oxazolidin-2-one profile

Oxazolidin-2-ones are a class of heterocyclic compounds that have gained significant attention in medicinal chemistry due to their diverse pharmacological properties. They are commonly synthesized through a variety of methods, including the reaction of an amino alcohol with a carbonyl compound, or by ring-closing metathesis. Oxazolidin-2-ones have been shown to exhibit a wide range of biological activities, including antimicrobial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory effects. They have also been explored as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of various diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease. The unique structural features of oxazolidin-2-ones, particularly their ability to interact with biological targets via hydrogen bonding and other non-covalent interactions, make them attractive candidates for drug discovery. Their importance lies in their potential applications in various fields, including medicine, agriculture, and materials science. Extensive research is conducted to investigate their synthesis, structure-activity relationships, and biological effects, with the goal of developing novel and effective therapeutic agents.'

Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	73949
CHEMBL ID	1867161
CHEBI ID	1237
MeSH ID	M0249955

Synonym
carbamic acid, .gamma.-lactone
oxazolidin-2-one
nsc-38240
nsc38240
2-oxazolidone
1,3-oxazolidin-2-one
nsc35382
nsc-35382
wln: t5mvotj
oxazolidone
einecs 207-840-9
ai3-38980
nsc 35382
brn 0106251
carbamic acid, (2-hydroxyethyl)-, gamma-lactone
oxazolidinone
inchi=1/c3h5no2/c5-3-4-1-2-6-3/h1-2h2,(h,4,5
oxazolidine,2-one
497-25-6
2-oxazolidinone
C06695
2-oxazolidinone, 98%
smr000857362
MLS001335929
MLS001335930
O0188
AKOS000119963
51667-26-6
A827830
2h-oxazol-2-id-4-one;oxazolidin-2-one
CHEBI:1237 ,
HMS2231L03
4-27-00-02516 (beilstein handbook reference)
z4d49w92pp ,
unii-z4d49w92pp
oxazolidinones
FT-0613254
hydroxy-oxazoline
2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidine
oxazolodinone
oxazolidine-2-one
W-106010
CHEMBL1867161
carbamic acid, (2-hydroxyethyl)-, .gamma.-lactone
2-oxazolidine
2-oxotetrahydro-1,3-oxazole
mfcd00005268
DTXSID2074326
CS-W007548
2-oxazolidinon
F0001-1296
SY003480
Q425555
hydroxyoxazoline
STL183293
STR03231
AMY39498
C93484
EN300-19697
Z104474784

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Adverse experiences reported are generally dose related, mild to moderate and resolve spontaneously."	( Clinical safety of 311C90: aggregated data from patients and volunteers to date. Earl, NL, 1996)	0.29
" Safety assessments include electrocardiograms, the frequency, intensity and duration of adverse experiences, and routine haematology, urinalysis and clinical chemistry measures."	( Evaluation of the long-term safety and efficacy of 311C90 in the treatment of migraine. Geraud, GE, 1996)	0.29
" These results suggest that T-794 is an effective and particularly safe antidepressant and that it may make an important contribution in the treatment of depressive disorders."	( In vivo characterization of T-794, a novel reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase-A, as an antidepressant with a wide safety margin. Iwata, H; Katayama, T; Kato, M; Matsuoka, Y; Narita, H; Yamamura, M, 1998)	0.3
" The most frequent adverse effects were nausea and dizziness."	( [Safety profile of 311C90 (zolmitriptan)]. Morales Asín, F, 1998)	0.3
" Linezolid is well tolerated: the most common adverse events (gastrointestinal effects, headache) are reported in frequencies similar to those reported for comparator agents."	( Efficacy and safety of linezolid in the treatment of skin and soft tissue infections. Hau, T, 2002)	0.31
"8%) of the 191 episodes of infection, patients experienced one or more adverse events or exhibited one or more abnormal laboratory results; in 35 (18."	( The efficacy and safety of linezolid as treatment for Staphylococcus aureus infections in compassionate use patients who are intolerant of, or who have failed to respond to, vancomycin. Birmingham, MC; Forrest, A; Moise, PA; Schentag, JJ, 2002)	0.31
" Linezolid was well-tolerated in this patient population, with an overall adverse event rate of 17."	( Safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetics of linezolid for treatment of resistant Gram-positive infections in cancer patients with neutropenia. Birmingham, MC; Forrest, A; Meagher, AK; Noskin, GA; Rayner, CR; Schentag, JJ; Smith, PF, 2003)	0.32
"Linezolid was safe and effective in treating resistant Gram-positive infections in neutropenic cancer patients."	( Safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetics of linezolid for treatment of resistant Gram-positive infections in cancer patients with neutropenia. Birmingham, MC; Forrest, A; Meagher, AK; Noskin, GA; Rayner, CR; Schentag, JJ; Smith, PF, 2003)	0.32
"Clinical trials have shown that linezolid (600 mg twice daily in adults) is safe and generally well tolerated for up to 28 days."	( Safety and tolerability of linezolid. French, G, 2003)	0.32
" Drug-related adverse events were primarily transient."	( Worldwide assessment of linezolid's clinical safety and tolerability: comparator-controlled phase III studies. Cammarata, S; Hafkin, B; Isturiz, R; Le, V; Oliphant, TH; Remington, J; Rubinstein, E; Smith, LG; Standiford, HC, 2003)	0.32
" Because of the increasing use of linezolid, it is important to review the common adverse events (AEs) associated with its use in children with the use of data from clinical trials."	( Safety and tolerability of linezolid in children. Bruss, JB; Edge-Padbury, B; Goldfarb, J; Kaplan, SA; Naberhuis-Stehouwer, S; Saiman, L; Wible, K, 2003)	0.32
"Linezolid was safe and well-tolerated in pediatric patients with community-acquired pneumonia, otitis media, SSSIs and infections caused by Gram-positive resistant pathogens."	( Safety and tolerability of linezolid in children. Bruss, JB; Edge-Padbury, B; Goldfarb, J; Kaplan, SA; Naberhuis-Stehouwer, S; Saiman, L; Wible, K, 2003)	0.32
" However, the apparent increase in observed adverse events, particularly bone marrow suppression, seen with prolonged administration, means that treatment of such patients must be undertaken with careful surveillance, at least until these complications are better understood."	( The safety and efficacy of linezolid in orthopaedic practice for the treatment of infection due to antibiotic-resistant organisms. Giannoudis, PV; Harwood, PJ, 2004)	0.32
" Overall, adverse events occurred in 32."	( Zolmitriptan nasal spray exhibits good long-term safety and tolerability in migraine: results of the INDEX trial. Charlesworth, BR; Diener, HC; Dowson, AJ; Färkkilä, M; Gawel, M; Green, J; Hansen, SB, 2005)	0.33
" Seven of 10 patients experienced serious adverse events, which led to withdrawal of linezolid in all seven."	( Efficacy and safety of linezolid in multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB)--a report of ten cases. Brubakk, O; Sandven, P; von der Lippe, B, 2006)	0.33
" Adverse hematological events have been reported."	( Possibly linezolid-induced peripheral and central neurotoxicity: report of four cases. Biron, F; Boibieux, A; Chidiac, C; Ferry, T; Issartel, B; Petiot, P; Peyramond, D; Ponceau, B; Simon, M, 2005)	0.33
"Two de novo peripheral neuropathies and one worsening of a preexisting toxic neuropathy have been observed."	( Possibly linezolid-induced peripheral and central neurotoxicity: report of four cases. Biron, F; Boibieux, A; Chidiac, C; Ferry, T; Issartel, B; Petiot, P; Peyramond, D; Ponceau, B; Simon, M, 2005)	0.33
" Close neurological monitoring should be recommended in prolonged linezolid therapy and coadministration of a serotonin reuptake inhibitor or antihistamine should be avoided to limit neurological adverse events."	( Possibly linezolid-induced peripheral and central neurotoxicity: report of four cases. Biron, F; Boibieux, A; Chidiac, C; Ferry, T; Issartel, B; Petiot, P; Peyramond, D; Ponceau, B; Simon, M, 2005)	0.33
" Patients were also evaluated for adverse drug reactions due to linezolid."	( The effectiveness and safety of oral linezolid for the primary and secondary treatment of osteomyelitis. Aneziokoro, CO; Cannon, JP; Lentino, JR; Pachucki, CT, 2005)	0.33
" Distribution of adverse events, including reported hematologic events, was similar between groups, except that linezolid was associated with fewer drug-related adverse events (52 [17."	( Efficacy and safety of linezolid compared with vancomycin in a randomized, double-blind study of febrile neutropenic patients with cancer. Hartman, CS; Jaksic, B; Leonard, LB; Martinelli, G; Perez-Oteyza, J; Tack, KJ, 2006)	0.33
"We requested from the US Food and Drug Administration all postmarketing adverse event reports regarding linezolid that included serotonin toxicity or any report describing cognitive or behavioral symptoms and autonomic and neuromuscular excitability."	( Serotonin toxicity associated with the use of linezolid: a review of postmarketing data. Adra, M; Gillman, PK; Lawrence, KR, 2006)	0.33
" Thirteen patients required an intervention to prevent permanent impairment or required hospitalization for the adverse event."	( Serotonin toxicity associated with the use of linezolid: a review of postmarketing data. Adra, M; Gillman, PK; Lawrence, KR, 2006)	0.33
" Assessment of causality using the Naranjo adverse drug reaction probability scale revealed a probable relationship between this adverse drug event and linezolid therapy."	( Bell's palsy associated with linezolid therapy: case report and review of neuropathic adverse events. Bruno-Murtha, LA; Thai, XC, 2006)	0.33
" New rare adverse events are likely to follow."	( Tongue discoloration in an elderly kidney transplant recipient: Treatment-related adverse event? Amir, KA; Arsura, EL; Balogun, SA; Bobba, RK; Clarke, B; Evans, JM; Nagy-Agren, S, 2006)	0.33
" Based on the Naranjo probability scale, the calculated score for tongue discoloration as a drug-related adverse event was 7 out of a maximum score of 13 points, designating it as a probable cause."	( Tongue discoloration in an elderly kidney transplant recipient: Treatment-related adverse event? Amir, KA; Arsura, EL; Balogun, SA; Bobba, RK; Clarke, B; Evans, JM; Nagy-Agren, S, 2006)	0.33
" We present this case to increase clinicians' awareness of the potential adverse event."	( Tongue discoloration in an elderly kidney transplant recipient: Treatment-related adverse event? Amir, KA; Arsura, EL; Balogun, SA; Bobba, RK; Clarke, B; Evans, JM; Nagy-Agren, S, 2006)	0.33
" The aim of this study was to evaluate the influences of pyridoxine, rifampin, and renal function on hematological adverse events."	( Comparative study of the effects of pyridoxine, rifampin, and renal function on hematological adverse events induced by linezolid. Bové, A; García, S; Marcos, M; Martínez, JA; Martínez, JC; Mensa, J; Ortega, M; Peñarroja, G; Soriano, A, 2007)	0.34
" The most common adverse events were thrombocytopenia (n = 5) and anemia (n = 5), necessitating treatment discontinuation in 3 patients."	( Efficacy and safety of linezolid for Gram-positive orthopedic infections: a prospective case series. Hamilton, CW; Rao, N, 2007)	0.34
"The optic nerve is quite vulnerable to the toxic effect of drugs."	( [Toxicity of recent and less recent drugs on the optic nerve. Does Viagra cause blindness?]. Cordonnier, M, 2007)	0.34
" However, haematological toxic effects of linezolid frequently limit its prolonged use, especially in patients with poor marrow reserves such as those with cancer receiving chemotherapy."	( The role of vitamin B6 in the prevention of haematological toxic effects of linezolid in patients with cancer. Adachi, J; Chemaly, RF; Hachem, R; Raad, I; Rolston, K; Ying, J; Youssef, S, 2008)	0.35
" We found no significant differences in the rate of haematological toxic effects between the two patient groups."	( The role of vitamin B6 in the prevention of haematological toxic effects of linezolid in patients with cancer. Adachi, J; Chemaly, RF; Hachem, R; Raad, I; Rolston, K; Ying, J; Youssef, S, 2008)	0.35
"Damage of the optic nerve (optic neuropathy) may be caused, apart from other reasons, by an adverse drug effect."	( [Adverse effect optic neuropathy]. Martini, BC, 2008)	0.35
"Tigecycline is safe and effective in hospitalized patients with serious infection caused by MRSA."	( Efficacy and safety of tigecycline compared with vancomycin or linezolid for treatment of serious infections with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or vancomycin-resistant enterococci: a Phase 3, multicentre, double-blind, randomized study. Babinchak, T; Beuran, M; Bochan, M; Cooper, CA; Dartois, N; Dimov, R; Dukart, G; Ellis-Grosse, EJ; Fichev, G; Florescu, I; Gandjini, H; Razbadauskas, A, 2008)	0.35
"Since linezolid was licensed, rare-but-serious adverse events caused by inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis have been identified."	( Toxicity of extended courses of linezolid: results of an Infectious Diseases Society of America Emerging Infections Network survey. Beekmann, SE; Gilbert, DN; Polgreen, PM, 2008)	0.35
" Anacetrapib was well tolerated, and the incidence of adverse events was similar for placebo and all active treatment groups."	( Efficacy and safety of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor anacetrapib as monotherapy and coadministered with atorvastatin in dyslipidemic patients. Bloomfield, D; Carlson, GL; Littlejohn, TW; McKenney, JM; Mitchel, Y; Pasternak, RC; Sapre, A; Sisk, CM; Tribble, D, 2009)	0.35
"To review the literature (including latest publications) about the adverse events of linezolid and its overall safety."	( Update on the safety of linezolid. Falagas, ME; Metaxas, EI, 2009)	0.35
"The range of adverse events of linezolid is growing; new ones, such as nephro-toxicity and Bell's palsy, have been reported."	( Update on the safety of linezolid. Falagas, ME; Metaxas, EI, 2009)	0.35
" Our findings demonstrate no adverse effect on the times to neutrophil or platelet engraftment with linezolid use."	( Hematologic safety profile of linezolid in the early periengraftment period after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Chou, J; Chung, D; Cohen, N; Heller, G; Mihu, CN; Papanicolaou, GA; Seo, SK, 2009)	0.35
" The main adverse events were thrombocytopenia grade 1-3 and anemia grade 2-3 (four and two patients, respectively)."	( Efficacy and safety of linezolid in immunocompromised children with cancer. Chatzi, F; Chrousos, G; Karamolegou, K; Moschovi, M; Santou, A; Tourkantoni, N; Trimis, G; Tsotra, M, 2010)	0.36
"Linezolid may be another effective and safe therapy to treat infections from resistant Gram-positive bacteria in immunocompromised children, even in young ages."	( Efficacy and safety of linezolid in immunocompromised children with cancer. Chatzi, F; Chrousos, G; Karamolegou, K; Moschovi, M; Santou, A; Tourkantoni, N; Trimis, G; Tsotra, M, 2010)	0.36
" Adverse events were similar to each drug's established safety profile."	( Efficacy and safety of linezolid versus vancomycin for the treatment of complicated skin and soft-tissue infections proven to be caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Baruch, AM; Bhattacharyya, H; Dryden, MS; Itani, KM; Kunkel, MJ; Weigelt, JA, 2010)	0.36
" Sustained pain-free response with no adverse events has been recommended as a composite endpoint which measures the efficacy and tolerability attributes that patients desire."	( Sustained pain freedom and no adverse events as an endpoint in clinical trials of acute migraine treatments: application to patient-level data from a trial of the CGRP receptor antagonist, telcagepant, and zolmitriptan. Assaid, C; Dodick, DW; Ho, TW; Kost, J; Lines, C, 2011)	0.37
" Endpoints were 2-24-hour sustained pain freedom and no adverse events from 0-24 hours (SPF24NAE), 2-24 hour sustained pain relief and no adverse events from 0-24 hours (SPR24NAE), pain freedom at 2 hours and no adverse events from 0-24 hours (PF2NAE), and pain relief at 2 hours and no adverse events from 0-24 hours (PR2NAE)."	( Sustained pain freedom and no adverse events as an endpoint in clinical trials of acute migraine treatments: application to patient-level data from a trial of the CGRP receptor antagonist, telcagepant, and zolmitriptan. Assaid, C; Dodick, DW; Ho, TW; Kost, J; Lines, C, 2011)	0.37
" All doses were safe and well tolerated."	( Biomarker-assisted dose selection for safety and efficacy in early development of PNU-100480 for tuberculosis. Bedarida, G; Campbell, S; Jakubiec, W; Kumar, V; Ladutko, L; Miller, PF; Mitton-Fry, M; Paige, D; Silvia, A; Wallis, RS; Zhu, T, 2011)	0.37
" The primary end points were the percent change from baseline in LDL cholesterol at 24 weeks (HDL cholesterol level was a secondary end point) and the safety and side-effect profile of anacetrapib through 76 weeks."	( Safety of anacetrapib in patients with or at high risk for coronary heart disease. Ashraf, TB; Barter, P; Brinton, EA; Cannon, CP; Dansky, HM; Davidson, M; Gibbons, P; Gotto, AM; Liu, SX; Mitchel, Y; Shah, S; Stepanavage, M; Zafarino, J, 2010)	0.36
"Treatment with anacetrapib had robust effects on LDL and HDL cholesterol, had an acceptable side-effect profile, and, within the limits of the power of this study, did not result in the adverse cardiovascular effects observed with torcetrapib."	( Safety of anacetrapib in patients with or at high risk for coronary heart disease. Ashraf, TB; Barter, P; Brinton, EA; Cannon, CP; Dansky, HM; Davidson, M; Gibbons, P; Gotto, AM; Liu, SX; Mitchel, Y; Shah, S; Stepanavage, M; Zafarino, J, 2010)	0.36
" TP was safe and well tolerated at all dose levels."	( Phase 2, randomized, double-blind, dose-ranging study evaluating the safety, tolerability, population pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of oral torezolid phosphate in patients with complicated skin and skin structure infections. Bien, P; Bulitta, JB; Corey, GR; DeAnda, C; Mehra, P; Prokocimer, P; Surber, J, 2011)	0.37
" We did not observe any further adverse events, especially no severe neurological complications (e."	( Efficacy and safety of linezolid in liver transplant patients. Juntermanns, B; Kaiser, GM; Mathe, Z; Paul, A; Radunz, S; Saner, FH; Treckmann, J, 2011)	0.37
" However, little is known about the mechanism of this side effect and the exposure-response relationship."	( Population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis of linezolid and a hematologic side effect, thrombocytopenia, in Japanese patients. Higuchi, S; Hirota, T; Horii, T; Ieiri, I; Isagawa, S; Ogawa, K; Otsubo, K; Sasaki, T; Takane, H, 2011)	0.37
"Spontaneous reports in the United States Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS) database generated between November 1, 1997, and December 21, 2008."	( Potential for linezolid-related blindness: a review of spontaneous adverse event reports. Aitken, SL; Brown, J; van Manen, RP, 2011)	0.37
" A limitation of AERS is the lack of a quantitative exposure estimate to put rare adverse events of the AERS, such as linezolid-related blindness, into perspective."	( Potential for linezolid-related blindness: a review of spontaneous adverse event reports. Aitken, SL; Brown, J; van Manen, RP, 2011)	0.37
" Nausea and vomiting were the most common adverse events."	( Randomized, double-blind, phase II, multicenter study evaluating the safety/tolerability and efficacy of JNJ-Q2, a novel fluoroquinolone, compared with linezolid for treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infection. Almenoff, J; Andrae, D; Covington, P; Davenport, JM; Liverman, L; McIntyre, G; O'Riordan, W, 2011)	0.37
"3%) patients due to adverse reactions."	( Linezolid: an effective, safe and cheap drug for patients failing multidrug-resistant tuberculosis treatment in India. Bali, RK; Behera, D; Caminero, JA; Gupta, S; Jaiswal, A; Singla, N; Singla, R, 2012)	0.38
" The exact proportions of serious and minor adverse events determined by linezolid were 21."	( Efficacy and safety of linezolid in the treatment of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. Gu, J; Hao, XH; Liu, YD; Sun, H; Tangg, SJ; Xiao, HP; Yao, L; Zhang, Q; Zheng, LH, 2011)	0.37
" All reported adverse events were evaluated for serotonin toxicity using exact and surrogate terms consistent with Sternbach Criteria and Hunter Serotonin Toxicity Criteria."	( Comparison of serotonin toxicity with concomitant use of either linezolid or comparators and serotonergic agents: an analysis of Phase III and IV randomized clinical trial data. Butterfield, JM; Huang, DB; Lawrence, KR; Lodise, TP; Reisman, A; Thompson, CA, 2012)	0.38
" No patients in either group were reported to have adverse events identified as serotonin toxicity."	( Comparison of serotonin toxicity with concomitant use of either linezolid or comparators and serotonergic agents: an analysis of Phase III and IV randomized clinical trial data. Butterfield, JM; Huang, DB; Lawrence, KR; Lodise, TP; Reisman, A; Thompson, CA, 2012)	0.38
" However, prolonged linezolid treatment (>14 days) is considered to increase the risk of hematological adverse events."	( Immediate hematological toxicity of linezolid in healthy volunteers with different body weight: a phase I clinical trial. Bai, N; Cai, Y; Chai, D; Falagas, ME; Guo, D; Liang, B; Liu, Y; Vouloumanou, EK; Wang, R, 2012)	0.38
" Only two patients (both teen-aged) encountered linezolid-related adverse effects (13 %, 2/16)."	( Safety and efficacy of linezolid in 16 infants and children in Japan. Hasegawa, N; Iketani, O; Iwata, S; Kudo, M; Mori, T; Shimada, H; Shimojima, N; Shinjoh, M; Sugita, K; Takahashi, T; Watanabe, K; Yamagishi, H, 2012)	0.38
" Adverse events were observed in 63 (58."	( Efficacy, safety and tolerability of linezolid containing regimens in treating MDR-TB and XDR-TB: systematic review and meta-analysis. Alffenaar, JW; Anger, HA; Caminero, JA; Castiglia, P; Centis, R; D'Ambrosio, L; De Lorenzo, S; Ferrara, G; Koh, WJ; Migliori, GB; Schecter, GF; Shim, TS; Singla, R; Skrahina, A; Sotgiu, G; Spanevello, A; Udwadia, ZF; Villar, M; Zampogna, E; Zellweger, JP; Zumla, A, 2012)	0.38
" Adverse events were reported in 46 (41."	( A randomized, evaluator-blind, phase 2 study comparing the safety and efficacy of omadacycline to those of linezolid for treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections. Arbeit, RD; Draper, MP; Hait, H; Noel, GJ; Tanaka, SK, 2012)	0.38
"Literature was accessed via MEDLINE/PubMed and Google Scholar (both through February 2013) using the search terms linezolid, serotonin syndrome, serotonin toxicity, and adverse reaction."	( Clinical relevance of linezolid-associated serotonin toxicity. Maynor, LM; Woytowish, MR, 2013)	0.39
" However, the safe upper threshold level for LNZ plasma trough concentrations (Cmin values) has not been defined with certainty."	( Linezolid plasma concentrations and occurrence of drug-related haematological toxicity in patients with gram-positive infections. Baldelli, S; Cattaneo, D; Clementi, E; Cordier, L; Cozzi, V; Fucile, S; Gulisano, C; Merli, S; Orlando, G; Rizzardini, G, 2013)	0.39
" ANA was well tolerated, and dose-dependent relationships for adverse events were not observed across treatment groups."	( Efficacy and safety of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor anacetrapib in Japanese patients with dyslipidemia. Kikuchi, M; McCrary Sisk, C; Nakagomi, M; Numaguchi, H; Shirakawa, M; Surks, HK; Tamura, S; Teramoto, T, 2013)	0.39
" Clinical success, microbiologic success, and adverse events (AEs) were evaluated."	( Impact of weight on treatment efficacy and safety in complicated skin and skin structure infections and nosocomial pneumonia caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Barreto, JN; Huang, DB; Morrow, LE; Puzniak, LA, 2013)	0.39
" This study of hospitalized patients revealed comparably low frequencies of adverse events potentially related to ST among patients who received linezolid or vancomycin."	( Comparative evaluation of serotonin toxicity among veterans affairs patients receiving linezolid and vancomycin. Lazariu, V; Lodise, TP; McNutt, LA; Patel, N; Rivera, A; Tristani, L; Vandewall, H, 2013)	0.39
" The most common adverse event was headache, with no observed relationship between dose or treatment duration and adverse events."	( Cadazolid, a novel antibiotic with potent activity against Clostridium difficile: safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics in healthy subjects following single and multiple oral doses. Baldoni, D; Dingemanse, J; Gutierrez, M; Timmer, W, 2014)	0.4
"1%, with an acceptable side-effect profile, in patients with or at high risk for coronary heart disease in the Determining the Efficacy and Tolerability of CETP Inhibition With Anacetrapib (DEFINE) trial."	( Evaluation of lipids, drug concentration, and safety parameters following cessation of treatment with the cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor anacetrapib in patients with or at high risk for coronary heart disease. Barter, P; Brinton, EA; Cannon, CP; Dansky, HM; Davidson, M; Gotto, AM; Kher, U; Li, XS; Mitchel, Y; Moon, JE; Shah, S; Vaidya, S, 2014)	0.4
" Myelosuppression and monoamine oxidase inhibition (MAOI) are key independent causes for limiting adverse effects in therapy with the sole approved drug of this class, linezolid."	( New potent antibacterial oxazolidinone (MRX-I) with an improved class safety profile. Gordeev, MF; Yuan, ZY, 2014)	0.4
" Treatment with linezolid was not associated with more adverse effects in general (OR = 0."	( Efficacy and safety of linezolid for the treatment of infections in children: a meta-analysis. Apostolidou-Kiouti, F; Haidich, AB; Ioannidou, M; Niopas, I; Roilides, E, 2014)	0.4
" No clinically important abnormalities in liver enzymes, blood pressure, electrolytes, or adverse experiences were observed during the extension."	( Lipids, safety parameters, and drug concentrations after an additional 2 years of treatment with anacetrapib in the DEFINE study. Barter, P; Brinton, EA; Cannon, CP; Chatterjee, MS; Dansky, HM; Gotto, AM; Kher, U; Li, XS; Liu, Y; Mitchel, Y; Moon, JE; Shah, S; Vaidya, S, 2014)	0.4
" GSK1322322 administration was associated with mild-to-moderate drug-related adverse events, most commonly, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and headache."	( Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of GSK1322322 in the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections. Corey, R; Dumont, E; Jones, LS; Kurtinecz, M; Naderer, OJ; O'Riordan, WD; Zhu, JZ, 2014)	0.4
"Linezolid induced black hairy tongue is a rare benign reversible side effect of linezolid therapy."	( Linezolid induced black hairy tongue: a rare side effect. Abdulla, FM; Aijazi, I, )	0.13
" Azithromycin was not associated with excess serious adverse events (SAEs)."	( Efficacy and safety of World Health Organization group 5 drugs for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis treatment. Butler-Laporte, G; Menzies, D; Winters, N, 2015)	0.42
"Oxazolidinone pharmacology including structure-activity relationships, mode of action, pharmacokinetics, drug-drug interactions, and adverse drug reactions is reviewed."	( Drug-drug interactions and safety of linezolid, tedizolid, and other oxazolidinones. Douros, A; Grabowski, K; Stahlmann, R, 2015)	0.42
" There were no differences between the groups in the proportion of patients who discontinued drug due to an adverse event or abnormalities in liver enzymes, creatinine kinase, blood pressure, electrolytes or adjudicated cardiovascular events."	( Efficacy and safety of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor anacetrapib in Japanese patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Arai, H; Blaustein, RO; Daida, H; Ikewaki, K; Johnson-Levonas, AO; Kakikawa, T; Maeda, Y; Nakagomi, M; Numaguchi, H; Shirakawa, M; Teramoto, T; Vaidya, S, 2016)	0.43
" Oral MRX-I was well tolerated at single doses of up to 1,200 and 800 mg q12h for up to 28 days; all adverse events were mild to moderate in severity, and there was no drug discontinuation due to adverse events."	( Single- and Multiple-Dose Study To Determine the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Food Effect of Oral MRX-I versus Linezolid in Healthy Adult Subjects. Eckburg, PB; Ge, Y; Hafkin, B, 2017)	0.46
" Systemic adverse events were consistent with previous triptan trials, and included dizziness, paresthesia, muscle tightness, and nausea, all of which occurred in < 5% of patients in any group."	( Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multi-center study of the safety and efficacy of ADAM zolmitriptan for the acute treatment of migraine. Brandes, JL; Kellerman, DJ; Kudrow, DB; Schmidt, PC; Spierings, EL; Tepper, SJ; Weintraub, J, 2018)	0.48
" High rates of adverse reactions including myelosuppression have been reported for existing oxazolidinones, limiting their long-term use."	( Safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of 21 day multiple oral administration of a new oxazolidinone antibiotic, LCB01-0371, in healthy male subjects. Cho, YL; Choi, Y; Chung, JY; Jang, IJ; Jang, K; Kim, A; Lee, SW; Nam, H; Yu, KS, 2018)	0.48
"LCB01-0371 was generally safe and well tolerated up to 1200 mg BID for 7 days."	( Multiple-dose Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of Oral LCB01-0371 in Healthy Male Volunteers. Bae, KS; Cho, YL; Cho, YS; Lim, HS; Nam, HS, 2018)	0.48
" Adverse events (AEs) were identified from patients' medical records and laboratory data."	( Safety and Tolerability of More than Six Days of Tedizolid Treatment. Calabuig Muñoz, E; Castells Lao, G; Isernia, V; López Suñé, E; Mensa Pueyo, J; Mensa Vendrell, M; Morata Ruiz, L; Moreno Nuñez, L; Oltra Sempere, MR; Pasquau Liaño, J; Pedro-Botet Montoya, ML; Reynaga Sosa, EA; Salavert Lletí, M; Sequera Arquelladas, S; Soriano Viladomiu, A; Tasias Pitarch, M; Yuste Ara, JR, 2020)	0.56
" Treatment-emergent adverse events were balanced between treatment groups (tedizolid, 14."	( Safety and Efficacy of Oral and/or Intravenous Tedizolid Phosphate From a Randomized Phase 3 Trial in Adolescents With Acute Bacterial Skin and Skin Structure Infections. Antadze, T; Bradley, JS; Broyde, N; Butterton, JR; Chou, MZ; De Anda, CS; Kim, JY; Ninov, B; Sears, PS; Tayob, MS, 2021)	0.62
" Most participants (96%) experienced at least 1 adverse event, the vast majority of which concerned the application site, and > 95% of which were mild."	( Long term safety, tolerability, and efficacy of intracutaneous zolmitriptan (M207) in the acute treatment of migraine. Elbuluk, N; Foreman, PK; Friedman, DI; Hindiyeh, N; Kellerman, DJ; Nahas, SJ; Schmidt, P, 2021)	0.62
"The majority of participants experienced cutaneous adverse reactions such as application site erythema, swelling, and bleeding, and most reactions were scored as mild."	( Long term safety, tolerability, and efficacy of intracutaneous zolmitriptan (M207) in the acute treatment of migraine. Elbuluk, N; Foreman, PK; Friedman, DI; Hindiyeh, N; Kellerman, DJ; Nahas, SJ; Schmidt, P, 2021)	0.62
"BackgroundTo investigate the adverse event (AE) profile of tedizolid and linezolid in post-marketing surveillance."	( Serious adverse events with tedizolid and linezolid: pharmacovigilance insights through the FDA adverse event reporting system. De Ponti, F; Fusaroli, M; Gatti, M; Moretti, U; Poluzzi, E; Raschi, E, 2021)	0.62
" There were no significant effects on non-vascular mortality, site-specific cancer, or other serious adverse events."	( Long-term safety and efficacy of anacetrapib in patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease. Angermann, C; Armitage, J; Baigent, C; Barter, P; Baxter, A; Blaustein, R; Bowman, L; Braunwald, E; Brenner, S; Cannon, C; Chen, F; Chen, Y; Chen, Z; Collins, R; Dayanandan, R; DeLucca, P; Ertl, G; Fabbri, G; Fajardo-Moser, M; Goodenough, R; Goto, S; Gray, A; Hao, D; Haynes, R; Herrington, W; Hill, M; Hopewell, JC; Knott, C; Landray, M; Lay, M; Liu, J; Lucci, D; Macdonnell, S; Maggioni, A; Mihaylova, B; Mitchel, Y; Mosegaard, S; Murphy, K; Sammons, E; Stevens, W; Tobert, J; Valdes-Marquez, E; Wallendszus, K; Wanner, C; Wincott, E; Wiviott, S; Wuhan, B; Zhang, H, 2022)	0.72
"The beneficial effects of anacetrapib on major coronary events increased with longer follow-up, and no adverse effects emerged on non-vascular mortality or morbidity."	( Long-term safety and efficacy of anacetrapib in patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease. Angermann, C; Armitage, J; Baigent, C; Barter, P; Baxter, A; Blaustein, R; Bowman, L; Braunwald, E; Brenner, S; Cannon, C; Chen, F; Chen, Y; Chen, Z; Collins, R; Dayanandan, R; DeLucca, P; Ertl, G; Fabbri, G; Fajardo-Moser, M; Goodenough, R; Goto, S; Gray, A; Hao, D; Haynes, R; Herrington, W; Hill, M; Hopewell, JC; Knott, C; Landray, M; Lay, M; Liu, J; Lucci, D; Macdonnell, S; Maggioni, A; Mihaylova, B; Mitchel, Y; Mosegaard, S; Murphy, K; Sammons, E; Stevens, W; Tobert, J; Valdes-Marquez, E; Wallendszus, K; Wanner, C; Wincott, E; Wiviott, S; Wuhan, B; Zhang, H, 2022)	0.72
" The frequency of treatment-emergent adverse events was comparable between the two groups."	( A Phase III multicentre, randomized, double-blind trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of oral contezolid versus linezolid in adults with complicated skin and soft tissue infections. Huang, H; Yuan, H; Yuan, Z; Zhang, Y; Zhao, X, 2022)	0.72
" Safety outcomes included assessment of treatment-emergent adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of tedizolid for the treatment of ventilated gram-positive hospital-acquired or ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia in Japanese patients: Results from a subgroup analysis of a phase 3, randomized, double-blind study comparing ted De Anda, C; Fujimi, S; Kusachi, S; Mikamo, H; Nagashima, M; Oshima, N; Takase, A, 2022)	0.72
"Linezolid is an effective, but toxic anti-tuberculosis drug that is currently recommended for the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis."	( A phase IIb, open-label, randomized controlled dose ranging multi-centre trial to evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and exposure-response relationship of different doses of delpazolid in combination with bedaquiline delamanid moxifloxaci Aarnoutse, R; Boeree, M; Cho, YL; Dierig, A; Geiter, L; Gong, X; Heinrich, N; Hoelscher, M; Hoffmann, L; Jarchow-MacDonald, A; Liyoyo, A; Mbeya, B; McHugh, TD; Mhimbira, FA; Minja, LT; Mpagama, S; Ntinginya, N; Phillips, P; Rassool, M; Schultz, S; Sebe, M; Svensson, EM; Te Brake, L; Wallis, RS; Wildner, LM, 2023)	0.91
"DECODE is an innovative dose-finding trial, designed to support exposure-response modelling for safe and effective dose selection."	( A phase IIb, open-label, randomized controlled dose ranging multi-centre trial to evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and exposure-response relationship of different doses of delpazolid in combination with bedaquiline delamanid moxifloxaci Aarnoutse, R; Boeree, M; Cho, YL; Dierig, A; Geiter, L; Gong, X; Heinrich, N; Hoelscher, M; Hoffmann, L; Jarchow-MacDonald, A; Liyoyo, A; Mbeya, B; McHugh, TD; Mhimbira, FA; Minja, LT; Mpagama, S; Ntinginya, N; Phillips, P; Rassool, M; Schultz, S; Sebe, M; Svensson, EM; Te Brake, L; Wallis, RS; Wildner, LM, 2023)	0.91
" Linezolid may be a good option for treating bone and joint infections, but there is an increased risk of potential serious adverse drug events (ADEs) when used for more than 28 days."	( Prolonged use of linezolid in bone and joint infections: a retrospective analysis of adverse effects. Goosen, J; Heesterbeek, P; Jager, N; Spijkers, K; Telgt, D; Veerman, K, 2023)	0.91
" Severe cytopenia, according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse events (CTCA), was observed in four patients and was reversible after discontinuation of linezolid."	( Prolonged use of linezolid in bone and joint infections: a retrospective analysis of adverse effects. Goosen, J; Heesterbeek, P; Jager, N; Spijkers, K; Telgt, D; Veerman, K, 2023)	0.91
" The primary efficacy endpoint was pain freedom at 2 h, and the primary safety endpoint was adverse events (AEs)."	( Efficacy and safety of intranasal agents for the acute treatment of migraine: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Duan, S; Li, G; Liu, L; Liu, Z; Ren, Z; Wang, Z; Xia, H; Zhu, T, 2023)	0.91
" Zavegepant nasal spray 10 mg had the fewest adverse side effects."	( Efficacy and safety of intranasal agents for the acute treatment of migraine: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Duan, S; Li, G; Liu, L; Liu, Z; Ren, Z; Wang, Z; Xia, H; Zhu, T, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" No differences were observed in the pharmacokinetic parameters with the increase of the dose."	( Toloxatone pharmacokinetics in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of the rabbit. Lamiable, D; Leon, A; Vistelle, R; Wiczewski, M; Zinsou, M, 1992)	0.28
" This pharmacodynamic interaction could be explained by an increase in tyramine systemic bioavailability in the presence of toloxatone."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction between toloxatone, a new reversible monoamine oxidase-A inhibitor, and oral tyramine in healthy subjects. D'Estanque, J; Ego, D; Funck-Brentano, C; Jaillon, P; Provost, JC; Rovei, V, 1992)	0.28
" MD 770222, which is also a selective and reversible inhibitor of MAO A although less potent than cimoxatone, is the major plasma metabolite and its plasma elimination half-life is about three times longer than cimoxatone."	( Pharmacokinetic and relative bioavailability studies of cimoxatone in humans. Kendall, MJ; Mitchard, M; Rovei, V; Strolin Benedetti, M, 1984)	0.27
" The pharmacokinetic and tolerability profiles of single oral doses from 1-50 mg 311C90 were investigated in 12 healthy male volunteers in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalating study."	( The tolerability and pharmacokinetics of the novel antimigraine compound 311C90 in healthy male volunteers. Churchus, R; On, N; Phillips, S; Posner, J; Rolan, P; Seaber, E, 1996)	0.29
" There was no evidence of significant changes in the pharmacokinetic parameters of zomitriptan or its metabolites after the last dose compared to the first, except for an expected rise in peak concentrations and a small, apparent increase in the amount of drug excreted in urine and hence in CLR."	( The pharmacokinetics and effects on blood pressure of multiple doses of the novel anti-migraine drug zolmitriptan (311C90) in healthy volunteers. Dixon, R; Gibbens, M; Gillotin, C; Peck, RW; Posner, J, 1997)	0.3
" Pharmacodynamic measures included oscillometric blood pressure, systolic blood pressure at the toe and arm using a strain gauge technique, stroke volume and cardiac output using bioimpedance cardiography, high-resolution ultrasound to measure brachial arterial diameter and a novel Doppler method to measure blood flow velocity."	( Peripheral vascular effects and pharmacokinetics of the antimigraine compound, zolmitriptan, in combination with oral ergotamine in healthy volunteers. Dixon, RM; Evans, DH; Meire, HB; On, N; Posner, J; Rolan, PE; Watt, H, 1997)	0.3
" On average, 75% of its eventual Cmax is achieved within 1 h of dosing."	( The clinical pharmacokinetics of zolmitriptan. Dixon, R; Warrander, A, 1997)	0.3
" Blood pressure, heart rate, ECG, and central nervous system effects were monitored, and pharmacokinetic parameters of zolmitriptan and its metabolites calculated."	( The pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of the 5HT1B/1D-agonist zolmitriptan in healthy young and elderly men and women. Dixon, RM; Jackson, SH; Layton, GR; Peck, RW; Posner, J; Rolan, PE; Seaber, EJ; Weatherley, BC, 1998)	0.3
" Zolmitriptan plasma concentrations were higher in women than in men, with higher values of AUC and Cmax and lower total clearance in women."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of zolmitriptan in patients with mild to moderate hypertension: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Cleary, EW; Dilzer, SC; Huffman, CS; Lasseter, KC; Smith, DA; Watkins, S, 1998)	0.3
" The metabolism of zolmitriptan was reduced in patients with severe hepatic impairment compared with healthy subjects, resulting in higher peak plasma concentrations (47%), increased exposure (226%), and prolonged half-life (157%)."	( Effect of hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of zolmitriptan. Delvaux, M; Dixon, R; French, S; Kemp, J; Leclerc, V; Rautureau, J; Sellers, M, 1998)	0.3
" Cmax and AUC of oral zolmitriptan were dose-proportional and there was a 13 and 16% fall in mean zolmitriptan Cmax and AUC, respectively, when administered after food."	( The absolute bioavailability and effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of zolmitriptan in healthy volunteers. Allanson, J; Hefting, NR; Jonkman, JH; Peck, RW; Seaber, EJ; Smith, DA; Sollie, FA; van Lier, JJ; Wemer, J, 1998)	0.3
" Pharmacokinetic data demonstrate that coadministration of linezolid and aztreonam does not alter the disposition of either agent under single-dose conditions."	( A pharmacokinetic evaluation of concomitant administration of linezolid and aztreonam. Hopkins, NK; Jungbluth, GL; Sisson, TL, 1999)	0.3
" A mean peak concentration in plasma of 18."	( Pharmacokinetics and tissue penetration of linezolid following multiple oral doses. Andrews, J; Ashby, J; Ellis, R; Gee, T; Marshall, G; Wise, R, 2001)	0.31
" The authors present data evaluating the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic responses to coadministration of oral linezolid with sympathomimetics (pseudoephedrine and phenylpropanolamine) and a serotonin reuptake inhibitor (dextromethorphan)."	( Linezolid: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of coadministration with pseudoephedrine HCl, phenylpropanolamine HCl, and dextromethorpan HBr. Antal, EJ; Batts, DH; Hendershot, PE; Hopkins, NK; Welshman, IR, 2001)	0.31
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were assessed using noncompartmental methods."	( Age and sex effects on the pharmacokinetics of linezolid. Hopkins, NK; Jungbluth, GL; Sisson, TL, 2002)	0.31
" The pharmacodynamic activity and in vivo efficacy of linezolid were compared to those of ceftriaxone in an immunocompetent rat model of pneumococcal pneumonia."	( Pharmacodynamic activity and efficacy of linezolid in a rat model of pneumococcal pneumonia. Gentry-Nielsen, MJ; Olsen, KM; Preheim, LC, 2002)	0.31
"In this study, our objective was to determine the steady-state intrapulmonary concentrations and pharmacokinetic parameters of orally administered linezolid in healthy volunteers."	( Intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics of linezolid. Conte, JE; Golden, JA; Kipps, J; Zurlinden, E, 2002)	0.31
" There were no significant differences in terminal elimination half-life between days 1 and 7 (9."	( Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of linezolid and co-amoxiclav in healthy human volunteers. Borner, K; Burkhardt, O; Köppe, P; Lode, H; Nord, CE; Pletz, MW; von der Höh, N, 2002)	0.31
" Plasma levels were maintained at a plateau between 1 and 6 hours postdose, then decreased with a half-life of approximately 3 hours."	( Preliminary studies of the pharmacokinetics and tolerability of zolmitriptan nasal spray in healthy volunteers. Dixon, R; Nairn, K; Seaber, E; Yates, R, 2002)	0.31
" Of the patient covariates considered (age, sex, ideal body weight, baseline serum albumin, hepatic or renal dysfunction, underlying malignancy, organ transplantation, surgical status, global severity of illness, site of infection, route of administration, and location of care [intensive-care unit, general floor, or outpatient]), only normalized creatinine clearance (CL(CR)) and body weight explained significant portions of the variance and were incorporated into the pharmacokinetic model."	( Population pharmacokinetics of linezolid in patients treated in a compassionate-use program. Birmingham, MC; Forrest, A; Meagher, AK; Rayner, CR; Schentag, JJ, 2003)	0.32
" The plasma-ear fluid pharmacodynamic profile associated with linezolid efficacy was a T>MIC of >/=42%, a C(max)/MIC ratio of >/=3."	( Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of linezolid in a gerbil model of Streptococcus pneumoniae-induced acute otitis media. Biermacher, JJ; Humphrey, WR; Jensen, JL; Kuo, MS; Richards, IM; Schaadt, RD; Shattuck, MH; Smith, DP; Zielinski, RJ; Zurenko, GE, 2003)	0.32
" Non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analyses were used to describe the disposition of linezolid."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerance of single- and multiple-dose oral or intravenous linezolid, an oxazolidinone antibiotic, in healthy volunteers. Batts, DH; Hopkins, NK; Jungbluth, GL; Stalker, DJ, 2003)	0.32
" Mean clearance, half-life and volume of distribution were similar irrespective of dose for both the oral and intravenous routes."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerance of single- and multiple-dose oral or intravenous linezolid, an oxazolidinone antibiotic, in healthy volunteers. Batts, DH; Hopkins, NK; Jungbluth, GL; Stalker, DJ, 2003)	0.32
" Plasma samples for population pharmacokinetic analysis were collected."	( Safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetics of linezolid for treatment of resistant Gram-positive infections in cancer patients with neutropenia. Birmingham, MC; Forrest, A; Meagher, AK; Noskin, GA; Rayner, CR; Schentag, JJ; Smith, PF, 2003)	0.32
"Potential alternatives, including linezolid, adjunctive rifampin, and moxifloxacin, were evaluated against vancomycin-tolerant (P9802-020) and vancomycin-susceptible clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model."	( Linezolid and vancomycin, alone and in combination with rifampin, compared with moxifloxacin against a multidrug-resistant and a vancomycin-tolerant Streptococcus pneumoniae strain in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model. Cha, R; Rybak, MJ, 2003)	0.32
" Serial blood samples for assessment of the pharmacokinetic parameters of linezolid and its two inactive metabolites were collected on days 1 and 8, whereas vitamin concentrations were measured prior to and after the vitamin intake on these days."	( The pharmacokinetics of linezolid are not affected by concomitant intake of the antioxidant vitamins C and E. Antal, EJ; Francom, SF; Gordi, T; Hong, C; Hopkins, NJ; Slatter, JG; Tan, LH, 2003)	0.32
" Therefore it is important to determine the specific pharmacokinetic characteristics for individual drugs in pediatric patients so that appropriate age-specific dosage regimens can be developed and evaluated in clinical trials."	( Linezolid pharmacokinetics in pediatric patients: an overview. Hopkins, NK; Jungbluth, GL; Welshman, IR, 2003)	0.32
" Children younger than 12 years of age have a smaller area under the drug concentration-time curve, a faster clearance and a shorter elimination half-life than adults."	( Linezolid pharmacokinetics in pediatric patients: an overview. Hopkins, NK; Jungbluth, GL; Welshman, IR, 2003)	0.32
" The elimination half-life of linezolid is 5-7 hours, and twice-daily administration of 400-600 mg provides steady-state concentrations in the therapeutic range."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of linezolid, a novel oxazolidinone antibacterial. Jungbluth, GL; Stalker, DJ, 2003)	0.32
" aureus (VRSA), an in vitro pharmacodynamic model with simulated endocardial vegetations incorporating protein and a high inoculum was used to simulate daptomycin, linezolid, quinupristin-dalfopristin, and vancomycin against the Michigan VRSA strain."	( Bactericidal activities of daptomycin, quinupristin-dalfopristin, and linezolid against vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model with simulated endocardial vegetations. Brown, WJ; Cha, R; Rybak, MJ, 2003)	0.32
" Plasma concentrations were obtained and a multicompartmental pharmacokinetic model was fitted."	( Clinical pharmacodynamics of linezolid in seriously ill patients treated in a compassionate use programme. Birmingham, MC; Forrest, A; Meagher, AK; Rayner, CR; Schentag, JJ, 2003)	0.32
"Modelled pharmacodynamic outcomes of efficacy included probabilities of eradication and clinical cure (multifactorial logistic regression, nonparametric tree-based modelling, nonlinear regression) and time to bacterial eradication (Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards regression)."	( Clinical pharmacodynamics of linezolid in seriously ill patients treated in a compassionate use programme. Birmingham, MC; Forrest, A; Meagher, AK; Rayner, CR; Schentag, JJ, 2003)	0.32
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using standard noncompartmental methods."	( Linezolid pharmacokinetics in adult patients with cystic fibrosis. Bosso, JA; Flume, PA; Gray, SL, 2004)	0.32
"To compare the pharmacodynamic profiles of linezolid, levofloxacin, and vancomycin against clinical strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, including vancomycin-tolerant and fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates."	( Linezolid, levofloxacin, and vancomycin against vancomycin-tolerant and fluoroquinolone-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model. Akins, RL; Cha, R; Rybak, MJ, 2003)	0.32
"In vitro pharmacodynamic model."	( Linezolid, levofloxacin, and vancomycin against vancomycin-tolerant and fluoroquinolone-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model. Akins, RL; Cha, R; Rybak, MJ, 2003)	0.32
"An in vitro pharmacodynamic model was used to simulate standard dosing regimens of linezolid, levofloxacin, and vancomycin against the isolates 79, R921, and P9802-020."	( Linezolid, levofloxacin, and vancomycin against vancomycin-tolerant and fluoroquinolone-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model. Akins, RL; Cha, R; Rybak, MJ, 2003)	0.32
"The pharmacokinetic parameters of DA-7867, a new oxazolidinone, were compared after intravenous and oral administration at a dose of 10 mg x kg(-1) to control rats and rats with protein-calorie malnutrition (rats with PCM)."	( Effects of protein-calorie malnutrition on the pharmacokinetics of DA-7867, a new oxazolidinone, in rats. Bae, SK; Kim, WB; Kwon, JW; Lee, MG; Lee, SJ, 2004)	0.32
" Allometric scaling has previously been used as an effective tool for the prediction of human pharmacokinetic data."	( Prediction of clinical pharmacokinetic parameters of linezolid using animal data by allometric scaling: applicability for the development of novel oxazolidinones. Bhamidipati, RK; Dravid, PV; Mullangi, R; Srinivas, NR, 2004)	0.32
"To determine the pharmacokinetic characteristics of linezolid and teicoplanin in critically ill patients."	( Pharmacokinetic studies of linezolid and teicoplanin in the critically ill. Aarons, L; Cepeda, JA; Kibbler, C; MacGowan, A; Nalda-Molina, R; Shaw, S; Shulman, R; Singer, M; Tobin, C; Whitehouse, T; Wilson, AP, 2005)	0.33
"The aim of this study was to compare the activity of linezolid and vancomycin in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model to assess potential differences in activity against biofilm-embedded organisms."	( Antibacterial activity of linezolid and vancomycin in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model of gram-positive catheter-related bacteraemia. Coyle, EA; Lewis, RE; Prince, RA; Raad, II; Wiederhold, NP, 2005)	0.33
"Single-lumen central venous catheters colonized with biofilm-embedded Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis or vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) were treated with simulated clinical dosing regimens of linezolid 600 mg every 12 h or vancomycin 1 g every 12 h in a one-compartment in vitro pharmacodynamic model."	( Antibacterial activity of linezolid and vancomycin in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model of gram-positive catheter-related bacteraemia. Coyle, EA; Lewis, RE; Prince, RA; Raad, II; Wiederhold, NP, 2005)	0.33
" The assay method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of DRF-6196 in mice."	( Validation of a simple bioanalytical method for the determination of DRF-6196, a novel oxazolidinone, in mouse plasma: application to a single-dose pharmacokinetic study. Bhamidipati, RK; Dravid, PV; Mullangi, R; Srinivas, NR, 2005)	0.33
"To determine the steady-state plasma pharmacokinetic variables and epithelial lining fluid concentrations of linezolid administered to critically ill patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia."	( Pharmacokinetics and intrapulmonary concentrations of linezolid administered to critically ill patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia. Allaouchiche, B; Boselli, E; Breilh, D; Chassard, D; Djabarouti, S; Rimmelé, T; Saux, MC; Toutain, J, 2005)	0.33
" After 2 days of therapy, the steady-state plasma pharmacokinetic variables and epithelial lining fluid concentrations of linezolid were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography."	( Pharmacokinetics and intrapulmonary concentrations of linezolid administered to critically ill patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia. Allaouchiche, B; Boselli, E; Breilh, D; Chassard, D; Djabarouti, S; Rimmelé, T; Saux, MC; Toutain, J, 2005)	0.33
" Pharmacokinetic parameters derived from noncompartmental and compartmental analysis incorporating linear and nonlinear elimination pathways were compared between groups: F, Ka, Vs, K23, K32, Vmax, Km, and K20 (bioavailability, absorption rate constant, volume of central compartment normalized to body weight, intercompartmental rate constants, maximum velocity, Michaelis-Menten constant, and elimination rate constant, respectively)."	( Absolute bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of linezolid in hospitalized patients given enteral feedings. Beringer, P; Gill, M; Gurevitch, M; Hoem, N; Louie, S; Nguyen, M; Wong-Beringer, A, 2005)	0.33
" Aqueous and serum levels of linezolid were assayed by high performance liquid chromatography, and a pharmacokinetic curve constructed from the pooled results."	( The pharmacokinetics of linezolid in the non-inflamed human eye. Jenkins, DR; Lovering, A; Prydal, JI; Watts, A, 2005)	0.33
"The pharmacokinetic parameters of DA-7867 were compared after intravenous and oral administration at a dose of 10 mg/kg to control rats and rats with acute renal failure induced by uranyl nitrate (rats with U-ARF)."	( Effects of acute renal failure on the pharmacokinetics of DA-7867, a new oxazolidinone, in rats. Bae, SK; Kim, WB; Kwon, JW; Lee, I; Lee, MG, 2006)	0.33
"Several antibiotics show significant pharmacokinetic interactions when they are given orally concomitantly with antacids."	( Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction between linezolid and antacid in healthy volunteers. Drewe, J; Grunder, G; Krähenbühl, S; Maier, T; Vollenweider, F; Zysset-Aschmann, Y, 2006)	0.33
"The pharmacokinetic parameters of DA-7867 were compared after intravenous and oral administration at a dose of 10 mg/kg in control rats and in rats with water deprivation for 72 h (rat model of dehydration)."	( Effects of water deprivation for 72 hours on the pharmacokinetics of DA-7867, a new oxazolidinone, in rats. Bae, SK; Kim, YC; Kwon, JW; Lee, I; Lee, JK; Lee, MG; Yoo, M, 2006)	0.33
" The comparison of pharmacokinetic and clinical data available from different formulations of zolmitriptan contributes both to the understanding of its mode of action and the characteristics required of an acute migraine treatment if it is to meet patient needs."	( Zolmitriptan intranasal: a review of the pharmacokinetics and clinical efficacy. Goadsby, PJ; Yates, R, 2006)	0.33
" The method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of zolmitriptan after an oral administration of 5 mg zolmitriptan to 20 healthy volunteers."	( Determination of zolmitriptan in human plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method: application to a pharmacokinetic study. Chen, X; Jin, F; Liu, D; Luan, Y; Zhong, D, 2006)	0.33
"We inoculated an in vitro pharmacodynamic model simultaneously with clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and an enterocin-producing enterococcus (vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis, ampicillin susceptible) at 7 log10 CFU/ml to examine enterocin effects and antimicrobial activity on staphylococci."	( Impact of Enterococcus faecalis on the bactericidal activities of arbekacin, daptomycin, linezolid, and tigecycline against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a mixed-pathogen pharmacodynamic model. Chin, JN; LaPlante, KL; Leuthner, KD; Rybak, MJ, 2006)	0.33
" Individual compartmental pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis was performed using WinNonlin."	( Pharmacokinetics of unbound linezolid in plasma and tissue interstitium of critically ill patients after multiple dosing using microdialysis. Buerger, C; Dehghanyar, P; Joukhadar, C; Kloft, C; Plock, N, 2006)	0.33
