Compounds > pramipexole
Page last updated: 2024-11-07

pramipexole

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Description

Pramipexole is a dopamine agonist medication used to treat Parkinson's disease, restless legs syndrome, and other conditions. It works by stimulating dopamine receptors in the brain, which helps to improve motor function. Pramipexole is typically taken orally, and it can be effective in reducing symptoms of Parkinson's disease, such as tremors, rigidity, and slowness of movement. It can also help to improve sleep quality in people with restless legs syndrome. Pramipexole is a synthetic compound that was first synthesized in the 1990s. It has been extensively studied, and it is generally considered to be safe and effective for treating Parkinson's disease and restless legs syndrome. However, it can cause side effects, such as nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and sleepiness. It is important to talk to a doctor before taking pramipexole, as it may not be suitable for everyone. Pramipexole is a non-ergot dopamine agonist, meaning it does not have the same side effects as older dopamine agonists. It is often used as a first-line treatment for Parkinson's disease, and it can be effective in improving motor function and quality of life for people with this condition.'
```

Pramipexole: A benzothiazole derivative and dopamine agonist with antioxidant properties that is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

pramipexole : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 6-pro-S-positions are substituted by amino and propylamino groups, respectively. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID119570
CHEMBL ID301265
CHEBI ID8356
SCHEMBL ID35376
MeSH IDM0170120

Synonyms (109)

Synonym
BIDD:GT0250
(6s)-n(6)-propyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole-2,6-diamine
pramipexolum
CHEBI:8356 ,
AB00053772-12
AB00053772-13
gtpl953
(6s)-n'-propyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole-2,6-diamine
DIVK1C_006916
mirapexin
u-98528e
(6s)-n6-propyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole-2,6-diamine
pramipexolum [latin]
2-amino-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-6-propylaminobenzothiazole
(s)-2-amino-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-6-(propylamino)benzothiazole
2,6-benzothiazolediamine, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-n6-propyl-, (s)-
2,6-benzothiazolediamine, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-n(sup 6)-propyl-, (s)-
pramipexol [spanish]
sud919cl2y
SPECTRUM_001838
pramipexole (usan/inn)
D05575
104632-26-0
SPECTRUM5_001453
MLS001423952
pramipexole
smr000449298
MLS000758250
pramipexol
DB00413
(-)-pramipexole
(s)-n 6-propyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole-2,6-diamine
KBIO2_002340
KBIO1_001860
KBIO2_004908
KBIO2_007476
KBIOSS_002343
SPECPLUS_000820
NCGC00167441-01
4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-n6-propyl-2,6-benzothiazole-diamine
HMS2090C15
HMS2051A21
111GE001 ,
bdbm50116766
sud-919cl2y
nsc-760426
CHEMBL301265 ,
(6s)-6-n-propyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole-2,6-diamine
n'-propyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzothiazole-2,6-diamine; (s)-2-amino-6-propylamino-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzthiazole;(s)-n6-propyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzothiazole-2,6-diamine
A801025
hsdb 8253
unii-83619peu5t
83619peu5t ,
oprymea
(s)-2-amino-6-propylamino-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzothiazole
sud 919cl2y
pramipexole [usan:inn:ban]
nsc 760426
snd 919
ec 600-593-1
dtxsid6023496 ,
dtxcid203496
tox21_112445
cas-104632-26-0
(s)-n6-propyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[d]thiazole-2,6-diamine
HMS2232B03
CCG-100823
NCGC00167441-03
ctc-501
pramipexole [mi]
pramipexole [vandf]
pramipexole [who-dd]
pramipexole [inn]
pramipexole [usan]
(s)-pramipexole
S2460
CX1349
FASDKYOPVNHBLU-ZETCQYMHSA-N
(s)-(-)-2-amino-6-n-propylamino-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzothiazole
(-) pramipexole
(6s)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-n6-propyl-2,6-benzothiazole-diamine
HY-B0410
NC00073
SCHEMBL35376
NCGC00167441-02
tox21_112445_1
2,6-benzothiazolediamine, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-n6-propyl-, (6s)-
AB00053772_16
AB00053772_14
J-001211
sr-01000763219
SR-01000763219-6
SR-01000763219-5
SW197453-4
A901248
Q421304
(s)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-n6-propyl-2,6-benzothiazolediamine
pramipexole (mirapex)
DS-14807
AMY10837
EN300-150086
NCGC00167441-10
HMS3884L19
AKOS016843188
556801-24-2
P2879
(s)-n 6-propyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole-2,6-diamine
pramipexolum (latin)
n04bc05

Research Excerpts

Overview

Pramipexole is a dopamine agonist that is well-tolerated and effective at treating Parkinson’s disease symptoms. PramipeXole is used as a treatment in PD and restless legs syndrome to reduce motor symptoms, but it often induces impulse control disorders. Dexpramipe Xole was a great hope for the treatment of ALS.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Pramipexole is a promising augmentation agent for TRD and may be a useful addition to existing treatment regimes. "( PAX-D: study protocol for a randomised placebo-controlled trial evaluating the efficacy and mechanism of pramipexole as add-on treatment for people with treatment resistant depression.
Attenburrow, MJ; Au-Yeung, SK; Bogacz, R; Browning, M; Chan, F; Cipriani, A; Cleare, A; Cowen, P; Edwards, C; Evans, J; Geddes, J; Griffiths, J; Harmer, CJ; Harrison, PJ; Kessler, D; Lewis, G; Rendell, J; Roberts, S; Shanyinde, M; Simon, J; Singh, I; Watson, S; Yu, LM, 2022)		2.38
"Pramipexole is a selective dopamine agonist applied for treating Parkinson's disease and has been recently claimed with neuroprotective capacity."( Pramipexole Protects Against Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) Dysfunction.
Chen, L; Huang, J; Huang, Z; Lan, H; Liu, Z; Wei, C; Xie, C; Zhou, Z, 2022)		2.89
"Pramipexole is a dopamine agonist that is well-tolerated and effective at treating Parkinson’s disease symptoms."( Efficacy of pramipexole on quality of life in patients with Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Li, T; Liang, Z; Liu, M; Zhang, Z; Zou, S, 2022)		1.82
"Pramipexole is a dopamine agonist used as a treatment in PD and restless legs syndrome to reduce motor symptoms, but it often induces impulse control disorders. "( The anterior caudate nucleus supports impulsive choices triggered by pramipexole.
Martinez, E; Météreau, É; Pasquereau, B; Saga, Y; Tremblay, L, 2020)		2.24
"Pramipexole is a selective dopamine receptor agonist which is used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and restless legs syndrome. "( The convenient use of fluorescamine for spectrofluorimetric quantitation of pramipexole in pure form and pharmaceutical formulation; application to content uniformity testing.
Abdelrahman, MM; Abdelwahab, NS; Ahmed, AB; Derayea, SM; Omar, MA, 2020)		2.23
"Dexpramipexole is a BTZ structural analog of riluzole and was a great hope for the treatment of ALS."( From Riluzole to Dexpramipexole via Substituted-Benzothiazole Derivatives for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Disease Treatment: Case Studies.
Desaphy, JF; Lentini, G; Majoral, JP; Mignani, S, 2020)		1.4
"Pramipexole is an agonist, and the charge transfer process is similar to that of dopamine."( Interaction of graphene with antipsychotic drugs: Is there any charge transfer process?
Del Castillo, RM; Martínez, A; Ramos, E, 2021)		1.34
"Pramipexole is a dopaminergic pharmacologic agent with reported adverse effects that include hypersexuality, shift in sexual interests, pathological gambling, compulsive shopping, and binge eating. "( Treatment of Pramipexole-Induced Problematic Sexual Behaviors.
DiMario, K; Fedoroff, JP; Ly, T; Mihowich, T; Murphy, L, 2021)		2.43
"Pramipexole is a dopamine agonist with potential antidepressant, neuroprotective, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. "( Efficacy and safety of 24-week pramipexole augmentation in patients with treatment resistant depression. A retrospective cohort study.
Betro', S; de Filippis, R; Iommi, M; Tundo, A, 2022)		2.45
"Pramipexole is a dopamine D"( Pramipexole Overdose Associated with Visual Hallucinations, Agitation and Myoclonus.
Cardon-Dunbar, A; Isbister, GK; Roberts, MS; Robertson, T, 2017)		3.34
"Pramipexole is a therapeutic option for MDD resistant to ECT. "( Pramipexole and Electroconvulsive Therapy in Treatment-Resistant Depression.
Advenier-Iakovlev, E; Gaillard, R; Gauthier, C; Souaiby, L, )		3.02
"Dexpramipexole (DEX) is a drug with a good safety profile in humans, known for its ability to increase mitochondrial ATP production and prompt neuroprotection in adult rodents subjected to cerebral ischemia. "( Repurposing of dexpramipexole to treatment of neonatal hypoxic/ischemic encephalopathy.
Buonvicino, D; Chiarugi, A; Muzzi, M; Tofani, L; Urru, M, 2018)		1.44
"Pramipexole (PPX) is a dopamine agonist developed for the symptomatic relief of PD."( Pramipexole reduces phosphorylation of α-synuclein at serine-129.
Chau, KY; Cooper, JM; Schapira, AH, 2013)		2.55
"Pramipexole is a clinically important dopamine receptor agonist with reported selectivity for dopamine D3 receptors over other dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic sites. "( Low dose pramipexole causes D3 receptor-independent reduction of locomotion and responding for a conditioned reinforcer.
Browne, JD; Fletcher, PJ; McCormick, PN; Nobrega, JN; Remington, GJ; Wilson, VS, 2015)		2.28
"Pramipexole is a D3 dopamine receptor-preferring agonist indicated for the treatment of Parkinson disease. "( Dopamine D3 receptor-preferring agonist enhances the subjective effects of cocaine in humans.
De La Garza, R; Haile, CN; Kosten, TR; Mahoney, JJ; Newton, TF; Shah, R; Verrico, CD, 2015)		1.86
"Pramipexole is a dopaminergic agonist used in Parkinson's disease treatment. "( The adrenergic α2 antagonist atipamezole alters the behavioural effects of pramipexole and increases pramipexole concentration in blood plasma.
Fletcher, PJ; McCormick, PN; Remington, GJ; Wilson, VS, 2016)		2.11
"Pramipexole is a dopamine D2 receptor agonist indicated for treating Parkinson disorder. "( Antidepressant effect of pramipexole in mice forced swimming test: A cross talk between dopamine receptor and NMDA/nitric oxide/cGMP pathway.
Dehpour, AR; Imran Khan, M; Norouzi-Javidan, A; Ostadhadi, S, 2016)		2.18
"Pramipexole is a possible alternative, but limited literature on its effectiveness exists."( Pramipexole in the treatment of REM sleep behaviour disorder: A critical review.
Tan, SM; Wan, YM, 2016)		2.6
"Pramipexole is a dopamine (DA) agonist (D2 subfamily receptors) that widely use in the treatment of Parkinson's diseases. "( Pramipexole reduces inflammation in the experimental animal models of inflammation.
Akbartabar Touri, M; Delaviz, H; Ghavamzadeh, M; Jafari Barmak, M; Parishani, M; Sadeghi, H; Zarezade, V, 2017)		3.34
"Pramipexole (PPX) is a D(2)/D(3) receptor agonist that has been shown to be effective in the treatment of depression. "( Sustained administration of pramipexole modifies the spontaneous firing of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin neurons in the rat brain.
Blier, P; Chernoloz, O; El Mansari, M, 2009)		2.09
"Pramipexole is a dopamine agonist used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. "( Pharmacokinetics of a once-daily extended-release formulation of pramipexole in healthy male volunteers: three studies.
Haertter, S; Jenner, P; Könen-Bergmann, M; Schepers, C, 2009)		2.03
"Pramipexole (PRA) is a preferential D3R agonist that, in rats and humans, modifies prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle reflex, an operational measure of sensorimotor gating. "( The effects of pramipexole on prepulse inhibition and locomotor activity in C57BL/6J mice.
Buell, MR; Chang, WL; Geyer, MA; Swerdlow, NR; Weber, M, 2010)		2.16
"Pramipexole is a hydrophilic, weakly basic drug, but exhibits high oral bioavailability in humans (>90%). "( Uptake of pramipexole by human organic cation transporters.
Diao, L; Polli, JE; Shu, Y, 2010)		2.21
"Pramipexole (PPX) is a dopamine agonist approved for the treatment of the signs and symptoms of idiopathic Parkinson's disease as well as restless leg syndrome. "( Toxicity assessment of pramipexole in juvenile rhesus monkeys.
Deschl, U; Eddie, M; Greischel, A; Hotchkiss, CE; Li, M; Mauz, A; Patterson, TA; Paule, MG; Stierstorfer, B, 2010)		2.11
"Pramipexole (PPX) is a dopamine agonist with an 8-fold higher affinity for D3 than D2 receptor, whose efficacy in the treatment of Parkinson's disease is based on dopamine agonistic activity. "( Distinct effects of pramipexole on the proliferation of adult mouse sub-ventricular zone-derived cells and the appearance of a neuronal phenotype.
Canonico, PL; Merlo, S; Sortino, MA, 2011)		2.14
"Pramipexole is an effective treatment for restless legs syndrome (RLS), but no controlled studies have lasted >12 weeks."( Efficacy and augmentation during 6 months of double-blind pramipexole for restless legs syndrome.
Albrecht, S; Allen, RP; Brenner, SS; Busse, M; Ferini-Strambi, L; Fraessdorf, M; Garcia-Borreguero, D; Hening, W; Högl, B; Poewe, W; Trenkwalder, C, 2011)		2.06
"Pramipexole is an effective agent against subjective tinnitus associated with presbycusis at a dose schedule used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. "( Tinnitus control by dopamine agonist pramipexole in presbycusis patients: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study.
Sziklai, I; Szilvássy, J; Szilvássy, Z, 2011)		2.08
"Pramipexole is a nonergolinic dopamine agonist, with high affinity for the D2 subfamily of dopamine receptors. "( Pramipexole for the treatment of early Parkinson's disease.
Perez Lloret, S; Perez-Lloret, S; Rascol, O; Ratti, L; Rey, MV, 2011)		3.25
"Pramipexole is a non-ergot agonist with selective affinity for dopamine receptors of the D2 subfamily, in particular D3. "( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of pramipexole.
Antonini, A; Calandrella, D, 2011)		2.1
"Pramipexole is a dopamine agonist that has been used to treat both motor and non-motor symptoms associated with PD."( The effect of pramipexole on depressive symptoms in Parkinson's disease.
Hamaguchi, H; Kanda, F; Sekiguchi, K; Yasui, N, 2011)		1.45
"Pramipexole (PPX) is a dopamine agonist medication that has been implicated in the development of pathological gambling and other impulse control disorders. "( Effects of acute pramipexole on male rats' preference for gambling-like rewards II.
Johnson, PS; Madden, GJ; Stein, JS, 2012)		2.16
"Pramipexole is a non-ergot dopamine agonist that is used frequently as a single therapy or in combination for the management of Parkinson's disease. "( Pramipexole-related chronic lower limb oedema in a patient with Parkinson's disease.
Munhoz, RP; Teive, HA; Zavala, JA, 2012)		3.26
"Pramipexole (PPX) is a dopamine agonist that is FDA-approved for treatment of motor dysfunction in Parkinson's disease and restless leg syndrome. "( Pramipexole- and methamphetamine-induced reward-mediated behavior in a rodent model of Parkinson's disease and controls.
Napier, TC; Riddle, JL; Rokosik, SL, 2012)		3.26
"Pramipexole is a novel, internationally available selective nonergot D2 dopamine agonist. "( [Pramipexole in Parkinson disease. Results of a treatment observation].
Brecht, HM; Kraus, PH; Lemke, MR; Reichmann, H, 2002)		2.67
"Pramipexole is a dopamine agonist which binds selectively to dopamine D(3) and D(2) receptors. "( Potential antidepressant properties of pramipexole detected in locomotor and operant behavioral investigations in mice.
Lehr, E, 2002)		2.03
"Pramipexole is a dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist used to treat Parkinson's disease. "( Pramipexole increases vesicular dopamine uptake: implications for treatment of Parkinson's neurodegeneration.
Fleckenstein, AE; Hanson, GR; Rau, KS; Truong, JG, 2003)		3.2
"Pramipexole is an effective and well-tolerated therapy, with or without concomitant levodopa, for Chinese patients with Parkinson's disease."( Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of pramipexole in untreated and levodopa-treated patients with Parkinson's disease.
Lu, CS; Mok, V; Shan, DE; Tsoi, TH; Wong, KS; Yang, CC, 2003)		2.03
"Pramipexole is a nonergoline dopamine agonist with D2 and preferential D3 dopamine receptor activity. "( Conversion from dopamine agonists to pramipexole. An open-label trial in 227 patients with advanced Parkinson's disease.
Linazasoro, G, 2004)		2.04
"Pramipexole (PRX) is a non-ergot dopamine (DA) D2/D3 receptor agonist. "( Biological effects of pramipexole on dopaminergic neuron-associated genes: relevance to neuroprotection.
Jankovic, J; Le, W; Pan, T; Xie, W, 2005)		2.09
"Pramipexole is a D2/D3 dopamine receptor agonist used in the symptomatic treatment of PD, and which also protects neuronal cells against dopaminergic toxins in vitro."( Pramipexole protects against MPTP toxicity in non-human primates.
Cooper, JM; Haddon, CO; Iravani, MM; Jenner, P; Schapira, AH, 2006)		2.5
"Pramipexole is a Food and Drug Administration-approved antiparkinsonian agent, which, when used to augment antidepressants, would be considered an off-label use and should be discussed with the patient."( Pramipexole: augmentation in the treatment of depressive symptoms.
Frank, B; Gupta, S; Vincent, JL, 2006)		2.5
"Pramipexole is a D3 dopaminergic agonist that has shown a major effect on both sensory and motor manifestations of restless legs syndrome (RLS) in long-term trials. "( The acute effect of a low dosage of pramipexole on severe idiopathic restless legs syndrome: an open-label trial.
Cancelli, I; Canesin, R; Dolso, P; Gigli, GL; Merlino, G; Valente, M, 2006)		2.05
"Pramipexole is an effective adjunctive antiparkinsonian therapy in PD patients of African, Asian, and Hispanic heritage. "( Pramipexole in levodopa-treated Parkinson disease patients of African, Asian, and Hispanic heritage.
, )		3.02
"Pramipexole is an oral, non-ergoline dopamine agonist with selectivity for the dopamine D(3) receptor, which was recently approved in the EU and the US for the treatment of idiopathic restless legs syndrome (RLS) in adults. "( Pramipexole: in restless legs syndrome.
McCormack, PL; Siddiqui, MA, 2007)		3.23
"Pramipexole is an important therapeutic option for treatment-resistant bipolar and unipolar depression; further studies are warranted to evaluate its safety in psychiatric patients."( Pramipexole in psychiatry: a systematic review of the literature.
Aiken, CB, 2007)		3.23
"Pramipexole is a non-ergotic D2/D3 dopaminergic agonist that can be used to treat the symptoms of Parkinson's disease safely and effectively both as monotherapy in the early stages and in the advanced phases in association with levodopa, which improves the motor fluctuations and dyskinesias. "( [Pramipexole and Parkinson's disease, an update].
Kulisevsky, J; Martínez-Corral, M, )		2.48
"Pramipexole is a non-ergoline dopamine agonist with a high selectivity for D(2) and D(3) receptors. "( Clinical experience with pramipexole in the treatment of restless legs syndrome.
Gigli, GL; Merlino, G; Robiony, F; Serafini, A; Valente, M, 2008)		2.09
"R+ pramipexole (PPX) is a lipophilic cation that concentrates into brain and mitochondria and efficiently scavenges reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). "( R+ pramipexole as a mitochondrially focused neuroprotectant: initial early phase studies in ALS.
Bennett, JP; Burns, TM; Conaway, MA; Keller, KE; Lacomis, D; Larriviere, KS; Pattee, GL; Phillips, LH; Solenski, NJ; Wang, H; Ware, KA; Zivkovic, SA, 2008)		1.59
"Pramipexole is a dopamine receptor agonist that has proved effective in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. "( Steady-state pharmacokinetic properties of pramipexole in healthy volunteers.
Ichhpurani, AK; Peters, GR; Sisson, TL; Wright, CE, 1997)		2
"Pramipexole is a new, selective, nonergoline dopamine agonist that acts on D2 and preferentially on D3 dopamine receptors. "( Double-blind comparison of pramipexole and bromocriptine treatment with placebo in advanced Parkinson's disease. International Pramipexole-Bromocriptine Study Group.
Guttman, M, 1997)		2.04
"Pramipexole is a clinically effective nonergot dopamine agonist. "( Pharmacology of pramipexole, a dopamine D3-preferring agonist useful in treating Parkinson's disease.
Piercey, MF, )		1.92
"Pramipexole is an orally active non-ergoline dopamine agonist with selective activity at dopamine receptors belonging to the D2 receptor subfamily (D2, D3, D4 receptor subtypes) and with preferential affinity for the D3 receptor subtype. "( Pramipexole. A review of its use in the management of early and advanced Parkinson's disease.
Dooley, M; Markham, A, 1998)		3.19
"Pramipexole (PPX) is a full intrinsic activity, direct-acting dopamine (DA) agonist possessing 7-fold higher affinity for D3 than for D2 receptors. "( Both the antioxidant and D3 agonist actions of pramipexole mediate its neuroprotective actions in mesencephalic cultures.
Carvey, PM; Ling, ZD; Robie, HC; Tong, CW, 1999)		2
"Pramipexole is an aminothiazole dopamine agonist with selective actions at dopamine receptors belonging to the D2 subfamily, where it possesses full activity similar to dopamine itself."( Pramipexole--a new dopamine agonist for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
Bennett, JP; Piercey, MF, 1999)		2.47
"Pramipexole is a non-ergot dopamine agonist used to treat Parkinson's disease (PD). "( Pramipexole-induced somnolence and episodes of daytime sleep.
Anderson, WM; Gauger, L; Hauser, RA; Zesiewicz, TA, 2000)		3.19
"Pramipexole is a potential therapy for primary orthostatic tremor. "( Pramipexole is a possible effective treatment for primary orthostatic tremor (shaky leg syndrome).
Finkel, MF, 2000)		3.19
"Pramipexole is an aminobenzothiazole compound, recently introduced for the treatment of both early and advanced PD."( Pre-clinical studies of pramipexole: clinical relevance.
Hubble, JP, 2000)		1.34
"Pramipexole is a novel nonergoline dopamine agonist with a preference for the dopamine D3 receptor subtype. "( Pramipexole in the treatment of advanced Parkinson's disease.
Möller, JC; Oertel, WH, 2000)		3.19
"Pramipexole proved to be an effective agent for patients with Parkinson's disease and drug resistant tremor."( Pramipexole in patients with Parkinson's disease and marked drug resistant tremor: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled multicentre study.
Gasser, T; Meier, D; Oertel, WH; Pogarell, O; Pollentier, S; Spieker, S; van Hilten, JJ, 2002)		3.2
"Pramipexole (SND 919) is a dopamine D2 autoreceptor agonist which is structurally related to talipexole (B-HT 920), a potential antipsychotic agent. "( Pramipexole, a dopamine D2 autoreceptor agonist, decreases the extracellular concentration of dopamine in vivo.
