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the eye; may also be hereditary.	0	2.96	4	0
Retroperitoneal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the RETROPERITONEAL SPACE.	0	2.46	2	0
Essential Polyarteritis [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Multiple Pulmonary Nodules A number of small lung lesions characterized by small round masses of 2- to 3-mm in diameter. They are usually detected by chest CT scans (COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY). Such nodules can be associated with metastases of malignancies inside or outside the lung, benign granulomas, or other lesions.	0	2.05	1	0
Dental Plaque A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.	0	3.48	8	0
Atrophy of Gingiva [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Malabsorption Syndromes General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients.	0	2.47	2	0
Fifth Phacomatosis [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Dental Tissue Neoplasms [description not available]	0	2.75	3	0
Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome Hereditary disorder consisting of multiple basal cell carcinomas, odontogenic keratocysts, and multiple skeletal defects, e.g., frontal and temporoparietal bossing, bifurcated and splayed ribs, kyphoscoliosis, fusion of vertebrae, and cervicothoracic spina bifida. Genetic transmission is autosomal dominant.	0	2.44	2	0
Actinic Reticuloid Syndrome [description not available]	0	3.07	5	0
Parasite Infections [description not available]	0	2.97	1	0
Acquired Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus [description not available]	0	2.94	4	0
Interstitial Nephritis [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Nephritis, Interstitial Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.	0	2.38	2	0
At-V1 [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Uveal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UVEA.	0	2.05	1	0
Carcinoma, Lobular A type of BREAST CANCER where the abnormal malignant cells form in the lobules, or milk-producing glands, of the breast.	0	4.37	1	1
Lichen Planus, Oral Oral lesions accompanying cutaneous lichen planus or often occurring alone. The buccal mucosa, lips, gingivae, floor of the mouth, and palate are usually affected (in a descending order of frequency). Typically, oral lesions consist of radiating white or gray, velvety, threadlike lines, arranged in a reticular pattern, at the intersection of which there may be minute, white, elevated dots or streaks (Wickham's striae). (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry)	0	3.65	3	0
Leukoplakia, Hairy Epithelial hyperplasia of the oral mucosa associated with Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) and found almost exclusively in persons with HIV infection. The lesion consists of a white patch that is often corrugated or hairy.	0	3.44	1	1
Cancer of Larynx [description not available]	0	3.34	7	0
Cancer of Pharynx [description not available]	0	2.75	3	0
Laryngeal Neoplasms Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.	0	3.34	7	0
Pharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PHARYNX.	0	2.75	3	0
Hyperlipemia [description not available]	0	4.51	5	1
Hyperlipidemias Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.	0	4.51	5	1
Adolescent Gynecomastia [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Gynecomastia Enlargement of the BREAST in the males, caused by an excess of ESTROGENS. Physiological gynecomastia is normally observed in NEWBORNS; ADOLESCENT; and AGING males.	0	2.05	1	0
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	0	3.06	5	0
Antisocial Behavior Behavior that sharply deviates from social norms and violates rights of others	0	2.06	1	0
Nephrolithiasis Formation of stones in the KIDNEY.	0	2.06	1	0
Kidney Stones [description not available]	0	3.05	5	0
Kidney Calculi Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.	0	3.05	5	0
Cell Transformation, Viral An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.	0	4.32	20	0
Deficiency, Yin [description not available]	0	3.44	1	1
Cockayne Syndrome A syndrome characterized by multiple system abnormalities including DWARFISM; PHOTOSENSITIVITY DISORDERS; PREMATURE AGING; and HEARING LOSS. It is caused by mutations of a number of autosomal recessive genes encoding proteins that involve transcriptional-coupled DNA REPAIR processes. Cockayne syndrome is classified by the severity and age of onset. Type I (classical; CSA) is early childhood onset in the second year of life; type II (congenital; CSB) is early onset at birth with severe symptoms; type III (xeroderma pigmentosum; XP) is late childhood onset with mild symptoms.	0	5.34	13	0
Hypertension, Renal Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.	0	3.76	2	1
Nephritis Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.	0	2.06	1	0
Granulocytic Leukemia [description not available]	0	3.67	10	0
Leukemia, Myeloid Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.	0	3.67	10	0
Diathesis [description not available]	0	4.61	10	0
Osteoarthritis of Knee [description not available]	0	3.44	1	1
Osteoarthritis, Knee Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)	0	3.44	1	1
Chromosome Instability Syndromes [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Alcohol Abuse [description not available]	0	2.43	2	0
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	0	2.72	3	0
Colicky Pain [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Alcoholism A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)	0	2.43	2	0
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	0	2.72	3	0
Hypertriglyceridemia A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.	0	2.92	4	0
Abdominal Pain Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.	0	2.44	2	0
Opportunistic Infections An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.	0	2.48	2	0
P carinii Pneumonia [description not available]	0	2.69	3	0
Pneumonia, Pneumocystis A pulmonary disease in humans occurring in immunodeficient or malnourished patients or infants, characterized by DYSPNEA, tachypnea, and HYPOXEMIA. Pneumocystis pneumonia is a frequently seen opportunistic infection in AIDS. It is caused by the fungus PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII. The disease is also found in other MAMMALS where it is caused by related species of Pneumocystis.	0	2.69	3	0
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas [description not available]	0	3.79	11	0
Cystic Fibrosis An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.	0	3.79	11	0
Thoracic Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the THORAX.	0	4.68	6	0
Esophagitis INFLAMMATION, acute or chronic, of the ESOPHAGUS caused by BACTERIA, chemicals, or TRAUMA.	0	4.42	2	2
Teeth, Devitalized [description not available]	0	2.98	1	0
Basedow Disease [description not available]	0	2.71	3	0
Graves Disease A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic GOITER. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the THYROID GLAND and hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY) and the skin (Graves dermopathy).	0	7.71	3	0
Keratocysts [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Maxillary Diseases Diseases involving the MAXILLA.	0	2.47	2	0
Dentigerous Cyst Most common follicular odontogenic cyst. Occurs in relation to a partially erupted or unerupted tooth with at least the crown of the tooth to which the cyst is attached protruding into the cystic cavity. May give rise to an ameloblastoma and, in rare instances, undergo malignant transformation.	0	2.06	1	0
Mandibular Diseases Diseases involving the MANDIBLE.	0	2.47	2	0
Endometrial Diseases [description not available]	0	3.45	1	1
Uterine Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the UTERUS.	0	3.45	1	1
Degenerative Disease, Nervous System, Hereditary [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma [description not available]	0	2.47	2	0
Carcinoma, Signet Ring Cell A poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma in which the nucleus is pressed to one side by a cytoplasmic droplet of mucus. It usually arises in the gastrointestinal system.	0	2.47	2	0
Fibrosis, Radiation [description not available]	0	3.14	5	0
Radiation Pneumonitis Inflammation of the lung due to harmful effects of ionizing or non-ionizing radiation.	0	3.14	5	0
Stomatitis, Vesicular [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available]	0	4.03	5	0
Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)	0	4.03	5	0
Granuloma, Hodgkin [description not available]	0	4.39	8	0
Hodgkin Disease A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.	0	4.39	8	0
Dysplasia Linguofacialis [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Abnormalities, Mouth [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Capdepont Teeth [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Dentin, Secondary Dentin formed by normal pulp after completion of root end formation.	0	2.98	1	0
MODS [description not available]	0	2.47	2	0
Multiple Organ Failure A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.	0	2.47	2	0
Salmonella Infections, Animal Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.	0	2.45	2	0
Myositis, Multiple [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Polymyositis Diseases characterized by inflammation involving multiple muscles. This may occur as an acute or chronic condition associated with medication toxicity (DRUG TOXICITY); CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES; infections; malignant NEOPLASMS; and other disorders. The term polymyositis is frequently used to refer to a specific clinical entity characterized by subacute or slowly progressing symmetrical weakness primarily affecting the proximal limb and trunk muscles. The illness may occur at any age, but is most frequent in the fourth to sixth decade of life. Weakness of pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles, interstitial lung disease, and inflammation of the myocardium may also occur. Muscle biopsy reveals widespread destruction of segments of muscle fibers and an inflammatory cellular response. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1404-9)	0	2.06	1	0
Icterus [description not available]	0	2.87	4	0
Jaundice A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.	0	2.87	4	0
Pink Eye [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Conjunctivitis INFLAMMATION of the CONJUNCTIVA.	0	2.38	2	0
Infection [description not available]	0	7.68	4	2
Infections Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.	0	7.68	4	2
Itching [description not available]	0	6.13	4	3
Pruritus An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.	0	6.13	4	3
Dermatoses [description not available]	0	3.1	5	0
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	0	3.1	5	0
Aseptic Meningitis [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Meningitis, Aseptic A syndrome characterized by headache, neck stiffness, low grade fever, and CSF lymphocytic pleocytosis in the absence of an acute bacterial pathogen. Viral meningitis is the most frequent cause although MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS; RICKETTSIA INFECTIONS; diagnostic or therapeutic procedures; NEOPLASTIC PROCESSES; septic perimeningeal foci; and other conditions may result in this syndrome. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p745)	0	2.07	1	0
Amyloid Deposits [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Schistosoma haematobia Infection [description not available]	0	2.73	3	0
Schistosomiasis haematobia A human disease caused by the infection of parasitic worms SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM. It is endemic in AFRICA and parts of the MIDDLE EAST. Tissue damages most often occur in the URINARY TRACT, specifically the URINARY BLADDER.	0	2.73	3	0
Hepatitis INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.	0	4.25	7	0
Brain Stem Neoplasms, Primary [description not available]	0	3.46	1	1
Brain Stem Neoplasms Benign and malignant intra-axial tumors of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; or MEDULLA OBLONGATA of the BRAIN STEM. Primary and metastatic neoplasms may occur in this location. Clinical features include ATAXIA, cranial neuropathies (see CRANIAL NERVE DISEASES), NAUSEA, hemiparesis (see HEMIPLEGIA), and quadriparesis. Primary brain stem neoplasms are more frequent in children. Histologic subtypes include GLIOMA; HEMANGIOBLASTOMA; GANGLIOGLIOMA; and EPENDYMOMA.	0	3.46	1	1
Dermatitis Any inflammation of the skin.	0	7.37	2	0
Laryngeal Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LARYNX which coordinates many functions such as voice production, breathing, swallowing, and coughing.	0	2.07	1	0
Glaucoma, Angle Closure [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Glaucoma, Angle-Closure A form of glaucoma in which the intraocular pressure increases because the angle of the anterior chamber is blocked and the aqueous humor cannot drain from the anterior chamber.	0	2.06	1	0
Histiocytic Sarcoma Malignant neoplasms composed of MACROPHAGES or DENDRITIC CELLS. Most histiocytic sarcomas present as localized tumor masses without a leukemic phase. Though the biological behavior of these neoplasms resemble lymphomas, their cell lineage is histiocytic not lymphoid.	0	2.07	1	0
Arthritis, Juvenile Chronic [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Arthritis, Juvenile Arthritis in children, with onset before 16 years of age. The terms juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) refer to classification systems for chronic arthritis in children. Only one subtype of juvenile arthritis (polyarticular-onset, rheumatoid factor-positive) clinically resembles adult rheumatoid arthritis and is considered its childhood equivalent.	0	2.08	1	0
Hyperamylasemia A condition with abnormally elevated level of AMYLASES in the serum. Hyperamylasemia due to PANCREATITIS or other causes may be differentiated by identifying the amylase isoenzymes.	0	2.06	1	0
Paraganglioma, Gangliocytic [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal [description not available]	0	2.73	3	0
Paraganglioma A neural crest tumor usually derived from the chromoreceptor tissue of a paraganglion, such as the carotid body, or medulla of the adrenal gland (usually called a chromaffinoma or pheochromocytoma). It is more common in women than in men. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)	0	2.44	2	0
Pheochromocytoma A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)	0	2.73	3	0
Habermann Disease [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Dermatitis, Eczematous [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Eczema A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).	0	2.07	1	0
Dyskinesia Syndromes [description not available]	0	2.69	3	0
Movement Disorders Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.	0	2.69	3	0
Intestinal Obstruction Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.	0	2.89	4	0
Cocarcinogenesis The combination of two or more different factors in the production of cancer.	0	4.42	8	0
Bisphosphonate Osteonecrosis [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Phlegmon [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Cellulitis An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions.	0	2.08	1	0
Sclerosis A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.	0	2.44	2	0
Rheumatism [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Rheumatic Diseases Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.	0	2.07	1	0
Carcinoma, Basal Cell, Pigmented [description not available]	0	2.46	2	0
Carcinoma, Basal Cell A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471)	0	2.46	2	0
Fracture, Pathologic [description not available]	0	2.99	1	0
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal [description not available]	0	2.99	1	0
Hangman Fracture [description not available]	0	2.99	1	0
Rib Fractures Fractures of any of the RIBS.	0	2.99	1	0
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.	0	2.99	1	0
Spinal Fractures Broken bones in the vertebral column.	0	2.99	1	0