"The pharmacokinetic profile of linezolid in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in five neurointensive care patients with staphylococcal ventriculitis was studied."	( Pharmacokinetics of intravenous linezolid in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma in neurointensive care patients with staphylococcal ventriculitis associated with external ventricular drains. Beer, R; Brenneis, C; Broessner, G; Engelhardt, KW; Georgopoulos, A; Helbok, R; Kaehler, ST; Lackner, P; Pfausler, B; Schmutzhard, E, 2007)	0.34
" Optimal pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) indices have been described for the antimicrobial efficacy of linezolid (area under the concentration-time curve over 24 h at steady state divided by the MIC, >100; the cumulative percentage of a 24-h period that the drug concentration exceeds the MIC under steady-state PK conditions, >85)."	( Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic factors influencing emergence of resistance to linezolid in an in vitro model. Boak, LM; Li, J; Nation, RL; Rayner, CR, 2007)	0.34
"To compare pharmacodynamic indices and minimal inhibitory concentrations for vancomycin, gatifloxacin, moxifloxacin, linezolid, and combined quinupristin and dalfopristin for historic and current human coagulase-negative staphylococcus (CoNS) endophthalmitis isolates."	( In vitro efficacy and pharmacodynamic indices for antibiotics against coagulase-negative staphylococcus endophthalmitis isolates. Flynn, HW; Harper, T; Miller, D, 2007)	0.34
" Peak concentration (C(max)) was defined as the maximum attainable aqueous concentration using topical or oral therapy, or both."	( In vitro efficacy and pharmacodynamic indices for antibiotics against coagulase-negative staphylococcus endophthalmitis isolates. Flynn, HW; Harper, T; Miller, D, 2007)	0.34
" Pharmacokinetic indices (C(max)/MIC90) for topical dosing were all <1."	( In vitro efficacy and pharmacodynamic indices for antibiotics against coagulase-negative staphylococcus endophthalmitis isolates. Flynn, HW; Harper, T; Miller, D, 2007)	0.34
"The objective of this study was to evaluate a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) approach for predicting the plasma concentration-time curves expected after intravenous administration of candidate drugs to rodents."	( Evaluation of a basic physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for simulating the first-time-in-animal study. Burton, PS; Crivori, P; Germani, M; Poggesi, I; Rocchetti, M; Smith, ME; Wilson, AG, 2007)	0.34
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of DA-7218 and DA-7157 were evaluated after intravenous (5, 10 and 20 mg kg(-1)) and oral (20, 50 and 100 mg kg(-1)) administration of DA-7218 to rats."	( Pharmacokinetics of DA-7218, a new oxazolidinone, and its active metabolite, DA-7157, after intravenous and oral administration of DA-7218 and DA-7157 to rats. Bae, SK; Lee, MG; Rhee, JK; Shin, KN; Yang, SH; Yoo, M, 2007)	0.34
" Therefore, a population pharmacokinetic analysis using NONMEM was performed to thoroughly understand the pharmacokinetics of unbound linezolid in plasma."	( Does linezolid inhibit its own metabolism? Population pharmacokinetics as a tool to explain the observed nonlinearity in both healthy volunteers and septic patients. Buerger, C; Joukhadar, C; Kljucar, S; Kloft, C; Plock, N, 2007)	0.34
" Pharmacodynamic targets included an AUC/MIC >82."	( Pharmacodynamic comparison of linezolid, teicoplanin and vancomycin against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci collected from hospitals in Brazil. Kiffer, CR; Kuti, JL; Mendes, CM; Nicolau, DP, 2008)	0.35
" The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of the microdialysis technique to cancellous bone for single dose pharmacokinetic investigations of the anti-infective linezolid."	( Pharmacokinetics of linezolid in bone tissue investigated by in vivo microdialysis. Arpi, M; Buerger, C; Emmertsen, KJ; Joukhadar, C; Kloft, C; Plock, N; Riegels-Nielsen, P; Stolle, LB, 2008)	0.35
"Simulating the average non-protein-bound (free) human serum drug concentration-time profiles for linezolid in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model, we characterized the pharmacodynamic parameter(s) of linezolid predictive of kill and for prevention of resistance in Bacillus anthracis."	( Use of an in vitro pharmacodynamic model to derive a linezolid regimen that optimizes bacterial kill and prevents emergence of resistance in Bacillus anthracis. Brown, DL; Drusano, GL; Heine, HS; Kim, K; Kinzig-Schippers, M; Liu, W; Louie, A; Sörgel, F; VanScoy, B, 2008)	0.35
"The aim of this study was to develop an integrated system for in vitro pharmacodynamic modelling of antimicrobials with greater flexibility, easier control and better accuracy than existing in vitro models."	( Development of an integrated semi-automated system for in vitro pharmacodynamic modelling. Berejnaia, O; Conway, D; Giacobbe, RA; Kath, GS; Racine, F; Wang, L; Wismer, MK, 2008)	0.35
" The system was validated by pharmacokinetic simulations of linezolid 600 mg infusion."	( Development of an integrated semi-automated system for in vitro pharmacodynamic modelling. Berejnaia, O; Conway, D; Giacobbe, RA; Kath, GS; Racine, F; Wang, L; Wismer, MK, 2008)	0.35
"The aim of the study was to assess the biliary penetration of linezolid and the probabilities of attaining optimal pharmacodynamic exposure against vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) in the bile of liver transplant (LTx) patients who received linezolid for the treatment of multidrug-resistant Gram-positive hospital infections."	( Biliary penetration and pharmacodynamic exposure of linezolid in liver transplant patients. Adani, GL; Baccarani, U; Della Rocca, G; Furlanut, M; Lugano, M; Pavan, F; Pea, F; Tavio, M; Viale, P, 2009)	0.35
" Biliary penetration of linezolid was calculated as the ratio between Cmin in bile and in plasma."	( Biliary penetration and pharmacodynamic exposure of linezolid in liver transplant patients. Adani, GL; Baccarani, U; Della Rocca, G; Furlanut, M; Lugano, M; Pavan, F; Pea, F; Tavio, M; Viale, P, 2009)	0.35
"83) enabled achievement of optimal theoretical pharmacodynamic exposure against VRE in bile (Cmin>2 mg/L) on all of the occasions."	( Biliary penetration and pharmacodynamic exposure of linezolid in liver transplant patients. Adani, GL; Baccarani, U; Della Rocca, G; Furlanut, M; Lugano, M; Pavan, F; Pea, F; Tavio, M; Viale, P, 2009)	0.35
" There are no published pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) data for linezolid in children with CF."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of linezolid in children with cystic fibrosis. Ahmad, N; Brown, ME; Jafri, HS; McCracken, GH; Murphey, DK; Prestidge, CB; Salvatore, CM; Sanchez, PJ; Santos, RP; Siegel, JD; Urbancyzk, B, 2009)	0.35
" Linezolid has a favorable pharmacokinetic profile."	( Association of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects of linezolid with infection outcome. Falagas, ME; Kioumis, I; Vardakas, KZ, 2009)	0.35
" Non-compartmental analyses were used to describe the pharmacokinetic disposition of linezolid."	( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of linezolid in patients with major thermal injuries. Birraux, G; Bret, P; Hovsepian, L; Le Floch, R; Lovering, AM; Stephanazzi, J; Vinsonneau, C, 2009)	0.35
"The rational selection of antibiotics for the treatment of meningitis must take into account several criteria, among which their intrinsic activity against the causative bacteria, and their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties."	( [Pharmacodynamics of antibiotics in CSF: principles and consequences (predictive factors of efficacy)]. Tulkens, PM; Van Bambeke, F, )	0.13
" Although linezolid has been approved worldwide, the Japanese pharmacokinetic (PK) profile has not been characterized in detail."	( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of linezolid in patients with infectious disease: application to lower body weight and elderly patients. Abe, S; Chiba, K; Cirincione, B; Grasela, TH; Ito, K; Suwa, T, 2009)	0.35
" Because of the likely use of anacetrapib with hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, we aimed to evaluate the potential for a pharmacokinetic interaction with simvastatin."	( Assessment of a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction between simvastatin and anacetrapib, a potent cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitor, in healthy subjects. Bieberdorf, FA; Chodakewitz, J; Garg, A; Jin, B; Keshavarz, SS; Krishna, R; Wagner, JA, 2009)	0.35
"There appears to be no clinically meaningful effect of anacetrapib on the pharmacokinetic parameters of simvastatin."	( Assessment of a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction between simvastatin and anacetrapib, a potent cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitor, in healthy subjects. Bieberdorf, FA; Chodakewitz, J; Garg, A; Jin, B; Keshavarz, SS; Krishna, R; Wagner, JA, 2009)	0.35
"In an in vitro pharmacodynamic model, linezolid attenuated the activity of aztreonam and ceftazidime against Escherichia coli."	( Evaluating aztreonam and ceftazidime pharmacodynamics with Escherichia coli in combination with daptomycin, linezolid, or vancomycin in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model. LaPlante, KL; Sakoulas, G, 2009)	0.35
" Torezolid (TR-700) is a novel methyltetrazolyl oxazolidinone with potentially different cellular pharmacokinetic properties."	( Cellular pharmacokinetics and intracellular activity of torezolid (TR-700): studies with human macrophage (THP-1) and endothelial (HUVEC) cell lines. Appelbaum, PC; Lemaire, S; Tulkens, PM; Van Bambeke, F, 2009)	0.35
" The goal of the present study was to develop a general pharmacokinetic (PK)-pharmacodynamic (PD) model that allows the characterization and comparison of the in vitro activities of oxazolidinones, determined in time-kill curve experiments, against MRSA."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of the in vitro activities of oxazolidinone antimicrobial agents against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Abbanat, D; Barbour, A; Derendorf, H; Manitpisitkul, P; Sabarinath, SN; Schmidt, S; Sha, S, 2009)	0.35
"Anacetrapib was rapidly absorbed, with peak concentrations occurring at approximately 4 h post-dose and an apparent terminal half-life ranging from approximately 9 to 62 h in the fasted state and from approximately 42 to approximately 83 h in the fed state."	( Single-dose pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of anacetrapib, a potent cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitor, in healthy subjects. Al-Huniti, N; Archer, L; Bergman, AJ; Chavez-Eng, C; Chen, J; Cote, J; Dykstra, K; Garg, A; Gottesdiener, K; Hilliard, D; Jin, B; Krishna, R; Laethem, T; Lasseter, KC; Lutz, R; Panebianco, D; Snyder, K; Van Bortel, L; Van Dyck, K; Van Hoydonck, P; Wagner, JA, 2009)	0.35
" The pharmacokinetic parameters, their variability, and possible covariates were analyzed using NONMEM."	( Pharmacokinetics of linezolid in septic patients with and without extended dialysis. Haefeli, WE; Hempel, G; Hoppe-Tichy, T; Lichtenstern, C; Ober, MC; Saleh, S; Schwenger, V; Sonntag, HG; Swoboda, S; Weigand, MA, 2010)	0.36
" The mean half-life and apparent oral clearance were decreased for the combination treatment compared with linezolid alone."	( Unexpected effect of rifampin on the pharmacokinetics of linezolid: in silico and in vitro approaches to explain its mechanism. Damle, B; Fahmi, OA; Gandelman, K; Glue, P; Lian, K; Obach, RS; Zhu, T, 2011)	0.37
" Pharmacokinetic indices (Cmax, Cmin, Tmax, AUC) were determined for plasma and ventricular fluid (VF) after the first and last doses."	( Pharmacokinetics and distribution of linezolid in cerebrospinal fluid in children and adolescents. Damle, B; Levy, G; Nachman, S; Yogev, R, 2010)	0.36
"In study 1, after the last dose, the mean Cmax values for plasma and VF were 10."	( Pharmacokinetics and distribution of linezolid in cerebrospinal fluid in children and adolescents. Damle, B; Levy, G; Nachman, S; Yogev, R, 2010)	0.36
"This open-label, prospective pharmacokinetic study evaluated two doses (300 and 600 mg) of linezolid in MDR-TB patients, who received linezolid as part of their treatment."	( Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of two dosage regimens of linezolid in multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis patients. Alffenaar, JW; Filguera, P; Harmelink, IM; Kosterink, JG; Molenaar, E; Uges, DR; van Altena, R; van der Werf, TS; van Soolingen, D; Wessels, AM, 2010)	0.36
" The present article reviews the pharmacokinetic properties of vancomycin, linezolid, tigecycline and daptomycin."	( Comparison of the pharmacokinetic properties of vancomycin, linezolid, tigecyclin, and daptomycin. Derendorf, H; Estes, KS, 2010)	0.36
" Using 603 platelet counts from 45 patients, a PPK/PD analysis with a semimechanistic pharmacodynamic model described the relationship between linezolid exposure and platelet counts quantitatively, and the newly constructed model was validated using external data (776 platelet counts from 60 patients)."	( Population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis of linezolid and a hematologic side effect, thrombocytopenia, in Japanese patients. Higuchi, S; Hirota, T; Horii, T; Ieiri, I; Isagawa, S; Ogawa, K; Otsubo, K; Sasaki, T; Takane, H, 2011)	0.37
" Single-dose pharmacokinetic studies were conducted in mice for TR-701/700."	( In vivo pharmacodynamics of torezolid phosphate (TR-701), a new oxazolidinone antibiotic, against methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains in a mouse thigh infection model. Drusano, GL; Kulawy, R; Liu, W; Louie, A, 2011)	0.37
" Population pharmacokinetic analyses were performed by nonlinear mixed-effects modeling using a previously described 2-compartment model with time-dependent clearance inhibition."	( Pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral linezolid in adults with cystic fibrosis. Keel, RA; Kloft, C; Knauft, RF; Kuti, JL; Muhlebach, M; Nicolau, DP; Pope, JS; Schaeftlein, A, 2011)	0.37
" This review examines pharmacokinetic data relating to linezolid use in different patient groups (obesity, enteral feeding, renal failure, neonates, and paediatrics) and in different clinical conditions (sepsis syndrome, skin and soft tissue infection, diabetic foot infection, pneumonia, bone and joint infection, infection of the central nervous system, eye infection, and neutropenic sepsis)."	( Linezolid pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in clinical treatment. Dryden, MS, 2011)	0.37
" The purpose of the current study was to describe the pharmacokinetic profile and determine the level of penetration of linezolid into healthy thigh tissue and infected wound tissue of the same extremity in 9 diabetic patients with chronic lower limb infections by use of in vivo microdialysis."	( Determination of tissue penetration and pharmacokinetics of linezolid in patients with diabetic foot infections using in vivo microdialysis. Kuti, JL; Nicolau, DP; Shepard, A; Wiskirchen, DE, 2011)	0.37
" WHAT THIS STUDY: ADDS • This is the first study to show that there is no clinically meaningful pharmacokinetic interaction between anacetrapib and warfarin."	( Lack of a meaningful effect of anacetrapib on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy subjects. Ali, M; Connolly, SM; Cote, J; Degroot, B; Garg, A; Krishna, R; Li, S; Liu, Y; Maes, A; Stoch, SA; Stypinski, D; Wagner, JA, 2012)	0.38
" After warfarin concentrations and prothrombin time were measured, standard pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and statistical (linear mixed effects model) analyses were applied."	( Lack of a meaningful effect of anacetrapib on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy subjects. Ali, M; Connolly, SM; Cote, J; Degroot, B; Garg, A; Krishna, R; Li, S; Liu, Y; Maes, A; Stoch, SA; Stypinski, D; Wagner, JA, 2012)	0.38
" The results showed increased clearance of linezolid and a reduced serum concentration compared to population pharmacokinetic parameters, with trough levels below the 90% minimum inhibitory concentration."	( Evaluation of the pharmacokinetics of linezolid in an obese Japanese patient. Hiraki, Y; Kamimura, H; Karube, Y; Kobayashi, T; Matsumoto, K; Mizoguchi, A; Morita, K; Sadoh, S; Sakamoto, S; Tsuji, Y; Yukawa, E, 2012)	0.38
"Our study shows that the continuous infusion of 1200 mg of linezolid daily in critically ill patients with VAP provides satisfactory pharmacokinetic results, with a linezolid alveolar diffusion of 100% and concentrations exceeding almost twice the susceptibility breakpoint for Staphylococcus aureus (4 mg/L) in both serum and ELF for 100% of the time."	( Alveolar diffusion and pharmacokinetics of linezolid administered in continuous infusion to critically ill patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia. Allaouchiche, B; Boselli, E; Bouvet, L; Breilh, D; Caillault-Sergent, A; Djabarouti, S; Guillaume, C; Rimmelé, T; Saux, MC; Xuereb, F, 2012)	0.38
"The methodology included the following steps: acquisition of microbiological and pharmacokinetic data, Monte Carlo simulation, estimation of the probability of target attainment (PTA), and calculation of the cumulative fraction of response (CFR)."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic evaluation of daptomycin, tigecycline, and linezolid versus vancomycin for the treatment of MRSA infections in four western European countries. Betriu, C; Canut, A; Gascón, AR; Isla, A, 2012)	0.38
" These data highlight the importance of pharmacokinetic confirmation in each model."	( Pharmacokinetics and pulmonary disposition of tedizolid and linezolid in a murine pneumonia model under variable conditions. Crandon, JL; Keel, RA; Nicolau, DP, 2012)	0.38
" Pharmacokinetic parameters may vary as a consequence of gender differences, inter- and intra-subjects variability and delivery system."	( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of zolmitriptan for the treatment of migraines. Casolla, B; D'Alonzo, L; Lionetto, L; Martelletti, P; Mastropietri, F; Negro, A; Simmaco, M, 2012)	0.38
" Pharmacokinetic analyses were conducted using compartmental and noncompartmental methods."	( Pharmacokinetics of intravenous linezolid in moderately to morbidly obese adults. Bhalodi, AA; Kuti, JL; Nicolau, DP; Papasavas, PK; Tishler, DS, 2013)	0.39
"The objective was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of a single intravenous fixed dose compared with a weight-adjusted dose of linezolid."	( Weight-adjusted versus fixed dose of linezolid for Chinese healthy volunteers of higher and lower body weight: a Phase I pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study. Bai, N; Cai, Y; Chai, D; Falagas, ME; Karageorgopoulos, DE; Liang, B; Wang, R, 2013)	0.39
" A Monte Carlo simulation was used to evaluate the probability of pharmacodynamic target attainment (PTA)."	( Weight-adjusted versus fixed dose of linezolid for Chinese healthy volunteers of higher and lower body weight: a Phase I pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study. Bai, N; Cai, Y; Chai, D; Falagas, ME; Karageorgopoulos, DE; Liang, B; Wang, R, 2013)	0.39
" Log-transformed anacetrapib AUC0-∞ and Cmax were analyzed by a linear mixed effects model."	( Effects of Rifampin, a potent inducer of drug-metabolizing enzymes and an inhibitor of OATP1B1/3 transport, on the single dose pharmacokinetics of anacetrapib. Anderson, MS; Auger, P; Cote, J; Gutstein, DE; Hohnstein, A; Johnson-Levonas, AO; Liu, Y; Rasmussen, S; Stypinski, D, 2013)	0.39
"From the pharmacodynamic perspective (serum concentrations), vancomycin tolerance should include MBC/MIC ≥8 since strains exhibiting this ratio showed bacteriostatic profiles similar to those obtained with isolates with MBC/MIC ratios of 16 or 32."	( Influence of the MBC/MIC ratio on the antibacterial activity of vancomycin versus linezolid against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates in a pharmacodynamic model simulating serum and soft tissue interstitial fluid concentrations reported Aguilar, L; Alou, L; Cafini, F; Gimenez, MJ; Gomez-Lus, ML; Gonzalez, N; Prieto, J; Sevillano, D, 2013)	0.39
" The population pharmacokinetic (PPK) of linezolid was investigated in MRSA infected patients with renal dysfunction."	( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of linezolid in low body weight patients with renal dysfunction. Hiraki, Y; Kamimura, H; Karube, Y; Matsumoto, K; Mizoguchi, A; Morita, K; To, H; Tsuji, Y; Yukawa, E, 2013)	0.39
" The validated method was applied to assay real plasma samples used for pharmacokinetic studies and therapeutic drug monitoring of the selected drugs."	( Simultaneous quantification of linezolid, tinidazole, norfloxacin, moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, and gatifloxacin in human plasma for therapeutic drug monitoring and pharmacokinetic studies in human volunteers. Helmy, SA, 2013)	0.39
"This assay method was valid within a wide range of plasma concentrations and may be proposed as a suitable method for pharmacokinetic studies, therapeutic drug monitoring implementation, and routine clinical applications, especially for some populations of patients who receive a combination of these drugs."	( Simultaneous quantification of linezolid, tinidazole, norfloxacin, moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, and gatifloxacin in human plasma for therapeutic drug monitoring and pharmacokinetic studies in human volunteers. Helmy, SA, 2013)	0.39
"A Monte Carlo simulation involving 10000 subjects was used to analyze the pharmacokinetic parameters and microbiological data of linezolid for an effectiveness evaluation at the corresponding AUC24/MIC values (area under the serum concentration-time curve over 24h/minimum inhibitory concentration)."	( Developments in the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic index of linezolid: a step toward dose optimization using Monte Carlo simulation in critically ill patients. Chen, L; Dong, H; Dong, Y; Sun, J; Wang, T; Xie, J; Zhao, Y, 2014)	0.4
" A detailed in vitro structure-activity relationship of 1a in CLL compared to that of 22 synthetic analogues is described along with preliminary in vivo pharmacokinetic and metabolism studies on the most potent compounds."	( Potent fluorinated agelastatin analogues for chronic lymphocytic leukemia: design, synthesis, and pharmacokinetic studies. Castro, JE; Choi, MY; Molinski, TF; Stout, EP, 2014)	0.4
" Multiple administrations of linezolid led to disappearance of significant differences in Cmax and AUC0-8 between plasma, inflamed, and non-inflamed tissue."	( Target site pharmacokinetics of linezolid after single and multiple doses in diabetic patients with soft tissue infection. Burian, A; Eslam, RB; Frenzel, D; Hammer, A; Kloft, C; Matzneller, P; Minichmayr, IK; Oesterreicher, Z; Sauermann, R; Vila, G; Zeitlinger, M, 2014)	0.4
" The relationships between the plasma concentrations of U-480 and U-603 and intracellular whole-blood bactericidal activity (WBA) in ex vivo cultures were examined using a direct competitive population pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic 4-parameter sigmoid model."	( Population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis of the bactericidal activities of sutezolid (PNU-100480) and its major metabolite against intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis in ex vivo whole-blood cultures of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Diacon, A; Friedrich, SO; Wallis, RS; Zhu, T, 2014)	0.4
"2 × Cmin + 134."	( Analysis of thrombocytopenic effects and population pharmacokinetics of linezolid: a dosage strategy according to the trough concentration target and renal function in adult patients. Ikawa, K; Matsumoto, K; Morikawa, N; Shigemi, A; Takeda, Y; Takeshita, A; Watanabe, E; Yokoyama, Y, 2014)	0.4
" Intensive structure-activity relationship (SAR) and structure-pharmacokinetic relationship (SPR) studies on this new series led to the discovery of compound 11a: a highly potent, selective, direct, and orally bioavailable FXa inhibitor with excellent in vivo antithrombotic efficacy and preferable pharmacokinetic profiles."	( Design, synthesis, and structure-activity and structure-pharmacokinetic relationship studies of novel [6,6,5] tricyclic fused oxazolidinones leading to the discovery of a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable FXa inhibitor. Chen, X; Chu, W; Ding, S; Gong, G; Guo, B; Sun, P; Wang, H; Wang, Y; Xue, T; Yang, Y; Zhou, Y, 2014)	0.4
"We performed a retrospective study of patients whose plasma C(min) and Cmax levels were measured during linezolid treatment."	( Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic evaluation of linezolid in hospitalized paediatric patients: a step toward dose optimization by means of therapeutic drug monitoring and Monte Carlo simulation. Cojutti, P; Crichiutti, G; Isola, M; Maximova, N; Pea, F, 2015)	0.42
"Linezolid pharmacokinetic profile in pediatric patients has not been fully characterized, and the dose needed to achieve a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) target has yet to be established because its efficacy is associated with the area under the plasma drug concentration-time curve (AUC24)/minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ratio."	( Linezolid dosage in pediatric patients based on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Ikawa, K; Matsumoto, K; Morikawa, N; Shigemi, A; Takeda, Y; Takeshita, A; Watanabe, E; Yokoyama, Y, 2015)	0.42
" To evaluate the potential of the novel oxazolidinone tedizolid to cause similar side effects, nonclinical and pharmacokinetic assessments were conducted."	( Nonclinical and pharmacokinetic assessments to evaluate the potential of tedizolid and linezolid to affect mitochondrial function. Das, D; Fiedler-Kelly, J; Flanagan, S; Hosako, H; McKee, EE; Passarell, J; Prokocimer, P; Radovsky, A; Tulkens, PM, 2015)	0.42
" As a continuous, growth-control-normalised pharmacodynamic measure, the relative bacterial reduction (RBR) was introduced and derived."	( Concentration-response studies and modelling of the pharmacodynamics of linezolid: Staphylococcus aureus versus Enterococcus faecium. Derendorf, H; Kloft, C; Michael, J; Scheerans, C; Wicha, SG, 2015)	0.42
"Anacetrapib, a cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitor, has been reported to have longer elimination half-life after longer treatment."	( Assessment of the persistence of anacetrapib and evacetrapib concentrations using two pharmacokinetic modeling approaches. Friedrich, S; Hall, SD; Ke, AB; Mantlo, N; Rotelli, M; Small, DS, 2015)	0.42
"To evaluate the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) results of three different infusion time regimens of single doses of 600 mg linezolid in healthy Han Chinese volunteers."	( Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic research on three different infusion time regimens of linezolid in healthy Chinese volunteers. Bai, N; Cai, Y; Liang, B; Liu, X; Wang, J; Wang, R, 2015)	0.42
" No significant difference was found in pharmacokinetic parameters among the three different infusion regimens."	( Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic research on three different infusion time regimens of linezolid in healthy Chinese volunteers. Bai, N; Cai, Y; Liang, B; Liu, X; Wang, J; Wang, R, 2015)	0.42
"Limited pharmacokinetic sampling strategy may be useful for predicting the area under the curve (AUC) for triptans and may have clinical utility as a prospective tool for prediction."	( Intranasal Pharmacokinetic Data for Triptans Such as Sumatriptan and Zolmitriptan Can Render Area Under the Curve (AUC) Predictions for the Oral Route: Strategy Development and Application. Srinivas, NR; Syed, M, 2016)	0.43
" We review its pharmacokinetic properties."	( Pharmacokinetic drug evaluation of anacetrapib for the treatment of dyslipidemia. Borghi, C; Cicero, AF, 2017)	0.46
" There are no studies describing the pharmacodynamic interactions between tedizolid and other orally bioavailable antimicrobials."	( Exploring the pharmacodynamic interactions between tedizolid and other orally bioavailable antimicrobials against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Werth, BJ, 2017)	0.46
" Herein, we described the preparation, pharmacokinetic properties, tissue distribution, efficacy and toxicity of PZ-M."	( Improving the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of pyrinezolid by self-assembled polymeric micelles. Deng, Y; Guo, G; He, G; Li, X; Li, Z; Long, H; Luo, Y; Mei, L; Sang, Z; Wang, Z; Yang, T; Zheng, Y; Zhou, L, 2017)	0.46
" These antimicrobial agents exhibit a favourable pharmacokinetic profile with an excellent bioavailability and a good tissue and organ penetration."	( Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Oxazolidinones. Muller, L; Roberts, JA; Roger, C, 2018)	0.48
"7), and peak concentration was 38."	( Steady state pharmacokinetics of cycloserine in patients on terizidone for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Court, R; de Vries, N; Gumbo, T; Harding, J; Maartens, G; McIlleron, H; Stewart, A; Wiesner, L, 2018)	0.48
" The non-clinical pharmacokinetic profiles of rovatirelin, a novel thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) analogue, were investigated in vivo and in vitro."	( Non-clinical pharmacokinetic profiles of rovatirelin, an orally available thyrotropin-releasing hormone analogue. Abe, Y; Endo, T; Harada, H; Kobayashi, K; Oota, E; Takeda, H, 2019)	0.51
" Although there was no apparent race-related pharmacokinetic effect, attenuation of the lipid response was observed in black subjects."	( Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Anacetrapib in Black and White Healthy Subjects. Corr, C; Cote, J; Gheyas, F; Gutstein, DE; Krishna, R; Liu, Y; Wagner, J, 2018)	0.48
" The goal of this investigation was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety, and tolerability of multiple-dose LCB01-0371 as well as the pharmacokinetic characteristics of a new 400-mg tablet formulation."	( Multiple-dose Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of Oral LCB01-0371 in Healthy Male Volunteers. Bae, KS; Cho, YL; Cho, YS; Lim, HS; Nam, HS, 2018)	0.48
" The method was successfully applied to evaluate the possible conversion of WCK 3023 to RE in rat serum samples during pre-clinical pharmacokinetic studies."	( Chiral separation and thermodynamic investigation of WCK 3023: A novel oxazolidinone antibacterial agent, application to pre-clinical pharmacokinetic study. Ahirrao, V; Jadhav, R; Patel, A; Patil, K; Patil, V; Rane, V; Yeole, R, 2019)	0.51
"This study assessed the tolerability and pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of a new-generation oxazolidinone, contezolid (MRX-I), and its major inactive metabolite, M2, after single oral administrations of 800, 1200, and 1600 mg in the fed state, and compared the efficacy of 3 dosing regimens in the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection based on PK/pharmacodynamic (PD) analysis."	( Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics of Contezolid at Therapeutic and Supratherapeutic Doses in Healthy Chinese Subjects, and Assessment of Contezolid Dosing Regimens Based on Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Analysis. Cao, G; Chen, Y; Guo, B; Guo, Y; Hu, F; Wang, Y; Wu, H; Wu, J; Wu, X; Yu, J; Yuan, H; Zhang, J; Zhu, D, 2019)	0.51
", responsible for antiviral antiendotoxin activity; however, few pharmacokinetic studies have been conducted."	( Metabolic profiles and pharmacokinetics of goitrin in rats through liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Han, H; Li, J; Shi, Y; Wang, R; Wang, Z; Xu, Y; Yang, L, 2019)	0.51
" The nasal spray was prepared from Zolmitriptan loaded chitosan nanoparticles and evaluated for pharmacokinetic properties."	( Pharmacokinetic study and brain tissue analysis of Zolmitriptan loaded chitosan nanoparticles in rats by LC-MS method. Bukka, R; Khezri, FANZ; Lakshmi, CSR; Nargund, SL; Nidhi, M, 2020)	0.56
" The resulting optimized compound, BAY1217224, has reached first clinical trials, which have confirmed the desired pharmacokinetic properties."	( Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacological Characterization of a Neutral, Non-Prodrug Thrombin Inhibitor with Good Oral Pharmacokinetics. Allerheiligen, S; Gericke, KM; Gnoth, M; Heitmeier, S; Hillig, RC; Hillisch, A; Lienau, P; Puetter, V; Roehrig, S; Schaefer, M; Schulz, S; Tersteegen, A, 2020)	0.56
" The incorporation of the NLCs in in situ gelling hard gelatin capsules fulfilled a dual function in increasing permeability, as well as sustaining the pharmacodynamic effect."	( Quality by Design Approach for Preparation of Zolmitriptan/Chitosan Nanostructured Lipid Carrier Particles - Formulation and Pharmacodynamic Assessment. Awadeen, RH; Boughdady, MF; Meshali, MM, 2020)	0.56
" To support the use of tedizolid phosphate in adolescents with ABSSSIs, a population pharmacokinetic (PK) model, developed using adult and pediatric data, was updated to include PK data from a phase 3 clinical trial (PN012) that evaluated the safety and efficacy of once-daily oral or intravenous 200-mg tedizolid phosphate treatment in adolescents (12 to <18 years) with ABSSSIs, along with emerging data from a phase 1 trial (PN013) in children (2 to <12 years)."	( Population Pharmacokinetics, Exposure-Response, and Probability of Target Attainment Analyses for Tedizolid in Adolescent Patients with Acute Bacterial Skin and Skin Structure Infections. Broyde, N; Chou, MZ; De Anda, CS; Duval, V; Feng, HP; Guiastrennec, B; Hardalo, C; Li, D; Ouerdani, A; Rizk, ML; Sabato, PE; Sears, PS, 2021)	0.62
" The aim of the review was to summarize and critically review the key pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects of tedizolid."	( Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Tedizolid. Iqbal, K; Milioudi, A; Wicha, SG, 2022)	0.72

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Zolmitriptan, at eight times the likely therapeutic dose, was generally well tolerated both alone and in combination with ergotamine."	( Peripheral vascular effects and pharmacokinetics of the antimigraine compound, zolmitriptan, in combination with oral ergotamine in healthy volunteers. Dixon, RM; Evans, DH; Meire, HB; On, N; Posner, J; Rolan, PE; Watt, H, 1997)	0.3
" When combined with gentamicin (MIC/4 concentration), rapid bactericidal action was observed against all streptococci tested, but not against the staphylococci."	( AZD2563, a new oxazolidinone: bactericidal activity and synergy studies combined with gentamicin or vancomycin against staphylococci and streptococcal strains. Anderegg, TR; Deshpande, LM; Jones, RN, 2002)	0.31
"The in vitro activity of the oxazolidinone linezolid was studied alone and in combination with three antibiotics acting on different cellular targets."	( In vitro activity of linezolid alone and in combination with gentamicin, vancomycin or rifampicin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by time-kill curve methods. Bugnon, D; Caillon, J; Donnio, PY; Jacqueline, C; Le Mabecque, V; Miegeville, AF; Potel, G, 2003)	0.32
"The activities of linezolid, an oxazolidinone antibacterial agent active against gram-positive organisms, alone and in combination with 35 antimicrobial agents were tested in vitro against methicillin-sensitive (n = 1 to 2 strains) and methicillin-resistant (n = 8 to 10) Staphylococcus aureus strains; vancomycin-sensitive (n = 6) and vancomycin-resistant (n = 6 to 8) Enterococcus faecalis strains; vancomycin-sensitive (n = 5) and vancomycin-resistant (n = 6) Enterococcus faecium strains; penicillin-sensitive (n = 2 to 5), penicillin-intermediate (n = 5 to 6), and penicillin-resistant (n = 5 to 6) Streptococcus pneumoniae strains; Escherichia coli (n = 6); and Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 6)."	( In vitro activities of linezolid combined with other antimicrobial agents against Staphylococci, Enterococci, Pneumococci, and selected gram-negative organisms. Sweeney, MT; Zurenko, GE, 2003)	0.32
"A rat model was used to investigate the efficacy of linezolid, alone or in combination with levofloxacin and vancomycin, in the prevention of vascular prosthetic graft infection resulting from methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis with intermediate resistance to glycopeptides."	( Prophylactic efficacy of linezolid alone or combined with levofloxacin and vancomycin in a rat subcutaneous pouch model of graft infection caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis with intermediate resistance to glycopeptides. Cirioni, O; D'Amato, G; Del Prete, MS; Ghiselli, R; Giacometti, A; Mocchegiani, F; Orlando, F; Saba, V; Scalise, G; Silvestri, C, 2003)	0.32
" The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vivo activity of linezolid combined with gentamicin using a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) endocarditis experimental model."	( In vivo efficacy of linezolid in combination with gentamicin for the treatment of experimental endocarditis due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Asseray, N; Batard, E; Bugnon, D; Caillon, J; Dube, L; Jacqueline, C; Kergueris, MF; Le Mabecque, V; Potel, G, 2004)	0.32
"Indifference or moderate antagonism of linezolid combined with other antibiotics in vitro and in vivo have mainly been reported in the literature."	( In vitro and in vivo synergistic activities of linezolid combined with subinhibitory concentrations of imipenem against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Batard, E; Bugnon, D; Caillon, J; Jacqueline, C; Kergueris, MF; Le Mabecque, V; Miegeville, AF; Navas, D; Potel, G, 2005)	0.33
" Linezolid is a weak monoamine oxidase inhibitor and has been reported to interact with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)."	( Drug interactions between linezolid and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: case report involving sertraline and review of the literature. Andrus, MR; Byrd, DC; Clark, DB, 2006)	0.33
"Linezolid in combination with ertapenem showed in vitro synergy against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains."	( In vitro and in vivo assessment of linezolid combined with ertapenem: a highly synergistic combination against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Batard, E; Bugnon, D; Caillon, J; Grossi, O; Jacqueline, C; Le Mabecque, V; Miegeville, AF; Potel, G, 2006)	0.33
" To explore strategies to overcome resistance development, we studied the effects of rifalazil in combination with several different antibiotics in an in vitro time-kill model, against both log phase and stationary phase Staphylococcus aureus cells."	( Enhanced activity of rifalazil in combination with levofloxacin, linezolid, or mupirocin against Staphylococcus aureus in vitro. Murphy, CK; Osburne, MS; Rothstein, DM, 2006)	0.33
"The objective of this paper was to investigate the in vitro effects of linezolid combined with five antistaphylococcal antibiotics--doxycycline, fosfomycin, levofloxacin, rifampicin and vancomycin--upon methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)."	( In vitro activity of linezolid in combination with doxycycline, fosfomycin, levofloxacin, rifampicin and vancomycin against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus. Cantón, E; Colombo Gainza, E; Gil Brusola, A; Gobernado, M; Ortiz Estévez, R; Sahuquillo Arce, JM, 2006)	0.33
" The objective of this study was also to determine the effects of the interaction of linezolid when it was combined with rifampicin and test this effect against strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."	( Linezolid alone and in combination with rifampicin prevents experimental vascular graft infection due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Baltalarli, A; Duver, H; Goksin, I; Kaan Inan, B; Kaleli, I; Onem, G; Ozcan, V; Sacar, M; Sacar, S; Turgut, H, 2007)	0.34
" This study describes the synergistic activity of oritavancin in combination with gentamicin, linezolid, moxifloxacin, or rifampin in time-kill studies against methicillin-susceptible, vancomycin-intermediate, and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus."	( Assessment by time-kill methodology of the synergistic effects of oritavancin in combination with other antimicrobial agents against Staphylococcus aureus. Arhin, FF; Belley, A; McKay, GA; Moeck, G; Neesham-Grenon, E; Parr, TR, 2008)	0.35
"The knowledge about efficacy of linezolid alone or in combination with rifampin in device infections is limited."	( Efficacy of linezolid alone and in combination with rifampin in staphylococcal experimental foreign-body infection. Ariza, J; Cabellos, C; Cabo, J; Domenech, A; Euba, G; Gudiol, F; Murillo, O; Tubau, F; Verdaguer, R, 2008)	0.35
"Linezolid alone showed moderate efficacy, whereas its combination with rifampin prevented the emergence of rifampin resistance."	( Efficacy of linezolid alone and in combination with rifampin in staphylococcal experimental foreign-body infection. Ariza, J; Cabellos, C; Cabo, J; Domenech, A; Euba, G; Gudiol, F; Murillo, O; Tubau, F; Verdaguer, R, 2008)	0.35
"We investigated the activity of linezolid, alone and in combination with rifampin (rifampicin), against a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strain in vitro and in a guinea pig model of foreign-body infection."	( Linezolid alone or combined with rifampin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in experimental foreign-body infection. Baldoni, D; Haschke, M; Rajacic, Z; Trampuz, A; Zimmerli, W, 2009)	0.35
" In vitro, fosfomycin showed a synergistic effect when combined with the other antimicrobials tested."	( Efficacy of fosfomycin and its combination with linezolid, vancomycin and imipenem in an experimental peritonitis model caused by a Staphylococcus aureus strain with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin. Ariza, J; Cabellos, C; Domínguez, MA; Fernández, R; Gudiol, F; Pachón-Ibáñez, ME; Ribes, S; Tubau, F, 2011)	0.37
" The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacies of daptomycin at usual and high doses (equivalent to 6 and 10 mg/kg of body weight/day, respectively, in humans) and in combination with rifampin and to compare the activities to those of conventional anti-MRSA therapies."	( Efficacy of usual and high doses of daptomycin in combination with rifampin versus alternative therapies in experimental foreign-body infection by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Ariza, J; Cabellos, C; Cabo, J; Euba, G; Garrigós, C; Murillo, O; Tubau, F; Verdaguer, R, 2010)	0.36
" Treatment with linezolid combined with TMP-SMZ resulted in a clear clinical improvement and bacterial clearance."	( Linezolid combined with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole therapy for the treatment of disseminated nocardiosis. Li, H; Shen, Q; Zhou, H; Zhou, J, 2011)	0.37
" When combined with 8 mg/L rifampicin, MBECs for ciprofloxacin and linezolid dropped to 16-32 mg/L for the four isolates tested."	( Effectiveness of ciprofloxacin or linezolid in combination with rifampicin against Enterococcus faecalis in biofilms. Holmberg, A; Mörgelin, M; Rasmussen, M, 2012)	0.38
"Serotonin syndrome can be a rare but life-threatening condition that is commonly the result of a drug-drug interaction causing excessive serotonin activity."	( Probable drug-drug interaction leading to serotonin syndrome in a patient treated with concomitant buspirone and linezolid in the setting of therapeutic hypothermia. Morrison, EK; Rowe, AS, 2012)	0.38
" We carried out this study to determine the mutant prevention concentration (MPC) of linezolid when combined with minocycline against VRE strains, to determine the mechanism of drug resistance in vitro, and to provide a theoretical basis for the rational use of drugs against VRE."	( Antimicrobial activity of linezolid combined with minocycline against vancomycin-resistant Enterococci. Jiang, TT; Li, L; Su, JR; Wu, J, 2013)	0.39
" decreased dramatically when combined with minocycline, and vice versa."	( Antimicrobial activity of linezolid combined with minocycline against vancomycin-resistant Enterococci. Jiang, TT; Li, L; Su, JR; Wu, J, 2013)	0.39
" coli and MRSA when ranalexin was used in combination with antibiotics, even at concentrations of 1/4 MIC or 1/2 MIC of ranalexin, respectively."	( Secretory ranalexin produced in recombinant Pichia pastoris exhibits additive or synergistic bactericidal activity when used in combination with polymyxin B or linezolid against multi-drug resistant bacteria. Aleinein, RA; Schäfer, H; Wink, M, 2014)	0.4
"The objective of this paper was to investigate the in vitro effects of fosfomycin combined with linezolid against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)."	( In vitro activity of fosfomycin in combination with linezolid against clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. De-feng, L; Dong, W; Falagas, ME; Karageorgopoulos, DE; Rui, W; Xu-hong, Y, 2014)	0.4
"Ion mobility was performed on stored plasma samples collected from patients before and after treatment with anacetrapib alone (150 and 300 mg/d) or in combination with atorvastatin (20 mg/d) in a previously conducted 8-week phase IIb study."	( Changes in LDL particle concentrations after treatment with the cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor anacetrapib alone or in combination with atorvastatin. Dansky, HM; Johnson-Levonas, AO; Krauss, RM; Liu, Y; Pinto, CA, )	0.13
"Warfarin is known to interact with many drugs; however, there are currently no descriptions of an interaction with linezolid in the literature."	( Potential drug interaction between warfarin and linezolid. Arima, C; Hidaka, H; Kakuma, T; Masunaga, K; Miura, M; Naito, T; Qin, L; Sakai, Y; Watanabe, H, 2015)	0.42
"Oxazolidinone pharmacology including structure-activity relationships, mode of action, pharmacokinetics, drug-drug interactions, and adverse drug reactions is reviewed."	( Drug-drug interactions and safety of linezolid, tedizolid, and other oxazolidinones. Douros, A; Grabowski, K; Stahlmann, R, 2015)	0.42
"Rifampin (RIF) plus clarithromycin (CLR) for 8 weeks is now the standard of care for Buruli ulcer (BU) treatment, but CLR may not be an ideal companion for rifamycins due to bidirectional drug-drug interactions."	( Oxazolidinones Can Replace Clarithromycin in Combination with Rifampin in a Mouse Model of Buruli Ulcer. Almeida, DV; Converse, PJ; Grosset, JH; Lee, J; Li, SY; Nuermberger, EL; Omansen, TF, 2019)	0.51
" Zoliflodacin was evaluated alone or combined with ceftriaxone, cefixime, spectinomycin, gentamicin, tetracycline, cethromycin or sitafloxacin in chequerboard assays, time-kill curve analysis and selection-of-resistance studies."	( In vitro antimicrobial combination testing of and evolution of resistance to the first-in-class spiropyrimidinetrione zoliflodacin combined with six therapeutically relevant antimicrobials for Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Alirol, E; Drusano, G; Foerster, S; Golparian, D; Neely, M; Piddock, LJV; Unemo, M, 2019)	0.51
"Zoliflodacin alone or in combination with all six antimicrobials showed rapid growth inhibition against all examined strains."	( In vitro antimicrobial combination testing of and evolution of resistance to the first-in-class spiropyrimidinetrione zoliflodacin combined with six therapeutically relevant antimicrobials for Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Alirol, E; Drusano, G; Foerster, S; Golparian, D; Neely, M; Piddock, LJV; Unemo, M, 2019)	0.51
"Zoliflodacin, alone or in combination with sexually transmitted infection therapeutic antimicrobials, rapidly kills gonococci with infrequent resistance emergence."	( In vitro antimicrobial combination testing of and evolution of resistance to the first-in-class spiropyrimidinetrione zoliflodacin combined with six therapeutically relevant antimicrobials for Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Alirol, E; Drusano, G; Foerster, S; Golparian, D; Neely, M; Piddock, LJV; Unemo, M, 2019)	0.51
" Delpazolid is administered in combination with bedaquiline, delamanid and moxifloxacin."	( A phase IIb, open-label, randomized controlled dose ranging multi-centre trial to evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and exposure-response relationship of different doses of delpazolid in combination with bedaquiline delamanid moxifloxaci Aarnoutse, R; Boeree, M; Cho, YL; Dierig, A; Geiter, L; Gong, X; Heinrich, N; Hoelscher, M; Hoffmann, L; Jarchow-MacDonald, A; Liyoyo, A; Mbeya, B; McHugh, TD; Mhimbira, FA; Minja, LT; Mpagama, S; Ntinginya, N; Phillips, P; Rassool, M; Schultz, S; Sebe, M; Svensson, EM; Te Brake, L; Wallis, RS; Wildner, LM, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" This pharmacodynamic interaction could be explained by an increase in tyramine systemic bioavailability in the presence of toloxatone."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction between toloxatone, a new reversible monoamine oxidase-A inhibitor, and oral tyramine in healthy subjects. D'Estanque, J; Ego, D; Funck-Brentano, C; Jaillon, P; Provost, JC; Rovei, V, 1992)	0.28
" Although cimoxatone solubility in water is only 5 ppm, the drug appears to be well absorbed as indicated by the tight conformity of the pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Pharmacokinetic and relative bioavailability studies of cimoxatone in humans. Kendall, MJ; Mitchard, M; Rovei, V; Strolin Benedetti, M, 1984)	0.27
" The original drug tested here, (5R)-3-[2-(3-cyanopropyl)benzothiazol-6-yl]-5-methoxymethyl-2-oxaz olidinone (ER-4539), exhibited strong MAO-A inhibitory activity in vitro, but its bioavailability in rat was very low."	( Application of pharmacokinetic studies to a novel antidepressant, E2011. Akasaka, K; Horie, T; Kagaya, T; Kubota, A; Nagato, S; Naitoh, T, 1994)	0.29
"The Upjohn oxazolidinones, U-100592 and U-100766, are orally bioavailable synthetic antimicrobial agents with spectra of activity against antibiotic-susceptible and -resistant gram-positive pathogens."	( In vivo activities of U-100592 and U-100766, novel oxazolidinone antimicrobial agents, against experimental bacterial infections. Barbachyn, MR; Brickner, SJ; Ford, CW; Hamel, JC; Hutchinson, DK; Moerman, JK; Stapert, D; Wilson, DM; Yancey, RJ, 1996)	0.29
"The transepithelial passage of the orally bioavailable antibacterial agent oxazolidin-2-one (OXa) and 10 derivatives has been studied with human intestinal (Caco-2) and canine renal (MDCK) cell lines grown on polycarbonate filters."	( Transport of the antibacterial agent oxazolidin-2-one and derivatives across intestinal (Caco-2) and renal (MDCK) epithelial cell lines. Guba, W; Islam, K; Ranaldi, G; Sambuy, Y; Seneci, P, 1996)	0.8
" It is rapidly absorbed, with 75% of maximal plasma concentration (Cmax) attained within 1 hour and good absolute oral bioavailability (approximately 40%)."	( 311C90: increasing the options for therapy with effective acute antimigraine 5HT1B/1D receptor agonists. Ferrari, MD, 1997)	0.3
"Two open studies in healthy volunteers were conducted to determine the absolute bioavailability and metabolic disposition of zolmitriptan (311C90), a novel 5HT1D agonist for the acute treatment of migraine."	( The absolute bioavailability and metabolic disposition of the novel antimigraine compound zolmitriptan (311C90). Chittick, G; Dixon, RM; Gibbens, M; Leavens, WJ; Liptrot, J; On, N; Pack, RW; Posner, J; Rolan, PE; Seaber, E, 1997)	0.3
" Zolmitriptan has suitable bioavailability for an acute oral migraine treatment and there are no significant unidentified metabolites in man."	( The absolute bioavailability and metabolic disposition of the novel antimigraine compound zolmitriptan (311C90). Chittick, G; Dixon, RM; Gibbens, M; Leavens, WJ; Liptrot, J; On, N; Pack, RW; Posner, J; Rolan, PE; Seaber, E, 1997)	0.3
" In healthy volunteers it is rapidly and extensively absorbed and has favorable oral bioavailability (approximately 40%) which is not affected by concomitant food intake."	( The clinical pharmacokinetics of zolmitriptan. Dixon, R; Warrander, A, 1997)	0.3
"Concomitant administration of zolmitriptan and paracetamol resulted in a slight increase in bioavailability of zolmitriptan and a reduced rate and extent of paracetamol absorption."	( The novel anti-migraine compound zolmitriptan (Zomig 311C90) has no clinically significant interactions with paracetamol or metoclopramide. Layton, G; Peck, RW; Posner, J; Ridout, G; Seaber, EJ, 1997)	0.3
"At therapeutic doses zolmitriptan has good oral bioavailability in healthy volunteers and has dose-proportional pharmacokinetics that are not affected by food to any clinically relevant extent."	( The absolute bioavailability and effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of zolmitriptan in healthy volunteers. Allanson, J; Hefting, NR; Jonkman, JH; Peck, RW; Seaber, EJ; Smith, DA; Sollie, FA; van Lier, JJ; Wemer, J, 1998)	0.3
"Zolmitriptan is a new serotonergic agonist with excellent oral bioavailability exhibiting a potent symptomatic antimigraine effect."	( [Mechanism of action of zolmitriptan]. Pascual, J, 1998)	0.3
"Zolmitriptan (previously known as 311C90) is a serotoninergic 5-HT1B/D agonist with high oral bioavailability with a double, central and peripheral, action mechanism."	( [Clinical efficacy of zolmitriptan in migraine]. Leira, R; Noya, M, 1998)	0.3
" Linezolid, the oxazolidinone which has been selected for clinical development, has near complete oral bioavailability plus favourable pharmacokinetic and toxicity profiles."	( Oxazolidinones: a review. Diekema, DI; Jones, RN, 2000)	0.31
" Zolmitriptan introduced in 1994 is an agonists of 5-HT 1B/1D receptor, is active both peripherally and centrally, is well absorbed from the digestive tract and has a good bioavailability index /40%/."	( [Emergency treatment of migraine attacks with particular reference to agonists of 5-HT1B/1D receptor]. Prusiński, A, 1999)	0.3
" It has good pharmacokinetics, with equal bioavailability by both oral and intravenous routes and no need for dose adjustment in patients with renal impairment."	( Linezolid. French, G, )	0.13
" Linezolid has almost 100% bioavailability and the area under the plasma concentration curve is identical after oral and iv."	( Linezolid--a review of the first oxazolidinone. Norrby, R, 2001)	0.31
" Linezolid may be administered either intravenously or orally with oral bioavailability of approximately 100% and limited adverse effects."	( The oxazolidinones as a new family of antimicrobial agent. Marchese, A; Schito, GC, 2001)	0.31
" The objectives of this study were twofold: (1) to compare the absorption of linezolid tablets given immediately following a high-fat meal with the absorption of tablets administered while fasting, and (2) to assess the bioavailability of a 375-mg oral dose given while fasting relative to a 375-mg dose of linezolid sterile solution given intravenously."	( Linezolid absolute bioavailability and the effect of food on oral bioavailability. Hopkins, NK; Jungbluth, GL; Sisson, TA; Stalker, DJ; Welshman, IR, 2001)	0.31
" Linezolid is a parenteral agent that also possesses near-complete oral bioavailability plus favourable pharmacokinetic and toxic effect profiles."	( Oxazolidinone antibiotics. Diekema, DJ; Jones, RN, 2001)	0.31
" It is well absorbed with high bioavailability that allows conversion to oral therapy as soon as the patient is clinically stable."	( Linezolid: its role in the treatment of gram-positive, drug-resistant bacterial infections. Ament, PW; Horne, JP; Jamshed, N, 2002)	0.31
" bioavailability of > 95% in rat and dog, and > 70% in mouse."	( Pharmacokinetics, toxicokinetics, distribution, metabolism and excretion of linezolid in mouse, rat and dog. Adams, LA; Bush, EC; Chiba, K; Daley-Yates, PT; Feenstra, KL; Koike, S; Ozawa, N; Peng, GW; Sams, JP; Schuette, MR; Slatter, JG; Yamazaki, S, 2002)	0.31
" LZD is rapidly absorbed following oral administration and bioavailability when compared with intravenous administration is almost 100%."	( [Antimicrobial and clinical effect of linezolid (ZYVOX), new class of synthetic antibacterial drug]. Hashimoto, M; Irinoda, K; Nomura, S, 2002)	0.31
" Oral bioavailability in humans was determined to be 100% and twice daily dosing in humans resulted in blood levels which even at trough values were in excess of the MIC90 for significant Gram-positive pathogens."	( The discovery of linezolid, the first oxazolidinone antibacterial agent. Barbachyn, MR; Ford, CW; Zurenko, GE, 2001)	0.31
" Virtually complete oral bioavailability allows for 1:1 conversion between the intravenous and oral dosage forms."	( Linezolid: an oxazolidinone antimicrobial agent. Paladino, JA, 2002)	0.31