Carter, AJ; Müller, RE, 1991)		3.17

Effects

Pramipexole has a 5- to 7-fold greater affinity for the D3 receptor subtype. It has a low short-term rate of manic switching in bipolar patients (1% mania, 5% hypomania)

Pramipexole has been showed to protect cultured dopaminergic (DAergic) cells against free radical-induced cytotoxicity. DexpramipeXole (DEX) has been described as the first-in-class F1Fo ATP synthase activator.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Pramipexole has a very low affinity for serotoninergic 5-HT2A and 5-HT2B receptors, as well as D1-type receptors."( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of pramipexole.
Antonini, A; Calandrella, D, 2011)		1.38
"Pramipexole has a large effect size (0.6-1.1) in the treatment of both bipolar and unipolar depression with a low short-term rate of manic switching in bipolar patients (1% mania, 5% hypomania). "( Pramipexole in psychiatry: a systematic review of the literature.
Aiken, CB, 2007)		3.23
"Pramipexole has a 5- to 7-fold greater affinity for the D3 receptor subtype with lower affinities for the D2 and D4 receptor subtypes."( Pre-clinical studies of pramipexole: clinical relevance.
Hubble, JP, 2000)		1.34
"Pramipexole has a more potent blood pressure lowering effect in SHR than in WKY."( Effect of pramipexole, a dopamine-1/dopamine-2 receptor agonist, on sodium excretion and blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
Eisner, GM; Jose, PA; Kaneko, S, 1990)		1.4
"Dexpramipexole (DEX) has been described as the first-in-class F1Fo ATP synthase activator able to boost mitochondrial bioenergetics and provide neuroprotection in experimental models of ischemic brain injury. "( Dexpramipexole Enhances K
Buonvicino, D; Cherchi, F; Chiarugi, A; Coppi, E; Pugliese, AM; Ranieri, G; Venturini, M, 2021)		1.86
"Pramipexole (PPX) has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties."( Pramipexole attenuates 6-OHDA-induced Parkinson's disease by mediating the Nurr1/NF-κB pathway.
Gao, H; Jiang, S; Mao, JP; Wang, D; Wang, YL; Yang, XL, 2021)		2.79
"Pramipexole has been shown to improve mood symptoms in animal models of depression, in people with Parkinson's Disease and two proof of principle trials of pramipexole for people with BD who are currently depressed."( Study protocol for a randomised placebo-controlled trial of pramipexole in addition to mood stabilisers for patients with treatment resistant bipolar depression (the PAX-BD study).
Azim, L; Browne, G; Chadwick, T; Clare, E; Courtney, P; Dixon, L; Duffelen, N; Fouweather, T; Geddes, JR; Goudie, N; Harvey, S; Helter, T; Hindmarch, P; Holstein, EM; Martin, G; Mawson, P; McAllister-Williams, RH; McCaffery, J; Morriss, R; Simon, J; Smith, D; Stokes, PRA; Walker, J; Watson, S; Weetman, C; Wolstenhulme, F; Young, AH, 2021)		1.58
"Pramipexole has demonstrated the efficacy in the treatment of persistent tremor and depression in double-blind placebo-controlled trials."( [A current view on dopamine receptor agonists in the treatment of Parkinson's disease].
Titova, NV, 2015)		1.14
"Pramipexole has been proposed to exert a broad spectrum of neuroprotective properties, primarily through antioxidant effects, inhibiting apoptotic enzymes and preserving mitochondrial structure and activity."( Dexpramipexole, the R(+) enantiomer of pramipexole, for the potential treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Cheah, BC; Kiernan, MC, 2010)		1.7
"Pramipexole has a very low affinity for serotoninergic 5-HT2A and 5-HT2B receptors, as well as D1-type receptors."( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of pramipexole.
Antonini, A; Calandrella, D, 2011)		1.38
"Pramipexole in particular has shown efficacy in reducing toxicity to MPTP, MPP, rotenone and 6-hydroxydopamine."( Dopamine agonists and neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease.
Schapira, AH, 2002)		1.04
"Pramipexole has been shown to reduce oxidative stress and be neuroprotective in cell and animal models of neurodegeneration."( Reduction of oxidative stress in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis following pramipexole treatment.
Bennett, JP; Gerber, RE; Pattee, GL; Post, GR, 2003)		1.27
"Pramipexole has proven a suitable alternative in patients with moderate to severe RLS, particularly when their therapy has to be switched to a dopamine agonist."( Low-dose pramipexole in the management of restless legs syndrome. An open label trial.
Oertel, WH; Stiasny-Kolster, K, 2004)		1.46
"Pramipexole has been shown to possess neuroprotective properties in vitro that are partly independent of its dopaminergic agonism. "( Targeted antioxidative and neuroprotective properties of the dopamine agonist pramipexole and its nondopaminergic enantiomer SND919CL2x [(+)2-amino-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-6-Lpropylamino-benzathiazole dihydrochloride].
Buerger, E; Danzeisen, R; Dorner-Ciossek, C; Gillardon, F; Hengerer, B; Klinder, K; Krzykalla, V; Kussmaul, L; Ludolph, AC; Schild, L; Schwalenstoecker, B, 2006)		2
"Pramipexole has been studied in the treatment of RLS since 1998."( Pramipexole for the treatment of restless legs syndrome.
Kushida, CA, 2006)		2.5
"Pramipexole has a large effect size (0.6-1.1) in the treatment of both bipolar and unipolar depression with a low short-term rate of manic switching in bipolar patients (1% mania, 5% hypomania). "( Pramipexole in psychiatry: a systematic review of the literature.
Aiken, CB, 2007)		3.23
"Pramipexole has similar effects, whereas bromocriptine seems to exhibit the former but not the latter effect."( Protective effects of the antiparkinsonian drugs talipexole and pramipexole against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium-induced apoptotic death in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells.
Kakimura, JI; Kitamura, Y; Kohno, Y; Kosaka, T; Matsuoka, Y; Nomura, Y; Taniguchi, T, 1998)		1.26
"Pramipexole has been showed to protect cultured dopaminergic (DAergic) cells against free radical-induced cytotoxicity. "( Pramipexole inhibits lipid peroxidation and reduces injury in the substantia nigra induced by the dopaminergic neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine in C57BL/6 mice.
Appel, SH; He, Y; Jankovic, J; Le, W; Xu, J; Zou, L, 2000)		3.19
"Pramipexole has a 5- to 7-fold greater affinity for the D3 receptor subtype with lower affinities for the D2 and D4 receptor subtypes."( Pre-clinical studies of pramipexole: clinical relevance.
Hubble, JP, 2000)		1.34
"Pramipexole has a more potent blood pressure lowering effect in SHR than in WKY."( Effect of pramipexole, a dopamine-1/dopamine-2 receptor agonist, on sodium excretion and blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
Eisner, GM; Jose, PA; Kaneko, S, 1990)		1.4

Actions

Pramipexole may produce neuroprotective effects by protecting neurons in the hippocampus and improving mitochondrial membrane potential after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Pramipexole may produce neuroprotective effects by protecting neurons in the hippocampus and improving the mitochondrial membrane potential after global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury."( Effects of different doses of dopamine receptor agonist pramipexole on neurobehaviors and changes of mitochondrial membrane potentials in rats with global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Kang, X; Liu, L; Wang, W; Wang, Y, 2023)		1.88
"pramipexole) known to produce compulsive behaviors in humans would increase marble burying."( Pharmacological evaluation of the adequacy of marble burying as an animal model of compulsion and/or anxiety.
Jimenez-Gomez, C; Osentoski, A; Woods, JH, 2011)		1.09

Treatment

Pramipexole pretreatment in male C57BL/6 mice significantly reduced the myocardial infarction size, decreased the CK and LDH activities at the serum level and enhanced autophagy. PramipeXole treatment was associated with later occurrence of dyskinesias.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Pramipexole treatment induced a physical interaction between D3R and DAT, as assessed by co-immunoprecipitation and in situ proximity ligation assay."( Prolonged treatment with pramipexole promotes physical interaction of striatal dopamine D3 autoreceptors with dopamine transporters to reduce dopamine uptake.
Afonso-Oramas, D; Barroso-Chinea, P; Castro-Hernández, J; Cruz-Muros, I; González-Hernández, T; Millan, MJ; Moratalla, R; Salas-Hernández, J, 2015)		1.44
"Pramipexole pretreatment in male C57BL/6 mice significantly reduced the myocardial infarction size, decreased the CK and LDH activities at the serum level and enhanced autophagy."( Pramipexole pretreatment attenuates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury through upregulation of autophagy.
Ma, Y; Mo, Y; Tang, L; Wu, S, 2016)		2.6
"Pramipexole treatment significantly reduced lactate dehydrogenase release (p<0.0001) as a measure of cellular injury."( Comparable Neuroprotective Effects of Pergolide and Pramipexole on Ferrous Sulfate-Induced Dopaminergic Cell Death in Cell Culture.
Gille, G; Moldzio, R; Radad, K; Rausch, WD; Reichelt, D; Reichmann, H, 2016)		1.41
"For pramipexole in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, this means taking into account the available evidence regarding its symptomatic efficacy, effect on delaying long-term levodopa-related motor complications, beneficial effect on non-motor symptoms such as depression, and its safety and tolerability profile."( Role of pramipexole in the management of Parkinson's disease.
Abbruzzese, G; Antonini, A; Barone, P; Ceravolo, R; Fabbrini, G; Tinazzi, M, 2010)		1.28
"Pramipexole treatment completely antagonized the neurotoxic effects of MPTP, as measured by substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area TH-immunoreactive cell counts. "( Low dose pramipexole is neuroprotective in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease, and downregulates the dopamine transporter via the D3 receptor.
Borwege, S; Hagner, D; Joyce, JN; Ryoo, H; Woolsey, C, 2004)		2.18
"Pramipexole-treated subjects had significantly increased brain GABA levels compared to placebo (p=0.031)."( Prefrontal GABA levels in cocaine-dependent subjects increase with pramipexole and venlafaxine treatment.
Ciraulo, DA; Hennen, J; Jensen, JE; Ke, Y; Knapp, C; Kwak, T; Meyer, AA; Nassar, LE; Renshaw, PF; Sarid-Segal, O; Streeter, CC, 2005)		1.29
"Pramipexole pretreatment also prevented degeneration of striatal dopamine terminals."( Pramipexole protects against MPTP toxicity in non-human primates.
Cooper, JM; Haddon, CO; Iravani, MM; Jenner, P; Schapira, AH, 2006)		2.5
"Pramipexole treatment was associated with later occurrence of dyskinesias."( Factors associated with the development of motor fluctuations and dyskinesias in Parkinson disease.
Hauser, RA; McDermott, MP; Messing, S, 2006)		1.06
"The pramipexole treated group experienced a significant improvement in "off" time functioning as measured by the activities of daily living portion of the United Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale."( The use of pramipexole, a novel dopamine (DA) agonist, in advanced Parkinson's disease.
Brown, D; Factor, SA; Molho, ES; Sanchez-Ramos, JR; Sheldon, C; Shulman, L; Singer, C; Weiner, WJ, 1995)		1.16
"Pramipexole treated animals exhibited a 29% and a 27% reduction in striatal dopamine and THir cell counts, respectively."( Pramipexole attenuates the dopaminergic cell loss induced by intraventricular 6-hydroxydopamine.
Carvey, PM; Chen, EY; Ling, ZD; Lipton, JW; Ma, SY; Robie, HC; Tong, CW; Vu, TQ, 2000)		2.47
"Pramipexole treatment also significantly attenuated the loss of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive neurons (TH-IR) within the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) in both young and aged animals."( Neuroprotective effects of pramipexole in young and aged MPTP-treated mice.
Anderson, DW; Neavin, T; Schneider, JS; Smith, JA, 2001)		1.33
"Treatment with pramipexole is used in restless legs syndrome."( PTPRD as a candidate druggable target for therapies for restless legs syndrome?
Esteves, AM; Franco, B; Holanda, ASS; Manconi, M; Morais, MA; Simino, LAP; Torsoni, A, 2021)		0.96
"Pretreatment with pramipexole (PPX), a preferential D3R agonist, showed antidepressant effects on LPS-induced depression-like behavior through preventing changes in LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokines (tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6), BDNF, and ERK1/2-CREB signaling pathway in the VTA and NAc."( The Dopamine Receptor D3 Regulates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Depressive-Like Behavior in Mice.
Chen, T; Chen, Y; Jia, Y; Li, G; Wang, B; Wang, J; Zhou, T; Zhu, L, 2018)		0.8
"Treatment with pramipexole, a dopamine D(3)/D(2) receptor agonist, reduces depressive symptoms in patients suffering from Parkinson's disease. "( Antidepressant effects of pramipexole, a dopamine D3/D2 receptor agonist, and 7-OH-DPAT, a dopamine D3 receptor agonist, in olfactory bulbectomized rats.
Breuer, ME; Buerger, E; Ferger, B; Groenink, L; Korte, M; Olivier, B; Oosting, RS, 2009)		1.01
"Treatment with pramipexole decreased the number of PLMS and normalized the increased PLMS-related HR response in RLS subjects."( Effects of acute dopamine-agonist treatment in restless legs syndrome on heart rate variability during sleep.
Clemens, S; Ferini-Strambi, L; Ferri, R; Manconi, M; Oldani, A; Rundo, F; Zucconi, M, 2011)		0.71
"Treatment with pramipexole yielded significant score reduction as early as day 5."( Evaluation of painful sensory symptoms in restless legs syndrome: experience from two clinical trials.
Busse, M; Hornyak, M; Sohr, M, 2011)		0.71
"The treatment with pramipexole was followed by a significant reduction in the rate of occurrence of ALMA, in reported insomnia, and in daytime sleepiness. "( The neurophysiology of the alternating leg muscle activation (ALMA) during sleep: study of one patient before and after treatment with pramipexole.
Cosentino, FI; Ferri, R; Iero, I; Lanuzza, B; Tripodi, M, 2006)		0.87
"Treatment with pramipexole concurrently with MPTP or following MPTP did not prevent TH-positive cell loss."( Pramipexole protects against MPTP toxicity in non-human primates.
Cooper, JM; Haddon, CO; Iravani, MM; Jenner, P; Schapira, AH, 2006)		2.12
"Treatment with pramipexole 0.25, 0.50 or 0.75 mg once daily for 12 weeks significantly reduced IRLS scores from baseline values (-13 to -14 vs -9) and produced significantly higher proportions of CGI-I responders (68-75% vs 51%) compared with placebo."( Pramipexole: in restless legs syndrome.
McCormack, PL; Siddiqui, MA, 2007)		2.12
"Treatment with Pramipexole was associated with increased risk of gambling and this association approached significance (OR, 3.6; 95% CI, 0.9-14.9)."( Medications used to treat Parkinson's disease and the risk of gambling.
Brown, LA; Geda, YE; Imamura, A; Slowinski, J; Uitti, RJ; Wszolek, ZK, 2008)		0.69
"Treatment with pramipexole and bromocriptine partially, but significantly (P < 0.01), prevented the loss of inferior olivary neurons."( Neuroprotective effects of the dopamine agonists pramipexole and bromocriptine in 3-acetylpyridine-treated rats.
Hall, ED; Oostveen, JA; Sethy, VH; Wu, H, 1997)		0.89
"Pretreatment with pramipexole in a concentration range (4-100 microM) significantly attenuates DA- or L-DOPA-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis, an action which is not blocked by D3 antagonist U-99194 A or D2 antagonist raclopride."( Neuroprotection by pramipexole against dopamine- and levodopa-induced cytotoxicity.
Appel, SH; Jankovic, J; Le, W; Rowe, DB; Xie, W; Zou, L, 1999)		0.96

Toxicity

Pramipexole is effective and safe in the treatment of both objective and subjective facets of RLS. The most frequent adverse events with higher occurrence in the pramipexoles group were nausea (19%)

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Serious adverse events did not occur."( Pramipexole as adjunct to haloperidol in schizophrenia. Safety and efficacy.
Barnas, C; Heiden, A; Kasper, S; Laakmann, G; Pfolz, H; Volz, HP; Zeit, H, 1997)		1.74
"Pramipexole was generally safe and well tolerated in this 10-week study."( Safety and efficacy of pramipexole in early Parkinson disease. A randomized dose-ranging study. Parkinson Study Group.
, 1997)		2.05
"Pramipexole is safe and effective as short-term monotherapy in patients with early PD who are not receiving levodopa."( Safety and efficacy of pramipexole in early Parkinson disease. A randomized dose-ranging study. Parkinson Study Group.
, 1997)		2.05
" Safety and tolerability were assessed on the basis of adverse events, vital signs, laboratory measurements, and ECG recordings."( Efficacy, safety, and tolerance of the non-ergoline dopamine agonist pramipexole in the treatment of advanced Parkinson's disease: a double blind, placebo controlled, randomised, multicentre study.
Oertel, WH; Pinter, MM; Pogarell, O, 1999)		0.54
" The adverse event profile disclosed a high tolerability."( Efficacy, safety, and tolerance of the non-ergoline dopamine agonist pramipexole in the treatment of advanced Parkinson's disease: a double blind, placebo controlled, randomised, multicentre study.
Oertel, WH; Pinter, MM; Pogarell, O, 1999)		0.54
" There is, however, uncertainty regarding differences in the adverse event profiles associated with each drug."( Comparison of the risk of adverse events with pramipexole and ropinirole in patients with Parkinson's disease: a meta-analysis.
Etminan, M; Gill, S; Samii, A, 2003)		0.58
"To compare the adverse events of pramipexole and ropinirole as reported in the peer-reviewed medical literature."( Comparison of the risk of adverse events with pramipexole and ropinirole in patients with Parkinson's disease: a meta-analysis.
Etminan, M; Gill, S; Samii, A, 2003)		0.86
" In the first analysis, we estimated the pooled relative risk (RR) of adverse events with either pramipexole or ropinirole as compared with levodopa."( Comparison of the risk of adverse events with pramipexole and ropinirole in patients with Parkinson's disease: a meta-analysis.
Etminan, M; Gill, S; Samii, A, 2003)		0.79
" Safety and tolerability were evaluated by treatment-emergent adverse event reports, clinical laboratory test results (blood chemistry, hematology, and urinalysis), vital signs, and electrocardiograms."( Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of pramipexole in untreated and levodopa-treated patients with Parkinson's disease.
Lu, CS; Mok, V; Shan, DE; Tsoi, TH; Wong, KS; Yang, CC, 2003)		0.59
"Pramipexole is effective and safe in the treatment of both objective and subjective facets of RLS."( Efficacy and safety of pramipexole in idiopathic restless legs syndrome: a polysomnographic dose-finding study--the PRELUDE study.
Alakuijala, A; Hirvonen, K; Hublin, C; Jama, L; Koester, J; Partinen, M; Reess, J; Tamminen, I, 2006)		2.09
" Pramipexole was well tolerated: The most frequent adverse events with higher occurrence in the pramipexole group were nausea (19."( Efficacy and safety of pramipexole in restless legs syndrome.
Becker, PM; Cappola, JJ; Koester, J; Kushida, CA; Reess, J; Sethi, KD; Winkelman, JW, 2006)		1.55
"As rated by patients and by clinicians, pramipexole was efficacious and safe in reducing the symptoms of restless legs syndrome."( Efficacy and safety of pramipexole in restless legs syndrome.
Becker, PM; Cappola, JJ; Koester, J; Kushida, CA; Reess, J; Sethi, KD; Winkelman, JW, 2006)		0.91
" Adverse events, all of which were mild, occurred in 29."( Pramipexole safely replaces ergot dopamine agonists with either rapid or slow switching.
Abe, T; Hamada, T; Kashihara, K; Kawamura, J; Kowa, H; Nogawa, S; Ogino, Y; Tachibana, H; Takahashi, H, )		1.57
" Safety was documented by Adverse Events reported in >5% of patients."( Open-label study of the long-term efficacy and safety of pramipexole in patients with Restless Legs Syndrome (extension of the PRELUDE study).
Alakuijala, A; Hirvonen, K; Hublin, C; Jama, L; Koester, J; Partinen, M; Reess, J; Tamminen, I, 2008)		0.59
" The most frequent Adverse Events were influenza (17."( Open-label study of the long-term efficacy and safety of pramipexole in patients with Restless Legs Syndrome (extension of the PRELUDE study).
Alakuijala, A; Hirvonen, K; Hublin, C; Jama, L; Koester, J; Partinen, M; Reess, J; Tamminen, I, 2008)		0.59
"To determine whether adding orally disintegrating selegiline (ODS) while decreasing dopamine agonist (DA) dosages would reduce DA-related adverse effects (AEs) of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), pedal edema, hallucinations, and impulse control disorders (ICDs) without compromising efficacy in Parkinson disease (PD) patients."( Orally disintegrating selegiline in Parkinson patients with dopamine agonist-related adverse effects.
Elmer, LW; Friedman, JH; Hauser, RA; Hermanowicz, N; Hersh, BP; Isaacson, SH; Lew, MF; Lyons, KE; Pahwa, R; Parashos, SA; Silver, DE; Struck, LK; Tetrud, JW, )		0.13
" Successful switching (defined as no worsening >15% of baseline UPDRS II+III score and no drug-related adverse event withdrawal) was assessed at 9 weeks, after optional dosage adjustments (primary endpoint), and at 4 weeks, before adjustment."( Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of overnight switching from immediate- to once daily extended-release pramipexole in early Parkinson's disease.
Barone, P; Debieuvre, C; Hauser, RA; Mizuno, Y; Poewe, W; Rascol, O; Salin, L; Schapira, AH; Sohr, M, 2010)		0.57
"0 mg/kg/day for 30 weeks to juvenile rhesus monkeys produced adverse findings which were attributable to its pharmacological properties, including hypoprolactinemia."( Toxicity assessment of pramipexole in juvenile rhesus monkeys.
Deschl, U; Eddie, M; Greischel, A; Hotchkiss, CE; Li, M; Mauz, A; Patterson, TA; Paule, MG; Stierstorfer, B, 2010)		0.67
"5 days were safe and well tolerated."( Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of KNS-760704 (dexpramipexole) in healthy adult subjects.
Bozik, ME; Gribkoff, VK; Ingersoll, EW; Kramer, WG; Mather, JL, 2011)		0.61
" The type and frequency of adverse events were consistent with the known safety profile for dopamine agonists in RLS."( Efficacy, safety and dose-response of pramipexole in Japanese patients with primary restless legs syndrome: randomized trial.
Hirata, K; Inoue, Y; Kagimura, T; Kuroda, K; Shimizu, T; Uchimura, N, 2011)		0.64
"75 mg/day is efficacious, safe and well tolerated in Japanese patients with primary RLS."( Efficacy, safety and dose-response of pramipexole in Japanese patients with primary restless legs syndrome: randomized trial.
Hirata, K; Inoue, Y; Kagimura, T; Kuroda, K; Shimizu, T; Uchimura, N, 2011)		0.64
" The proportion of adverse events was 62."( Efficacy and safety of pramipexole in chinese patients with restless legs syndrome: results from a multi-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Chen, SD; Hu, XY; Jiang, YP; Li, JM; Liu, CF; Ma, JF; Sun, SG; Wan, Q; Wang, WZ; Wang, YJ; Zhao, ZX, 2012)		0.69
" The objective of this study was to perform an indirect comparison of Adverse Events (AEs) and Dropout Rates (DRs) among clinical trials of pramipexole, ropinirole, and rasagiline."( Indirect comparisons of adverse events and dropout rates in early Parkinson's disease trials of pramipexole, ropinirole, and rasagiline.