Barrett Epithelium [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Barrett Esophagus A condition with damage to the lining of the lower ESOPHAGUS resulting from chronic acid reflux (ESOPHAGITIS, REFLUX). Through the process of metaplasia, the squamous cells are replaced by a columnar epithelium with cells resembling those of the INTESTINE or the salmon-pink mucosa of the STOMACH. Barrett's columnar epithelium is a marker for severe reflux and precursor to ADENOCARCINOMA of the esophagus.	0	2.07	1	0
Autolysis, Dental Pulp [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Cerebral Pseudosclerosis [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Hepatolenticular Degeneration A rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by the deposition of copper in the BRAIN; LIVER; CORNEA; and other organs. It is caused by defects in the ATP7B gene encoding copper-transporting ATPase 2 (EC 3.6.3.4), also known as the Wilson disease protein. The overload of copper inevitably leads to progressive liver and neurological dysfunction such as LIVER CIRRHOSIS; TREMOR; ATAXIA and intellectual deterioration. Hepatic dysfunction may precede neurologic dysfunction by several years.	0	2.07	1	0
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	0	3.85	2	1
Prolymphocytic Leukemia [description not available]	0	2.43	2	0
Leukemia, Prolymphocytic A chronic leukemia characterized by a large number of circulating prolymphocytes. It can arise spontaneously or as a consequence of transformation of CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA.	0	2.43	2	0
B. burgdorferi Infection [description not available]	0	2.67	3	0
Lyme Disease An infectious disease caused by a spirochete, BORRELIA BURGDORFERI, which is transmitted chiefly by Ixodes dammini (see IXODES) and pacificus ticks in the United States and Ixodes ricinis (see IXODES) in Europe. It is a disease with early and late cutaneous manifestations plus involvement of the nervous system, heart, eye, and joints in variable combinations. The disease was formerly known as Lyme arthritis and first discovered at Old Lyme, Connecticut.	0	2.67	3	0
Autosomal Hemophilia A [description not available]	0	2.91	4	0
Hemophilia A The classic hemophilia resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII. It is an inherited disorder of blood coagulation characterized by a permanent tendency to hemorrhage.	0	2.91	4	0
Dental Leakage The seepage of fluids, debris, and micro-organisms between the walls of a prepared dental cavity and the restoration.	0	2.08	1	0
Benign Meningeal Neoplasms [description not available]	0	4.79	2	1
Meningeal Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.	0	4.79	2	1
Adipocere [description not available]	0	2.46	2	0
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Cochlear Hearing Loss [description not available]	0	2.94	4	0
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.	0	2.94	4	0
Microbial Superinvasion [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Nasal Septal Perforation An opening or hole in the NASAL SEPTUM that is caused by TRAUMA, injury, drug use, or pathological process.	0	2.07	1	0
Connective Tissue Disease, Mixed [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Mastitis, Bovine INFLAMMATION of the UDDER in cows.	0	2.08	1	0
Atelectasis [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
ADDH [description not available]	0	3.85	2	1
Child Development Deviations [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Pervasive Child Development Disorders [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Deficiency, Mental [description not available]	0	5.57	29	0
Auditory Processing Disorder, Central [description not available]	0	2.47	2	0
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)	0	3.85	2	1
Developmental Disabilities Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)	0	7.1	1	0
Child Development Disorders, Pervasive Severe distortions in the development of many basic psychological functions that are not normal for any stage in development. These distortions are manifested in sustained social impairment, speech abnormalities, and peculiar motor movements.	0	2.1	1	0
Intellectual Disability Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)	0	5.57	29	0
Day Blindness [description not available]	0	2.46	2	0
Lymphocytopenia [description not available]	0	3.47	1	1
Lymphopenia Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.	0	3.47	1	1
Pleurisy, Tuberculous [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Gastritis, Atrophic GASTRITIS with atrophy of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, the GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS, and the mucosal glands leading to ACHLORHYDRIA. Atrophic gastritis usually progresses from chronic gastritis.	0	2.4	2	0
Antibody Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	0	4.45	5	0
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.	0	4.45	5	0
Femur Neck Fractures [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Femoral Neck Fractures Fractures of the short, constricted portion of the thigh bone between the femur head and the trochanters. It excludes intertrochanteric fractures which are HIP FRACTURES.	0	2.01	1	0
Chicken Pox [description not available]	0	5.46	11	0
Kaposi Sarcoma [description not available]	0	2.92	1	0
Skin Diseases, Viral Skin diseases caused by viruses.	0	2.92	1	0
Chickenpox A highly contagious infectious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). It usually affects children, is spread by direct contact or respiratory route via droplet nuclei, and is characterized by the appearance on the skin and mucous membranes of successive crops of typical pruritic vesicular lesions that are easily broken and become scabbed. Chickenpox is relatively benign in children, but may be complicated by pneumonia and encephalitis in adults. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	5.46	11	0
Sarcoma, Kaposi A multicentric, malignant neoplastic vascular proliferation characterized by the development of bluish-red cutaneous nodules, usually on the lower extremities, most often on the toes or feet, and slowly increasing in size and number and spreading to more proximal areas. The tumors have endothelium-lined channels and vascular spaces admixed with variably sized aggregates of spindle-shaped cells, and often remain confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue, but widespread visceral involvement may occur. Kaposi's sarcoma occurs spontaneously in Jewish and Italian males in Europe and the United States. An aggressive variant in young children is endemic in some areas of Africa. A third form occurs in about 0.04% of kidney transplant patients. There is also a high incidence in AIDS patients. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, pp2105-7) HHV-8 is the suspected cause.	0	2.92	1	0
Amaurosis [description not available]	0	2.72	3	0
Blindness The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.	0	2.72	3	0
Cancer of the Uterus [description not available]	0	4.4	8	0
Uterine Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.	0	4.4	8	0
Bone Marrow Diseases Diseases involving the BONE MARROW.	0	5.01	3	1
Neoplasm Metastasis, Unknown Primary [description not available]	0	3.79	2	1
Centriacinar Emphysema [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Activated Protein C Resistance A hemostatic disorder characterized by a poor anticoagulant response to activated protein C (APC). The activated form of Factor V (Factor Va) is more slowly degraded by activated protein C. Factor V Leiden mutation (R506Q) is the most common cause of APC resistance.	0	2.7	3	0
Deep Vein Thrombosis [description not available]	0	5.19	11	0
Venous Thrombosis The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.	0	5.19	11	0
MELAS [description not available]	0	3.8	11	0
MELAS Syndrome A mitochondrial disorder characterized by focal or generalized seizures, episodes of transient or persistent neurologic dysfunction resembling strokes, and ragged-red fibers on muscle biopsy. Affected individuals tend to be normal at birth through early childhood, then experience growth failure, episodic vomiting, and recurrent cerebral insults resulting in visual loss and hemiparesis. The cortical lesions tend to occur in the parietal and occipital lobes and are not associated with vascular occlusion. VASCULAR HEADACHE is frequently associated and the disorder tends to be familial. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch56, p117)	0	3.8	11	0
Hyperammonemia Elevated level of AMMONIA in the blood. It is a sign of defective CATABOLISM of AMINO ACIDS or ammonia to UREA.	0	2.01	1	0
Metaplasia A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type.	0	2.69	3	0
Rupture, Spontaneous Tear or break of an organ, vessel or other soft part of the body, occurring in the absence of external force.	0	2.01	1	0
Malnourishment [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Malnutrition An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.	0	2.01	1	0
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.	0	2.01	1	0
Diabetic Angiopathies VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.	0	2.4	2	0
Diseases, Peripheral Vascular [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Diabetic Retinopathy Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.	0	2.41	2	0
Peripheral Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART.	0	2.01	1	0
Cardiomyopathies, Primary [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Encephalomyopathies, Mitochondrial [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Cardiomyopathies A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).	0	2.01	1	0
Genito-urinary Cancer [description not available]	0	4.87	4	0
Urogenital Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UROGENITAL SYSTEM in either the male or the female.	0	4.87	4	0
Fukuhara Disease [description not available]	0	2.91	4	0
Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia with Myopathy [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, T Cell [description not available]	0	3.1	5	0
Leukemia, T-Cell A malignant disease of the T-LYMPHOCYTES in the bone marrow, thymus, and/or blood.	0	3.1	5	0
Adult Spinal Muscular Atrophy [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Muscular Atrophy, Spinal A group of disorders marked by progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord resulting in weakness and muscular atrophy, usually without evidence of injury to the corticospinal tracts. Diseases in this category include Werdnig-Hoffmann disease and later onset SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHIES OF CHILDHOOD, most of which are hereditary. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)	0	2.01	1	0
Hypercoagulability [description not available]	0	4.9	8	1
Thrombophilia A disorder of HEMOSTASIS in which there is a tendency for the occurrence of THROMBOSIS.	0	4.9	8	1
Abortion, Tubal [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Abortion, Spontaneous Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.	0	2.42	2	0
Infection, Pelvic [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Cyst [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Chromosome Inversion An aberration in which a chromosomal segment is deleted and reinserted in the same place but turned 180 degrees from its original orientation, so that the gene sequence for the segment is reversed with respect to that of the rest of the chromosome.	0	2.9	4	0
Opisthorchis felineus Infection [description not available]	0	2.71	3	0
Opisthorchiasis Infection with flukes of the genus Opisthorchis.	0	2.71	3	0
Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica A fibrous degeneration, cyst formation, and the presence of fibrous nodules in bone, usually due to HYPERPARATHYROIDISM.	0	1.93	1	0
EHS Tumor [description not available]	0	3.89	13	0
Reticulum Cell-Like Sarcoma, Yoshida [description not available]	0	3.04	5	0
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.	0	5.16	49	0
Cancer of Eye [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Experimental Leukemia [description not available]	0	4.25	19	0
Bradyarrhythmia [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Bradycardia Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.	0	1.93	1	0
Disease A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.	0	3.27	2	0
Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.	0	1.93	1	0
Suffocation [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Asphyxia A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life.	0	6.93	1	0
Animal Mammary Carcinoma [description not available]	0	2.34	2	0
Plasma Cell Tumor [description not available]	0	2.64	3	0
Plasmacytoma Any discrete, presumably solitary, mass of neoplastic PLASMA CELLS either in BONE MARROW or various extramedullary sites.	0	2.64	3	0
Sarcoma 180 An experimental sarcoma of mice.	0	5.11	18	0
Carcinoma 256, Walker A transplantable carcinoma of the rat that originally appeared spontaneously in the mammary gland of a pregnant albino rat, and which now resembles a carcinoma in young transplants and a sarcoma in older transplants. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	3.04	5	0
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease [description not available]	0	2.9	4	0
Parkinsonian Disorders A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.	0	2.9	4	0
Hydrophobia [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Diseases, Metabolic [description not available]	0	3.77	4	0
Deficiency, Vitamin B 12 [description not available]	0	2.34	2	0
Metabolic Diseases Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)	0	3.77	4	0
Vitamin B 12 Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN B 12 in the diet, characterized by megaloblastic anemia. Since vitamin B 12 is not present in plants, humans have obtained their supply from animal products, from multivitamin supplements in the form of pills, and as additives to food preparations. A wide variety of neuropsychiatric abnormalities is also seen in vitamin B 12 deficiency and appears to be due to an undefined defect involving myelin synthesis. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p848)	0	2.34	2	0
Trypanosomiasis Infection with protozoa of the genus TRYPANOSOMA.	0	1.94	1	0
Bovine Leukemia [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.	0	2.34	2	0
Purine Pyrimidine Metabolism, Inborn Errors [description not available]	0	4.91	38	0
Inborn Errors of Metabolism [description not available]	0	5.78	22	0
Metabolism, Inborn Errors Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.	0	5.78	22	0
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	0	2.87	4	0
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	0	2.87	4	0
Achondroplasia, Severe, With Developmental Delay And Acanthosis Nigricans [description not available]	0	2.93	4	0
Achondroplasia An autosomal dominant disorder that is the most frequent form of short-limb dwarfism. Affected individuals exhibit short stature caused by rhizomelic shortening of the limbs, characteristic facies with frontal bossing and mid-face hypoplasia, exaggerated lumbar lordosis, limitation of elbow extension, GENU VARUM, and trident hand. (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim, MIM#100800, April 20, 2001)	0	2.93	4	0
Arrhythmia [description not available]	0	3.58	3	0
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	0	3.58	3	0
Hypospermatogenesis [description not available]	0	2.93	4	0
Abnormalities, Sex Chromosome [description not available]	0	2.66	3	0
Adenovirus Infections [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Adenoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the ADENOVIRIDAE.	0	2.37	2	0
Schistosoma mansoni Infection [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Liver Diseases, Parasitic Liver diseases caused by infections with PARASITES, such as tapeworms (CESTODA) and flukes (TREMATODA).	0	2.01	1	0
Schistosomiasis mansoni Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni. It is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, South America, and the Caribbean and affects mainly the bowel, spleen, and liver.	0	2.01	1	0