" The almost-complete bioavailability of linezolid permits oral administration."	( Quinupristin-dalfopristin and linezolid: evidence and opinion. Eliopoulos, GM, 2003)	0.32
"Linezolid, an oxazolidinone antibiotic, has 100% oral bioavailability and favorable activities against gram-positive pathogens including multidrug-resistant staphylococci, enterococci, and pneumococci."	( Worldwide assessment of linezolid's clinical safety and tolerability: comparator-controlled phase III studies. Cammarata, S; Hafkin, B; Isturiz, R; Le, V; Oliphant, TH; Remington, J; Rubinstein, E; Smith, LG; Standiford, HC, 2003)	0.32
" Finally, these predicted values were compared to previously measured bioavailability data in the rat in order to estimate oral absorption properties."	( Predicting oral absorption of drugs: a case study with a novel class of antimicrobial agents. Adams, WJ; Biermacher, JJ; Burton, PS; Day, JS; Friis, JM; Hilgers, AR; Hosley, JD; Jensen, JL; Palandra, J; Shobe, EM; Sims, SM; Smith, DP, 2003)	0.32
"A reasonably good correlation between predicted dose absorbed and bioavailability was observed for most of the compounds."	( Predicting oral absorption of drugs: a case study with a novel class of antimicrobial agents. Adams, WJ; Biermacher, JJ; Burton, PS; Day, JS; Friis, JM; Hilgers, AR; Hosley, JD; Jensen, JL; Palandra, J; Shobe, EM; Sims, SM; Smith, DP, 2003)	0.32
" Linezolid has complete bioavailability in parenteral and oral administration, is well tolerated and shows little toxicity, thus favoring a shortened hospital stay, improving the patient's quality of life and reducing social costs."	( Treatment of gram-positive surgical sepsis: role of the oxazolidinones. Carnuccio, P; Colizza, S; Cucchiara, G; Rodio, F; Rossi, S, 2003)	0.32
" Oral linezolid has excellent bioavailability and activity against MRSA and MR-CoNS and offers the potential for outpatient treatment of MRSA and MR-CoNS infections."	( Early switch and early discharge opportunities in intravenous vancomycin treatment of suspected methicillin-resistant staphylococcal species infections. Goetz, MB; Parodi, S; Rhew, DC, )	0.13
" Also, some nasal preparations have significant adverse effects or are not well absorbed and therefore do not work consistently; others are more challenging to administer as a result of their delivery apparatus."	( Intranasal medications for the treatment of migraine and cluster headache. Bigal, ME; Rapoport, AM; Sheftell, FD; Tepper, SJ, 2004)	0.32
" Linezolid possesses a high activity against all multiresistant gram-positive cocci, favourable pharmacokinetics, a good safety profile, a complete bioavailability after and administration permitting switch therapy, a low capacity of inducing resistance, and both clinical and microbiologic efficacy as demonstrated by a number of clinical trials conducted on thousands of patients."	( [The role of linezolid in the therapy of infections caused by multiresistant gram-positive cocci]. Corti, G; Paradisi, F, 2004)	0.32
" The compound's excellent oral bioavailability and reasonable safety profile, along with the increasing incidence of resistant infections, means that linezolid offers a valuable alternative to more traditional therapies such as vancomycin."	( The safety and efficacy of linezolid in orthopaedic practice for the treatment of infection due to antibiotic-resistant organisms. Giannoudis, PV; Harwood, PJ, 2004)	0.32
" The excellent bioavailability after oral administration (almost 100%) makes it suitable for outpatient treatment and treatment by general practitioners."	( [Linezolid, an agent from a new class of antibiotics]. Bernards, AT; Kuijper, EJ; Schippers, EF, 2004)	0.32
" The proposed method enables the unambiguous identification and quantification of zolmitriptan for pharmacokinetic, bioavailability or bioequivalence studies."	( Quantification of zolmitriptan in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Li, W; Mao, G; Tian, Y; Xu, F; Zhang, Z, 2004)	0.32
"Linezolid is an oxazolidinone antimicrobial with excellent oral bioavailability and tissue penetration and is active against multidrug-resistant skin/soft tissue pathogens."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of linezolid in obese patients with cellulitis. Citron, DM; Goldstein, EJ; Havlichek, DH; Kak, V; Peloquin, CA; Schooley, SL; Stein, GE; Tyrrell, KL, 2005)	0.33
" With an excellent oral bioavailability and acceptable safety profile, linezolid offers a valuable alternative to more traditional therapies, such as glycopeptides."	( Role of linezolid in the treatment of orthopedic infections. Bassetti, D; Bassetti, M; Beltrame, A; Di Biagio, A; Righi, E; Rosso, R, 2005)	0.33
" Therefore, the bioavailability of linezolid administered enterally in the presence of enteral feedings in hospitalized patients was examined."	( Absolute bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of linezolid in hospitalized patients given enteral feedings. Beringer, P; Gill, M; Gurevitch, M; Hoem, N; Louie, S; Nguyen, M; Wong-Beringer, A, 2005)	0.33
" Linezolid is a pararental drug that also possesses near-complete oral bioavailability and a favourable pharmacokinetic profile."	( Oxazolidinones--a new class of broad-spectrum chemotherapeutics. Pasternak, K; Sztanke, K; Sztanke, M, 2004)	0.32
" The oral bioavailability of linezolid is approximately 100%, thus allowing sequential intravenous-to-oral administration without changing the drug or dosage regimen."	( Linezolid: a pharmacoeconomic review of its use in serious Gram-positive infections. Figgitt, DP; Plosker, GL, 2005)	0.33
"The aim of this study was to determine the bioavailability of a novel oxazolidinone, DRF-6196, in mice and rats following intravenous (i."	( Assessment of oral bioavailability and preclinical pharmacokinetics of DRF-6196, a novel oxazolidinone analogue, in comparison to linezolid. Bhamidipati, R; Das, J; Dravid, PV; Mullangi, R; Narasimhulu, PC; Srinivas, NR; Tvrs, S; Venkatesh, P, )	0.13
" With its oral bioavailability profiles, it obviously holds great promise."	( In vitro activity of linezolid and other antibiotics against Gram-positive bacteria from the major teaching hospitals in Kuwait. Al Sweih, N; Jamal, W; Mokaddas, E; Phillips, OA; Rotimi, VO, 2005)	0.33
" Prosthesis retention, in conjunction with debridement and prolonged (for at least 3 months) oral antibiotic therapy, can be an alternative for early postoperative or late acute haematogenous infections, when the duration of symptoms is less than 1 month, the implant is stable, and the pathogen is relatively avirulent and sensitive to an orally well absorbed antibiotic."	( Management of infections of osteoarticular prosthesis. Barberán, J, 2006)	0.33
" Linezolid is a new antibiotic with high bioavailability and an outstanding safety profile, synergistic with imipenem, which may deserve a place in the armamentarium for severe pneumonia in children."	( Effectiveness of linezolid and imipenem association in the treatment of severe community-acquired pneumonia in children: two case reports. Caillon, J; Christophe Roze, J; Denizot, S; Godon, N; Gras-Le Guen, C; Podevin, G; Potel, G, 2006)	0.33
" Linezolid is the first of a new class of antimicrobial agents known as the oxazolidinones with activity against gram-positive bacteria similar to that of vancomycin and yet its oral bioavailability allows for enteral administration."	( Preliminary experience with the use of oral linezolid in infants for the completion of antibiotic therapy in the outpatient setting after admission to the pediatric intensive care unit. Sullivan, J; Tobias, JD, )	0.13
" Linezolid is well absorbed in the intestinal system."	( [Linezolid in the treatment of antibiotic-resistant gram-positive infections of the musculoskeletal system]. Jahoda, D; Landor, I; Nyc, O; Pokorný, D; Sosna, A, 2006)	0.33
" Pharmacocinetics studies have shown that linezolid has an excellent bioavailability allowing a fast relay per os."	( [Linezolid: antibacterial activity, clinical efficacy and resistance]. Bourgeois-Nicolaos, N; Butel, MJ; Doucet-Populaire, F; Piriou, O, )	0.13
" It is well absorbed with high bioavailability after oral administration and generally well tolerated."	( [Linezolid--novel antibiotic for the treatment of gram-positive bacterial infections]. Jankowski, A; Stefanik, W, 2006)	0.33
"Linezolid is an attractive alternative for orthopedic infections because of oral bioavailability and activity against methicillin-resistant staphylococci and vancomycin-resistant enterococci."	( Efficacy and safety of linezolid for Gram-positive orthopedic infections: a prospective case series. Hamilton, CW; Rao, N, 2007)	0.34
" Furthermore, in vivo efficacies and pharmacokinetic properties of the selected compounds were also disclosed herein; the selected compounds showed reasonable bioavailability as well as in vivo efficacy comparable to that of linezolid."	( Synthesis and biological evaluation of new N-linked 5-triazolylmethyl oxazolidinones. Chen, Y; Fan, H; Ji, R; Jiang, Z; Yang, Y; Zhang, S; Zhong, D, 2008)	0.35
"The excellent oral bioavailability and the Gram-positive antimicrobial spectrum make linezolid an attractive antibiotic for treatment of osteoarticular infections."	( Experience with linezolid therapy in children with osteoarticular infections. Chen, CJ; Chiu, CH; Huang, YC; Lee, ZL; Lin, TY; Yang, WE, 2007)	0.34
" Burned crop residues may effectively adsorb pesticides and thus influence their bioavailability in agricultural soils."	( Burned rice straw reduces the availability of clomazone to barnyardgrass. Liu, W; Sheng, GD; Xu, C, 2008)	0.35
" It has an excellent bioavailability both intravenously and orally and a very good safety profile both in adults and in children."	( Linezolid in children: recent patents and advances. Velissariou, IM, 2007)	0.34
"We have developed a first generation of hybrid sparsomycin-linezolid compounds into a new family of orally bioavailable biaryloxazolidinones that have activity against both linezolid-susceptible and -resistant gram-positive bacteria as well as the fastidious gram-negative bacteria Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrahalis."	( Design at the atomic level: design of biaryloxazolidinones as potent orally active antibiotics. Bhattacharjee, A; Chen, S; Chen, Y; Duffy, E; Farmer, J; Goldberg, J; Hanselmann, R; Ippolito, JA; Johnson, G; Lou, R; Orbin, A; Oyelere, A; Salvino, J; Springer, D; Tran, J; Wang, D; Wu, Y; Zhou, J, 2008)	0.35
" We aimed to assess the clinical profile of MK-0974 (telcagepant), an orally bioavailable antagonist of CGRP receptor."	( Efficacy and tolerability of MK-0974 (telcagepant), a new oral antagonist of calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor, compared with zolmitriptan for acute migraine: a randomised, placebo-controlled, parallel-treatment trial. Assaid, C; Dodick, DW; Fan, X; Ferrari, MD; Froman, S; Galet, V; Ho, TW; Koppen, H; Kost, J; Leibensperger, H; Lines, C; Winner, PK, 2008)	0.35
" The availability of intravenous and oral formulations, with near 100% bioavailability of the latter, is hoped to facilitate the management of multiply drug-resistant Gram-positive infections."	( Linezolid: a review of safety and tolerability. Rubinstein, E; Vinh, DC, 2009)	0.35
" Anacetrapib exhibited a low clearance in both species and a moderate oral bioavailability of approximately 38% in rats and approximately 13% in monkeys."	( Pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and excretion of anacetrapib, a novel inhibitor of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein, in rats and rhesus monkeys. Bradley, S; Braun, MP; Chen, Q; Dean, DC; Doss, G; Hartmann, G; Ho, JZ; Kumar, S; Pereira, A; Tan, EY; Tang, W; Zhang, AS, 2010)	0.36
" The compound was well absorbed and exhibited approximately linear pharmacokinetics in the oral dose range of 100 to 1000 mg in human."	( Preclinical and clinical evidence for the collaborative transport and renal secretion of an oxazolidinone antibiotic by organic anion transporter 3 (OAT3/SLC22A8) and multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1 (MATE1/SLC47A1). Adams, WJ; Balogh, LM; Brayman, TG; Cox, SR; Kumar, V; Lai, Y; Sampson, KE; Stevens, JC, 2010)	0.36
" PNU-100480 doses to 1000 mg were well absorbed and showed approximately proportional increases in exposures of parent and metabolites."	( Pharmacokinetics and whole-blood bactericidal activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis of single doses of PNU-100480 in healthy volunteers. Campbell, S; Dimitrova, D; Friedland, G; Jakubiec, WM; Kumar, V; Ladutko, L; Li, X; Miller, PF; Mitton-Fry, M; Paige, D; Silvia, AM; Wallis, RS, 2010)	0.36
" Moreover, the availability of intravenous and oral formulation with an excellent bioavailability of the latter, is hoped to facilitate the management of these infections."	( [Linezolide in paediatrics]. Ménager, C; Moulin, F, 2010)	0.36
" The population pharmacokinetic model described differences between the liquid-filled capsule used in phase I and phase IIb and the hot-melt extruded (HME) tablet formulation introduced in phase III, allowing for bridging of the two formulations, and quantified the complex relationship of apparent anacetrapib bioavailability with subject meal intake."	( Model-based development of anacetrapib, a novel cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor. Bergman, AJ; Dockendorf, MF; Dykstra, K; Green, M; Krishna, R; Wagner, JA, 2011)	0.37
" It is unique amongst antibiotics active against most multiply-resistant Gram-positive bacteria in that there is an oral preparation with 100% bioavailability and an extensive volume of distribution."	( Linezolid pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in clinical treatment. Dryden, MS, 2011)	0.37
"Fusidic acid (CEM-102), an orally bioavailable fusidane antibiotic with a unique mode of action, is under development for treatment of acute gram-positive bacterial skin and skin structure infections, including those caused by methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and streptococci."	( A randomized, double-blind phase 2 study comparing the efficacy and safety of an oral fusidic acid loading-dose regimen to oral linezolid for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections. Clark, K; Corey, GR; Craft, JC; Das, A; Degenhardt, TP; Fernandes, P; Moriarty, SR; Scott, D; Still, JG, 2011)	0.37
" This compound also showed excellent pharmacokinetic profiles, with a half-life of more than 5 h as well as an oral bioavailability of 81% in rats."	( Design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationship studies of highly potent novel benzoxazinyl-oxazolidinone antibacterial agents. Fan, H; Gao, S; Guo, B; He, H; Huang, Y; Wang, H; Xin, Q; Yang, Y, 2011)	0.37
" Its current oral therapies present drawbacks such as slow onset of action, low bioavailability and large inter-subject variability."	( Fast relief from migraine attacks using fast-disintegrating sublingual zolmitriptan tablets. Mahmoud, AA; Salah, S, 2012)	0.38
"Tedizolid will provide a useful addition to the antimicrobial armamentarium, particularly in complicated skin and skin structure infections, due to its high oral bioavailability and once-daily dosing."	( Tedizolid (TR-701): a new oxazolidinone with enhanced potency. Corey, GR; Kanafani, ZA, 2012)	0.38
" Parametric population pharmacokinetic analysis was used to evaluate bioavailability and the influence of total body weight (TBW) on pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Oral bioavailability of linezolid before and after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery: is dose modification necessary in obese subjects? Ameri, D; Hamilton, R; Pai, MP; Thai, XC, 2013)	0.39
"The bioavailability of linezolid is not impaired by RYGBS."	( Oral bioavailability of linezolid before and after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery: is dose modification necessary in obese subjects? Ameri, D; Hamilton, R; Pai, MP; Thai, XC, 2013)	0.39
"Linezolid may be an interesting alternative for prosthetic joint infection (PJI) due to its bioavailability and its antimicrobial spectrum."	( Linezolid in late-chronic prosthetic joint infection caused by gram-positive bacteria. Ariza, J; Cobo, J; del Toro, MD; Euba, G; Jover-Sáenz, A; Lora-Tamayo, J; Palomino, J; Riera, M; Rodríguez-Pardo, D, 2013)	0.39
" This study was conducted to evaluate the pharmacokinetics (PKs) and relative bioavailability of suspension (reference) and tablet (test) formulations of Linezolid (LZD)."	( Pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability evaluation of linezolid suspension and tablet formulations. Helmy, SA, 2013)	0.39
" In order to further support the development of anacetrapib, we prepared [M + 6]MK-0859, which was required in support of an absolute bioavailability study of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API)."	( Synthesis of stable isotope labeled anacetrapib, its major metabolites and [(14) C]anacetrapib. Kuethe, JT; Quinn, CA; Royster, P; Soli, ED, 2013)	0.39
" Of primary importance when treating cSSTIs is the agent's clinical efficacy against the causative pathogens, as well as its bioavailability in the skin and associated structures."	( European perspective and update on the management of complicated skin and soft tissue infections due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus after more than 10 years of experience with linezolid. Baguneid, M; Bassetti, M; Bouza, E; Dryden, M; Nathwani, D; Wilcox, M, 2014)	0.4
" The high oral bioavailability of linezolid makes it an attractive oral alternative to glycopeptides and its use has increased in the last decade."	( Clinical experience with linezolid for the treatment of orthopaedic implant infections. García-Ramiro, S; Martínez-Pastor, JC; Mensa, J; Morata, L; Soriano, A; Tornero, E, 2014)	0.4
"4% coefficient of variation), and absolute bioavailability was high (86%)."	( Tedizolid population pharmacokinetics, exposure response, and target attainment. Fiedler-Kelly, J; Flanagan, S; Lu, Q; Ludwig, E; Passarell, J; Prokocimer, P, 2014)	0.4
" Intensive structure-activity relationship (SAR) and structure-pharmacokinetic relationship (SPR) studies on this new series led to the discovery of compound 11a: a highly potent, selective, direct, and orally bioavailable FXa inhibitor with excellent in vivo antithrombotic efficacy and preferable pharmacokinetic profiles."	( Design, synthesis, and structure-activity and structure-pharmacokinetic relationship studies of novel [6,6,5] tricyclic fused oxazolidinones leading to the discovery of a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable FXa inhibitor. Chen, X; Chu, W; Ding, S; Gong, G; Guo, B; Sun, P; Wang, H; Wang, Y; Xue, T; Yang, Y; Zhou, Y, 2014)	0.4
" In this study, we formulate a Zolmitriptan (ZT) & ketorolac tromethamine (KT) loaded thermo reversible in-situ mucoadhesive intranasal gel (TMISG) formulation which gels at the nasal mucosal temperature and contains a bioadhesive polymer (Xyloglucan) that lengthens the residence time will enhance the bioavailability of the combinational drugs."	( Optimization of combinational intranasal drug delivery system for the management of migraine by using statistical design. Garg, T; Goyal, AK; Kumar, A; Rath, G; Sarma, GS, 2015)	0.42
" The results revealed that the absolute bioavailability was about 63%."	( Drug in Adhesive Patch of Zolmitriptan: Formulation and In vitro /In vivo Correlation. Fang, L; Liu, C, 2015)	0.42
" The compound also demonstrated high oral bioavailability (F = 99."	( Discovery of a Teraryl Oxazolidinone Compound (S)-N-((3-(3-Fluoro-4-(4-(pyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenyl)-2-oxooxazolidin-5-yl)methyl)acetamide Phosphate as a Novel Antimicrobial Agent with Enhanced Safety Profile and Efficacies. Ang, W; Chang, Y; Chen, G; Li, G; Liu, Y; Long, H; Luo, Y; Sang, Z; Tang, J; Wang, Z; Wei, Y; Yang, S; Yang, T; Yang, X; Zhang, J, 2015)	0.42
" Oxazolidinones represent synthetic anti-bacterial agents with unique mechanism of action having wide spectrum of activity, oral bioavailability and well established SAR."	( Oxazolidinones as Anti-tubercular Agents: Discovery, Development and Future Perspectives. Chakraborti, AK; Dhameliya, TM; Jadhavar, PS; Vaja, MD, 2015)	0.42
"Zolmitriptan is the drug of choice for migraine, but low oral bioavailability (<50%) and recurrence of migraine lead to frequent dosing and increase in associated side effects."	( Poloxamer 407-based intranasal thermoreversible gel of zolmitriptan-loaded nanoethosomes: formulation, optimization, evaluation and permeation studies. Dhamecha, D; Jalalpure, S; Shahi, S; Shelke, S, 2016)	0.43
" The absolute bioavailability of zolmitriptan is about 40% for oral administration; due to hepatic first metabolism."	( Trans-nasal zolmitriptan novasomes: in-vitro preparation, optimization and in-vivo evaluation of brain targeting efficiency. Abd-Elal, RM; Bendas, ER; Rashed, HM; Shamma, RN, 2016)	0.43
"Tedizolid is an orally bioavailable oxazolidinone with once-daily dosing and broad-spectrum Gram-positive activity."	( Exploring the pharmacodynamic interactions between tedizolid and other orally bioavailable antimicrobials against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Werth, BJ, 2017)	0.46
" The addition of other orally bioavailable anti-staphylococcal agents to tedizolid may be unlikely to improve killing but further research is warranted to assess the impact of these combinations on resistance prevention, or against biofilm-embedded organisms."	( Exploring the pharmacodynamic interactions between tedizolid and other orally bioavailable antimicrobials against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Werth, BJ, 2017)	0.46
" Oral MRX-I was associated with a greater bioavailability and exposure when administered with food, and minimal accumulation of MRX-I occurred after multiple-dose administration."	( Single- and Multiple-Dose Study To Determine the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Food Effect of Oral MRX-I versus Linezolid in Healthy Adult Subjects. Eckburg, PB; Ge, Y; Hafkin, B, 2017)	0.46
" In vivo studies show that PZ-M possess prolonged blood circulation time and increased oral bioavailability compared with free PZ."	( Improving the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of pyrinezolid by self-assembled polymeric micelles. Deng, Y; Guo, G; He, G; Li, X; Li, Z; Long, H; Luo, Y; Mei, L; Sang, Z; Wang, Z; Yang, T; Zheng, Y; Zhou, L, 2017)	0.46
"Zolmitriptan (ZT) is a well-tolerated drug in migraine treatment suffering from low bioavailability due to low amount of the drug that reaches the brain after oral and nasal delivery."	( Brain targeting efficiency of antimigrain drug loaded mucoadhesive intranasal nanoemulsion. Abdou, EM; Kandil, SM; Miniawy, HMFE, 2017)	0.46
" Moreover, adding a substituent into the upper phenyl moiety further enhanced the intrinsic activity, which led to the discovery of 5-[(4S,5S)-5-(4fluorophenyl)-4-methyl-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]benzene-1,3-dicarbonitrile (4S,5S)-5n, endowed with excellent D5D binding affinity, cellular activity, and high oral bioavailability in a mouse."	( Discovery of 3,5-Diphenyl-4-methyl-1,3-oxazolidin-2-ones as Novel, Potent, and Orally Available Δ-5 Desaturase (D5D) Inhibitors. Andou, T; Fujimoto, J; Hara, R; Hayashi, R; Iida, K; Imanishi, M; Kawamoto, T; Kubo, K; Maekawa, T; Masada, S; Matsui, J; Matsunaga, N; Miyahisa, I; Nagase, H; Noguchi, N; Okamoto, R; Takagahara, S; Tamura, YO; Tohyama, K, 2017)	0.72
" These antimicrobial agents exhibit a favourable pharmacokinetic profile with an excellent bioavailability and a good tissue and organ penetration."	( Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Oxazolidinones. Muller, L; Roberts, JA; Roger, C, 2018)	0.48
"The aim was to prepare an optimized zolmitriptan (ZT)-loaded transfersome formulation using Box-Behnken design for improving the bioavailability by nasal route for quick relief of migraine and further to compare with a marketed nasal spray."	( Development of zolmitriptan transfersomes by Box-Behnken design for nasal delivery: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Dudhipala, N; Narala, A; Pitta, SK; Veerabrahma, K, 2018)	0.48
"9-mg zolmitriptan was delivered with high efficiency (85%) and high absolute bioavailability (77%)."	( Pharmacokinetics and Skin Tolerability of Intracutaneous Zolmitriptan Delivery in Swine Using Adhesive Dermally Applied Microarray. Ameri, M; Diep, AN; Hochart, G; Lewis, H; Nguyen, J; Queja, A, 2018)	0.48
" Bioavailability studies performed in humans demonstrated that dissolution was the rate limiting step for bioavailability of the drug and one of the test products had significantly improved bioavailability compared to the marketed product Skelaxin®."	( Development of a Clinically Relevant Dissolution Method for Metaxalone Immediate Release Formulations Based on an IVIVC Model. Cetina-Čižmek, B; Filipović-Grčić, J; Khan, MZI; Radić, M; Špoljarić, D; Vuletić, L, 2018)	0.48
"2% SLS (USP apparatus 2 at 50 rpm) is clinically relevant to predict bioavailability of the drug and is superior to the USP method in terms of the Quality by Design (QbD) concept."	( Development of a Clinically Relevant Dissolution Method for Metaxalone Immediate Release Formulations Based on an IVIVC Model. Cetina-Čižmek, B; Filipović-Grčić, J; Khan, MZI; Radić, M; Špoljarić, D; Vuletić, L, 2018)	0.48
" However, there are limited published data on the impact of nanoparticle size on bioavailability in vivo and, to our knowledge, there have been no published examples looking at the impact of differential size of in situ-generated nanoparticles from an ASD."	( Effect of Amorphous Nanoparticle Size on Bioavailability of Anacetrapib in Dogs. Galipeau, K; Harmon, P; Kesisoglou, F; Okoh, G; Wang, M; Xu, W, 2019)	0.51
"Despite the high bioavailability of oxazolidinones, we were not able to find evidence that its use was associated with a decrease of mortality or hospital length of stay (due to early discharge) of patients with skin and skin structure infections."	( Evidence Associated with the Use of Oxazolidinones for the Treatment of Skin and Skin Structure Infections: A Retrospective Study. Antão, HS; Froes, F; Gonçalves-Pereira, J; Guimarães, JP; Santos, FP, 2019)	0.51
"Despite extensive research on small molecule thrombin inhibitors for oral application in the past decades, only a single double prodrug with very modest oral bioavailability has reached human therapy as a marketed drug."	( Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacological Characterization of a Neutral, Non-Prodrug Thrombin Inhibitor with Good Oral Pharmacokinetics. Allerheiligen, S; Gericke, KM; Gnoth, M; Heitmeier, S; Hillig, RC; Hillisch, A; Lienau, P; Puetter, V; Roehrig, S; Schaefer, M; Schulz, S; Tersteegen, A, 2020)	0.56
" The validated method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic and bioavailability studies of OTB-658 in cynomolgus monkeys and the absolute bioavailability of OTB-658 was 25."	( Simultaneous determination of a novel oxazolidinone anti-tuberculosis OTB-658 and its metabolites in monkey blood by LC-MS/MS. Huang, H; Jiang, J; Li, Y; Liu, X; Liu, Y; Sheng, L; Wang, B; Zhang, D, 2021)	0.62
"Zolmitriptan is a widely used antimigraine drug, and its brain targeting by nasal route in the form of mucoadhesive nanoparticles is more effective in migraine treatment as it provides fast relief and good bioavailability as compared to its oral drug delivery."	( Evaluation of Brain Targeting Potential of Zolmitriptan Mucoadhesive Nanoparticles for Intranasal Drug Delivery. Jha, S; Mishra, D, 2022)	0.72
" Oxazolidinone antibiotics such as linezolid have excellent oral bioavailability and provide coverage against MRSA infections."	( The Novel Oxazolidinone TBI-223 Is Effective in Three Preclinical Mouse Models of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection. Archer, NK; Dikeman, DA; Fotouhi, N; Gordon, O; Gough, E; Kaushik, A; Miller, LS; Mumtaz, M; Nuermberger, EL; Orlando, N; Ortines, RV; Patel, AM; Upton, AM; Wang, Y; Youn, C; Zhang, J, 2022)	0.72

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" Repeated dosing for 14 days did not enhance MAO-A inhibition."	( SR 95191, a selective inhibitor of type A monoamine oxidase with dopaminergic properties. II. Biochemical characterization of monoamine oxidase inhibition. Bizière, K; Kan, JP; Mouget-Goniot, C; Steinberg, R; Worms, P, 1987)	0.27
"A single oral dosage of furaltadone and nitrofurazone (14."	( Some pharmacokinetic data about furaltadone and nitrofurazone administered orally to preruminant calves. Aerts, MM; Degen, M; Driessens, F; Nouws, JF; Vree, TB, 1987)	0.27
"5 ng/ml of tyramine in 1 ml of human plasma and is thus suitable for monoamine oxidase inhibitor studies involving oral dosing with tyramine."	( Measurement of tyramine in human plasma, utilising ion-pair extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography with amperometric detection. Brown, MJ; Causon, RC, 1984)	0.27
" Less than 2% of the parent drug was present in the urine of animals dosed either intravenously or intramammarily."	( In vivo and in vitro pharmacokinetics and fate of furaltadone in meat- and milk-producing animals. Bevill, RF; Ng, LL; Perkins, EG, 1984)	0.27
" The adverse experience and efficacy profile appears to be consistent with previous 311C90 studies and this dosing regimen of 311C90 was well tolerated during multiple exposures."	( Evaluation of the long-term safety and efficacy of 311C90 in the treatment of migraine. Geraud, GE, 1996)	0.29
" The dosing regimen was well tolerated during multiple exposures."	( 311C90: long-term efficacy and tolerability profile for the acute treatment of migraine. International 311C90 Long-Term Study Group. Zagami, AS, 1997)	0.3
" After the last 10 mg dose, mean dosing interval zolmitriptan AUC was 80."	( The pharmacokinetics and effects on blood pressure of multiple doses of the novel anti-migraine drug zolmitriptan (311C90) in healthy volunteers. Dixon, R; Gibbens, M; Gillotin, C; Peck, RW; Posner, J, 1997)	0.3
" faecalis sera from patients dosed with either drug were generally inhibitory at the peak timepoint, but at trough only linezolid exhibited a persistent effect."	( Serum inhibitory titers and serum bactericidal titers for human subjects receiving multiple doses of the antibacterial oxazolidinones eperezolid and linezolid. Batts, DH; Daley-Yates, PT; Pawsey, SD; Schaadt, RD; Stalker, DJ; Zurenko, GE, 1997)	0.3
" Plasma concentrations are sustained for 4 to 6 h after dosing with single or multiple peaks in the plasma concentration-time profile, reflecting continued absorption down the gastrointestinal tract."	( The clinical pharmacokinetics of zolmitriptan. Dixon, R; Warrander, A, 1997)	0.3
"5 mg dose was on the shoulder of the dose-response curve (2-h headache response rate 64%), showing similar efficacy to the 5 mg dose (67%)."	( Zolmitriptan (Zomig, 311C90), a novel dual central and peripheral 5HT1B/1D agonist: an overview of efficacy. Sawyer, J; Schoenen, J, 1997)	0.3
" It is therefore unlikely that the pharmacokinetic changes will lead to clinically important changes in pharmacological effects and dosage adjustment of zolmitriptan is not required in patients taking propranolol for migraine prophylaxis."	( The interaction between propranolol and the novel antimigraine agent zolmitriptan (311C90). Dixon, R; Gillotin, CG; Layton, G; Peck, RW; Posner, J; Seaber, EJ; Weatherley, BC, 1997)	0.3
" In young subjects, concentrations were higher in women than in men, but the differences were insufficient to justify dosage adjustment."	( The pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of the 5HT1B/1D-agonist zolmitriptan in healthy young and elderly men and women. Dixon, RM; Jackson, SH; Layton, GR; Peck, RW; Posner, J; Rolan, PE; Seaber, EJ; Weatherley, BC, 1998)	0.3
" Patients with moderate hepatic impairment require no dosage adjustment, but the recommended daily intake of zolmitriptan may need to be reduced in patients with severe hepatic impairment."	( Effect of hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of zolmitriptan. Delvaux, M; Dixon, R; French, S; Kemp, J; Leclerc, V; Rautureau, J; Sellers, M, 1998)	0.3
" A dose-response study was performed with PNU-100480 and linezolid (both at 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg of body weight)."	( Activities of several novel oxazolidinones against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a murine model. Chase, S; Cynamon, MH; Klemens, SP; Sharpe, CA, 1999)	0.3
" At a dosage of 100 mg/kg/day, linezolid treatment led to an approximately 100-fold reduction in viable cells per gram of abscess."	( Activities of the oxazolidinones linezolid and eperezolid in experimental intra-abdominal abscess due to Enterococcus faecalis or vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. Eliopoulos, GM; Moellering, RC; Schülin, T; Thauvin-Eliopoulos, C, 1999)	0.3
" Headache response rates and pain-free response rates were assessed within two hours of dosing with zolmitriptan, and response rates were compared across migraines with and without a history of aura, and associated or not with menses."	( Zolmitriptan provides consistent migraine relief when used in the long-term. Edvinsson, L; Geraud, G; Korczyn, A; Mauskop, A; Pfaffenrath, V; Tuchman, M, 1999)	0.3
" 1 mirogram/ml at 16 to 17 h after orogastric dosing at 25 mg/kg."	( Efficacy of linezolid in experimental otitis media. Albut, R; Figueira, M; Pelton, SI; Stalker, D, 2000)	0.31
" Unpublished clinical data, adverse effects, and dosing information were abstracted from product labeling."	( Linezolid for the treatment of resistant gram-positive cocci. Bain, KT; Wittbrodt, ET, 2001)	0.31
" Results of PAE testing support twice-daily dosing of linezolid in humans."	( Post-antibiotic growth suppression of linezolid against Gram-positive bacteria. Giles, C; Munckhof, WJ; Turnidge, JD, 2001)	0.31
" Two weeks treatment of E2011 alone at an oral dosage of 150 mg/kg induced hepatocellular changes characterized by nuclear enlargement."	( Protection from drug-induced hepatocellular changes by pretreatment with conjugating enzyme inhibitors in rats. Aoki, T; Hosokawa, S; Sagami, F; Sato, G; Tsukidate, K, 2001)	0.31
") dosed linezolid and intravenously (i."	( Efficacy of linezolid in treatment of experimental endocarditis caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Batts, DH; Buchanan, LV; Dailey, CF; Dileto-Fang, CL; Ford, CW; Gibson, JK; Oramas-Shirey, MP, 2001)	0.31
" We demonstrated equivalence of intravenous and oral dosing in this patient, suggesting that oral linezolid may be an excellent alternative to intravenous vancomycin for CF patients infected with MRSA."	( Successful treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pulmonary infection with linezolid in a patient with cystic fibrosis. Blumberg, EA; Ferrin, M; Meagher, A; Zuckerman, JB, 2002)	0.31
" Blood and urine samples were collected until 48 h after dosing and assayed for linezolid concentrations using a validated high-performance liquid chromatography method."	( Age and sex effects on the pharmacokinetics of linezolid. Hopkins, NK; Jungbluth, GL; Sisson, TL, 2002)	0.31
"9, respectively, and the percentage of time the drug remained above the MIC for the 12-h dosing interval was 100%; the corresponding ratios in ELF were 120 and 16."	( Intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics of linezolid. Conte, JE; Golden, JA; Kipps, J; Zurlinden, E, 2002)	0.31
" Dosage reductions are not necessary, even in severe renal impairment, but about one third of the dose is eliminated during dialysis."	( [New treatment option for gram-positive infections in critically ill patients - overview over linezolid]. Krueger, WA; Unertl, KE, 2002)	0.31
"This phase II study investigated the efficacy, tolerability and dose-response relationship of oral zolmitriptan in the treatment of a single migraine attack in Japanese patients."	( Zolmitriptan is effective and well tolerated in Japanese patients with migraine: a dose-response study. Fukuuchi, Y; Itoyama, Y; Iwata, M; Morimatsu, M; Nakashima, K; Sakai, F; Sobue, G; Tashiro, K; Tsuji, S, 2002)	0.31
"In direct head-to-head comparative clinical trials, oral rizatriptan 10 mg enabled more migraine sufferers to function normally at 2 h after dosing than oral sumatriptan, naratriptan, and zolmitriptan."	( Restoring migraine sufferers' ability to function normally: a comparison of rizatriptan and other triptans in randomized trials. Bussone, G; D'Amico, D; Gerth, W; Lines, CR; McCarroll, KA, 2002)	0.31
" Results are in agreement with the assumption of a limited accumulation of linezolid under the dosage regimen given."	( Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of linezolid and co-amoxiclav in healthy human volunteers. Borner, K; Burkhardt, O; Köppe, P; Lode, H; Nord, CE; Pletz, MW; von der Höh, N, 2002)	0.31
" A rabbit endocarditis model was used to compare the in vivo activities of different linezolid regimens mimicking intermittent dosing of 10 mg/kg of body weight every 12 h for 5 days or continuous (constant-rate) infusion of a daily dose of 20 mg/kg (for 5 days) or 40 mg/kg (for 3 and 5 days) and the activities of intermittent dosing and continuous infusion of vancomycin (for 5 days)."	( In vivo efficacy of continuous infusion versus intermittent dosing of linezolid compared to vancomycin in a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus rabbit endocarditis model. Batard, E; Boutoille, D; Bugnon, D; Caillon, J; Hamel, A; Jacqueline, C; Kergueris, MF; Perez, L; Potel, G, 2002)	0.31
" Oral bioavailability in humans was determined to be 100% and twice daily dosing in humans resulted in blood levels which even at trough values were in excess of the MIC90 for significant Gram-positive pathogens."	( The discovery of linezolid, the first oxazolidinone antibacterial agent. Barbachyn, MR; Ford, CW; Zurenko, GE, 2001)	0.31
"Patients received linezolid in a dosage of 600 mg intravenously (iv) and/or orally twice daily."	( The efficacy and safety of linezolid as treatment for Staphylococcus aureus infections in compassionate use patients who are intolerant of, or who have failed to respond to, vancomycin. Birmingham, MC; Forrest, A; Moise, PA; Schentag, JJ, 2002)	0.31
" Drug concentration and half-life were adjusted to simulate clinical dosing (600 mg twice daily) of linezolid."	( Comparison of linezolid activities under aerobic and anaerobic conditions against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. Gunderson, BW; Hovde, LB; Ibrahim, KH; Peloquin, CA; Rotschafer, JC, 2003)	0.32
" Virtually complete oral bioavailability allows for 1:1 conversion between the intravenous and oral dosage forms."	( Linezolid: an oxazolidinone antimicrobial agent. Paladino, JA, 2002)	0.31
" Its elimination half-life allows dosing twice per day, and alteration of drug dosage is not required in patients with impaired renal or hepatic function."	( Linezolid: the first oxazolidinone antimicrobial. Moellering, RC, 2003)	0.32
" The potential for alternative day or thrice weekly dosing with teicoplanin may offer further cost advantages whilst maintaining equivalent clinical effectiveness."	( Cost-minimization analysis and audit of antibiotic management of bone and joint infections with ambulatory teicoplanin, in-patient care or outpatient oral linezolid therapy. Ajdukiewicz, K; Barlow, GD; Clift, B; Davey, P; France, AJ; Gray, K; Morrison, J; Nathwani, D, 2003)	0.32
"0 mg/L) for the majority of the 12 h dosing interval."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerance of single- and multiple-dose oral or intravenous linezolid, an oxazolidinone antibiotic, in healthy volunteers. Batts, DH; Hopkins, NK; Jungbluth, GL; Stalker, DJ, 2003)	0.32
"Oral and intravenous linezolid exhibit linear pharmacokinetics, with concentrations remaining above the target MIC90 for most of the dosing interval."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerance of single- and multiple-dose oral or intravenous linezolid, an oxazolidinone antibiotic, in healthy volunteers. Batts, DH; Hopkins, NK; Jungbluth, GL; Stalker, DJ, 2003)	0.32
" Terminal phase tissue residue and excretion data were compared to data from rats dosed orally with [(14)C]sodium acetate."	( Assessment of radioactive residues arising from radiolabel instability in a multiple dose tissue distribution study in rats. Chiba, K; Courtney, M; Easter, JA; Fate, GD; Johnson, MG; Jones, BW; Koets, MD; Norris, LR; Sams, JP; Slatter, JG, 2003)	0.32
"Ten adult patients undergoing bronchoscopy for diagnostic purposes were given oral linezolid at a dosage of 600 mg twice a day for a total of six doses."	( Intrapulmonary penetration of linezolid. Andrews, J; Honeybourne, D; Jevons, G; Tobin, C; Wise, R, 2003)	0.32
" teicoplanin) dosed per approved prescription information."	( Hospital resource use and cost of treatment with linezolid versus teicoplanin for treatment of serious gram-positive bacterial infections among hospitalized patients from South America and Mexico: results from a multicenter trial. Balan, DA; Li, JZ; López, H; Mozaffari, E; Rittenhouse, BE; Tang, T; Vidal, G; Willke, RJ; Zitto, T, 2003)	0.32
" We conclude that no adjustment of the linezolid dosage is needed in subjects with renal dysfunction or subjects on hemodialysis."	( Pharmacokinetics of linezolid in subjects with renal dysfunction. Aronoff, GR; Batts, DH; Brier, ME; Hopkins, NK; Jungbluth, GL; O'Grady, M; Ryan, KK; Stalker, DJ, 2003)	0.32
" Therefore it is important to determine the specific pharmacokinetic characteristics for individual drugs in pediatric patients so that appropriate age-specific dosage regimens can be developed and evaluated in clinical trials."	( Linezolid pharmacokinetics in pediatric patients: an overview. Hopkins, NK; Jungbluth, GL; Welshman, IR, 2003)	0.32
"Because of the higher clearance and lower area under the drug concentration-time curve, a shorter dosing interval for linezolid is required for children younger than 12 years of age to produce adequate drug exposure against target Gram-positive pathogens."	( Linezolid pharmacokinetics in pediatric patients: an overview. Hopkins, NK; Jungbluth, GL; Welshman, IR, 2003)	0.32
" Dosing frequency (two to three times daily) varied depending on age and clinical diagnosis."	( Safety and tolerability of linezolid in children. Bruss, JB; Edge-Padbury, B; Goldfarb, J; Kaplan, SA; Naberhuis-Stehouwer, S; Saiman, L; Wible, K, 2003)	0.32
" The nonlinearity is not relevant over the therapeutic dosage range."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of linezolid, a novel oxazolidinone antibacterial. Jungbluth, GL; Stalker, DJ, 2003)	0.32
" Evaluation of the pharmacokinetic data would appear to support the use of linezolid dosing regimens currently approved for infants and young children in neonates with postnatal age greater than 7 days."	( Impact of ontogeny on linezolid disposition in neonates and infants. Abdel-Rahman, SM; Bruss, JB; Grzebyk, RP; Hopkins, NK; Jungbluth, GL; Kearns, GL; Van Den Anker, JN; Welshman, IR, 2003)	0.32
" Chance of success in bacteraemia, LRTI and SSSI also appear to be higher when concentrations remain above the MIC for the entire dosing interval."	( Clinical pharmacodynamics of linezolid in seriously ill patients treated in a compassionate use programme. Birmingham, MC; Forrest, A; Meagher, AK; Rayner, CR; Schentag, JJ, 2003)	0.32
"A simple, selective, precise, and stability-indicating high-performance thin layer chromatographic method of analysis of Linezolid both as a bulk drug and in formulations was developed and validated in pharmaceutical dosage form."	( Stability indicating HPTLC determination of linezolid as bulk drug and in pharmaceutical dosage form. Agrawal, H; Kaul, N; Mahadik, KR; Paradkar, AR, 2003)	0.32
"The pharmacokinetics of many drugs are altered in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), often necessitating different dosage requirements than those used in non-CF patients."	( Linezolid pharmacokinetics in adult patients with cystic fibrosis. Bosso, JA; Flume, PA; Gray, SL, 2004)	0.32
"An in vitro pharmacodynamic model was used to simulate standard dosing regimens of linezolid, levofloxacin, and vancomycin against the isolates 79, R921, and P9802-020."	( Linezolid, levofloxacin, and vancomycin against vancomycin-tolerant and fluoroquinolone-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model. Akins, RL; Cha, R; Rybak, MJ, 2003)	0.32
" The appearance of increasing antimicrobial resistance can challenge the efficacy of these drugs when concentrations do not exceed the MIC for 40% to 50% of the dosing interval."	( Basic pharmacodynamics of antibacterials with clinical applications to the use of beta-lactams, glycopeptides, and linezolid. Craig, WA, 2003)	0.32
" Mean levels exceed the required MIC for the treatment of MRSA for >80% of the dosing period for serum and the majority of the dosing period for sputum."	( Serum and sputum concentrations following the oral administration of linezolid in adult patients with cystic fibrosis. Conway, S; Denton, M; Etherington, C; Hulme, B; Peckham, DG; Saralaya, D; Tobin, CM, 2004)	0.32
" AZD2563 is a novel oxazolidinone that has activity similar to linezolid and the potential for extended dosing intervals."	( Preliminary susceptibility testing guidelines for AZD2563, a long-acting oxazolidinone. Anderegg, TR; Jones, RN, 2004)	0.32
"At the conclusion of this learning activity, participants should be familiar with the modes of action, clinical indications, dosage regimens, and contraindications and cautions for several novel antibacterial agents for skin and skin structure infections."	( Novel antibacterial agents for skin and skin structure infections. Schweiger, ES; Weinberg, JM, 2004)	0.32
" This suggests that Skelaxin Tablets should be considered a delayed release dosage form."	( Comparison of the dissolution of metaxalone tablets (Skelaxin) using USP Apparatus 2 and 3. Amann, A; Cacace, J; Reilly, EE, 2004)	0.32
" The findings of these studies collectively suggest that once-daily dosing of telavancin may provide an effective approach for the treatment of clinically relevant infections with gram-positive organisms."	( Pharmacodynamics of telavancin (TD-6424), a novel bactericidal agent, against gram-positive bacteria. Hegde, SS; Judice, JK; Kaniga, K; McCullough, J; Obedencio, G; Pace, J; Reyes, N; Shaw, JP; Skinner, R; Thomas, R; Vanasse, N; Wiens, T, 2004)	0.32
" It is not known whether dosage adjustments are necessary in patients treated with continuous renal replacement therapies."	( Elimination of linezolid by an in vitro extracorporeal circuit model. Hansen, M; Hoffmann, E; Krueger, WA; Schroeder, TH; Stephan, M; Unertl, K, 2004)	0.32
" It exhibits good penetration into pulmonary, as well as skin and related structure tissues, and does not require dosage adjustment in hepatic or renal dysfunction."	( A review of linezolid: the first oxazolidinone antibiotic. Dotter, B; Madaras-Kelly, K; Stevens, DL, 2004)	0.32
" Human therapeutic dosing regimens for nafcillin, daptomycin, vancomycin, linezolid, and gentamicin were simulated."	( Impact of high-inoculum Staphylococcus aureus on the activities of nafcillin, vancomycin, linezolid, and daptomycin, alone and in combination with gentamicin, in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model. LaPlante, KL; Rybak, MJ, 2004)	0.32
" Serum levels exceeded the breakpoint of 4 mg/L for the entire dosing interval in all subjects (400 mg dose every 12 h) with an AUC/MIC of 399."	( Pharmacokinetic studies of linezolid and teicoplanin in the critically ill. Aarons, L; Cepeda, JA; Kibbler, C; MacGowan, A; Nalda-Molina, R; Shaw, S; Shulman, R; Singer, M; Tobin, C; Whitehouse, T; Wilson, AP, 2005)	0.33
"Linezolid dosage at 600 mg every 12 h was adequate in the critically ill without need for adjustment for renal function."	( Pharmacokinetic studies of linezolid and teicoplanin in the critically ill. Aarons, L; Cepeda, JA; Kibbler, C; MacGowan, A; Nalda-Molina, R; Shaw, S; Shulman, R; Singer, M; Tobin, C; Whitehouse, T; Wilson, AP, 2005)	0.33
"Single-lumen central venous catheters colonized with biofilm-embedded Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis or vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) were treated with simulated clinical dosing regimens of linezolid 600 mg every 12 h or vancomycin 1 g every 12 h in a one-compartment in vitro pharmacodynamic model."	( Antibacterial activity of linezolid and vancomycin in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model of gram-positive catheter-related bacteraemia. Coyle, EA; Lewis, RE; Prince, RA; Raad, II; Wiederhold, NP, 2005)	0.33
" The venlafaxine dosage was decreased to 150 mg/day, and symptoms gradually abated over 36 hours."	( Serotonin toxicity associated with concomitant use of linezolid. Bergeron, L; Boulé, M; Perreault, S, 2005)	0.33
"Clinicians should pay special attention to patients treated with serotonergic drugs, especially those receiving dosages in the higher end of the normal range who are prescribed linezolid, and consider tapering or reducing the dosage of serotonergic drugs for the duration of antibiotic therapy."	( Serotonin toxicity associated with concomitant use of linezolid. Bergeron, L; Boulé, M; Perreault, S, 2005)	0.33
" The aim of this prospective, single-centre, open-label, two-arm study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics of linezolid during continuous venovenous haemofiltration (CVVH) in critically ill patients and to derive a dosage recommendation."	( Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of linezolid during continuous venovenous haemofiltration. Heinz, G; Jaeger, W; Karth, GD; Kornek, GV; Locker, GJ; Meyer, B; Nikfardjam, M; Thalhammer, F, 2005)	0.33
" These data suggest that a schedule of 600 mg linezolid at least twice daily may also be an appropriate dosing for patients with severe Gram-positive infections undergoing CVVH with both types of membranes."	( Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of linezolid during continuous venovenous haemofiltration. Heinz, G; Jaeger, W; Karth, GD; Kornek, GV; Locker, GJ; Meyer, B; Nikfardjam, M; Thalhammer, F, 2005)	0.33
" This suggests that a dosage of 600 mg administered intravenously twice daily to critically ill patients with Gram-positive ventilator-associated pneumonia would achieve success against organisms with minimum inhibitory concentrations as high as 2-4 mg/L in both plasma and epithelial lining fluid."	( Pharmacokinetics and intrapulmonary concentrations of linezolid administered to critically ill patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia. Allaouchiche, B; Boselli, E; Breilh, D; Chassard, D; Djabarouti, S; Rimmelé, T; Saux, MC; Toutain, J, 2005)	0.33
" Because the vitreous concentrations appeared to exponentially trend upward with time and 33% of the late group achieved sufficient MIC90 levels for the common pathogens found in postoperative endophthalmitis, adequate concentrations might be achieved with an altered dosing regimen to achieve higher serum steady state levels."	( Human vitreous distribution of linezolid after a single oral dose. Ciulla, TA; Comer, GM; Peloquin, C; Wheeler, J, )	0.13
" The oral bioavailability of linezolid is approximately 100%, thus allowing sequential intravenous-to-oral administration without changing the drug or dosage regimen."	( Linezolid: a pharmacoeconomic review of its use in serious Gram-positive infections. Figgitt, DP; Plosker, GL, 2005)	0.33
"v) and oral dosing and to compare the pharmacokinetics with those obtained following linezolid dosing."	( Assessment of oral bioavailability and preclinical pharmacokinetics of DRF-6196, a novel oxazolidinone analogue, in comparison to linezolid. Bhamidipati, R; Das, J; Dravid, PV; Mullangi, R; Narasimhulu, PC; Srinivas, NR; Tvrs, S; Venkatesh, P, )	0.13
" The objective of phase two was to investigate patients' dosing patterns, satisfaction and preference following open-label treatment with the nasal spray."	( Treatment satisfaction with zolmitriptan nasal spray for migraine in a real life setting: results from phase two of the REALIZE study. Aschoff, J; Charlesworth, BR; Gawel, M; May, A, 2005)	0.33
" Treatment with linezolid at a dosage of 10 mg/kg every 8 h intravenously for a duration of 16 days and 14 days, respectively, was well tolerated and led to complete clinical recovery and clearance of the organism from all body sites."	( Linezolid treatment of glycopeptide-resistant Enterococcus faecium in very low birth weight premature neonates. Bauer, K; Groll, AH; Hoehn, R; Schaefer, V; Schloesser, RL, 2006)	0.33
" This may be due to the poor penetration of vancomycin into the lung, and alternate dosing regimens to increase tissue levels need to be further studied."	( Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: Strategies to Prevent and Treat. Lam, AP; Wunderink, RG, 2006)	0.33
" Our findings emphasise the importance of optimal dosage of linezolid to prevent the emergence of resistance."	( Emergence of linezolid-resistant Staphylococcus aureus during treatment of pulmonary infection in a patient with cystic fibrosis. Andrade, SS; Barth, AL; Gales, AC; Lutz, L; Machado, A; Sader, HS, 2006)	0.33
" Recurrence rates 2-24 h after dosing were 32."	( Efficacy and tolerability of almotriptan versus zolmitriptan for the acute treatment of menstrual migraine. Acuto, G; Allais, G; Benedetto, C; Bussone, G; Cabarrocas, X; Esbri, R, 2006)	0.33
" It does not appear that supplemental dosing of linezolid is necessary in patients undergoing CVVHDF."	( Clearance of linezolid via continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration. Assaly, R; Malhotra, D; Mauro, LS; Peloquin, CA; Schmude, K, 2006)	0.33
" Based on the model-predicted unbound concentrations in ISF, a scheme of more-frequent daily dosing of linezolid for some critically ill patients might be taken into consideration to avoid subinhibitory unbound concentrations in the infected tissue."	( Pharmacokinetics of unbound linezolid in plasma and tissue interstitium of critically ill patients after multiple dosing using microdialysis. Buerger, C; Dehghanyar, P; Joukhadar, C; Kloft, C; Plock, N, 2006)	0.33
"Although daily-half doses of linezolid were effective in patients with intractable or extensive MDR-TB, this dosage regimen did not reduce long-term use-related side effects, such as peripheral and optic neuropathy."	( Efficacy and tolerability of daily-half dose linezolid in patients with intractable multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Hong, SB; Kim, DS; Kim, MN; Kim, WD; Kim, WS; Koh, Y; Lee, SD; Lim, CM; Oh, YM; Park, IN; Shim, TS, 2006)	0.33
" The serum and CSF linezolid concentrations exceeded the pharmacodynamic breakpoint of 4 microg/ml for susceptible target pathogens for the entire dosing interval in the majority of patients."	( Serum and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of linezolid in neurosurgical patients. Anagnostaki, M; Baltopoulos, G; Boutzouka, E; Markantonis, SL; Myrianthefs, P; Panidis, D; Vlachos, K, 2006)	0.33
" Urine samples were taken every 2 h during the whole dosing interval of the particular antibiotic."	( Urinary bactericidal activity of oral antibiotics against common urinary tract pathogens in an ex vivo model. Bedenic, B; Bubonja, M; Budimir, A; Topic, M, 2006)	0.33
" Once-a-week dosing with dalbavancin may obviate the need for the continued presence of IV lines in some patients, which could translate into fewer local infections and blood stream infections and which could facilitate transfer of the patients to skilled nursing facilities."	( Dalbavancin: a review for dermatologists. Scheinfeld, N, 2006)	0.33
" Pharmacokinetic indices (C(max)/MIC90) for topical dosing were all <1."	( In vitro efficacy and pharmacodynamic indices for antibiotics against coagulase-negative staphylococcus endophthalmitis isolates. Flynn, HW; Harper, T; Miller, D, 2007)	0.34
" Linezolid, active against methicillin-resistant strains and available in oral and intravenous dosage forms, is a potential alternative to vancomycin for the treatment of PJIs."	( Linezolid versus vancomycin for prosthetic joint infections: a cost analysis. Cheung, KW; Hui, M; Lee, GC; So, RK; You, JH, 2007)	0.34
" aregenerative anemia, neutropenia and thrombopenia, developed 3 weeks and 5 weeks after initiating linezolid therapy at a conventional dosage (600 mg bid)."	( Linezolid-related pancytopenia in organ-transplant patients: report of two cases. Faguer, S; Fillola, G; Guitard, J; Kamar, N; Rostaing, L, 2007)	0.34
" Furthermore, bactericidal activity (titres > or = 1:2) was observed for at least 6 h (50% of the dosing interval) against four of these five strains."	( Linezolid tissue penetration and serum activity against strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with reduced vancomycin susceptibility in diabetic patients with foot infections. Havlichek, DH; Missavage, A; Peloquin, CA; Schooley, S; Stein, GE, 2007)	0.34