Tarrants, ML; Zagmutt, FJ, 2012)		0.8
"9%) reported adverse events (AEs), requiring withdrawal of 3 ER patients (5."( Efficacy and safety of extended- versus immediate-release pramipexole in Japanese patients with advanced and L-dopa-undertreated Parkinson disease: a double-blind, randomized trial.
Barone, P; Hasegawa, K; Hattori, N; Hauser, RA; Kagimura, T; Kuno, S; Mizuno, Y; Poewe, W; Rascol, O; Sarashina, A; Schapira, AH; Yamamoto, M, )		0.38
" The primary outcome was the number of patients experiencing a 'clinically important adverse event' (classified as a serious adverse event, an event leading to withdrawal or severe according to the patient)."( Evaluation of the safety and tolerability of rasagiline in the treatment of the early stages of Parkinson's disease.
Blin, O; Lancrenon, S; Pitel, S; Viallet, F, 2013)		0.39
"6% reported at least one 'clinically important' adverse event compared to 32."( Evaluation of the safety and tolerability of rasagiline in the treatment of the early stages of Parkinson's disease.
Blin, O; Lancrenon, S; Pitel, S; Viallet, F, 2013)		0.39
"In this study, the safety profile of rasagiline had clinically favorable differences in gastrointestinal and sleep adverse events compared to pramipexole, whilst showing comparable clinician and patient-rated clinical effectiveness as a monotherapy for the treatment of early idiopathic PD."( Evaluation of the safety and tolerability of rasagiline in the treatment of the early stages of Parkinson's disease.
Blin, O; Lancrenon, S; Pitel, S; Viallet, F, 2013)		0.59
" A non-serious drug-related adverse event (diarrhea) was observed in one patient."( Efficacy and safety of a once-daily extended-release formulation of pramipexole switched from an immediate-release formulation in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease: results from an open-label study.
Hatano, T; Hattori, N; Oyama, G; Shimo, Y; Takanashi, M, 2013)		0.63
" However, long-acting NEDA were also associated with a higher incidence of adverse events, especially in early PD patients, compared with placebo."( Meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of long-acting non-ergot dopamine agonists in Parkinson's disease.
Peng, GG; Wang, M; Zhang, JW; Zhou, CQ, 2014)		0.4
" Reported adverse events (AEs) with incidence ≥10."( Long-term safety and sustained efficacy of extended-release pramipexole in early and advanced Parkinson's disease.
Barone, P; Busse, M; Debieuvre, C; Fraessdorf, M; Hauser, RA; Mizuno, Y; Poewe, W; Rascol, O; Schapira, AH, 2014)		0.64
" 56 mild-moderate adverse events occurred, 26 probably/definitely related to R(+)PPX use, with 4 withdrawals."( Safety and Tolerability of R(+) Pramipexole in Mild-to-Moderate Alzheimer's Disease.
Bennett, J; Bothwell, R; Burns, J; Welch, P, 2016)		0.72
" We assessed differences in Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) scores, percentage of 'on' time or 'off' time, withdrawals, adverse events (AEs) and life quality between pramipexole ER and pramipexole IR or placebo."( Efficacy and safety of pramipexole extended-release in Parkinson's disease: a review based on meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Shen, T; Ye, R; Zhang, B, 2017)		0.96
"Pramipexole ER is as safe and effective as pramipexole IR in the treatment of Parkinson's disease."( Efficacy and safety of pramipexole extended-release in Parkinson's disease: a review based on meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Shen, T; Ye, R; Zhang, B, 2017)		2.21
"In order to increase treatment choices for patients with Parkinson disease (PD), we performed a retrospective assessment of adverse events associated with a novel once-daily extended-release (ER) formulation versus the standard immediate-release (IR) of the nonergolinic dopamine agonist, pramipexole."( Meta-analysis of the adverse events associated with extended-release versus standard immediate-release pramipexole in Parkinson disease.
Kong, D; Shen, Z, 2018)		0.87
" The relative risks (RR) of various adverse events with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were generated."( Meta-analysis of the adverse events associated with extended-release versus standard immediate-release pramipexole in Parkinson disease.
Kong, D; Shen, Z, 2018)		0.7
" We evaluated common adverse events associated with pramipexole in the gastrointestinal and nervous systems."( Meta-analysis of the adverse events associated with extended-release versus standard immediate-release pramipexole in Parkinson disease.
Kong, D; Shen, Z, 2018)		0.95
"Patients with PD treated with 2 different pramipexole formulations (ER and IR) had similar incidences of common adverse events."( Meta-analysis of the adverse events associated with extended-release versus standard immediate-release pramipexole in Parkinson disease.
Kong, D; Shen, Z, 2018)		0.96
" The outcomes of interest were as follows: the efficacy, unified Parkinson disease rating scale (UPDRS) scores, Hamilton depression rating scale score or adverse events."( Efficacy and safety of combination therapy with pramipexole and levodopa vs levodopa monotherapy in patients with Parkinson disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Jiang, DQ; Jiang, LL; Li, MX; Lu, CS; Wang, Y, 2021)		0.88
"Pathologic gambling is a rare but severe side effect of dopamine agonists (DA)."( [Gambling addiction as a side effect of low dose pramipexole in the treatment of restless legs syndrome].
Ibsen, JD; Lindström, ES; Skovbølling, SL, 2022)		0.98
" Pramipexole ER ranked first in overall withdrawals, and rotigotine transdermal patch ranked first in the incidence of adverse events (≥1 AEs)."( Efficacy and safety of non-ergot dopamine-receptor agonists as an adjunct to levodopa in advanced Parkinson's disease: A network meta-analysis.
Chen, FF; Chen, XT; Wen, SY; Zhang, Q; Zhou, CQ, 2023)		1.82

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetic analyses demonstrated relatively low bioavailability for L-dopa and adequate plasma levels of pramipexole, even at baseline, on a stable daily dose. Dexpramipexoles area under the curves (AUCs), but not Cmax , were significantly increased with the severity of renal impairment after a single dose administration.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The pharmacokinetic properties of pramipexole at steady-state concentrations were studied in 16 healthy men and women at four dose levels throughout the range recommended for Parkinson's patients."( Steady-state pharmacokinetic properties of pramipexole in healthy volunteers.
Ichhpurani, AK; Peters, GR; Sisson, TL; Wright, CE, 1997)		0.84
"These studies were conducted to evaluate the pharmacokinetic properties of a variety of prototypes for a once-daily extended-release (ER) formulation of pramipexole and to further characterize the prototype whose pharmacokinetics best matched those of the IR formulation."( Pharmacokinetics of a once-daily extended-release formulation of pramipexole in healthy male volunteers: three studies.
Haertter, S; Jenner, P; Könen-Bergmann, M; Schepers, C, 2009)		0.79
" In the first study, 7 prototypes of a once-daily ER formulation with various release properties, including rate and pH dependence, were compared with the IR formulation taken 3 times daily to identify the optimal pharmacokinetic resemblance based on predefined criteria derived from plasma AUC(0-24h), C(max), and C(min)."( Pharmacokinetics of a once-daily extended-release formulation of pramipexole in healthy male volunteers: three studies.
Haertter, S; Jenner, P; Könen-Bergmann, M; Schepers, C, 2009)		0.59
"This review summarizes the overall pharmacokinetic profile of pramipexole for both the IR and ER formulations."( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of pramipexole.
Antonini, A; Calandrella, D, 2011)		0.9
" The method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic studies of PRX in rats."( LC-MS/MS determination of pramipexole on rat dried blood spots: a pharmacokinetic study.
Raju, B; Ramakrishna, K; Rao, RN; Sravan, B; Srinivas, R, 2013)		0.69
" The pharmacokinetic analyses demonstrated relatively low bioavailability for L-dopa and adequate plasma levels of pramipexole, even at baseline, on a stable daily dose."( Therapeutic response to pramipexole in a patient with multiple system atrophy with predominant parkinsonism: positron emission tomography and pharmacokinetic assessments.
Ishii, K; Katayama, Y; Nagayama, H; Nakajima, N; Nishiyama, Y; Ueda, M, 2013)		0.91
" Dexpramipexole area under the curves (AUCs), but not Cmax , were significantly increased with the severity of renal impairment after a single dose administration."( Pharmacokinetics of renally excreted drug dexpramipexole in subjects with impaired renal function.
Dong, Y; Farwell, W; He, P; Kerr, D; Marbury, T; Ries, D; Rogge, M; Stecher, S; Wei, D, 2014)		1.22
" The aim was to develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of pramipexole, providing a basis for its individualized administration."( Development of a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model for Prediction of Pramipexole Pharmacokinetics in Parkinson's Disease Patients With Renal Impairment.
Huang, P; Jiao, Z; Ke, M; Lin, C; Wu, W; Xu, J; You, X, 2020)		1.01

Compound-Compound Interactions

Pramipexole combined with NGF therapy not only can effectively strengthen the cognitive impairment of patients with PD and promote clinical efficacy and high safety but also can inhibit inflammatory state, regulate brain neurotransmitters, and reduce urinary AD7c-NTP levels.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The present experiments were performed to investigate the effects of dopamine D1 receptor agonists given alone or in combination with dopamine D2 receptor agonists on body temperature in rats."( Hyperthermia induced by the dopamine D1 receptor agonist SK&F38393 in combination with the dopamine D2 receptor agonist talipexole in the rat.
Furukawa, T; Kimura, H; Matsumoto, S; Nagashima, M; Yamada, K, 1992)		0.28
" These results suggest that pramipexole could be administered with a reduced dose of levodopa to minimize dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease while maintaining therapeutic efficacy."( Pramipexole combined with levodopa improves motor function but reduces dyskinesia in MPTP-treated common marmosets.
Jackson, MJ; Jenner, P; Olanow, CW; Rose, S; Tayarani-Binazir, KA, 2010)		2.1
"A simple, rapid and sensitive analytical method for preconcentration and determination of pramipexole in different biological samples has been developed using solvent bar microextraction (SBME) combined with HPLC-UV."( Solvent bar microextraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography for preconcentration and determination of pramipexole in biological samples.
Ghasemi, E; Ghorban Dadrass, O; Kheradmand, S, 2014)		0.83
"In total, 160 PD patients who were admitted to our hospital were equally randomized into a control treatment group (levodopa alone) and the study group (pramipexole combined with levodopa)."( Efficacy of pramipexole combined with levodopa for Parkinson's disease treatment and their effects on QOL and serum TNF-
Ding, J; Hong, W; Huang, J; Ren, Y; Yang, Z, 2020)		1.14
"Pramipexole combined with levodopa relieved PD symptoms and improved the quality of life of PD patients, potentially by suppressing serum TNF-α levels."( Efficacy of pramipexole combined with levodopa for Parkinson's disease treatment and their effects on QOL and serum TNF-
Ding, J; Hong, W; Huang, J; Ren, Y; Yang, Z, 2020)		2.38
"To explore the effects of pramipexole combined with nerve growth factor (NGF) on cognitive impairment and urinary Alzheimer-associated neural thread protein (AD7c-NTP) expression in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD)."( Effects of Pramipexole Combined with Nerve Growth Factor on Cognitive Impairment and Urinary AD7c-NTP Expression in Patients with Parkinson's Disease.
Cheng, S; Wang, Z, 2022)		1.41
" The former was treated with pramipexole, and the latter was treated with pramipexole combined with NGF."( Effects of Pramipexole Combined with Nerve Growth Factor on Cognitive Impairment and Urinary AD7c-NTP Expression in Patients with Parkinson's Disease.
Cheng, S; Wang, Z, 2022)		1.4
"Pramipexole combined with NGF therapy not only can effectively strengthen the cognitive impairment of patients with PD and promote clinical efficacy and high safety but also can inhibit inflammatory state, regulate brain neurotransmitters, and reduce urinary AD7c-NTP levels."( Effects of Pramipexole Combined with Nerve Growth Factor on Cognitive Impairment and Urinary AD7c-NTP Expression in Patients with Parkinson's Disease.
Cheng, S; Wang, Z, 2022)		2.55
" The objectives of this study were to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of ZPG combined with pramipexole in the treatment of depression in PD (dPD)."( Zishen pingchan granules combined with pramipexole in the improvement of depressive symptoms in Parkinson's disease: a prospective, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical study.
Chen, J; Liu, W; Liu, Z; Ning, H; Ren, J; Shen, L; Tian, Z; Wang, H; Wang, Z; Yang, N; Yuan, C; Zhao, Y; Zheng, H; Zhou, G; Zhou, H, 2022)		1.2
"ZPG combined with pramipexole further reduced the depressive symptoms and improved the sleeping quality of PD patients."( Zishen pingchan granules combined with pramipexole in the improvement of depressive symptoms in Parkinson's disease: a prospective, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical study.
Chen, J; Liu, W; Liu, Z; Ning, H; Ren, J; Shen, L; Tian, Z; Wang, H; Wang, Z; Yang, N; Yuan, C; Zhao, Y; Zheng, H; Zhou, G; Zhou, H, 2022)		1.32

Bioavailability

Dexpramipexole (KNS-760704), an orally bioavailable synthetic aminobenzothiazole, showed an excellent safety profile and was coincidentally noted to significantly decrease absolute eosinophil counts (AECs) in a phase 3 trial for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" It has a high absolute bioavailability of > 90% and can be administered without regard to meals."( Pre-clinical studies of pramipexole: clinical relevance.
Hubble, JP, 2000)		0.61
" The validated method has been successfully used to analyze human plasma samples for application in pharmacokinetic, bioavailability or bioequivalence studies."( Quantification of pramipexole in human plasma by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry using tamsulosin as internal standard.
Ajjala, D; Kandikere, V; Maurya, S; Mudigonda, K; Nirogi, RV; Shrivastava, W, 2007)		0.67
" Human oral bioavailability is an important pharmacokinetic property, which is directly related to the amount of drug available in the systemic circulation to exert pharmacological and therapeutic effects."( Hologram QSAR model for the prediction of human oral bioavailability.
Andricopulo, AD; Moda, TL; Montanari, CA, 2007)		0.34
" In the second study, a level A in vitro/in vivo correlation (IVIVC) suitable for predicting an entire in vivo bioavailability time course based on in vitro dissolution was established and validated, and the single-dose pharmacokinetics of the optimal ER formulation identified in the first study were analyzed for food effect."( Pharmacokinetics of a once-daily extended-release formulation of pramipexole in healthy male volunteers: three studies.
Haertter, S; Jenner, P; Könen-Bergmann, M; Schepers, C, 2009)		0.59
"Pramipexole is a hydrophilic, weakly basic drug, but exhibits high oral bioavailability in humans (>90%)."( Uptake of pramipexole by human organic cation transporters.
Diao, L; Polli, JE; Shu, Y, 2010)		2.21
" Preclinical studies have shown that dexpramipexole is neuroprotective in vitro and in vivo, is highly orally bioavailable and water soluble, and rapidly achieves and maintains high central nervous system concentrations relative to plasma."( Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of KNS-760704 (dexpramipexole) in healthy adult subjects.
Bozik, ME; Gribkoff, VK; Ingersoll, EW; Kramer, WG; Mather, JL, 2011)		0.88
" The pharmacokinetic analyses demonstrated relatively low bioavailability for L-dopa and adequate plasma levels of pramipexole, even at baseline, on a stable daily dose."( Therapeutic response to pramipexole in a patient with multiple system atrophy with predominant parkinsonism: positron emission tomography and pharmacokinetic assessments.
Ishii, K; Katayama, Y; Nagayama, H; Nakajima, N; Nishiyama, Y; Ueda, M, 2013)		0.91
"Dexpramipexole, an orally bioavailable small molecule previously under clinical development in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, was observed during routine safety hematology monitoring to demonstrate pronounced, dose- and time-dependent eosinophil-lowering effects, with minor reductions on other leukocyte counts."( The targeted eosinophil-lowering effects of dexpramipexole in clinical studies.
Archibald, DG; Bozik, ME; Dworetzky, SI; Farwell, W; Hebrank, GT; Reynolds, IJ, 2017)		1.33
" Dexpramipexole (KNS-760704), an orally bioavailable synthetic aminobenzothiazole, showed an excellent safety profile and was coincidentally noted to significantly decrease absolute eosinophil counts (AECs) in a phase 3 trial for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis."( Dexpramipexole as an oral steroid-sparing agent in hypereosinophilic syndromes.
Archibald, DG; Bozik, ME; Brown, T; Dunbar, CE; Dworetzky, SI; Fay, MP; Hebrank, GT; Khoury, P; Klion, AD; Makiya, M; Maric, I; Panch, SR; Prussin, C; Sullivan, M; Sun, X; Ware, J; Wetzler, L, 2018)		1.66
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)		0.51

Dosage Studied

Pramipexole (Sifrol) was initiated at a dosage of 0.0 mg/kg. Cocaine-treated rats displayed an enhanced locomotor response to cocaine. 32 mg/ kg of the selective D3 antagonist PG01037 had little effect.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" Its dose-response curve was bell-shaped with maximal effects at a dose of 100 micrograms/kg."( Occurrence of yawning and decrease of prolactin levels via stimulation of dopamine D2-receptors after administration of SND 919 in rats.
Domae, M; Furukawa, T; Matsumoto, S; Nagashima, M; Shirakawa, K; Yamada, K, 1989)		0.28
"To evaluate dose-response relationships for tolerability, safety, and efficacy of the synthetic dopamine agonist pramipexole."( Safety and efficacy of pramipexole in early Parkinson disease. A randomized dose-ranging study. Parkinson Study Group.
, 1997)		0.82
" A 6-week dosage escalation period was followed by a 4-week maintenance period and a 1-week period during which active treatment was withdrawn."( Safety and efficacy of pramipexole in early Parkinson disease. A randomized dose-ranging study. Parkinson Study Group.
, 1997)		0.61
" Both drugs are relatively well-tolerated, with the exception of dyskinesias that require reduction of the levodopa dosage and occasional diarrhea."( New pharmacotherapy for Parkinson's disease.
Alldredge, BK; Aminoff, MJ; Bainbridge, JL; Dowling, GA; Gottwald, MD, 1997)		0.3
" Patients were randomized to two titration schedules-either slow titration, following the package insert and taking up to 8 weeks to reach their equivalent dosage (8 patients), or rapid titration, receiving the full converted dose the day after stopping the former agonist (8 patients) with subsequent weekly dose adjustments."( Switching dopamine agonists in advanced Parkinson's disease: is rapid titration preferable to slow?
Blasucci, L; Goetz, CG; Stebbins, GT, 1999)		0.3
" Also, when given as adjunctive therapy with levodopa, they can allow the levodopa maintenance dosage to be reduced without loss of symptom control."( Clinical pharmacology of dopamine agonists.
Lam, YW, 2000)		0.31
" For patients with residual disability, the dosage was escalated during the first 10 weeks."( Pramipexole vs levodopa as initial treatment for Parkinson disease: A randomized controlled trial. Parkinson Study Group.
, 2000)		1.75
" These findings suggest that pramipexole can markedly reduce the daily levodopa dosage without deterioration of motor response and support that this new selective D2/D3 receptor agonist also improves later levodopa-associated motor complications."( An open-label, multicentre clinical trial to determine the levodopa dose-sparing capacity of pramipexole in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease.
Hebenstreit, E; Pinter, MM; Rutgers, AW, 2000)		0.82
" For patients with residual disability, the dosage was escalated during the first 10 weeks, and subsequently, open-label levodopa could be added."( Dopamine transporter brain imaging to assess the effects of pramipexole vs levodopa on Parkinson disease progression.
, 2002)		0.56
"25-5 mg/kg) did not affect the cocaine dose-response curve or its ED50 values."( Does combined treatment with novel antidepressants and a dopamine D3 receptor agonist reproduce cocaine discrimination in rats?
Filip, M; Papla, I, )		0.13
" However, 24-h dosing of dopamine (DA) agonists may induce side effects of insomnia and psychosis, as well as anergia and anhedonia which may actually potentiate abuse."( Effect of daily dosing duration of direct and indirect dopamine receptor agonists: cocaine cross-tolerance following chronic regimens.
Davidson, C; Ellinwood, EH; King, GR; Lee, TH; Yu, GZ, 2002)		0.31
" Side-effects were assessed by the Dosage Record Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale (DOTES)."( Pramipexole in treatment-resistant depression: a 16-week naturalistic study.
Abelli, M; Bassi, A; Battistini, G; Cassano, GB; Cassano, P; Dell'Osso, L; Gemignani, A; Houck, PR; Lattanzi, L; Pini, S; Rucci, P, 2002)		1.76
" The dose-response curve and duration of pramipexole's effects suggest that these rCBF responses indicate functional effects of a D3-preferring agonist."( A possible substrate for dopamine-related changes in mood and behavior: prefrontal and limbic effects of a D3-preferring dopamine agonist.
Black, KJ; Hershey, T; Koller, JM; Mintun, MA; Perlmutter, JS; Price, JL; Videen, TO, 2002)		0.58
" Pramipexole dosing and clinical follow-up were performed in a standardized fashion."( Augmentation and tolerance with long-term pramipexole treatment of restless legs syndrome (RLS).
Johnston, L; Winkelman, JW, 2004)		1.5
" However, these complications are generally manageable by earlier dosing or small dose increases of this agent, and only rarely require medication discontinuation."( Augmentation and tolerance with long-term pramipexole treatment of restless legs syndrome (RLS).
Johnston, L; Winkelman, JW, 2004)		0.59
" The main risk factor associated with pathologic daytime sleep latency was high levodopa dosage equivalents (>867."( Predictors of impaired daytime sleep and wakefulness in patients with Parkinson disease treated with older (ergot) vs newer (nonergot) dopamine agonists.
Lang, AE; Razmy, A; Shapiro, CM, 2004)		0.32
" Physicians concerned with daytime hypersomnolence in PD patients treated with dopamine agonists and receiving high levodopa dosage equivalents should consider polysomnographic monitoring for impaired daytime sleep latency."( Predictors of impaired daytime sleep and wakefulness in patients with Parkinson disease treated with older (ergot) vs newer (nonergot) dopamine agonists.
Lang, AE; Razmy, A; Shapiro, CM, 2004)		0.32
"Twenty-two depressed outpatients with DSM-IV nonpsychotic bipolar disorder were randomly assigned to receive placebo or flexibly dosed pramipexole (mean maximum dose=1."( Preliminary randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of pramipexole added to mood stabilizers for treatment-resistant bipolar depression.
Burdick, KE; Endick, CJ; Goldberg, JF, 2004)		0.76
" Since pramipexole was well tolerated, an ideal dosage to control RLS symptoms could be reached rapidly."( Low-dose pramipexole in the management of restless legs syndrome. An open label trial.
Oertel, WH; Stiasny-Kolster, K, 2004)		1.2
" Dosage was escalated during the first 10 weeks for patients with ongoing disability."( Pramipexole vs levodopa as initial treatment for Parkinson disease: a 4-year randomized controlled trial.
Alexander-Brown, B; Atassi, F; Barclay, L; Bennett, S; Berry, D; Biglan, K; Borchert, L; Brocht, A; Brown, D; Daigneault, S; DeAngelis, M; Dillon, S; Dobson, J; Evans, S; Factor, S; Fahn, S; Fontaine, D; Ford, B; Fussell, B; Hall, J; Hammerstad, J; Harrigan, M; Hodgeman, K; Holloway, RG; Hubble, J; Jankovic, J; Kamp, C; Kieburtz, K; Kurlan, R; Lang, A; LeWitt, P; Marek, K; McDermott, M; Miyasaki, J; Montgomery, A; Musch, B; O'Connell, C; Pahwa, R; Panisset, M; Pantella, C; Petsinger, G; Pfeiffer, B; Pfeiffer, R; Rainey, P; Rajput, A; Richard, K; Riley, D; Rodnitzky, R; Ross, T; Rost-Ruffner, E; Russell, DS; Seibyl, J; Shinaman, A; Shirley, T; Shoulson, I; Shults, C; Sime, E; Stacy, M; Standaert, D; Suchowersky, O; Sutherland, L; Tennis, M; Waters, C; Watts, A; Weeks, C; Weiner, W; Welsh, M; Wood, S; Wooten, F, 2004)		1.77
" Medication dosage was increased over 4 weeks, weaned over 2 weeks, and then discontinued."( Dopamine agonist therapy in low-response children following traumatic brain injury.