Age-Related Macular Degeneration [description not available]	0	3.13	5	0
Macular Degeneration Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.	0	3.13	5	0
Bare Lymphocyte Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Group of rare congenital disorders characterized by impairment of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity, leukopenia, and low or absent antibody levels. It is inherited as an X-linked or autosomal recessive defect. Mutations occurring in many different genes cause human Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID).	0	2.41	2	0
Ductal Carcinoma [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Carcinoma, Ductal Malignant neoplasms involving the ductal systems of any of a number of organs, such as the MAMMARY GLANDS, the PANCREAS, the PROSTATE, or the LACRIMAL GLAND.	0	2.42	2	0
Sarcoma 37 An experimental sarcoma of mice.	0	2.33	2	0
Papilloma, Squamous Cell [description not available]	0	2.87	4	0
Papilloma A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.87	4	0
Ornithosis [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Psittacosis Infection with CHLAMYDOPHILA PSITTACI (formerly Chlamydia psittaci), transmitted to humans by inhalation of dust-borne contaminated nasal secretions or excreta of infected BIRDS. This infection results in a febrile illness characterized by PNEUMONITIS and systemic manifestations.	0	1.93	1	0
Infections, Plasmodium [description not available]	0	2.85	4	0
Malaria A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.	0	2.85	4	0
Lipomatosis A disorder characterized by the accumulation of encapsulated or unencapsulated tumor-like fatty tissue resembling LIPOMA.	0	2.01	1	0
Impotence [description not available]	0	2.43	2	0
Erectile Dysfunction The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.	0	7.43	2	0
Koch's Disease [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Tuberculosis Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.	0	2.02	1	0
Cranial Sinus Thrombosis [description not available]	0	2.43	2	0
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	0	5.2	4	1
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.	0	5.2	4	1
Autoimmune Thyroiditis [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Deficiency, Factor 10 [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Factor X Deficiency Blood coagulation disorder usually inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, though it can be acquired. It is characterized by defective activity in both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways, impaired thromboplastin time, and impaired prothrombin consumption.	0	2.02	1	0
Hyperthyroxinemia Abnormally elevated THYROXINE level in the BLOOD.	0	2.02	1	0
Acantholytic Dyskeratotic Epidermal Nevi [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Nail Diseases Diseases of the nail plate and tissues surrounding it. The concept is limited to primates.	0	2.42	2	0
Haim-Monk Syndrome [description not available]	0	3.63	3	0
Deficiency, Folic Acid [description not available]	0	7.26	7	0
Folic Acid Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of FOLIC ACID in the diet. Many plant and animal tissues contain folic acid, abundant in green leafy vegetables, yeast, liver, and mushrooms but destroyed by long-term cooking. Alcohol interferes with its intermediate metabolism and absorption. Folic acid deficiency may develop in long-term anticonvulsant therapy or with use of oral contraceptives. This deficiency causes anemia, macrocytic anemia, and megaloblastic anemia. It is indistinguishable from vitamin B 12 deficiency in peripheral blood and bone marrow findings, but the neurologic lesions seen in B 12 deficiency do not occur. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)	0	7.26	7	0
Aneuploid [description not available]	0	2.68	3	0
Binge Eating [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Anorexia Nervosa An eating disorder that is characterized by the lack or loss of APPETITE, known as ANOREXIA. Other features include excess fear of becoming OVERWEIGHT; BODY IMAGE disturbance; significant WEIGHT LOSS; refusal to maintain minimal normal weight; and AMENORRHEA. This disorder occurs most frequently in adolescent females. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)	0	2.02	1	0
Bulimia Eating an excess amount of food in a short period of time, as seen in the disorder of BULIMIA NERVOSA. It is caused by an abnormal craving for food, or insatiable hunger also known as ox hunger.	0	2.02	1	0
Vesicoureteral Reflux [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Vesico-Ureteral Reflux Retrograde flow of urine from the URINARY BLADDER into the URETER. This is often due to incompetence of the vesicoureteral valve leading to ascending bacterial infection into the KIDNEY.	0	2.02	1	0
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE.	0	2.02	1	0
Cardiac Death [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Autoimmune Chronic Hepatitis [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Viral Hepatitis, Human [description not available]	0	3.35	2	0
Hepatitis, Viral, Human INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D).	0	3.35	2	0
Hepatitis, Autoimmune A chronic self-perpetuating hepatocellular INFLAMMATION of unknown cause, usually with HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA and serum AUTOANTIBODIES.	0	2.02	1	0
Aneurysm, Anterior Cerebral Artery [description not available]	0	2.43	2	0
Intracranial Aneurysm Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (	0	2.43	2	0
Erythrohepatic Protoporphyria [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Protoporphyria, Erythropoietic An autosomal dominant porphyria that is due to a deficiency of FERROCHELATASE (heme synthetase) in both the LIVER and the BONE MARROW, the last enzyme in the 8-enzyme biosynthetic pathway of HEME. Clinical features include mainly neurological symptoms, rarely cutaneous lesions, and elevated levels of protoporphyrin and COPROPORPHYRINS in the feces.	0	2.02	1	0
Hyperparathyroidism A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH) triggering responses that increase blood CALCIUM. It is characterized by HYPERCALCEMIA and BONE RESORPTION, eventually leading to bone diseases. PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is caused by parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is increased PTH secretion in response to HYPOCALCEMIA, usually caused by chronic KIDNEY DISEASES.	0	2.02	1	0
Cretinism [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Congenital Hypothyroidism A condition in infancy or early childhood due to an in-utero deficiency of THYROID HORMONES that can be caused by genetic or environmental factors, such as thyroid dysgenesis or HYPOTHYROIDISM in infants of mothers treated with THIOURACIL during pregnancy. Endemic cretinism is the result of iodine deficiency. Clinical symptoms include severe MENTAL RETARDATION, impaired skeletal development, short stature, and MYXEDEMA.	0	2.02	1	0
Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	0	2.02	1	0
Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin.	0	2.7	3	0
Hyperinsulinism A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.	0	2.7	3	0
Bacterial Vaginitides [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Vaginosis, Bacterial Polymicrobial, nonspecific vaginitis associated with positive cultures of Gardnerella vaginalis and other anaerobic organisms and a decrease in lactobacilli. It remains unclear whether the initial pathogenic event is caused by the growth of anaerobes or a primary decrease in lactobacilli.	0	2.02	1	0
Abdominal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the ABDOMEN.	0	2.9	4	0
Cancer of Intestines [description not available]	0	3.57	3	0
Intestinal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.	0	3.57	3	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic [description not available]	0	5.31	22	0
Leukemia, Lymphoid Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.	0	5.31	22	0
Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular [description not available]	0	2.93	1	0
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.	0	2.93	1	0
Fibroid [description not available]	0	2.92	4	0
Leiomyoma A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the UTERUS and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT but can occur in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues.	0	2.92	4	0
Hermanski-Pudlak Syndrome Syndrome characterized by the triad of oculocutaneous albinism (ALBINISM, OCULOCUTANEOUS); PLATELET STORAGE POOL DEFICIENCY; and lysosomal accumulation of ceroid lipofuscin.	0	2.02	1	0
Hyperuricemia Excessive URIC ACID or urate in blood as defined by its solubility in plasma at 37 degrees C; greater than 0.42mmol per liter (7.0mg/dL) in men or 0.36mmol per liter (6.0mg/dL) in women. This condition is caused by overproduction of uric acid or impaired renal clearance. Hyperuricemia can be acquired, drug-induced or genetically determined (LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME). It is associated with HYPERTENSION and GOUT.	0	2.02	1	0
Familial Turner Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Noonan Syndrome A genetically heterogeneous, multifaceted disorder characterized by short stature, webbed neck, ptosis, skeletal malformations, hypertelorism, hormonal imbalance, CRYPTORCHIDISM, multiple cardiac abnormalities (most commonly including PULMONARY VALVE STENOSIS), and some degree of INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. The phenotype bears similarities to that of TURNER SYNDROME that occurs only in females and has its basis in a 45, X karyotype abnormality. Noonan syndrome occurs in both males and females with a normal karyotype (46,XX and 46,XY). Mutations in a several genes (PTPN11, KRAS, SOS1, NF1 and RAF1) have been associated the NS phenotype. Mutations in PTPN11 are the most common. LEOPARD SYNDROME, a disorder that has clinical features overlapping those of Noonan Syndrome, is also due to mutations in PTPN11. In addition, there is overlap with the syndrome called neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome due to mutations in NF1.	0	2.02	1	0
Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia [description not available]	0	2.7	3	0
Impaired Glucose Tolerance [description not available]	0	4.32	1	1
Glucose Intolerance A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.	0	4.32	1	1
Familial Hypobetalipoproteinemia [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Hypobetalipoproteinemias Conditions with abnormally low levels of BETA-LIPOPROTEINS (low density lipoproteins or LDL) in the blood. It is defined as LDL values equal to or less than the 5th percentile for the population. They include the autosomal dominant form involving mutation of the APOLIPOPROTEINS B gene, and the autosomal recessive form involving mutation of the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein. All are characterized by low LDL and dietary fat malabsorption.	0	2.41	2	0
Polyarthritis [description not available]	0	2.67	3	0
Arthritis Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	0	2.67	3	0
Autosomal Dominant Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia [description not available]	0	2.43	2	0
Spastic Paraplegia, Hereditary A group of inherited diseases that share similar phenotypes but are genetically diverse. Different genetic loci for autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, and x-linked forms of hereditary spastic paraplegia have been identified. Clinically, patients present with slowly progressive distal limb weakness and lower extremity spasticity. Peripheral sensory neurons may be affected in the later stages of the disease. (J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998 Jan;64(1):61-6; Curr Opin Neurol 1997 Aug;10(4):313-8)	0	2.43	2	0
Congenital Errors of Steroid Metabolism [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Marfan Syndrome, Type I [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Marfan Syndrome An autosomal dominant disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE with abnormal features in the heart, the eye, and the skeleton. Cardiovascular manifestations include MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE, dilation of the AORTA, and aortic dissection. Other features include lens displacement (ectopia lentis), disproportioned long limbs and enlarged DURA MATER (dural ectasia). Marfan syndrome (type 1) is associated with mutations in the gene encoding FIBRILLIN-1 (FBN1), a major element of extracellular microfibrils of connective tissue. Mutations in the gene encoding TYPE II TGF-BETA RECEPTOR (TGFBR2) are associated with Marfan syndrome type 2.	0	2.02	1	0
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia A chronic lung disease developed after OXYGEN INHALATION THERAPY or mechanical ventilation (VENTILATION, MECHANICAL) usually occurring in certain premature infants (INFANT, PREMATURE) or newborn infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME, NEWBORN). Histologically, it is characterized by the unusual abnormalities of the bronchioles, such as METAPLASIA, decrease in alveolar number, and formation of CYSTS.	0	2.02	1	0
Pterygium An abnormal triangular fold of membrane in the interpalpebral fissure, extending from the conjunctiva to the cornea, being immovably united to the cornea at its apex, firmly attached to the sclera throughout its middle portion, and merged with the conjunctiva at its base. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.43	2	0
Congenital Oculofacial Paralysis, Moebius [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Scoliosis An appreciable lateral deviation in the normally straight vertical line of the spine. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.02	1	0
Vestibular Diseases Pathological processes of the VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH which contains part of the balancing apparatus. Patients with vestibular diseases show instability and are at risk of frequent falls.	0	2.02	1	0
Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Chondrocalcinosis Presence of CALCIUM PYROPHOSPHATE in the connective tissues such as the cartilaginous structures of joints. When accompanied by GOUT-like symptoms, it is referred to as pseudogout.	0	2.02	1	0
Calcification of Posterior Longitudinal Ligament [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Ileitis Inflammation of any segment of the ILEUM and the ILEOCECAL VALVE.	0	2.02	1	0
Infections, Meningococcal [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Meningococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the species NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS.	0	2.02	1	0
ADPKD [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant Kidney disorders with autosomal dominant inheritance and characterized by multiple CYSTS in both KIDNEYS with progressive deterioration of renal function.	0	2.02	1	0
Tooth Mobility Horizontal and, to a lesser degree, axial movement of a tooth in response to normal forces, as in occlusion. It refers also to the movability of a tooth resulting from loss of all or a portion of its attachment and supportive apparatus, as seen in periodontitis, occlusal trauma, and periodontosis. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p507 & Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p313)	0	3.41	1	1
Curling Ulcer Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.	0	2.02	1	0
Duodenal Ulcer A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.	0	2.02	1	0
Gastritis Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.	0	2.43	2	0
Congenital Limb Deformities [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Inferior Dislocation [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Stunted Growth [description not available]	0	2.43	2	0
Growth Disorders Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.	0	2.43	2	0