" The proposed methods have been applied successfully for the analysis of the drug in its dosage forms."	( Extractive spectrophotometric methods for determination of zolmitriptan in tablets. Aydogmus, Z; Inanli, I, )	0.13
" The patient did not respond to 5 days of appropriately dosed linezolid and daptomycin and remained bacteremic because abscess drainage was not an option in this case and the continuous, high-grade MRSA bacteremia continued despite appropriate therapy."	( Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) mitral valve acute bacterial endocarditis (ABE) in a patient with Job's syndrome (hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome) successfully treated with linezolid and high-dose daptomycin. Cunha, BA; Kodali, V; Krol, V, )	0.13
" In response, some clinicians increased vancomycin dosing to >or=4 g/day."	( Larger vancomycin doses (at least four grams per day) are associated with an increased incidence of nephrotoxicity. Drusano, GL; Graves, J; Lodise, TP; Lomaestro, B, 2008)	0.35
" Therefore, a correct dosing regimen for the time-dependent molecules (i."	( [Pharmacological rationale for choice of antibiotics for intraabdominal infections]. Mazzei, T; Novelli, A, 2008)	0.35
" The lower dosage for the pharmacodynamically optimized regimen may decrease drug toxicity."	( Use of an in vitro pharmacodynamic model to derive a linezolid regimen that optimizes bacterial kill and prevents emergence of resistance in Bacillus anthracis. Brown, DL; Drusano, GL; Heine, HS; Kim, K; Kinzig-Schippers, M; Liu, W; Louie, A; Sörgel, F; VanScoy, B, 2008)	0.35
" However, in the current study we show LZD accumulation occurring with repeated dosing during hemodialysis in a 64-year-old man receiving hemodialysis treatment."	( Pharmacokinetics of repeated dosing of linezolid in a hemodialysis patient with chronic renal failure. Hayashi, W; Hiraki, Y; Kamimura, H; Kamohara, R; Karube, Y; Mizoguchi, A; Tsuji, Y, 2008)	0.35
" Extrapolation of these results to humans suggests the feasibility of delivering therapeutic amounts of zolmitriptan at faster rates than those from existing dosage forms."	( Controlled non-invasive transdermal iontophoretic delivery of zolmitriptan hydrochloride in vitro and in vivo. Kalia, YN; Patel, SR; Sharma, A; Zhong, H, 2009)	0.35
" However, our drug level results suggest that further investigation is needed to determine the optimal dosing of linezolid in treatment of central nervous system infection in pediatric patients."	( Successful treatment of vancomycin-resistant enterococcal ventriculitis in a pediatric patient with linezolid. Maranich, AM; Rajnik, M, 2008)	0.35
" aureus strains was studied by in vitro simulation of 5-day antibiotic dosing over a wide range of AUC(24)/MIC ratios."	( Linezolid pharmacodynamics with Staphylococcus aureus in an in vitro dynamic model. Firsov, AA; Lubenko, IY; Portnoy, YA; Smirnova, MV; Strukova, EN; Vostrov, SN; Zinner, SH, 2009)	0.35
" Linezolid was administered intravenously at a dosage of 10 mg/kg every 8 h and then orally."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerance of linezolid for meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus mediastinitis in paediatric patients. Fujita, N; Hamaoka, K; Kato, R; Kokufu, T; Kosaka, T; Shime, N; Sugioka, N, 2009)	0.35
"Linezolid clearance is enhanced in children with CF requiring a higher dosage regimen."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of linezolid in children with cystic fibrosis. Ahmad, N; Brown, ME; Jafri, HS; McCracken, GH; Murphey, DK; Prestidge, CB; Salvatore, CM; Sanchez, PJ; Santos, RP; Siegel, JD; Urbancyzk, B, 2009)	0.35
" These changes are of sufficient magnitude that linezolid concentrations may be sub-therapeutic in some patients and we suggest that the dosage interval may need to be decreased in this patient population."	( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of linezolid in patients with major thermal injuries. Birraux, G; Bret, P; Hovsepian, L; Le Floch, R; Lovering, AM; Stephanazzi, J; Vinsonneau, C, 2009)	0.35
"48, %T(MSW) (% of the dosing interval that concentrations fall in the MSW)=40%] and ATCC 51299 and GP32 (AUC/MIC=30."	( In vitro analysis of resistance selection by linezolid in vancomycin-susceptible and -resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium. Allen, GP; Bierman, BC, 2009)	0.35
" We conclude that pharmacokinetics of linezolid are altered in burn patients, in a magnitude sufficient that linezolid concentration may be subtherapeutic in some patients and we suggest that the dosage interval may need to be decreased in this patient population."	( [Pharmacokinetic evaluation of linezolid in patients with major thermal injuries]. Arnould, JF; Birraux, G; Bret, P; Hovsepian, L; Le Floch, R; Lovering, AM; Stephanazzi, J; Vinsonneau, C, 2010)	0.36
" The dosage of linezolid was 600 mg daily."	( Linezolid in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Flood, J; Mase, S; Raftery, A; Schecter, GF; Scott, C; True, L, 2010)	0.36
" This study was limited due to an inability to assess for the effects of hetero-resistance and appropriate vancomycin dosing on outcomes."	( Efficacy and safety of linezolid in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) complicated skin and soft tissue infection (cSSTI): a meta-analysis. Bounthavong, M; Hsu, DI, 2010)	0.36
" The best method of managing linezolid dosage in such a complex group of patients, whose physiology can vary daily, would be to use therapeutic drug monitoring."	( Pharmacokinetics of linezolid in septic patients with and without extended dialysis. Haefeli, WE; Hempel, G; Hoppe-Tichy, T; Lichtenstern, C; Ober, MC; Saleh, S; Schwenger, V; Sonntag, HG; Swoboda, S; Weigand, MA, 2010)	0.36
" Overall, it appears that anacetrapib exhibits a low-to-moderate degree of absorption after oral dosing and majority of the absorbed dose is eliminated via oxidation to a series of hydroxylated metabolites that undergo conjugation with glucuronic acid before excretion into bile."	( Pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and excretion of anacetrapib, a novel inhibitor of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein, in rats and rhesus monkeys. Bradley, S; Braun, MP; Chen, Q; Dean, DC; Doss, G; Hartmann, G; Ho, JZ; Kumar, S; Pereira, A; Tan, EY; Tang, W; Zhang, AS, 2010)	0.36
"95 but appeared not clinically relevant because it did not result in different dosing advice."	( Limited sampling strategies for therapeutic drug monitoring of linezolid in patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Alffenaar, JW; Kosterink, JG; Proost, JH; Uges, DR; van Altena, R; van der Werf, TS, 2010)	0.36
" Recently, the therapeutic efficacy of vancomycin in the treatment of hospitalized patients with MRSA infections has been questioned due to the emergence of MRSA strains with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin together with concerns related to inadequate dosing and poor tissue penetration of the drug."	( The importance of tissue penetration in achieving successful antimicrobial treatment of nosocomial pneumonia and complicated skin and soft-tissue infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: vancomycin and linezolid. Stein, GE; Wells, EM, 2010)	0.36
" Linezolid demonstrates adequate penetration into lung and other soft issues with sustained concentrations above the minimum inhibitory concentrations for susceptible pathogens, including MRSA, for the majority of the dosing interval."	( The importance of tissue penetration in achieving successful antimicrobial treatment of nosocomial pneumonia and complicated skin and soft-tissue infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: vancomycin and linezolid. Stein, GE; Wells, EM, 2010)	0.36
" As a consequence, studies have recommended higher doses or more frequent dosing or both for some antibiotics in patients with major burns, but data are lacking for many of the antibiotics reserved for treatment of life-threatening infections."	( Potential subtherapeutic linezolid and meropenem antibiotic concentrations in a patient with severe burns and sepsis. Allen, JM; Davies, JG; Dheansa, BS; Donaldson, PM; Hallam, MJ; Hanlon, GW; James, SE, )	0.13
" Due to its bacteriostatic property, the cumulative percentages of the dosing interval during which the drug concentration exceeded the MIC (T > MIC), 66."	( Activity of linezolid in an in vitro pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model using different dosages and Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis strains with and without a hypermutator phenotype. Arpin, C; Ba, BB; Bikie Bi Nso, B; Dubois, V; Quentin, C; Saux, MC, 2010)	0.36
" In Group 2, eyes were dosed in accordance with a keratitis protocol (1 drop of 2 mg/mL every 15 minutes for 1 hour)."	( Ocular penetration of topically applied linezolid in a rabbit model. Bourcier, T; Dory, A; Gaucher, D; Jehl, F; Lefevre, S; Prevost, G; Saleh, M; Sauer, A; Speeg-Schatz, C, 2010)	0.36
" When coadministered with rifampin, area under the plasma concentration-time curve over the dosing interval and maximum concentration values for linezolid were reduced approximately 32% and 21%, respectively."	( Unexpected effect of rifampin on the pharmacokinetics of linezolid: in silico and in vitro approaches to explain its mechanism. Damle, B; Fahmi, OA; Gandelman, K; Glue, P; Lian, K; Obach, RS; Zhu, T, 2011)	0.37
"8 g/kg in a within-subject, counterbalanced dosing design."	( Zolmitriptan and human aggression: interaction with alcohol. Gowin, JL; Lane, SD; Moeller, FG; Swann, AC, 2010)	0.36
"A 5-mg dose of zolmitriptan effectively reduced alcohol-related aggression in an acute dosing protocol, demonstrating an interaction of 5-HT and alcohol in human aggressive behavior."	( Zolmitriptan and human aggression: interaction with alcohol. Gowin, JL; Lane, SD; Moeller, FG; Swann, AC, 2010)	0.36
" No electroactive interferences from the excipients and endegenous substances were found in the pharmaceutical dosage form and the biological sample, respectively."	( Anodic voltammetry of zolmitriptan at boron-doped diamond electrode and its analytical applications. Canbaz, D; Uslu, B, 2010)	0.36
" Linezolid was administered intravenously twice daily at a dosage of 600 mg."	( Linezolid concentrations in infected soft tissue and bone following repetitive doses in diabetic patients with bacterial foot infections. Joukhadar, C; Mauric, O; Popovic, M; Scharnagl, E; Schintler, MV; Spendel, S; Traunmüller, F, 2010)	0.36
" However, in vitro dose-response curves for bone chips impregnated with different kinds of antibiotics are not available."	( Impregnation of bone chips with antibiotics and storage of antibiotics at different temperatures: an in vitro study. Bloem, RM; Buma, P; Mathijssen, NM; Petit, PL; Pilot, P; Schreurs, BW, 2010)	0.36
" In a separate experiment, in vitro dose-response curves were established for bone chips impregnated with cefazolin and vancomycin solutions at five different concentrations."	( Impregnation of bone chips with antibiotics and storage of antibiotics at different temperatures: an in vitro study. Bloem, RM; Buma, P; Mathijssen, NM; Petit, PL; Pilot, P; Schreurs, BW, 2010)	0.36
" The in vitro dose-response curves show that the free-zone diameter increases logarithmically with antibiotic concentration."	( Impregnation of bone chips with antibiotics and storage of antibiotics at different temperatures: an in vitro study. Bloem, RM; Buma, P; Mathijssen, NM; Petit, PL; Pilot, P; Schreurs, BW, 2010)	0.36
" The in vitro dose-response curve can be used to determine the optimal concentration(s) for local application."	( Impregnation of bone chips with antibiotics and storage of antibiotics at different temperatures: an in vitro study. Bloem, RM; Buma, P; Mathijssen, NM; Petit, PL; Pilot, P; Schreurs, BW, 2010)	0.36
" Nearly 70% of the respondent hospitals reported having a vancomycinspecific dosing or monitoring guideline in place."	( Hospital policies and practices on prevention and treatment of infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Hennenfent, J; Lambert, BL; McBride, MV; Rodvold, KA; Schiff, G; Schumock, GT; Trese, AM; Tverdek, F; Yang, Y, 2010)	0.36
" An optimal antibacterial effect is achieved when plasma drug concentrations are above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) [T>MIC] for the entire length of treatment and the ratio between the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) and the MIC (AUC/MIC) is greater than 100, as is most commonly obtained with administration of the standard dosage of linezolid 600 mg twice daily."	( Pharmacological issues of linezolid: an updated critical review. Danesi, R; Del Tacca, M; Di Paolo, A; Guidotti, E; Malacarne, P, 2010)	0.36
" A dosage regimen of 10mg/kg body weight given either orally or intravenously every 8h in infants aged >or=1 week and the same dose given every 12h in infants <1 week was shown to be safe and effective with a mean treatment duration of 10-28 days."	( Linezolid treatment of nosocomial bacterial infection with multiresistant Gram-positive pathogens in preterm infants: a systematic review. Kocher, S; Müller, W; Resch, B, 2010)	0.36
" In order to reduce its adverse effects and maintain efficacy, we investigated whether linezolid in a reduced dosage resulted in drug serum concentrations exceeding a ratio of the in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to the area under the serum concentration-time curve (AUC) over 24 hours (AUC(24)) [AUC(24)/MIC] of >100."	( Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of two dosage regimens of linezolid in multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis patients. Alffenaar, JW; Filguera, P; Harmelink, IM; Kosterink, JG; Molenaar, E; Uges, DR; van Altena, R; van der Werf, TS; van Soolingen, D; Wessels, AM, 2010)	0.36
" Larger numbers of patients should be studied to confirm the efficacy of the linezolid 300 mg twice-daily dosage in MDR-TB or XDR-TB treatment."	( Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of two dosage regimens of linezolid in multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis patients. Alffenaar, JW; Filguera, P; Harmelink, IM; Kosterink, JG; Molenaar, E; Uges, DR; van Altena, R; van der Werf, TS; van Soolingen, D; Wessels, AM, 2010)	0.36
"The objective of the present retrospective observational study carried out in patients receiving a standard dosage of linezolid and undergoing routine therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) was to assess the interindividual variability in plasma exposure, to identify the prevalence of attainment of optimal pharmacodynamics, and to define if an intensive program of TDM may be warranted in some categories of patients."	( Therapeutic drug monitoring of linezolid: a retrospective monocentric analysis. Cojutti, P; Cristini, F; Franceschi, L; Furlanut, M; Pea, F; Viale, P; Zamparini, E, 2010)	0.36
" Further investigation into β-lactam dosing strategies against different BORSA strains is warranted in order to avoid possible therapy failure."	( Diminished in vitro antibacterial activity of oxacillin against clinical isolates of borderline oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Beisser, PS; Croes, S; Deurenberg, RH; Neef, C; Stobberingh, EE; Terporten, PH, 2010)	0.36
"Despite the growing epidemic of obesity in the United States, dosing medications in such patients remains poorly studied and understood."	( Pharmacotherapy in the critically ill obese patient. Medico, CJ; Walsh, P, 2010)	0.36
" There were no hematologic or other safety signals during 28 days of dosing at 600 mg twice daily."	( Biomarker-assisted dose selection for safety and efficacy in early development of PNU-100480 for tuberculosis. Bedarida, G; Campbell, S; Jakubiec, W; Kumar, V; Ladutko, L; Miller, PF; Mitton-Fry, M; Paige, D; Silvia, A; Wallis, RS; Zhu, T, 2011)	0.37
" Linezolid was given at a dosage of 600 mg, iv, q12h."	( [Clinical analysis of 102 blood disease patients with gram positive cocci infection treated with Linezolid]. Fu, R; Guan, J; Liang, Y; Liu, H; Qu, W; Ruan, EB; Shao, ZH; Song, J; Wang, GJ; Wang, HQ; Wang, XM; Wu, YH; Xing, LM, 2010)	0.36
" The obtained results should be considered for future studies of formulation of structurally related TOZs in oral dosage forms."	( Assessment of the stability of novel antibacterial triazolyl oxazolidinones using a stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography method. Abdel-Hamid, ME; Phillips, OA; Sharaf, LH; Varghese, R, 2011)	0.37
" For a successful therapy it is of vital importance that these compounds are used judiciously and dosed appropriately."	( Comparison of the pharmacokinetic properties of vancomycin, linezolid, tigecyclin, and daptomycin. Derendorf, H; Estes, KS, 2010)	0.36
" Their mechanism of action, potential for significant raising of HDL-C, once-daily dosing regimen, and favorable lipid-altering effects when added to hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors are key elements."	( Anacetrapib and dalcetrapib: two novel cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitors. Miyares, MA, 2011)	0.37
"To address issues of antibiotic dosing during sustained low-efficiency dialysis by using available pharmacokinetic data, intermittent and continuous renal replacement therapy dialysis guidelines, and our experience with sustained low-efficiency dialysis."	( Antibiotic dosing during sustained low-efficiency dialysis: special considerations in adult critically ill patients. Bogard, KN; Erwin, MW; Fuller, PD; Olsen, KM; Peterson, NT; Plumb, TJ, 2011)	0.37
"Published clinical trials, case reports, and reviews of antibiotic dosing in humans during sustained low-efficiency dialysis."	( Antibiotic dosing during sustained low-efficiency dialysis: special considerations in adult critically ill patients. Bogard, KN; Erwin, MW; Fuller, PD; Olsen, KM; Peterson, NT; Plumb, TJ, 2011)	0.37
" Appropriate dose and calculation of dosing intervals is essential to provide adequate antibiotic therapy in these patients."	( Antibiotic dosing during sustained low-efficiency dialysis: special considerations in adult critically ill patients. Bogard, KN; Erwin, MW; Fuller, PD; Olsen, KM; Peterson, NT; Plumb, TJ, 2011)	0.37
" This stresses the importance of an optimal dosing of the antibiotic when SCVs are present."	( Intra- and extracellular activities of dicloxacillin and linezolid against a clinical Staphylococcus aureus strain with a small-colony-variant phenotype in an in vitro model of THP-1 macrophages and an in vivo mouse peritonitis model. Frimodt-Møller, N; Hughes, D; Lemaire, S; Sandberg, A; Tulkens, PM; Van Bambeke, F; von Eiff, C, 2011)	0.37
" The present population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PPK/PD) study was undertaken to elucidate the factors that determine linezolid levels, the relationship between exposure to linezolid and a decrease in platelet counts, and appropriate dosage adjustments based on exposure levels."	( Population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis of linezolid and a hematologic side effect, thrombocytopenia, in Japanese patients. Higuchi, S; Hirota, T; Horii, T; Ieiri, I; Isagawa, S; Ogawa, K; Otsubo, K; Sasaki, T; Takane, H, 2011)	0.37
" Dose fractionation studies showed that AUC/MIC was the pharmacodynamic index linked with efficacy, indicating that once-daily dosing in humans is feasible."	( In vivo pharmacodynamics of torezolid phosphate (TR-701), a new oxazolidinone antibiotic, against methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains in a mouse thigh infection model. Drusano, GL; Kulawy, R; Liu, W; Louie, A, 2011)	0.37
" difficile epidemic strains (ribotypes 027 and 106) and linezolid was dosed to achieve human gut concentrations."	( Evaluation of linezolid for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection caused by epidemic strains using an in vitro human gut model. Baines, SD; Freeman, J; Hobbs, JK; Huscroft, GS; Lovering, AM; Noel, AR; O'Connor, R; Todhunter, SL; Wilcox, MH, 2011)	0.37
" difficile PCR ribotype 106 viable counts declined at a faster rate than those of PCR ribotype 027 following dosing with linezolid, but cytotoxin titres declined at a similar rate to an untreated control."	( Evaluation of linezolid for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection caused by epidemic strains using an in vitro human gut model. Baines, SD; Freeman, J; Hobbs, JK; Huscroft, GS; Lovering, AM; Noel, AR; O'Connor, R; Todhunter, SL; Wilcox, MH, 2011)	0.37
" Monte Carlo simulation was performed to assess the activities of the linezolid dosing regimens against 42 contemporary MRSA isolates recovered from CF patients."	( Pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral linezolid in adults with cystic fibrosis. Keel, RA; Kloft, C; Knauft, RF; Kuti, JL; Muhlebach, M; Nicolau, DP; Pope, JS; Schaeftlein, A, 2011)	0.37
" Appropriate linezolid dosage and hospital infection control measures are essential to avoid the spread of linezolid resistance."	( Clinical experience with linezolid in infants and children. Garazzino, S; Tovo, PA, 2011)	0.37
" Adequate dosing of these agents is emphasized to minimize the potential for paradoxical induction of virulence."	( Antivirulence potential of TR-700 and clindamycin on clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus producing phenol-soluble modulins. Synold, T; Wong-Beringer, A; Yamaki, J, 2011)	0.37
" These results demonstrated that the submicron emulsion preparation of ZT was a relatively safe dosage form for rapid and effective intranasal delivery of ZT."	( Preparation and evaluation of zolmitriptan submicron emulsion for rapid and effective nasal absorption in beagle dogs. Cai, C; Gu, P; He, H; Qi, N; Tang, X; Yu, C; Zhang, W, 2011)	0.37
" Hourly plasma and dialysate samples were obtained over a 12-h dosing interval following 3 to 4 doses of linezolid (600 mg intravenously every 12 h)."	( Determination of tissue penetration and pharmacokinetics of linezolid in patients with diabetic foot infections using in vivo microdialysis. Kuti, JL; Nicolau, DP; Shepard, A; Wiskirchen, DE, 2011)	0.37
"5, 1 (end of infusion), 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h after intravenous dosing of linezolid 600 and 1,200 mg."	( Lack of an effect of standard and supratherapeutic doses of linezolid on QTc interval prolongation. Alvey, C; Choo, HW; Cuozzo, C; Damle, B; Kirby, D; Labadie, RR; Riley, S, 2011)	0.37
" In summary, these findings point to highly variable PK/PD properties of linezolid in severely ill patients, providing the rationale for targeting linezolid dosage to each individual patient's specific properties."	( Clinical pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profile of linezolid in severely ill intensive care unit patients. Dong, H; Dong, Y; Lei, J; Li, H; Sun, J; Wang, M; Wang, X; Xing, J; You, H; Zhu, H, 2011)	0.37
" Three dosing regimens were simulated with each drug alone: linezolid (AUC(24)/MIC 30, 60 and 200 h-L30, L60 and L200, respectively) and doxycycline (AUC(24)/MIC 90, 180 and 520 h - D90, D180 and D520, respectively) and in combination: linezolid plus doxycycline (L30+D90; L60+D180 and L200+D520)."	( The antistaphylococcal pharmacodynamics of linezolid alone and in combination with doxycycline in an in vitro dynamic model. Dovzhenko, SA; Firsov, AA; Kobrin, MB; Portnoy, YA; Smirnova, MV; Strukova, EN; Zinner, SH, 2011)	0.37
"We evaluated the possible association between trough linezolid (LZD) concentrations and platelet counts using a dose-response curve with a logit model equation."	( Correlation between serum linezolid concentration and the development of thrombocytopenia. Hiraike, M; Hiraki, Y; Kamimura, H; Karube, Y; Matsumoto, K; Misumi, N; Morita, K; Tsuji, Y, 2012)	0.38
" Thus, no dosage adjustment for digoxin is necessary when co-administered with anacetrapib."	( Lack of an effect of anacetrapib on the pharmacokinetics of digoxin in healthy subjects. Ali, M; Connolly, SM; DeGroot, B; Garg, A; Gendrano, IN; Krishna, R; Li, S; Liu, Y; Maes, A; Stoch, SA; Stypinski, D; Wagner, JA, 2011)	0.37
" An early and adequate antibiotic treatment at correct dosage is extremely important."	( [Antibiotic dose adjustment in the treatment of MRSA infections in patients with acute renal failure undergoing continuous renal replacement therapies]. Carcelero, E; Soy, D, 2012)	0.38
" A drug interaction study for warfarin with a novel CETP inhibitor is expected to be helpful in defining dosing regimens."	( Lack of a meaningful effect of anacetrapib on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy subjects. Ali, M; Connolly, SM; Cote, J; Degroot, B; Garg, A; Krishna, R; Li, S; Liu, Y; Maes, A; Stoch, SA; Stypinski, D; Wagner, JA, 2012)	0.38
" Thus, no dosage adjustment for warfarin is necessary when co-administered with anacetrapib."	( Lack of a meaningful effect of anacetrapib on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy subjects. Ali, M; Connolly, SM; Cote, J; Degroot, B; Garg, A; Krishna, R; Li, S; Liu, Y; Maes, A; Stoch, SA; Stypinski, D; Wagner, JA, 2012)	0.38
" Early initiated continuous monitoring of hematological values and linezolid dosage adjustment for body weight are recommended."	( Immediate hematological toxicity of linezolid in healthy volunteers with different body weight: a phase I clinical trial. Bai, N; Cai, Y; Chai, D; Falagas, ME; Guo, D; Liang, B; Liu, Y; Vouloumanou, EK; Wang, R, 2012)	0.38
" Plasma samples were collected over the dosing interval, and participants were randomized to undergo bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) at 2, 6, 12, or 24 h after the last dose."	( Pulmonary disposition of tedizolid following administration of once-daily oral 200-milligram tedizolid phosphate in healthy adult volunteers. Housman, ST; Kuti, JL; Nicolau, DP; Pope, JS; Russomanno, J; Salerno, E; Shore, E, 2012)	0.38
"My general pharmacokinetic scaling theory is discussed for the important matter of determining pediatric dosing for existing and new therapeutic drugs when optimal, or near-optimal, dosing for adults is known."	( Scaling adult doses of antifungal and antibacterial agents to children. Dawson, TH, 2012)	0.38
" No significant differences were detected in the subgroup efficacy analysis (daily linezolid dosage ≤ 600 mg versus >600 mg)."	( Efficacy, safety and tolerability of linezolid containing regimens in treating MDR-TB and XDR-TB: systematic review and meta-analysis. Alffenaar, JW; Anger, HA; Caminero, JA; Castiglia, P; Centis, R; D'Ambrosio, L; De Lorenzo, S; Ferrara, G; Koh, WJ; Migliori, GB; Schecter, GF; Shim, TS; Singla, R; Skrahina, A; Sotgiu, G; Spanevello, A; Udwadia, ZF; Villar, M; Zampogna, E; Zellweger, JP; Zumla, A, 2012)	0.38
" Dosage adjustments were performed when C(min) ≥10 mg/L and/or AUC₂₄ ≥400 mg/L · h."	( Therapeutic drug monitoring may improve safety outcomes of long-term treatment with linezolid in adult patients. Cojutti, P; Del Pin, B; Furlanut, M; Pea, F; Viale, P; Zamparini, E, 2012)	0.38
" Dosage adjustments were needed in 40% versus 0% of patients in the linezolid group (n = 35) versus the linezolid + rifampicin group (n = 10), respectively."	( Therapeutic drug monitoring may improve safety outcomes of long-term treatment with linezolid in adult patients. Cojutti, P; Del Pin, B; Furlanut, M; Pea, F; Viale, P; Zamparini, E, 2012)	0.38
" Thus, more aggressive vancomycin dosing has the potential to improve efficacy."	( Treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ventilator-associated pneumonia with high-dose vancomycin or linezolid. Boucher, BA; Christopher Wood, G; Croce, MA; Fabian, TC; Hamilton, LA; Magnotti, LJ; Martin, JB; Swanson, JM, 2012)	0.38
" Detailed stability exercises including drug stability in blood, hemolyzed, lipemic and normal plasma were conducted to extend the method applicability in vast majority of clinical studies using 800 mg metaxalone extended release oral dosage form."	( Metaxalone estimation in biological matrix using high-throughput LC-MS/MS bioanalytical method. Goswami, D; Gurule, S; Khuroo, A; Monif, T; Saha, A; Vats, P, 2012)	0.38
" In a recent prospective, randomized, open-label, comparator-controlled, multicenter, phase 4 clinical trial in adults with complicated skin and soft tissue infections (cSSTIs) caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), linezolid achieved clinical and microbiologic success comparable to appropriately dosed intravenous vancomycin."	( Clinical efficacy of oral linezolid compared with intravenous vancomycin for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-complicated skin and soft tissue infections: a retrospective, propensity score-matched, case-control analysis. Baruch, AM; Bhattacharyya, H; Biswas, P; Itani, KM; Reisman, A, 2012)	0.38
" The aggressive vancomycin dosing regimens are still associated with unacceptable high microbiological failure rates and it is not currently possible to achieve probability of target attainment at higher vancomycin MICs of 2 mg/l."	( Does resistance in severe infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus give you the 'creeps'? Brink, AJ, 2012)	0.38
"Continued monitoring of patients on aggressive vancomycin dosing schedules is advised."	( Does resistance in severe infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus give you the 'creeps'? Brink, AJ, 2012)	0.38
"The optimal dosage of linezolid to avoid hematologic toxicity is unknown."	( A reduced linezolid dosage maintains favorable efficacy with minimal hematologic toxicity in a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-infected patient with renal insufficiency. Anraku, Y; Horio, M; Kawaguchi, T; Miyakawa, T; Mizuta, H; Ohmura, T; Okada, T; Saito, H; Taguchi, K, 2013)	0.39
" Linezolid remains costly, and a reduced dosage and duration may result in fewer adverse events and lower cost."	( Linezolid-containing regimens for the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis in South African children. Hallbauer, UM; Hesseling, AC; Rose, PC; Schaaf, HS; Seddon, JA, 2012)	0.38
" The areas under the curve for the 12-h dosing interval (AUCτ) were similar between moderately obese and morbidly obese groups: 130."	( Pharmacokinetics of intravenous linezolid in moderately to morbidly obese adults. Bhalodi, AA; Kuti, JL; Nicolau, DP; Papasavas, PK; Tishler, DS, 2013)	0.39
" Dose-response data were analyzed by a maximum effect (E(max)) model using nonlinear regression."	( Inoculum effects of ceftobiprole, daptomycin, linezolid, and vancomycin with Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae at inocula of 10(5) and 10(7) CFU injected into opposite thighs of neutropenic mice. Andes, DR; Craig, WA; Lee, DG; Murakami, Y, 2013)	0.39
"Our findings suggest that a weight-adjusted, 10 mg/kg regimen of linezolid may be more appropriate than fixed dosing for patients of different body weight."	( Weight-adjusted versus fixed dose of linezolid for Chinese healthy volunteers of higher and lower body weight: a Phase I pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study. Bai, N; Cai, Y; Chai, D; Falagas, ME; Karageorgopoulos, DE; Liang, B; Wang, R, 2013)	0.39
" All of the five subjects who were examined 1 week after dosing with zolmitriptan showed higher BP ND post drug administration compared with baseline."	( A PET study with [11C]AZ10419369 to determine brain 5-HT1B receptor occupancy of zolmitriptan in healthy male volunteers. Farde, L; Halldin, C; Jučaite, A; Kanes, S; McCarthy, DJ; Nord, M; Stenkrona, P; Varnäs, K, 2013)	0.39
" In a suspected case, the doctor was recommended to discontinue, decrease the dosage or keep the drug under observation; and a follow-up of the patient's platelet count was made in order to classify the relationship between the drug and thrombocytopenia."	( [Incidence of drug-induced thrombocytopenia in hospitalized patients]. Álvarez-Arroyo, L; Delgado-Sánchez, O; Seco-Melantuche, R, )	0.13
" The doctor was recommended to discontinue the drug (2), decrease the dosage (3) or keep it under observation (3), with 100% acceptance."	( [Incidence of drug-induced thrombocytopenia in hospitalized patients]. Álvarez-Arroyo, L; Delgado-Sánchez, O; Seco-Melantuche, R, )	0.13
" Further studies are required to evaluate whether therapeutic drug monitoring-guided dosage adjustment of linezolid decreases the adverse effects while maintaining treatment efficacy in patients with renal dysfunction."	( High plasma linezolid concentration and impaired renal function affect development of linezolid-induced thrombocytopenia. Hatakeyama, S; Hisaka, A; Moriya, K; Nukui, Y; Okamoto, K; Suzuki, H; Yamamoto, T; Yata, N; Yotsuyanagi, H, 2013)	0.39
"We evaluated treatment with linezolid, dosed at 800 mg once daily for 1 to 4 months as guided by sputum culture status and tolerance and then at 1,200 mg thrice weekly until ≥ 1 year after culture conversion, in addition to individually optimized regimens among 10 consecutive patients with extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis or fluoroquinolone-resistant multidrug-resistant tuberculosis."	( Can intermittent dosing optimize prolonged linezolid treatment of difficult multidrug-resistant tuberculosis? Chan, RC; Chang, KC; Chau, CH; Cheung, SW; Leung, CC; Tam, CM; Wen, PK; Yew, WW, 2013)	0.39
" This open-label, fixed-sequence, 3-period study was intended to evaluate the potential of anacetrapib to be a victim of OATP1B1/3 inhibition and strong CYP3A induction using acute and chronic dosing of rifampin, respectively, as a probe."	( Effects of Rifampin, a potent inducer of drug-metabolizing enzymes and an inhibitor of OATP1B1/3 transport, on the single dose pharmacokinetics of anacetrapib. Anderson, MS; Auger, P; Cote, J; Gutstein, DE; Hohnstein, A; Johnson-Levonas, AO; Liu, Y; Rasmussen, S; Stypinski, D, 2013)	0.39
" Linezolid was given intravenously (IV) at a dosage of 600 mg q12h and vancomycin IV at 500 mg q6h."	( Vancomycin versus linezolid in the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus meningitis. Arda, B; Aydemir, S; Bardak-Ozcem, S; Dalbasti, T; Pullukcu, H; Ruksen, M; Sipahi, H; Sipahi, OR; Turhan, T; Ulusoy, S; Yurtseven, T; Zileli, M, 2013)	0.39
"Limited data on linezolid dosing in the morbidly obese population show lower serum drug concentrations than those in nonobese patients, but no clinical failure has been reported when treating MRSA skin and soft tissue infections or MRSA tracheitis."	( Subtherapeutic linezolid concentrations in a patient with morbid obesity and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia: case report and review of the literature. Lee, KB; Muzevich, KM, 2013)	0.39
"The oral liquid formulations poses an alternative way in providing medications to pediatric patients, geriatric patients, patients with feeding tubes, and patients who cannot swallow solid dosage forms."	( Pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability evaluation of linezolid suspension and tablet formulations. Helmy, SA, 2013)	0.39
" In vivo dose-response studies demonstrated that oral linezolid administration sufficiently decreased bronchoalveolar lavage fluid levels of IFN-γ at day 7 postinfluenza infection in a dose-dependent manner."	( Linezolid decreases susceptibility to secondary bacterial pneumonia postinfluenza infection in mice through its effects on IFN-γ. Birket, SE; Breslow-Deckman, JM; Feola, DJ; Garvy, BA; Ho, TN; Hoskins, SN; Mattingly, CM, 2013)	0.39
"This work describes a simple and sensitive method for simultaneous determination of zolmitriptan, naproxen and propranolol in their dosage forms using HPLC."	( A rapid and sensitive HPLC assay of some concomitant anti-migraine drugs. El-Kadi, AO; Lotfy, HM; Michael, AM; Rezk, MR; Shehata, MA, 2014)	0.4
" Because there are physiologic, pharmacologic, and dosing differences related to weight, it is important to evaluate the impact of weight on antimicrobial agents to optimize clinical outcomes."	( Impact of weight on treatment efficacy and safety in complicated skin and skin structure infections and nosocomial pneumonia caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Barreto, JN; Huang, DB; Morrow, LE; Puzniak, LA, 2013)	0.39
"We analyzed data from 2 clinical trials of patients randomized to receive a fixed dose of linezolid or weight-based dosing of vancomycin for the treatment of cSSSIs or NP caused by MRSA."	( Impact of weight on treatment efficacy and safety in complicated skin and skin structure infections and nosocomial pneumonia caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Barreto, JN; Huang, DB; Morrow, LE; Puzniak, LA, 2013)	0.39
" Among patients with cSSSIs, clinical success rates at the study end with fixed-dose linezolid were similar across all weight quartiles and similar to weight-based dosing of vancomycin for Q1-3."	( Impact of weight on treatment efficacy and safety in complicated skin and skin structure infections and nosocomial pneumonia caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Barreto, JN; Huang, DB; Morrow, LE; Puzniak, LA, 2013)	0.39
"Except for Q4 within the vancomycin-treated patients for MRSA cSSSI, the efficacy of fixed-dosed linezolid and weight-based dosing of vancomycin was maintained across all weight quartiles and MRSA infection types."	( Impact of weight on treatment efficacy and safety in complicated skin and skin structure infections and nosocomial pneumonia caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Barreto, JN; Huang, DB; Morrow, LE; Puzniak, LA, 2013)	0.39
" We evaluated the efficacy of two cadazolid dosing regimens (250 versus 750 mg/L twice daily for 7 days) to treat simulated CDI."	( In vitro activity of cadazolid against clinically relevant Clostridium difficile isolates and in an in vitro gut model of C. difficile infection. Athanasiou, A; Baines, SD; Chilton, CH; Crowther, GS; Freeman, J; Locher, HH; Todhunter, SL; Wilcox, MH, 2014)	0.4
"Bioadhesive nasal dosage forms are an attractive method for overcoming rapid mucociliary clearance transport in the nose and for delivering the drug directly to brain."	( Formulation and evaluation of chitosan-chondroitin sulphate based nasal inserts for zolmitriptan. Kaur, G; Kaur, K, 2013)	0.39
" A microemulsion-based technology has various advantages over other technically complex dosage forms."	( Duel-acting subcutaneous microemulsion formulation for improved migraine treatment with zolmitriptan and diclofenac: formulation and in vitro-in vivo characterization. Christie, M; Dubey, R; Martini, LG, 2014)	0.4
"The effects of pressure, temperature, time, concentration and dosage of alcohol were studied by single factor analysis and orthogonal test."	( [The extraction technology of epigoitri from isatidis radix by supercritical CO2 fluid]. Liu, CY; Liu, LM; Nian, SH; Yang, LF, 2013)	0.39
"The optimized conditions were as follows: The pressure was 20 MPs, the temperature was 50 degrees C, the time was 2 h, concentration of alcohol was 100%, dosage was 80 mL."	( [The extraction technology of epigoitri from isatidis radix by supercritical CO2 fluid]. Liu, CY; Liu, LM; Nian, SH; Yang, LF, 2013)	0.39
" In such cases, we suggest optimized adjustment of the linezolid dosage regimen."	( Developments in the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic index of linezolid: a step toward dose optimization using Monte Carlo simulation in critically ill patients. Chen, L; Dong, H; Dong, Y; Sun, J; Wang, T; Xie, J; Zhao, Y, 2014)	0.4
" Model parameters were used to simulate in vivo activity after oral dosing with sutezolid at 600 mg twice a day (BID) and 1,200 mg once a day (QD)."	( Population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis of the bactericidal activities of sutezolid (PNU-100480) and its major metabolite against intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis in ex vivo whole-blood cultures of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Diacon, A; Friedrich, SO; Wallis, RS; Zhu, T, 2014)	0.4
" This study was aimed to evaluate whether standard dosing of linezolid leads to therapeutic serum concentrations in critically ill patients."	( Variability of linezolid concentrations after standard dosing in critically ill patients: a prospective observational study. Bruegel, M; Döbbeler, G; Frey, L; Grabein, B; Holdt, LM; Hornuss, C; Maier, B; Nagel, D; Neugebauer, C; Teupser, D; Vogeser, M; Weig, T; Zander, J; Zoller, M, 2014)	0.4
"In this prospective observational study, 30 critically ill adult patients with suspected infections received standard dosing of 600 mg linezolid intravenously twice a day."	( Variability of linezolid concentrations after standard dosing in critically ill patients: a prospective observational study. Bruegel, M; Döbbeler, G; Frey, L; Grabein, B; Holdt, LM; Hornuss, C; Maier, B; Nagel, D; Neugebauer, C; Teupser, D; Vogeser, M; Weig, T; Zander, J; Zoller, M, 2014)	0.4
" The findings suggest that therapeutic drug monitoring of linezolid might be helpful for adequate dosing of linezolid in critically ill patients."	( Variability of linezolid concentrations after standard dosing in critically ill patients: a prospective observational study. Bruegel, M; Döbbeler, G; Frey, L; Grabein, B; Holdt, LM; Hornuss, C; Maier, B; Nagel, D; Neugebauer, C; Teupser, D; Vogeser, M; Weig, T; Zander, J; Zoller, M, 2014)	0.4
" This recommended initial dosage and subsequent dosage adjustment for the target concentration range should avoid adverse events, thereby enabling effective linezolid-based therapies to be continued."	( Analysis of thrombocytopenic effects and population pharmacokinetics of linezolid: a dosage strategy according to the trough concentration target and renal function in adult patients. Ikawa, K; Matsumoto, K; Morikawa, N; Shigemi, A; Takeda, Y; Takeshita, A; Watanabe, E; Yokoyama, Y, 2014)	0.4
"To report on linezolid exposure in a paediatric population who routinely underwent therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) for dosage optimization and to assess the factors affecting interpatient variability."	( Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic evaluation of linezolid in hospitalized paediatric patients: a step toward dose optimization by means of therapeutic drug monitoring and Monte Carlo simulation. Cojutti, P; Crichiutti, G; Isola, M; Maximova, N; Pea, F, 2015)	0.42
" Simulations showed a PTA of ≥ 90% with the current dosing regimens in both groups only for pathogens with an MIC ≤ 1 mg/L."	( Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic evaluation of linezolid in hospitalized paediatric patients: a step toward dose optimization by means of therapeutic drug monitoring and Monte Carlo simulation. Cojutti, P; Crichiutti, G; Isola, M; Maximova, N; Pea, F, 2015)	0.42
" TDM is a diagnostic standard for the individualization of polypharmcotherapy based on validated analytical methods (in particular LC-MS/MS and HPLC-methods) in order to optimize dosing and drug safety."	( [Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of antiinfectives in intensive care medicine]. Adam, R; Michels, G; Müller, C; Nosseir, NS; Pfister, R; Wiesen, MH, 2014)	0.4
" Administration of higher than standard doses of linezolid and therapeutic drug monitoring should therefore be considered as options to optimise linezolid dosing in critically ill patients with CNS infections."	( Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of linezolid in neurosurgical critically ill patients with proven or suspected central nervous system infections. Alvarez-Lerma, F; Basas, M; Campillo, N; Ferrández, O; Grau, S; Horcajada, JP; Lipman, J; Luque, S; Roberts, JA, 2014)	0.4
"The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of vancomycin and norvancomycin for half of the isolates decreased below the susceptibility break point, and the MIC of linezolid for one isolate was decreased to the blood and epithelial lining fluid concentration using the current dosing regimen."	( Colistin and anti-Gram-positive bacterial agents against Acinetobacter baumannii. Bai, Y; Di, X; Liu, B; Liu, Y; Wang, J; Wang, R; Zhang, X, 2014)	0.4
" The present study aimed to define the pharmacokinetic parameters of intravenous linezolid in pediatric patients and assess the rationale for the approved dosage recommendations."	( Linezolid dosage in pediatric patients based on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Ikawa, K; Matsumoto, K; Morikawa, N; Shigemi, A; Takeda, Y; Takeshita, A; Watanabe, E; Yokoyama, Y, 2015)	0.42
" The main objective of this review is to compare the relative efficacies, dosing strategies, and side-effect profiles of quinupristin-dalfopristin, linezolid, and daptomycin for VRE bacteremia in the pediatric population."	( Optimizing therapy for vancomycin-resistant enterococcal bacteremia in children. Hsu, AJ; Tamma, PD, 2014)	0.4
" aureus RMs (resistant to 2× and 4×MIC but not 8× and 16×MIC) were enriched at ratios of the 24-h area under the concentration-time curve (AUC24) to the MIC that provide linezolid concentrations between the MIC and MPC for 100% (AUC24/MIC, 60 h) and 86% (AUC24/MIC, 120 h) of the dosing interval."	( In vitro resistance studies with bacteria that exhibit low mutation frequencies: prediction of "antimutant" linezolid concentrations using a mixed inoculum containing both susceptible and resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Edelstein, MV; Firsov, AA; Golikova, MV; Portnoy, YA; Romanov, AV; Strukova, EN; Zinner, SH, 2015)	0.42
" The extent of this variability makes the case for therapeutic drug monitoring since an area under the inhibitory curve greater than 80 to 120 and the time above the minimum inhibitory concentration over the entire dosing interval strongly correlate with linezolid treatment efficacy."	( Therapeutic drug monitoring: linezolid too? Brink, AJ; Richards, GA, 2014)	0.4
" Therapeutic drug monitoring dosage adjustments may be especially useful in patients with renal dysfunction and severe MRSA infection."	( Treatment of mediastinitis due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a renal dysfunction patient undergoing adjustments to the linezolid dose. Ashizawa, N; Fukahara, K; Nagura, S; Narukawa, M; Obi, H; Ota, Y; Tashiro, M; To, H; Tsuji, Y; Yamamoto, Y; Yoshimura, N, 2015)	0.42
" A higher dosage of the drug showed a higher accumulation in these bacteria in a dosing range of 5-50 ng/mL."	( Thinking outside the "bug": a unique assay to measure intracellular drug penetration in gram-negative bacteria. Isabella, V; Joubran, C; Miller, A; Miller-Vedam, L; Nayar, A; Tentarelli, S; Zhou, Y, 2015)	0.42
" Dosing ETX0914 in human volunteers showed sufficient exposure and minimal adverse effects to expect a highly efficacious anti-gonorrhea therapy."	( Responding to the challenge of untreatable gonorrhea: ETX0914, a first-in-class agent with a distinct mechanism-of-action against bacterial Type II topoisomerases. Alm, RA; Barvian, K; Basarab, GS; Doig, P; Galullo, V; Gardner, H; Gowravaram, M; Huband, M; Kern, GH; Kimzey, A; Kutschke, A; Lahiri, SD; Lawrence, K; McNulty, J; Morningstar, M; Mueller, JP; Newman, JV; Perros, M; Schuck, VJ; Singh, R; Tommasi, R; Vishwanathan, K; Walkup, G, 2015)	0.42
" Each dosage of cadazolid resulted in a lower recurrence rate than with vancomycin (18."	( Multicenter, Double-Blind, Randomized, Phase 2 Study Evaluating the Novel Antibiotic Cadazolid in Patients with Clostridium difficile Infection. Buitrago, M; Charef, P; Cornely, OA; Gerding, DN; Kracker, H; Louie, T; Nord, CE; Talbot, GH; Wilcox, M, 2015)	0.42
" Increasing the dosage regimen can be applied to ceftriaxone and azithromycin, but the emergence of high-level resistance has already been reported."	( New treatment options for infections caused by increasingly antimicrobial-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Chong, Y; Lee, H; Lee, K, 2016)	0.43
" Mice were dosed orally with 10 mg/kg anacetrapib daily for 42 days."	( Disposition into Adipose Tissue Determines Accumulation and Elimination Kinetics of the Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein Inhibitor Anacetrapib in Mice. Burton, A; Chavez-Eng, C; Gheyas, F; Gutstein, D; Hartmann, G; Jackson, T; Johns, D; Kumar, S; Lederman, H; Lutz, R; Mitra, K; Shen, X, 2016)	0.43
"Zolmitriptan is the drug of choice for migraine, but low oral bioavailability (<50%) and recurrence of migraine lead to frequent dosing and increase in associated side effects."	( Poloxamer 407-based intranasal thermoreversible gel of zolmitriptan-loaded nanoethosomes: formulation, optimization, evaluation and permeation studies. Dhamecha, D; Jalalpure, S; Shahi, S; Shelke, S, 2016)	0.43
" The role of individualized drug dosing regimens for other oxazolidinones remains to be proven."	( Drug monitoring and individual dose optimization of antimicrobial drugs: oxazolidinones. Alffenaar, JW; Cattaneo, D; Neely, M, 2016)	0.43
"Tedizolid is an orally bioavailable oxazolidinone with once-daily dosing and broad-spectrum Gram-positive activity."	( Exploring the pharmacodynamic interactions between tedizolid and other orally bioavailable antimicrobials against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Werth, BJ, 2017)	0.46
"The inverted U-shaped, methamphetamine dose-response function for intake on the fixed ratio 5 schedule was shifted downward by CP 94,253 both before and after abstinence."	( Preclinical Evidence That 5-HT1B Receptor Agonists Show Promise as Medications for Psychostimulant Use Disorders. Cotter, AR; Garcia, R; Leslie, K; Neisewander, JL; Olive, MF, 2017)	0.46
" Consumption of a traditional Japanese breakfast prior to dosing increased the plasma pharmacokinetics of anacetrapib in Japanese subjects compared with fasted conditions, to a similar extent as in white subjects."	( Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Anacetrapib Following Single Doses in Healthy, Young Japanese and White Male Subjects. Cote, J; Denker, AE; Gheyas, F; Krishna, R; Laterza, O; Liu, Y; Ruckle, JL; Wagner, JA, 2018)	0.48
" This newer oxazolidinone offers the advantages of once-daily dosing and a better safety profile in healthy volunteer studies (fewer gastrointestinal and haematological side effects)."	( Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Oxazolidinones. Muller, L; Roberts, JA; Roger, C, 2018)	0.48
" Serial blood samples for PK analysis were collected up to 12 h after dosing on day 21."	( Safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of 21 day multiple oral administration of a new oxazolidinone antibiotic, LCB01-0371, in healthy male subjects. Cho, YL; Choi, Y; Chung, JY; Jang, IJ; Jang, K; Kim, A; Lee, SW; Nam, H; Yu, KS, 2018)	0.48
"Thirty-two healthy male subjects received BID 400-1600 mg multiple oral dosing of LCB01-0371 (200-mg tablet or 400-mg tablet) for 7 days, and 6 subjects received an 800-mg single oral dose of LCB01-0371 (400-mg tablet)."	( Multiple-dose Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of Oral LCB01-0371 in Healthy Male Volunteers. Bae, KS; Cho, YL; Cho, YS; Lim, HS; Nam, HS, 2018)	0.48
" A tedizolid dose of 200 mg/day or 700 mg twice a week is recommended for testing in patients; the intermittent tedizolid dosing schedule could be much safer than daily linezolid."	( The Sterilizing Effect of Intermittent Tedizolid for Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Cirrincione, K; Deshpande, D; Dheda, K; Gumbo, T; Lee, PS; Nuermberger, E; Srivastava, S, 2018)	0.48
"This study assessed the tolerability and pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of a new-generation oxazolidinone, contezolid (MRX-I), and its major inactive metabolite, M2, after single oral administrations of 800, 1200, and 1600 mg in the fed state, and compared the efficacy of 3 dosing regimens in the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection based on PK/pharmacodynamic (PD) analysis."	( Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics of Contezolid at Therapeutic and Supratherapeutic Doses in Healthy Chinese Subjects, and Assessment of Contezolid Dosing Regimens Based on Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Analysis. Cao, G; Chen, Y; Guo, B; Guo, Y; Hu, F; Wang, Y; Wu, H; Wu, J; Wu, X; Yu, J; Yuan, H; Zhang, J; Zhu, D, 2019)	0.51
" Steady-state concentrations of contezolid following the 3 dosing regimens (800, 1200, and 1600 mg q12h) were simulated by employing a newly developed 2-compartmental PK model."	( Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics of Contezolid at Therapeutic and Supratherapeutic Doses in Healthy Chinese Subjects, and Assessment of Contezolid Dosing Regimens Based on Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Analysis. Cao, G; Chen, Y; Guo, B; Guo, Y; Hu, F; Wang, Y; Wu, H; Wu, J; Wu, X; Yu, J; Yuan, H; Zhang, J; Zhu, D, 2019)	0.51
" To our knowledge, this is the first PK study to predict that a dosing regimen of 800 mg q12h of oral contezolid is sufficient for treating MRSA infection, with a MIC of ≤4 mg/L."	( Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics of Contezolid at Therapeutic and Supratherapeutic Doses in Healthy Chinese Subjects, and Assessment of Contezolid Dosing Regimens Based on Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Analysis. Cao, G; Chen, Y; Guo, B; Guo, Y; Hu, F; Wang, Y; Wu, H; Wu, J; Wu, X; Yu, J; Yuan, H; Zhang, J; Zhu, D, 2019)	0.51
" [D-Val5]NPS dosing at 20 nmol and SHA 68 dosing at 50 mg/kg significantly decreased the number of visits to the 2 odorants interchanged spatially, switched odorants, in recall trial, and simultaneously reduced the percentage of Fos-ir in NPSR-ir neurons, which were densely distributed in the anterior olfactory nucleus, piriform cortex, subiculum, presubiculum, and parasubiculum."	( Neuropeptide S Displays as a Key Neuromodulator in Olfactory Spatial Memory. Cai, CC; Chen, HL; Cong, CY; Cui, GF; Dong, CY; Hou, YP; Kong, XP; Li, J; Ren, YL; Shao, YF; Wang, C; Xie, JF; Xin, L, 2020)	0.56
" Another goal was to evaluate the 2 dosing regimens against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections based on PK/PD analysis."	( Population Pharmacokinetics Study of Contezolid (MRX-I), a Novel Oxazolidinone Antibacterial Agent, in Chinese Patients. Cao, G; Chen, Y; Guo, B; Li, L; Wu, H; Wu, J; Wu, X; Yuan, H; Zhang, J; Zhang, Y; Zhao, M, 2020)	0.56
"The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of hard capsule shells on the possibility of non-invasive monitoring and authentication of medicines presented in capsules dosage form."	( Influence of the quality of capsule shell on the non-invasive monitoring of medicines using Terizidone as an example. Balyklova, KS; Demkin, NA; Pomerantsev, AL; Rodionova, OY; Titova, AV, 2021)	0.62
" Clinical investigations with daily doses of 200 mg for 6 days showed non-inferiority to twice-daily dosing of linezolid 600 mg for 10 days in patients with acute bacterial skin and skin-structure infections."	( Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Tedizolid. Iqbal, K; Milioudi, A; Wicha, SG, 2022)	0.72
"This study aimed to build a population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) model for contezolid tablet (MRX-I) in healthy subjects and adults with complicated skin and soft-tissue infections (cSSTIs) to further evaluate the efficacy and safety of contezolid and recommend the optimal dosing regimen based on pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) analysis."	( Clinical Pharmacology and Utility of Contezolid in Chinese Patients with Complicated Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections. Cao, G; Chen, Y; Guo, B; Huang, H; Li, Y; Wu, H; Wu, J; Wu, X; Yang, W; Yu, J; Yuan, H; Yuan, Z; Zhang, J; Zhang, Y, 2022)	0.72
" The dosage was selected based on mouse pharmacokinetic analysis of both linezolid and TBI-223, as well as measurement of the MICs."	( The Novel Oxazolidinone TBI-223 Is Effective in Three Preclinical Mouse Models of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection. Archer, NK; Dikeman, DA; Fotouhi, N; Gordon, O; Gough, E; Kaushik, A; Miller, LS; Mumtaz, M; Nuermberger, EL; Orlando, N; Ortines, RV; Patel, AM; Upton, AM; Wang, Y; Youn, C; Zhang, J, 2022)	0.72
" Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) using intranasal agents (no restrictions on dose, formulation, dosing regimen or timing of the first dose) to treat adult patients with acute migraine were included."	( Efficacy and safety of intranasal agents for the acute treatment of migraine: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Duan, S; Li, G; Liu, L; Liu, Z; Ren, Z; Wang, Z; Xia, H; Zhu, T, 2023)	0.91

Role	Description
metabolite	Any intermediate or product resulting from metabolism. The term 'metabolite' subsumes the classes commonly known as primary and secondary metabolites.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
oxazolidinone	An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.