Blackman, JA; Buck, ML; Conaway, MR; Gurka, MJ; Mabry, JL; Patrick, PD, 2006)		0.33
"To evaluate the acute effect of a low dosage of pramipexole (0."( The acute effect of a low dosage of pramipexole on severe idiopathic restless legs syndrome: an open-label trial.
Cancelli, I; Canesin, R; Dolso, P; Gigli, GL; Merlino, G; Valente, M, 2006)		0.86
" Under the auspices of a Physician-Sponsor IND, R+PPX was dosed to small numbers of ALS patients for tolerability and safety while efficacy measures were also collected."( R+ pramipexole as a mitochondrially focused neuroprotectant: initial early phase studies in ALS.
Bennett, JP; Burns, TM; Conaway, MA; Keller, KE; Lacomis, D; Larriviere, KS; Pattee, GL; Phillips, LH; Solenski, NJ; Wang, H; Ware, KA; Zivkovic, SA, 2008)		0.97
" Mirapex has been administered in addition to levodopa and other antiparkinsonian drugs in dosage 3,5+/-1,1 mg daily to 36 patients with emotional and cognitive disorders and in dosage 2,9+/-0,96 mg daily to 30 patients with sleep disorders."( [Mirapex (pramipexole) in the treatment of non-motor disturbances in Parkinson's disease].
Iakhno, NN; Nodel', MR, 2008)		0.75
"0 mg/kg was more effective at shifting to the right the pramipexole dose-response curve in pramipexole-trained rats, while 32 mg/kg of the selective D3 antagonist PG01037 had little effect."( The discriminative stimulus effects of dopamine D2- and D3-preferring agonists in rats.
Greedy, B; Grundt, P; Husbands, SM; Koffarnus, MN; Newman, AH; Woods, JH, 2009)		0.6
"70 depending on dosage group, vs."( A dose-ranging study of pramipexole for the symptomatic treatment of restless legs syndrome: polysomnographic evaluation of periodic leg movements and sleep disturbance.
Alakuijala, A; Hirvonen, K; Hublin, C; Jama, L; Koester, J; Partinen, M; Reess, J; Tamminen, I, 2009)		0.66
" The daily administrations of l-dopa were curtailed from 3 or 4 to 2, and the l-dopa dosage was reduced up to 40%."( Dopamine agonists in 6-pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin synthase deficiency.
Concolino, D; Mussa, A; Ponzone, A; Porta, F; Spada, M, 2009)		0.35
" Seventy percents of patients received levodopa (mean dosage 351,2+/-279,4 mg); 62% had motor fluctuations and 43% - dyskinesias."( [Influence of dopamine agonist pramipexole (mirapex) on tremor, cognitive and affective impairment in patients with Parkinson's disease].
Artemova, IIu; Boĭko, AN; Ganzula, PA; Ismailov, AM; Ivanov, AK; Khozova, AA; Levin, OS; Lisenker, LN; Nesterova, OS; Otcheskaia, OV; Rotor, LD; Vdovichenko, TV; Zhuravleva, EIu, 2009)		0.64
" Patients with RLS with mood and stress states may be at greater risk of developing compulsive behaviors while receiving standard dosage DA agonist treatment."( Compulsive habits in restless legs syndrome patients under dopaminergic treatment.
Cohen, H; Pourcher, E; Rémillard, S, 2010)		0.36
"To measure behavioral and brain functional markers of drug-related attentional bias in stimulant-dependent individuals studied repeatedly after short-term dosing with dopamine D(2)/D(3) receptor antagonist and agonist challenges."( Influence of compulsivity of drug abuse on dopaminergic modulation of attentional bias in stimulant dependence.
Abbott, S; Barnes, A; Bullmore, ET; Craig, KJ; Ersche, KD; Merlo-Pich, EV; Müller, U; Ooi, C; Robbins, TW; Sahakian, BJ; Shabbir, SS; Suckling, J, 2010)		0.36
" Successful switching (defined as no worsening >15% of baseline UPDRS II+III score and no drug-related adverse event withdrawal) was assessed at 9 weeks, after optional dosage adjustments (primary endpoint), and at 4 weeks, before adjustment."( Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of overnight switching from immediate- to once daily extended-release pramipexole in early Parkinson's disease.
Barone, P; Debieuvre, C; Hauser, RA; Mizuno, Y; Poewe, W; Rascol, O; Salin, L; Schapira, AH; Sohr, M, 2010)		0.57
" All subjects were dosed 3 times daily, with placebo if necessary, to maintain blinding."( Twice-daily, low-dose pramipexole in early Parkinson's disease: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
Kieburtz, K, 2011)		0.68
"Cocaine-treated rats displayed an enhanced locomotor response to cocaine, as well as a progressive and persistent leftward/upward shift of the ascending limb (72 h-42 day) and leftward shift of the descending limb (42 days) of the pramipexole-induced yawning dose-response curve."( Behavioral sensitization to cocaine in rats: evidence for temporal differences in dopamine D3 and D2 receptor sensitivity.
Chen, J; Collins, GT; Levant, B; Truong, YN; Wang, S; Woods, JH, 2011)		0.55
" Neither disease severity nor L-dopa dosage correlated with plasma AVP levels."( Increased plasma arginine vasopressin levels in dopamine agonist-treated Parkinson's disease patients.
Arai, M, 2011)		0.37
" D(2) and D(3) antagonists differentially affected pramipexole-induced PR responding, with L: -741,626 and PG01037 producing rightward, and downward shifts in the dose-response curve for CS-maintained responding, respectively."( Effects of pramipexole on the reinforcing effectiveness of stimuli that were previously paired with cocaine reinforcement in rats.
Chen, J; Collins, GT; Cunningham, AR; Newman, AH; Wang, S; Woods, JH, 2012)		1.02
"For a multicenter randomized, double-blind, parallel trial of extended- and immediate-release pramipexole vs placebo, patients experiencing motor fluctuations while taking levodopa underwent flexible study drug titration and then maintenance at optimized dosage (0."( Extended-release pramipexole in advanced Parkinson disease: a randomized controlled trial.
Barone, P; Busse, M; Hauser, RA; Juhel, N; Mizuno, Y; Poewe, W; Rascol, O; Salin, L; Schapira, AH, 2011)		0.93
" BDNF levels were not affected by any dosage and treatment regime in any brain region investigated."( Pramipexole is active in depression tests and modulates monoaminergic transmission, but not brain levels of BDNF in mice.
Gass, P; Hellweg, R; Hörtnagl, H; Schulte-Herbrüggen, O; Vogt, MA, 2012)		1.82
"To perform a pilot study assessing possible efficacy, safety, and optimal dosage of pramipexole in essential tremor."( Pramipexole may be an effective treatment option in essential tremor.
Herceg, M; Janszky, J; Késmárky, I; Komoly, S; Kovács, N; Nagy, F; Pál, E, )		1.8
" Consequently, different L-dopa-sparing strategies have been successively introduced, with partial reduction of L-dopa dosage and amelioration of the clinical outcome."( Dopamine agonists in dihydropteridine reductase deficiency.
Concolino, D; Mussa, A; Ponzone, A; Porta, F; Spada, M, 2012)		0.38
"  In chronic diseases including Parkinson's disease (PD), complex pharmacotherapy dosing schedules are reported to reduce adherence, perhaps leading to less-effective symptom control and, in PD, more erratic stimulation of dopamine receptors."( Patient-reported convenience of once-daily versus three-times-daily dosing during long-term studies of pramipexole in early and advanced Parkinson's disease.
Barone, P; Busse, M; Debieuvre, C; Fraessdorf, M; Hauser, RA; Mizuno, Y; Poewe, W; Rascol, O; Schapira, AH, 2013)		0.6
" dosing preference was surveyed by questionnaire."( Patient-reported convenience of once-daily versus three-times-daily dosing during long-term studies of pramipexole in early and advanced Parkinson's disease.
Barone, P; Busse, M; Debieuvre, C; Fraessdorf, M; Hauser, RA; Mizuno, Y; Poewe, W; Rascol, O; Schapira, AH, 2013)		0.6
" dosing (72."( Patient-reported convenience of once-daily versus three-times-daily dosing during long-term studies of pramipexole in early and advanced Parkinson's disease.
Barone, P; Busse, M; Debieuvre, C; Fraessdorf, M; Hauser, RA; Mizuno, Y; Poewe, W; Rascol, O; Schapira, AH, 2013)		0.6
"The objective of this study is to assess the effect of smoking and caffeine intake in the dosage of dopaminergic replacement therapy."( Caffeine drinking, cigarette smoking, and dopaminergic replacement therapy dose in Parkinson's disease.
Cervantes-Arriaga, A; Corona, T; Ojeda-López, C; Rodríguez-Violante, M, 2013)		0.39
"25 mg/day; escitalopram dosage remained at 10 mg/day."( Combining a dopamine agonist and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor for the treatment of depression: a double-blind, randomized pilot study.
Franco-Chaves, JA; Luckenbaugh, DA; Mallinger, AG; Martinez, PE; Mateus, CF; Zarate, CA, 2013)		0.39
" The full analysis set (FAS) comprised 564 patients (106 de novo; 458 pretreated [454 had complete rotigotine dosing data])."( Effectiveness and tolerability of rotigotine transdermal patch for the treatment of restless legs syndrome in a routine clinical practice setting in Germany.
Bachmann, CG; Berg, D; Berkels, R; Grieger, F; Hofmann, WE; Lauterbach, T; Schollmayer, E; Stiasny-Kolster, K, 2013)		0.39
" However, there may be individual pharmacokinetic differences so that multiple dosing may be preferred in some individuals."( Comparison of once-daily versus twice-daily combination of ropinirole prolonged release in Parkinson's disease.
Jeon, BS; Kim, HJ; Kim, JM; Kim, JS; Kim, YE; Lee, JY; Yun, JY, 2013)		0.39
" Subjects were consecutively enrolled into either once-daily first or twice-daily first groups, and received the same amount of RPR in a single and two divided dosing for 8 weeks respectively in a crossover manner without a washout period."( Comparison of once-daily versus twice-daily combination of ropinirole prolonged release in Parkinson's disease.
Jeon, BS; Kim, HJ; Kim, JM; Kim, JS; Kim, YE; Lee, JY; Yun, JY, 2013)		0.39
" PGI-improvement on wearing off defined was better in twice-daily dosing regimen."( Comparison of once-daily versus twice-daily combination of ropinirole prolonged release in Parkinson's disease.
Jeon, BS; Kim, HJ; Kim, JM; Kim, JS; Kim, YE; Lee, JY; Yun, JY, 2013)		0.39
"RPR is a once-daily formulation, but multiple dosing was preferred in many patients."( Comparison of once-daily versus twice-daily combination of ropinirole prolonged release in Parkinson's disease.
Jeon, BS; Kim, HJ; Kim, JM; Kim, JS; Kim, YE; Lee, JY; Yun, JY, 2013)		0.39
" Extensive drug accumulation may occur with repeated dosing in patients with significant renal impairment."( Pharmacokinetics of renally excreted drug dexpramipexole in subjects with impaired renal function.
Dong, Y; Farwell, W; He, P; Kerr, D; Marbury, T; Ries, D; Rogge, M; Stecher, S; Wei, D, 2014)		0.66
" It may be related with using a similar dosage of dopaminergic drugs."( Augmentation in restless legs syndrome patients in Korea.
Cho, YW; Jeon, JY; Lee, HB; Moon, HJ; Song, ML, 2015)		0.42
" The two formulations are bioequivalent; the majority (>80 %) of patients can be switched overnight from pramipexole IR to ER without the need for dosage adjustment."( Pramipexole extended-release: a review of its use in patients with Parkinson's disease.
Frampton, JE, 2014)		2.06
" Dosage of levodopa and oral DA (pramipexole ≤1."( Rotigotine transdermal system as add-on to oral dopamine agonist in advanced Parkinson's disease: an open-label study.
Bauer, L; Chung, SJ; Ikeda, J; Jeon, BS; Kim, JM; Kim, JW; Singh, P; Thierfelder, S, 2015)		0.7
" Dose-response experiments were performed to select the appropriate pramipexole concentration and frequency of administration for induction of mild hypothermia (33-36 °C)."( Pramipexole-Induced Hypothermia Reduces Early Brain Injury via PI3K/AKT/GSK3β pathway in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage rats.
Chen, G; Chen, Z; Duan, X; Li, H; Liu, C; Ma, J; Shen, H; Wang, Z; Yin, J; Zuo, G, 2016)		2.11
" Based on the projected dosing regimen in the clinical trial, a 5000-fold improvement in sensitivity was required for the (S)-enantiomer."( Development and validation of a highly sensitive gradient chiral separation of pramipexole in human plasma by LC-MS/MS.
Belardi, JK; Breda, M; Dworetzky, S; Michi, M; Solazzo, L, 2017)		0.68
" Here we present a rare case of hypotension and bradycardia that is significantly related to the dosage of piribedil."( Hypotension and bradycardia, a serious adverse effect of piribedil, a case report and literature review.
Li, Y; Nie, K; Wang, L; Zhang, P; Zhang, Y, 2018)		0.48
"Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with symptoms such as tremor and bradykinesia which, together with a rigorous dosing regimen, can place an untenable burden on patients."( Near-infrared light-responsive, pramipexole-loaded biodegradable PLGA microspheres for therapeutic use in Parkinson's disease.
Fu, Z; Li, G; Li, S; Li, Y; Liu, J; Sun, F; Teng, L; Xu, F; Zhang, X, 2019)		0.8
" The efficacy of MMF as an immunosuppressant and long-term safety in cats of this dosage regimen is unknown."(
Abrams, G; Adolfsson, E; Agarwal, PK; Akkan, AG; Al Alhareth, NS; Alves, VGL; Armentano, R; Bahroos, E; Baig, M; Baldridge, KK; Barman, S; Bartolucci, C; Basit, A; Bertoli, SV; Bian, L; Bigatti, G; Bobenko, AI; Boix, PP; Bokulic, T; Bolink, HJ; Borowiec, J; Bulski, W; Burciaga, J; Butt, NS; Cai, AL; Campos, AM; Cao, G; Cao, Y; Čapo, I; Caruso, ML; Chao, CT; Cheatum, CM; Chelminski, K; Chen, AJW; Chen, C; Chen, CH; Chen, D; Chen, G; Chen, H; Chen, LH; Chen, R; Chen, RX; Chen, X; Cherdtrakulkiat, R; Chirvony, VS; Cho, JG; Chu, K; Ciurlino, D; Coletta, S; Contaldo, G; Crispi, F; Cui, JF; D'Esposito, M; de Biase, S; Demir, B; Deng, W; Deng, Z; Di Pinto, F; Domenech-Ximenos, B; Dong, G; Drácz, L; Du, XJ; Duan, LJ; Duan, Y; Ekendahl, D; Fan, W; Fang, L; Feng, C; Followill, DS; Foreman, SC; Fortunato, G; Frew, R; Fu, M; Gaál, V; Ganzevoort, W; Gao, DM; Gao, X; Gao, ZW; Garcia-Alvarez, A; Garza, MS; Gauthier, L; Gazzaz, ZJ; Ge, RS; Geng, Y; Genovesi, S; Geoffroy, V; Georg, D; Gigli, GL; Gong, J; Gong, Q; Groeneveld, J; Guerra, V; Guo, Q; Guo, X; Güttinger, R; Guyo, U; Haldar, J; Han, DS; Han, S; Hao, W; Hayman, A; He, D; Heidari, A; Heller, S; Ho, CT; Ho, SL; Hong, SN; Hou, YJ; Hu, D; Hu, X; Hu, ZY; Huang, JW; Huang, KC; Huang, Q; Huang, T; Hwang, JK; Izewska, J; Jablonski, CL; Jameel, T; Jeong, HK; Ji, J; Jia, Z; Jiang, W; Jiang, Y; Kalumpha, M; Kang, JH; Kazantsev, P; Kazemier, BM; Kebede, B; Khan, SA; Kiss, J; Kohen, A; Kolbenheyer, E; Konai, MM; Koniarova, I; Kornblith, E; Krawetz, RJ; Kreouzis, T; Kry, SF; Laepple, T; Lalošević, D; Lan, Y; Lawung, R; Lechner, W; Lee, KH; Lee, YH; Leonard, C; Li, C; Li, CF; Li, CM; Li, F; Li, J; Li, L; Li, S; Li, X; Li, Y; Li, YB; Li, Z; Liang, C; Lin, J; Lin, XH; Ling, M; Link, TM; Liu, HH; Liu, J; Liu, M; Liu, W; Liu, YP; Lou, H; Lu, G; Lu, M; Lun, SM; Ma, Z; Mackensen, A; Majumdar, S; Martineau, C; Martínez-Pastor, JP; McQuaid, JR; Mehrabian, H; Meng, Y; Miao, T; Miljković, D; Mo, J; Mohamed, HSH; Mohtadi, M; Mol, BWJ; Moosavi, L; Mosdósi, B; Nabu, S; Nava, E; Ni, L; Novakovic-Agopian, T; Nyamunda, BC; Nyul, Z; Önal, B; Özen, D; Özyazgan, S; Pajkrt, E; Palazon, F; Park, HW; Patai, Á; Patai, ÁV; Patzke, GR; Payette, G; Pedoia, V; Peelen, MJCS; Pellitteri, G; Peng, J; Perea, RJ; Pérez-Del-Rey, D; Popović, DJ; Popović, JK; Popović, KJ; Posecion, L; Povall, J; Prachayasittikul, S; Prachayasittikul, V; Prat-González, S; Qi, B; Qu, B; Rakshit, S; Ravelli, ACJ; Ren, ZG; Rivera, SM; Salo, P; Samaddar, S; Samper, JLA; Samy El Gendy, NM; Schmitt, N; Sekerbayev, KS; Sepúlveda-Martínez, Á; Sessolo, M; Severi, S; Sha, Y; Shen, FF; Shen, X; Shen, Y; Singh, P; Sinthupoom, N; Siri, S; Sitges, M; Slovak, JE; Solymosi, N; Song, H; Song, J; Song, M; Spingler, B; Stewart, I; Su, BL; Su, JF; Suming, L; Sun, JX; Tantimavanich, S; Tashkandi, JM; Taurbayev, TI; Tedgren, AC; Tenhunen, M; Thwaites, DI; Tibrewala, R; Tomsejm, M; Triana, CA; Vakira, FM; Valdez, M; Valente, M; Valentini, AM; Van de Winckel, A; van der Lee, R; Varga, F; Varga, M; Villarino, NF; Villemur, R; Vinatha, SP; Vincenti, A; Voskamp, BJ; Wang, B; Wang, C; Wang, H; Wang, HT; Wang, J; Wang, M; Wang, N; Wang, NC; Wang, Q; Wang, S; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Wang, Z; Wen, N; Wesolowska, P; Willis, M; Wu, C; Wu, D; Wu, L; Wu, X; Wu, Z; Xia, JM; Xia, X; Xia, Y; Xiao, J; Xiao, Y; Xie, CL; Xie, LM; Xie, S; Xing, Z; Xu, C; Xu, J; Yan, D; Yan, K; Yang, S; Yang, X; Yang, XW; Ye, M; Yin, Z; Yoon, N; Yoon, Y; Yu, H; Yu, K; Yu, ZY; Zhang, B; Zhang, GY; Zhang, H; Zhang, J; Zhang, M; Zhang, Q; Zhang, S; Zhang, W; Zhang, X; Zhang, Y; Zhang, YW; Zhang, Z; Zhao, D; Zhao, F; Zhao, P; Zhao, W; Zhao, Z; Zheng, C; Zhi, D; Zhou, C; Zhou, FY; Zhu, D; Zhu, J; Zhu, Q; Zinyama, NP; Zou, M; Zou, Z, 2019)		0.51
"05) and higher dosage (P<0."( Augmentation in patients with restless legs syndrome receiving pramipexole therapy: a retrospective study in a single center from China.
Wang, T; Ying, M; Zhang, L; Zhao, R; Zhu, D, 2022)		0.96
"75]) taking one of three types of non-ergot extended-release DAs (rotigotine 32; pramipexole 44; ropinirole 36) with or without L-dopa (median daily total dosage of antiparkinsonian drugs 525."( Antiparkinsonian drugs as potent contributors to nocturnal sleep in patients with Parkinson's disease.
Ando, H; Doyu, M; Fujikake, A; Fukuoka, T; Hayashi, M; Ito, C; Izumi, M; Kawagashira, Y; Koide, H; Nakashima, K; Niwa, JI; Ogawa, K; Oiwa, H; Okada, Y; Taguchi, S; Tokui, K; Tsunoda, Y; Yasumoto, A; Yuasa, T, 2021)		0.85
"For the whole PD patient cohort, the PDSS-2 sleep disturbance domain score and the scores for item 1 assessing sleep quality and item 8 assessing nocturia were positively correlated with daily total dosage of antiparkinsonian drugs and dosage of L-dopa, but not with the dosage of DAs."( Antiparkinsonian drugs as potent contributors to nocturnal sleep in patients with Parkinson's disease.
Ando, H; Doyu, M; Fujikake, A; Fukuoka, T; Hayashi, M; Ito, C; Izumi, M; Kawagashira, Y; Koide, H; Nakashima, K; Niwa, JI; Ogawa, K; Oiwa, H; Okada, Y; Taguchi, S; Tokui, K; Tsunoda, Y; Yasumoto, A; Yuasa, T, 2021)		0.62
" Thus, adjusting both the total dosage of antiparkinsonian drugs and the dose-ratio of L-dopa might be key actions for alleviating poor sleep quality in patients with PD."( Antiparkinsonian drugs as potent contributors to nocturnal sleep in patients with Parkinson's disease.
Ando, H; Doyu, M; Fujikake, A; Fukuoka, T; Hayashi, M; Ito, C; Izumi, M; Kawagashira, Y; Koide, H; Nakashima, K; Niwa, JI; Ogawa, K; Oiwa, H; Okada, Y; Taguchi, S; Tokui, K; Tsunoda, Y; Yasumoto, A; Yuasa, T, 2021)		0.62
" Daily DA dosage was categorized: LOW/MID (US Food and Drug Administration [FDA]-approved/guideline or slightly above FDA-approved [pramipexole]); HIGH (101%-149%); VERY HIGH (>150%)."( High national rates of high-dose dopamine agonist prescribing for restless legs syndrome.
Winkelman, JW, 2022)		0.93
" Rates of HIGH/VERY HIGH DA dosing increased with patient age."( High national rates of high-dose dopamine agonist prescribing for restless legs syndrome.
Winkelman, JW, 2022)		0.72
" The P2B001 combination has the potential to provide greater efficacy than either pramipexole or rasagiline alone and a better tolerability profile compared to higher dosage dopamine agonist monotherapy, while maintaining the advantage of lower motor complication risk than levodopa."( P2B001 (Extended Release Pramipexole and Rasagiline): A New Treatment Option in Development for Parkinson's Disease.