Mycoplasma dispar Infection [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Acute Necrotizing Encephalitis, Herpetic [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Eye Infections, Viral Infections of the eye caused by minute intracellular agents. These infections may lead to severe inflammation in various parts of the eye - conjunctiva, iris, eyelids, etc. Several viruses have been identified as the causative agents. Among these are Herpesvirus, Adenovirus, Poxvirus, and Myxovirus.	0	4.08	3	1
Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex An acute (or rarely chronic) inflammatory process of the brain caused by SIMPLEXVIRUS infections which may be fatal. The majority of infections are caused by human herpesvirus 1 (HERPESVIRUS 1, HUMAN) and less often by human herpesvirus 2 (HERPESVIRUS 2, HUMAN). Clinical manifestations include FEVER; HEADACHE; SEIZURES; HALLUCINATIONS; behavioral alterations; APHASIA; hemiparesis; and COMA. Pathologically, the condition is marked by a hemorrhagic necrosis involving the medial and inferior TEMPORAL LOBE and orbital regions of the FRONTAL LOBE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp751-4)	0	2.02	1	0
Dizzyness [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Dizziness An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.	0	2.02	1	0
46, XY Gonadal Dysgenesis [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Rupture Forcible or traumatic tear or break of an organ or other soft part of the body.	0	2.02	1	0
Weight Reduction [description not available]	0	3.8	2	1
Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.	0	3.8	2	1
Bessel-Hagen Disease [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Germinoma A malignant neoplasm of the germinal tissue of the GONADS; MEDIASTINUM; or pineal region. Germinomas are uniform in appearance, consisting of large, round cells with vesicular nuclei and clear or finely granular eosinophilic-staining cytoplasm. (Stedman, 265th ed; from DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1642-3)	0	2.02	1	0
Abdominal Cryptorchidism [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Hypospadias A birth defect due to malformation of the URETHRA in which the urethral opening is below its normal location. In the male, the malformed urethra generally opens on the ventral surface of the PENIS or on the PERINEUM. In the female, the malformed urethral opening is in the VAGINA.	0	2.02	1	0
Deafness, Sudden Complete sensorineural hearing loss which develops suddenly over a period of hours or a few days.	0	2.02	1	0
Gouty Arthritis [description not available]	0	7.02	1	0
Arthritis, Gouty Arthritis, especially of the great toe, as a result of gout. Acute gouty arthritis often is precipitated by trauma, infection, surgery, etc. The initial attacks are usually monoarticular but later attacks are often polyarticular. Acute and chronic gouty arthritis are associated with accumulation of MONOSODIUM URATE in and around affected joints.	0	2.02	1	0
Acute Rheumatic Fever [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Calcium Metabolism Disorders Disorders in the processing of calcium in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization.	0	2.02	1	0
Deficiency, Magnesium [description not available]	0	3.34	2	0
Magnesium Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of magnesium in the diet, characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and weakness. Symptoms are paresthesias, muscle cramps, irritability, decreased attention span, and mental confusion, possibly requiring months to appear. Deficiency of body magnesium can exist even when serum values are normal. In addition, magnesium deficiency may be organ-selective, since certain tissues become deficient before others. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1936)	0	3.34	2	0
Gout Metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of URIC ACID calculi.	0	6.72	42	0
Hallux Abductovalgus [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Hallux Valgus Lateral displacement of the great toe (HALLUX), producing deformity of the first METATARSOPHALANGEAL JOINT with callous, bursa, or BUNION formation over the bony prominence.	0	2.02	1	0
Myositis Ossificans A disease characterized by bony deposits or the ossification of muscle tissue.	0	2.02	1	0
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	0	3.31	2	0
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	0	3.31	2	0
Blood Loss, Surgical Loss of blood during a surgical procedure.	0	2.02	1	0
Xanthoma [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Flavivirus Infections Infections with viruses of the genus FLAVIVIRUS, family FLAVIVIRIDAE.	0	2.02	1	0
Hyalinosis Cutis et Mucosae [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Autosomal Recessive Chronic Granulomatous Disease [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Abscess, Hepatic [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Group A Strep Infection [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Granulomatous Disease, Chronic A defect of leukocyte function in which phagocytic cells ingest but fail to digest bacteria, resulting in recurring bacterial infections with granuloma formation. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by mutations in the CYBB gene, the condition is inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by CYBA, NCF1, NCF2, or NCF4 gene mutations, the condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern.	0	2.02	1	0
Liver Abscess Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the liver as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.	0	2.02	1	0
Streptococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.	0	2.02	1	0
Colitis, Mucous [description not available]	0	2.43	2	0
Gastroenteritis INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.	0	3.59	3	0
Irritable Bowel Syndrome A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.	0	2.43	2	0
Colonic Inertia Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.	0	2.02	1	0
Constipation Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.	0	2.02	1	0
Infections, Retroviridae [description not available]	0	2.7	3	0
Fibroma, Shope [description not available]	0	3.22	6	0
Retroviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the RETROVIRIDAE.	0	2.7	3	0
Avitaminosis A condition due to a deficiency of one or more essential vitamins. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.43	2	0
Besnier-Boeck Disease [description not available]	0	2.94	1	0
Sarcoidosis An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.	0	2.94	1	0
Hives [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Urticaria A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.	0	2.03	1	0
Dental Pulp Disease [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Dental Pulp Diseases Endodontic diseases of the DENTAL PULP inside the tooth, which is distinguished from PERIAPICAL DISEASES of the tissue surrounding the root.	0	2.03	1	0
Acrocephaly Premature closing of the lambdoid and coronal sutures.	0	2.71	3	0
Acrocephalosyndactylia Congenital craniostenosis with syndactyly.	0	2.41	2	0
Craniofacial Dysarthrosis [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Craniosynostoses Premature closure of one or more CRANIAL SUTURES. It often results in plagiocephaly. Craniosynostoses that involve multiple sutures are sometimes associated with congenital syndromes such as ACROCEPHALOSYNDACTYLIA; and CRANIOFACIAL DYSOSTOSIS.	0	2.71	3	0
Urinary Incontinence Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.	0	2.03	1	0
Fistula Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body.	0	2.03	1	0
Pleural Diseases Diseases involving the PLEURA.	0	2.03	1	0
Bronchial Fistula An abnormal passage or communication between a bronchus and another part of the body.	0	2.03	1	0
Gastrointestinal Stromal Neoplasm [description not available]	0	3.41	1	1
Leiomyosarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	0	3.79	2	1
Leiomyosarcoma A sarcoma containing large spindle cells of smooth muscle. Although it rarely occurs in soft tissue, it is common in the viscera. It is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of the gastrointestinal tract and uterus. The median age of patients is 60 years. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1865)	0	3.79	2	1
Tachycardia, Supraventricular A generic expression for any tachycardia that originates above the BUNDLE OF HIS.	0	3.41	1	1
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors All tumors in the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT arising from mesenchymal cells (MESODERM) except those of smooth muscle cells (LEIOMYOMA) or Schwann cells (SCHWANNOMA).	0	3.41	1	1
Deficiency Syndrome, Leukocyte-Adhesion [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Leukocyte-Adhesion Deficiency Syndrome Rare, autosomal recessive disorder caused by deficiency of the beta 2 integrin receptors (RECEPTORS, LEUKOCYTE-ADHESION) comprising the CD11/CD18 family of glycoproteins. The syndrome is characterized by abnormal adhesion-dependent functions, especially defective tissue emigration of neutrophils, leading to recurrent infection.	0	2.03	1	0
Leukemia L5178 An experimental lymphocytic leukemia of mice.	0	3.48	8	0
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available]	0	3.86	1	0
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.	0	3.86	1	0
Leukoma [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Corneal Opacity Disorder occurring in the central or peripheral area of the cornea. The usual degree of transparency becomes relatively opaque.	0	2.03	1	0
Cardiometabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.	0	2.44	2	0
Metabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.	0	2.44	2	0
Cerebrovascular Moyamoya Disease [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Hereditary Optic Neuroretinopathy [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Optic Atrophy, Hereditary, Leber A maternally linked genetic disorder that presents in mid-life as acute or subacute central vision loss leading to central scotoma and blindness. The disease has been associated with missense mutations in the mtDNA, in genes for Complex I, III, and IV polypeptides, that can act autonomously or in association with each other to cause the disease. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/, MIM#535000 (April 17, 2001))	0	2.44	2	0
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive [description not available]	0	2.71	3	0
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Obstructive [description not available]	0	3.09	5	0
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.	0	2.71	3	0
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease, characterized by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR), frequent asymmetrical involvement of the HEART SEPTUM, and normal or reduced left ventricular volume. Risk factors include HYPERTENSION; AORTIC STENOSIS; and gene MUTATION; (FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY).	0	3.09	5	0
Foreign Bodies Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the body.	0	2.03	1	0
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	0	2.44	2	0
Glaucoma An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)	0	2.68	3	0
Intraocular Pressure The pressure of the fluids in the eye.	0	2.39	2	0
Afibrinogenemia, Congenital [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Afibrinogenemia A deficiency or absence of FIBRINOGEN in the blood.	0	2.03	1	0
Atrophy Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.	0	7.91	4	0
Atrophy, Muscular, Peroneal [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Foot Ulcer Lesion on the surface of the skin of the foot, usually accompanied by inflammation. The lesion may become infected or necrotic and is frequently associated with diabetes or leprosy.	0	2.03	1	0
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease A hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy transmitted most often as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by progressive distal wasting and loss of reflexes in the muscles of the legs (and occasionally involving the arms). Onset is usually in the second to fourth decade of life. This condition has been divided into two subtypes, hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN) types I and II. HMSN I is associated with abnormal nerve conduction velocities and nerve hypertrophy, features not seen in HMSN II. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1343)	0	2.03	1	0
Embolism, Pulmonary [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Pulmonary Embolism Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.	0	2.42	2	0
Diseases of Immune System [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Immune System Diseases Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.	0	2.03	1	0
Adenoma, Prostatic [description not available]	0	2.7	3	0
Prostatic Hyperplasia Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.	0	2.7	3	0
Leishmaniasis, American [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.	0	2.03	1	0
Cancer of Pelvis [description not available]	0	3.42	1	1
Cancer of the Urethra [description not available]	0	3.42	1	1
Urethral Neoplasms Cancer or tumors of the URETHRA. Benign epithelial tumors of the urethra usually consist of squamous and transitional cells. Primary urethral carcinomas are rare and typically of squamous cells. Urethral carcinoma is the only urological malignancy that is more common in females than in males.	0	3.42	1	1
Malignant Fibrohistiocytic Tumors [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Histiocytoma, Malignant Fibrous The most commonly diagnosed soft tissue sarcoma. It is a neoplasm with a fibrohistiocytic appearance found chiefly in later adult life, with peak incidence in the 7th decade.	0	2.44	2	0
Acute Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting The most common clinical variant of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, characterized by recurrent acute exacerbations of neurologic dysfunction followed by partial or complete recovery. Common clinical manifestations include loss of visual (see OPTIC NEURITIS), motor, sensory, or bladder function. Acute episodes of demyelination may occur at any site in the central nervous system, and commonly involve the optic nerves, spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)	0	2.03	1	0
Dehydration The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.	0	2.41	2	0
Ptosis, Eyelid [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Blepharophimosis The abnormal narrowness of the palpebral fissure in the horizontal direction caused by the lateral displacement of the medial canthi of the eyelids. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.03	1	0
Blepharoptosis Drooping of the upper lid due to deficient development or paralysis of the levator palpebrae muscle.	0	2.03	1	0
Iron Overload An excessive accumulation of iron in the body due to a greater than normal absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract or from parenteral injection. This may arise from idiopathic hemochromatosis, excessive iron intake, chronic alcoholism, certain types of refractory anemia, or transfusional hemosiderosis. (From Churchill's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 1989)	0	2.03	1	0
Bilateral Deafness [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Ph 1 Chromosome [description not available]	0	2.95	1	0
Asthenia Clinical sign or symptom manifested as debility, or lack or loss of strength and energy.	0	3.42	1	1
alpha-Galactosidase A Deficiency [description not available]	0	2.95	1	0
beta-Mannosidase Deficiency [description not available]	0	2.95	1	0
Fabry Disease An X-linked inherited metabolic disease caused by a deficiency of lysosomal ALPHA-GALACTOSIDASE A. It is characterized by intralysosomal accumulation of globotriaosylceramide and other GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS in blood vessels throughout the body leading to multi-system complications including renal, cardiac, cerebrovascular, and skin disorders.	0	2.95	1	0