carbamate ester	Any ester of carbamic acid or its N-substituted derivatives.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
vitamin D3 receptor isoform VDRA	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	112.2020	0.3548	28.0659	89.1251	AID504847
DNA polymerase iota isoform a (long)	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	35.4813	0.0501	27.0736	89.1251	AID588590
geminin	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.2344	0.0046	11.3741	33.4983	AID624296; AID624297
Vpr	Human immunodeficiency virus 1	Potency	0.8913	1.5849	19.6264	63.0957	AID651644
Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	39.8107	3.9811	46.7448	112.2020	AID720708
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
adaptive immune response	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
calcium-ion regulated exocytosis	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of exocytosis	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
insulin secretion	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of insulin secretion	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of synaptic vesicle cycle	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
Ras protein signal transduction	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of insulin secretion	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
cAMP binding	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
protein-macromolecule adaptor activity	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
small GTPase binding	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
cytosol	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
hippocampal mossy fiber to CA3 synapse	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID504810	Antagonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign	2010	Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7	A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID504812	Inverse Agonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign	2010	Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7	A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID1745845	Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID651635	Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	212 (5.06)	18.7374
1990's	218 (5.21)	18.2507
2000's	1775 (42.40)	29.6817
2010's	1718 (41.04)	24.3611
2020's	263 (6.28)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	347 (7.93%)	5.53%
Reviews	542 (12.39%)	6.00%
Case Studies	563 (12.87%)	4.05%
Observational	9 (0.21%)	0.25%
Other	2,915 (66.61%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
dinitrochlorobenzene Dinitrochlorobenzene: A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds.. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : A C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene carrying a nitro substituent at each of the 2- and 4-positions.	1.98	1	0	C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes	allergen; epitope; sensitiser
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	4.59	8	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
aminolevulinic acid Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.	2.1	1	0	4-oxo monocarboxylic acid; amino acid zwitterion; delta-amino acid	antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
5-hydroxytryptophan 5-Hydroxytryptophan: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.. 5-hydroxytryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.	2.06	1	0	hydroxytryptophan	human metabolite; neurotransmitter
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	2.42	2	0	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.	2.07	1	0	aldehyde	carcinogenic agent; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; electron acceptor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; oxidising agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; teratogenic agent
acetamide acetimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is acetic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.	2.45	2	0	acetamides; carboximidic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia
acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).	2.46	2	0	ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	2.42	2	0	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
beta-alanine [no description available]	2.02	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid	agonist; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; inhibitor; neurotransmitter
benzaldehyde [no description available]	2.43	2	0	benzaldehydes	EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; fragrance; odorant receptor agonist; plant metabolite
benzene [no description available]	2.03	1	0	aromatic annulene; benzenes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; non-polar solvent
bromide Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)	2.42	2	0	halide anion; monoatomic bromine
butyraldehyde [no description available]	2.21	1	0	butanals	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbamates [no description available]	4.14	15	0	amino-acid anion
formic acid formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.	2.6	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antibacterial agent; astringent; metabolite; protic solvent; solvent
carnitine [no description available]	2.01	1	0	amino-acid betaine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
catechol [no description available]	2.11	1	0	catechols	allelochemical; genotoxin; plant metabolite
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	2.78	3	0	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
choline [no description available]	2.01	1	0	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	2.95	4	0	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	1.94	1	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
2,3-diaminopropionic acid 3-aminoalanine : A diamino acid that is alanine in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an amino group.	2.02	1	0	alanine derivative; amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid; diamino acid; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite
bupropion Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	2.02	1	0	aromatic ketone; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.	2.66	3	0	catechols; dihydroxyphenylacetic acid	human metabolite
fosmidomycin fosmidomycin: from Streptomyces lavendulae; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in second source. fosmidomycin : Propylphosphonic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a formyl(hydroxy)amino group. An antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces lavendulae, it specifically inhibits DXP reductoisomerase (EC 1.1.1.267), a key enzyme in the non-mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis.	2.72	3	0	hydroxamic acid; phosphonic acids	antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 1.1.1.267 (1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase) inhibitor
creatine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	glycine derivative; guanidines; zwitterion	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	3.16	5	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	2.38	2	0	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
ethanolamine [no description available]	2.13	1	0	ethanolamines; primary alcohol; primary amine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
glycine [no description available]	3.17	5	0	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	2.48	2	0	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.	2.05	1	0	carbon oxoanion	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dalteparin Dalteparin: A low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. The mean molecular weight is 4000-6000 daltons. It is used therapeutically as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	3.15	1	0
histamine [no description available]	1.95	1	0	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	2.42	2	0	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
hydroxylamine amino alcohol : An alcohol containing an amino functional group in addition to the alcohol-defining hydroxy group.	2.02	1	0	hydroxylamines	algal metabolite; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; EC 1.1.3.13 (alcohol oxidase) inhibitor; EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor; EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; nitric oxide donor; nucleophilic reagent
imidazole imidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1H-imidazole : An imidazole tautomer which has the migrating hydrogen at position 1.	2.04	1	0	imidazole
indole [no description available]	2.03	1	0	indole; polycyclic heteroarene	Escherichia coli metabolite
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	3.78	3	0	diatomic iodine	nutrient
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	2.99	4	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
melatonin [no description available]	3.15	1	0	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.	2.94	4	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom	epitope; micronutrient
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	3.59	2	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
niacin Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.	7.71	7	1	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; vitamin B3	antidote; antilipemic drug; EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	2.01	1	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	2.01	1	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
oxamic acid Oxamic Acid: Amino-substituted glyoxylic acid derivative.. oxamic acid : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide resulting from the formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of oxalic acid with ammonia.	2.11	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoamide	Escherichia coli metabolite
triphosphoric acid triphosphoric acid: used as water softener, peptizing agent, emulsifier & dispersing agent; ingredient of cleansers; meat preservative; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.17	1	0	acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride; phosphorus oxoacid
pentachlorophenol PENTA: structure given in first source	2	1	0	aromatic fungicide; chlorophenol; organochlorine pesticide; pentachlorobenzenes	human xenobiotic metabolite
phenol [no description available]	2.03	1	0	phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
phenethylamine phenethylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7016. 2-phenylethylamine : A phenylethylamine having the phenyl substituent at the 2-position.	2.65	3	0	alkaloid; aralkylamine; phenylethylamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phosphoric acid phosphoric acid: concise etchant is 37% H3PO4. phosphoric acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom.	2.05	1	0	phosphoric acids	algal metabolite; fertilizer; human metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; solvent
phosphorylcholine Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.	2.17	1	0	phosphocholines	allergen; epitope; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
propylene glycol Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.	2.05	1	0	glycol; propane-1,2-diols	allergen; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
pyrazinamide pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.	8.35	11	2	monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia; pyrazines	antitubercular agent; prodrug
pyridine azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.	3.08	5	0	azaarene; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; pyridines	environmental contaminant; NMR chemical shift reference compound
pyridoxine 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).	3.82	2	1	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
toluene methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.	2.15	1	0	methylbenzene; toluenes; volatile organic compound	cholinergic antagonist; fuel additive; neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
uracil 2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder	2.06	1	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	5.18	14	0	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isopentenyl pyrophosphate isopentenyl pyrophosphate: substrate for isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; a nonpeptide mycobacterial antigen that stimulates gamma delta T cells. isopentenyl diphosphate : A prenol phosphate comprising 3-methylbut-3-en-1-ol having an O-diphosphate substituent.	2.02	1	0	prenol phosphate	antigen; antioxidant; epitope; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; phosphoantigen
2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.	3.07	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	NMDA receptor antagonist
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin: A serotonin 1A-receptor agonist that is used experimentally to test the effects of serotonin.. 8-OH-DPAT : A tetralin substituted at positions 1 and 7 by hydroxy and dipropylamino groups respectively	2.4	2	0	phenols; tertiary amino compound; tetralins	serotonergic antagonist
3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid 3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid: structure given in first source; NMDA receptor antagonist	1.97	1	0
1-hydroxy-3-amino-2-pyrrolidone 1-hydroxy-3-amino-2-pyrrolidone: a CNS depressant; structure in first source	2.06	1	0
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	2.75	3	0	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.	1.96	1	0	methylpyridines; phenylpyridine; tetrahydropyridine	neurotoxin
2,2'-dipyridyl 2,2'-Dipyridyl: A reagent used for the determination of iron.. 2,2'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.	2.13	1	0	bipyridine	chelator; ferroptosis inhibitor
2-methyl-5-ht 2-methyl-5-HT: M-receptor agonist	2	1	0	tryptamines	serotonergic agonist
4-aminopyridine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	aminopyridine; aromatic amine	avicide; orphan drug; potassium channel blocker
homovanillic acid Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.	4.27	4	1	guaiacols; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
5-carboxamidotryptamine 5-carboxamidotryptamine: agonist of 5-HT receptor; structure given in first source	2.41	2	0	tryptamines
hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.	3.76	2	1	indole-3-acetic acids	drug metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
oxyquinoline Oxyquinoline: An antiseptic with mild fungistatic, bacteriostatic, anthelmintic, and amebicidal action. It is also used as a reagent and metal chelator, as a carrier for radio-indium for diagnostic purposes, and its halogenated derivatives are used in addition as topical anti-infective agents and oral antiamebics.. quinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8. Its fungicidal properties are used for the control of grey mould on vines and tomatoes.	1.98	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline	antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug; iron chelator
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	6.76	7	1	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
acetohydroxamic acid acetohydroxamic acid: urease inhibitor. oxime : Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.. N-hydroxyacetimidic acid : A carbohydroximic acid consisting of acetimidic acid having a hydroxy group attached to the imide nitrogen.. acetohydroxamic acid : A member of the class of acetohydroxamic acids that is acetamide in which one of the amino hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.03	1	0	acetohydroxamic acids; carbohydroximic acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
albuterol Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).	2.01	1	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
alosetron alosetron : A pyrido[4,3-b]indole compound having a 5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl group at the 2-position.	2	1	0	imidazoles; pyridoindole	antiemetic; gastrointestinal drug; serotonergic antagonist
amantadine amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source	2.41	1	0	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	analgesic; antiparkinson drug; antiviral drug; dopaminergic agent; NMDA receptor antagonist; non-narcotic analgesic
ambroxol Ambroxol: A metabolite of BROMHEXINE that stimulates mucociliary action and clears the air passages in the respiratory tract. It is usually administered as the hydrochloride.	1.98	1	0	aromatic amine
4-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid 4-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. gamma-amino-beta-hydroxybutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid comprising 4-aminobutyric acid having a 2-hydroxy substituent.	1.96	1	0	3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid
theophylline [no description available]	2	1	0	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
amiodarone Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.	4.87	4	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone; organoiodine compound; tertiary amino compound	cardiovascular drug
amitriptyline Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.	4.02	4	0	carbotricyclic compound; tertiary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist; xenobiotic
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	8.05	12	4	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
atenolol Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.	2.42	2	0	ethanolamines; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; sympatholytic agent; xenobiotic
atrazine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	chloro-1,3,5-triazine; diamino-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
azelaic acid nonanedioic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is heptane substituted at positions 1 and 7 by carboxy groups.	2.06	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; plant metabolite
aztreonam Aztreonam: A monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic originally isolated from Chromobacterium violaceum. It is resistant to beta-lactamases and is used in gram-negative infections, especially of the meninges, bladder, and kidneys. It may cause a superinfection with gram-positive organisms.. aztreonam : A synthetic monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic (monobactam), used primarily to treat infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria. It inhibits mucopeptide synthesis in the bacterial cell wall, thereby blocking peptidoglycan crosslinking.	7.1	7	5
baclofen [no description available]	4.79	2	1	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant
benzbromarone Benzbromarone: Uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. It is used in the treatment of gout.. benzbromarone : 1-Benzofuran substituted at C-2 and C-3 by an ethyl group and a 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoyl group respectively. An inhibitor of CYP2C9, it is used as an anti-gout medication.	3.23	1	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone	uricosuric drug
benzothiazide benzothiazide: structure. benzthiazide : 7-Sulfamoyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by chlorine and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzylsulfanylmethyl group. A diuretic, it is used to treat hypertension and edema.	2.08	1	0	benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
berberine [no description available]	2.1	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; berberine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite; potassium channel blocker
beta-naphthoflavone beta-Naphthoflavone: A polyaromatic hydrocarbon inducer of P4501A1 and P4501A2 cytochromes. (Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1994 Dec:207(3):302-308). beta-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the f side of flavone.	2.01	1	0	extended flavonoid; naphtho-gamma-pyrone; organic heterotricyclic compound	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist
bromhexine Bromhexine: A mucolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with viscid or excessive mucus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p744). bromhexine : A substituted aniline that is 2,4-dibromoaniline which is substituted at position 6 by a [cyclohexyl(methyl)amino]methyl group. It is used (as the monohydrochloride salt) as a mucolytic for the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with productive cough (i.e. a cough characterised by the production of sputum).	1.98	1	0	organobromine compound; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	mucolytic
buspirone Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.	2.55	2	0	azaspiro compound; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organic heteropolycyclic compound; piperidones; pyrimidines	anxiolytic drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; sedative; serotonergic agonist
butalbital butalbital: management of butalbital withdrawal can be simplified by using a phenobarbital-loading protocol; RN given refers to parent cpd. butalbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by an allyl group and an isobutyl group. Frequently combined with other medicines, such as aspirin, paracetamol and codeine, it is used for treatment of pain and headache.	2.05	1	0	barbiturates	analgesic; sedative
caffeine [no description available]	4.1	3	1	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	4.94	4	0	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
carbofuran Carbofuran: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic insecticide, an acaricide, and nematocide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.46	2	0	1-benzofurans; carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nematicide
carisoprodol Carisoprodol: A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant whose mechanism of action is not completely understood but may be related to its sedative actions. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1202). carisoprodol : A carbamate ester that is the mono-N-isopropyl derivative of meprobamate (which is a significant metabolite). Carisoprodol interrupts neuronal communication within the reticular formation and spinal cord, resulting in sedation and alteration in pain perception. It is used as a muscle relaxant in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm.	3.54	2	0	carbamate ester	muscle relaxant
carvedilol [no description available]	2.31	1	0	carbazoles; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone: A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.. CCCP : A member of the class of monochlorobenzenes that is benzene substituted by 2-(1,3-dinitrilopropan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl and chloro groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is a mitochondrial depolarizing agent that induces reactive oxygen species mediated cell death.	2.03	1	0	hydrazone; monochlorobenzenes; nitrile	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; ionophore
cefuroxime Cefuroxime: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, GONORRHEA, and HAEMOPHILUS.. cefuroxime : A 3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin compound having a 7-(2Z)-2-(furan-2-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido side chain.	3.14	5	0	carbamate ester; cephalosporin
cefixime Cefixime: A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that is stable to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases.. cefixime : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic bearing vinyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-[(carboxymethoxy)imino]acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used in the treatment of gonorrhoea, tonsilitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, and urinary tract infections.	2.11	1	0
cetirizine Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.	2.03	1	0	ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; piperazines	anti-allergic agent; environmental contaminant; H1-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	2.07	1	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
chlorpheniramine Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.	2.01	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidepressant; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.	4.61	6	1	aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile	adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
eucalyptol [no description available]	2.06	1	0
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	7.9	39	2	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
citalopram Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.	3.29	6	0	2-benzofurans; cyclic ether; nitrile; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound
clofazimine Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.	4.79	5	0	monochlorobenzenes; phenazines	dye; leprostatic drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clofibric acid Clofibric Acid: An antilipemic agent that is the biologically active metabolite of CLOFIBRATE.. clofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is isobutyric acid substituted at position 2 by a p-chlorophenoxy group. It is a metabolite of the drug clofibrate.	3.15	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; herbicide; marine xenobiotic metabolite; PPARalpha agonist
clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	4.71	2	1	clonidine; imidazoline
cyclobenzaprine cyclobenzaprine: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lisseril is synonymous for HCl; structure. cyclobenzaprine : 5-Methylidene-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene in which one of the hydrogens of the methylidene group is substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.	3.12	1	0	carbotricyclic compound	antidepressant; muscle relaxant; tranquilizing drug
cyproheptadine Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.	3.12	1	0	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; gastrointestinal drug; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
dapsone [no description available]	4.37	1	1	substituted aniline; sulfone	anti-inflammatory drug; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; leprostatic drug
amphetamine Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.	1.96	1	0	primary amine
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	4.49	5	1	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.	4.34	3	0	amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
ddt 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source	1.93	1	0	benzenoid aromatic compound; chlorophenylethane; monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine insecticide	bridged diphenyl acaricide; carcinogenic agent; endocrine disruptor; persistent organic pollutant
diethyl pyrocarbonate Diethyl Pyrocarbonate: Preservative for wines, soft drinks, and fruit juices and a gentle esterifying agent.. diethyl pyrocarbonate : The diethyl ester of dicarbonic acid.	2.03	1	0	acyclic carboxylic anhydride
dimethoate Dimethoate: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic and contact insecticide.. dimethoate : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N-methylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group attached to the carbonyl moiety is replaced by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanediyl group.	2.08	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
diphenhydramine Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.	2.88	4	0	ether; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; antitussive; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; oneirogen; sedative
disulfoton Disulfoton: An organothiophosphate insecticide.. disulfoton : An organic thiophosphate that is the diethyl ester of S-[2-(ethylsulfanyl)ethyl] dihydrogen phosphorodithioate.	2.04	1	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.	2.71	3	0	branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid	anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent
2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid 2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid: (D)-isomer active as an antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate excitation of central neurons; (L)-isomer inactive; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	3.07	1	0
droperidol Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon.	3.11	1	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; organofluorine compound	anaesthesia adjuvant; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic
etodolac Etodolac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with potent analgesic and anti-arthritic properties. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; and in the alleviation of postoperative pain (PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE).. etodolac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indol-1-yl moiety. A preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, it is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and for the alleviation of postoperative pain. Administered as the racemate, only the (S)-enantiomer is active.	2.17	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
brl 42810 [no description available]	3.11	1	0	2-aminopurines; acetate ester	antiviral drug; prodrug
famotidine Famotidine: A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion.	2.04	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; guanidines; sulfonamide	anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
fipronil fipronil: has low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source. fipronil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fipronil.. 5-amino-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl]-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole that is substituted at positions 1, 3, 4, and 5 by 2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, cyano, (trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl, and amino groups, respectively.	2.08	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; dichlorobenzene; nitrile; primary amino compound; pyrazoles; sulfoxide
fluconazole Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.	2.98	4	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	environmental contaminant; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
fluoxetine Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.	3.8	2	1	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; secondary amino compound
furafylline [no description available]	2	1	0	oxopurine
furazolidone Furazolidone: A nitrofuran derivative with antiprotozoal and antibacterial activity. Furazolidone acts by gradual inhibition of monoamine oxidase. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p514). furazolidone : A member of the class of oxazolidines that is 1,3-oxazolidin-2-one in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an N-{[(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino} group. It has antibacterial and antiprotozoal properties, and is used in the treatment of giardiasis and cholera.	4.9	36	0	nitrofuran antibiotic; oxazolidines	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antitrichomonal drug; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	2.04	1	0	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
gabapentin Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.	2.44	2	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
gaboxadol gaboxadol: GABA agonist; inhibitor of GABA uptake systems; structure	2.38	2	0	oxazole
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	4.71	28	0
glafenine Glafenine: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic properties used for the relief of all types of pain.. glafenine : A carboxylic ester that is 2,3-dihydroxypropyl anthranilate in which the amino group is substituted by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, glafenine and its hydrochloride salt were used for the relief of all types of pain, but high incidence of anaphylactic reactions resulted in their withdrawal from the market.	1.97	1	0	aminoquinoline; carboxylic ester; glycol; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound	inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
glyphosate glyphosate: active cpd in herbicidal formulation Roundup; inhibits EC 2.5.1.19, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase; structure. glyphosate : A phosphonic acid resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the methyl group of methylphosphonic acid with the amino group of glycine. It is one of the most commonly used herbicides worldwide, and the only one to target the enzyme 5-enolpyruvyl-3-shikimate phosphate synthase (EPSPS).	2.05	1	0	glycine derivative; phosphonic acid	agrochemical; EC 2.5.1.19 (3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor; herbicide
guanidine Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.	3.2	5	0	carboxamidine; guanidines; one-carbon compound
harmaline Harmaline: A beta-carboline alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM.. harmaline : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7 and has been reduced across the 3,4 bond.	2.88	4	0	harmala alkaloid	oneirogen
miltefosine miltefosine: hexadecyl phosphocholine derivative of cisplatin; did not substantially activate HIV long terminal repeat; less toxic than cisplatin. miltefosine : A phospholipid that is the hexadecyl monoester of phosphocholine.	2.17	1	0	phosphocholines; phospholipid	anti-inflammatory agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; apoptosis inducer; immunomodulator; protein kinase inhibitor
ethidium Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.	2.03	1	0	phenanthridines	fluorochrome; intercalator
hydrochlorothiazide Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	3.38	1	1	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
hydroxyurea [no description available]	2.03	1	0	one-carbon compound; ureas	antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	8.76	10	2	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.	3.11	1	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic
ifosfamide [no description available]	1.98	1	0	ifosfamides	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
imipramine Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.	3.37	1	1	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
indole-3-carbinol indole-3-carbinol: occurs in edible cruciferous vegetables. indole-3-methanol : An indolyl alcohol carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It is a constituent of the cruciferous vegetables and had anticancer activity.	2.01	1	0	indolyl alcohol	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	3.13	1	0	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
iproniazid [no description available]	2.37	2	0	carbohydrazide; pyridines
isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).	9.66	19	3	carbohydrazide	antitubercular agent; drug allergen
2-propanol 2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.	1.97	1	0	secondary alcohol; secondary fatty alcohol	protic solvent
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	2.31	1	0	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
ketamine Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.	3.82	3	0	cyclohexanones; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	analgesic; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
ketanserin Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.	2.88	4	0	aromatic ketone; organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; cardiovascular drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist
ketoconazole 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.	4.89	4	2	dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
ketorolac Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.. 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively.	2.75	3	0	amino acid; aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; pyrrolizines; racemate	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
kynurenic acid Kynurenic Acid: A broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist used as a research tool.. kynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-4.	1.97	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	G-protein-coupled receptor agonist; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
leflunomide Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.	3.14	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; isoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
lorazepam Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.	3.38	1	1	benzodiazepine
malathion Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.	2.08	1	0	diester; ethyl ester; organic thiophosphate
meclizine Meclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in the treatment of motion sickness, vertigo, and nausea during pregnancy and radiation sickness.	2.02	1	0	diarylmethane
meperidine Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.	2.04	1	0	ethyl ester; piperidinecarboxylate ester; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.	2.31	1	0	guanidines	environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
methadone Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.	2.43	2	0	benzenes; diarylmethane; ketone; tertiary amino compound
methiothepin Methiothepin: A serotonin receptor antagonist in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM used as an antipsychotic.. methiothepin : A dibenzothiepine that is 10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f]thiepine bearing additional methylthio and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 8 and 10 respectively. Potent 5-HT2 antagonist, also active as 5-HT1 antagonist. Differentiates 5-HT1D sub-types. Also displays affinity for rodent 5-HT5B, 5-HT5A, 5-HT7 and 5-HT6 receptors (pK1 values are 6.6, 7.0, 8.4 and 8.7 respectively).	2	1	0	aryl sulfide; dibenzothiepine; N-alkylpiperazine; tertiary amino compound	antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; geroprotector; serotonergic antagonist
methylphenidate Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.	2	1	0	beta-amino acid ester; methyl ester; piperidines
metoclopramide Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.	5.05	5	2	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; gastrointestinal drug; xenobiotic
metoprolol Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.	2.25	1	0	aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	5.95	19	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
mexiletine Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.	3.37	1	1	aromatic ether; primary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug
mianserin Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.. mianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.	2.01	1	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine agonist; sedative; serotonergic antagonist
miconazole Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.	2.01	1	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles
midazolam Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.	3.83	2	1	imidazobenzodiazepine; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; anxiolytic drug; apoptosis inducer; central nervous system depressant; GABAA receptor agonist; general anaesthetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
milrinone [no description available]	2.04	1	0	bipyridines; nitrile; pyridone	cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
mirtazapine Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders.	2.01	1	0	benzazepine; tetracyclic antidepressant	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anxiolytic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; oneirogen; serotonergic antagonist
moclobemide Moclobemide: A reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A; (RIMA); (see MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS) that has antidepressive properties.. moclobemide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a chloro group at position 4 and a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group at the nitrogen atom. It acts as a reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor and is used in the treatment of depression.	8.25	15	7	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; morpholines	antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
muscimol Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.. muscimol : A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita.	2.88	4	0	alkaloid; isoxazoles; primary amino compound	fungal metabolite; GABA agonist; oneirogen; psychotropic drug
deet N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of m-toluic acid with the nitrogen of diethylamine. First developed by the U.S. Army in 1946 for use by military personnel in insect-infested areas, it is the most widely used insect repellent worldwide.	2.05	1	0	benzamides; monocarboxylic acid amide	environmental contaminant; insect repellent; xenobiotic
clorgyline Clorgyline: An antidepressive agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor related to PARGYLINE.. clorgyline : An aromatic ether that is the 2,4-dichlorophenyl ether of 3-aminopropan-1-ol in which the nitrogen is substituted by a methyl group and a prop-1-yn-3-yl group. A monoamine oxidase inhibitor, it was formerly used as an antidepressant.	4.17	17	0	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
naratriptan naratriptan: structure given in first source	10.65	45	2	heteroarylpiperidine; sulfonamide; tryptamines	serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.	4.17	3	1	nitroglycerol	explosive; muscle relaxant; nitric oxide donor; prodrug; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
norfloxacin Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.	2.94	4	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
ofloxacin Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.	8.43	30	2	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxazinoquinoline
omeprazole Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.	2	1	0	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide
oxidopamine Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).	2.41	1	0	benzenetriol; catecholamine; primary amino compound	drug metabolite; human metabolite; neurotoxin
oxybutynin oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.	5.84	7	1	acetylenic compound; carboxylic ester; racemate; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; calcium channel blocker; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant; parasympatholytic
aminosalicylic acid Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.	2.06	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; phenols	antitubercular agent
palmidrol palmidrol: a cannabinoid receptor-inactive eCB-related molecule used as prophylactic in helping to prevent respiratory viral infection. palmitoyl ethanolamide : An N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine that is the ethanolamide of palmitic (hexadecanoic) acid.	2.96	3	0	endocannabinoid; N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine; N-(saturated fatty acyl)ethanolamine	anti-inflammatory drug; anticonvulsant; antihypertensive agent; neuroprotective agent
papaverine Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.	2.21	1	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; dimethoxybenzene; isoquinolines	antispasmodic drug; vasodilator agent
pargyline Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.	2.95	4	0	aromatic amine
pentobarbital Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	1.97	1	0	barbiturates	GABAA receptor agonist
phenazopyridine Phenazopyridine: A local anesthetic that has been used in urinary tract disorders. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.. phenazopyridine : A diaminopyridine that is 2,6-diaminopyridine substituted at position 3 by a phenylazo group. A local anesthetic that has topical analgesic effect on mucosa lining of the urinary tract. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.	1.95	1	0	diaminopyridine; monoazo compound	anticoronaviral agent; carcinogenic agent; local anaesthetic; non-narcotic analgesic
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	2.35	2	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride Phenylmethylsulfonyl Fluoride: An enzyme inhibitor that inactivates IRC-50 arvin, subtilisin, and the fatty acid synthetase complex.. phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride : An acyl fluoride with phenylmethanesulfonyl as the acyl group.	1.98	1	0	acyl fluoride	serine proteinase inhibitor
piperazine [no description available]	2.73	3	0	azacycloalkane; piperazines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	anthelminthic drug
piperidine-4-sulfonic acid piperidine-4-sulfonic acid: specific GABA agonist	2.38	2	0
piracetam Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.	2.42	2	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	2.06	1	0	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
ag 1879 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidin-4-amine: Fyn kinase inhibitor	2.03	1	0	aromatic amine; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazolopyrimidine	beta-adrenergic antagonist; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
proadifen Proadifen: An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity.	2.39	2	0	diarylmethane
probenecid Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.	3.44	1	1	benzoic acids; sulfonamide	uricosuric drug
probucol Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.	4.39	3	0	dithioketal; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory drug; anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antioxidant; cardiovascular drug
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	6.76	10	2	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
risperidone Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.	2.02	1	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
ritanserin Ritanserin: A selective and potent serotonin-2 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of a variety of syndromes related to anxiety and depression. The drug also improves the subjective quality of sleep and decreases portal pressure.. ritanserin : A thiazolopyrimidine that is 5H-[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one which is substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 6 by a 2-{4-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methylidene]piperidin-1-yl}ethyl group. A potent and long-acting seratonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) antagonist of the subtype 5-HT2 (Ki = 0.39 nM), it is used in the treatment of a variety of disorders including anxiety, depression and schizophrenia. It has little sedative action.	1.99	1	0	organofluorine compound; piperidines; thiazolopyrimidine	antidepressant; antipsychotic agent; anxiolytic drug; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist
rizatriptan rizatriptan: structure given in first source; RN given refers to benzoate	13.4	57	7	tryptamines	anti-inflammatory drug; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
carbamylhydrazine carbamylhydrazine: RN given refers to parent cpd	5.83	11	0	carbohydrazide; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound; ureas
sulfamerazine [no description available]	2.47	2	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; drug allergen
sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.	2.44	2	0	isoxazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; epitope; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
sulfanilamide [no description available]	1.94	1	0	substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; drug allergen; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
sulforaphane sulforaphane: from Cardaria draba L.. sulforaphane : An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen.	3.23	1	0	isothiocyanate; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
sumatriptan Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.	15.45	118	17	sulfonamide; tryptamines	serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
gatifloxacin Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.	8.08	16	1	N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
terbutaline Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.	1.98	1	0	phenylethanolamines; resorcinols	anti-asthmatic drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
tetraethylammonium Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)	2	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
tetrahydropapaverine tetrahydropapaverine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is norlaudanosoline in which the four phenolic hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups.	2.25	1	0	aromatic ether; benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline; polyether; secondary amino compound
2,4-thiazolidinedione thiazolidine-2,4-dione: structure in first source. 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione : A thiazolidenedione carrying oxo substituents at positions 2 and 4.	2.01	1	0	thiazolidenedione
thiomuscimol thiomuscimol: used as GABA analog; structure	1.95	1	0
thioridazine Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.	3.59	2	0	phenothiazines; piperidines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
ticlopidine Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.	2.1	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; hematologic agent; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
tinidazole Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole alkylating agent that is used as an antitrichomonal agent against TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA; and GIARDIA LAMBLIA infections. It also acts as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS and anaerobic bacterial infections.. tinidazole : 1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group. It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent.	2.08	1	0	imidazoles	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug
tizanidine tizanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tizanidine : 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole substituted at C-4 by a Delta(1)-imidazolin-2-ylamino group and at C-4 by a chloro group. It is an agonist at alpha2-adrenergic receptor sites.	4.51	1	1	benzothiadiazole; imidazoles	alpha-adrenergic agonist; muscle relaxant
tosufloxacin tosufloxacin: quinolone anti-infective agent; structure given in first source. tosufloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tosufloxacin.. 7-(3-aminopyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-6-fluoro-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and 3-aminopyrrolidin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively.	2.03	1	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; amino acid; aminopyrrolidine; monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; primary amino compound; quinolone antibiotic; tertiary amino compound
trazodone Trazodone: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309). trazodone : An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group.	2.01	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; triazolopyridine	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
triallate Triallate: A pre-emergence, selective herbicide for the control of wild oats in various crops.	2.15	1	0	tertiary amine
trifluoperazine [no description available]	2.01	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; calmodulin antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
trifluralin Trifluralin: A microtubule-disrupting pre-emergence herbicide.. trifluralin : A substituted aniline that is N,N-dipropylaniline substituted by a nitro groups at positions 2 and 6 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is an agrochemical used as a pre-emergence herbicide.	2.07	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; substituted aniline	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
trimethadione Trimethadione: An anticonvulsant effective in absence seizures, but generally reserved for refractory cases because of its toxicity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p378). trimethadione : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It is an antiepileptic agent.	3.32	7	0	oxazolidinone	anticonvulsant; geroprotector
trimethoprim Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.	2.77	3	0	aminopyrimidine; methoxybenzenes	antibacterial drug; diuretic; drug allergen; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
troglitazone Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.	2.03	1	0	chromanes; thiazolidinone	anticoagulant; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
tyramine [no description available]	9.33	15	5	monoamine molecular messenger; primary amino compound; tyramines	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
pirinixic acid pirinixic acid: structure	2.05	1	0	aryl sulfide; organochlorine compound; pyrimidines
zinc chloride zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.	2.06	1	0	inorganic chloride; zinc molecular entity	astringent; disinfectant; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; Lewis acid
mitomycin Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.	2.05	1	0	mitomycin	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
corticosterone [no description available]	4.04	4	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	4.97	4	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
lysergic acid diethylamide Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood.. lysergic acid diethylamide : An ergoline alkaloid arising from formal condensation of lysergic acid with diethylamine.	3.41	1	0	ergoline alkaloid; monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotetracyclic compound	dopamine agonist; hallucinogen; serotonergic agonist
reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.	2.42	2	0	alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
phentolamine Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.	1.94	1	0	imidazoles; phenols; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
benzimidazole 1H-benzimidazole : The 1H-tautomer of benzimidazole.	2.02	1	0	benzimidazole; polycyclic heteroarene
hydroxyproline Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.	2.21	1	0	4-hydroxyproline; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	3.06	5	0	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
aldosterone [no description available]	4.27	5	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 18-oxo steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid aldehyde	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.	2.06	1	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
penicillin g Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.	3.13	5	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; epitope
pentylenetetrazole Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.	2.21	1	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.	2.89	4	0	2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	3.05	4	0	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	8.2	5	0	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.	2.68	3	0	L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.	6.48	32	0	C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	2.04	1	0	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	2.01	1	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
allyl isothiocyanate allyl isothiocyanate: used in the manufacture of flavors, war gases; medical use as a counterirritant; structure. allyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate with the formula CH2=CHCH2N=C=S. A colorless oil with boiling point 152degreeC, it is responsible for the pungent taste of mustard, horseradish, and wasabi.	1.97	1	0	alkenyl isothiocyanate; isothiocyanate	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; lachrymator; metabolite
sulfamic acid sulfamic acid: standard in alkalimetry; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. sulfamic acid : The simplest of the sulfamic acids consisting of a single sulfur atom covalently bound by single bonds to hydroxy and amino groups and by double bonds to two oxygen atoms.	2.46	2	0	sulfamic acids
apomorphine Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.	1.97	1	0	aporphine alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic drug; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; emetic; serotonergic drug
uridine [no description available]	3.66	2	0	uridines	drug metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
kanamycin a Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.	2.49	2	0	kanamycins	bacterial metabolite
galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.	2.07	1	0	D-galactose; galactopyranose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	6.55	19	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	1.98	1	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
benzoxazolone benzoxazolone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 2-benzoxazolinone : A member of the class of benzoxazoles that is 2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzoxazole carrying an oxo group at position 2.	2.11	1	0	benzoxazole	allelochemical; phytoalexin
levodopa Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease	2.46	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; dopa; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	allelochemical; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; prodrug
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	2.01	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
methicillin Methicillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.. methicillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl group.	7.87	33	1	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
cloxacillin Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.. cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6.	2.42	2	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	2.13	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dimethylnitrosamine Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.	2.02	1	0	nitrosamine	geroprotector; mutagen
androstenedione Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.	2.01	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; androstanoid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.	2.45	2	0	lactose
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	2.44	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE	1.96	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
oxacillin Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.	5.57	16	1	penicillin	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	2.08	1	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
barbituric acid barbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure from Merck Index, 9th ed, #966. barbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4 and -6 by oxo groups. Barbituric acid is the parent compound of barbiturate drugs, although it is not itself pharmacologically active.	1.94	1	0	barbiturates	allergen; xenobiotic
cycloserine Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).	8.89	23	2	4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic; zwitterion	antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antitubercular agent; metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist
ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.	5.12	10	1	beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
cytarabine [no description available]	2.41	1	0	beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; pyrimidine nucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; immunosuppressive agent
histidine Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.	2.91	4	0	amino acid zwitterion; histidine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.	2.73	3	0	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.	2.05	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; threonine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	7.94	4	0	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	3.85	3	0	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
ethylene Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges	2.01	1	0	alkene; gas molecular entity	plant hormone; refrigerant
acetylene [no description available]	2.43	2	0	alkyne; gas molecular entity; terminal acetylenic compound
methyl chloride Methyl Chloride: A hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent. It has been used as an aerosal propellent, as a refrigerant and as a local anesthetic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p1403). chlorocarbon : Compounds consisting wholly of chlorine and carbon.. chloromethane : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a chloro group.	2.03	1	0	chloromethanes; methyl halides	marine metabolite; mutagen; refrigerant
acetonitrile acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.	2.72	3	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
methylene chloride Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.. dichloromethane : A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea.	2.42	2	0	chloromethanes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; polar aprotic solvent; refrigerant
trifluoroacetic acid Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.	3.14	1	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; reagent
isoprene isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.	2	1	0	alkadiene; hemiterpene; volatile organic compound	plant metabolite
chloroacetyl chloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	acyl halide
propionamide [no description available]	2.21	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; primary fatty amide
acrylamide [no description available]	2.03	1	0	acrylamides; N-acylammonia; primary carboxamide	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; Maillard reaction product; mutagen; neurotoxin
acrylic acid acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.	2.13	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid	metabolite
sulfachlorpyridazine Sulfachlorpyridazine: A sulfonamide antimicrobial used for urinary tract infections and in veterinary medicine.. sulfachloropyridazine : A sulfonamide antimicrobial used for urinary tract infections and in veterinary medicine.	1.96	1	0	organochlorine compound; pyridazines; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	3.75	3	0	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
rotenone Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.	2.03	1	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; phytogenic insecticide; piscicide; toxin
dichlorodicyanobenzoquinone dichlorodicyanobenzoquinone: request from searcher	2.05	1	0
penicillanic acid Penicillanic Acid: A building block of penicillin, devoid of significant antibacterial activity. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). penicillanic acid : A penam that consists of 3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane bearing a carboxy group at position 2 and having (2S,5R)-configuration.	4.04	4	0	penicillanic acids
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source	2.37	2	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones
pseudoephedrine Pseudoephedrine: A phenethylamine that is an isomer of EPHEDRINE which has less central nervous system effects and usage is mainly for respiratory tract decongestion.. pseudoephedrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1S)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a methyl group.	5.82	2	2	phenylethanolamines; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-asthmatic drug; bronchodilator agent; central nervous system drug; nasal decongestant; plant metabolite; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.	2.42	2	0	mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene
pyronine Pyronine: Xanthene dye used as a bacterial and biological stain. Synonyms: Pyronin; Pyronine G; Pyronine Y. Use also for Pyronine B. which is diethyl-rather than dimethylamino-.. pyronin Y : An organic chloride salt having 6-(dimethylamino)-N,N-dimethyl-3H-xanthen-3-iminium as the cation. Used with methyl green to selectively demonstrate RNA (red) in contrast to DNA (green) with the Unna-Pappenheim method.	2.03	1	0	iminium salt; organic chloride salt	histological dye
phenylpiperazine phenylpiperazine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.03	1	0
xanthenes Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.	2.49	2	0	xanthene
phenothiazine 10H-phenothiazine : The 10H-tautomer of phenothiazine.	1.93	1	0	phenothiazine	ferroptosis inhibitor; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
benzotriazole benzotriazole: inhibitor of atmospheric metal corrosion; also component of motion picture film & Neva brake fluid. benzotriazole : The simplest member of the class of benzotriazoles that consists of a benzene nucleus fused to a 1H-1,2,3-triazole ring.	2.02	1	0	benzotriazoles	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
benzothiazole benzothiazole: structure. benzothiazole : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is a fusion product between benzene and thiazole. The parent of the class of benzothiazoles.	2	1	0	benzothiazoles	environmental contaminant; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
4-butyrolactone 4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.76	3	0	butan-4-olide	metabolite; neurotoxin
4-toluenesulfonyl chloride [no description available]	1.98	1	0
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.	2.02	1	0	5-oxoproline; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	algal metabolite
methylphenyl carbinol 1-phenylethanol : An aromatic alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 1.. methylbenzyl alcohol : Members of the class of benzyl alcohols substituted by at least one methyl group.	2.08	1	0	aromatic alcohol	mouse metabolite
nitrobenzene nitrobenzene : A nitroarene consisting of benzene carrying a single nitro substituent. An industrial chemical used widely in the production of aniline.	2.04	1	0	nitroarene; nitrobenzenes
styrene Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics.. styrene : A vinylarene that is benzene carrying a vinyl group. It has been isolated from the benzoin resin produced by Styrax species.	2.02	1	0	styrenes; vinylarene; volatile organic compound	mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite
triethanolamine triethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triethanolamine : A tertiary amino compound that is ammonia in which each of the hydrogens is substituted by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.	2.15	1	0	amino alcohol; tertiary amino compound; triol	buffer; surfactant
ethyl carbonate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	carbonate ester
citronellal citronellal: aldehyde of citronellol; found in citronella oil. citronellal : A monoterpenoid, the main component of citronella oil which gives it its distinctive lemon aroma.	2.04	1	0	aldehyde; monoterpenoid	antifungal agent; metabolite
4-bromoaniline 4-bromoaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1403	3.23	1	0
propargyl bromide propargyl bromide: structure in first source	2.13	1	0
allylamine Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation.	4.85	2	1	alkylamine
propargyl alcohol propargyl alcohol: irreversibly inactivates alcohol oxidase; RN given refers to parent cpd. prop-2-yn-1-ol : A terminal acetylenic compound that is prop-2-yne substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.	2.55	2	0	propynol; terminal acetylenic compound; volatile organic compound	antifungal agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tert-butylacrylamide tert-butylacrylamide: structure in first source	2.04	1	0
2-methylpentane Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.	2.15	1	0	alkane
3-hydroxybutanal [no description available]	3.21	5	0
cyclohexanol Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.	4.51	7	0	cyclohexanols; secondary alcohol	solvent
pentane Pentanes: Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. pentane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms.	2	1	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; refrigerant
allyl cyanide TL 350: structure given in first source. allyl cyanide : An aliphatic nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by an allyl group.	2.01	1	0	aliphatic nitrile; olefinic compound	antifeedant; neurotoxin; plant metabolite
2-hydroxyethylhydrazine 2-hydroxyethylhydrazine: inhibitor of phospholipid methylation in yeast	2.7	3	0	hydrazines	herbicide
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	11.03	31	3	pyrrole; secondary amine
tetrahydrofuran oxolane : A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen.	2.15	1	0	cyclic ether; oxolanes; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; volatile organic compound	polar aprotic solvent
furan furan : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.	3.05	5	0	furans; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; Maillard reaction product
thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.	5.54	12	0	mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
isopropyl myristate isopropyl myristate: used for microemulsions; structure	2.31	1	0	fatty acid ester
morpholine [no description available]	2.46	2	0	morpholines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	NMR chemical shift reference compound
ergotamine Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. ergotamine : A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10.	8.46	13	2	peptide ergot alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic agonist; mycotoxin; non-narcotic analgesic; oxytocic; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
paramethadione paramethadione: structure	1.92	1	0	oxazolidinone	anticonvulsant
framycetin Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.	2.43	2	0	aminoglycoside	allergen; antibacterial drug; Escherichia coli metabolite
benzoin [no description available]	2.02	1	0	benzoins; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone	EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor
triethylamine [no description available]	2.02	1	0	tertiary amine
pyrazolanthrone pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.	2.21	1	0	anthrapyrazole; aromatic ketone; cyclic ketone	antineoplastic agent; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; geroprotector
ethyl acetate ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.	2.48	2	0	acetate ester; ethyl ester; volatile organic compound	EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor; metabolite; polar aprotic solvent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-heptane Heptanes: Seven-carbon alkanes with the formula C7H16.. heptane : A straight-chain alkane with seven carbon atoms. It has been found in Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi).	2.05	1	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; plant metabolite
isopropyl palmitate isopropyl palmitate : A fatty acid ester obtained by the formal condensation of carboxy group of palmitic acid with propan-2-ol. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.	2.21	1	0	fatty acid ester; isopropyl ester	human metabolite
diphenhydramine hydrochloride Antitussive Agents: Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.. diphenhydramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenhydramine.	2.01	1	0	hydrochloride; organoammonium salt	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; sedative
nafcillin Nafcillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic related to penicillin.. nafcillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2-ethoxy-1-naphthoyl)amino group.	3.42	7	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
aziridine [no description available]	2.95	4	0	azacycloalkane; aziridines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	alkylating agent
quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	4.1	4	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines
indazoles Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.	3.21	1	0	indazole
benzoxazoles 1,3-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.	3.72	10	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
adamantane Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.	7.49	9	0	adamantanes; polycyclic alkane
cyclopentane Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.	3.43	7	0	cycloalkane; cyclopentanes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	15.1	155	10	isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	19.85	414	63	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	5.51	21	0	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
pyrimidine pyrimidine : The parent compound of the pyrimidines; a diazine having the two nitrogens at the 1- and 3-positions.	1.94	1	0	diazine; pyrimidines	Daphnia magna metabolite
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	5.14	13	0	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
calcium gluconate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	calcium salt	nutraceutical
ephedrine Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.	3.8	2	1	phenethylamine alkaloid; phenylethanolamines	bacterial metabolite; environmental contaminant; nasal decongestant; plant metabolite; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
hydrazine diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.	4.71	9	0	azane; hydrazines	EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
thiocyanate thiocyanate: RN given refers to parent cpd. thiocyanate : A pseudohalide anion obtained by deprotonation of the thiol group of thiocyanic acid.	3.23	1	0	pseudohalide anion; sulfur molecular entity	human metabolite
nornitrogen mustard nornitrogen mustard: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.68	3	0	nitrogen mustard
aminoimidazole carboxamide Aminoimidazole Carboxamide: An imidazole derivative which is a metabolite of the antineoplastic agents BIC and DIC. By itself, or as the ribonucleotide, it is used as a condensation agent in the preparation of nucleosides and nucleotides. Compounded with orotic acid, it is used to treat liver diseases.. 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide : An aminoimidazole in which the amino group is at C-5 with a carboxamido group at C-4.	2.06	1	0	aminoimidazole; monocarboxylic acid amide	mouse metabolite
methysergide Methysergide: An ergot derivative that is a congener of LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE. It antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids. Methysergide is used prophylactically in migraine and other vascular headaches and to antagonize serotonin in the carcinoid syndrome.. methysergide : A synthetic ergot alkaloid, structurally related to the oxytocic agent methylergonovine and to the potent hallucinogen LSD and used prophylactically to reduce the frequency and intensity of severe vascular headaches.	4.03	4	0	ergoline alkaloid
kynuramine Kynuramine: An aromatic ketone containing the aniline structure (ANILINE COMPOUNDS).. kynuramine : A member of the class of kynurenamines that is aniline substituted at position 2 by a 3-aminopropanoyl group.	2.03	1	0	kynurenamines; primary amino compound	metabolite
2-aminopurine 2-Aminopurine: A purine that is an isomer of ADENINE (6-aminopurine).. aminopurine : Any purine having at least one amino substituent.. 2-aminopurine : The parent compound of the 2-aminopurines, comprising a purine core carrying an amino substituent at the 2-position.	3.11	1	0	2-aminopurines; nucleobase analogue	antimetabolite