Brotchie, J; Friedman, H; Giladi, N; Hauser, RA; Litman, P; Oren, S; Poewe, W, 2022)		1.25
" The P2B001 combination has the potential to provide greater efficacy than either pramipexole or rasagiline alone and a better tolerability profile compared to higher dosage dopamine agonist monotherapy, while maintaining the advantage of lower motor complication risk than levodopa."( P2B001 (Extended Release Pramipexole and Rasagiline): A New Treatment Option in Development for Parkinson's Disease.
Brotchie, J; Friedman, H; Giladi, N; Hauser, RA; Litman, P; Oren, S; Poewe, W, 2022)		1.25
" Low dosage DA, as given when treating restless legs syndrome (RLS), has been thought only to have mild side effects."( [Gambling addiction as a side effect of low dose pramipexole in the treatment of restless legs syndrome].
Ibsen, JD; Lindström, ES; Skovbølling, SL, 2022)		0.98
" However, buccal patches can solve this problem because the patients do not have to swallow the dosage form, and during application, the API can absorb from the area of the buccal mucosa quickly without causing a foreign body sensation."( Formulation and characterization of pramipexole containing buccal films for using in Parkinson's disease.
Bácskay, I; Jójárt-Laczkovich, O; Kristó, K; Nemes, D; Pamlényi, K; Regdon, G, 2023)		1.19
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (4)

RoleDescription
antiparkinson drugA drug used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
dopamine agonistA drug that binds to and activates dopamine receptors.
antidyskinesia agentAny compound which can be used to treat or alleviate the symptoms of dyskinesia.
radical scavengerA role played by a substance that can react readily with, and thereby eliminate, radicals.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (2)

ClassDescription
benzothiazoles
diamineAny polyamine that contains two amino groups.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (43)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
acetylcholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)Potency27.54040.002541.796015,848.9004AID1347395
TDP1 proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency23.32220.000811.382244.6684AID686978; AID686979
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 3Homo sapiens (human)Potency13.33320.001022.650876.6163AID1224839
cytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)Potency24.54540.00108.379861.1304AID1645840
peripheral myelin protein 22Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency2.27940.005612.367736.1254AID624032
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)133.00000.63154.45319.3000AID1473740
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)133.00000.20005.677410.0000AID1473741
Bile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)133.00000.11007.190310.0000AID1473738
Beta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)Ki55.00000.00000.66359.5499AID1298705; AID1607430
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)Ki10.00000.00000.690210.0000AID1607446
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)Ki6.51400.00010.532610.0000AID1607411
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.07570.00010.807410.0000AID1607425
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)Ki10.00000.00000.59729.1201AID1607445
Beta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)Ki10.00000.00302.30986.0450AID1607427
D(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)10.00000.00000.74728.0000AID727074
D(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)Ki1.09030.00000.651810.0000AID1298708; AID1563552; AID1607341; AID1607433; AID1895203; AID1895205; AID239106; AID239107; AID239120; AID239121; AID254516; AID254517; AID254519; AID254520; AID61171; AID61487; AID64493
Alpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.06770.00020.725710.0000AID1607426
Alpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.05220.00030.483410.0000AID1607428
DRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki50.01350.00010.610010.0000AID391641; AID61171
D(3) dopamine receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.00060.00010.25675.8000AID391639; AID711802
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)Ki10.00000.00000.54057.7600AID1607447
D(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)Ki10.00000.00010.836310.0000AID1607432
D(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.04570.00000.436210.0000AID1607435; AID239128; AID239137; AID254504; AID254506; AID61810; AID63685; AID63686
D(1B) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)Ki10.00000.00030.40177.9000AID1607436
Histamine H2 receptorHomo sapiens (human)Ki8.24340.00062.197310.0000AID1607441; AID1895194
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1DHomo sapiens (human)Ki10.00000.00010.808710.0000AID1607413
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1BHomo sapiens (human)Ki3.50800.00010.54859.2100AID1607412
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1EHomo sapiens (human)Ki10.00000.09304.770110.0000AID1607414
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7Homo sapiens (human)Ki1.18800.00030.380610.0000AID1607421
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)Ki10.00000.00000.272610.0000AID1607422
D(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.00820.00000.602010.0000AID1563553; AID1607340; AID1607356; AID1607357; AID1607358; AID1607359; AID1607360; AID1607434; AID1895204; AID239087; AID239098; AID239943; AID254499; AID254501; AID64987; AID65291; AID773370
Delta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)Ki10.00000.00000.59789.9300AID1607438
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3AHomo sapiens (human)Ki10.00000.00000.74119.9000AID1607418
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 5AHomo sapiens (human)Ki10.00000.00080.94335.1600AID1607419
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6Homo sapiens (human)Ki10.00000.00020.522910.0000AID1607420
D(2) dopamine receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.03900.00000.437510.0000AID711803
Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)133.00002.41006.343310.0000AID1473739
DBos taurus (cattle)Ki20.00000.00012.367610.0000AID254428
Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)Ki4.44600.00000.490110.0000AID1607454
Histamine H4 receptorHomo sapiens (human)Ki10.00000.00060.478710.0000AID1607443
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Activation Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
D(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)EC50 (µMol)0.02600.00000.18743.9000AID1340444; AID1448003; AID1448005; AID1448008; AID1895218; AID310686; AID319299
D(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)Kd0.00000.00000.64599.5000AID1895202; AID1895203
D(3) dopamine receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)EC50 (µMol)0.00020.00020.02710.0800AID65468
D(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)EC50 (µMol)10.00000.00020.47959.5000AID319298
D(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)EC50 (µMol)0.01500.00140.08892.2300AID240291; AID61802
Histamine H2 receptorHomo sapiens (human)EC50 (µMol)0.16600.11481.77695.4954AID1895211
Histamine H2 receptorHomo sapiens (human)Kd0.01220.01220.09190.2512AID1895194
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)EC50 (µMol)1.17490.00000.22763.4750AID1340445
Histamine H1 receptorHomo sapiens (human)Kd0.00450.00010.40215.4000AID1895193
D(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)EC50 (µMol)0.00200.00010.02470.6690AID1607335; AID1895221; AID240284; AID254617; AID310687; AID64816
D(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)Kd0.00000.00000.07480.3162AID1895204
D(2) dopamine receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)EC50 (µMol)0.00880.00040.32993.9100AID240276; AID240277; AID61304; AID61491; AID64640
Histamine H4 receptorHomo sapiens (human)Kd0.01600.00400.01940.0702AID1895197
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Other Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
D(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)ED500.00370.00370.00370.0037AID1143585
Solute carrier family 22 member 1Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Km30.00000.27005.695010.0000AID679186; AID679194
Solute carrier family 22 member 2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Km17.00009.40009.40009.4000AID681621; AID681629
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (387)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
xenobiotic metabolic processATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
glucuronoside transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
leukotriene transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic anion transmembrane transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrierATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin secretionMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
cilium assemblyMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
platelet degranulationMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
urate transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
glutathione transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
cAMP transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
leukotriene transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic anion transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
export across plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrierMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
guanine nucleotide transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
fatty acid metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid biosynthetic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to oxidative stressBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to organic cyclic compoundBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
canalicular bile acid transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
protein ubiquitinationBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidationBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
carbohydrate transmembrane transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid signaling pathwayBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
cholesterol homeostasisBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to estrogenBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to ethanolBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic export from cellBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
lipid homeostasisBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipid homeostasisBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of bile acid secretionBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of bile acid metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
diet induced thermogenesisBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of sodium ion transportBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
transcription by RNA polymerase IIBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
receptor-mediated endocytosisBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
smooth muscle contractionBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathwayBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
activation of transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activityBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
endosome to lysosome transportBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to coldBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein kinase A signalingBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of bone mineralizationBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
heat generationBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of multicellular organism growthBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAPK cascadeBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
bone resorptionBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IIBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of smooth muscle contractionBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
brown fat cell differentiationBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of mini excitatory postsynaptic potentialBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein serine/threonine kinase activityBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cold-induced thermogenesisBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of autophagosome maturationBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of lipophagyBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to amyloid-betaBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to psychosocial stressBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activityBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of AMPA receptor activityBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine-epinephrine-mediated vasodilation involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressureBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
nervous system developmentMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of heart contractionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
response to virusMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
presynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmissionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of smooth muscle contractionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messengerMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmissionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
behavioral fear response5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting serotonin receptor signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
serotonin receptor signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
gamma-aminobutyric acid signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell population proliferation5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of serotonin secretion5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of vasoconstriction5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
exploration behavior5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of dopamine metabolic process5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
serotonin metabolic process5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of hormone secretion5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of behavior5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cytokine productionAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
DNA replicationAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
Ras protein signal transductionAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
Rho protein signal transductionAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
female pregnancyAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell population proliferationAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of norepinephrine secretionAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of vasoconstrictionAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
actin cytoskeleton organizationAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
platelet activationAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell migrationAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
activation of protein kinase activityAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
activation of protein kinase B activityAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of epinephrine secretionAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to hormone stimulusAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
receptor transactivationAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
vasodilationAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
glucose homeostasisAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
fear responseAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of potassium ion transportAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAP kinase activityAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAPK cascadeAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of calcium ion-dependent exocytosisAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of insulin secretionAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
intestinal absorptionAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
thermoceptionAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of lipid catabolic processAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of membrane protein ectodomain proteolysisAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of calcium ion transportAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulusAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of uterine smooth muscle contractionAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of wound healingAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
presynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmissionAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transporter activityAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of monoatomic ion transportMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
signal transductionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
protein kinase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
neuromuscular synaptic transmissionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
nervous system developmentMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of locomotionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
saliva secretionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
cognitionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of postsynaptic membrane potentialMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of glial cell proliferationMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of intracellular protein transportMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmissionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messengerMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmissionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
receptor-mediated endocytosisBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
diet induced thermogenesisBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
carbohydrate metabolic processBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
generation of precursor metabolites and energyBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
energy reserve metabolic processBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messengerBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to coldBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
heat generationBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of multicellular organism growthBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
eating behaviorBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAPK cascadeBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
brown fat cell differentiationBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cold-induced thermogenesisBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine-epinephrine-mediated vasodilation involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressureBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathwayD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
temperature homeostasisD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to hypoxiaD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of protein phosphorylationD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to amphetamineD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
nervous system process involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressureD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of heart rateD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of sodium ion transportD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor internalizationD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neuroblast proliferationD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of receptor internalizationD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
autophagyD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting dopamine receptor signaling pathwayD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
neuron-neuron synaptic transmissionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
neuroblast proliferationD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
axonogenesisD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
synapse assemblyD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
sensory perception of smellD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
long-term memoryD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
grooming behaviorD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
locomotory behaviorD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adult walking behaviorD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein localizationD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferationD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
associative learningD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
visual learningD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulusD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to light stimulusD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to toxic substanceD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to iron ionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to inactivityD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
Wnt signaling pathwayD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
striatum developmentD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
orbitofrontal cortex developmentD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron migrationD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenohypophysis developmentD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell migrationD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
peristalsisD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
auditory behaviorD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergicD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cytokinesisD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
circadian regulation of gene expressionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of dopamine secretionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to histamineD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to nicotineD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of urine volumeD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of renal sodium excretionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of multicellular organism growthD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to cocaineD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleepD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopamine metabolic processD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
drinking behaviorD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of potassium ion transportD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to morphineD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
pigmentationD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transductionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of blood pressureD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of innate immune responseD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IID(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of insulin secretionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
acid secretionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
behavioral response to cocaineD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
behavioral response to ethanolD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of long-term neuronal synaptic plasticityD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to axon injuryD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
branching morphogenesis of a nerveD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
arachidonic acid secretionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
epithelial cell proliferationD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferationD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of protein secretionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosolD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmissionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmissionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmissionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of synapse structural plasticityD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transductionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergicD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
excitatory postsynaptic potentialD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of growth hormone secretionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
prepulse inhibitionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of dopamine receptor signaling pathwayD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascadeD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of locomotion involved in locomotory behaviorD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmissionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
presynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmissionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cellular response to hypoxiaD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor productionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of long-term synaptic potentiationD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
hyaloid vascular plexus regressionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of neuron migrationD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentrationD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of dopamine secretionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of adenylate cyclase activityD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathwayD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of voltage-gated calcium channel activityD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAPK cascadeD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
MAPK cascadeAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
angiogenesisAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle contractionAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cell-cell signalingAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
female pregnancyAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of norepinephrine secretionAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
platelet activationAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
activation of protein kinase B activityAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of epinephrine secretionAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
receptor transactivationAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAPK cascadeAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neuron differentiationAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of blood pressureAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of uterine smooth muscle contractionAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of smooth muscle contractionAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cell-cell signalingAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of norepinephrine secretionAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of vasoconstrictionAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
platelet activationAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
activation of protein kinase B activityAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of epinephrine secretionAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
receptor transactivationAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAPK cascadeAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neuron differentiationAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of insulin secretionAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
calcium-mediated signalingMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of monoatomic ion transmembrane transporter activityMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
smooth muscle contractionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
signal transductionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, cholinergicMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
nervous system developmentMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of insulin secretionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
protein modification processMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of smooth muscle contractionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
saliva secretionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
ion channel modulating, G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
ligand-gated ion channel signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of smooth muscle contractionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messengerMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmissionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
temperature homeostasisD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
conditioned taste aversionD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
behavioral fear responseD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of protein phosphorylationD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, dopaminergicD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to amphetamineD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein import into nucleusD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messengerD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
activation of adenylate cyclase activityD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathwayD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
synapse assemblyD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
memoryD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
mating behaviorD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
grooming behaviorD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adult walking behaviorD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
visual learningD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulusD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
astrocyte developmentD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopamine transportD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
transmission of nerve impulseD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
neuronal action potentialD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dentate gyrus developmentD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
striatum developmentD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron migrationD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell migrationD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
peristalsisD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
operant conditioningD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, glutamatergicD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of dopamine metabolic processD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
vasodilationD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopamine metabolic processD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
maternal behaviorD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of potassium ion transportD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
glucose importD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
habituationD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
sensitizationD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
behavioral response to cocaineD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosolD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmissionD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergicD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
prepulse inhibitionD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathwayD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
long-term synaptic potentiationD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
long-term synaptic depressionD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to catecholamine stimulusD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
modification of postsynaptic structureD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
presynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmissionD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neuron migrationD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAPK cascadeD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopamine receptor signaling pathwayD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAP kinase activityD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
behavioral fear responseD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, dopaminergicD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to amphetamineD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular calcium ion homeostasisD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting dopamine receptor signaling pathwayD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopamine receptor signaling pathwayD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adult locomotory behaviorD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of sodium:proton antiporter activityD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of kinase activityD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to histamineD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
social behaviorD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of dopamine metabolic processD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopamine metabolic processD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
fear responseD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of circadian rhythmD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAP kinase activityD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
behavioral response to cocaineD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
behavioral response to ethanolD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
rhythmic processD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
arachidonic acid secretionD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of protein secretionD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmissionD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
inhibitory postsynaptic potentialD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptor internalizationD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of voltage-gated calcium channel activityD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting serotonin receptor signaling pathwayD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messengerD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmissionD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, dopaminergicD(1B) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to amphetamineD(1B) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by vasopressinD(1B) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine-epinephrine vasoconstriction involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressureD(1B) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular calcium ion homeostasisD(1B) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayD(1B) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
activation of adenylate cyclase activityD(1B) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathwayD(1B) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmissionD(1B) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
associative learningD(1B) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
transmission of nerve impulseD(1B) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of NAD(P)H oxidase activityD(1B) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
wound healingD(1B) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to cocaineD(1B) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of adenylate cyclase activityD(1B) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of blood pressureD(1B) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of female receptivityD(1B) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
sensitizationD(1B) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathwayD(1B) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
long-term synaptic depressionD(1B) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to catecholamine stimulusD(1B) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
reactive oxygen species metabolic processD(1B) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAPK cascadeD(1B) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayD(1B) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopamine receptor signaling pathwayD(1B) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
gastric acid secretionHistamine H2 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
immune responseHistamine H2 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of vasoconstrictionHistamine H2 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathwayHistamine H2 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmissionHistamine H2 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messengerHistamine H2 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1DHomo sapiens (human)
intestine smooth muscle contraction5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1DHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of locomotion5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1DHomo sapiens (human)
vasoconstriction5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1DHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of behavior5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1DHomo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1DHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1DHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting serotonin receptor signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1DHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor internalization5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1BHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1BHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting serotonin receptor signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1BHomo sapiens (human)
protein kinase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1BHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1BHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of dopamine secretion5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1BHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of serotonin secretion5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1BHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1BHomo sapiens (human)
response to cocaine5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1BHomo sapiens (human)
vasoconstriction5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1BHomo sapiens (human)
drinking behavior5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1BHomo sapiens (human)
response to ethanol5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1BHomo sapiens (human)
bone remodeling5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1BHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of behavior5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1BHomo sapiens (human)
response to mineralocorticoid5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1BHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1BHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to alkaloid5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1BHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to xenobiotic stimulus5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1BHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to temperature stimulus5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1BHomo sapiens (human)
presynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmission5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1BHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of presynaptic cytosolic calcium ion concentration5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1BHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell proliferation5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1BHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of synaptic vesicle exocytosis5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1BHomo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1BHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1BHomo sapiens (human)
temperature homeostasis5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cytokine production involved in immune response5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
glycolytic process5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular calcium ion homeostasis5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
activation of phospholipase C activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
memory5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell population proliferation5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulus5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol biosynthetic process5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of dopamine secretion5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
artery smooth muscle contraction5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
urinary bladder smooth muscle contraction5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of heat generation5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of potassium ion transport5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
protein localization to cytoskeleton5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of fat cell differentiation5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of glycolytic process5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of vasoconstriction5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
symbiont entry into host cell5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
sensitization5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
behavioral response to cocaine5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of inflammatory response5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
detection of temperature stimulus involved in sensory perception of pain5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of pain5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
presynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmission5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of execution phase of apoptosis5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of platelet aggregation5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA biosynthetic process5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating serotonin receptor signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
serotonin receptor signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1EHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1EHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting serotonin receptor signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1EHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1EHomo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1EHomo sapiens (human)
smooth muscle contraction5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7Homo sapiens (human)
circadian rhythm5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7Homo sapiens (human)
blood circulation5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7Homo sapiens (human)
vasoconstriction5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7Homo sapiens (human)
MAPK cascadeAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of heart rate involved in baroreceptor response to increased systemic arterial blood pressureAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine-epinephrine vasoconstriction involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressureAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of heart rate by epinephrine-norepinephrineAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of the force of heart contraction by epinephrine-norepinephrineAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
apoptotic processAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
smooth muscle contractionAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
signal transductionAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
activation of phospholipase C activityAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentrationAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adult heart developmentAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferationAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulusAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to hormoneAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of autophagyAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cardiac muscle hypertrophyAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergicAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular signal transductionAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAPK cascadeAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of action potentialAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of vasoconstrictionAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of smooth muscle contractionAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
calcium ion transport into cytosolAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cardiac muscle contractionAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cell growth involved in cardiac muscle cell developmentAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascadeAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein kinase C signalingAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
pilomotor reflexAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
neuron-glial cell signalingAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cell-cell signalingAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
inflammatory responseHistamine H1 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayHistamine H1 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayHistamine H1 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
memoryHistamine H1 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
visual learningHistamine H1 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of vascular permeabilityHistamine H1 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of vasoconstrictionHistamine H1 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of synaptic plasticityHistamine H1 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to histamineHistamine H1 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathwayHistamine H1 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messengerHistamine H1 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmissionHistamine H1 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to ethanolD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, dopaminergicD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor internalizationD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular calcium ion homeostasisD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathwayD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting dopamine receptor signaling pathwayD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
learning or memoryD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
learningD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
locomotory behaviorD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
visual learningD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulusD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of dopamine secretionD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cytokinesisD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
circadian regulation of gene expressionD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to histamineD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
social behaviorD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to cocaineD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopamine metabolic processD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to morphineD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of blood pressureD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of mitotic nuclear divisionD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
acid secretionD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
behavioral response to cocaineD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiationD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
arachidonic acid secretionD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of protein secretionD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
musculoskeletal movement, spinal reflex actionD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmissionD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transductionD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