Abscess Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.	0	2.03	1	0
Bleb [description not available]	0	3.8	2	1
Bronze Diabetes [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Hemochromatosis A disorder of iron metabolism characterized by a triad of HEMOSIDEROSIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and DIABETES MELLITUS. It is caused by massive iron deposits in parenchymal cells that may develop after a prolonged increase of iron absorption. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Syndromes & Eponymic Diseases, 2d ed)	0	2.42	2	0
Dystonia An attitude or posture due to the co-contraction of agonists and antagonist muscles in one region of the body. It most often affects the large axial muscles of the trunk and limb girdles. Conditions which feature persistent or recurrent episodes of dystonia as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as DYSTONIC DISORDERS. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p77)	0	2.03	1	0
Clasp-Knife Spasticity [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Muscle Spasticity A form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper MOTOR NEURON DISEASE. Resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a free interval) followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. Tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. Spasticity is usually accompanied by HYPERREFLEXIA and variable degrees of MUSCLE WEAKNESS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p54)	0	2.03	1	0
Intraventricular Septal Defects [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular Developmental abnormalities in any portion of the VENTRICULAR SEPTUM resulting in abnormal communications between the two lower chambers of the heart. Classification of ventricular septal defects is based on location of the communication, such as perimembranous, inlet, outlet (infundibular), central muscular, marginal muscular, or apical muscular defect.	0	2.03	1	0
Delirium of Mixed Origin [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Hallucination of Body Sensation [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Delirium A disorder characterized by CONFUSION; inattentiveness; disorientation; ILLUSIONS; HALLUCINATIONS; agitation; and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity. It may result from toxic/metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp411-2)	0	2.03	1	0
Hallucinations Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS.	0	2.03	1	0
Absence Seizure [description not available]	0	2.88	4	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	0	7.88	4	0
Alport Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Nephritis, Hereditary A group of inherited conditions characterized initially by HEMATURIA and slowly progressing to RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. The most common form is the Alport syndrome (hereditary nephritis with HEARING LOSS) which is caused by mutations in genes for TYPE IV COLLAGEN and defective GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE.	0	2.03	1	0
Cancer of Digestive System [description not available]	0	4.72	2	1
Respiratory Tract Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.	0	3.59	3	0
Digestive System Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.	0	4.72	2	1
Brain Vascular Disorders [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Cerebrovascular Disorders A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.	0	2.03	1	0
Microphthalmia [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Absent Iris [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Aniridia A congenital abnormality in which there is only a rudimentary iris. This is due to the failure of the optic cup to grow. Aniridia also occurs in a hereditary form, usually autosomal dominant.	0	2.03	1	0
Congenital Nystagmus [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Phlebitis, Sagittal Sinus, Septic [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Allergy, Food [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Food Hypersensitivity Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.	0	2.03	1	0
Biliary Cirrhosis [description not available]	0	3.59	3	0
Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cholangitis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and decreased bile secretion. Secondary biliary cholangitis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes.	0	3.59	3	0
Chromosomal Breakage [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Sexually Transmitted Disease, Viral [description not available]	0	2.95	1	0
Cockayne-Touraine Disease [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Epidermolysis Bullosa Dystrophica Form of epidermolysis bullosa characterized by atrophy of blistered areas, severe scarring, and nail changes. It is most often present at birth or in early infancy and occurs in both autosomal dominant and recessive forms. All forms of dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa result from mutations in COLLAGEN TYPE VII, a major component fibrils of BASEMENT MEMBRANE and EPIDERMIS.	0	2.04	1	0
Acquired Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia [description not available]	0	2.39	2	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune Acquired hemolytic anemia due to the presence of AUTOANTIBODIES which agglutinate or lyse the patient's own RED BLOOD CELLS.	0	2.39	2	0
Achlorhydria A lack of HYDROCHLORIC ACID in GASTRIC JUICE despite stimulation of gastric secretion.	0	2.04	1	0
Cherry Red Spot Myoclonus Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Herpes Simplex Keratitis [description not available]	0	4.08	3	1
Keratitis, Herpetic A superficial, epithelial Herpesvirus hominis infection of the cornea, characterized by the presence of small vesicles which may break down and coalesce to form dendritic ulcers (KERATITIS, DENDRITIC). (Dictionary of Visual Science, 3d ed)	0	4.08	3	1
Choroid Neovascularization [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Cadmium Poisoning Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis.	0	2.04	1	0
Carcinoma, Adenosquamous A mixed adenocarcinoma and squamous cell or epidermoid carcinoma.	0	4.72	2	1
Cerebral Palsy, Athetoid [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Chorea Disorders [description not available]	0	3.33	7	0
Autotomy Human [description not available]	0	4.29	20	0
Athetoid Movements [description not available]	0	4.25	19	0
Cerebral Palsy A heterogeneous group of nonprogressive motor disorders caused by chronic brain injuries that originate in the prenatal period, perinatal period, or first few years of life. The four major subtypes are spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed cerebral palsy, with spastic forms being the most common. The motor disorder may range from difficulties with fine motor control to severe spasticity (see MUSCLE SPASTICITY) in all limbs. Spastic diplegia (Little disease) is the most common subtype, and is characterized by spasticity that is more prominent in the legs than in the arms. Pathologically, this condition may be associated with LEUKOMALACIA, PERIVENTRICULAR. (From Dev Med Child Neurol 1998 Aug;40(8):520-7)	0	1.94	1	0
Chorea Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as CHOREATIC DISORDERS. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES.	0	3.33	7	0
Leukemia P388 An experimental lymphocytic leukemia originally induced in DBA/2 mice by painting with methylcholanthrene.	0	3.07	5	0
Arboviral Encephalitis [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Furrow Keratitis [description not available]	0	9.98	41	19
African Lymphoma [description not available]	0	3.46	8	0
Burkitt Lymphoma A form of undifferentiated malignant LYMPHOMA usually found in central Africa, but also reported in other parts of the world. It is commonly manifested as a large osteolytic lesion in the jaw or as an abdominal mass. B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) has been isolated from Burkitt lymphoma cases in Africa and it is implicated as the causative agent in these cases; however, most non-African cases are EBV-negative.	0	3.46	8	0
Hypogammaglobulinemia [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Agammaglobulinemia An immunologic deficiency state characterized by an extremely low level of generally all classes of gamma-globulin in the blood.	0	1.96	1	0
Neuroretinitis [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Retinitis Inflammation of the RETINA. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (CHORIORETINITIS) and of the OPTIC DISK (neuroretinitis).	0	1.96	1	0
Infections, Reoviridae [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Infant, Premature, Diseases Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.	0	2.87	1	0
Infectious Skin Diseases [description not available]	0	3.06	5	0
Verruca [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Skin Diseases, Infectious Skin diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites, or viruses.	0	3.06	5	0
Warts Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin.	0	2.36	2	0
Choriocarcinoma A malignant metastatic form of trophoblastic tumors. Unlike the HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, choriocarcinoma contains no CHORIONIC VILLI but rather sheets of undifferentiated cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts (TROPHOBLASTS). It is characterized by the large amounts of CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN produced. Tissue origins can be determined by DNA analyses: placental (fetal) origin or non-placental origin (CHORIOCARCINOMA, NON-GESTATIONAL).	0	7.38	2	0
Asphyxia Neonatorum Respiratory failure in the newborn. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	1.96	1	0
Fetal Growth Restriction [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Fetal Growth Retardation Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.	0	1.96	1	0
Cancer of Duodenum [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Cancer of Jejunum [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Alcoholic Cirrhosis [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.	0	1.96	1	0
Erythema Multiforme A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic bull's-eye lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms.	0	2.36	2	0
Ataxia Telangiectasia Syndrome [description not available]	0	3.06	5	0
Ataxia Telangiectasia An autosomal recessive inherited disorder characterized by choreoathetosis beginning in childhood, progressive CEREBELLAR ATAXIA; TELANGIECTASIS of CONJUNCTIVA and SKIN; DYSARTHRIA; B- and T-cell immunodeficiency, and RADIOSENSITIVITY to IONIZING RADIATION. Affected individuals are prone to recurrent sinobronchopulmonary infections, lymphoreticular neoplasms, and other malignancies. Serum ALPHA-FETOPROTEINS are usually elevated. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p688) The gene for this disorder (ATM) encodes a cell cycle checkpoint protein kinase and has been mapped to chromosome 11 (11q22-q23).	0	8.06	5	0
Carcinoma, Thymic [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Thymoma A neoplasm originating from thymic tissue, usually benign, and frequently encapsulated. Although it is occasionally invasive, metastases are extremely rare. It consists of any type of thymic epithelial cell as well as lymphocytes that are usually abundant. Malignant lymphomas that involve the thymus, e.g., lymphosarcoma, Hodgkin's disease (previously termed granulomatous thymoma), should not be regarded as thymoma. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.37	2	0
Cranial Nerve Diseases Disorders of one or more of the twelve cranial nerves. With the exception of the optic and olfactory nerves, this includes disorders of the brain stem nuclei from which the cranial nerves originate or terminate.	0	1.95	1	0
Facial Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the FACE.	0	3.77	2	1
Keratoconjunctivitis Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva.	0	3.75	2	1
Keratitis, Ulcerative [description not available]	0	6.68	8	8
Corneal Ulcer Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection.	0	6.68	8	8
Herpes Zoster, Ocular [description not available]	0	3.34	1	1
Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus Virus infection of the Gasserian ganglion and its nerve branches characterized by pain and vesicular eruptions with much swelling. Ocular involvement is usually heralded by a vesicle on the tip of the nose. This area is innervated by the nasociliary nerve.	0	3.34	1	1
Deficiency Diseases A condition produced by dietary or metabolic deficiency. The term includes all diseases caused by an insufficient supply of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals. It also includes an inadequacy of calories. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	0	3.97	5	0
Infection, Wound [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Anuria Absence of urine formation. It is usually associated with complete bilateral ureteral (URETER) obstruction, complete lower urinary tract obstruction, or unilateral ureteral obstruction when a solitary kidney is present.	0	4.2	2	0
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.	0	4.74	7	0
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Encephalomyelitis, Inflammatory [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Autoimmune Demyelinating Disease, Peripheral [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Fatty Liver with Encephalopathy [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Demyelinating Diseases Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.	0	1.96	1	0
Encephalomyelitis A general term indicating inflammation of the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD, often used to indicate an infectious process, but also applicable to a variety of autoimmune and toxic-metabolic conditions. There is significant overlap regarding the usage of this term and ENCEPHALITIS in the literature.	0	1.96	1	0
Uveitis Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	3.34	1	1
Foot Dermatoses Skin diseases of the foot, general or unspecified.	0	1.96	1	0
Uveitis, Anterior Inflammation of the anterior uvea comprising the iris, angle structures, and the ciliary body. Manifestations of this disorder include ciliary injection, exudation into the anterior chamber, iris changes, and adhesions between the iris and lens (posterior synechiae). Intraocular pressure may be increased or reduced.	0	1.96	1	0
Chromosomal Fragility [description not available]	0	2.39	2	0
Alpers Diffuse Degeneration of Cerebral Gray Matter with Hepatic Cirrhosis [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Di Guglielmo Disease [description not available]	0	3.48	8	0
Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by neoplastic proliferation of erythroblastic and myeloblastic elements with atypical erythroblasts and myeloblasts in the peripheral blood.	0	3.48	8	0
Cafe-au-Lait Spots with Pulmonic Stenosis [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Neurofibromatosis 1 An autosomal dominant inherited disorder (with a high frequency of spontaneous mutations) that features developmental changes in the nervous system, muscles, bones, and skin, most notably in tissue derived from the embryonic NEURAL CREST. Multiple hyperpigmented skin lesions and subcutaneous tumors are the hallmark of this disease. Peripheral and central nervous system neoplasms occur frequently, especially OPTIC NERVE GLIOMA and NEUROFIBROSARCOMA. NF1 is caused by mutations which inactivate the NF1 gene (GENES, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1) on chromosome 17q. The incidence of learning disabilities is also elevated in this condition. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1014-18) There is overlap of clinical features with NOONAN SYNDROME in a syndrome called neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome. Both the PTPN11 and NF1 gene products are involved in the SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION pathway of Ras (RAS PROTEINS).	0	1.98	1	0