hydantoins Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.	3.95	12	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
oxamide oxamide: induces hydronephrosis in rat kidneys; structure. oxamide : A dicarboxylic acid diamide of oxalic acid.	2.11	1	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide
fusarium Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.	2.74	3	0
bicuculline Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.	2.37	2	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines	agrochemical; central nervous system stimulant; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; GABAA receptor antagonist; neurotoxin
kainic acid Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.	2.71	3	0	dicarboxylic acid; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid	antinematodal drug; excitatory amino acid agonist
bufotenin Bufotenin: A hallucinogenic serotonin analog found in frog or toad skins, mushrooms, higher plants, and mammals, especially in the brains, plasma, and urine of schizophrenics. Bufotenin has been used as a tool in CNS studies and misused as a psychedelic.. bufotenin : A tertiary amine that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional hydroxy substituent at position 5.	2	1	0	tertiary amine; tryptamine alkaloid	coral metabolite; hallucinogen
phenylpropanolamine Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.. phenylpropanolamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group. A decongestant and appetite suppressant, it is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.. (-)-norephedrine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a plant alkaloid.	3.39	1	1	amphetamines; phenethylamine alkaloid	plant metabolite
butenolide butenolide: inhibits experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in rats. butenolide : A gamma-lactone that consists of a 2-furanone skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	2.07	1	0	butenolide
azetidine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	azacycloalkane; azetidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
alpha-aminopyridine alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.	3.21	1	0
thiazolidines Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.	2.03	1	0	thiazolidine
dihydroergotamine Dihydroergotamine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. dihydroergotamine : Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.	6.29	12	0	ergot alkaloid; semisynthetic derivative	dopamine agonist; non-narcotic analgesic; serotonergic agonist; sympatholytic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
psilocybin Psilocybin: The major of two hallucinogenic components of Teonanacatl, the sacred mushroom of Mexico, the other component being psilocin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). psilocybin : A tryptamine alkaloid that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine carrying an additional phosphoryloxy substituent at position 4. The major hallucinogenic alkaloid isolated from Psilocybe mushrooms (also known as Teonanacatl or "magic mushrooms").	3.41	1	0	organic phosphate; tertiary amino compound; tryptamine alkaloid	fungal metabolite; hallucinogen; prodrug; serotonergic agonist
azomycin azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure	8.79	24	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles	antitubercular agent
cellobiose beta-cellobiose : A cellobiose with beta configuration at the reducing-end glucose residue.	2.03	1	0	cellobiose	epitope
methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol: Synthesized from endogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine in vivo. It is found in brain, blood, CSF, and urine, where its concentrations are used to measure catecholamine turnover.	5.63	5	4	methoxybenzenes; phenols
phenylacetylene phenylacetylene: can polymerize into DENDRIMERS	2.07	1	0	benzenes
methamphetamine Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.	2.15	1	0	amphetamines; secondary amine	central nervous system stimulant; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; psychotropic drug; xenobiotic
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	2.05	1	0	dialdehyde	biomarker
eosine yellowish-(ys) Eosine Yellowish-(YS): A versatile red dye used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc., and as tissue stain, vital stain, and counterstain with HEMATOXYLIN. It is also used in special culture media.. eosin YS dye : An organic sodium salt that is 2',4',5',7'-tetrabromofluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.	2.1	1	0	organic sodium salt; organobromine compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
resazurin resazurin: used as indicator in detection of hyposulfite (sulfoxylate); in food research (reductase test); structure	2.49	2	0	phenoxazine
2-nitrobenzaldehyde 2-nitrobenzaldehyde: structure given in first source. 2-nitrobenzaldehyde : Benzaldehyde substituted at the ortho-position with a nitro group.	2.98	4	0	benzaldehydes; C-nitro compound
3-hydroxyflavone 3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.	2.08	1	0	flavonols; monohydroxyflavone
1-cyano-3-butene 4-pentenenitrile: an unsaturated aliphatic nitrile; structure in first source	1.98	1	0
methyl carbonate methyl carbonate: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure. dimethyl carbonate : A carbonate ester that is carbonic acid in which both hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups. A flammable, colourless liquid (m.p. 2-4degreeC, b.p. 90degreeC) with a characterstic ester-like odour, it is used as a 'green' methylating agent and as a solvent.	2.5	2	0	carbonate ester	reagent; solvent
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	2.41	2	0	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol [no description available]	2	1	0
2-pyrrolecarboxylic acid 2-pyrrolecarboxylic acid: hypocalcemic action; structure. pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid : A pyrrolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-pyrrole carrying a carboxy substituent at position 2.	2.03	1	0	pyrrolecarboxylic acid	plant metabolite
erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	8.42	23	1	cyclic ketone; erythromycin
2-piperidone 2-piperidone: structure given in first source. piperidin-2-one : A delta-lactam that is piperidine which is substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.03	1	0	delta-lactam; piperidones	EC 1.2.1.88 (L-glutamate gamma-semialdehyde dehydrogenase) inhibitor
diphenyliodonium diphenyliodonium: RN given refers to the parent coumpound; inhibitor of neutrophil superoxide generating oxidase; structure has been determined	2.06	1	0
ethylnitrosourea Ethylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by ethyl and nitroso groups.	2.65	3	0	N-nitrosoureas	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen
acetylenedicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester acetylenedicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester: inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation	2.04	1	0
ametryne ametryne: minor descriptor (72-83); on-line & Index Medicus search HERBICIDES, TRIAZINE (75-83) & HERBICIDES (72-74) & TRIAZINES (72-74); RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. ametryn : A methylthio-1,3,5-triazine that is 2-(methylsulfanyl)-1,3,5-triazine substituted by an ethylamino and an isopropylamino group at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	2.1	1	0	diamino-1,3,5-triazine; methylthio-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide
2-chloroethylamine [no description available]	1.98	1	0
cyclopentenone 2-cyclopenten-1-one : An enone that is cyclopentanone having a C=C double bond at position 2.	2.48	2	0	alicyclic ketone; enone	Hsp70 inducer
allylglycine Allylglycine: An inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase and an antagonist of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID. It is used to induce convulsions in experimental animals.	2.05	1	0
ethambutol Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.	6.23	13	0	ethanolamines; ethylenediamine derivative	antitubercular agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
4-dimethylaminopyridine 4-dimethylaminopyridine: catalyst for acetylation of hydroxy cpds; structure	2.08	1	0	dialkylarylamine; tertiary amino compound
tetramethylpyrazine tetramethylpyrazine: found in Ligusticum chuanxiong. tetramethylpyrazine : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine in which all four hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups. An alkaloid extracted from Chuanxiong (Ligusticum wallichii).	2.11	1	0	alkaloid; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
sodium hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.6	1	0	alkali metal hydroxide
vancomycin Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.	20.9	478	47	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	4.12	3	1	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
metaxalone [no description available]	9.01	28	3	aromatic ether
diphenyldiselenide diphenyldiselenide: structure given in first source	2.08	1	0
spectinomycin Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of GONORRHEA.. spectinomycin dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining spectinomycin with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. An antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea.. spectinomycin : A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis.	4.19	5	0	cyclic acetal; cyclic hemiketal; cyclic ketone; pyranobenzodioxin; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
stearylamine stearylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. octadecan-1-amine : An 18-carbon primary aliphatic amine.	2.47	2	0	primary aliphatic amine	film-forming compound
paraquat Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.	2.75	3	0	organic cation	geroprotector; herbicide
azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid: a proline analog (with 4-membered ring in place of 5); a toxic non-protein amino acid that is misincorporated into protein in place of proline; induces nonfunctional heat-shock proteins; inhibits acquired thermotolerance; RN given refers to (L)-isomer; found in beets and Liliaceae. (S)-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid : The (S)-enantiomer of azetidine-2-carboxylic acid.. azetidinecarboxylic acid : A member of the class of azetidines that is azetidine substituted by at least one carboxy group at unspecified position.	2.06	1	0	azetidine-2-carboxylic acid
molinate molinate : A member of the class of azepanes that is azepane in which the nitrogen is substituted by an (ethylsulfanyl)carbonyl group, -C(=O)SEt. A thiocarbamate herbicide not approved for use in the U.S. or European Union, it is used control grass weeds in rice paddies.	2.96	4	0	azepanes; monothiocarbamic ester	agrochemical; antispermatogenic agent; herbicide
3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate: structure in first source	2.04	1	0
diphenylborinic acid diphenylborinic acid: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
metobromuron metobromuron: structure	2.01	1	0	ureas
dicloxacillin Dicloxacillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE.. dicloxacillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]formyl group.	3.82	2	1	dichlorobenzene; penicillin	antibacterial drug
mannose mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.	2.05	1	0	D-aldohexose; D-mannose; mannopyranose	metabolite
tranylcypromine Tranylcypromine: A propylamine formed from the cyclization of the side chain of amphetamine. This monoamine oxidase inhibitor is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in panic and phobic disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311). tranylcypromine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine. An irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor that is used as an antidepressant (INN tranylcypromine).. (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1R,2S)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine.	2.88	4	0	2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine
streptomycin [no description available]	3.25	6	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; antibiotic fungicide; streptomycins	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; antimicrobial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
carbonates Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.	7.98	4	0	carbon oxoanion
floxacillin Floxacillin: Antibiotic analog of CLOXACILLIN.. flucloxacillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido] side-chain.	2.46	2	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
vidarabine adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.	2.03	1	0	beta-D-arabinoside; purine nucleoside	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; nucleoside antibiotic
limonene Limonene: A naturally-occurring class of MONOTERPENES which occur as a clear colorless liquid at room temperature. Limonene is the major component in the oil of oranges which has many uses, including as flavor and fragrance. It is recognized as safe in food by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).. limonene : A monoterpene that is cyclohex-1-ene substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4 respectively.	2.06	1	0	cycloalkene; p-menthadiene	human metabolite
n-methylaspartate N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.	3.29	6	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; D-alpha-amino acid; D-aspartic acid derivative; secondary amino compound	neurotransmitter agent
lutetium Lutetium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Lu, atomic number 71, and atomic weight 175.	2.03	1	0	d-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	2.1	1	0	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
palladium Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.	4.51	22	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
rhodium Rhodium: A hard and rare metal of the platinum group, atomic number 45, atomic weight 102.905, symbol Rh.. rhodium atom : A cobalt group element atom of atomic number 45.	2.47	2	0	cobalt group element atom
ruthenium Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.	2.97	4	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
samarium Samarium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sm, atomic number 62, and atomic weight 150.36. The oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	3.84	3	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
scandium Scandium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sc, atomic number 21, and atomic weight 45.	2.03	1	0	d-block element atom; rare earth metal atom; scandium group element atom
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	2.75	3	0	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
technetium Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.	2.47	2	0	manganese group element atom
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	3.43	7	0	titanium group element atom
chromium Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.	2.1	1	0	chromium group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	2.89	3	0	copper group element atom; elemental gold
zirconium Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.	2.51	2	0	titanium group element atom
acetylglucosamine Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine : An N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.	2.01	1	0	N-acetyl-D-glucosamine	epitope
galactosamine 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.	2.11	1	0	D-galactosamine; primary amino compound	toxin
titanium tetrachloride titanium tetrachloride: RN given refers to TiCl4	2	1	0
stannic chloride [no description available]	2.07	1	0
ferric chloride ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents	2.1	1	0	iron coordination entity	astringent; Lewis acid
phosphine phosphane : The simplest phosphine, consisting of a single phosphorus atom with three hydrogens attached.. phosphine : Phosphane (PH3) and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups: RPH2, R2PH, R3P (R =/= H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary phosphines, respectively. A specific phosphine is preferably named as a substituted phosphane.	7.07	1	0	mononuclear parent hydride; phosphanes; phosphine	carcinogenic agent; fumigant insecticide
bromine Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.	1.97	1	0	diatomic bromine
tricalcium phosphate tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.	2.07	1	0	calcium phosphate
calcium hypochlorite calcium hypochlorite: structure	2.66	3	0	calcium salt; inorganic calcium salt	bleaching agent
fluorine Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.	3.85	3	0	diatomic fluorine; gas molecular entity	NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.	2.68	3	0	diatomic chlorine; gas molecular entity	bleaching agent
galactose aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.	2.05	1	0
poloxalene Poloxalene: A copolymer of polyethylene and polypropylene ether glycol. It is a non-ionic polyol surface-active agent used medically as a fecal softener and in cattle for prevention of bloat.. pluronic : A triblock copolymer composed of a central hydrophobic chain of poly(propylene oxide) flanked by two hydrophilic chains of poly(ethylene oxide).	2.11	1	0	epoxide
ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.	2.06	1	0	elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer
trolamine salicylate Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	4.14	3	1
carbendazim carbendazim: carcinogen when combined with sodium nitrite; principle metabolite of thiophanate methyl & benomyl; structure. carbendazim : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 2-aminobenzimidazole in which the primary amino group is substituted by a methoxycarbonyl group. A fungicide, carbendazim controls Ascomycetes, Fungi Imperfecti, and Basidiomycetes on a wide variety of crops, including bananas, cereals, cotton, fruits, grapes, mushrooms, ornamentals, peanuts, sugarbeet, soybeans, tobacco, and vegetables.	2.06	1	0	benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	antifungal agrochemical; antinematodal drug; metabolite; microtubule-destabilising agent
titanium dioxide titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.	2.08	1	0	titanium oxides	food colouring
selegiline Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.	7.82	9	1	selegiline; terminal acetylenic compound	geroprotector
devrinol devrinol: structure. napropamide : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (S)- and (R)-napropamide.. N,N-diethyl-2-(naphthalen-1-yloxy)propanamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is propanamide substituted by two ethyl groups at the nitrogen atom and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 2.	2.06	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; naphthalenes
thiamphenicol [no description available]	4.2	15	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfone	antimicrobial agent; immunosuppressive agent
cephalexin Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.	2.03	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
1,4-thioxane 1,4-thioxane: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	2.17	1	0	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
nifursol [no description available]	2.75	3	0	carbohydrazide; dinitrophenol; nitrofuran antibiotic
fluorides [no description available]	2.46	2	0	halide anion; monoatomic fluorine
lisuride Lisuride: An ergot derivative that acts as an agonist at dopamine D2 receptors (DOPAMINE AGONISTS). It may also act as an antagonist at dopamine D1 receptors, and as an agonist at some serotonin receptors (SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS).	2	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; serotonergic agonist
caroxazone caroxazone: structure	1.96	1	0	benzoxazine
mecysteine mecysteine: RN given refers to parent cpd(L)-isomer. methyl L-cysteinate : An L-cysteinyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of L-cysteine with methanol. It is used (as the hydrochloride salt) as a mucolytic for the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with productive cough.	2.04	1	0	L-cysteinyl ester; primary amino compound; thiol	mucolytic
1-deoxynojirimycin 1-deoxy-nojirimycin: structure in first source. duvoglustat : An optically active form of 2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol having 2R,3R,4R,5S-configuration.	2.46	2	0	2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol; piperidine alkaloid	anti-HIV agent; anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
iodine [no description available]	4.05	4	0	halide anion; monoatomic iodine	human metabolite
metribuzin metribuzin : A member of the class of 1,2,4-triazines that is 1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one substituted by an amino group at position 4, tert-butyl group at position 6 and a methylsulfanyl group at position 3.	2.01	1	0	1,2,4-triazines; cyclic ketone; organic sulfide	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
fenitrothion Fenitrothion: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.. fenitrothion : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl O-phenyl phosphorothioate substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and a nitro group at position 4.	2.08	1	0	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	4.52	7	0	benzenes; phenyl acetates
1,4-dioxane 1,4-dioxane: dehydrating agent; polar solvent miscible both with water & most organic solvents. dioxane : Any member of the class of dioxanes that is a cyclohexane in which two carbon atoms are replaced by oxygen atoms.. 1,4-dioxane : A dioxane with oxygen atoms at positions 1 and 4.	2.05	1	0	dioxane; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; non-polar solvent
pregnanolone Pregnanolone: A pregnane found in the urine of pregnant women and sows. It has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one : The 3alpha-stereoisomer of 3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one.	3.52	2	0	3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid	human metabolite; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative
carboxyphosphamide carboxyphosphamide: metabolite of cyclophosphamide; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	1.98	1	0	nitrogen mustard
alkenes [no description available]	3.99	13	0
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	4.21	5	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
cefazolin Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	2.74	3	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; tetrazoles; thiadiazoles	antibacterial drug
azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.	4.59	4	0	pseudohalide anion	mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.	5.84	17	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
timolol (S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.	1.99	1	0	timolol	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist
indoramin Indoramin: An alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist that is commonly used as an antihypertensive agent.	2.01	1	0	tryptamines
4-ketocyclophosphamide 4-ketocyclophosphamide: metabolite of cyclophosphamide; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	1.98	1	0	nitrogen mustard
benthiocarb Saturn: The sixth planet in order from the sun. It is one of the five outer planets of the solar system. Its twelve natural satellites include Phoebe and Titan.	2.42	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; monothiocarbamic ester
enterobactin [no description available]	2.41	1	0	catechols; crown compound; macrotriolide; polyphenol	bacterial metabolite; siderophore
toloxatone toloxatone: oxazolidinone derivative; psychotropic drug; structure. toloxatone : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-toloxatone. It is a reversible monoamine oxidase A inhibitor and antidepressant.. 5-(hydroxymethyl)-3-(3-methylphenyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one : A member of the class of oxazolidinones that is 5-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one substituted by a 3-methylphenyl group at position 3.	13.66	27	6	oxazolidinone; primary alcohol; toluenes
zidovudine Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.	2.03	1	0	azide; pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
sisomicin Sisomicin: Antibiotic produced by Micromonospora inyoensis. It is closely related to gentamicin C1A, one of the components of the gentamicin complex (GENTAMICINS).	2.05	1	0	amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside antibiotic; beta-L-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative
tobramycin Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.	2.95	4	0	amino cyclitol glycoside	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; toxin
substance p [no description available]	2.01	1	0	peptide	neurokinin-1 receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
isoproturon isoproturon : A member of the class of phenylureas that is 1,1-dimethylurea substituted by a p-cumenyl group at position 3. A selective, systemic herbicide used to control annual grasses and broadleaf weeds in cereals, its use within the EU has been banned after September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.	2.06	1	0	3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
ticarcillin Ticarcillin: An antibiotic derived from penicillin similar to CARBENICILLIN in action.. ticarcillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[(2R)-2-carboxy-2-thiophen-3-ylacetyl]amino side-group.	1.99	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
3-fluoroalanine 3-fluoroalanine: antibacterial agent active against gram-positive & gram-negative bacteria; generated by C-fluorination of key component of bacterial cell wall; synthesized by photofluorination of D-alanine; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure	2.03	1	0
iprodione iprodione : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione in which the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by an N-(isopropyl)carboxamide group while that at position 3 is substituted by a 3,5-dichlorophenyl group. A contact fungicide, it blocks the growth of the fungal mycelium and inhibits the germination of fungal spores. It is used on fruit and vegetable crops affected by various fungal diseases. It is also used as a nematicide.	2.06	1	0	benzenes; dichlorophenyl dicarboximide fungicide; imidazole fungicide; imidazolidine-2,4-dione; ureas	antifungal agrochemical; nematicide
ribavirin Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename	2.15	1	0	1-ribosyltriazole; aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
adinazolam adinazolam: structure in first source. adinazolam : A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a dimethylaminomethyl group at the 1-position, a phenyl group at the 6-position and a chloro substituent at the 8-position.	2.03	1	0	triazolobenzodiazepine	anticonvulsant; antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; sedative
amikacin Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.	4.01	13	0	alpha-D-glucoside; amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside; carboxamide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; nephrotoxin
diltiazem Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.	3.84	2	1	5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.	1.99	1	0	alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
meglitinide meglitinide: structure given in first source & in Negwer, 5th ed, #6436	2	1	0
6-benzoyl benzoxazolinone 6-benzoyl benzoxazolinone: structure given in first source	2.88	4	0
laurocapram laurocapram: enhances percutaneous absorption of different chemicals; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
piperacillin Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.	4.04	4	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
paroxetine Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.	3.55	2	0	aromatic ether; benzodioxoles; organofluorine compound; piperidines	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; hepatotoxic agent; P450 inhibitor; serotonin uptake inhibitor
cefoperazone Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.. cefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance.	2.5	2	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
brofaromine brofaromine: short-acting specific type A monoamine oxidase inhibitor; structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd	4.46	7	0
cefadroxil anhydrous Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.. cefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	6.33	4	3	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
metazachlor metazachlor: alpha-chloroacetamide herbicide. metazachlor : An organochlorine compound that is 2-chloroacetamide substituted by a 2,6-dimethylphenyl and a (1H-pyrazol-1-ylmethyl) group at the nitrogen atom.	2.52	2	0	aromatic amide; organochlorine compound; pyrazoles	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
haloxyfop haloxyfop: RN given refers to parent cpd. haloxyfop : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of haloxyfop-P (the more active, R enantiomer) and (S)-haloxyfop (the less active enantiomer). A post-emergence herbicide used to control annual and perennial grass weeds. Commercial use of the racemate was phased out in favour of the most active enantiomer, used as the proherbicide esters haloxyfop-P-methyl and haloxyfop-P-etotyl.. 2-(4-{[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]oxy}phenoxy)propanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-phenoxypropanoic acid in which the hydrogen at the para position of the phenyl ring has been replaced by a [3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]oxy group.	2.31	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; pyridines
cefaclor anhydrous Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	2.41	2	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
fomesafen fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.	2.42	2	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; organofluorine compound; phenols	agrochemical; EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
cimoxatone [no description available]	9.35	25	3
metsulfuron methyl metsulfuron methyl : A N-sulfonylurea in which the sulfonyl group is attached to a 2-(methoxycarbonyl)phenyl group while a (4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl group replaces one of the amino hydrogens of the remaining urea group.	2.02	1	0	1,3,5-triazines; benzoate ester; N-sulfonylurea	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
lovastatin Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).	2.75	3	0	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	anticholesteremic drug; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; prodrug
simvastatin Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.	3.43	1	1	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; statin (semi-synthetic)	EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; prodrug
imazethapyr imazethapyr: do not confuse with imazapyr, which is the 5-desethyl analog of imazethapyr	2.31	1	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
clomazone clomazone: an herbicide. clomazone : An isoxazolidinone that is 1,2-oxazolidin-3-one substituted by a 2-chlorobenzyl group at position 2 and two methyl groups at position 4.	6.81	75	0	isoxazolidinone; monochlorobenzenes	agrochemical; carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
atomoxetine hydrochloride Atomoxetine Hydrochloride: A propylamine derivative and selective ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER.. atomoxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of atomoxetine.	2.07	1	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant
mifepristone Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.	2.4	2	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	abortifacient; contraceptive drug; hormone antagonist; synthetic oral contraceptive
itraconazole Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.	3.89	3	0	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; N-arylpiperazine; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
salmeterol xinafoate Salmeterol Xinafoate: A selective ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTOR agonist that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR when administered by inhalation. It is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.	2.01	1	0	naphthoic acid
dup 105 4-methylsulfinylphenyloxooxazolidinylmethylacetamide: structure given in first source	3.35	7	0
enalkiren [no description available]	1.98	1	0	peptide
clopidogrel Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.	2.1	1	0	methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
atorvastatin [no description available]	9.72	11	5	aromatic amide; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrroles; statin (synthetic)	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
duloxetine hydrochloride Duloxetine Hydrochloride: A thiophene derivative and selective NEUROTRANSMITTER UPTAKE INHIBITOR for SEROTONIN and NORADRENALINE (SNRI). It is an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT and ANXIOLYTIC, and is also used for the treatment of pain in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS and FIBROMYALGIA.. (S)-duloxetine hydrochloride : A duloxetine hydrochloride in which the duloxetine moiety has S configuration.	2.03	1	0	duloxetine hydrochloride	antidepressant
ziprasidone ziprasidone: a benzisothiazoylpiperazine derivative; has combined dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist activity; structurally related to tiospirone. ziprasidone : A piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms.	2.05	1	0	1,2-benzisothiazole; indolones; organochlorine compound; piperazines	antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; psychotropic drug; serotonergic antagonist
zolmitriptan zolmitriptan: an antimigraine compound; a serotonin (5HT)-1D receptor agonist. zolmitriptan : A member of the class of tryptamines that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the indole ring has been replaced by a [(4S)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-4-yl]methyl group. A serotonin 5-HT1 B and D receptor agonist, it is used for the treatment of migraine.	20.66	409	109	oxazolidinone; tryptamines	anti-inflammatory drug; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	2.5	2	0	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
trifluoromethanesulfonic acid trifluoromethanesulfonic acid: deblocking reagent for peptide synthesis; RN given refers to parent cpd. triflic acid : A one-carbon compound that is methanesulfonic acid in which the hydrogens attached to the methyl carbon have been replaced by fluorines.	2.73	3	0	one-carbon compound; perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid
isothiocyanic acid [no description available]	3.79	3	0	hydracid; one-carbon compound
sodium persulfate sodium persulfate: RN given refers to peroxydisulfuric acid, di-Na salt	2.05	1	0
potassium phosphate potassium phosphate: used in dental materials and to treat hypophosphatemia; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF. tripotassium phosphate : An inorganic potassium salt that is the tripotassium salt of phosphoric acid.	2.08	1	0	inorganic phosphate salt; inorganic potassium salt
caloreen caloreen: glucose polymer with average length of five glucose units for dietary energy supplement. dextrin : Glucans produced by the hydrolysis of starch or glycogen. They are mixtures of polymers of D-glucose units linked by alpha(1->4) or alpha(1->6) glycosidic bonds.	1.96	1	0
venlafaxine hydrochloride Venlafaxine Hydrochloride: A cyclohexanol and phenylethylamine derivative that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.	4.38	6	0	hydrochloride
trovafloxacin trovafloxacin: a trifluoronaphthyridone derivative of 7-(3-azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexyl)naphthyridone; has antineoplastic activity. trovafloxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and 6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively. A broad-spectrum antibiotic that was withdrawn from the market due to risk of liver failure.	3.09	5	0
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	2.25	1	0	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	2.11	1	0	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
nojirimycin nojirimycin: from Streptomyces ficellus; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.03	1	0	amino monosaccharide; hydroxypiperidine
glutathione disulfide Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.	1.98	1	0	glutathione derivative; organic disulfide	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
cephalosporin c cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.	13.4	52	4	cephalosporin	fungal metabolite
terizidone terizidone: minor descriptor (1975-1984); on-line & Index Medicus search OXAZOLES (1975-1984); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	9.65	18	2
3-amino-2-oxazolidinone [no description available]	4.91	36	0	oxazolidinone
naphthosultone naphthosultone: derivatives of 1,8-naphtholsulfonic acid	2.13	1	0
anpirtoline anpirtoline: structure given in first source	3.11	1	0	aryl sulfide
mlv 6976 MLV 6976: structure given in first source	4.78	10	0
pazufloxacin [no description available]	2.31	1	0	quinolines
trimethylsilanol [no description available]	2.01	1	0
dexfenfluramine Dexfenfluramine: The S-isomer of FENFLURAMINE. It is a serotonin agonist and is used as an anorectic. Unlike fenfluramine, it does not possess any catecholamine agonist activity.. (S)-fenfluramine : The S-enantiomer of fenfluramine. It stimulates the release of serotonin and selectively inhibits its reuptake, but unlike fenfluramine it does not possess catecholamine agonist activity. It was formerly given by mouth as the hydrochloride in the treatment of obesity, but, like fenfluramine, was withdrawn wolrdwide following reports of valvular heart defects.	2	1	0	fenfluramine	appetite depressant; serotonergic agonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
thiamorpholine thiamorpholine: RN given refers to parent cpd. thiomorpholine : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is an analogue of morpholine where the oxygen atom is replaced by sulfur.	2.01	1	0	saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; thiomorpholines
acetoxime [no description available]	1.97	1	0	ketoxime
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	14.1	88	8	1,2,3-triazole
1h-tetrazole tetrazole : An azaarene that is a five-membered ring composed of 4 nitrogen and 1 carbon atom.. 2H-tetrazole : A tetrazole tautomer where the proton is located on the 2 position.	2.07	1	0	one-carbon compound; tetrazole
triflic anhydride triflic anhydride: structure in first source	2.07	1	0	organosulfonic anhydride
azauracil azauracil: minor descriptor (64-72); major descriptor (73-86); on line search URACIL (66-74); URACIL/AA (75-86); INDEX MEDICUS search URACIL (64-72); AZAURACIL (73-86). 6-azauracil : A 1,2,4-triazine compound having oxo-substituents at the 3- and 5-positions.	2.06	1	0	1,2,4-triazines; nucleobase analogue	antimetabolite
fluorodeoxyglucose f18 Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)	2.1	1	0	2-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose; 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
sertraline Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.	3.83	3	0	dichlorobenzene; secondary amino compound; tetralins	antidepressant; serotonin uptake inhibitor
arbekacin arbekacin: structure given in first source. arbekacin : A kanamycin that is kanamycin B bearing an N-(2S)-4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group on the aminocyclitol ring.	4.06	4	0	aminoglycoside; kanamycins	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
pirlindole pirlindole: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym pyrazidol refers to mono-HCl; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #2812	3.11	1	0	carbazoles
lazabemide lazabemide: structure given in first source	2.17	1	0
voriconazole Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.	2.78	3	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; pyrimidines; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	P450 inhibitor
terlipressin terlivaz: first FDA approved injection to improve kidney function in adults with hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) with rapid reduction in kidney function.	2.08	1	0	polypeptide
sr 95191 SR 95191: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
1-aminohydantoin 1-aminohydantoin: a metabolite of nitrofurantoin	3.33	6	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
eperezolid [no description available]	7.86	34	1
doripenem Doripenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of infections such as HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA, and complicated intra-abdominal or urinary-tract infections, including PYELONEPHRITIS.	4.61	4	0	carbapenems
tryptanthrine tryptanthrine: minor constituent of traditional Chinese medicine qing dai	2.15	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; organic heterotetracyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
thifensulfuron methyl thifensulfuron methyl: structure in first source. thifensulfuron-methyl : A methyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of thifensulfuron with methanol. It is used as a post-emergence herbicide for the control of grass and broad-leaved weeds.	2.06	1	0	1,3,5-triazines; methyl ester; N-sulfonylurea; thiophenes	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
n,n'-dibutylurea N,N'-dibutylurea: structure in first source	2.04	1	0
atovaquone Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.	3.1	1	0	hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
pentafluorobenzoyl chloride pentafluorobenzoyl chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. pentafluorobenzoyl chloride : The acid chloride of pentafluorobenzoic acid. It is a sensitive derivatising reagent for the analysis of amines, amides and phenols by electron capture gas chromatography.	1.96	1	0	acyl chloride; perfluorinated compound	chromatographic reagent
frovatriptan [no description available]	9.6	16	3	carbazoles
eletriptan eletriptan: 5-HT(1B/1D) receptor agonist; structure in first source. eletriptan : An N-alkylpyrrolidine, that is N-methylpyrrolidine in which the pro-R hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a {5-[2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}methyl group.	10.62	30	3	indoles; N-alkylpyrrolidine; sulfone	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
1,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0)undec-7-ene [no description available]	2.07	1	0
s20098 [no description available]	2.07	1	0	acetamides
1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-nitrosourea 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-nitrosourea: structure	2.65	3	0
clarithromycin Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.	9.42	25	3	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; protein synthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic
1-nitroso-5,6-dihydrouracil N-nitrosodihydrouracil: structure in first source	1.97	1	0
tebuconazole Lynx: A genus in the family FELIDAE comprising felines with long legs, ear tufts, and a short tail.. 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)pentan-3-ol : A tertiary alcohol that is pentan-3-ol substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl, methyl, methyl, and a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl at positions 1, 4, 4 and 3 respectively.. tebuconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tebuconazole. A fungicide effective against various smut and bunt diseases in cereals and other field crops.	2.47	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; tertiary alcohol; triazoles
3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol: noradrenaline metabolite in mouse brain; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethyleneglycol : A tetrol composed of ethyleneglycol having a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group at the 1-position.	4.33	2	2	catechols; tetrol	metabolite; mouse metabolite
glycidamide glycidamide: metabolite of acrylamide; structure given in first source	7.04	1	0
homocysteine Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.	1.99	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine; serine family amino acid	fundamental metabolite; mouse metabolite
salsolinol salsolinol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; EP to SALSOLINE ALKALOIDS (78-82); on-line search SALSOLINE ALKALOIDS (78-82); Index Medicus search ISOQUINOLINES (78-82). (S)-salsolinol : A 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6,7-diol that has S-configuration.	3.06	1	0	1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6,7-diol	human urinary metabolite
acetylsalicylic acid lysinate acetylsalicylic acid lysinate: RN given refers to (L)-lysine, unspecified salicylate salt	2.01	1	0
diflufenican diflufenican : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine-3-carboxamide substituted by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the carbamoyl nitrogen and a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 2.	2.06	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; pyridinecarboxamide	carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
quinclorac quinclorac: an herbicide. quinclorac : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-8-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 7 have been replaced by chlorines. It is used (particularly as its dimethylamine salt, known as quinclorac-dimethylammonium) as a (rather persistent) herbicide for the post-emergence control of weeds in rice, grass and turf. It is not approved for use within the European Union.	2.02	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	agrochemical; herbicide; synthetic auxin
3-chloro-4,4-dimethyl-2-oxazolidinone 3-chloro-4,4-dimethyl-2-oxazolidinone: chloramine disinfectant & aflatoxin B detoxicant	4.3	20	0
mci 9038 [no description available]	3.55	2	0	peptide
lopinavir [no description available]	2.03	1	0	amphetamines; dicarboxylic acid diamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
glycidyl nitrate glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.	3.11	1	0
arabitol arabitol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. arabinitol : A pentitol that is the sugar alcohol produced by the reduction of arabinose or lyxose. It is found in serum or urine of human infected with Candida albicans.. D-arabinitol : The D-enantiomer of arabinitol.	2.03	1	0	arabinitol
glucuronic acid Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.	2.78	3	0	D-glucuronic acid	algal metabolite
alanyl-glycyl-glycine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	oligopeptide
fluoxydine fluoxydine: structure	2.03	1	0
phenylalanine-beta-naphthylamide phenylalanine-beta-naphthylamide: RN given for (S)-isomer. L-phenylalanine 2-naphthylamide : An L-phenylalanine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-phenylalanine with the amino group of 2-naphthylamine.	2.03	1	0	amino acid amide; L-phenylalanine derivative; N-(2-naphthyl)carboxamide	chromogenic compound
vitamin b 6 Vitamin B 6: VITAMIN B 6 refers to several PICOLINES (especially PYRIDOXINE; PYRIDOXAL; & PYRIDOXAMINE) that are efficiently converted by the body to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, and aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into PYRIDOXAMINE phosphate. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990). Most of vitamin B6 is eventually degraded to PYRIDOXIC ACID and excreted in the urine.	2.43	2	0
1,4-dihydropyridine [no description available]	2.15	1	0
imipenem, anhydrous Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.	6.03	13	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carbapenems; zwitterion	antibacterial drug
4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butan-1-ol 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butan-1-ol: structure in first source. 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol : A member of the class of nitrosamines that is butan-1-ol substituted by a pyridin-3-yl group at position 1 and by a methyl(nitroso)amino group at position 4. It is a major metabolite of nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), which is a carcinogen found in tobacco and responsible for inducing lung cancer in smokers.	3.23	1	0	nitrosamine; pyridines; secondary alcohol	biomarker; carcinogenic agent; human urinary metabolite
cyanates Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).	3.19	5	0
22-hydroxycholesterol [no description available]	2.08	1	0	cholanoid
gr 127935 GR 127935: a 5-HT 1D receptor antagonist. GR 127935 : A member of the class of benzamides obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2'-methyl-4'-(5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid and the anilino group of 4-methoxy-3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)aniline. Potent and selective 5-HT1B/1D receptor antagonist (pKi values are 8.5 for both guinea pig 5-HT1D and rat 5-HT1B receptors). Displays > 100-fold selectivity over 5HT1A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C receptors and other receptor types. Centrally active following oral administration.	2.7	3	0	1,2,4-oxadiazole; benzamides; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
deoxyglucose Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.	2.02	1	0
leucinol leucinol: RN given for (L)-isomer	2.13	1	0
n-(2-hydroxypropyl)-n-nitrosourea N-(2-hydroxypropyl)-N-nitrosourea: structure given in first source	2.37	2	0
ta 0910 TA 0910: structure given in first source; has central nervous system actions; RN given refers to (S)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 8/90	2.57	2	0	oligopeptide	analgesic; neuroprotective agent; nootropic agent
florfenicol florfenicol: structure given in first source. florfenicol : A carboxamide that is the N-dichloroacetyl derivative of (1R,2S)-2-amino-3-fluoro-1-[4-(methanesulfonyl)phenyl]propan-1-ol. A synthetic veterinary antibiotic that is used for treatment of bovine respiratory disease and foot rot; also used in aquaculture.	4.06	13	0	organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; secondary alcohol; secondary carboxamide; sulfone	antimicrobial agent
dechloroethylcyclophosphamide dechloroethylcyclophosphamide: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0	phosphorodiamide
brassinolide brassinolide: plant growth promoting steroidal lactone from rape pollen; RN given refers to (2alpha,3alpha,5alpha,22R,23R,24S)-isomer; structure in first source	2.02	1	0	22-hydroxy steroid; 23-hydroxy steroid; 2alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; brassinosteroid	plant growth stimulator; plant hormone
valdecoxib [no description available]	2.05	1	0	isoxazoles; sulfonamide	antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
1,2-dioxetane [no description available]	2.04	1	0
o-carbamylserine O-carbamylserine: RN given refers to (D)-iosmer	1.94	1	0
4-acetylphenyloxooxazolidinylmethylacetamide 4-acetylphenyloxooxazolidinylmethylacetamide: structure given in first source; acts on gram+ and anaerobic bacteria	5.53	13	0
benzyne benzyne: structure in first source. benzyne : 1,2-didehydrobenzene and its derivatives formed by substitution.	2.08	1	0	aryne; benzyne
carbene carbene: electrically neutral species H2C: and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons; carbene is the name of the parent hydride :CH2 ; hence, the name dichlorocarbene for :CCl2. However, names for acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons containing one or more divalent carbon atoms are derived from the name of the corresponding all-4-hydrocarbon using the suffix -ylidene; methylene carbene also available. carbene : The electrically neutral species H2C(2.) and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons, which may be spin-paired (singlet state) or spin-non-paired (triplet state).	2.82	3	0	carbene; methanediyl
pentafluorophenylisothiocyanate pentafluorophenylisothiocyanate: coupling agent used in Edman degradation	1.99	1	0
fullerene c60 Fullerenes: A polyhedral CARBON structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. Fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere.. fullerene : A compound composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with twelve five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings. The term has been broadened to include any closed cage structure consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atoms.	2.46	2	0	fullerene	geroprotector
almotriptan almotriptan : An indole compound having a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group at the 3-position and a (pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)methyl group at the 5-position.	9.91	20	3	indoles; sulfonamide; tertiary amine	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
tazobactam Tazobactam: A penicillanic acid and sulfone derivative and potent BETA-LACTAMASE inhibitor that enhances the activity of other anti-bacterial agents against beta-lactamase producing bacteria.. tazobactam : A member of the class of penicillanic acids that is sulbactam in which one of the exocyclic methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1,2,3-triazol-1-yl group; used (in the form of its sodium salt) in combination with ceftolozane sulfate for treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections and complicated urinary tract infections.	4.77	3	0	penicillanic acids; triazoles	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
bay x 1005 2-(4-(quinolin-2-yl-methoxy)phenyl)-2-cyclopentylacetic acid: inhibits synthesis of leukotriene B4 and 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid; inhibits five-lipoxygenase activating protein(FLAP)and leukotriene A4 hydrolase(LTA4H); structure given in first source;	2.05	1	0
dehydroalanine 2-ammonioprop-2-enoate : An amino acid zwitterion resulting from a transfer of a proton from the carboxy group to the amino group of 2-aminoacrylic acid.. 2-aminoacrylic acid : A 2,3-dehydroamino acid that is alanine which has been dehydrogenated to introduce a double bond between positions 2 and 3.	7.1	1	0	2,3-dehydroamino acid; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; amino acid zwitterion; enamine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	alkylating agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
cp 93129 3-(1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyrid-4-yl)pyrrolo(3,2-b)pyrid-5-one: serotonin agonist; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	pyrrolopyridine
garenoxacin garenoxacin: a des-fluoro(6) quinolone with antibacterial activity. garenoxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid that is substituted by a cyclopropyl group at position 1, an oxo group at position 4, a (1R)-1-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-5-yl group at position 7, and a difluoromethoxy group at position 8.	3.84	3	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; isoindoles; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
rubimaillin rubimaillin: structure given in first source. rubimaillin : A benzochromene that is 2H-benzo[h]chromene which is substituted by two methyl groups at position 2, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5, and a hydroxy group at position 6. Found in the Chinese medical plant Rubia cordifola, It has an anti-cancer effect by inhibition of TNF-alpha-induced NF-kappaB activation. It is also a dual inhibitor of acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 1 and 2 (ACAT1 and ACAT2), but is more selective for the ACAT2 isozyme.	2.08	1	0	benzochromene; methyl ester; phenols	acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 2 inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; neuroprotective agent; NF-kappaB inhibitor; plant metabolite
rb 6145 RB 6145: structure given in first source; prodrug to RSU 1069; PD 144872 is the R-enantiomer of RB 6145	1.97	1	0
methotrexate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
md 770222 MD 770222: metabolite of cimoxatone	5.16	6	2
sulbactam [no description available]	4.53	5	1	penicillanic acids
4-benzyl-3-crotonyl-2-oxazolidinone locostatin: an RKIP inhibitor that reduces cell migration	4.04	13	0
carbapenems [no description available]	9.94	22	1
beta-lactams 2-azetidinone: structure in first source. azetidin-2-one : An unsubstituted beta-lactam compound.. beta-lactam : A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.	9.44	27	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; beta-lactam
sperm motility inhibitor 2 [no description available]	3.84	3	0
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	3.84	11	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cucurbitaceae Cucurbitaceae: The gourd plant family of the order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. It is sometimes placed in its own order, Cucurbitales. 'Melon' generally refers to CUCUMIS; CITRULLUS; or MOMORDICA.	2	1	0
tamolarizine [no description available]	1.97	1	0
3-nitroso-2-oxazolidone 3-nitroso-2-oxazolidone: structure given in first source	3.07	5	0
levofloxacin Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.	8.18	30	1	9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
ezetimibe Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).	7.1	5	1	azetidines; beta-lactam; organofluorine compound	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antimetabolite
ertapenem Ertapenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial infections including intra-abdominal infections, acute gynecological infections, complicated urinary tract infections, skin infections, and respiratory tract infections. It is also used to prevent infection in colorectal surgery.. ertapenem : Meropenem in which the one of the two methyl groups attached to the amide nitrogen is replaced by hydrogen while the other is replaced by a 3-carboxyphenyl group. The sodium salt is used for the treatment of moderate to severe susceptible infections including intra-abdominal and acute gynaecological infections, pneumonia, and infections of the skin and of the urinary tract.	6	5	0	carbapenemcarboxylic acid; pyrrolidinecarboxamide	antibacterial drug
moxifloxacin Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.	10.63	47	3	aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; pyrrolidinopiperidine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug
varespladib [no description available]	3.16	1	0	aromatic ether; benzenes; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; indoles; monocarboxylic acid; primary carboxamide	anti-inflammatory drug; antidote; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor
naproxen Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.	4.55	4	0	methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.	2.17	1	0	oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species
md 780236 MD 780236: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source for (+-)-isomer; MD 780236; (R)-somer: MD 240928; (S)-isomer: MD 240931	3.83	12	0
torcetrapib [no description available]	9.55	37	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; carbamate ester; quinolines	anticholesteremic drug; CETP inhibitor
singlet oxygen Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.	2.02	1	0	chalcogen; monoatomic oxygen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
tetrindole tetrindole: structure given in first source. tetrindole hydrochloride : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tetrindole hydrochloride.. tetrindole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tetrindole	3.11	1	0	racemate	antidepressant; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; serotonergic agonist
biotin vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.	2.03	1	0	biotins; vitamin B7	coenzyme; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; prosthetic group; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
temocillin temocillin: beta-lactam antibiotic with unusual spectrum of antibacterial activity & exceptional stability to bacterial beta-lactamases; RN given refers to di-Na salt (2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6alpha))-isomer; structure in first source. temocillin : A penicillin compound having a 6alpha-methoxy and 6beta-[2-carboxy(thiophen-3-yl)acetamido side-groups.	3.15	1	0	penicillin
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	1.97	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
1-methyl-3-ethylimidazolium 1-methyl-3-ethylimidazolium: structure given in first source. 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium : A 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium in which the alkyl substituent at C-1 is ethyl.	2.13	1	0	1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium
homocysteic acid homocysteic acid: promotes growth in hypophysectomized rats; RN given refers to parent cpd. homocysteic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group has benn oxidised to the corresponding sulfonic acid.. L-homocysteic acid : A homocysteic acid with L-configuration.	1.99	1	0	homocysteic acid	NMDA receptor agonist
organophosphonates hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.	2.74	3	0	divalent inorganic anion; phosphite ion
agelastatin a agelastatin A: structure in first source	4.73	28	0
eprazinone 183C91: active metabolite of zolmitriptan	5.42	5	3
quizalofop quizalofop : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of quizalofop-P of and (S)-quizalofop. Quizalofop is used (commonly as the corresponding ethyl ester, known as quizalofop-ethyl) as a selective post-emergence herbicide against annual and winter-hard grasses. The active isomer is the R enantiomer, which is known as quizalofop-P.. 2-{4-[(6-chloroquinoxalin-2-yl)oxy]phenoxy}propanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-phenoxypropanoic acid in which the phenyl group is substituted at the para position by a (6-chloroquinoxalin-2-yl)oxy group.	2.06	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound; quinoxaline derivative
aflatoxin b1 Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.	2.37	2	0	aflatoxin; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone	carcinogenic agent; human metabolite
epiaustraline epiaustraline: structure in first source	2.01	1	0
3-isoxazolidone 3-isoxazolidone: structure. isoxazolidinone : An oxazolidinone in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	4.01	15	0	oxazolidinone
aziridine-2-carboxylic acid aziridine-2-carboxylic acid: structure given in first source	2.06	1	0
troleandomycin Troleandomycin: A macrolide antibiotic that is similar to ERYTHROMYCIN.. troleandomycin : A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic obtained by acetylation of the three free hydroxy groups of oleandomycin. Troleandomycin is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.	2.01	1	0	acetate ester; epoxide; macrolide antibiotic; monosaccharide derivative; polyketide; semisynthetic derivative	EC 1.14.13.97 (taurochenodeoxycholate 6alpha-hydroxylase) inhibitor; xenobiotic
iclaprim iclaprim: has antiviral activity. iclaprim : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-iclaprim. Both enantiomers exhibit similar, potent bactericidal activity against major Gram-positive pathogens, notably methicillin-sensitive and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA and MRSA, respectively).. 5-[(2-cyclopropyl-7,8-dimethoxy-2H-chromen-5-yl)methyl]pyrimidine-2,4-diamine : An aminopyrimidine that is 5-methylpyrimidine-2,4-diamine in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a 2-cyclopropyl-7,8-dimethoxy-2H-chromen-5-yl group.	4.06	2	0	aminopyrimidine; chromenes; cyclopropanes
azd2563 posizolid: an antitubercular agent; structure in first source	6.58	26	0
tbc-11251 sitaxsentan: endothelin A receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.05	1	0	benzodioxoles
succinobucol succinobucol: monosuccinic acid ester of probucol; a metabolically stable modification of probucol, an equipotent antioxidant to probucol but is pharmacologically distinct	3.56	2	0	benzoate ester; phenols
erythritol [no description available]	2.98	4	0	butane-1,2,3,4-tetrol	antioxidant; human metabolite; plant metabolite
cellulose triacetate cellulose triacetate: for hemodialysis filtration	2	1	0
propargylamine propargylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.13	1	0
anisomycin Anisomycin: An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.. (-)-anisomycin : An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.	2.05	1	0	monohydroxypyrrolidine; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; bacterial metabolite; DNA synthesis inhibitor; protein synthesis inhibitor
benzofurans Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.	3.1	5	0
medicarpin (-)-medicarpin : The (-)-enantiomer of medicarpin.	2.15	1	0	medicarpin	plant metabolite
sorbinil sorbinil: aldose reductase inhibitor. sorbinil : An azaspiro compound having a monofluoro-substituted chromane skeleton spiro-linked to an imidazolidinedione ring.	2.06	1	0	azaspiro compound; chromanes; imidazolidinone; organofluorine compound; oxaspiro compound	antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.	11.55	45	2
dihydropyridines Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.	2.15	1	0
n-acetylneuraminic acid N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518). N-acetylneuraminic acid : An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.	4.25	5	0	N-acetylneuraminic acids	antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
fibrin Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.	3.15	1	0	peptide
glucosamine D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.	9.75	9	0	D-glucosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; mouse metabolite
allose [no description available]	2.08	1	0	allopyranose; D-allose	antioxidant
puromycin [no description available]	2.93	4	0	puromycins	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor; nucleoside antibiotic; protein synthesis inhibitor
monoiodotyrosine Monoiodotyrosine: A product from the iodination of tyrosine. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE), tyrosine is first iodized to monoiodotyrosine.. iodotyrosine : A tyrosine derivative which has at least one iodo-substituent on the benzyl moiety.. monoiodotyrosine : An iodotyrosine carrying a single iodo substituent.. 3-iodo-L-tyrosine : The monoiodotyrosine that is L-tyrosine carrying an iodo-substituent at position C-3 of the benzyl group.	2.01	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-tyrosine derivative; monoiodotyrosine; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
n-formylmethionine N-formyl-L-methionine : A L-methionine derivative in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a formyl group.	1.99	1	0	L-methionine derivative; N-formyl amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	metabolite
n-glycolylneuraminic acid N-glycolylneuraminic acid: RN given refers to (all-D)-isomer	2.04	1	0	N-acylneuraminic acid
mannosamine mannosamine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. D-mannosamine : The D-enantiomer of mannosamine.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-mannopyranose : A D-mannosamine in cyclic pyranose form.	2.05	1	0	D-mannosamine
gulose gulose: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. gulopyranose : The pyranose form of gulose.. gulose : An aldohexose that is the C-3 epimer of galactose.	2.05	1	0	D-aldohexose; D-gulose; gulopyranose
meropenem Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.	7.41	20	1	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; carbapenemcarboxylic acid; organic sulfide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug; drug allergen
monensin Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.	2.05	1	0	cyclic hemiketal; monocarboxylic acid; polyether antibiotic; spiroketal	antifungal agent; coccidiostat; ionophore
cefoxitin Cefoxitin: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.. cefoxitin : A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic which, in addition to the methoxy group at the 7alpha position, has 2-thienylacetamido and carbamoyloxymethyl side-groups. It is resistant to beta-lactamase.	2.97	4	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; cephamycin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
linezolid [no description available]	26.25	2,182	171	acetamides; morpholines; organofluorine compound; oxazolidinone	antibacterial drug; protein synthesis inhibitor
lignans Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	3.63	2	0
bispyribac bispyribac: acute human self-poisoning with bispyribac-containing herbicide Nominee has been reported; structure in first source. bispyribac : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid substituted by (4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)oxy groups at positions 2 and 6. Its sodium salt is used as a broad spectrum post emergent herbicide for the control of grasses, sedges and broadleaf weeds in rice crops.	2.57	2	0	aromatic ether; benzoic acids; monocarboxylic acid; pyrimidines	herbicide
2-c-methylerythritol 4-phosphate 2-C-methylerythritol 4-phosphate: structure in first source	2.77	3	0	tetritol phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite
pyochelin pyochelin: phenolic iron-binding cpd from Pseudomonas aeruginosa; promotes the growth of bacterium when added to iron-deficient media. pyochelin : A member of the class of thiazolidines that is (4R)-3-methyl-1,3-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid which is substituted at position 2 by a (4R)-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazol-4-yl group. A siderophore that is produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (via condensation of salicylic acid and two molecules of cysteine) as a mixture of two easily interconvertible diastereoisomers, pyochelin I (major) and pyochelin II (minor). The enantiomeric compounds, enant-pyochelin, are produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens.	2.15	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; phenols; thiazolidines	metabolite; siderophore
valnemulin valnemulin: a pleuromutilin derivative	2.17	1	0	carbotricyclic compound; carboxylic ester; cyclic ketone
sanguinine sanguinine: from Amaryllidaceae; structure in first source	2.08	1	0	benzazepine
sultamicillin sultamicillin: contains ampicillin & sulbactam	4.11	3	1	penicillanic acid ester
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	3.76	10	0	cyclodextrin
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	2.15	1	0	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.	2.06	1	0	octadec-9-enoic acid	antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent
pectins Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.	2.25	1	0	D-galactopyranuronic acid
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	3.11	1	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
mupirocin Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing.. mupirocin : An alpha,beta-unsaturated ester resulting from the formal condensation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of 9-hydroxynonanoic acid with the carboxy group of (2E)-4-[(2S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid in which the tetrahydropyranyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by hydroxy groups and at position 5 by a {(2S,3S)-3-[(2S,3S)-3-hydroxybutan-2-yl]oxiran-2-yl}methyl group. Originally isolated from the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, it is used as a topical antibiotic for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections.	3.99	13	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester; epoxide; monocarboxylic acid; oxanes; secondary alcohol; triol	antibacterial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
clindamycin Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.	8.57	41	0
fosfomycin Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.	5.94	12	0	epoxide; phosphonic acids	antimicrobial agent; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
zithromax Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.	7.35	13	1	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
cyfluthrin cethromycin: a ketolide;. cethromycin : A macrolide antibiotic which displays in vitro activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and is currently under investigation for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have also granted orphan drug designation to cethromycin for the treatment of anthrax prophylaxis, tularemia, and plague (PDB entry: 1NWX).	3.1	1	0
t0901317 T0901317: an LXRalpha and LXRbeta agonist	2.1	1	0
imidazolidines [no description available]	2.06	1	0	azacycloalkane; imidazolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
pa 824 pretomanid: nitroimidazopyran derived from 5-nitroimidazoles; a prodrug that requires activation by a bacterial F420-depedent glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (Fgd) and nitroreductase to activate components that then inhibit bacterial mycolic acid and protein synthesis; structure in first source	6.83	12	0
cefamandole Cefamandole: Semisynthetic wide-spectrum cephalosporin with prolonged action, probably due to beta-lactamase resistance. It is used also as the nafate.. cefamandole : A cephalosporin compound having (R)-mandelamido and N-methylthiotetrazole side-groups.	2.01	1	0	cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
u 100480 U 100480: structure given in first source	10.9	28	4
l 743,872 [no description available]	3.16	5	0
dibekacin Dibekacin: Analog of KANAMYCIN with antitubercular as well as broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties.. dibekacin : A kanamycin that is kanamycin B lacking the 3- and 4-hydroxy groups on the 2,6-diaminosugar ring.	4.06	4	0	kanamycins	antibacterial agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
micafungin Micafungin: A cyclic lipo-hexapeptide echinocandin antifungal agent that is used for the treatment and prevention of CANDIDIASIS.. micafungin : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic which exerts its effect by inhibiting the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall. It is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, and of aspergillosis in patients who are intolerant of other therapy.	2.57	2	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; echinocandin	antiinfective agent
abt 492 WQ 3034: structure in first source	3.21	1	0
ranbezolid ranbezolid: structure in first source	3.42	7	0
sodium acetate, anhydrous Sodium Acetate: The trihydrate sodium salt of acetic acid, which is used as a source of sodium ions in solutions for dialysis and as a systemic and urinary alkalizer, diuretic, and expectorant.	2.01	1	0	organic sodium salt	NMR chemical shift reference compound
sodium cyanate sodium cyanate: used in treatment of sickle cell anemia; RN given refers to cyanic acid, Na salt	2.08	1	0	cyanate salt; one-carbon compound
oxazolidine oxazolidine: structure given in first source	2.6	1	0	oxazolidine
tolfenamic acid tolfenamic acid: structure. tolfenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-chloro-2-methylphenyl group. Tolfenamic acid is used specifically for relieving the pain of migraine. It also shows anticancer activity.	4.03	2	0	aminobenzoic acid; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