prepulse inhibitionD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of dopamine receptor signaling pathwayD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of adenylate cyclase activityD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of voltage-gated calcium channel activityD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of potassium ion transportD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathwayD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAPK cascadeD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentrationD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergicD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
immune responseDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messengerDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adult locomotory behaviorDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of gene expressionDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of protein-containing complex assemblyDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of CREB transcription factor activityDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylationDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to nicotineDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled opioid receptor signaling pathwayDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
eating behaviorDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of mitochondrial membrane potentialDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of calcium ion transportDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to growth factor stimulusDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to hypoxiaDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to toxic substanceDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
neuropeptide signaling pathwayDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
serotonin receptor signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3AHomo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion transmembrane transport5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3AHomo sapiens (human)
excitatory postsynaptic potential5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3AHomo sapiens (human)
inorganic cation transmembrane transport5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3AHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of presynaptic membrane potential5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3AHomo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3AHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of membrane potential5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3AHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 5AHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 5AHomo sapiens (human)
hippocampus development5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 5AHomo sapiens (human)
response to estradiol5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 5AHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 5AHomo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 5AHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting serotonin receptor signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 5AHomo sapiens (human)
cerebral cortex cell migration5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of TOR signaling5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of gene expressionCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
bilirubin transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
heme catabolic processCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic export from cellCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
transepithelial transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
leukotriene transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic anion transmembrane transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrierCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transport across blood-brain barrierCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, dopaminergicDBos taurus (cattle)
vasodilationDBos taurus (cattle)
lipid transportSigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
nervous system developmentSigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled opioid receptor signaling pathwaySigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of neuron apoptotic processSigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein homotrimerizationSigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
inflammatory responseHistamine H4 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentrationHistamine H4 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
biological_processHistamine H4 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of MAPK cascadeHistamine H4 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathwayHistamine H4 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayHistamine H4 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messengerHistamine H4 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmissionHistamine H4 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (79)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
ATP bindingATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
glucuronoside transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type glutathione S-conjugate transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type bile acid transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled inorganic anion transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
icosanoid transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
guanine nucleotide transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
urate transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
purine nucleotide transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type glutathione S-conjugate transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type bile acid transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
efflux transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD+) activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
glutathione transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled inorganic anion transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid transmembrane transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
canalicular bile acid transmembrane transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
carbohydrate transmembrane transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ABC-type bile acid transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
amyloid-beta bindingBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
beta2-adrenergic receptor activityBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase bindingBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
potassium channel regulator activityBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activityBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex bindingBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine bindingBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor activityMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
arrestin family protein bindingMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activityMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
protein binding5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
receptor-receptor interaction5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter receptor activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
serotonin binding5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
alpha2-adrenergic receptor activityAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein kinase bindingAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
alpha-1B adrenergic receptor bindingAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
alpha-2C adrenergic receptor bindingAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
thioesterase bindingAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
heterotrimeric G-protein bindingAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activityAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein heterodimerization activityAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
epinephrine bindingAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine bindingAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activityAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C activityMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor activityMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activityMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine bindingBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
beta-adrenergic receptor activityBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
beta3-adrenergic receptor activityBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
beta-3 adrenergic receptor bindingBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activityBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
epinephrine bindingBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopamine neurotransmitter receptor activity, coupled via Gi/GoD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G-protein alpha-subunit bindingD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
heterotrimeric G-protein bindingD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopamine bindingD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
ionotropic glutamate receptor bindingD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
heterocyclic compound bindingD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor activityD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
alpha2-adrenergic receptor activityAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
epinephrine bindingAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
alpha2-adrenergic receptor activityAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
alpha-2A adrenergic receptor bindingAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activityAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein heterodimerization activityAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
epinephrine bindingAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activityAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C activityMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor activityMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
signaling receptor activityMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine bindingMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activityMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine neurotransmitter receptor activity, coupled via GsD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G-protein alpha-subunit bindingD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopamine neurotransmitter receptor activityD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
heterotrimeric G-protein bindingD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopamine bindingD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
arrestin family protein bindingD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor activityD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopamine neurotransmitter receptor activity, coupled via Gi/GoD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopamine neurotransmitter receptor activityD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
potassium channel regulator activityD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
SH3 domain bindingD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopamine bindingD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
metal ion bindingD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
epinephrine bindingD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine bindingD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activityD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter receptor activityD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
serotonin bindingD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopamine neurotransmitter receptor activity, coupled via GsD(1B) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopamine neurotransmitter receptor activityD(1B) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingD(1B) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopamine bindingD(1B) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor activityD(1B) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
histamine receptor activityHistamine H2 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activityHistamine H2 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter receptor activityHistamine H2 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1DHomo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter receptor activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1DHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1BHomo sapiens (human)
protein binding5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1BHomo sapiens (human)
serotonin binding5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1BHomo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated calcium channel activity involved in regulation of presynaptic cytosolic calcium levels5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1BHomo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter receptor activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1BHomo sapiens (human)
Gq/11-coupled serotonin receptor activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
virus receptor activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
protein binding5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
protein tyrosine kinase activator activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex binding5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
serotonin binding5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
1-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)propan-2-amine binding5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter receptor activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1EHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1EHomo sapiens (human)
protein binding5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1EHomo sapiens (human)
serotonin binding5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1EHomo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter receptor activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1EHomo sapiens (human)
protein binding5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter receptor activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7Homo sapiens (human)
alpha1-adrenergic receptor activityAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein heterodimerization activityAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
histamine receptor activityHistamine H1 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activityHistamine H1 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter receptor activityHistamine H1 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopamine neurotransmitter receptor activity, coupled via Gi/GoD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor activityD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled opioid receptor activityDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
receptor serine/threonine kinase bindingDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled enkephalin receptor activityDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
neuropeptide bindingDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein binding5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3AHomo sapiens (human)
serotonin-gated monoatomic cation channel activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3AHomo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3AHomo sapiens (human)
serotonin binding5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3AHomo sapiens (human)
ligand-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of presynaptic membrane potential5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3AHomo sapiens (human)
transmitter-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3AHomo sapiens (human)
excitatory extracellular ligand-gated monoatomic ion channel activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3AHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 5AHomo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter receptor activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 5AHomo sapiens (human)
serotonin binding5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 5AHomo sapiens (human)
histamine receptor activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter receptor activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
organic anion transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
bilirubin transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type glutathione S-conjugate transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled inorganic anion transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled opioid receptor activitySigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingSigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
histamine receptor activityHistamine H4 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activityHistamine H4 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor activityHistamine H4 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (84)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
plasma membraneATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
basal plasma membraneATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
membraneATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
nucleolusMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatusMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
platelet dense granule membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
external side of apical plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
Golgi membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
endosomeBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
intercellular canaliculusBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular canaliculusBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
recycling endosomeBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
recycling endosome membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
nucleusBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
lysosomeBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
endosomeBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
early endosomeBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatusBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
endosome membraneBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
membraneBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
clathrin-coated endocytic vesicle membraneBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
neuronal dense core vesicleBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
receptor complexBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
clathrin-coated endocytic vesicle membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
asymmetric synapseMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
symmetric synapseMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell bodyMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
axon terminusMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
glutamatergic synapseMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
cholinergic synapseMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
synapseMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
dendriteMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
synapse5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
dendrite5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell bodyAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
axon terminusAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
presynaptic active zone membraneAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopaminergic synapseAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic density membraneAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
glutamatergic synapseAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
GABA-ergic synapseAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
receptor complexAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
axon terminusMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
Schaffer collateral - CA1 synapseMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic density membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
glutamatergic synapseMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
cholinergic synapseMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
synapseMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
dendriteMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
receptor complexBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
Golgi membraneD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
acrosomal vesicleD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
ciliumD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
lateral plasma membraneD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
endocytic vesicleD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
axonD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dendriteD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
synaptic vesicle membraneD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
sperm flagellumD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dendritic spineD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
perikaryonD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
axon terminusD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membraneD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
ciliary membraneD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
non-motile ciliumD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopaminergic synapseD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
GABA-ergic synapseD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor complexD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
glutamatergic synapseD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membraneD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelleAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
endosomeAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
basal plasma membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
synapseMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
dendriteMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
ciliumD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membraneD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dendritic spineD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membraneD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
ciliary membraneD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
non-motile ciliumD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
glutamatergic synapseD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
GABA-ergic synapseD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor complexD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
centrosomeD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
membraneD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
postsynapseD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
glutamatergic synapseD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dendriteD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneD(1B) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
ciliumD(1B) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
brush border membraneD(1B) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
synapseD(1B) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
ciliary membraneD(1B) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
non-motile ciliumD(1B) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneD(1B) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneHistamine H2 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
synapseHistamine H2 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneHistamine H2 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dendriteHistamine H2 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1DHomo sapiens (human)
synapse5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1DHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1DHomo sapiens (human)
dendrite5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1DHomo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1BHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1BHomo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membrane5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1BHomo sapiens (human)
calyx of Held5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1BHomo sapiens (human)
serotonergic synapse5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1BHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor complex5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1BHomo sapiens (human)
dendrite5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1BHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1BHomo sapiens (human)
neurofilament5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
caveola5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
axon5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmic vesicle5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membrane5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell body5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
dendritic shaft5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membrane5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
cell body fiber5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
glutamatergic synapse5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor complex5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
dendrite5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1EHomo sapiens (human)
synapse5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1EHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1EHomo sapiens (human)
dendrite5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1EHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7Homo sapiens (human)
trans-Golgi network membrane5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7Homo sapiens (human)
synapse5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
caveolaAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear membraneAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelleAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolHistamine H1 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneHistamine H1 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
synapseHistamine H1 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dendriteHistamine H1 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneHistamine H1 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
synapseD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
synaptic vesicle membraneDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dendrite membraneDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membraneDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
axon terminusDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
spine apparatusDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic density membraneDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
neuronal dense core vesicleDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
neuron projectionDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3AHomo sapiens (human)
cleavage furrow5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3AHomo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membrane5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3AHomo sapiens (human)
serotonin-activated cation-selective channel complex5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3AHomo sapiens (human)
synapse5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3AHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3AHomo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transporter complex5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3AHomo sapiens (human)
neuron projection5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3AHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 5AHomo sapiens (human)
perikaryon5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 5AHomo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic specialization membrane5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 5AHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 5AHomo sapiens (human)
dendrite5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 5AHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6Homo sapiens (human)
cilium5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6Homo sapiens (human)
synapse5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
intercellular canaliculusCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneDBos taurus (cattle)
dendritic spineDBos taurus (cattle)
ciliary membraneDBos taurus (cattle)
nuclear envelopeSigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear inner membraneSigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear outer membraneSigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulumSigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneSigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
lipid dropletSigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolSigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic densitySigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
membraneSigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
growth coneSigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmic vesicleSigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
anchoring junctionSigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic density membraneSigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulumSigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneHistamine H4 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneHistamine H4 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dendriteHistamine H4 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
synapseHistamine H4 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (323)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1347411qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Mechanism Interrogation Plate v5.0 (MIPE) Libary2020ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7
High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1079935Cytolytic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is > 5 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CYTOL' in source]
AID391646Inhibition of yawning in rat at >0.1 mg/kg, sc2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-09, Volume: 51, Issue:19
Design, synthesis, and evaluation of potent and selective ligands for the dopamine 3 (D3) receptor with a novel in vivo behavioral profile.
AID679194TP_TRANSPORTER: uptake in OCT1 expressing oocytes2005Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 33, Issue:4
Transport of the dopamine D2 agonist pramipexole by rat organic cation transporters OCT1 and OCT2 in kidney.
AID1607432Displacement of [3H]-SCH23390 from recombinant human D1 receptor transiently expressed in HEKT cell membranes measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1563555Selectivity ratio of Ki for displacement of [3H]-(R)-(+)-7-OH-DPAT from recombinant human D2L receptor expressed in HEK293 cell membranes to Ki for displacement of [3H]-(R)-(+)-7-OH-DPAT from recombinant human D3 receptor expressed in HEK293 cell membrane2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 07-11, Volume: 62, Issue:13
The Significance of Chirality in Drug Design and Synthesis of Bitopic Ligands as D
AID625285Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic necrosis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1607481Displacement of [3H]-SCH23390 from recombinant human D5 receptor transiently expressed in HEKT cell membranes at 10 uM measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method relative to control2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID773370Agonist activity at dopamine D3 receptor (unknown origin)2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-15, Volume: 23, Issue:20
Synthesis and binding affinity of new 1,4-disubstituted triazoles as potential dopamine D(3) receptor ligands.
AID1607445Displacement of [3H]-QNB/[3H]-NMS from human muscarinic M1 receptor expressed in stable CHO cell membranes after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1607451Displacement of [3H]-Nisoxetine from human NET receptor expressed in stable HEK cell membranes after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID61487Binding affinity of compound measured using [3H]spiperone for the cloned human dopamine receptor D2 short (high/low affinity is given as 40/3600)2002Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-02, Volume: 12, Issue:17
Fused azaindole derivatives: molecular design, synthesis and in vitro pharmacology leading to the preferential dopamine D3 receptor agonist FAUC 725.
AID1607449Displacement of [3H]-QNB/[3H]-NMS from human muscarinic M5 receptor expressed in stable CHO cell membranes after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1607487Displacement of [3H]-alpha-methylhistamine from recombinant human histamine H3 receptor expressed in HEK Flp-In cell membranes at 10 uM measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method relative to control2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1473739Inhibition of human MRP2 overexpressed in Sf9 cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-estradiol-17beta-D-glucuronide in presence of ATP and GSH measured after 20 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay2013Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1
A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID61802Effective concentration required for agonistic activity against human D4.2 receptor2002Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-02, Volume: 12, Issue:17
Fused azaindole derivatives: molecular design, synthesis and in vitro pharmacology leading to the preferential dopamine D3 receptor agonist FAUC 725.
AID773369Selectivity ratio of Ki for dopamine D2 receptor (unknown origin) to Ki for dopamine D3 receptor (unknown origin)2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-15, Volume: 23, Issue:20
Synthesis and binding affinity of new 1,4-disubstituted triazoles as potential dopamine D(3) receptor ligands.
AID1079941Liver damage due to vascular disease: peliosis hepatitis, hepatic veno-occlusive disease, Budd-Chiari syndrome. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'VASC' in source]
AID1607431Displacement of [3H]-Flunitrazepam from rat brain GABA(A)/BzR site measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID711822Induction of yawning in Sprague-Dawley rat at 0.1 mg/kg, sc pre-treated with 1 mg/kg D2 receptor antagonist L-741,626 measured 30 mins post dose2011ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-11, Volume: 2, Issue:8
CJ-1639: A Potent and Highly Selective Dopamine D3 Receptor Full Agonist.
AID1448010Ratio of EC50 for human D2SR expressed in HEK293T cells co-expressing (EA)beta-arrestin2 to EC50 for human D2SR expressed in HEK293T cells co-expressing (EA)beta-arrestin2 and GRK22017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-08, Volume: 60, Issue:11
Hydroxy-Substituted Heteroarylpiperazines: Novel Scaffolds for β-Arrestin-Biased D
AID1607444Displacement of [3H]-U69593 from KOR (unknown origin) measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1607340Displacement of [3H]-methylspiperon from human D3R expressed in HEK293 cell membranes measured after 90 mins in EBSS buffer by topcount assay2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID711803Displacement of [3H]Spiperone from Sprague-Dawley rat dopamine D2-like receptor after 90 mins2011ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-11, Volume: 2, Issue:8
CJ-1639: A Potent and Highly Selective Dopamine D3 Receptor Full Agonist.
AID1607493Displacement of [3H]-QNB/[3H]-NMS from human muscarinic M4 receptor expressed in stable CHO cell membranes at 10 uM after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method relative to control2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID711818Induction of yawning in Sprague-Dawley rat at 0.1 mg/kg, sc pre-treated with 32 mg/kg D3 receptor antagonist SB-277011A measured 30 mins post dose2011ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-11, Volume: 2, Issue:8
CJ-1639: A Potent and Highly Selective Dopamine D3 Receptor Full Agonist.
AID711808Induction of yawning in sc dosed Sprague-Dawley rat after 60 mins2011ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-11, Volume: 2, Issue:8
CJ-1639: A Potent and Highly Selective Dopamine D3 Receptor Full Agonist.
AID1607425Displacement of [3H]-rauwolscine from recombinant human alpha2A adrenergic receptor stably expressed in MDCK cell membranes measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1607430Displacement of [3H]-CGP12177 from recombinant human beta2 adrenergic receptor expressed in HEK Flp-In cell membranes measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1895221Agonist activity at human D3 receptor stably expressed in HEK293T cells co-expressing ElucN-betaarr2 hD3R-ElucC by beta-arrestin2 recruitment assay
AID1607459Displacement of [3H]5-HT from recombinant human 5HT1E receptor stably expressed in HEK cell membranes at 10 uM measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method relative to control2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID391642Selectivity for Sprague-Dawley rat D3 receptor over Sprague-Dawley rat D2-like receptor2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-09, Volume: 51, Issue:19
Design, synthesis, and evaluation of potent and selective ligands for the dopamine 3 (D3) receptor with a novel in vivo behavioral profile.
AID625289Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver disease2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID688184Selectivity ratio of Ki for dopamine D2 like receptor in rat brain homogenates to Ki for dopamine D3 receptor in rat brain homogenates2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 22, Issue:17
High-affinity and selective dopamine D₃ receptor full agonists.
AID1895203Displacement of [3H]N-methylspiperone from human D2 long receptor stably expressed in HEK293T cells co-expressing luciferase and CEK at high concentration incubated for 140 mins by radioligand competition binding based assay
AID254428Binding affinity (low) towards bovine dopamine receptor 1 by using [3H]-SCH- 23390 (0.3 nM) as radioligand2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-08, Volume: 48, Issue:18
Pharmacophore-guided drug discovery investigations leading to bioactive 5-aminotetrahydropyrazolopyridines. Implications for the binding mode of heterocyclic dopamine D3 receptor agonists.
AID1607464Displacement of [3H]-LSD from recombinant human 5HT5A receptor stably expressed in Flp-In CHO cell membranes at 10 uM measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method relative to control2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID319301Intrinsic activity at human dopamine D2 receptor expressed in CHO cells assessed as inhibition of forskolin-stimulated cAMP production2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 16, Issue:6
A novel synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a potential dopamine D1/D2 agonist: 1-propyl-1,2,3,4,4a,5,10,10a-octahydrobenzo[g]quinoline-6,7-diol.
AID63685in vitro high binding affinity was determined on human Dopamine receptor D4 expressed in chinese hamster ovary(CHO) K-1 cells using [3H]spiperone as radioligand.2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-21, Volume: 43, Issue:19
Thiazoloindans and thiazolobenzopyrans: a novel class of orally active central dopamine (partial) agonists.
AID61171Binding affinity of compound measured using [3H]-spiperone for the cloned human dopamine receptor D2 long (high/low affinity is given as 27/5400)2002Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-02, Volume: 12, Issue:17
Fused azaindole derivatives: molecular design, synthesis and in vitro pharmacology leading to the preferential dopamine D3 receptor agonist FAUC 725.
AID688183Displacement of [3H]SCH23390 from dopamine D1 like receptor in rat brain homogenates2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 22, Issue:17
High-affinity and selective dopamine D₃ receptor full agonists.
AID240276Effective concentration to stimulate rat Dopamine receptor D2L mediated [3H]thymidine incorporation into growing cells using mitogenesis assay2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-07, Volume: 48, Issue:7
CoMFA and CoMSIA investigations revealing novel insights into the binding modes of dopamine D3 receptor agonists.
AID244409Intrinsic activity to stimulate rat Dopamine receptor D2S mediated [3H]-thymidine incorporation into growing cells using mitogenesis assay2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-07, Volume: 48, Issue:7
CoMFA and CoMSIA investigations revealing novel insights into the binding modes of dopamine D3 receptor agonists.
AID1607420Displacement of [3H]-LSD from recombinant human 5HT6 receptor stably expressed in HEK cell membranes measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1607406Agonist activity at RLuc8-fused human D3R Y198A/Y365A double mutant expressed in HEK293 cells co-expressing N-terminal Venus-tagged beta-arrestin2 and GRK3 assessed as induction of beta-arrestin2 recruitment measured after 5 mins in presence of coelentera2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1474166Liver toxicity in human assessed as induction of drug-induced liver injury by measuring severity class index2016Drug discovery today, Apr, Volume: 21, Issue:4
DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans.
AID254506High binding affinity towards human dopamine receptor 4.4 expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells using [3H]spiperone (0.5 nM) as radioligand2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-08, Volume: 48, Issue:18
Pharmacophore-guided drug discovery investigations leading to bioactive 5-aminotetrahydropyrazolopyridines. Implications for the binding mode of heterocyclic dopamine D3 receptor agonists.
AID391639Displacement of [3H]PD128907 from dopamine D3 receptor in Sprague-Dawley rat ventral striatum2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-09, Volume: 51, Issue:19
Design, synthesis, and evaluation of potent and selective ligands for the dopamine 3 (D3) receptor with a novel in vivo behavioral profile.
AID1079943Malignant tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.MAL' in source]
AID1607421Displacement of [3H]-LSD from recombinant human 5HT7A receptor stably expressed in HEK cell membranes measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1079945Animal toxicity known. [column 'TOXIC' in source]
AID1607446Displacement of [3H]-QNB/[3H]-NMS from human muscarinic M2 receptor expressed in stable CHO cell membranes after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1607341Displacement of [3H]-methylspiperon from human D2RL expressed in HEK293 cell membranes measured after 90 mins by topcount assay2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1607465Displacement of [3H]-LSD from recombinant human 5HT6 receptor stably expressed in HEK cell membranes at 10 uM measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method relative to control2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1607448Displacement of [3H]-QNB/[3H]-NMS from human muscarinic M4 receptor expressed in stable CHO cell membranes after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1895218Agonist activity at human D2 long receptor stably expressed in HEK293T cells co-expressing ElucN-betaarr2 hD2longR-ElucC by beta-arrestin2 recruitment assay
AID1895197Displacement of [3H]-histamine from human histamine H4 receptor stably expressed in baculovirus infected Sf9 cell membrane co-expressing G-alphai2 and G-beta1gamma2 incubated for 60 mins by scintillation counting analysis
AID1607437Displacement of [3H]-Win35428 from human DAT expressed in stable HEK cell membranes after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID688185Selectivity ratio of Ki for dopamine D1 like receptor in rat brain homogenates to Ki for dopamine D3 receptor in rat brain homogenates2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 22, Issue:17
High-affinity and selective dopamine D₃ receptor full agonists.
AID688179Selectivity ratio of dopamine D2 receptor to dopamine D3 receptor2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 22, Issue:17
High-affinity and selective dopamine D₃ receptor full agonists.
AID1607472Displacement of [3H]-rauwolscine from recombinant human alpha2C adrenergic receptor stably expressed in MDCK cell membranes at 10 uM measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method relative to control2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1607415Displacement of [3H]-Ketanserin from 5HT2A receptor (unknown origin) measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1607466Displacement of [3H]-LSD from recombinant human 5HT7A receptor stably expressed in HEK cell membranes at 10 uM measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method relative to control2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1607424Displacement of [3H]-prazosin from recombinant human alpha1D adrenergic receptor measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID238979Inhibition constant against [3H]SCH-23390 binding to Dopamine receptor D1 in bovine striatal membranes2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-07, Volume: 48, Issue:7
CoMFA and CoMSIA investigations revealing novel insights into the binding modes of dopamine D3 receptor agonists.
AID711815Induction of hypothermia in Sprague-Dawley rat at 0.32 mg/kg, sc after 60 mins2011ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-11, Volume: 2, Issue:8
CJ-1639: A Potent and Highly Selective Dopamine D3 Receptor Full Agonist.
AID319299Agonist activity at human dopamine D2 receptor expressed in CHO cells assessed as inhibition of forskolin-stimulated cAMP production2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 16, Issue:6
A novel synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a potential dopamine D1/D2 agonist: 1-propyl-1,2,3,4,4a,5,10,10a-octahydrobenzo[g]quinoline-6,7-diol.
AID711805Selectivity ratio of Ki for Sprague-Dawley rat dopamine D2-like receptor to Ki for Sprague-Dawley rat dopamine D3 receptor2011ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-11, Volume: 2, Issue:8
CJ-1639: A Potent and Highly Selective Dopamine D3 Receptor Full Agonist.
AID1143585Agonist activity at human dopamine D3 receptor expressed in human U2OS cells assessed as stimulation of beta-arrestin recruitment2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-12, Volume: 57, Issue:11
Tranylcypromine substituted cis-hydroxycyclobutylnaphthamides as potent and selective dopamine D₃ receptor antagonists.
AID1607429Displacement of [125I]-pindolol from recombinant human beta1 adrenergic receptor expressed in CHO Flp-In cell membranes measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1895193Displacement of [3H] mepyramine from human histamine H1 receptor stably expressed in baculovirus infected Sf9 cell membrane co-expressing RGS4 incubated for 60 mins by scintillation counting analysis
AID1563556Selectivity ratio of Ki for displacement of [3H]-(R)-(+)-7-OH-DPAT from recombinant human D4.4 receptor expressed in HEK293 cell membranes to Ki for displacement of [3H]-(R)-(+)-7-OH-DPAT from recombinant human D3 receptor expressed in HEK293 cell membran2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 07-11, Volume: 62, Issue:13
The Significance of Chirality in Drug Design and Synthesis of Bitopic Ligands as D
AID1607484Displacement of [3H]-Muscimol from rat brain GABAA at 10 uM measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method relative to control2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID239943Inhibition constant against [3H]-spiperone binding to human Dopamine receptor D3 expressed in CHO cells2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-07, Volume: 48, Issue:7
CoMFA and CoMSIA investigations revealing novel insights into the binding modes of dopamine D3 receptor agonists.
AID539464Solubility of the compound in 0.1 M phosphate buffer at 600 uM at pH 7.4 after 24 hrs by LC/MS/MS analysis2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 20, Issue:24
Experimental solubility profiling of marketed CNS drugs, exploring solubility limit of CNS discovery candidate.
AID1895211Agonist activity at human histamine H2 receptor stably expressed in HEK293T cells co-expressing NlucN-mGs/hH2R-NlucC assessed as induction of mini-Gi protein recruitment using furimazine as substrate measured for 45 mins by luminescence assay
AID1895220Agonist activity at human D2 long receptor stably expressed in HEK293T cells co-expressing ElucN-betaarr2 hD2longR-ElucC assessed as maximum efficacy at 10 uM by beta-arrestin2 recruitment assay relative to control
AID1079948Times to onset, minimal and maximal, observed in the indexed observations. [column 'DELAI' in source]
AID1298711Selectivity index, ratio of Ki for human beta2 receptor to Ki for human D2S receptor2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 06-15, Volume: 24, Issue:12
Structure-guided development of dual β2 adrenergic/dopamine D2 receptor agonists.