Christmas Disease [description not available]	0	2.67	3	0
Hemophilia B A deficiency of blood coagulation factor IX inherited as an X-linked disorder. (Also known as Christmas Disease, after the first patient studied in detail, not the holy day.) Historical and clinical features resemble those in classic hemophilia (HEMOPHILIA A), but patients present with fewer symptoms. Severity of bleeding is usually similar in members of a single family. Many patients are asymptomatic until the hemostatic system is stressed by surgery or trauma. Treatment is similar to that for hemophilia A. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1008)	0	2.67	3	0
Familial Precocious Puberty [description not available]	0	2.9	1	0
Puberty, Precocious Development of SEXUAL MATURATION in boys and girls at a chronological age that is 2.5 standard deviations below the mean age at onset of PUBERTY in the population. This early maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis results in sexual precocity, elevated serum levels of GONADOTROPINS and GONADAL STEROID HORMONES such as ESTRADIOL and TESTOSTERONE.	0	2.9	1	0
Deficiency, Factor II [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Aortic Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.	0	1.98	1	0
Arteriosclerosis Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.	0	2.68	3	0
Amaurotic Familial Idiocy An outdated term for Tay-Sachs disease.	0	2.9	4	0
Tay-Sachs Disease An autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the onset in infancy of an exaggerated startle response, followed by paralysis, dementia, and blindness. It is caused by mutation in the alpha subunit of the HEXOSAMINIDASE A resulting in lipid-laden ganglion cells. It is also known as the B variant (with increased HEXOSAMINIDASE B but absence of hexosaminidase A) and is strongly associated with Ashkenazic Jewish ancestry.	0	2.9	4	0
Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous A malignant cystic or semicystic neoplasm. It often occurs in the ovary and usually bilaterally. The external surface is usually covered with papillary excrescences. Microscopically, the papillary patterns are predominantly epithelial overgrowths with differentiated and undifferentiated papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma cells. Psammoma bodies may be present. The tumor generally adheres to surrounding structures and produces ascites. (From Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972, p185)	0	1.98	1	0
Gallstone Disease [description not available]	0	2.9	1	0
Cholelithiasis Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).	0	2.9	1	0
Choline Deficiency A condition produced by a deficiency of CHOLINE in animals. Choline is known as a lipotropic agent because it has been shown to promote the transport of excess fat from the liver under certain conditions in laboratory animals. Combined deficiency of choline (included in the B vitamin complex) and all other methyl group donors causes liver cirrhosis in some animals. Unlike compounds normally considered as vitamins, choline does not serve as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)	0	2.9	4	0
Diabetes Insipidus A disease that is characterized by frequent urination, excretion of large amounts of dilute URINE, and excessive THIRST. Etiologies of diabetes insipidus include deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (also known as ADH or VASOPRESSIN) secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS, impaired KIDNEY response to ADH, and impaired hypothalamic regulation of thirst.	0	2.4	2	0
Fetal Death Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.	0	2.9	1	0
Anesthesia Related Hyperthermia [description not available]	0	2.39	2	0
Deficiency, Protein C [description not available]	0	2.68	3	0
Cancer of Nose [description not available]	0	2.67	3	0
Erythroderma, Sezary [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Sezary Syndrome A form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma manifested by generalized exfoliative ERYTHRODERMA; PRURITUS; peripheral lymphadenopathy, and abnormal hyperchromatic mononuclear (cerebriform) cells in the skin, LYMPH NODES, and peripheral blood (Sezary cells).	1	3.98	1	0
Alpha Virus Infections [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Acute Porphyria [description not available]	0	2.68	3	0
Porphyria, Acute Intermittent An autosomal dominant porphyria that is due to a deficiency of HYDROXYMETHYLBILANE SYNTHASE in the LIVER, the third enzyme in the 8-enzyme biosynthetic pathway of HEME. Clinical features are recurrent and life-threatening neurologic disturbances, ABDOMINAL PAIN, and elevated level of AMINOLEVULINIC ACID and PORPHOBILINOGEN in the urine.	0	2.68	3	0
Muscular Dystrophy [description not available]	0	2.66	3	0
Muscular Dystrophies A heterogeneous group of inherited MYOPATHIES, characterized by wasting and weakness of the SKELETAL MUSCLE. They are categorized by the sites of MUSCLE WEAKNESS; AGE OF ONSET; and INHERITANCE PATTERNS.	0	2.66	3	0
Neuroma A tumor made up of nerve cells and nerve fibers. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	6.98	1	0
Atypical Lipoma [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Lipoma A benign tumor composed of fat cells (ADIPOCYTES). It can be surrounded by a thin layer of connective tissue (encapsulated), or diffuse without the capsule.	0	1.98	1	0
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Acid beta-Glucosidase Deficiency [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Gaucher Disease An autosomal recessive disorder caused by a deficiency of acid beta-glucosidase (GLUCOSYLCERAMIDASE) leading to intralysosomal accumulation of glycosylceramide mainly in cells of the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. The characteristic Gaucher cells, glycosphingolipid-filled HISTIOCYTES, displace normal cells in BONE MARROW and visceral organs causing skeletal deterioration, hepatosplenomegaly, and organ dysfunction. There are several subtypes based on the presence and severity of neurological involvement.	0	1.98	1	0
Anaplastic Astrocytoma [description not available]	0	3.79	2	1
Astrocytoma Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)	1	5.79	2	1
Diabetic Coma A state of unconsciousness as a complication of diabetes mellitus. It occurs in cases of extreme HYPERGLYCEMIA or extreme HYPOGLYCEMIA as a complication of INSULIN therapy.	0	1.99	1	0
Acidosis, Diabetic [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Diabetic Ketoacidosis A life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, primarily of TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS with severe INSULIN deficiency and extreme HYPERGLYCEMIA. It is characterized by KETOSIS; DEHYDRATION; and depressed consciousness leading to COMA.	0	1.99	1	0
Hepatoblastoma A malignant neoplasm occurring in young children, primarily in the liver, composed of tissue resembling embryonal or fetal hepatic epithelium, or mixed epithelial and mesenchymal tissues. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.39	2	0
Pregnancy in Diabetes [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Anal Atresia [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Cytomegaloviral Retinitis [description not available]	0	4.07	3	0
Cytomegalovirus Retinitis Infection of the retina by cytomegalovirus characterized by retinal necrosis, hemorrhage, vessel sheathing, and retinal edema. Cytomegalovirus retinitis is a major opportunistic infection in AIDS patients and can cause blindness.	0	4.07	3	0
Apolipoprotein B-100, Familial Defective [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Familial Combined Hyperlipidemia [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II A group of familial disorders characterized by elevated circulating cholesterol contained in either LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS alone or also in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins).	0	1.99	1	0
Hyperlipidemia, Familial Combined A type of familial lipid metabolism disorder characterized by a variable pattern of elevated plasma CHOLESTEROL and/or TRIGLYCERIDES. Multiple genes on different chromosomes may be involved, such as the major late transcription factor (UPSTREAM STIMULATORY FACTORS) on CHROMOSOME 1.	0	1.99	1	0
Angiohemophilia [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
von Willebrand Diseases Group of hemorrhagic disorders in which the VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR is either quantitatively or qualitatively abnormal. They are usually inherited as an autosomal dominant trait though rare kindreds are autosomal recessive. Symptoms vary depending on severity and disease type but may include prolonged bleeding time, deficiency of factor VIII, and impaired platelet adhesion.	0	1.99	1	0
E coli Infections [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	0	1.99	1	0
Infections, Mycobacterium [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Mycobacterium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus MYCOBACTERIUM.	0	1.99	1	0
Esophageal Reflux [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Pancreatic Insufficiency [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Bronchitis Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.	0	2.36	2	0
Gastroesophageal Reflux Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.	0	1.99	1	0
Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency A malabsorption condition resulting from greater than 10% reduction in the secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes (LIPASE; PROTEASES; and AMYLASE) by the EXOCRINE PANCREAS into the DUODENUM. This condition is often associated with CYSTIC FIBROSIS and with chronic PANCREATITIS.	0	1.99	1	0
Rhinitis, Allergic, Nonseasonal [description not available]	0	3.77	2	1
Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose similar to that found in hay fever except that symptoms persist throughout the year. The causes are usually air-borne allergens, particularly dusts, feathers, molds, animal fur, etc.	0	3.77	2	1
Fish Diseases Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).	0	2.37	2	0
Mesenchymoma A mixed mesenchymal tumor composed of two or more mesodermal cellular elements not commonly associated, not counting fibrous tissue as one of the elements. Mesenchymomas are widely distributed in the body and about 75% are malignant. (Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1866)	0	1.99	1	0
Acute Onset Vascular Dementia [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Dementia, Vascular An imprecise term referring to dementia associated with CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic BRAIN ISCHEMIA. Diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (From Gerontol Geriatr 1998 Feb;31(1):36-44)	0	1.99	1	0
Anemia, Congenital Nonspherocytic Hemolytic [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Goiter Enlargement of the THYROID GLAND that may increase from about 20 grams to hundreds of grams in human adults. Goiter is observed in individuals with normal thyroid function (euthyroidism), thyroid deficiency (HYPOTHYROIDISM), or hormone overproduction (HYPERTHYROIDISM). Goiter may be congenital or acquired, sporadic or endemic (GOITER, ENDEMIC).	0	1.99	1	0
Adenoma, beta-Cell [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Insulinoma A benign tumor of the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS. Insulinoma secretes excess INSULIN resulting in HYPOGLYCEMIA.	0	1.99	1	0
Anemia, Hypochromic Anemia characterized by a decrease in the ratio of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume of the erythrocyte, i.e., the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is less than normal. The individual cells contain less hemoglobin than they could have under optimal conditions. Hypochromic anemia may be caused by iron deficiency from a low iron intake, diminished iron absorption, or excessive iron loss. It can also be caused by infections or other diseases, therapeutic drugs, lead poisoning, and other conditions. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Miale, Laboratory Medicine: Hematology, 6th ed, p393)	0	1.99	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Papillary An adenocarcinoma containing finger-like processes of vascular connective tissue covered by neoplastic epithelium, projecting into cysts or the cavity of glands or follicles. It occurs most frequently in the ovary and thyroid gland. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	1.99	1	0
Crigler Najjar Syndrome [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Acoustic Neurinoma, Bilateral [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Neurofibromatosis 2 An autosomal dominant disorder characterized by a high incidence of bilateral acoustic neuromas as well as schwannomas (NEURILEMMOMA) of other cranial and peripheral nerves, and other benign intracranial tumors including meningiomas, ependymomas, spinal neurofibromas, and gliomas. The disease has been linked to mutations of the NF2 gene (GENES, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 2) on chromosome 22 (22q12) and usually presents clinically in the first or second decade of life.	0	1.99	1	0
Amentia [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Dementia An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.	0	1.99	1	0
Keloid A sharply elevated, irregularly shaped, progressively enlarging scar resulting from formation of excessive amounts of collagen in the dermis during connective tissue repair. It is differentiated from a hypertrophic scar (CICATRIX, HYPERTROPHIC) in that the former does not spread to surrounding tissues.	0	1.99	1	0
Carcinoma, Embryonal A highly malignant, primitive form of carcinoma, probably of germinal cell or teratomatous derivation, usually arising in a gonad and rarely in other sites. It is rare in the female ovary, but in the male it accounts for 20% of all testicular tumors. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1595)	0	1.99	1	0
Urinary Retention Inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER with voiding (URINATION).	0	2	1	0
Fasting Hypoglycemia HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.	0	2.66	3	0
Hypoglycemia A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.	0	7.66	3	0
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Seasonal Affective Disorders [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Seasonal Affective Disorder A syndrome characterized by depressions that recur annually at the same time each year, usually during the winter months. Other symptoms include anxiety, irritability, decreased energy, increased appetite (carbohydrate cravings), increased duration of sleep, and weight gain. SAD (seasonal affective disorder) can be treated by daily exposure to bright artificial lights (PHOTOTHERAPY), during the season of recurrence.	0	2	1	0
Benign Infantile Myoclonic Epilepsy [description not available]	0	2.39	2	0
Epilepsies, Myoclonic A clinically diverse group of epilepsy syndromes characterized either by myoclonic seizures or by myoclonus in association with other seizure types. Myoclonic epilepsy syndromes are divided into three subtypes based on etiology: familial, cryptogenic, and symptomatic.	0	2.39	2	0
Collodion Baby Syndrome [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Ichthyosis, Lamellar A chronic, congenital ichthyosis inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Infants are usually born encased in a collodion membrane which sheds within a few weeks. Scaling is generalized and marked with grayish-brown quadrilateral scales, adherent at their centers and free at the edges. In some cases, scales are so thick that they resemble armored plate.	0	2	1	0
Adult Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinoses A group of severe neurodegenerative diseases characterized by intracellular accumulation of autofluorescent wax-like lipid materials (CEROID; LIPOFUSCIN) in neurons. There are several subtypes based on mutations of the various genes, time of disease onset, and severity of the neurological defects such as progressive DEMENTIA; SEIZURES; and visual failure.	0	2	1	0