alpha-asarone asarone: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #847. asarone : A phenylpropanoid that is benzene substituted by methoxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 4 and a propen-1-yl group at position 5. It has been isolated from Acorus.. alpha-asarone : The trans-isomer of asarone.	3.23	1	0	asarone	anticonvulsant; GABA modulator
glycosides [no description available]	3.43	7	0
sinapinic acid sinapinic acid: a matrix for matrix-assisted laser desorption technique for protein MW determination; a constituent of propolis. trans-sinapic acid : A sinapic acid in which the double bond has trans-configuration.	2.17	1	0	sinapic acid	MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
isomethyleugenol Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	5.15	14	0	isomethyleugenol
lypressin Lypressin: The porcine antidiuretic hormone (VASOPRESSINS). It is a cyclic nonapeptide that differs from ARG-VASOPRESSIN by one amino acid, containing a LYSINE at residue 8 instead of an ARGININE. Lys-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.	2.08	1	0	cyclic peptide
pyrophosphate Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.	2.03	1	0	diphosphate ion
glucobrassicin glucobrassicin: isolated from Brussels sprouts; structure given in first source. glucobrassicin : An indolylmethylglucosinolic acid that is 1-thio-beta-D-glucopyranose having a 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-N-(sulfooxy)ethanimidoyl group attached to the anomeric sulfur.	1.96	1	0	indolyl carbohydrate; indolylmethylglucosinolic acid
tiamulin tiamulin: 81723 HFU and tiamutin are for fumarate salt; prevents senescence in ascomycete; pleuromutilin derivative; RN given refers to ((3aS-(3aalpha,4beta,5alpha,6alpha,8beta,9alpha,9abeta,10S*))-isomer. tiamulin : A carbotricyclic compound that is pleuromutilin in which the hydroxyacetate group is replaced by a 2-{[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]sulfanyl}acetate group. An antibacterial drug, tiamulin is used in veterinary medicine (generally as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of swine dysentery caused by Serpulina hyodysenteriae.	2.78	3	0	carbotricyclic compound; carboxylic ester; cyclic ketone; organic sulfide; secondary alcohol; semisynthetic derivative; tertiary amino compound; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antibacterial drug
fludarabine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	purine nucleoside
propylthiouracil Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.	2.05	1	0	pyrimidinethione	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antimetabolite; antioxidant; antithyroid drug; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; hormone antagonist
n(6)-cyclopentyladenosine [no description available]	2.07	1	0
methylthiouracil Methylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent that inhibits the synthesis of thyroid hormone. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism.	2.05	1	0	pyrimidone
phenylthiourea Phenylthiourea: Phenylthiourea is a THIOUREA derivative containing a phenyl ring. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans can find it either bitter-tasting or tasteless.. N-phenylthiourea : A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a phenyl group. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans find it either very bitter-tasting or tasteless. This unusual property resulted in N-phenylthiourea being used in paternity testing prior to the advent of DNA testing.	2.05	1	0	thioureas	EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor
flunarizine Flunarizine: Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy.	2.42	2	0	diarylmethane
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	2.11	1	0	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
thiazoline-2-thione thiazoline-2-thione: carboxyl-activating reagent in peptide synthesis	2.03	1	0
zucapsaicin [no description available]	4.69	3	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols
capsaicin ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.	6.27	4	1	capsaicinoid	non-narcotic analgesic; TRPV1 agonist; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
terbinafine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	acetylenic compound; allylamine antifungal drug; enyne; naphthalenes; tertiary amine	EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor; P450 inhibitor; sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
oxazolone Oxazolone: Immunologic adjuvant and sensitizing agent.	4.02	4	0
thiourea Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.	3.45	7	0	one-carbon compound; thioureas; ureas	antioxidant; chromophore
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	3.81	3	0	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
thioacetamide Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.	2.71	3	0	thiocarboxamide	hepatotoxic agent
digoxin Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.	3.45	1	1	cardenolide glycoside; steroid saponin	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; epitope
tamoxifen [no description available]	3.13	1	0	stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide: structure in first source	2.15	1	0
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [no description available]	2.11	1	0
nadp [no description available]	2.06	1	0
ethionamide Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide.	2.86	3	0	pyridines; thiocarboxamide	antilipemic drug; antitubercular agent; fatty acid synthesis inhibitor; leprostatic drug; prodrug
fusidic acid Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.	8.31	14	1	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; steroid acid; steroid antibiotic; sterol ester	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
lincomycin Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.. lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.	2.39	2	0	carbohydrate-containing antibiotic; L-proline derivative; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide; S-glycosyl compound	antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
ranitidine Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.	2	1	0	C-nitro compound; furans; organic sulfide; tertiary amino compound	anti-ulcer drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; H2-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
sq-641 SQ-641: a MurX inhibitor with antitubercular activity; structure in first source	3.41	1	0
3-amino-5-morpholinomethyl-2-oxazolidinone 3-amino-5-morpholinomethyl-2-oxazolidinone: a metabolite of furaltadone. 3-amino-5-morpholinomethyl-2-oxazolidinone : A member of the class of oxazolidinones that is 3-amino-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one substituted by a morpholin-4-ylmethyl group at position 5. It is the metabolite of furaltadone, a broad-spectrum antibacterial drug which was widely used as an additive in livestock and aquaculture feed.	3.86	11	0	morpholines; oxazolidinone	marine xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic metabolite
lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.	4.25	5	0	alkali metal atom
goitrin goitrin: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. (R)-goitrin : A 5-ethenyl-1,3-oxazolidine-2-thione that has R-configuration. It is a constituent of a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, Radix isatidis.	6.2	44	0	5-ethenyl-1,3-oxazolidine-2-thione	antiviral agent; plant metabolite
azoxystrobin azoxystrobin: a methoxyacrylate analog; a strobilurin fungicide; structure given in first source. azoxystrobin : An aryloxypyrimidine having a 4,6-diphenoxypyrimidine skeleton in which one of the phenyl rings is cyano-substituted at C-2 and the other carries a 2-methoxy-1-(methoxycarbonyl)vinyl substituent, also at C-2. An inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration by blocking electron transfer between cytochromes b and c1, it is used widely as a fungicide in agriculture.	2.06	1	0	aryloxypyrimidine; enoate ester; enol ether; methoxyacrylate strobilurin antifungal agent; methyl ester; nitrile	antifungal agrochemical; environmental contaminant; mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor; quinone outside inhibitor; xenobiotic
3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol sulfate 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified locant for sulfate moiety	4.31	2	2	alcohol; phenols
amiflamine amiflamine: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	2.37	2	0
preussin preussin: from Aspergillus ochraceus	2.05	1	0
telavancin telavancin: an anti-infective agent; structure in first source. telavancin : A glycopeptide that is vancomycin substituted at position N-3'' by a 2-(decylamino)ethyl group and at position C-29 by a (phosphonomethyl)aminomethyl group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of adults with complicated skin and skin structure infections caused by bacteria.	6.51	18	0	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent
apramycin apramycin : An aminoglycoside that is 2-deoxystreptamine that is substituted on the oxygen at position 4 by an (8R)-2-amino-8-O-(4-amino-4-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)-2,3,7-trideoxy-7-(methylamino)-D-glycero-alpha-D-allo-octodialdo-1,5:8,4-dipyranos-1-yl) group.	1.98	1	0	2-deoxystreptamine derivative; aminoglycoside; organic heterobicyclic compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent
mycobactin mycobactins: cell wall iron transporting growth factor from Mycobacterium tuberculosis	2.04	1	0
6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.	2	1	0	quinoxaline derivative
cp 94253 [no description available]	4.04	4	0	pyrrolopyridine
alpha-chymotrypsin Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.	2.03	1	0
naphthoquinones Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.	3.1	1	0
cathepsin g Cathepsin G: A serine protease found in the azurophil granules of NEUTROPHILS. It has an enzyme specificity similar to that of chymotrypsin C.	2.07	1	0
icodextrin Icodextrin: A glucan that is structurally related to maltodextrin, with more than 85% of its molecules having molecular weights between 1640 and 45 000 Daltons (Da), and a weight-average molecular weight of about 20 000 Da; it is used in dialysis fluids as an alternative to glucose-based solutions, and to reduce adhesions after gynecological or abdominal surgery. It has also been used as a vehicle for drugs given via the peritoneal cavity.	3.15	1	0
sq 109 N-geranyl-N'-(2-adamantyl)ethane-1,2-diamine: has antitubercular activity	7.06	7	0
sphingosine sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.	2.11	1	0	sphing-4-enine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
bilirubin [no description available]	1.96	1	0	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	2.02	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
calcitriol dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes	1.98	1	0	D3 vitamins; hydroxycalciol; triol	antineoplastic agent; antipsoriatic; bone density conservation agent; calcium channel agonist; calcium channel modulator; hormone; human metabolite; immunomodulator; metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
beta carotene beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.	2.02	1	0	carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene	antioxidant; biological pigment; cofactor; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; provitamin A
leukotriene b4 Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.	2.25	1	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; leukotriene; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasoconstrictor agent
kaempferol [no description available]	2.01	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; flavonols; tetrahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
zeaxanthin Zeaxanthins: Carotenoids found in fruits and vegetables. Zeaxanthin accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.	2.1	1	0	carotenol	antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; cofactor
amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.	2.01	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic	antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite
clavulanic acid Clavulanic Acid: A beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus. It is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase.. clavulanate : The conjugate base of clavulanic acid.. clavulanic acid : Antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes.	4.07	4	0	oxapenam	antibacterial drug; anxiolytic drug; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
lutein Lutein: A xanthophyll found in the major LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES of plants. Dietary lutein accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.. xanthophyll : A subclass of carotenoids consisting of the oxygenated carotenes.	2.1	1	0	carotenol	food colouring; plant metabolite
sulfuretin sulfuretin: the chalcone C ring closes into a 5 instead of the more typical 6 membered ring leaving a phenyl methane at the 2 position instead of the typical phenyl	2.17	1	0	1-benzofurans
humulene humulene: structure given in first source. (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene : The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene.	2.17	1	0	alpha-humulene
26,26,26,27,27,27-hexafluoro-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3 26,26,26,27,27,27-hexafluoro-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: long lasting analog of calcitriol; RN given refers to (1alpha,3beta,5Z,7E)-isomer	1.98	1	0
7432 s Ceftibuten: A cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.. ceftibuten : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl]amino substituent at the 7 position of the cephem skeleton. An orally-administered agent, ceftibuten is used as the dihydrate to treat urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.	2.03	1	0	cephalosporin; dicarboxylic acid	antibacterial drug
phenylephrine hydrochloride Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.	3.41	1	1	hydrochloride
levetiracetam Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.	2.42	2	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
oxycodone Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.. oxycodone : A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain.	2.45	2	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; semisynthetic derivative	antitussive; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	2.13	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
topiramate Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.	3.81	3	0	cyclic ketal; ketohexose derivative; sulfamate ester	anticonvulsant; sodium channel blocker
gamma-cyclodextrin gamma-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of eight alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.	2.21	1	0	cyclodextrin
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	2.4	2	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
endomorphin 1 endomorphin 1: isolated from bovine brain	2.1	1	0	oligopeptide
sulfenamide sulfenamide: structure in first source	2.47	2	0
cinnamyl alcohol cinnamyl alcohol: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. (E)-cinnamyl alcohol : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamyl alcohol.. cinnamyl alcohol : A primary alcohol comprising an allyl core with a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position and a phenyl substituent at the 3-position (geometry of the C=C bond unspecified).	2.02	1	0	cinnamyl alcohol	plant metabolite
caryophyllene caryophyllene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source	2.25	1	0
fluvoxamine Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.	2.01	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; 5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor
nifuroxazide nifuroxazide: structure	2.03	1	0	benzoic acids
lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.	2.11	1	0	carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom	neurotoxin
tin [no description available]	2	1	0	carbon group element atom; elemental tin; metal atom	micronutrient
bay 11-7082 (E)-3-tosylacrylonitrile : A nitrile that is acrylonitrile in which the hydrogen located beta,trans to the cyano group is replaced by a tosyl group. It is an inhibitor of cytokine-induced IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in cells.	2.31	1	0	nitrile; sulfone	apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor
barium Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.	2.03	1	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental barium
aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.	2.73	3	0	boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom
dextromethorphan Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.	3.39	1	1	6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene	antitussive; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; oneirogen; prodrug; xenobiotic
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	3.29	6	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
laurencin laurencin: extract of sea hare, Aplysia dactylomela; structure	2	1	0
plastoquinone [no description available]	2.11	1	0	plastoquinone
puerarin [no description available]	2.06	1	0	C-glycosyl compound; isoflavonoid
bedaquiline bedaquiline: a diarylquinoline Antitubercular Agent. bedaquiline : A quinoline-based antimycobacterial drug used (as its fumarate salt) for the treatment of pulmonary multi-drug resistant tuberculosis by inhibition of ATP synthase, an enzyme essential for the replication of the mycobacteria.	10.67	20	2	aromatic ether; naphthalenes; organobromine compound; quinolines; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antitubercular agent; ATP synthase inhibitor
nitrofurazone Nitrofurazone: A topical anti-infective agent effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is used for superficial WOUNDS AND INJURIES and skin infections. Nitrofurazone has also been administered orally in the treatment of TRYPANOSOMIASIS.. nitrofurazone : A semicarbazone resulting from the formal condensation of semicarbazide with 5-nitrofuraldehyde. A broad spectrum antibacterial drug, although with little activity against Pseudomonas species, it is used as a local application for burns, ulcers, wounds and skin infections.	3.62	9	0
streptogramin a Streptogramin A: A specific streptogramin group A antibiotic produced by Streptomyces graminofaciens and other bacteria.	3	4	0	1,3-oxazoles; cyclic ketone; enamide; lactam; macrolide antibiotic; macrolide; pyrroline; secondary alcohol; secondary carboxamide; tertiary carboxamide	antibacterial drug; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
fumarates Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)	2.46	2	0	butenedioate; C4-dicarboxylate	human metabolite; metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	2.74	3	0	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	2.45	2	0	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
boron Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.	2.51	2	0	boron group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
cefepime Cefepime: A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. It is effective against PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA and may also be used in the empiric treatment of FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA.. cefepime : A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	2.98	4	0	cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug
progoitrin progoitrin: RN given refers to (R)-isomer; structure. epi-progoitrin : The stereoisomer of xi-progoitrin that has S at the carbon bearing the allylic hydroxy group.. progoitrin : The stereoisomer of xi-progoitrin that has R at the carbon bearing the allylic hydroxy group.	4.5	7	0	alkylglucosinolate
pregabalin Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.	2.05	1	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker
n-(2-aminoethyl)-4-chlorobenzamide hydrochloride Ro 16-6491: structure given in first source	3.06	1	0
carbocyanines Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.	2.07	1	0	cyanine dye; organic iodide salt	fluorochrome
cefotaxime Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.	2.02	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
proguanil Proguanil: A biguanide compound which metabolizes in the body to form cycloguanil, an anti-malaria agent.. proguanil : A biguanide compound which has isopropyl and p-chlorophenyl substituents on the terminal N atoms. A prophylactic antimalarial drug, it works by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which is involved in the reproduction of the malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax within the red blood cells.	3.1	1	0	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
selenium Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.	2.41	2	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
radium Radium: A radioactive element of the alkaline earth series of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ra and atomic number 88. Radium is the product of the disintegration of URANIUM and is present in pitchblende and all ores containing uranium. It is used clinically as a source of beta and gamma-rays in radiotherapy, particularly BRACHYTHERAPY.	1.94	1	0	alkaline earth metal atom
oxalates Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.	2.08	1	0
dihydroergotoxine Dihydroergotoxine: A mixture of three different hydrogenated derivatives of ERGOTAMINE: DIHYDROERGOCORNINE; DIHYDROERGOCRISTINE; and DIHYDROERGOCRYPTINE. Dihydroergotoxine has been proposed to be a neuroprotective agent and a nootropic agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic actions is not clear, but it can act as an alpha-adrenergic antagonist and a dopamine agonist. The methanesulfonate salts of this mixture of alkaloids are called ERGOLOID MESYLATES.	2	1	0
dizocilpine maleate Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.	2.67	3	0	maleate salt; tetracyclic antidepressant	anaesthetic; anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist
antimycin a Antimycin A: An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). antimycin A : A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison.	2.03	1	0	amidobenzoic acid
hygromycin a hygromycin A: a cinnamide derivative produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus; structure differs from HYGROMYCIN B	2.04	1	0	hydroxycinnamic acid	metabolite
cilastatin [no description available]	3.6	2	0	carboxamide; L-cysteine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organic sulfide	EC 3.4.13.19 (membrane dipeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; protease inhibitor; xenobiotic
brl 28500 ticarcillin-clavulanic acid: combination of ticarcillin and clavulanic acid; used against gram-negative rods	1.99	1	0
2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-fluoroallylamine 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-fluoroallylamine: structure & RN from first source; RN given refers to (E)-isomer	4.85	2	1
hymenidin hymenidin: serotonergic receptor antagonist from Okinawan marine sponge Hymeniacidon; structure given in first source	2.02	1	0
sudoterb sudoterb: an antibacterial active against M. tuberculosis; structure in first source	5.05	2	0
opc-67683 OPC-67683: an antitubercular agent	6.54	5	1	piperidines
glucoraphanin glucoraphanin: precursor of sulforaphane. glucoraphanin : A thia-glucosinolic acid that is glucoerucin in which the sulfur atom of the methyl thioether group has been oxidised to the corresponding sulfoxide.	3.23	1	0	sulfoxide; thia-alkylglucosinolic acid
nitrofurantoin Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.	5.11	14	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; nitrofuran antibiotic; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; hepatotoxic agent
sb 269970 SB 269970: a 5-HT(7) antagonist; structure in first source	2.08	1	0	sulfonamide
nifurtimox Nifurtimox: A nitrofuran thiazine that has been used against TRYPANOSOMIASIS.	1.96	1	0	nitrofuran antibiotic
platensimycin platensimycin: has antidiabetic and antisteatotic activities; a pentacyclic ketolide (structurally similar to adamantane) connected by an amide bond to 3-amino-2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid; inhibits cellular lipid biosynthesis; discovered while screening compounds from Streptomyces platensis bacteria in a South African soil sample with S. aureus bacteria deficient in FabF protein; structure in first source. platensimycin : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by the formal condensation of the amino group of 3-amino-2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid with the carboxy group of the oxatetracyclic cage component. It is an antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces platensis and exhibits inhibitory activity against fatty acid synthase.	2.03	1	0	aromatic amide; cyclic ether; cyclic ketone; dihydroxybenzoic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; polycyclic cage	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor
sq-23377 Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.	2.17	1	0	cyclic ether; enol; polyunsaturated fatty acid; very long-chain fatty acid	calcium ionophore; metabolite
evernimicin [no description available]	4.3	3	0
retapamulin retapamulin: a synthetic pleuromutilin	3.01	4	0	carbotricyclic compound; carboxylic ester; cyclic ketone
dalcetrapib dalcetrapib: inhibits cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP)	9.89	41	0	anilide
furaltadon furaltadon: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. furaltadone : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidin-2-one substituted at position 1 by a (5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group and at position 5 by a morpholin-4-ylmethyl group. An antibacterial formerly used oraly but withdrawn due to toxicity, it is used topically (as the hydrochloride salt) for treatment of ear disorders.	5.77	89	0
thioacetazone Thioacetazone: A thiosemicarbazone that is used in association with other antimycobacterial agents in the initial and continuation phases of antituberculosis regimens. Thiacetazone containing regimens are less effective than the short-course regimen recommended by the International Union Against Tuberculosis and are used in some developing countries to reduce drug costs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p217). thiosemicarbazone : A hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of an aldehyde or ketone with the non-thioacylated nitrogen of thiosemicarbazide or its substituted derivatives.	3.55	2	0
gemifloxacin Gemifloxacin: A naphthyridine and fluoroquinolone derivative antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia and acute bacterial infections associated with chronic bronchitis.. gemifloxacin : A 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a substituted pyrrolin-1-yl group at the 7-position.	2.49	2	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
amoxicillin-potassium clavulanate combination Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination: A fixed-ratio combination of amoxicillin trihydrate and potassium clavulanate.	6.2	12	3
pachastrissamine pachastrissamine: a cytotoxic anhydrophytosphingosine from a marine sponge, Pachastrissa sp. ; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
avibactam avibactam : A member of the class of azabicycloalkanes that is (2S,5R)-7-oxo-1,6-diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxamide in which the amino hydrogen at position 6 is replaced by a sulfooxy group. Used (in the form of its sodium salt) in combination with ceftazidime pentahydrate for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections including pyelonephritis.	2.21	1	0	azabicycloalkane; hydroxylamine O-sulfonic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; ureas	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
ppi-0903 ceftaroline : A cephalosporin that is the active metabolite of the prodrug ceftaroline fosamil. Used for the treatment of adults with acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections.	7.21	14	0	1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; iminium betaine; organic phosphoramidate; oxime O-ether; thiadiazoles	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; prodrug
bms201038 BMS201038: an anticholesteremic agent and microsomal triglycide transfer protein inhibitor. lomitapide : A member of the class of benzamides obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4'-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-2-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of 9-[4-(4-aminopiperidin-1-yl)butyl]-N-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-9H-fluorene-9-carboxamide. Used (as its mesylate salt) as a complement to a low-fat diet and other lipid-lowering treatments in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia.	4.73	3	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; benzamides; fluorenes; piperidines	anticholesteremic drug; MTP inhibitor
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	3	4	0	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
cefditoren cefditoren: structure given in first source; RN given refers to the (6R-(3(Z),6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer. cefditoren : A broad spectrum, third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with (Z)-2-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethenyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. Generally administered as its orally absorbed pivaloyloxymethyl ester prodrug, it is used for the treatment of mild to moderate infections caused by susceptible strains of microorganisms in acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, community-acquired pneumonia, pharyngitis/tonsillitis, and uncomplicated skin and skin-structure infections.	3.51	2	0	carboxylic acid; cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
rwj 54428 RWJ 54428: structure in first source	2.01	1	0
lipid a Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties.. lipid A : The glycolipid moiety of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (R can be either hydrogen or a fatty acyl group).	2.41	1	0	dodecanoate ester; lipid A; tetradecanoate ester	Escherichia coli metabolite
gw 4064 [no description available]	2.11	1	0	stilbenoid
darapladib darapladib: a selective lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) (Lp-PLA(2)) inhibitor, on biomarkers of cardiovascular (CV) risk	3.56	2	0
pasireotide pasireotide : A six-membered homodetic cyclic peptide composed from L-phenylglycyl, D-tryptophyl, L-lysyl, O-benzyl-L-tyrosyl, L-phenylalanyl and modified L-hydroxyproline residues joined in sequence. A somatostatin analogue with pharmacologic properties mimicking those of the natural hormone somatostatin; used (as its diaspartate salt) for treatment of Cushing's disease.	3.41	1	0	homodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone	antineoplastic agent
fidaxomicin Fidaxomicin: A narrow-spectrum macrolide antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of diarrhea associated with CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE INFECTION.. fidaxomicin : An 18-membered macrolide that is a fermentation product obtained from the Actinomycete Dactylosporangium aurantiacum. A narrow spectrum antibiotic used for treatment of Clostridium difficile-related infections.	4.15	4	0
bicuculline methochloride bicuculline methochloride: guaternary analog of bicuculline; specific GABA antagonist in spinal cord; structure	1.96	1	0
gigantecin gigantecin: structure given in first source; isolated from the stem bark of Goniothalamus gigateus; a tetrahydroxy-di-tetrahydrofuran fatty acid gamma-lactone (acetogenin)	2.02	1	0
afn 1252 API 1252: inhibits bacterial enoyl-ACP reductase; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
da-7867 DA-7867: structure in first source	4.16	16	0
norvancomycin norvancomycin: glycopeptide; adverse reactions tend to occur in older patients, those who use other antibiotic concomitantly or those who receive this agent longer than 14 days	2.1	1	0
etc-1002 8-hydroxy-2,2,14,14-tetramethylpentadecanedioic acid: inhibits ATP citrate lyase (ACL); has anti-atherosclerotic activity. bempedoic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is pentadecanedioic acid which is substituted by methyl groups groups at positions 2 and 14, and by a hydroxy group at position 8. It is a drug used for the treatment of high LDL cholesterol, which is sometimes referred to as 'bad cholesterol'.	3.18	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	antilipemic drug; EC 2.3.3.8 (ATP citrate synthase) inhibitor; prodrug
oxadiazoles Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.	3.41	7	0
ceratinamine [no description available]	2.05	1	0
pteridic acid a pteridic acid A: has auxin-like activity; isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
streptogramin b Streptogramin B: A specific streptogramin group B antibiotic produced by Streptomyces graminofaciens and other bacteria.. pristinamycin IA : A cyclodepsipeptide that is (together with pristinamycin IIA) a component of pristinamycin, an oral streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. Pristinamycin exhibits bactericidal activity against Gram positive organisms including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.	2.73	3	0	cyclodepsipeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
radezolid [no description available]	5.05	11	0
tedizolid DA 7157: an anti-infective agent; structure in first source. tedizolid : A member of the class of pyridines that is pyridine which is substituted by a 2-methyl-2H-tetrazol-5-yl group at position 2 and by a 2-fluoro-4-[(5R)-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]phenyl group at position 5. It is used as its phosphate pro-drug used for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections caused by certain susceptible bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin-resistant strains (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible strains), various Streptococcus species, and Enterococcus faecalis.	16.86	132	12	carbamate ester; organofluorine compound; oxazolidinone; primary alcohol; pyridines; tetrazoles	antimicrobial agent; drug metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
chlorantranilipole chlorantranilipole: anthranilic diamide insecticide.that disrupts mating in codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). chlorantraniliprole : A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of 3-bromo-1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of 2-amino-5-chloro-N,3-dimethylbenzamide. The first of the anthranilic diamide insecticides, it is a ryanodine receptor activator and is used to protect a wide variety of crops, including corn, cotton, grapes, rice and potatoes.	2.17	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; organobromine compound; pyrazole insecticide; pyrazoles; pyridines; secondary carboxamide	ryanodine receptor agonist
telcagepant telcagepant: structure in first source	8.35	8	3
mesosulfuron-methyl mesosulfuron-methyl: an herbicide	2.06	1	0
tedizolid phosphate tedizolid phosphate: a prodrug of DA-7157; structure in first source. tedizolid phosphate : A phosphate monoester resulting from the formal condensation of equimolar amounts of phosphoric acid with the hydroxy group of tedizolid . It is a prodrug of tedizolid, used for the treatment of acute bacterial skin infections caused by certain susceptible bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin-resistant strains (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible strains), various Streptococcus species, and Enterococcus faecalis.	13.12	30	8	carbamate ester; organofluorine compound; oxazolidinone; phosphate monoester; pyridines; tetrazoles	antimicrobial agent; prodrug; protein synthesis inhibitor
ta-8995 TA-8995: inhibits cholesteryl ester transfer protein	4.15	2	0
anacetrapib [no description available]	18.96	152	33
ru 66647 telithromycin: a ketolide; semisynthetic derivative of erythromycin with cycling of the C11-12 positions to form a carbamate ring to avoid acquired resistance to macrolides; binds 70S bacterial rRNA, specifically to the 23S part (23S RIBOSOMAL RNA), preventing protein synthesis;	6.83	18	0
losartan potassium Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.	3.61	2	0
imidazolone imidazolone: a reaction product of arginine with 3-deoxyglucosone which markedly accumulates in uremic serum; structure in first source	2.06	1	0	organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
technetium tc 99m exametazime Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime: A gamma-emitting RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING agent used in the evaluation of regional cerebral blood flow and in non-invasive dynamic biodistribution studies and MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING. It has also been used to label leukocytes in the investigation of INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES.	2.04	1	0
indocyanine green Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.	2.05	1	0	1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate; benzoindole; cyanine dye
scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available]	2.31	1	0
virginiamycin Virginiamycin: A cyclic polypeptide antibiotic complex from Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. It consists of 2 major components, VIRGINIAMYCIN FACTOR M1 and virginiamycin Factor S1. It is used to treat infections with gram-positive organisms and as a growth promoter in cattle, swine, and poultry.. virginiamycin : A mixture of cyclic polypeptide streptogramin antibiotics produced by Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. The two major components are virginiamycin M1 (also known as pristinamycin IIA) and virginiamycin S1. Virginiamycin has been widely used as a growth promotion agent in livestock and has been to have bacteriostatic activity against Gram-positive organisms such as staphylococci and streptococci.	11.8	108	1
tubulysin d tubulysin D: structure in first source	2.05	1	0	carboxylic acid; diester
batzelladine a batzelladine A: strucutre in first source. batzelladine A : A carboxylic ester obtained by the formal condensation of (2aS,3S,4R,7R,8aS)-4-methyl-7-nonyl-2,2a,3,4,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-1H-5,6,8b-triazaacenaphthylene-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of 4-carbamimidamidobutyl (3R)-3-(9-hydroxynonyl)-1-imino-1,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydropyrrolo[1,2-c]pyrimidine-4-carboxylate. Isolated from a bright red Caribbean sponge, Batzella, it has potential anti-HIV activity.	2.31	1	0	alkaloid; carboxylic ester; guanidines; organic heterotricyclic compound; pyrrolopyrimidine; triazaacenaphthylene	anti-HIV-1 agent; metabolite
rifamycins [no description available]	5.68	5	0
mefloquine Mefloquine: A phospholipid-interacting antimalarial drug (ANTIMALARIALS). It is very effective against PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM with very few side effects.. mefloquine : A racemate composed of (+)-(11R,2'S)- and (-)-(11S,2'R)-enantiomers of mefloquine. An antimalarial agent which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.	2.01	1	0
2-aminocyclobutanecarboxylic acid 2-aminocyclobutanecarboxylic acid: structure in first source	2.06	1	0
methampicillin brassinazole: a triazole-type brassinosteroid biosynthesis inhibitor; structure in first source. brassinazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is butan-2-ol which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 4 by phenyl, 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl and p-chlorophenyl groups, respectively. An inhibitor of brassinosteroid biosynthesis.	2.02	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; tertiary alcohol; triazoles	brassinosteroid biosynthesis inhibitor
mdv 3100 [no description available]	2.25	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; benzamides; imidazolidinone; monofluorobenzenes; nitrile; thiocarbonyl compound	androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent
rwj-416457 RWJ-416457: pyrrolopyrazolyl-substituted oxazolidinone; structure in first source	3.56	8	0
ach 702 ACH 702: an anti-tubercular agent; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
ranalexin ranalexin: an antimicrobial peptide from bullfrog Rana catesbeiana; a 20-amino acid peptide which contains a single intramolecular disulfide bond that forms a heptapeptide ring within the molecule; amino acid sequence given in first source	2.1	1	0
iberiotoxin [no description available]	2	1	0
oligonucleotides [no description available]	5.2	4	0
oritavancin oritavancin : A semisynthetic glycopeptide used (as its bisphosphate salt) for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections caused or suspected to be caused by susceptible isolates of designated Gram-positive microorganisms including MRSA.	6.14	10	0	disaccharide derivative; glycopeptide; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	2.41	2	0	glycoside
endothelin-1 Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)	2.61	2	0
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	3.15	1	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
ridinilazole ridinilazole: antibiotic	4.15	2	0
tubulysin u tubulysin U: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
tubulysin v tubulysin V: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
chlorophyll a Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.	2.98	4	0	chlorophyll; methyl ester	cofactor
rep 3123 REP 3123: structure in first source	3.25	1	0
didymin didymin: a dietary glycoside from citrus fruits that induces Fas-mediated apoptotic pathway in human non-small-cell lung cancer cells in vitro and in vivo; structure in first source	2.15	1	0	flavonoids; glycoside
cilastatin, imipenem drug combination Cilastatin, Imipenem Drug Combination: Combination of imipenem and cilastatin that is used in the treatment of bacterial infections; cilastatin inhibits renal dehydropeptidase I to prolong the half-life and increase the tissue penetration of imipenem, enhancing its efficacy as an anti-bacterial agent.	2.08	1	0
a 74273 A 74273: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
chitosan [no description available]	3.61	8	0
osteum [no description available]	2.06	1	0	organic molecular entity
sodium glutamate Sodium Glutamate: One of the FLAVORING AGENTS used to impart a meat-like flavor.. monosodium glutamate : An organic sodium salt that is the monosodium salt of glutamic acid.	2.46	2	0	monosodium glutamate	flavouring agent
ro13-9904 Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.	9.7	15	4
piperacillin, tazobactam drug combination Piperacillin, Tazobactam Drug Combination: An antibiotic combination product of piperacillin and tazobactam, a penicillanic acid derivative with enhanced beta-lactamase inhibitory activity, that is used for the intravenous treatment of intra-abdominal, pelvic, and skin infections and for community-acquired pneumonia of moderate severity. It is also used for the treatment of PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA INFECTIONS.	2.42	2	0
quinupristin quinupristin: component of RP 59500; structure in first source	6.98	21	0	cyclodepsipeptide
quinupristin-dalfopristin quinupristin-dalfopristin: RP 59500 is a combination of RP 57669 & RP 54476, which are water soluble derivatives of pristinamycin IA & pristinamycin IIB, respectively	11.36	84	1	organic molecular entity
hygromycin b [no description available]	2.4	2	0
methyl jasmonate [no description available]	2.08	1	0
picrotoxin Picrotoxin: A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.. picrotoxin : A mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of picrotoxinin and picrotin found in the climbing plant Anamirta cocculus.	2.08	1	0
egg white Egg White: The white of an egg, especially a chicken's egg, used in cooking. It contains albumin. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)	2	1	0
cardiovascular agents Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.	2.05	1	0
cem 101 solithromycin: an antibacterial fluoroketolide; structure in first source	5.86	3	1
achn 490 plazomicin: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
lff571 LFF571: an antibacterial agent; structure in first source	3.25	1	0
GDC-0623 [no description available]	3.23	1	0	hydroxamic acid ester; imidazopyridine; monofluorobenzenes; organoiodine compound; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.12.2 (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase) inhibitor
glycolipids [no description available]	2.03	1	0
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	11.25	68	2
cadazolid cadazolid: for treatment of Clostridium difficile infections; structure in first source	11.18	17	3
madindoline a madindoline A: inhibits interleukin-6; isolated from Streptomyces; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	2.48	2	0
colistin Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.	3.87	3	0
tylosin [no description available]	1.98	1	0
licochalcone e licochalcone E: from roots of Glycyrrhiza inflata; structure in first source	2.47	2	0
surotomycin [no description available]	4.78	3	0
jnj38877605 [no description available]	3.23	1	0	quinolines
evacetrapib [no description available]	8.13	24	0	benzazepine
abt-199 venetoclax: A BCL-2 inhibitor with antineoplastic activity that is used in the treatment of CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA associated with chromosome 17p deletion; structure in first source.. venetoclax : A member of the class of pyrrolopyridines that is a potent inhibitor of the antiapoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma 2. It is used for treamtment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with 17p deletion.	3.12	1	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; oxanes; pyrrolopyridine	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor
lmt-28 LMT-28: an interleukin-6 inhibitor that binds gp130; structure in first source	3.73	8	0
methylcellulose Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.	2.48	2	0
gsk1322322 GSK1322322: inhibits peptide deformylase; structure in first source	4.4	1	1
heme Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.	2.01	1	0
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	4.32	4	1	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
novobiocin Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.	2.51	2	0	carbamate ester; ether; hexoside; hydroxycoumarin; monocarboxylic acid amide; monosaccharide derivative; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	5.47	11	0
oxytetracycline, anhydrous Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.	2.39	2	0
minocycline Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.	12.88	90	2
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	4.03	2	0	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
piroxicam [no description available]	3.37	1	1	benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	3.88	2	1	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
tigecycline [no description available]	12.28	84	1
omadacycline omadacycline: demonstrated in vitro activity against a broad range of Gram-positive and select Gram-negative pathogens; structure in first source	2.72	2	0	tetracyclines
eravacycline eravacycline: has antibacterial activity	2.72	2	0	tetracyclines
d-4f peptide D-4F peptide: an apo A-I mimetic peptide synthesized from D-amino acids; may play a role in reducing inflammatory responses to influenza virus in mice; may also have anti-atherosclerotic properties	3.16	1	0
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	3.85	2	1
merrifield resin Merrifield resin: used as support for solid phase synthesis of thiol-terminated peptides	2.08	1	0
rome Rome: The capital city of Italy.. (2R)-2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol : A 2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol that has R-configuration. It is a sphingosine kinase-2 inhibitor.	3.87	2	1	2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol	EC 2.7.1.91 (sphingosine kinase) inhibitor
kibdelomycin kibdelomycin: an antibiotic that inhibits both gyrase and DNA topoisomerase IV; isolated from Kibdelosporangium; structure in first source	3.21	1	0
agar Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.	2.97	4	0
azd0914 zoliflodacin: a DNA gyrase inhibitor for treatment of gonorrhea	12.29	29	9
nitrophenols Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.	2	1	0
hyaluronoglucosaminidase Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.	3.12	1	0
daptomycin [no description available]	13.18	208	0
nxl 103 flopristin, linopristin drug combination: a mixture of flopristin (RPR132552A) and linopristin (RPR202698)	2.06	1	0
dalfopristin dalfopristin: component of RP-59500; structure in first source. dalfopristin : A macrolide that is pristinamycin IIA in which the double bond between positions 26 and 26a of the pyrroline ring has been reduced and position 26R carries a [2-(diethylamino)ethyl]sulfonyl group. It is a semi-synthetic streptogramin antibiotic and often used as a mixture with quinupristin for the treatment of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium.	6.55	16	0
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	2.48	2	0
sparsomycin Sparsomycin: An antitumor antibiotic produced by Streptomyces sparsogenes. It inhibits protein synthesis in 70S and 80S ribosomal systems.	2.95	4	0
orabase Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers	2.1	1	0
chondroitin sulfates Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.	2.77	3	0
exudates Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)	2.03	1	0
acyclovir Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.	3.11	1	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antimetabolite; antiviral drug
levoleucovorin Levoleucovorin: A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN.. (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : The pharmacologically active (6S)-stereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.	2.03	1	0	5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.	2	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanine [no description available]	1.99	1	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pheophytin a pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S,11S),4beta,21beta))-isomer	2.11	1	0
rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)	12.78	94	5	cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor
rifapentine rifapentine: cyclopentyl derivative of rifampicin	4.1	4	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-iminopiperazine; rifamycins	antitubercular agent; leprostatic drug
ceftobiprole ceftobiprole: BAL5788 is Ceftobiprole medocaril sodium. ceftobiprole : A fifth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having (E)-[(3'R)-2-oxo[1,3'-bipyrrolidin]-3-ylidene]methyl and [(2Z)-2-(5-amino-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)-2-(hydroxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively; developed for the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP, excluding ventilator-associated pneumonia, VAP) and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).	6.76	16	0	cephalosporin; thiadiazoles	antimicrobial agent
ceftobiprole medocaril ceftobiprole medocaril: a ceftobiprole prodrug	6.79	3	3
3'-hydroxy-5'-(4-isobutylpiperazinyl)benzoxazinorifamycin KRM 1648: structure in first source	2.03	1	0	phenoxazine
trifazid [no description available]	2.21	1	0
rvx 208 apabetalone: a bromodomain and extra-terminal domain protein (BET) inhibitor; prevents interactions between BET proteins and acetyl-lysine residues on histone tails to modify epigenetic regulation	3.16	1	0
paldimycin paldimycin: used against Chlamydia infections; a complex of paldimycin A and paldimycin B; see also paldimycin A and paldimycin B	1.97	1	0
cyanine dye 3 cyanine dye 3: structures of Cy3 derivatives given in first source	2.07	1	0
eye [no description available]	2.05	1	0
leoligin leoligin: inhibits intimal hyperplasia of venous bypass grafts; isolated from Edelweiss; structure in first source	3.27	1	0
temporin temporin: isolated from frogs Rana temporaria & R. clamitans; has many isoforms; amino acid sequence in first source	2.02	1	0
pyrimidinones Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.	3.88	3	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	6.23	12	1
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	6.23	12	1
Atypical Mycobacterial Infection, Disseminated [description not available]	6.45	24	0
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	11.29	50	5
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	19.96	562	27
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	19.96	562	27
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	11.29	50	5
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	11.44	32	2
Swine Diseases Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.	3.48	6	0
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Positive [description not available]	19.15	438	34
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.	19.15	438	34
Bacterial Skin Diseases [description not available]	17.08	76	33
Skin Diseases, Bacterial Skin diseases caused by bacteria.	17.08	76	33
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	11.19	15	5
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	11.19	15	5
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection [description not available]	11.2	16	9
Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged [description not available]	8.17	6	5
Gonorrhea Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE, was isolated by Neisser in 1879.	11.2	16	9
Long QT Syndrome A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.	8.17	6	5
Encephalopathy, Traumatic [description not available]	2.9	3	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	11.04	102	2
Brain Injuries, Traumatic A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.	2.9	3	0
Depression, Involutional Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.	2.51	2	0
Acute Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Depressive Disorder, Major Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)	2.51	2	0
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month.	2.41	1	0
Pulmonary Consumption [description not available]	11.62	39	8
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.	11.62	39	8
Atherogenesis [description not available]	10.99	21	2
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	7.45	10	1
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	7.45	10	1
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	10.99	21	2
Atypical Cluster Headache [description not available]	10.39	27	5
Caprine Diseases [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	11.46	16	9
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	11.46	16	9
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	3.24	6	0
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	3.24	6	0
Absence Seizure [description not available]	2.95	4	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	2.95	4	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	9.52	22	7
Endotoxemia A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.	2.53	2	0
Abdominal Migraine [description not available]	19.24	245	72
Migraine Disorders A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	19.24	245	72
Infections, Soft Tissue [description not available]	15.06	76	16
Soft Tissue Infections Infections of non-skeletal tissue, i.e., exclusive of bone, ligaments, cartilage, and fibrous tissue. The concept is usually referred to as skin and soft tissue infections and usually subcutaneous and muscle tissue are involved. The predisposing factors in anaerobic infections are trauma, ischemia, and surgery. The organisms often derive from the fecal or oral flora, particularly in wounds associated with intestinal surgery, decubitus ulcer, and human bites. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1688)	15.06	76	16
Tuberculosis, Drug-Resistant [description not available]	15.16	102	7
Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Tuberculosis resistant to ISONIAZID and RIFAMPIN and at least three of the six main classes of second-line drugs (AMINOGLYCOSIDES; polypeptide agents; FLUOROQUINOLONES; THIOAMIDES; CYCLOSERINE; and PARA-AMINOSALICYLIC ACID) as defined by the CDC.	12.74	49	4
Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis resistant to chemotherapy with two or more ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS, including at least ISONIAZID and RIFAMPICIN. The problem of resistance is particularly troublesome in tuberculous OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS associated with HIV INFECTIONS. It requires the use of second line drugs which are more toxic than the first line regimens. TB with isolates that have developed further resistance to at least three of the six classes of second line drugs is defined as EXTENSIVELY DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS.	15.16	102	7
Cerebral Nocardiosis [description not available]	7.17	32	1
Ataxia Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.	2.72	2	0
Ataxias, Hereditary [description not available]	8.03	6	4
Bacterial Pneumonia [description not available]	15.13	59	13
Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia [description not available]	11.15	23	6
Pneumonia, Bacterial Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.	15.13	59	13
Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated Serious INFLAMMATION of the LUNG in patients who required the use of PULMONARY VENTILATOR. It is usually caused by bacterial CROSS INFECTION in hospitals.	11.15	23	6
Glucose Metabolic Disorder [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	2.66	2	0
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	2.66	2	0
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	7.35	11	4
Koch's Disease [description not available]	10.04	47	2
Tuberculosis Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.	10.04	47	2
Dyskinesia, Medication-Induced [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	3.63	3	0
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)	2.41	1	0
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	3.63	3	0
Bacteremia The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.	13.83	88	7
Dehydration The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.	2.5	2	0
Cutaneous Fistula An abnormal passage or communication leading from an internal organ to the surface of the body.	2.41	1	0
Health Care Associated Infection [description not available]	18.07	186	25
Cross Infection Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.	18.07	186	25
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	4.13	5	0
Encephalopathy, Hepatic [description not available]	3.14	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	2.78	3	0
Hepatic Encephalopathy A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)	3.14	1	0
Serotonin Syndrome An adverse drug interaction characterized by altered mental status, autonomic dysfunction, and neuromuscular abnormalities. It is most frequently caused by use of both serotonin reuptake inhibitors and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, leading to excess serotonin availability in the CNS at the serotonin 1A receptor.	8.49	38	0
Group A Strep Infection [description not available]	8.63	35	1
Streptococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.	8.63	35	1
Cerebromeningitis [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Meningitis, Tuberculous [description not available]	3.25	5	0
Tuberculosis, Meningeal A form of bacterial meningitis caused by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS or rarely MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS. The organism seeds the meninges and forms microtuberculomas which subsequently rupture. The clinical course tends to be subacute, with progressions occurring over a period of several days or longer. Headache and meningeal irritation may be followed by SEIZURES, cranial neuropathies, focal neurologic deficits, somnolence, and eventually COMA. The illness may occur in immunocompetent individuals or as an OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION in the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunodeficiency syndromes. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp717-9)	3.25	5	0
Anasarca [description not available]	2.61	2	0
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	2.61	2	0
Infectious Skin Diseases [description not available]	12	20	7
Skin Diseases, Infectious Skin diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites, or viruses.	12	20	7
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	11.77	20	4
Arthritides, Bacterial [description not available]	9.19	21	1
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	11.77	20	4
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available]	2.8	3	0
Infection, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare [description not available]	4.08	5	0
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.	2.8	3	0
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection A nontuberculous infection when occurring in humans. It is characterized by pulmonary disease, lymphadenitis in children, and systemic disease in AIDS patients. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection of birds and swine results in tuberculosis.	4.08	5	0
Co-infection [description not available]	4.72	10	0
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas [description not available]	7.67	21	3
Cystic Fibrosis An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.	7.67	21	3
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia [description not available]	4.47	8	0
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.	4.47	8	0
Neointima The new and thickened layer of scar tissue that forms on a PROSTHESIS, or as a result of vessel injury especially following ANGIOPLASTY or stent placement.	2.84	3	0
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	2.84	3	0
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available]	2.8	3	0
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.	2.8	3	0
Hypothermia, Accidental [description not available]	2.79	3	0
Hypothermia Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.	2.79	3	0
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	2.89	3	0
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	2.47	2	0
Weight Reduction [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.	2.77	3	0
Lactic Acidosis [description not available]	6.33	25	0
Acidosis, Lactic Acidosis caused by accumulation of lactic acid more rapidly than it can be metabolized. It may occur spontaneously or in association with diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS; LEUKEMIA; or LIVER FAILURE.	6.33	25	0
Osteomyelitis INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.	12.27	55	6
Adiadochokinesis [description not available]	7.68	4	4
Cerebellar Ataxia Incoordination of voluntary movements that occur as a manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES. Characteristic features include a tendency for limb movements to overshoot or undershoot a target (dysmetria), a tremor that occurs during attempted movements (intention TREMOR), impaired force and rhythm of diadochokinesis (rapidly alternating movements), and GAIT ATAXIA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p90)	7.68	4	4
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.	2.25	1	0
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	6.72	9	1
Infections, Prosthesis-Related [description not available]	12.67	73	5
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	6.72	9	1
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	6.75	55	1
Bacterial Endocarditides [description not available]	11.24	85	1
Endocarditis, Bacterial Inflammation of the ENDOCARDIUM caused by BACTERIA that entered the bloodstream. The strains of bacteria vary with predisposing factors, such as CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS; HEART VALVE DISEASES; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION; or intravenous drug use.	11.24	85	1
Chronic Illness [description not available]	9.72	19	3
Muscle Spasm [description not available]	4.04	3	1
Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available]	4.21	3	1
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	9.72	19	3
Spasm An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.	4.04	3	1
Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).	4.21	3	1
Dermatoses [description not available]	5.97	5	2
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	5.97	5	2
Clostridioides difficile Infection [description not available]	11.25	22	3
Clostridium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM and closely related CLOSTRIDIOIDES species.	11.25	22	3
Bright Disease A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.	2.25	1	0
Primary Peritonitis [description not available]	5.1	16	0
Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	2.25	1	0
Peritonitis INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.	5.1	16	0
Zoonoses Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to HUMANS or may be transmitted from humans to non-human animals.	2.5	2	0
Diabetic Feet [description not available]	5.8	11	2
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	6.36	8	1
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	4.82	7	1
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	6.36	8	1
Diabetic Foot Common foot problems in persons with DIABETES MELLITUS, caused by any combination of factors such as DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; and INFECTION. With the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, GANGRENE and AMPUTATION.	5.8	11	2
Bone Diseases, Infectious Bone diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms.	5.37	7	0
Buruli Ulcer Disease [description not available]	2.63	2	0
Buruli Ulcer A lesion in the skin and subcutaneous tissues due to infections by MYCOBACTERIUM ULCERANS. It was first reported in Uganda, Africa.	2.63	2	0
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	2.25	1	0
Cancer of Kidney [description not available]	2.75	3	0
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	8.79	30	3
Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.	2.75	3	0
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	8.79	30	3
Adhesions, Tissue [description not available]	3.92	4	0
Cirrhosis [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Concomitant Strabismus [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	2.52	2	0
Strabismus Misalignment of the visual axes of the eyes. In comitant strabismus the degree of ocular misalignment does not vary with the direction of gaze. In noncomitant strabismus the degree of misalignment varies depending on direction of gaze or which eye is fixating on the target. (Miller, Walsh & Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p641)	2.31	1	0
Infection, Wound [description not available]	8.26	9	3
Abscess Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.	7.4	16	1
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	10.34	19	3
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	10.34	19	3
Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available]	7.53	22	0
Psychoses, Drug [description not available]	3.47	2	0
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	6.24	12	0
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	6.12	11	1
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.	7.53	22	0
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	6.24	12	0
Atrophy, Muscle [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Muscular Atrophy Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.	2.31	1	0
Neutropenia A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.	7.84	23	2
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	10.28	28	2
Cognitive Decline [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Amentia [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Dementia An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.	2.31	1	0
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	2.31	1	0
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	2.31	1	0
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	3.44	7	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	3.44	7	0
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Bacterial Meningitides [description not available]	8.29	36	1
Meningitis, Bacterial Bacterial infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space, frequently involving the cerebral cortex, cranial nerves, cerebral blood vessels, spinal cord, and nerve roots.	8.29	36	1
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Bone Diseases Diseases of BONES.	2.31	1	0
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	2.31	1	0
Amphetamine Abuse [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Amphetamine-Related Disorders Disorders related or resulting from use of amphetamines.	2.15	1	0
Elevated Cholesterol [description not available]	11.89	18	6
Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.	11.89	18	6
Staphylococcal Pneumonia [description not available]	14.3	84	9
Pneumonia, Staphylococcal Pneumonia caused by infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS, usually with STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.	14.3	84	9
Dyslipidemia [description not available]	13.37	32	9
Dyslipidemias Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.	13.37	32	9
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Nearsightedness [description not available]	2.51	2	0
Glaucoma, Angle Closure [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Myopia A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness.	2.51	2	0
Glaucoma, Angle-Closure A form of glaucoma in which the intraocular pressure increases because the angle of the anterior chamber is blocked and the aqueous humor cannot drain from the anterior chamber.	2.15	1	0
Infections, Respiratory Syncytial Virus [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections Pneumovirus infections caused by the RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have been reported.	2.15	1	0
Vascular Injuries [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Thrombopenia [description not available]	11.21	56	6
Thrombocytopenia A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.	11.21	56	6
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	5.96	9	1
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	5.96	9	1
Pythiosis A granulomatous disease caused by the aquatic organism PYTHIUM insidiosum and occurring primarily in horses, cattle, dogs, cats, fishes, and rarely in humans. It is classified into three forms: ocular, cutaneous, and arterial.	2.17	1	0
Recrudescence [description not available]	12.47	34	14
MODS [description not available]	3.02	4	0
Multiple Organ Failure A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.	3.02	4	0
Infections, Staphylococcal Skin [description not available]	15.38	51	19
Staphylococcal Skin Infections Infections to the skin caused by bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	15.38	51	19
Apoplexy [description not available]	4.06	5	0
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	5.24	11	1
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	4.06	5	0
Bronchial Pneumonia [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	2.66	3	0
Dentin Hypersensitivity [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Ache [description not available]	8.77	16	8
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	8.77	16	8
Light Sensitivity [description not available]	4.41	2	2
Auditory Hyperesthesia [description not available]	4.41	2	2
Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.	9.36	11	6
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.	2.76	3	0
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.	2.21	1	0
Left Heart Hypoplasia Syndrome [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Chemical Dependence [description not available]	2.75	3	0
Cocaine Abuse [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Alcohol Abuse [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Coarctation of Aorta [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Aura [description not available]	4.86	8	1
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Edema, Fetal [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Alcoholism A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)	2.78	3	0
Aortic Coarctation A birth defect characterized by the narrowing of the AORTA that can be of varying degree and at any point from the transverse arch to the iliac bifurcation. Aortic coarctation causes arterial HYPERTENSION before the point of narrowing and arterial HYPOTENSION beyond the narrowed portion.	2.17	1	0
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	4.86	8	1
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	4.99	9	0
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome A condition caused by underdevelopment of the whole left half of the heart. It is characterized by hypoplasia of the left cardiac chambers (HEART ATRIUM; HEART VENTRICLE), the AORTA, the AORTIC VALVE, and the MITRAL VALVE. Severe symptoms appear in early infancy when DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS closes.	2.17	1	0
Substance-Related Disorders Disorders related to substance use or abuse.	2.75	3	0
Cocaine-Related Disorders Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.	2.17	1	0
Liver Steatosis [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.	2.17	1	0
Hyperlipemia [description not available]	7.71	7	2
Hyperlipidemias Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.	7.71	7	2
Sexually Transmitted Diseases Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact.	3.59	1	1
Factitious Disorders Disorders characterized by physical or psychological symptoms that are not real, genuine, or natural.	2.17	1	0
Diseases of Pharynx [description not available]	4.48	1	1
Anorectal Diseases [description not available]	4.48	1	1
Male Genitourinary Diseases [description not available]	4.48	1	1
Female Genitourinary Diseases [description not available]	4.48	1	1
Rectal Diseases Pathological developments in the RECTUM region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	4.48	1	1
Critical Illness A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.	10.61	36	9
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	8.11	13	2
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	5.98	5	0
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	5.98	5	0
Community Acquired Infection [description not available]	12.95	57	4
Antibiotic-Associated Colitis [description not available]	3.45	7	0
Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization.	3.45	7	0
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	3.03	4	0
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	3.03	4	0
Low Back Ache [description not available]	5.96	3	1
Low Back Pain Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.	5.96	3	1
Acute Pain Intensely discomforting, distressful, or agonizing sensation associated with trauma or disease, with well-defined location, character, and timing.	6.23	2	1
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	2.21	1	0
Anoxemia [description not available]	2.99	4	0
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	2.99	4	0
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	3.08	5	0
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	2.4	2	0
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	3.08	5	0