AID1607351Agonist activity at RLuc8-fused human D3R expressed in HEK293 cells co-expressing N-terminal Venus-tagged beta-arrestin2 and GRK3 assessed as induction of beta-arrestin2 recruitment measured after 5 mins in presence of coelenterazine H by BRET assay2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID391645Induction of yawning in rat at 0.01 to 0.1 mg/kg, sc2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-09, Volume: 51, Issue:19
Design, synthesis, and evaluation of potent and selective ligands for the dopamine 3 (D3) receptor with a novel in vivo behavioral profile.
AID1607361Displacement of [3H]-7-OH-DPAT from human D3R expressed in HEK293 cell membranes measured after 90 mins in Tris buffer containing MgCl2 by topcount assay2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1607442Displacement of [3H]-alpha-methylhistamine from recombinant human histamine H3 receptor expressed in HEK Flp-In cell membranes measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1607497Displacement of [3H]-PK11195 from rat brain GABA PBR at 10 uM measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method relative to control2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1607413Displacement of [3H]5-CT from recombinant human 5HT1D receptor transiently expressed in HEKT cell membranes measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID625286Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatitis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1607471Displacement of [3H]-rauwolscine from recombinant human alpha2B adrenergic receptor transiently expressed in HEKT cell membranes at 10 uM measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method relative to control2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID310686Agonist activity at human recombinant dopamine D2 receptor expressed in rat pituitary cells assessed as inhibition of forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 17, Issue:24
Design and synthesis of a functionally selective D3 agonist and its in vivo delivery via the intranasal route.
AID1607488Displacement of [3H]-Histamine from recombinant human histamine H4 receptor expressed in HEKT cell membranes at 10 uM measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method relative to control2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1607461Displacement of [3H]-LSD from recombinant human 5HT2B receptor stably expressed in HEK cell membranes at 10 uM measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method relative to control2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1607460Displacement of [3H]-Ketanserin from 5HT2A receptor (unknown origin) at 10 uM measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method relative to control2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID255229Ligand efficacy towards dopamine D3 receptor2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-08, Volume: 48, Issue:18
Pharmacophore-guided drug discovery investigations leading to bioactive 5-aminotetrahydropyrazolopyridines. Implications for the binding mode of heterocyclic dopamine D3 receptor agonists.
AID1607422Displacement of [3H]-prazosin from recombinant human alpha1A adrenergic receptor measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID254520High binding affinity towards human dopamine receptor 2 (short) expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells using [3H]spiperone (0.5 nM) as radioligand2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-08, Volume: 48, Issue:18
Pharmacophore-guided drug discovery investigations leading to bioactive 5-aminotetrahydropyrazolopyridines. Implications for the binding mode of heterocyclic dopamine D3 receptor agonists.
AID254504Low binding affinity towards human dopamine receptor 4.4 expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells using [3H]spiperone (0.5 nM) as radioligand2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-08, Volume: 48, Issue:18
Pharmacophore-guided drug discovery investigations leading to bioactive 5-aminotetrahydropyrazolopyridines. Implications for the binding mode of heterocyclic dopamine D3 receptor agonists.
AID1895194Displacement of [3H]UR-DE257 from human histamine H2 receptor stably expressed in baculovirus infected Sf9 cell membrane co-expressing RG-Salpha S incubated for 60 mins by scintillation counting analysis
AID711826Inhibition of hypothermia in Sprague-Dawley rat at 0.32 mg/kg, sc pre-treated with 1 mg/kg D2 receptor antagonist L-741,626 measured 30 mins post dose2011ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-11, Volume: 2, Issue:8
CJ-1639: A Potent and Highly Selective Dopamine D3 Receptor Full Agonist.
AID1473738Inhibition of human BSEP overexpressed in Sf9 cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-taurocholate in presence of ATP measured after 15 to 20 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay2013Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1
A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID1473740Inhibition of human MRP3 overexpressed in Sf9 insect cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-estradiol-17beta-D-glucuronide in presence of ATP and GSH measured after 10 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay2013Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1
A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID625283Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for elevated liver function tests2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1563554Displacement of [3H]-(R)-(+)-7-OH-DPAT from recombinant human D4.4 receptor expressed in HEK293 cell membranes measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting analysis2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 07-11, Volume: 62, Issue:13
The Significance of Chirality in Drug Design and Synthesis of Bitopic Ligands as D
AID1607486Displacement of [125I]-Iodo-aminopotentidine from human histamine H2 receptor expressed in stable HEK cell membranes at 10 uM after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method relative to control2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1607480Displacement of [3H]-N-methylspiperone from recombinant human D4 receptor stably expressed in HEK cell membranes at 10 uM measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method relative to control2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1607359Displacement of [3H]-7-OH-DPAT from human D3R expressed in HEK293 cell membranes measured after 90 mins in Tris buffer by topcount assay2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1607478Displacement of [3H]-N-methylspiperone from recombinant human D2 receptor stably expressed in fibroblast cell membranes at 10 uM measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method relative to control2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1607473Displacement of [125I]-pindolol from recombinant human beta1 adrenergic receptor expressed in CHO Flp-In cell membranes at 10 uM measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method relative to control2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1607411Displacement of [3H]-Way100635 from recombinant human 5HT1A receptor stably expressed in CHO cell membranes measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID244410Intrinsic activity to stimulate human Dopamine receptor D3 mediated [3H]thymidine incorporation into growing cells using mitogenesis assay2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-07, Volume: 48, Issue:7
CoMFA and CoMSIA investigations revealing novel insights into the binding modes of dopamine D3 receptor agonists.
AID1607414Displacement of [3H]5-HT from recombinant human 5HT1E receptor stably expressed in HEK cell membranes measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID681621TP_TRANSPORTER: uptake in Xenopus laevis oocytes2005Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 33, Issue:4
Transport of the dopamine D2 agonist pramipexole by rat organic cation transporters OCT1 and OCT2 in kidney.
AID254516Low binding affinity towards human dopamine receptor 2 (long) expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells using [3H]spiperone (0.5 nM) as radioligand2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-08, Volume: 48, Issue:18
Pharmacophore-guided drug discovery investigations leading to bioactive 5-aminotetrahydropyrazolopyridines. Implications for the binding mode of heterocyclic dopamine D3 receptor agonists.
AID391641Displacement of [3H]SCH23390 from D1-like receptor in Sprague-Dawley rat striatum2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-09, Volume: 51, Issue:19
Design, synthesis, and evaluation of potent and selective ligands for the dopamine 3 (D3) receptor with a novel in vivo behavioral profile.
AID1448003Partial agonist activity at human D2SR expressed in HEK293T cells co-expressing (EA)beta-arrestin2 assessed as induction of beta-arrestin2 recruitment after 5 hrs by chemiluminescence assay2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-08, Volume: 60, Issue:11
Hydroxy-Substituted Heteroarylpiperazines: Novel Scaffolds for β-Arrestin-Biased D
AID310688Selectivity for human dopamine D3 receptor over human dopamine D2 receptor2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 17, Issue:24
Design and synthesis of a functionally selective D3 agonist and its in vivo delivery via the intranasal route.
AID239121High inhibition constant against [3H]spiperone binding to human Dopamine receptor D2S expressed in CHO cells2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-07, Volume: 48, Issue:7
CoMFA and CoMSIA investigations revealing novel insights into the binding modes of dopamine D3 receptor agonists.
AID625279Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for bilirubinemia2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1607491Displacement of [3H]-QNB/[3H]-NMS from human muscarinic M2 receptor expressed in stable CHO cell membranes at 10 uM after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method relative to control2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1895208Selectivity ratio of Ki for human D3 receptor receptor to Ki for human histamine H2 receptor
AID625288Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for jaundice2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1079946Presence of at least one case with successful reintroduction. [column 'REINT' in source]
AID711806Selectivity ratio of Ki for Sprague-Dawley rat dopamine D1-like receptor to Ki for Sprague-Dawley rat dopamine D3 receptor2011ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-11, Volume: 2, Issue:8
CJ-1639: A Potent and Highly Selective Dopamine D3 Receptor Full Agonist.
AID1607439Displacement of [3H]-Muscimol from rat brain GABAA measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID240284Effective concentration to stimulate human Dopamine receptor D3 mediated [3H]-thymidine incorporation into growing cells using mitogenesis assay2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-07, Volume: 48, Issue:7
CoMFA and CoMSIA investigations revealing novel insights into the binding modes of dopamine D3 receptor agonists.
AID1079932Highest frequency of moderate liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% BIOL' in source]
AID625287Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatomegaly2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1079937Severe hepatitis, defined as possibly life-threatening liver failure or through clinical observations. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'MASS' in source]
AID239106Low inhibition constant against [3H]spiperone binding to human Dopamine receptor D2L expressed in CHO cells2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-07, Volume: 48, Issue:7
CoMFA and CoMSIA investigations revealing novel insights into the binding modes of dopamine D3 receptor agonists.
AID1607419Displacement of [3H]-LSD from recombinant human 5HT5A receptor stably expressed in Flp-In CHO cell membranes measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1895212Agonist activity at human histamine H2 receptor stably expressed in HEK293T cells co-expressing NlucN-mGs/hH2R-NlucC assessed as induction of mini-Gi protein recruitment by measuring maximum efficacy at 100 uM using furimazine as substrate measured for 45
AID61491Effective concentration required for agonistic activity against rat D2 short receptor2002Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-02, Volume: 12, Issue:17
Fused azaindole derivatives: molecular design, synthesis and in vitro pharmacology leading to the preferential dopamine D3 receptor agonist FAUC 725.
AID65765compound was tested for intrinsic activity for thymidine uptake in CHO-L6 cells transfected with rat Dopamine receptor D32000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-21, Volume: 43, Issue:19
Thiazoloindans and thiazolobenzopyrans: a novel class of orally active central dopamine (partial) agonists.
AID1607489Displacement of [3H]-U69593 from KOR (unknown origin) at 10 uM measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method relative to control2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID391640Displacement of [3H]Spiperone from D2 receptor in Sprague-Dawley rat caudate-putamen2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-09, Volume: 51, Issue:19
Design, synthesis, and evaluation of potent and selective ligands for the dopamine 3 (D3) receptor with a novel in vivo behavioral profile.
AID1473741Inhibition of human MRP4 overexpressed in Sf9 cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-estradiol-17beta-D-glucuronide in presence of ATP and GSH measured after 20 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay2013Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1
A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID727074Antagonist activity at human D2 dopamine receptor expressed in CHO cell membrane by GTPgammaS-binding assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-15, Volume: 23, Issue:2
Synthesis and SAR of aminothiazole fused benzazepines as selective dopamine D2 partial agonists.
AID1448008Partial agonist activity at human D2SR expressed in HEK293T cells co-expressing (EA)beta-arrestin2 and GRK2 assessed as induction of beta-arrestin2 recruitment after 5 hrs by chemiluminescence assay2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-08, Volume: 60, Issue:11
Hydroxy-Substituted Heteroarylpiperazines: Novel Scaffolds for β-Arrestin-Biased D
AID239087Low inhibition constant against [3H]spiperone binding to human Dopamine receptor D3 expressed in CHO cells2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-07, Volume: 48, Issue:7
CoMFA and CoMSIA investigations revealing novel insights into the binding modes of dopamine D3 receptor agonists.
AID1607453Displacement of [3H]-citalopram from human SERT receptor expressed in stable HEK cell membranes after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1079934Highest frequency of acute liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% AIGUE' in source]
AID1079933Acute liver toxicity defined via clinical observations and clear clinical-chemistry results: serum ALT or AST activity > 6 N or serum alkaline phosphatases activity > 1.7 N. This category includes cytolytic, choleostatic and mixed liver toxicity. Value is
AID1607410Selectivity ratio of Ki for displacement of [3H]-methylspiperon from human D2RL expressed in HEK293 cell membranes to Ki for displacement of [3H]-methylspiperon from human D3R expressed in HEK293 cell membranes2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID65291in vitro low binding affinity was determined on human Dopamine receptor D3 expressed in chinese hamster ovary(CHO) K-1 cells using [3H]spiperone as radioligand.2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-21, Volume: 43, Issue:19
Thiazoloindans and thiazolobenzopyrans: a novel class of orally active central dopamine (partial) agonists.
AID688182Displacement of [3H]Spiperone from dopamine D2 like receptor in rat brain homogenates2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 22, Issue:17
High-affinity and selective dopamine D₃ receptor full agonists.
AID750039Selectivity ratio for human recombinant dopamine D2 receptor to human recombinant dopamine D3 receptor2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 21, Issue:11
Modification of agonist binding moiety in hybrid derivative 5/7-{[2-(4-aryl-piperazin-1-yl)-ethyl]-propyl-amino}-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-naphthalen-1-ol/-2-amino versions: impact on functional activity and selectivity for dopamine D2/D3 receptors.
AID1448004Partial agonist activity at human D2SR expressed in HEK293T cells co-expressing (EA)beta-arrestin2 assessed as induction of beta-arrestin2 recruitment after 5 hrs by chemiluminescence assay relative to quinpirole2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-08, Volume: 60, Issue:11
Hydroxy-Substituted Heteroarylpiperazines: Novel Scaffolds for β-Arrestin-Biased D
AID1607463Displacement of [3H]GR65630 from recombinant human 5HT3 receptor transiently expressed in HEKT cell membranes at 10 uM measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method relative to control2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID588992Inhibitors of transporters of clinical importance in the absorption and disposition of drugs, MATE2-K2010Nature reviews. Drug discovery, Mar, Volume: 9, Issue:3
Membrane transporters in drug development.
AID239120High inhibition constant against [3H]spiperone binding to human Dopamine receptor D2L expressed in CHO cells2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-07, Volume: 48, Issue:7
CoMFA and CoMSIA investigations revealing novel insights into the binding modes of dopamine D3 receptor agonists.
AID1607384Neuroprotective activity against 6-OHDA-induced toxicity in differentiated human NSC stably expressing D3R assessed as reduction in cell damage at 500 nM pretreated for 24 hrs followed by 6-OHDA challenge and measured after 24 hrs by MTT assay2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID391647Induction of hypothermia in rat assessed as change in body temperature2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-09, Volume: 51, Issue:19
Design, synthesis, and evaluation of potent and selective ligands for the dopamine 3 (D3) receptor with a novel in vivo behavioral profile.
AID1607433Displacement of [3H]-N-methylspiperone from recombinant human D2 receptor stably expressed in fibroblast cell membranes measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1895195Displacement of [3H]Nalpha-methylhistamine from human histamine H3 receptor stably expressed in baculovirus infected Sf9 cell membrane co-expressing G-alphai2 and G-beta1gamma2 incubated for 60 mins by scintillation counting analysis
AID65761Inhibition of quinpirole (30 nM)-stimulated [3H]thymidine uptake in CHO-L6 cells transfected with the rat Dopamine receptor D3;NT is not tested2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-21, Volume: 43, Issue:19
Thiazoloindans and thiazolobenzopyrans: a novel class of orally active central dopamine (partial) agonists.
AID711801Inhibition of hypothermia in Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as reduction in core body temperature at 0.32 mg/kg, sc pre-treated with 1 mg/kg D2 receptor antagonist L-741,626 measured 30 mins post dose2011ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-11, Volume: 2, Issue:8
CJ-1639: A Potent and Highly Selective Dopamine D3 Receptor Full Agonist.
AID1607455Displacement of [3H]-DTG from sigma 2 receptor (unknown origin) measured after 90 mins by microbeta counting analysis2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1607468Displacement of [3H]-prazosin from recombinant human alpha1B adrenergic receptor transiently expressed in HEKT cell membranes at 10 uM measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method relative to control2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1607356Displacement of [3H]-methylspiperon from human D3R expressed in HEK293 cell membranes measured after 90 mins in Tris buffer by topcount assay2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1895205Displacement of [3H]N-methylspiperone from human D2 long receptor stably expressed in HEK293T cells co-expressing luciferase and CEK at low concentration incubated for 140 mins by radioligand competition binding based assay
AID254519Low binding affinity towards human dopamine receptor 2 (short) expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells using [3H]spiperone (0.5 nM) as radioligand2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-08, Volume: 48, Issue:18
Pharmacophore-guided drug discovery investigations leading to bioactive 5-aminotetrahydropyrazolopyridines. Implications for the binding mode of heterocyclic dopamine D3 receptor agonists.
AID63686in vitro low binding affinity was determined on human Dopamine receptor D4 expressed in chinese hamster ovary(CHO) K-1 cells using [3H]spiperone as radioligand.2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-21, Volume: 43, Issue:19
Thiazoloindans and thiazolobenzopyrans: a novel class of orally active central dopamine (partial) agonists.
AID1607502Selectivity ratio of Ki for displacement of [3H]-N-methylspiperone from recombinant human D4 receptor stably expressed in HEK cell membranes to Ki for displacement of [3H]-N-methylspiperone from D3 receptor (unknown origin)2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1448006Agonist activity at human D2S receptor expressed in HEK293T cell membranes coexpressing Galphao1 assessed as induction of nucleotide exchange at 0.1 pM to 100 uM preincubated for 30 mins followed by addition of [35S]GTPgammaS measured after 30 mins by [352017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-08, Volume: 60, Issue:11
Hydroxy-Substituted Heteroarylpiperazines: Novel Scaffolds for β-Arrestin-Biased D
AID1607440Displacement of [3H]-pyrilamine from human histamine H1 receptor expressed in stable HEK cell membranes after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1607412Displacement of [3H]5-CT from recombinant human 5HT1B receptor stably expressed in HEK cell membranes measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID625284Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic failure2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1298708Displacement of [3H]spiperone from human D2S receptor expressed in CHO cells2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 06-15, Volume: 24, Issue:12
Structure-guided development of dual β2 adrenergic/dopamine D2 receptor agonists.
AID1607357Displacement of [3H]-methylspiperon from human D3R expressed in HEK293 cell membranes measured after 90 mins in Tris buffer containing NaCl by topcount assay2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID688180Selectivity ratio of dopamine D1 like receptor to dopamine D3 receptor2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 22, Issue:17
High-affinity and selective dopamine D₃ receptor full agonists.
AID1607454Displacement of [3H]-pentazocine from sigma1 receptor (unknown origin) after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1079938Chronic liver disease either proven histopathologically, or through a chonic elevation of serum amino-transferase activity after 6 months. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHRON' in source]
AID1607474Displacement of [3H]-CGP12177 from recombinant human beta2 adrenergic receptor expressed in HEK Flp-In cell membranes at 10 uM measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method relative to control2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1607438Displacement of [3H]-DADLE from recombinant human DOR stably expressed in HEK cell membranes measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1448005Agonist activity at human D2S receptor expressed in HEK293T cell membranes coexpressing Galphao1 assessed as induction of nucleotide exchange preincubated for 30 mins followed by addition of [35S]GTPgammaS measured after 30 mins by [35S]GTPgammaS binding 2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-08, Volume: 60, Issue:11
Hydroxy-Substituted Heteroarylpiperazines: Novel Scaffolds for β-Arrestin-Biased D
AID244411Intrinsic activity to stimulate human Dopamine receptor D4.2 mediated [3H]thymidine incorporation into growing cells using mitogenesis assay2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-07, Volume: 48, Issue:7
CoMFA and CoMSIA investigations revealing novel insights into the binding modes of dopamine D3 receptor agonists.
AID1607423Displacement of [3H]-prazosin from recombinant human alpha1B adrenergic receptor transiently expressed in HEKT cell membranes measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1607494Displacement of [3H]-QNB/[3H]-NMS from human muscarinic M5 receptor expressed in stable CHO cell membranes at 10 uM after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method relative to control2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID254499Low binding affinity towards human dopamine receptor 3 expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells using [3H]spiperone (0.5 nM) as radioligand2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-08, Volume: 48, Issue:18
Pharmacophore-guided drug discovery investigations leading to bioactive 5-aminotetrahydropyrazolopyridines. Implications for the binding mode of heterocyclic dopamine D3 receptor agonists.
AID1079939Cirrhosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CIRRH' in source]
AID1079947Comments (NB not yet translated). [column 'COMMENTAIRES' in source]
AID1607498Displacement of [3H]-citalopram from human SERT receptor expressed in stable HEK cell membranes at 10 uM after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method relative to control2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1895204Displacement of [3H]N-methylspiperone from human D3 receptor stably expressed in HEK293T cells co-expressing luciferase and CEK incubated for 140 mins by radioligand competition binding based assay
AID625280Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholecystitis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID711804Displacement of [3H]SCH 23390 from Sprague-Dawley rat dopamine D1-like receptor after 90 mins2011ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-11, Volume: 2, Issue:8
CJ-1639: A Potent and Highly Selective Dopamine D3 Receptor Full Agonist.
AID711810Induction of hypothermia in Sprague-Dawley rat at 10 mg/kg, sc after 60 mins2011ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-11, Volume: 2, Issue:8
CJ-1639: A Potent and Highly Selective Dopamine D3 Receptor Full Agonist.
AID64987Binding affinity of compound measured using [3H]-spiperone for the cloned human Dopamine receptor D3 (high/low affinity is given as 0.87/44)2002Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-02, Volume: 12, Issue:17
Fused azaindole derivatives: molecular design, synthesis and in vitro pharmacology leading to the preferential dopamine D3 receptor agonist FAUC 725.
AID688181Displacement of [3H]-R(+)-7-OHDPAT from dopamine D3 receptor in rat brain homogenates2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 22, Issue:17
High-affinity and selective dopamine D₃ receptor full agonists.
AID727076Intrinsic agonist activity at human D2 dopamine receptor expressed in CHO cell membrane using cellular CD spectroscopy by Cell-Key assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-15, Volume: 23, Issue:2
Synthesis and SAR of aminothiazole fused benzazepines as selective dopamine D2 partial agonists.
AID64493in vitro low binding affinity was determined on human Dopamine receptor D2L expressed in chinese hamster ovary(CHO) K-1 cells using [3H]-spiperone as radioligand.2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-21, Volume: 43, Issue:19
Thiazoloindans and thiazolobenzopyrans: a novel class of orally active central dopamine (partial) agonists.
AID1607360Displacement of [3H]-7-OH-DPAT from human D3R expressed in HEK293 cell membranes measured after 90 mins in Tris buffer containing NaCl by topcount assay2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1607417Displacement of [3H]-Mesulergine from recombinant human 5HT2C receptor expressed in HEK cell membranes measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID240277Effective concentration to stimulate rat Dopamine receptor D2S mediated [3H]thymidine incorporation into growing cells using mitogenesis assay2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-07, Volume: 48, Issue:7
CoMFA and CoMSIA investigations revealing novel insights into the binding modes of dopamine D3 receptor agonists.
AID1079940Granulomatous liver disease, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'GRAN' in source]
AID1607469Displacement of [3H]-prazosin from recombinant human alpha1D adrenergic receptor at 10 uM measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method relative to control2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID239128Low inhibition constant against [3H]spiperone binding to human Dopamine receptor D4.4 expressed in CHO cells2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-07, Volume: 48, Issue:7
CoMFA and CoMSIA investigations revealing novel insights into the binding modes of dopamine D3 receptor agonists.