Alpha-Fucosidase Deficiency [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Fucosidosis An autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease caused by a deficiency of ALPHA-L-FUCOSIDASE activity resulting in an accumulation of fucose containing SPHINGOLIPIDS; GLYCOPROTEINS, and mucopolysaccharides (GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS) in lysosomes. The infantile form (type I) features psychomotor deterioration, MUSCLE SPASTICITY, coarse facial features, growth retardation, skeletal abnormalities, visceromegaly, SEIZURES, recurrent infections, and MACROGLOSSIA, with death occurring in the first decade of life. Juvenile fucosidosis (type II) is the more common variant and features a slowly progressive decline in neurologic function and angiokeratoma corporis diffusum. Type II survival may be through the fourth decade of life. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p87; Am J Med Genet 1991 Jan;38(1):111-31)	0	2	1	0
Hyperthyroid [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Hyperthyroidism Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.	0	2	1	0
Ovarian Diseases Pathological processes of the OVARY.	0	2	1	0
Rhabdoid Tumor A rare but highly lethal childhood tumor found almost exclusively in infants. Histopathologically, it resembles RHABDOMYOSARCOMA but the tumor cells are not of myogenic origin. Although it arises primarily in the kidney, it may be found in other parts of the body. The rhabdoid cytomorphology is believed to be the expression of a very primitive malignant cell. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2210)	0	2	1	0
Generalized Resistance to Thyroid Hormone [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Adenitis, Salivary Gland [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Angiosarcoma [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Hemangiosarcoma A rare malignant neoplasm characterized by rapidly proliferating, extensively infiltrating, anaplastic cells derived from blood vessels and lining irregular blood-filled or lumpy spaces. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2	1	0
Aseptic Necrosis of Bone [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Osteonecrosis Death of a bone or part of a bone, either atraumatic or posttraumatic.	0	2	1	0
Consciousness, Loss of [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Carcinoma, Mucoepidermoid A tumor of both low- and high-grade malignancy. The low-grade grow slowly, appear in any age group, and are readily cured by excision. The high-grade behave aggressively, widely infiltrate the salivary gland and produce lymph node and distant metastases. Mucoepidermoid carcinomas account for about 21% of the malignant tumors of the parotid gland and 10% of the sublingual gland. They are the most common malignant tumor of the parotid. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p575; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1240)	0	2	1	0
Cancer of Salivary Gland [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Salivary Gland Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SALIVARY GLANDS.	0	2	1	0
Ataxias, Hereditary [description not available]	0	2.91	1	0
Lower Extremity Weakness, Spastic [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Absence of Corpus Callosum [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Central Diabetes Insipidus [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Diabetes Insipidus, Neurogenic A genetic or acquired polyuric disorder caused by a deficiency of VASOPRESSINS secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. Clinical signs include the excretion of large volumes of dilute URINE; HYPERNATREMIA; THIRST; and polydipsia. Etiologies include HEAD TRAUMA; surgeries and diseases involving the HYPOTHALAMUS and the PITUITARY GLAND. This disorder may also be caused by mutations of genes such as ARVP encoding vasopressin and its corresponding neurophysin (NEUROPHYSINS).	0	2	1	0
Optic Atrophy Atrophy of the optic disk which may be congenital or acquired. This condition indicates a deficiency in the number of nerve fibers which arise in the RETINA and converge to form the OPTIC DISK; OPTIC NERVE; OPTIC CHIASM; and optic tracts. GLAUCOMA; ISCHEMIA; inflammation, a chronic elevation of intracranial pressure, toxins, optic nerve compression, and inherited conditions (see OPTIC ATROPHIES, HEREDITARY) are relatively common causes of this condition.	0	2	1	0
Acute-Phase Reaction An early local inflammatory reaction to insult or injury that consists of fever, an increase in inflammatory humoral factors, and an increased synthesis by hepatocytes of a number of proteins or glycoproteins usually found in the plasma.	0	2	1	0
Abdominal Epilepsy [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Benign Frontal Childhood Epilepsy [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Epilepsies, Partial Conditions characterized by recurrent paroxysmal neuronal discharges which arise from a focal region of the brain. Partial seizures are divided into simple and complex, depending on whether consciousness is unaltered (simple partial seizure) or disturbed (complex partial seizure). Both types may feature a wide variety of motor, sensory, and autonomic symptoms. Partial seizures may be classified by associated clinical features or anatomic location of the seizure focus. A secondary generalized seizure refers to a partial seizure that spreads to involve the brain diffusely. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317)	0	2	1	0
Dementia Multi-Infarct [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Nearsightedness [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Myopia A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness.	0	2	1	0
Breast Cancer, Male [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Breast Neoplasms, Male Any neoplasms of the male breast. These occur infrequently in males in developed countries, the incidence being about 1% of that in females.	0	2	1	0
Deficiency, Vitamin E [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Teratocarcinoma A malignant neoplasm consisting of elements of teratoma with those of embryonal carcinoma or choriocarcinoma, or both. It occurs most often in the testis. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.7	3	0
Airway Obstruction Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.	0	2	1	0
Atopic Hypersensitivity [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Psychoses [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Psychotic Disorders Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)	0	2	1	0
Anticipation, Genetic The apparent tendency of certain diseases to appear at earlier AGE OF ONSET and with increasing severity in successive generations. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)	0	2	1	0
Adiadochokinesis [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Cerebellar Ataxia Incoordination of voluntary movements that occur as a manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES. Characteristic features include a tendency for limb movements to overshoot or undershoot a target (dysmetria), a tremor that occurs during attempted movements (intention TREMOR), impaired force and rhythm of diadochokinesis (rapidly alternating movements), and GAIT ATAXIA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p90)	0	2	1	0
Hearing Loss, High-Frequency Hearing loss in frequencies above 1000 hertz.	0	2.92	1	0
Cerebral Malaria [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Cardiac Arrest, Sudden [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Death, Sudden, Cardiac Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005)	0	2	1	0
Polyuria Urination of a large volume of urine with an increase in urinary frequency, commonly seen in diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETES INSIPIDUS).	0	2	1	0
Intestinal Polyps Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the INTESTINE. A polyp is attached to the intestinal wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	0	2	1	0
Polyploid [description not available]	0	4.37	8	0
Bagassosis A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by inhaled dust from processing SUGARCANE (bagasse), usually in the manufacturing of wallboard.	0	2	1	0
Pneumoconiosis A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by inhalation of dust and by tissue reaction to their presence. These inorganic, organic, particulate, or vaporized matters usually are inhaled by workers in their occupational environment, leading to the various forms (ASBESTOSIS; BYSSINOSIS; and others). Similar air pollution can also have deleterious effects on the general population.	0	2	1	0
Benign Essential Tremor [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Essential Tremor A relatively common disorder characterized by a fairly specific pattern of tremors which are most prominent in the upper extremities and neck, inducing titubations of the head. The tremor is usually mild, but when severe may be disabling. An autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance may occur in some families (i.e., familial tremor). (Mov Disord 1988;13(1):5-10)	0	2	1	0
Rotavirus Infections Infection with any of the rotaviruses. Specific infections include human infantile diarrhea, neonatal calf diarrhea, and epidemic diarrhea of infant mice.	0	2.01	1	0
Neoplasms, Nervous System [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	0	2.01	1	0
Anoxia, Brain [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Primary Peritonitis [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Peritonitis INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.	0	2.37	2	0
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Cerebral Infarction The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).	0	2.01	1	0
Bronchial Pneumonia [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Corridor Disease [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Interstitial Cell Tumor [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Iritis Inflammation of the iris characterized by circumcorneal injection, aqueous flare, keratotic precipitates, and constricted and sluggish pupil along with discoloration of the iris.	0	8.34	1	1
Keratitis Inflammation of the cornea.	0	8.34	1	1
Pancytopenia Deficiency of all three cell elements of the blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.	0	1.95	1	0
Myeloproliferative Disorders Conditions which cause proliferation of hemopoietically active tissue or of tissue which has embryonic hemopoietic potential. They all involve dysregulation of multipotent MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS, most often caused by a mutation in the JAK2 PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE.	0	1.95	1	0
Icterus Gravis Neonatorum [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Jaundice, Neonatal Yellow discoloration of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA in the NEWBORN. It is a sign of NEONATAL HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA. Most cases are transient self-limiting (PHYSIOLOGICAL NEONATAL JAUNDICE) occurring in the first week of life, but some can be a sign of pathological disorders, particularly LIVER DISEASES.	0	1.95	1	0
Infections, Legionella pneumophila [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Cornea Injuries [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Corneal Injuries Damage or trauma inflicted to the CORNEA by external means.	0	1.95	1	0
Alcoholic Fatty Liver [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Food Poisoning, Staphylococcal [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Infections, Klebsiella [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Klebsiella Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.	0	1.95	1	0
Chronic Idiopathic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction A type of ILEUS, a functional not mechanical obstruction of the INTESTINES. This syndrome is caused by a large number of disorders involving the smooth muscles (MUSCLE, SMOOTH) or the NERVOUS SYSTEM.	0	1.95	1	0
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.	0	2.38	2	0
Menopause The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.	0	1.98	1	0
Gyrate Atrophy Progressive, autosomal recessive, diffuse atrophy of the choroid, pigment epithelium, and sensory retina that begins in childhood.	0	1.98	1	0
Intradural-Extramedullary Spinal Cord Neoplasms [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Spinal Cord Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplasms which occur within the substance of the spinal cord (intramedullary neoplasms) or in the space between the dura and spinal cord (intradural extramedullary neoplasms). The majority of intramedullary spinal tumors are primary CNS neoplasms including ASTROCYTOMA; EPENDYMOMA; and LIPOMA. Intramedullary neoplasms are often associated with SYRINGOMYELIA. The most frequent histologic types of intradural-extramedullary tumors are MENINGIOMA and NEUROFIBROMA.	0	1.98	1	0
Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating A noninvasive (noninfiltrating) carcinoma of the breast characterized by a proliferation of malignant epithelial cells confined to the mammary ducts or lobules, without light-microscopy evidence of invasion through the basement membrane into the surrounding stroma.	0	1.97	1	0
Vaginitis Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge.	0	1.97	1	0
Cutis Elastica [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome A heterogeneous group of autosomally inherited COLLAGEN DISEASES caused by defects in the synthesis or structure of FIBRILLAR COLLAGEN. There are numerous subtypes: classical, hypermobility, vascular, and others. Common clinical features include hyperextensible skin and joints, skin fragility and reduced wound healing capability.	0	2.38	2	0
Convulsions, Febrile [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Seizures, Febrile Seizures that occur during a febrile episode. It is a common condition, affecting 2-5% of children aged 3 months to five years. An autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance has been identified in some families. The majority are simple febrile seizures (generally defined as generalized onset, single seizures with a duration of less than 30 minutes). Complex febrile seizures are characterized by focal onset, duration greater than 30 minutes, and/or more than one seizure in a 24 hour period. The likelihood of developing epilepsy (i.e., a nonfebrile seizure disorder) following simple febrile seizures is low. Complex febrile seizures are associated with a moderately increased incidence of epilepsy. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p784)	0	1.97	1	0
Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Error [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Viral Conjunctivitis [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Human Adenovirus Infections [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Adenovirus Infections, Human Respiratory and conjunctival infections caused by 33 identified serotypes of human adenoviruses.	0	1.97	1	0
Conjunctivitis, Viral Inflammation, often mild, of the conjunctiva caused by a variety of viral agents. Conjunctival involvement may be part of a systemic infection.	0	1.97	1	0
Preleukemia Conditions in which the abnormalities in the peripheral blood or bone marrow represent the early manifestations of acute leukemia, but in which the changes are not of sufficient magnitude or specificity to permit a diagnosis of acute leukemia by the usual clinical criteria.	0	1.97	1	0
Poisoning Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.	0	1.97	1	0
Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.	0	1.97	1	0