Blood Clot [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.	2.78	3	0
Injuries, Multiple [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	2.75	3	0
Brain Abscess A circumscribed collection of purulent exudate in the brain, due to bacterial and other infections. The majority are caused by spread of infected material from a focus of suppuration elsewhere in the body, notably the PARANASAL SINUSES, middle ear (see EAR, MIDDLE); HEART (see also ENDOCARDITIS, BACTERIAL), and LUNG. Penetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA and NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES may also be associated with this condition. Clinical manifestations include HEADACHE; SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits; and alterations of consciousness. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp712-6)	4.18	16	0
Cerebellar Diseases Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, GAIT ATAXIA, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.	2.46	2	0
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	5.42	5	0
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative [description not available]	9.37	25	3
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	5.42	5	0
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.	9.37	25	3
Pachymeningitis [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Meningitis Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)	2.67	3	0
Keratitis, Ulcerative [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Bacterial Eye Infections [description not available]	4.37	7	0
Corneal Ulcer Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection.	2.49	2	0
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms [description not available]	4.1	3	1
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.	4.1	3	1
Hypophosphatemia A condition of an abnormally low level of PHOSPHATES in the blood.	2.08	1	0
Grippe [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Influenza, Human An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.	2.5	2	0
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	6.2	12	1
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	6.2	12	1
Obstructive Lung Diseases [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Lung Diseases, Obstructive Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.	2.08	1	0
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	2.08	1	0
Polyarthritis [description not available]	4.14	3	1
Arthritis Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	4.14	3	1
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure [description not available]	3.4	2	0
Abscess, Retropharyngeal [description not available]	3	1	0
Respiratory Insufficiency Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)	3.4	2	0
Microbial Superinvasion [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Injuries, Knee [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Actinomycetoma [description not available]	4.06	5	0
Knee Injuries Injuries to the knee or the knee joint.	2.08	1	0
Mycetoma A chronic progressive subcutaneous infection caused by species of fungi (eumycetoma), or actinomycetes (actinomycetoma). It is characterized by tumefaction, abscesses, and tumor-like granules representing microcolonies of pathogens, such as MADURELLA fungi and bacteria ACTINOMYCETES, with different grain colors.	4.06	5	0
Deafness, Transitory [description not available]	3	1	0
Hearing Loss A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.	3	1	0
Infection, Postoperative Wound [description not available]	9.42	34	4
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	14.2	71	6
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	14.2	71	6
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	10.75	13	7
Hyperesthesia Increased sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation due to a diminished threshold or an increased response to stimuli.	2.08	1	0
Adhesive Capsulitis [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Bursitis Inflammation or irritation of a SYNOVIAL BURSA, the fibrous sac that acts as a cushion between moving structures of bones, muscles, tendons or skin.	2.08	1	0
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary [description not available]	4.13	3	0
Coronary Artery Disease Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.	4.13	3	0
Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Leg Ulcer Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.	2.45	2	0
Corynebacterium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CORYNEBACTERIUM.	2.49	2	0
Injuries, Leg [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever	2.46	2	0
Morbid Obesity [description not available]	5.65	6	0
Obesity, Morbid The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.	5.65	6	0
Mediastinitis Inflammation of the mediastinum, the area between the pleural sacs.	3.31	6	0
Pleural Effusion Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.	2.46	2	0
Premenstrual Tension A term used to describe the psychological aspects of PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME, such as the indescribable tension, depression, hostility, and increased seizure activity in women with seizure disorder.	3.86	2	1
Premenstrual Syndrome A combination of distressing physical, psychologic, or behavioral changes that occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Symptoms of PMS are diverse (such as pain, water-retention, anxiety, cravings, and depression) and they diminish markedly 2 or 3 days after the initiation of menses.	3.86	2	1
Behavior Disorders [description not available]	3.29	2	0
Central Nervous System Disease [description not available]	3.87	4	0
Mental Disorders Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.	3.29	2	0
Central Nervous System Diseases Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.	3.87	4	0
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia [description not available]	2.75	3	0
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.	2.75	3	0
Apolipoprotein B-100, Familial Defective [description not available]	7.92	5	2
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II A group of familial disorders characterized by elevated circulating cholesterol contained in either LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS alone or also in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins).	7.92	5	2
Diathesis [description not available]	2.96	4	0
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Orthomyxoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.	2.08	1	0
Pneumonia, Pneumococcal A febrile disease caused by STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.	5.84	8	1
Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available]	3.82	4	0
Itching [description not available]	3.63	3	0
Pruritus An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.	3.63	3	0
Infections, Mycobacterium [description not available]	4.93	8	0
Mycobacterium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus MYCOBACTERIUM.	4.93	8	0
Polyploid [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Kidney Failure A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.	6.26	18	0
Renal Insufficiency Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.	6.26	18	0
Tooth Discoloration Any change in the hue, color, or translucency of a tooth due to any cause. Restorative filling materials, drugs (both topical and systemic), pulpal necrosis, or hemorrhage may be responsible. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p253)	2.73	3	0
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	15.21	57	26
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	2.48	2	0
Pancytopenia Deficiency of all three cell elements of the blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.	3.5	8	0
Empyema, Thoracic [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Empyema, Pleural Suppurative inflammation of the pleural space.	2.08	1	0
Cranial Nerve II Diseases [description not available]	7.05	25	0
Optic Nerve Diseases Conditions which produce injury or dysfunction of the second cranial or optic nerve, which is generally considered a component of the central nervous system. Damage to optic nerve fibers may occur at or near their origin in the retina, at the optic disk, or in the nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, or lateral geniculate nuclei. Clinical manifestations may include decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, impaired color vision, and an afferent pupillary defect.	7.05	25	0
Foreign Bodies Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the body.	2.96	4	0
Anemia, Sideroblastic Anemia characterized by the presence of erythroblasts containing excessive deposits of iron in the marrow.	3.88	4	0
Embolism, Pulmonary [description not available]	2.99	4	0
Pulmonary Embolism Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.	2.99	4	0
Pott Disease [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Erythema Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.	4.4	1	1
Hepatic Failure [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Liver Failure Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)	2.48	2	0
Muscle Disorders [description not available]	4.07	3	1
Muscular Diseases Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.	4.07	3	1
Arrhythmia [description not available]	4.43	2	2
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	4.43	2	2
Central Hypothyroidism [description not available]	3.72	3	0
Hypothyroidism A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.	3.72	3	0
Latent Tuberculosis The dormant form of TUBERCULOSIS where the person shows no obvious symptoms and no sign of the causative agent (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) in the SPUTUM despite being positive for tuberculosis infection skin test.	2.49	2	0
Foot Diseases Anatomical and functional disorders affecting the foot.	4.68	3	2
Candida Infection [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Candidiasis Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.49	2	0
Osteoarthritis of Knee [description not available]	3.36	2	0
Infections, Pasteurella [description not available]	3.01	1	0
Osteoarthritis, Knee Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)	3.36	2	0
Pyogenic Sacroiliitis [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Adult-Onset Still Disease [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Still's Disease, Adult-Onset Systemic-onset rheumatoid arthritis in adults. It differs from classical rheumatoid arthritis in that it is more often marked by acute febrile onset, and generalized lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly are more prominent.	2.1	1	0
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	2.1	1	0
Genetic Predisposition [description not available]	2.98	4	0
Drug Overdose Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.	3.3	6	0
Peritoneal Diseases Pathological processes involving the PERITONEUM.	3.39	2	0
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Papilloma, Squamous Cell [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	2.1	1	0
Papilloma A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.1	1	0
Infection [description not available]	4.58	10	0
Infections Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.	4.58	10	0
Mastitis, Bovine INFLAMMATION of the UDDER in cows.	2.1	1	0
Fasting Hypoglycemia HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.	2.48	2	0
Hypoglycemia A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.	2.48	2	0
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	9.65	22	8
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	9.65	22	8
Gastroenteritis INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.	3.93	1	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	3.41	2	0
Arterial Obstructive Diseases [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Arterial Occlusive Diseases Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.	2.1	1	0
Infections, Pseudomonas [description not available]	3	4	0
Pseudomonas Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.	3	4	0
Endotoxin Shock [description not available]	4.57	9	0
Shock, Septic Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.	4.57	9	0
Central Nervous System Infection [description not available]	4.34	4	1
Acinetobacter Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus ACINETOBACTER.	2.1	1	0
Breast Cancer [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	2.47	2	0
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	3.89	4	0
Hyperlipoproteinemia [description not available]	3.01	1	0
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	3.89	4	0
Hyperlipoproteinemias Conditions with abnormally elevated levels of LIPOPROTEINS in the blood. They may be inherited, acquired, primary, or secondary. Hyperlipoproteinemias are classified according to the pattern of lipoproteins on electrophoresis or ultracentrifugation.	3.01	1	0
Neurogenic Inflammation Inflammation caused by an injurious stimulus of peripheral neurons and resulting in release of neuropeptides which affect vascular permeability and help initiate proinflammatory and immune reactions at the site of injury.	3.5	1	1
Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Error [description not available]	3.71	3	0
Fournier Disease [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Infections, Klebsiella [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Lemierre Disease [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Klebsiella Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.	2.49	2	0
Urinary Tract Infections Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.	4.94	14	0
Phlegmon [description not available]	8.12	13	3
Caries, Dental [description not available]	3.03	1	0
Abscess, Pulmonary [description not available]	3.82	4	0
Lip Diseases Diseases involving the LIP.	3.41	2	0
Cellulitis An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions.	8.12	13	3
Dental Caries Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.	3.03	1	0
Lung Abscess Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the lung parenchyma as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.	3.82	4	0
Catheter-Associated Infections [description not available]	5.62	9	2
Poisoning Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.	2.48	2	0
Hallucination of Body Sensation [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Hallucinations Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS.	2.73	3	0
Acute Onset Aura Migraine [description not available]	7.13	7	5
Migraine with Aura A subtype of migraine disorder, characterized by recurrent attacks of reversible neurological symptoms (aura) that precede or accompany the headache. Aura may include a combination of sensory disturbances, such as blurred VISION; HALLUCINATIONS; VERTIGO; NUMBNESS; and difficulty in concentrating and speaking. Aura is usually followed by features of the COMMON MIGRAINE, such as PHOTOPHOBIA; PHONOPHOBIA; and NAUSEA. (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	7.13	7	5
Aggression Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.	5.43	5	1
Opportunistic Infections An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.	3.3	6	0
Depression, Endogenous [description not available]	5.33	7	2
Depressive Disorder An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.	5.33	7	2
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	2.81	3	0
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	2.81	3	0
Anterior Cervical Pain [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Arterial Inflammation [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Arterial Diseases, Carotid [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Thyroiditis Inflammatory diseases of the THYROID GLAND. Thyroiditis can be classified into acute (THYROIDITIS, SUPPURATIVE), subacute (granulomatous and lymphocytic), chronic fibrous (Riedel's), chronic lymphocytic (HASHIMOTO DISEASE), transient (POSTPARTUM THYROIDITIS), and other AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS subtypes.	2.11	1	0
B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Anti-Phospholipid Antibody Syndrome [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Carotid Artery Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.	2.11	1	0
Lymphoma, B-Cell A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.	2.11	1	0
Antiphospholipid Syndrome The presence of antibodies directed against phospholipids (ANTIBODIES, ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID). The condition is associated with a variety of diseases, notably systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases, thrombopenia, and arterial or venous thromboses. In pregnancy it can cause abortion. Of the phospholipids, the cardiolipins show markedly elevated levels of anticardiolipin antibodies (ANTIBODIES, ANTICARDIOLIPIN). Present also are high levels of lupus anticoagulant (LUPUS COAGULATION INHIBITOR).	2.11	1	0
Neck Pain Discomfort or more intense forms of pain that are localized to the cervical region. This term generally refers to pain in the posterior or lateral regions of the neck.	2.11	1	0
Diseases, Peripheral Vascular [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	2.74	3	0
Peripheral Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART.	2.74	3	0
Nerve Pain [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Neuralgia Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.	2.46	2	0
Urethritis Inflammation involving the URETHRA. Similar to CYSTITIS, clinical symptoms range from vague discomfort to painful urination (DYSURIA), urethral discharge, or both.	2.53	2	0
Asymptomatic Conditions [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Bacteriuria The presence of bacteria in the urine which is normally bacteria-free. These bacteria are from the URINARY TRACT and are not contaminants of the surrounding tissues. Bacteriuria can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Significant bacteriuria is an indicator of urinary tract infection.	2.11	1	0
Necrotizing Pyelonephritis [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Pyuria The presence of white blood cells (LEUKOCYTES) in the urine. It is often associated with bacterial infections of the urinary tract. Pyuria without BACTERIURIA can be caused by TUBERCULOSIS, stones, or cancer.	2.11	1	0
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy [description not available]	3.66	3	0
Cystitis Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.	2.11	1	0
Pyelonephritis Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.	2.11	1	0
Infections, Neisseriaceae [description not available]	4.15	3	0
Sore Throat [description not available]	4.74	2	1
Pharyngitis Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).	4.74	2	1
Infectious Endophthalmitis Infectious condition of the internal eye.	5.96	9	1
Endophthalmitis Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye frequently associated with an infection.	5.96	9	1
Viral Diseases [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Virus Diseases A general term for diseases caused by viruses.	2.13	1	0
Hospital-Acquired Condition [description not available]	3.42	2	0
Common Migraine [description not available]	7.11	7	5
Migraine without Aura Recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches, not preceded or accompanied by an aura, in attacks lasting 4-72 hours. It is characterized by PAIN of moderate to severe intensity; aggravated by physical activity; and associated with NAUSEA and / or PHOTOPHOBIA and PHONOPHOBIA. (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	7.11	7	5
Fibroid [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Cancer of the Uterus [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Leiomyoma A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the UTERUS and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT but can occur in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues.	2.13	1	0
Uterine Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.	2.13	1	0
Neonatal Early-Onset Sepsis [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Neonatal Sepsis Blood infection that occurs in an infant younger than 90 days old. Early-onset sepsis is seen in the first week of life and most often appears within 24 hours of birth. Late-onset occurs after 1 week and before 3 months of age.	2.13	1	0
E coli Infections [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	2.7	3	0
Hematologic Malignancies [description not available]	2.98	4	0
Hematologic Neoplasms Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.	2.98	4	0
Dizzyness [description not available]	6.61	5	4
Bilateral Headache [description not available]	8.86	18	3
Central Nervous System Origin Vertigo [description not available]	4.98	3	1
Vestibular Diseases Pathological processes of the VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH which contains part of the balancing apparatus. Patients with vestibular diseases show instability and are at risk of frequent falls.	3.06	1	0
Dizziness An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.	6.61	5	4
Headache The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.	8.86	18	3
Vertigo An illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. Vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear (EAR, INNER); VESTIBULAR NERVE; BRAINSTEM; or CEREBRAL CORTEX. Lesions in the TEMPORAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE may be associated with FOCAL SEIZURES that may feature vertigo as an ictal manifestation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp300-1)	4.98	3	1
Infant, Premature, Diseases Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.	3.87	4	0
Aldosteronism [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Hyperaldosteronism A condition caused by the overproduction of ALDOSTERONE. It is characterized by sodium retention and potassium excretion with resultant HYPERTENSION and HYPOKALEMIA.	2.04	1	0
Edema, Pulmonary [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Pulmonary Edema Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.	2.04	1	0
Benign Meningeal Neoplasms [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Angioblastic Meningioma [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Meningeal Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.	2.04	1	0
Meningioma A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)	2.47	2	0
Impairment, Light Touch Sensation [description not available]	3.82	2	1
Discitis Inflammation of an INTERVERTEBRAL DISC or disk space which may lead to disk erosion. Until recently, discitis has been defined as a nonbacterial inflammation and has been attributed to aseptic processes (e.g., chemical reaction to an injected substance). However, recent studies provide evidence that infection may be the initial cause, but perhaps not the promoter, of most cases of discitis. Discitis has been diagnosed in patients following discography, myelography, lumbar puncture, paravertebral injection, and obstetrical epidural anesthesia. Discitis following chemonucleolysis (especially with chymopapain) is attributed to chemical reaction by some and to introduction of microorganisms by others.	2.95	4	0
Listeria Cerebritis [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Abscess, Intracranial, Subdural [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Hypomenorrhea [description not available]	4.38	2	2
Brain Disorders [description not available]	4.51	5	1
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	4.51	5	1
Erysipelothrix Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus ERYSIPELOTHRIX.	2.04	1	0
Actinomycetales Infections Infections with bacteria of the order ACTINOMYCETALES.	3.14	5	0
Communicable Diseases, Emerging Infectious diseases that are novel in their outbreak ranges (geographic and host) or transmission mode.	2.44	2	0
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	2.05	1	0
Cholangitis Inflammation of the biliary ductal system (BILE DUCTS); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both.	2.05	1	0
Libman-Sacks Disease [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.	2.05	1	0
Retinal Diseases Diseases involving the RETINA.	2.46	2	0
Alogia [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Aphasia A cognitive disorder marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or express language in its written or spoken form. This condition is caused by diseases which affect the language areas of the dominant hemisphere. Clinical features are used to classify the various subtypes of this condition. General categories include receptive, expressive, and mixed forms of aphasia.	2.04	1	0
Cancer of Larynx [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Laryngeal Neoplasms Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.	2.04	1	0
Foreign-Body Reaction Chronic inflammation and granuloma formation around irritating foreign bodies.	2.44	2	0
Bacterial Endocarditides, Subacute [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.	2.71	3	0
Cronobacter Infections [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Enterobacteriaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.	2.04	1	0
Bilateral Deafness [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.	2.42	2	0
Absence Status [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Status Epilepticus A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)	2.05	1	0
Bone Marrow Diseases Diseases involving the BONE MARROW.	2.95	4	0
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	2.89	4	0
Infections, Pneumococcal [description not available]	6.62	19	1
Pneumococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.	6.62	19	1
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Respiratory Distress Syndrome A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.	2.73	3	0
Dementia Praecox [description not available]	4.12	3	1
Schizophrenia A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.	9.12	3	1
Acne Inversa [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Hidradenitis Suppurativa A chronic suppurative and cicatricial disease of the apocrine glands occurring chiefly in the axillae in women and in the groin and anal regions in men. It is characterized by poral occlusion with secondary bacterial infection, evolving into abscesses which eventually rupture. As the disease becomes chronic, ulcers appear, sinus tracts enlarge, fistulas develop, and fibrosis and scarring become evident.	2.05	1	0
Acathisia, Drug-Induced [description not available]	4.38	2	2
Complex Partial Epilepsy [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Ulcer A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.	2.05	1	0
Epilepsy, Complex Partial A disorder characterized by recurrent partial seizures marked by impairment of cognition. During the seizure the individual may experience a wide variety of psychic phenomenon including formed hallucinations, illusions, deja vu, intense emotional feelings, confusion, and spatial disorientation. Focal motor activity, sensory alterations and AUTOMATISM may also occur. Complex partial seizures often originate from foci in one or both temporal lobes. The etiology may be idiopathic (cryptogenic partial complex epilepsy) or occur as a secondary manifestation of a focal cortical lesion (symptomatic partial complex epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317-8)	2.05	1	0
Colitis, Granulomatous [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Crohn Disease A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.	2.45	2	0
Bile Duct Obstruction, Intrahepatic [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Congenital Familial Lymphedema [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	3.87	4	0
Cholestasis, Intrahepatic Impairment of bile flow due to injury to the HEPATOCYTES; BILE CANALICULI; or the intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC).	2.05	1	0
Lymphedema Edema due to obstruction of lymph vessels or disorders of the lymph nodes.	2.05	1	0
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	3.87	4	0
Petechiae Pinhead size (3 mm) skin discolorization due to hemorrhage.	2.36	2	0
Purpura Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. When the size of the discolorization is	2.36	2	0
Acute Idiopathic Facial Neuropathy [description not available]	3.83	2	0
Bell Palsy A syndrome characterized by the acute onset of unilateral FACIAL PARALYSIS which progresses over a 2-5 day period. Weakness of the orbicularis oculi muscle and resulting incomplete eye closure may be associated with corneal injury. Pain behind the ear often precedes the onset of paralysis. This condition may be associated with HERPESVIRUS 1, HUMAN infection of the facial nerve. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1376)	3.83	2	0
Infectious Diseases [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Communicable Diseases An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.	2.37	2	0
Aplasia Pure Red Cell [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Red-Cell Aplasia, Pure Suppression of erythropoiesis with little or no abnormality of leukocyte or platelet production.	2.73	3	0
Eosinophilia, Tropical [description not available]	3.66	3	0
Exanthem [description not available]	3.65	3	0
Interstitial Nephritis [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Eosinophilia Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.	3.66	3	0
Exanthema Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.	3.65	3	0
Nephritis, Interstitial Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.	2.73	3	0
Aneurysm, Thoracic Aortic [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Brain Emboli [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the THORACIC AORTA. This proximal descending portion of aorta gives rise to the visceral and the parietal branches above the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.	2.05	1	0
Abscess, Abdominal [description not available]	3.63	3	0
Nephrotic Syndrome A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.	2.05	1	0
Abdominal Abscess An abscess located in the abdominal cavity, i.e., the cavity between the diaphragm above and the pelvis below. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	3.63	3	0
Eye Disorders [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Anterior Optic Neuritis [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Besnier-Boeck Disease [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Eye Diseases Diseases affecting the eye.	2.05	1	0
Optic Neuritis Inflammation of the optic nerve. Commonly associated conditions include autoimmune disorders such as MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, infections, and granulomatous diseases. Clinical features include retro-orbital pain that is aggravated by eye movement, loss of color vision, and contrast sensitivity that may progress to severe visual loss, an afferent pupillary defect (Marcus-Gunn pupil), and in some instances optic disc hyperemia and swelling. Inflammation may occur in the portion of the nerve within the globe (neuropapillitis or anterior optic neuritis) or the portion behind the globe (retrobulbar neuritis or posterior optic neuritis).	2.44	2	0
Sarcoidosis An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.	2.05	1	0
Breathlessness [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Dyspnea Difficult or labored breathing.	2.05	1	0
Autosomal Recessive Chronic Granulomatous Disease [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Abscess, Hepatic [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Granulomatous Disease, Chronic A defect of leukocyte function in which phagocytic cells ingest but fail to digest bacteria, resulting in recurring bacterial infections with granuloma formation. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by mutations in the CYBB gene, the condition is inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by CYBA, NCF1, NCF2, or NCF4 gene mutations, the condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern.	2.05	1	0
Liver Abscess Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the liver as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.	2.73	3	0
Alcohol Abuse, Nervous System [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	2.05	1	0
Cadaver A dead body, usually a human body.	2.05	1	0
Kahler Disease [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Multiple Myeloma A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	2.05	1	0
Bilirubinemia [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available]	4.68	6	1
Intraocular Pressure The pressure of the fluids in the eye.	2.05	1	0
Pyrexia [description not available]	6.42	9	1
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	6.42	9	1
Acute Post-operative Pain [description not available]	2.97	1	0
Pelvic Pain Pain in the pelvic region of genital and non-genital origin.	2.97	1	0
Pain, Postoperative Pain during the period after surgery.	2.97	1	0
Emergencies Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.	2.05	1	0
Pus [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Fractures, Closed Fractures in which the break in bone is not accompanied by an external wound.	2.05	1	0
Humeral Fractures Fractures of the HUMERUS.	2.43	2	0
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	3.35	2	0
Prinzmetal Angina [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Coronary Artery Vasospasm [description not available]	3.64	3	0
Angina Pectoris, Variant A clinical syndrome characterized by the development of CHEST PAIN at rest with concomitant transient ST segment elevation in the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM, but with preserved exercise capacity.	2.05	1	0
Coronary Vasospasm Spasm of the large- or medium-sized coronary arteries.	3.64	3	0
Glomerulonephritis, Lupus [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Lupus Nephritis Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).	2.05	1	0
Aqueductal Stenosis [description not available]	3.12	5	0
Pyoderma Gangrenosum An idiopathic, rapidly evolving, and severely debilitating disease occurring most commonly in association with chronic ulcerative colitis. It is characterized by the presence of boggy, purplish ulcers with undermined borders, appearing mostly on the legs. The majority of cases are in people between 40 and 60 years old. Its etiology is unknown.	2.05	1	0
Fungal Diseases [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Sinus Infections [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Ecthyma An ulcerative pyoderma usually caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection at the site of minor trauma. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.05	1	0
Mycoses Diseases caused by FUNGI.	2.05	1	0
Sinusitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.	2.44	2	0
Abscess, Epidural [description not available]	4.52	5	1
Drug Abuse, Intravenous [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Brain Inflammation [description not available]	4.8	7	1
Encephalitis Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.	4.8	7	1
Bone Malalignment Displacement of bones out of line in relation to joints. It may be congenital or traumatic in origin.	2.06	1	0
Blood Diseases [description not available]	6.3	8	1
Hematologic Diseases Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.	6.3	8	1
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Cerebral Infarction The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).	2.05	1	0
Allodynia [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Neuralgia, Sciatic [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Epileptiform Neuralgia [description not available]	3.35	2	0
Sciatica A condition characterized by pain radiating from the back into the buttock and posterior/lateral aspects of the leg. Sciatica may be a manifestation of SCIATIC NEUROPATHY; RADICULOPATHY (involving the SPINAL NERVE ROOTS; L4, L5, S1, or S2, often associated with INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT); or lesions of the CAUDA EQUINA.	2.06	1	0
Trigeminal Neuralgia A syndrome characterized by recurrent episodes of excruciating pain lasting several seconds or longer in the sensory distribution of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. Pain may be initiated by stimulation of trigger points on the face, lips, or gums or by movement of facial muscles or chewing. Associated conditions include MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, vascular anomalies, ANEURYSMS, and neoplasms. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p187)	3.35	2	0
Biliary Tract Diseases Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.	2.05	1	0
Gangrene Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply.	2.45	2	0
Hypokalemia Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.06	1	0
Fungal Lung Diseases [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Candidiasis, Invasive An important nosocomial fungal infection with species of the genus CANDIDA, most frequently CANDIDA ALBICANS. Invasive candidiasis occurs when candidiasis goes beyond a superficial infection and manifests as CANDIDEMIA, deep tissue infection, or disseminated disease with deep organ involvement.	2.06	1	0
Chylopericardium [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Pericardial Effusion Fluid accumulation within the PERICARDIUM. Serous effusions are associated with pericardial diseases. Hemopericardium is associated with trauma. Lipid-containing effusion (chylopericardium) results from leakage of THORACIC DUCT. Severe cases can lead to CARDIAC TAMPONADE.	2.06	1	0
Periimplantitis [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Pericementitis [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Actinobacillus Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus ACTINOBACILLUS.	2.06	1	0
Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)	2.06	1	0
Peri-Implantitis An inflammatory process with loss of supporting bone in the tissues surrounding functioning DENTAL IMPLANTS.	2.06	1	0
Action Tremor [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Tremor Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.	2.4	2	0
Aspergilloses, Bronchopulmonary [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Pulmonary Aspergillosis Infections of the respiratory tract with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.	2.06	1	0
Infections, Respiratory [description not available]	7.43	11	2
Respiratory Tract Infections Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.	7.43	11	2
Leukocytopenia [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Leukopenia A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).	2.36	2	0
Allergy, Drug [description not available]	4.19	6	0
Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.	4.19	6	0
Microglossia [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Paraparesis Mild to moderate loss of bilateral lower extremity motor function, which may be a manifestation of SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; MUSCULAR DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; parasagittal brain lesions; and other conditions.	2.06	1	0
Injuries Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.	4.65	6	1
Wounds and Injuries Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.	4.65	6	1
Shoulder Pain Unilateral or bilateral pain of the shoulder. It is often caused by physical activities such as work or sports participation, but may also be pathologic in origin.	2.07	1	0
Pleuropericarditis Inflammation of both the PERICARDIUM and the PLEURA.	2.06	1	0
Pericarditis Inflammation of the PERICARDIUM from various origins, such as infection, neoplasm, autoimmune process, injuries, or drug-induced. Pericarditis usually leads to PERICARDIAL EFFUSION, or CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS.	2.06	1	0
Granulomas [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Coccidioides immitis Infection [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Coccidioidomycosis Infection with a fungus of the genus COCCIDIOIDES, endemic to the SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES. It is sometimes called valley fever but should not be confused with RIFT VALLEY FEVER. Infection is caused by inhalation of airborne, fungal particles known as arthroconidia, a form of FUNGAL SPORES. A primary form is an acute, benign, self-limited respiratory infection. A secondary form is a virulent, severe, chronic, progressive granulomatous disease with systemic involvement. It can be detected by use of COCCIDIOIDIN.	2.37	2	0
Granuloma A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.	2.73	3	0
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Pre-Eclampsia A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.	2.07	1	0
Cryptogenic Fibrosing Alveolitis [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis A common interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology, usually occurring between 50-70 years of age. Clinically, it is characterized by an insidious onset of breathlessness with exertion and a nonproductive cough, leading to progressive DYSPNEA. Pathological features show scant interstitial inflammation, patchy collagen fibrosis, prominent fibroblast proliferation foci, and microscopic honeycomb change.	2.06	1	0
Precordial Catch [description not available]	3.83	2	1
Chest Pain Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.	3.83	2	1
Acute Coronary Syndrome An episode of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA that generally lasts longer than a transient anginal episode that ultimately may lead to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	3.67	3	0
MELAS [description not available]	2.06	1	0
MELAS Syndrome A mitochondrial disorder characterized by focal or generalized seizures, episodes of transient or persistent neurologic dysfunction resembling strokes, and ragged-red fibers on muscle biopsy. Affected individuals tend to be normal at birth through early childhood, then experience growth failure, episodic vomiting, and recurrent cerebral insults resulting in visual loss and hemiparesis. The cortical lesions tend to occur in the parietal and occipital lobes and are not associated with vascular occlusion. VASCULAR HEADACHE is frequently associated and the disorder tends to be familial. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch56, p117)	2.06	1	0
Adenitis [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Amaurosis [description not available]	3.88	4	0
Blindness The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.	3.88	4	0
Glaucoma An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)	2.06	1	0
Orthopedic Disorders [description not available]	3.36	2	0
Musculoskeletal Diseases Diseases of the muscles and their associated ligaments and other connective tissue and of the bones and cartilage viewed collectively.	3.36	2	0
Infections, Listeria [description not available]	3.13	5	0
Experimental Pneumococcal Meningitis [description not available]	4.2	6	0
Meningitis, Pneumococcal An acute purulent infection of the meninges and subarachnoid space caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, most prevalent in children and adults over the age of 60. This illness may be associated with OTITIS MEDIA; MASTOIDITIS; SINUSITIS; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS; sickle cell disease (ANEMIA, SICKLE CELL); skull fractures; and other disorders. Clinical manifestations include FEVER; HEADACHE; neck stiffness; and somnolence followed by SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits (notably DEAFNESS); and COMA. (From Miller et al., Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p111)	4.2	6	0
Chicken Pox [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Chickenpox A highly contagious infectious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). It usually affects children, is spread by direct contact or respiratory route via droplet nuclei, and is characterized by the appearance on the skin and mucous membranes of successive crops of typical pruritic vesicular lesions that are easily broken and become scabbed. Chickenpox is relatively benign in children, but may be complicated by pneumonia and encephalitis in adults. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.07	1	0
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Myasthenia Gravis A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.	2.45	2	0
Genome Instability [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Bacillus anthracis Infection [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Anthrax An acute infection caused by the spore-forming bacteria BACILLUS ANTHRACIS. It commonly affects hoofed animals such as sheep and goats. Infection in humans often involves the skin (cutaneous anthrax), the lungs (inhalation anthrax), or the gastrointestinal tract. Anthrax is not contagious and can be treated with antibiotics.	2.46	2	0
Bewilderment [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Catatonic Rigidity [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Muscle Rigidity Continuous involuntary sustained muscle contraction which is often a manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES. When an affected muscle is passively stretched, the degree of resistance remains constant regardless of the rate at which the muscle is stretched. This feature helps to distinguish rigidity from MUSCLE SPASTICITY. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p73)	2.68	3	0
Cardiometabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.	3.86	2	0
Metabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.	3.86	2	0
Infections, Meningococcal [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Mononeuritis [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Meningococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the species NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS.	2.07	1	0
Mononeuropathies Disease or trauma involving a single peripheral nerve in isolation, or out of proportion to evidence of diffuse peripheral nerve dysfunction. Mononeuropathy multiplex refers to a condition characterized by multiple isolated nerve injuries. Mononeuropathies may result from a wide variety of causes, including ISCHEMIA; traumatic injury; compression; CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES; CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS; and other conditions.	2.07	1	0
Refractory Anemia [description not available]	2.99	1	0
Anemia, Refractory A severe sometimes chronic anemia, usually macrocytic in type, that does not respond to ordinary antianemic therapy.	2.99	1	0
Polyneuropathy, Acquired [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Polyneuropathies Diseases of multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously. Polyneuropathies usually are characterized by symmetrical, bilateral distal motor and sensory impairment with a graded increase in severity distally. The pathological processes affecting peripheral nerves include degeneration of the axon, myelin or both. The various forms of polyneuropathy are categorized by the type of nerve affected (e.g., sensory, motor, or autonomic), by the distribution of nerve injury (e.g., distal vs. proximal), by nerve component primarily affected (e.g., demyelinating vs. axonal), by etiology, or by pattern of inheritance.	2.07	1	0
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	2.48	2	0
Acute Anterior Wall Myocardial Infarction [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Anterior Wall Myocardial Infarction MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION in which the anterior wall of the heart is involved. Anterior wall myocardial infarction is often caused by occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. It can be categorized as anteroseptal or anterolateral wall myocardial infarction.	2.07	1	0
Enterovirus Infections Diseases caused by ENTEROVIRUS.	2.07	1	0
Rhabdomyolysis Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.	3.46	1	1
Brain Damage, Chronic A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.	2.99	1	0
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	3.32	2	0
Constriction, Pathological [description not available]	2.99	1	0
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	3.32	2	0
Constriction, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.	2.99	1	0
Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	2.99	1	0
Arthropathies [description not available]	4.04	5	0
Joint Diseases Diseases involving the JOINTS.	4.04	5	0
Impetigo Contagiosa [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Impetigo A common superficial bacterial infection caused by STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS or group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Characteristics include pustular lesions that rupture and discharge a thin, amber-colored fluid that dries and forms a crust. This condition is commonly located on the face, especially about the mouth and nose.	2.07	1	0
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	2.07	1	0
Apical Ballooning Syndrome [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available]	3.35	2	0
Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	3.35	2	0
Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy A transient left ventricular apical dysfunction or ballooning accompanied by electrocardiographic (ECG) T wave inversions. This abnormality is associated with high levels of CATECHOLAMINES, either administered or endogenously secreted from a tumor or during extreme stress.	2.07	1	0
Atheroma [description not available]	2.99	1	0
A-alphalipoprotein Neuropathy [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Bed Sores [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Pressure Ulcer An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure on the SKIN and TISSUES when one stays in one position for a long period of time, such as lying in bed. The bony areas of the body are the most frequently affected sites which become ischemic (ISCHEMIA) under sustained and constant pressure.	2.46	2	0
Esophagotracheal Fistula [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Intertrochanteric Fractures [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Hip Fractures Fractures of the FEMUR HEAD; the FEMUR NECK; (FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES); the trochanters; or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region (FEMORAL FRACTURES).	2.07	1	0
ADDH [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)	2.7	3	0
Keratitis Inflammation of the cornea.	2.07	1	0
Clasp-Knife Spasticity [description not available]	3.47	1	1
Muscle Spasticity A form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper MOTOR NEURON DISEASE. Resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a free interval) followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. Tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. Spasticity is usually accompanied by HYPERREFLEXIA and variable degrees of MUSCLE WEAKNESS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p54)	3.47	1	1
Cerebral Ventriculitis Inflammation of CEREBRAL VENTRICLES.	2.07	1	0
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	2.07	1	0
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.	2.08	1	0
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Hypertension, Portal Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.	2.08	1	0
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Tachycardia, Ventricular An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).	2.08	1	0
Blunt Injuries [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Emesis [description not available]	4.72	2	1
Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.	4.72	2	1
Mitral Incompetence [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Mitral Valve Insufficiency Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.	2.01	1	0
Cranial Nerve V Diseases [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Middle Ear Inflammation [description not available]	4.31	4	1
Otitis Media Inflammation of the MIDDLE EAR including the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE.	4.31	4	1
Ritter Disease [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Cephalgia, Vascular [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Anuria Absence of urine formation. It is usually associated with complete bilateral ureteral (URETER) obstruction, complete lower urinary tract obstruction, or unilateral ureteral obstruction when a solitary kidney is present.	2.01	1	0
Rheumatism [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Rheumatic Diseases Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.	1.93	1	0
African Sleeping Sickness [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Trypanosomiasis Infection with protozoa of the genus TRYPANOSOMA.	3.03	5	0
Trypanosomiasis, African A disease endemic among people and animals in Central Africa. It is caused by various species of trypanosomes, particularly T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense. Its second host is the TSETSE FLY. Involvement of the central nervous system produces African sleeping sickness. Nagana is a rapidly fatal trypanosomiasis of horses and other animals.	2.63	3	0
Dermatitis Any inflammation of the skin.	1.93	1	0
Enteritis Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.	2.34	2	0
Auricular Fibrillation [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Atrial Fibrillation Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.	1.93	1	0
Infections, Salmonella [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	1.93	1	0
Enterocolitis Inflammation of the MUCOSA of both the SMALL INTESTINE and the LARGE INTESTINE. Etiology includes ISCHEMIA, infections, allergic, and immune responses.	2.37	2	0
Urinary Tract Diseases [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Poultry Diseases Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.	3.05	5	0
American Trypanosomiasis [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Chagas Disease Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.	2.63	3	0
Disease A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.	2.34	2	0
Granuloma, Hodgkin [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Lymphatic Diseases Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.	1.93	1	0
Hodgkin Disease A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.	1.93	1	0
Bronchial Diseases Diseases involving the BRONCHI.	1.93	1	0
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Infections, Trichomonas [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Trichomonas Infections Infections in birds and mammals produced by various species of Trichomonas.	1.94	1	0
Back Ache [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Back Pain Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions.	1.94	1	0
Polyuria Urination of a large volume of urine with an increase in urinary frequency, commonly seen in diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETES INSIPIDUS).	1.94	1	0
Bladder Diseases [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Injuries, Radiation [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Diseases of Immune System [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Immune System Diseases Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.	1.93	1	0
Sprains [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Sprains and Strains A collective term for muscle and ligament injuries without dislocation or fracture. A sprain is a joint injury in which some of the fibers of a supporting ligament are ruptured but the continuity of the ligament remains intact. A strain is an overstretching or overexertion of some part of the musculature.	2.34	2	0
Infective Endocarditis [description not available]	4.29	4	0
Endocarditis Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (ENDOCARDIUM), the continuous membrane lining the four chambers and HEART VALVES. It is often caused by microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and rickettsiae. Left untreated, endocarditis can damage heart valves and become life-threatening.	4.29	4	0
Shingles [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Nail Fungus [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Herpes Zoster An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of CHICKENPOX. It involves the SENSORY GANGLIA and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.93	1	0
Onychomycosis A fungal infection of the nail, usually caused by DERMATOPHYTES; YEASTS; or nondermatophyte MOLDS.	2.93	1	0
Infant, Newborn, Diseases Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.	3.4	1	1
Acanthamoeba Meningoencephalitis [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Abscess, Amebic [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Amebiasis Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur.	2.01	1	0
Periodontitis, Acute Nonsuppurative [description not available]	3.81	2	1
Periapical Periodontitis Inflammation of the PERIAPICAL TISSUE. It includes general, unspecified, or acute nonsuppurative inflammation. Chronic nonsuppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL GRANULOMA. Suppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL ABSCESS.	3.81	2	1
Dysgeusia A condition characterized by alterations of the sense of taste which may range from mild to severe, including gross distortions of taste quality.	2.93	1	0
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	6.47	6	3
Haemophilus Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus HAEMOPHILUS.	2.93	4	0
Moraxella Infections [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Acid Aspiration Syndrome [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Pneumonia, Aspiration A type of lung inflammation resulting from the aspiration of food, liquid, or gastric contents into the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.	2.02	1	0
Pancreatic Diseases Pathological processes of the PANCREAS.	3.81	2	1
Delirium of Mixed Origin [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Delirium A disorder characterized by CONFUSION; inattentiveness; disorientation; ILLUSIONS; HALLUCINATIONS; agitation; and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity. It may result from toxic/metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp411-2)	2.02	1	0
Foot Ulcer Lesion on the surface of the skin of the foot, usually accompanied by inflammation. The lesion may become infected or necrotic and is frequently associated with diabetes or leprosy.	3.82	2	1
Anemia, Hypoplastic [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Anemia, Aplastic A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.	2.63	3	0
Atrial Septal Defect [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Bruxism, Nocturnal [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Bradyarrhythmia [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Icterus [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Bradycardia Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.	2.43	2	0
Jaundice A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.	2.02	1	0
Angina at Rest [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Angina, Unstable Precordial pain at rest, which may precede a MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	2.02	1	0
Malnourishment [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Malnutrition An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.	2.02	1	0
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	2.41	2	0
Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Myositis Inflammation of a muscle or muscle tissue.	2.02	1	0
Absence Seizure Disorder [description not available]	1.92	1	0
Epilepsy, Absence A seizure disorder usually occurring in childhood characterized by rhythmic electrical brain discharges of generalized onset. Clinical features include a sudden cessation of ongoing activity usually without loss of postural tone. Rhythmic blinking of the eyelids or lip smacking frequently accompanies the SEIZURES. The usual duration is 5-10 seconds, and multiple episodes may occur daily. Juvenile absence epilepsy is characterized by the juvenile onset of absence seizures and an increased incidence of myoclonus and tonic-clonic seizures. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p736)	1.92	1	0
Pemphigus Foliaceus [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Pemphigus Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by ACANTHOLYSIS and blister formation within the EPIDERMIS.	2.02	1	0
Ewing Sarcoma [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Sarcoma, Ewing A malignant tumor of the bone which always arises in the medullary tissue, occurring more often in cylindrical bones. The tumor occurs usually before the age of 20, about twice as frequently in males as in females.	2.02	1	0
Complication, Intraoperative [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Bleeding [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	2.43	2	0
Muscular Weakness [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Sensation Disorders Disorders of the special senses (i.e., VISION; HEARING; TASTE; and SMELL) or somatosensory system (i.e., afferent components of the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM).	2.02	1	0
Day Blindness [description not available]	3.64	3	0
Muscle Weakness A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)	2.02	1	0
Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous A group of lymphomas exhibiting clonal expansion of malignant T-lymphocytes arrested at varying stages of differentiation as well as malignant infiltration of the skin. MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES; SEZARY SYNDROME; LYMPHOMATOID PAPULOSIS; and PRIMARY CUTANEOUS ANAPLASTIC LARGE CELL LYMPHOMA are the best characterized of these disorders.	2.02	1	0
Bacteroides Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus BACTEROIDES.	2.41	2	0
Biliary or Urinary Stones [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Allergic Cutaneous Angiitis [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Bacterial Infections, Central Nervous System [description not available]	3.64	3	0
Bile Duct Obstruction, Extrahepatic [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Anemia, Hemolytic A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).	2.02	1	0
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Convulsions, Grand Mal [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Osteolysis Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.	2.02	1	0
Mandibular Diseases Diseases involving the MANDIBLE.	3.35	2	0
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	2.44	2	0
Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329)	2.02	1	0
Oligodendroglioma A relatively slow-growing glioma that is derived from oligodendrocytes and tends to occur in the cerebral hemispheres, thalamus, or lateral ventricle. They may present at any age, but are most frequent in the third to fifth decades, with an earlier incidence peak in the first decade. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, relatively avascular, and tend to form cysts and microcalcifications. Neoplastic cells tend to have small round nuclei surrounded by unstained nuclei. The tumors may vary from well-differentiated to highly anaplastic forms. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2052; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p655)	2.02	1	0
Electron Transport Chain Deficiencies, Mitochondrial [description not available]	3.64	3	0
Asthenia Clinical sign or symptom manifested as debility, or lack or loss of strength and energy.	2.02	1	0
Mitochondrial Diseases Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.	3.64	3	0
Fractures, Compound [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Dental Focal Infection [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Pericoronitis Inflammation of the gingiva surrounding the crown of a tooth.	2.03	1	0
Heart Valve Diseases Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).	3.85	4	0
Diabetic Angiopathies VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.	2.03	1	0
Preterm Birth [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Premature Birth CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).	2.44	2	0
Graft-Versus-Host Disease [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Graft vs Host Disease The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.	2.03	1	0
Taste Disorder, Anterior Tongue [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Asystole [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Heart Arrest Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.	2.03	1	0
Hansen Disease [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Leprosy A chronic granulomatous infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid.	2.03	1	0
Infarct [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Spinal Diseases Diseases involving the SPINE.	2.71	3	0
Facial Spasm, Unilateral [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Menstruation, Painful [description not available]	3.41	1	1
Dysmenorrhea Painful menstruation.	3.41	1	1
Fasciitis, Necrotizing A fulminating bacterial infection of the deep layers of the skin and FASCIA. It can be caused by many different organisms, with STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES being the most common.	2.03	1	0
Buckley Syndrome [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Job Syndrome Primary immunodeficiency syndrome characterized by recurrent infections and hyperimmunoglobulinemia E. Most cases are sporadic. Of the rare familial forms, the dominantly inherited subtype has additional connective tissue, dental and skeletal involvement that the recessive type does not share.	2.03	1	0
Leukemia, Pre-B-Cell [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and adolescents and characterized by a high number of lymphoblasts and solid tumor lesions. Frequent sites involve LYMPH NODES, skin, and bones. It most commonly presents as leukemia.	2.03	1	0
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	2.94	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	2.94	1	0
Fistula Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body.	2.03	1	0
Spinal Stenosis Narrowing of the spinal canal.	2.03	1	0
Eyelid Diseases Diseases involving the EYELIDS.	2.03	1	0
Muscular Dystrophy [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Muscular Dystrophies A heterogeneous group of inherited MYOPATHIES, characterized by wasting and weakness of the SKELETAL MUSCLE. They are categorized by the sites of MUSCLE WEAKNESS; AGE OF ONSET; and INHERITANCE PATTERNS.	2.03	1	0
Bone Inflammation [description not available]	2.03	1	0
HbS Disease [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Anemia, Sickle Cell A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.	2.03	1	0
Finger Injuries General or unspecified injuries involving the fingers.	2.03	1	0
Airway Obstruction Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.	2.03	1	0
Dehiscence, Surgical Wound [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Dysesthesia [description not available]	3.41	1	1
Disc, Herniated [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Intervertebral Disc Displacement An INTERVERTEBRAL DISC in which the NUCLEUS PULPOSUS has protruded through surrounding ANNULUS FIBROSUS. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region.	2.03	1	0
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy [description not available]	4.35	2	2
Diabetic Neuropathies Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)	4.35	2	2
Encephalopathy, Hypertensive [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Granulocytic Leukemia [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Leukemia, Myeloid Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.	2.03	1	0
Wounds, Gunshot Disruption of structural continuity of the body as a result of the discharge of firearms.	2.03	1	0
Skin Ulcer An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.	2.44	2	0
Chronic Paroxysmal Hemicrania [description not available]	2.95	1	0
Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalalgias Primary headache disorders that show symptoms caused by the activation of the AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. These autonomic features include redness and tearing of the EYE, nasal congestion or discharge, facial SWEATING and other symptoms. Most subgroups show unilateral cranial PAIN.	2.95	1	0
SUNCT Syndrome A primary headache disorder that is characterized by frequent short-lasting, unilateral, neuralgiform pain attacks in the ocular area, with CONJUNCTIVA fluid-filling and tearing. SUNCT syndrome is usually resistant to treatment.	2.95	1	0
C gattii Infection [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Cryptococcosis Fungal infection caused by genus CRYPTOCOCCUS.	2.04	1	0
Cellulitis, Orbital [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Eosinophilia, Pulmonary [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Pulmonary Eosinophilia A condition characterized by infiltration of the lung with EOSINOPHILS due to inflammation or other disease processes. Major eosinophilic lung diseases are the eosinophilic pneumonias caused by infections, allergens, or toxic agents.	2.04	1	0
Agranulocytosis A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).	2.33	2	0
Actinomyces Infections [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Brachial Paresis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Facial Injuries General or unspecified injuries to the soft tissue or bony portions of the face.	2.05	1	0
Mydriasis Dilation of pupils to greater than 6 mm combined with failure of the pupils to constrict when stimulated with light. This condition may occur due to injury of the pupillary fibers in the oculomotor nerve, in acute angle-closure glaucoma, and in ADIE SYNDROME.	2.05	1	0
Altered Level of Consciousness [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Hyponatremia Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.04	1	0
Middle Ear Effusion [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Otitis Media with Effusion Inflammation of the middle ear with a clear pale yellow-colored transudate.	2.04	1	0
Metastase [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	2.04	1	0
Short Bowel Syndrome A malabsorption syndrome resulting from extensive operative resection of the SMALL INTESTINE, the absorptive region of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.	2.96	1	0
Digestive System Disorders [description not available]	2.96	1	0
Digestive System Diseases Diseases in any part of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the accessory organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).	2.96	1	0
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.	2.04	1	0
Mucositis An INFLAMMATION of the MUCOSA with burning or tingling sensation. It is characterized by atrophy of the squamous EPITHELIUM, vascular damage, inflammatory infiltration, and ulceration. It usually occurs at the mucous lining of the MOUTH, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the airway due to chemical irritations, CHEMOTHERAPY, or radiation therapy (RADIOTHERAPY).	2.04	1	0
Splenic Diseases Diseases involving the SPLEEN.	2.04	1	0
Empyema Presence of pus in a hollow organ or body cavity.	2.06	1	0
Plant Poisoning Poisoning by the ingestion of plants or its leaves, berries, roots or stalks. The manifestations in both humans and animals vary in severity from mild to life threatening. In animals, especially domestic animals, it is usually the result of ingesting moldy or fermented forage.	1.96	1	0
Salmonella Infections, Animal Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.	2.36	2	0
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Germinoblastoma [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.	1.96	1	0
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Claustrophobia [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Panic Attacks [description not available]	3.77	2	1
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	1.98	1	0
Phobic Disorders Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable.	1.98	1	0
Panic Disorder A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.	3.77	2	1
Agoraphobia Obsessive, persistent, intense fear of open places.	3.37	1	1
Adrenal Cancer [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Pheochromocytoma A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)	1.98	1	0
Deficiency, Vitamin D [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Vitamin D Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)	1.98	1	0
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Ischemic Attack, Transient Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)	1.99	1	0
Decerebrate Posturing [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Active Hyperemia [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Hyperemia The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous).	1.99	1	0
Urination Disorders Abnormalities in the process of URINE voiding, including bladder control, frequency of URINATION, as well as the volume and composition of URINE.	2	1	0
Allergic Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	2	1	0
Hand Dermatosis [description not available]	2	1	0
Hand Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the HANDS.	2	1	0
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.	2	1	0
Experimental Hepatoma [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Condition, Preneoplastic [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Precancerous Conditions Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.	2.68	3	0
Parotiditis [description not available]	3.39	1	1
Colonic Diseases, Functional Chronic or recurrent colonic disorders without an identifiable structural or biochemical explanation. The widely recognized IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME falls into this category.	2	1	0
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	2	1	0
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	2	1	0
Anankastic Personality [description not available]	3.39	1	1
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension.	3.39	1	1
Conjugate Nystagmus [description not available]	2	1	0
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.	2.4	2	0
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney [description not available]	2	1	0
Benign Cerebellar Neoplasms [description not available]	2	1	0
Carcinoma, Renal Cell A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.	2	1	0
Cephalgia Syndromes [description not available]	2	1	0
Headache Disorders Various conditions with the symptom of HEADACHE. Headache disorders are classified into major groups, such as PRIMARY HEADACHE DISORDERS (based on characteristics of their headache symptoms) and SECONDARY HEADACHE DISORDERS (based on their etiologies). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	2	1	0
Acute Q Fever [description not available]	2	1	0
Dermatomycoses Superficial infections of the skin or its appendages by any of various fungi.	2	1	0
Infarct of the Spleen [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Hematoma A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.	2.01	1	0
Leukemia L 1210 [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Experimental Leukemia [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	1.97	1	0
Adipocere [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.	1.97	1	0
Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.	1.97	1	0
Bone Cancer [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Cancer of Intestines [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Bone Neoplasms Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.	1.97	1	0
Intestinal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.	1.97	1	0

oxazolidin-2-one

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