Brittle Bone Disease [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Osteogenesis Imperfecta COLLAGEN DISEASES characterized by brittle, osteoporotic, and easily fractured bones. It may also present with blue sclerae, loose joints, and imperfect dentin formation. Most types are autosomal dominant and are associated with mutations in COLLAGEN TYPE I.	0	1.97	1	0
Infant, Small for Gestational Age An infant having a birth weight lower than expected for its gestational age.	0	2.37	2	0
Marasmus [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Protein-Energy Malnutrition The lack of sufficient energy or protein to meet the body's metabolic demands, as a result of either an inadequate dietary intake of protein, intake of poor quality dietary protein, increased demands due to disease, or increased nutrient losses.	0	1.97	1	0
Athlete's Foot [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Tinea Pedis Dermatological pruritic lesion in the feet, caused by Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, or Epidermophyton floccosum.	0	1.97	1	0
Carditis [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Coxsackie Virus Infections [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Myocarditis Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.	0	1.96	1	0
Deficiency Disease, Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase Deficiency Disease An inherited urea cycle disorder associated with deficiency of the enzyme ORNITHINE CARBAMOYLTRANSFERASE, transmitted as an X-linked trait and featuring elevations of amino acids and ammonia in the serum. Clinical features, which are more prominent in males, include seizures, behavioral alterations, episodic vomiting, lethargy, and coma. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp49-50)	0	1.97	1	0
Porphyria [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Porphyrias A diverse group of metabolic diseases characterized by errors in the biosynthetic pathway of HEME in the LIVER, the BONE MARROW, or both. They are classified by the deficiency of specific enzymes, the tissue site of enzyme defect, or the clinical features that include neurological (acute) or cutaneous (skin lesions). Porphyrias can be hereditary or acquired as a result of toxicity to the hepatic or erythropoietic marrow tissues.	0	1.97	1	0
Giardia duodenalis Infection [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Giardiasis An infection of the SMALL INTESTINE caused by the flagellated protozoan GIARDIA. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact.	0	1.96	1	0
Peritoneal Diseases Pathological processes involving the PERITONEUM.	0	1.97	1	0
Sclerosis, Systemic [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Scleroderma, Systemic A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.	0	1.97	1	0
Geotrichosis Infection due to the fungus Geotrichum.	0	1.97	1	0
Cronobacter Infections [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Enterobacteriaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.	0	1.96	1	0
Constitutional Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Tracheal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the TRACHEA.	0	1.96	1	0
Lacrimal Duct Obstruction Interference with the secretion of tears by the lacrimal glands. Obstruction of the LACRIMAL SAC or NASOLACRIMAL DUCT causing acute or chronic inflammation of the lacrimal sac (DACRYOCYSTITIS). It is caused also in infants by failure of the nasolacrimal duct to open into the inferior meatus and occurs about the third week of life. In adults occlusion may occur spontaneously or after injury or nasal disease. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p250)	0	1.96	1	0
Corynebacterium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CORYNEBACTERIUM.	0	1.96	1	0
Autolysis The spontaneous disintegration of tissues or cells by the action of their own autogenous enzymes.	0	2.35	2	0
Rachitis [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Encephalitis, Inclusion Body, Measles [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Peripheral Nerve Neoplasms [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Avian Leukosis A group of transmissible viral diseases of chickens and turkeys. Liver tumors are found in most forms, but tumors can be found elsewhere.	0	2.35	2	0
Peripheral Nervous System Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from peripheral nerve tissue. This includes NEUROFIBROMAS; SCHWANNOMAS; GRANULAR CELL TUMORS; and malignant peripheral NERVE SHEATH NEOPLASMS. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp1750-1)	0	1.94	1	0
Hydatid Mole [description not available]	0	2.86	1	0
Neoplasms, Trophoblastic [description not available]	0	2.86	1	0
Hydatidiform Mole Trophoblastic hyperplasia associated with normal gestation, or molar pregnancy. It is characterized by the swelling of the CHORIONIC VILLI and elevated human CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. Hydatidiform moles or molar pregnancy may be categorized as complete or partial based on their gross morphology, histopathology, and karyotype.	0	2.86	1	0
Bile Duct Obstruction [description not available]	0	2.86	4	0
Hepatitis, Infectious [description not available]	0	3.65	10	0
Biliary Tract Diseases Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.	0	2.86	4	0
Cholestasis Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).	0	2.86	4	0
Hepatitis A INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.	0	3.65	10	0
Enlarged Liver [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Aujeszky Disease [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Encephalitis, Japanese B [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Encephalitis, Japanese A mosquito-borne encephalitis caused by the Japanese B encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, JAPANESE) occurring throughout Eastern Asia and Australia. The majority of infections occur in children and are subclinical or have features limited to transient fever and gastrointestinal symptoms. Inflammation of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges may occur and lead to transient or permanent neurologic deficits (including a POLIOMYELITIS-like presentation); SEIZURES; COMA; and death. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p751; Lancet 1998 Apr 11;351(9109):1094-7)	0	1.94	1	0
48,XXYY Syndrome [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Klinefelter Syndrome A form of male HYPOGONADISM, characterized by the presence of an extra X CHROMOSOME, small TESTES, seminiferous tubule dysgenesis, elevated levels of GONADOTROPINS, low serum TESTOSTERONE, underdeveloped secondary sex characteristics, and male infertility (INFERTILITY, MALE). Patients tend to have long legs and a slim, tall stature. GYNECOMASTIA is present in many of the patients. The classic form has the karyotype 47,XXY. Several karyotype variants include 48,XXYY; 48,XXXY; 49,XXXXY, and mosaic patterns ( 46,XY/47,XXY; 47,XXY/48,XXXY, etc.).	0	1.95	1	0
Abortion, Veterinary Premature expulsion of the FETUS in animals.	0	1.95	1	0
Infections, Respiratory [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Respiratory Tract Infections Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.	0	2.35	2	0
Altitude Hypoxia Low ambient oxygen tension associated with ALTITUDE.	0	1.95	1	0
Shock, Traumatic Shock produced as a result of trauma.	0	1.95	1	0
Altitude Sickness Multiple symptoms associated with reduced oxygen at high ALTITUDE.	0	1.95	1	0
Deficiency, Ascorbic Acid [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Hypoascorbemia [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Ascorbic Acid Deficiency A condition due to a dietary deficiency of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), characterized by malaise, lethargy, and weakness. As the disease progresses, joints, muscles, and subcutaneous tissues may become the sites of hemorrhage. Ascorbic acid deficiency frequently develops into SCURVY in young children fed unsupplemented cow's milk exclusively during their first year. It develops also commonly in chronic alcoholism. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1177)	0	1.95	1	0
Scurvy An acquired blood vessel disorder caused by severe deficiency of vitamin C (ASCORBIC ACID) in the diet leading to defective collagen formation in small blood vessels. Scurvy is characterized by bleeding in any tissue, weakness, ANEMIA, spongy gums, and a brawny induration of the muscles of the calves and legs.	0	1.95	1	0
Epididymitis Inflammation of the EPIDIDYMIS. Its clinical features include enlarged epididymis, a swollen SCROTUM; PAIN; PYURIA; and FEVER. It is usually related to infections in the URINARY TRACT, which likely spread to the EPIDIDYMIS through either the VAS DEFERENS or the lymphatics of the SPERMATIC CORD.	0	1.95	1	0
Ovine Diseases [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Anemia, Macrocytic Anemia characterized by larger than normal erythrocytes, increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and increased mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH).	0	1.94	1	0
Leukemia, Acute Monocytic [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which 80% or more of the leukemic cells are of monocytic lineage including monoblasts, promonocytes, and MONOCYTES.	0	1.95	1	0
Deficiency of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase [description not available]	0	2.86	1	0
Methemoglobinemia The presence of methemoglobin in the blood, resulting in cyanosis. A small amount of methemoglobin is present in the blood normally, but injury or toxic agents convert a larger proportion of hemoglobin into methemoglobin, which does not function reversibly as an oxygen carrier. Methemoglobinemia may be due to a defect in the enzyme NADH methemoglobin reductase (an autosomal recessive trait) or to an abnormality in hemoglobin M (an autosomal dominant trait). (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.86	1	0
Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency A disease-producing enzyme deficiency subject to many variants, some of which cause a deficiency of GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE activity in erythrocytes, leading to hemolytic anemia.	0	2.86	1	0
Monkey Diseases Diseases of Old World and New World monkeys. This term includes diseases of baboons but not of chimpanzees or gorillas (= APE DISEASES).	0	1.94	1	0
Uremia A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.	0	3.77	4	0
Child Behavior Disorders Disturbances considered to be pathological based on age and stage appropriateness, e.g., conduct disturbances and anaclitic depression. This concept does not include psychoneuroses, psychoses, or personality disorders with fixed patterns.	0	2.35	2	0
Poisoning, Mercury [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Mercury Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of MERCURY or MERCURY COMPOUNDS.	0	1.95	1	0
Hymenolepiasis Infection with tapeworms of the genus Hymenolepis.	0	1.95	1	0
Cleft Spine [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Eperythrozoonosis [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Infections, Pasteurella [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Infections, Salmonella [description not available]	0	2.34	2	0
Enteric Fever [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Typhoid Fever An acute systemic febrile infection caused by SALMONELLA TYPHI, a serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA.	0	2.35	2	0
Arthropathies [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Joint Diseases Diseases involving the JOINTS.	0	1.94	1	0
Paratyphoid Fever A prolonged febrile illness commonly caused by several Paratyphi serotypes of SALMONELLA ENTERICA. It is similar to TYPHOID FEVER but less severe.	0	1.94	1	0
Diseases of Endocrine System [description not available]	0	2.86	1	0
Hemorrhagic Diathesis [description not available]	0	2.86	1	0
Edema, Pulmonary [description not available]	0	2.86	1	0
Endocrine System Diseases Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.	0	2.86	1	0
Hemorrhagic Disorders Spontaneous or near spontaneous bleeding caused by a defect in clotting mechanisms (BLOOD COAGULATION DISORDERS) or another abnormality causing a structural flaw in the blood vessels (HEMOSTATIC DISORDERS).	0	2.86	1	0
Pulmonary Edema Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.	0	2.86	1	0
Granulomas [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Granuloma A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.	0	2.35	2	0
Amyotonia Congenita [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Neuromuscular Diseases A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.	0	1.94	1	0
Erythroblastosis Fetalis [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Myotonia Prolonged failure of muscle relaxation after contraction. This may occur after voluntary contractions, muscle percussion, or electrical stimulation of the muscle. Myotonia is a characteristic feature of MYOTONIC DISORDERS.	0	1.94	1	0
Sunburn An injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and resulting from excessive exposure to the sun. The reaction is produced by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight.	0	1.94	1	0
Infections, Vibrio [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Urinary Calculi Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT. Their chemical compositions often include CALCIUM OXALATE, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), CYSTINE, or URIC ACID.	0	1.94	1	0
Coma A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.	0	1.94	1	0
Cholangitis Inflammation of the biliary ductal system (BILE DUCTS); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both.	0	1.94	1	0
Biliary or Urinary Stones [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Muscle Spasm [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Spasm An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.	0	2.35	2	0
Xeroderma [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Ichthyosis Any of several generalized skin disorders characterized by dryness, roughness, and scaliness, due to hypertrophy of the stratum corneum epidermis. Most are genetic, but some are acquired, developing in association with other systemic disease or genetic syndrome.	0	1.94	1	0
Erythrocytosis [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Malaria, Avian Any of a group of infections of fowl caused by protozoa of the genera PLASMODIUM, Leucocytozoon, and Haemoproteus. The life cycles of these parasites and the disease produced bears strong resemblance to those observed in human malaria.	0	2.34	2	0
Respiratory Tract Diseases Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.	0	1.94	1	0
Kussmaul Aphasia [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Thrombocytopathy [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Tracheitis INFLAMMATION of the TRACHEA that is usually associated with RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS.	0	1.94	1	0
Blood Platelet Disorders Disorders caused by abnormalities in platelet count or function.	0	1.94	1	0
Atypical Lipomatous Tumor [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Liposarcoma A malignant tumor derived from primitive or embryonal lipoblastic cells. It may be composed of well-differentiated fat cells or may be dedifferentiated: myxoid (LIPOSARCOMA, MYXOID), round-celled, or pleomorphic, usually in association with a rich network of capillaries. Recurrences are common and dedifferentiated liposarcomas metastasize to the lungs or serosal surfaces. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	0	1.94	1	0

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guanine

Cross-References

Synonyms (129)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Actions

Treatment

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Roles (5)

Drug Classes (3)

Pathways (30)

Protein Targets (7)

Inhibition Measurements

Activation Measurements

Other Measurements

Biological Processes (49)

Molecular Functions (16)

Ceullar Components (6)

Bioassays (45)

Research

Studies (15,717)

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