AID727075Displacement of [3H]raclopride from human D2 dopamine receptor expressed in CHO cell membranes2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-15, Volume: 23, Issue:2
Synthesis and SAR of aminothiazole fused benzazepines as selective dopamine D2 partial agonists.
AID1895207Selectivity ratio of Ki for human D2 long receptor receptor to Ki for human histamine H2 receptor
AID1607482Displacement of [3H]-Win35428 from human DAT expressed in stable HEK cell membranes at 10 uM after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method relative to control2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1607452Displacement of [3H]-PK11195 from rat brain GABA PBR measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1607458Displacement of [3H]5-CT from recombinant human 5HT1D receptor transiently expressed in HEKT cell membranes at 10 uM measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method relative to control2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1607404Agonist activity at RLuc8-fused human D3R Y365A mutant expressed in HEK293 cells co-expressing N-terminal Venus-tagged beta-arrestin2 and GRK3 assessed as induction of beta-arrestin2 recruitment measured after 5 mins in presence of coelenterazine H by BRE2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1474167Liver toxicity in human assessed as induction of drug-induced liver injury by measuring verified drug-induced liver injury concern status2016Drug discovery today, Apr, Volume: 21, Issue:4
DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans.
AID1607500Displacement of [3H]-DTG from sigma 2 receptor (unknown origin) at 10 uM measured after 90 mins by microbeta counting analysis relative to control2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID727073Agonist activity at human D2 dopamine receptor expressed in CHO cell membranes2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-15, Volume: 23, Issue:2
Synthesis and SAR of aminothiazole fused benzazepines as selective dopamine D2 partial agonists.
AID1079931Moderate liver toxicity, defined via clinical-chemistry results: ALT or AST serum activity 6 times the normal upper limit (N) or alkaline phosphatase serum activity of 1.7 N. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'BIOL' in source]
AID61810Binding affinity of compound measured using [3H]spiperone for the cloned human dopamine receptor D4.4 (high/low affinity is given as 8.5/130)2002Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-02, Volume: 12, Issue:17
Fused azaindole derivatives: molecular design, synthesis and in vitro pharmacology leading to the preferential dopamine D3 receptor agonist FAUC 725.
AID711824Induction of yawning in Sprague-Dawley rat at 0.32 mg/kg, sc pre-treated with 1 mg/kg D2 receptor antagonist L-741,626 measured 30 mins post dose2011ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-11, Volume: 2, Issue:8
CJ-1639: A Potent and Highly Selective Dopamine D3 Receptor Full Agonist.
AID1607492Displacement of [3H]-QNB/[3H]-NMS from human muscarinic M3 receptor expressed in stable CHO cell membranes at 10 uM after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method relative to control2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID64640Effective concentration was determined as thymidine uptake in CHO-L6 cells transfected with the rat Dopamine receptor D2L by mitogenesis assay2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-21, Volume: 43, Issue:19
Thiazoloindans and thiazolobenzopyrans: a novel class of orally active central dopamine (partial) agonists.
AID64496in vitro binding affinity was determined on human Dopamine receptor D2L expressed in chinese hamster ovary(CHO) K-1 cells using [3H]NPA as radioligand; NA is not determined2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-21, Volume: 43, Issue:19
Thiazoloindans and thiazolobenzopyrans: a novel class of orally active central dopamine (partial) agonists.
AID681629TP_TRANSPORTER: uptake in OCT1 expressing oocytes2005Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 33, Issue:4
Transport of the dopamine D2 agonist pramipexole by rat organic cation transporters OCT1 and OCT2 in kidney.
AID711809Inhibition of yawning in Sprague-Dawley rat at 10 mg/kg, sc after 60 mins2011ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-11, Volume: 2, Issue:8
CJ-1639: A Potent and Highly Selective Dopamine D3 Receptor Full Agonist.
AID1079936Choleostatic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is < 2 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHOLE' in source]
AID1607402Agonist activity at RLuc8-fused human D3R Y198A mutant expressed in HEK293 cells co-expressing N-terminal Venus-tagged beta-arrestin2 and GRK3 assessed as induction of beta-arrestin2 recruitment measured after 5 mins in presence of coelenterazine H by BRE2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1607501Selectivity ratio of Ki for displacement of [3H]-N-methylspiperone from recombinant human D2 receptor stably expressed in fibroblast cell membranes to Ki for displacement of [3H]-N-methylspiperone from D3 receptor (unknown origin)2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID310687Agonist activity at human recombinant dopamine D3 receptor expressed in CHO cells assessed as inhibition of forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 17, Issue:24
Design and synthesis of a functionally selective D3 agonist and its in vivo delivery via the intranasal route.
AID254617Effective concentration against dopamine D3 receptor2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-08, Volume: 48, Issue:18
Pharmacophore-guided drug discovery investigations leading to bioactive 5-aminotetrahydropyrazolopyridines. Implications for the binding mode of heterocyclic dopamine D3 receptor agonists.
AID1895202Displacement of [3H]N-methylspiperone from human D2 long receptor stably expressed in HEK293T cells co-expressing luciferase and CEK incubated for 140 mins by radioligand competition binding based assay
AID1143586Antagonist activity at human dopamine D3 receptor expressed in human U2OS cells assessed as inhibition of pramipexole-stimulated beta-arrestin recruitment2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-12, Volume: 57, Issue:11
Tranylcypromine substituted cis-hydroxycyclobutylnaphthamides as potent and selective dopamine D₃ receptor antagonists.
AID1607483Displacement of [3H]-DADLE from recombinant human DOR stably expressed in HEK cell membranes at 10 uM measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method relative to control2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID239107Low inhibition constant against [3H]spiperone binding to human Dopamine receptor D2S expressed in CHO cells2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-07, Volume: 48, Issue:7
CoMFA and CoMSIA investigations revealing novel insights into the binding modes of dopamine D3 receptor agonists.
AID625291Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver function tests abnormal2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1607476Displacement of [3H]-Flunitrazepam from rat brain GABA(A)/BzR site at 10 uM measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method relative to control2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1607427Displacement of [3H]-CGP12177 from recombinant human beta3 adrenergic receptor expressed in HEK Flp-In cell membranes measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID254517High binding affinity towards human dopamine receptor 2 (long) expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells using [3H]spiperone (0.5 nM) as radioligand2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-08, Volume: 48, Issue:18
Pharmacophore-guided drug discovery investigations leading to bioactive 5-aminotetrahydropyrazolopyridines. Implications for the binding mode of heterocyclic dopamine D3 receptor agonists.
AID1607495Displacement of [3H]-DAMGO from recombinant human MOR stably expressed in HEK cell membranes at 10 uM measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method relative to control2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1563552Displacement of [3H]-(R)-(+)-7-OH-DPAT from recombinant human D2L receptor expressed in HEK293 cell membranes measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting analysis2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 07-11, Volume: 62, Issue:13
The Significance of Chirality in Drug Design and Synthesis of Bitopic Ligands as D
AID1607443Displacement of [3H]-Histamine from recombinant human histamine H4 receptor expressed in HEKT cell membranes measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID240291Effective concentration to stimulate human Dopamine receptor D4.2 mediated [3H]thymidine incorporation into growing cells using mitogenesis assay2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-07, Volume: 48, Issue:7
CoMFA and CoMSIA investigations revealing novel insights into the binding modes of dopamine D3 receptor agonists.
AID254501High binding affinity towards human dopamine receptor 3 expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells using [3H]spiperone (0.5 nM) as radioligand2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-08, Volume: 48, Issue:18
Pharmacophore-guided drug discovery investigations leading to bioactive 5-aminotetrahydropyrazolopyridines. Implications for the binding mode of heterocyclic dopamine D3 receptor agonists.
AID1607477Displacement of [3H]-SCH23390 from recombinant human D1 receptor transiently expressed in HEKT cell membranes at 10 uM measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method relative to control2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID64816Effective concentration required for agonistic activity against human D3 receptor2002Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-02, Volume: 12, Issue:17
Fused azaindole derivatives: molecular design, synthesis and in vitro pharmacology leading to the preferential dopamine D3 receptor agonist FAUC 725.
AID63186Binding affinity of compound measured against Dopamine receptor D1 from bovine striatal membranes using radioligand [3H]-SCH- 23390; not determined2002Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-02, Volume: 12, Issue:17
Fused azaindole derivatives: molecular design, synthesis and in vitro pharmacology leading to the preferential dopamine D3 receptor agonist FAUC 725.
AID711816Induction of hypothermia in Sprague-Dawley rat at 1 mg/kg, sc after 60 mins2011ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-11, Volume: 2, Issue:8
CJ-1639: A Potent and Highly Selective Dopamine D3 Receptor Full Agonist.
AID239137High inhibition constant against [3H]spiperone binding to human Dopamine receptor D4.4 expressed in CHO cells2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-07, Volume: 48, Issue:7
CoMFA and CoMSIA investigations revealing novel insights into the binding modes of dopamine D3 receptor agonists.
AID1607450Displacement of [3H]-DAMGO from recombinant human MOR stably expressed in HEK cell membranes measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1079942Steatosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'STEAT' in source]
AID1607467Displacement of [3H]-prazosin from recombinant human alpha1A adrenergic receptor at 10 uM measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method relative to control2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID62318Binding affinity of compound against Dopamine receptor D2 was measured using [3H]pramipexole in Bovine striatal membranes2002Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-02, Volume: 12, Issue:17
Fused azaindole derivatives: molecular design, synthesis and in vitro pharmacology leading to the preferential dopamine D3 receptor agonist FAUC 725.
AID1607426Displacement of [3H]-rauwolscine from recombinant human alpha2B adrenergic receptor transiently expressed in HEKT cell membranes measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID679186TP_TRANSPORTER: uptake in Xenopus laevis oocytes2005Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 33, Issue:4
Transport of the dopamine D2 agonist pramipexole by rat organic cation transporters OCT1 and OCT2 in kidney.
AID625282Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cirrhosis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1607456Displacement of [3H]-Way100635 from recombinant human 5HT1A receptor stably expressed in CHO cell membranes at 10 uM measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method relative to control2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID711802Displacement of [3H]R(+)-7-OH-DPAT from Sprague-Dawley rat dopamine D3 receptor after 90 mins2011ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-11, Volume: 2, Issue:8
CJ-1639: A Potent and Highly Selective Dopamine D3 Receptor Full Agonist.
AID1607499Displacement of [3H]-pentazocine from sigma1 receptor (unknown origin) at 10 uM after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method relative to control2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1607436Displacement of [3H]-SCH23390 from recombinant human D5 receptor transiently expressed in HEKT cell membranes measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1607416Displacement of [3H]-LSD from recombinant human 5HT2B receptor stably expressed in HEK cell membranes measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID625290Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver fatty2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1607479Displacement of [3H]-N-methylspiperone from D3 receptor (unknown origin) at 10 uM measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method relative to control2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID311524Oral bioavailability in human2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 15, Issue:24
Hologram QSAR model for the prediction of human oral bioavailability.
AID1607475Displacement of [3H]-CGP12177 from recombinant human beta3 adrenergic receptor expressed in HEK Flp-In cell membranes at 10 uM measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method relative to control2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1607418Displacement of [3H]GR65630 from recombinant human 5HT3 receptor transiently expressed in HEKT cell membranes measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1607335Agonist activity at human D3R expressed in CHOK1 cells assessed as induction of beta-arrestin recruitment measured after 90 mins by beta-galactosidase based PathHunter assay2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID239098High inhibition constant against [3H]spiperone binding to human Dopamine receptor D3 expressed in CHO cells2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-07, Volume: 48, Issue:7
CoMFA and CoMSIA investigations revealing novel insights into the binding modes of dopamine D3 receptor agonists.
AID61304Effective concentration required for agonistic activity against rat D2 long receptor2002Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-02, Volume: 12, Issue:17
Fused azaindole derivatives: molecular design, synthesis and in vitro pharmacology leading to the preferential dopamine D3 receptor agonist FAUC 725.
AID65468Effective concentration was determined as thymidine uptake in CHO-L6 cells transfected with the rat Dopamine receptor D3 by mitogenesis assay2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-21, Volume: 43, Issue:19
Thiazoloindans and thiazolobenzopyrans: a novel class of orally active central dopamine (partial) agonists.
AID1607485Displacement of [3H]-pyrilamine from human histamine H1 receptor expressed in stable HEK cell membranes at 10 uM after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method relative to control2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID319298Agonist activity at human recombinant dopamine D1 receptor expressed in CHO cells assessed as stimulation of cAMP production2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 16, Issue:6
A novel synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a potential dopamine D1/D2 agonist: 1-propyl-1,2,3,4,4a,5,10,10a-octahydrobenzo[g]quinoline-6,7-diol.
AID1607447Displacement of [3H]-QNB/[3H]-NMS from human muscarinic M3 receptor expressed in stable CHO cell membranes after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1607490Displacement of [3H]-QNB/[3H]-NMS from human muscarinic M1 receptor expressed in stable CHO cell membranes at 10 uM after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method relative to control2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1079944Benign tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.BEN' in source]
AID64651compound was tested for intrinsic activity for thymidine uptake in CHO-L6 cells transfected with rat Dopamine receptor D2L2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-21, Volume: 43, Issue:19
Thiazoloindans and thiazolobenzopyrans: a novel class of orally active central dopamine (partial) agonists.
AID64648Inhibition of quinpirole (30 nM)-stimulated [3H]thymidine uptake in CHO-L6 cells transfected with the rat Dopamine receptor D2L; NT is not tested2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-21, Volume: 43, Issue:19
Thiazoloindans and thiazolobenzopyrans: a novel class of orally active central dopamine (partial) agonists.
AID244408Intrinsic activity to sitmulate rat Dopamine receptor D2L mediated [3H]thymidine incorporation into growing cells using mitogenesis assay2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-07, Volume: 48, Issue:7
CoMFA and CoMSIA investigations revealing novel insights into the binding modes of dopamine D3 receptor agonists.
AID1079949Proposed mechanism(s) of liver damage. [column 'MEC' in source]
AID1630286Induction of recombinant alphaSN (unknown origin) fibrillation at 120 uM after 6 days by ThT fluorescence assay
AID1607428Displacement of [3H]-rauwolscine from recombinant human alpha2C adrenergic receptor stably expressed in MDCK cell membranes measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1607358Displacement of [3H]-7-OH-DPAT from human D3R expressed in HEK293 cell membranes measured after 90 mins in EBSS buffer by topcount assay2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1895222Agonist activity at human D3 receptor stably expressed in HEK293T cells co-expressing ElucN-betaarr2 hD3R-ElucC assessed as maximum efficacy by beta-arrestin2 recruitment assay relative to control
AID1607462Displacement of [3H]-Mesulergine from recombinant human 5HT2C receptor expressed in HEK cell membranes at 10 uM measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method relative to control2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1448009Partial agonist activity at human D2SR expressed in HEK293T cells co-expressing (EA)beta-arrestin2 and GRK2 assessed as induction of beta-arrestin2 recruitment after 5 hrs by chemiluminescence assay relative to quinpirole2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-08, Volume: 60, Issue:11
Hydroxy-Substituted Heteroarylpiperazines: Novel Scaffolds for β-Arrestin-Biased D
AID391643Selectivity for Sprague-Dawley rat D3 receptor over Sprague-Dawley rat D1-like receptor2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-09, Volume: 51, Issue:19
Design, synthesis, and evaluation of potent and selective ligands for the dopamine 3 (D3) receptor with a novel in vivo behavioral profile.
AID1607457Displacement of [3H]5-CT from recombinant human 5HT1B receptor stably expressed in HEK cell membranes at 10 uM measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method relative to control2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1607434Displacement of [3H]-N-methylspiperone from D3 receptor (unknown origin) measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1607496Displacement of [3H]-Nisoxetine from human NET receptor expressed in stable HEK cell membranes at 10 uM after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method relative to control2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1298705Displacement of [3H]CGP12177 from human beta2 receptor expressed in CHO cells2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 06-15, Volume: 24, Issue:12
Structure-guided development of dual β2 adrenergic/dopamine D2 receptor agonists.
AID1607470Displacement of [3H]-rauwolscine from recombinant human alpha2A adrenergic receptor stably expressed in MDCK cell membranes at 10 uM measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method relative to control2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID101014Inhibitory concentration of lipid peroxidation (LPO); Neuroprotective against postischemic or methamphetamine-induced degeneration of nigrostriatal neurons2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-21, Volume: 43, Issue:19
Thiazoloindans and thiazolobenzopyrans: a novel class of orally active central dopamine (partial) agonists.
AID711819Induction of yawning in Sprague-Dawley rat at 0.32 mg/kg, sc pre-treated with 32 mg/kg D3 receptor antagonist SB-277011A measured 30 mins post dose2011ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-11, Volume: 2, Issue:8
CJ-1639: A Potent and Highly Selective Dopamine D3 Receptor Full Agonist.
AID1607435Displacement of [3H]-N-methylspiperone from recombinant human D4 receptor stably expressed in HEK cell membranes measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID625281Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholelithiasis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1563553Displacement of [3H]-(R)-(+)-7-OH-DPAT from recombinant human D3 receptor expressed in HEK293 cell membranes measured after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting analysis2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 07-11, Volume: 62, Issue:13
The Significance of Chirality in Drug Design and Synthesis of Bitopic Ligands as D
AID625292Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) combined score2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID539466Solubility of the compound2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 20, Issue:24
Experimental solubility profiling of marketed CNS drugs, exploring solubility limit of CNS discovery candidate.
AID1607441Displacement of [125I]-Iodo-aminopotentidine from human histamine H2 receptor expressed in stable HEK cell membranes after 90 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10
Discovery, Optimization, and Characterization of ML417: A Novel and Highly Selective D
AID1347083qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347089qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for TC32 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347407qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Pharmaceutical Collection2020ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7
High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1347100qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for LAN-5 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1508630Primary qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay2021Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4
A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID1347106qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for control Hh wild type fibroblast cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347107qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh30 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347082qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347424RapidFire Mass Spectrometry qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)2019The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46
Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID1347090qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for DAOY cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347101qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-12 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1296008Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening2020SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID651635Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347104qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for RD cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347092qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for A673 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347108qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh41 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347425Rhodamine-PBP qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)2019The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46
Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID1347096qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for U-2 OS cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347154Primary screen GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347093qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-MC cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1745845Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347102qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh18 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347098qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-SH cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347095qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB-EBc1 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347094qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-37 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347091qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SJ-GBM2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347105qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for MG 63 (6-TG R) cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347103qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for OHS-50 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347086qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347099qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB1643 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347097qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Saos-2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1346986P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1346987P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID504749qHTS profiling for inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum proliferation2011Science (New York, N.Y.), Aug-05, Volume: 333, Issue:6043
Chemical genomic profiling for antimalarial therapies, response signatures, and molecular targets.
AID1345833Human D3 receptor (Dopamine receptors)1995Neuroreport, Jan-26, Volume: 6, Issue:2
A functional test identifies dopamine agonists selective for D3 versus D2 receptors.
AID1345788Human D2 receptor (Dopamine receptors)1995Neuroreport, Jan-26, Volume: 6, Issue:2
A functional test identifies dopamine agonists selective for D3 versus D2 receptors.
AID1345833Human D3 receptor (Dopamine receptors)1995European journal of pharmacology, Jun-23, Volume: 290, Issue:1
Pramipexole binding and activation of cloned and expressed dopamine D2, D3 and D4 receptors.
AID1345788Human D2 receptor (Dopamine receptors)1995European journal of pharmacology, Jun-23, Volume: 290, Issue:1
Pramipexole binding and activation of cloned and expressed dopamine D2, D3 and D4 receptors.
AID1159607Screen for inhibitors of RMI FANCM (MM2) intereaction2016Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 21, Issue:6
A High-Throughput Screening Strategy to Identify Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors That Block the Fanconi Anemia DNA Repair Pathway.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (1,041)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19902 (0.19)18.7374
1990's101 (9.70)18.2507
2000's357 (34.29)29.6817
2010's467 (44.86)24.3611
2020's114 (10.95)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 110.52

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index110.52 (24.57)
Research Supply Index7.19 (2.92)
Research Growth Index6.91 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index200.59 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (110.52)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials219 (19.85%)5.53%
Reviews141 (12.78%)6.00%
Case Studies186 (16.86%)4.05%
Observational3 (0.27%)0.25%
Other554 (50.23%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (131)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
A Double-blind, Double-dummy, Placebo-controlled, Randomized, Three Parallel Groups Study Comparing the Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of Pramipexole Extended Release (ER) Versus Placebo and Versus Pramipexole Immediate Release (IR) Administered Orally [NCT00466167]Phase 3517 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-04-30Completed
Evaluation of the Tolerance and Acceptability of Rasagiline in the Treatment of Early-stage Parkinson's Disease [NCT01048229]Phase 4112 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-10-31Terminated(stopped due to recruitment)
Combined Prolonged Exposure and Pramipexole Treatment for Patients With PTSD and Depression [NCT03765138]Phase 31 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-02-19Terminated(stopped due to Patient recruitment difficulties)
Combining a Dopamine Agonist and Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor for Treatment of Depression: A Double-Blind, Randomized Study [NCT00086307]Phase 239 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-06-30Completed
Neural Dimensions of Threat Reactivity and Regulation for Understanding Anxiety [NCT02220309]160 participants (Anticipated)Observational2013-08-31Enrolling by invitation
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Dose-Ranging Biomarker Study of the Effects of Dexpramipexole on Eosinophils in Subjects With Eosinophilic Asthma [NCT04046939]Phase 2534 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-08-15Completed
Adjuvant Treatment With Pramipexole to Reduce the Dose of Opioids Necessary for Analgesia in Acute Renal Colic [NCT04160520]Phase 1/Phase 219 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-10-28Completed
Profile of Depressive Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease (PRODEST-PD) [NCT00349310]1,018 participants Observational2006-04-01Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multi-Center Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Dexpramipexole in Subjects With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis [NCT01281189]Phase 3942 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-03-31Completed
A Single Dose Five-way Cross-over Study to Establish an in Vitro/in Vivo Correlation (IVIVC) for Oral Slow Release (SR) Tablets With 0.375 mg Pramipexole in Healthy Male Volunteers [NCT02260024]Phase 115 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-10-31Completed
An Open-Label, Proof-of-Concept Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Dexpramipexole (KNS-760704) in Subjects With Hypereosinophilic Syndrome [NCT02101138]Phase 215 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-03-14Active, not recruiting
Observational Study in Parkinson's Disease of the Primary Care Population of Patients Treated With Pramipexole by Neurologists in France (ETAP) [NCT02236728]497 participants (Actual)Observational2008-02-29Completed
A Multiple Dose Seven-way Cross-over Formulation-finding Study Comparing the Oral Bioavailability of Seven Prototype Slow-release Formulations With 0.75 mg Pramipexole (Four Days Each) to Immediate-release Tablets at Steady State in Healthy Male Volunteer [NCT02261090]Phase 114 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-06-30Completed
A Two Year Open Label, Randomized, Parallel Group, Blinded Assessment Ophthalmologic Safety Study of Pramipexole IR Versus Ropinirole in Early Parkinson's Disease Patients [NCT00144300]Phase 4246 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-01-31Completed
A Randomized Trial Administering Minocycline, Acetylsalicylic Acid or Pramipexole vs Placebo as add-on to Antipsychotics in Patients With Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder [NCT01320982]Phase 3400 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2011-03-31Not yet recruiting
A Randomized, Double-blind, Active (Pramipexole 0.5 mg Tid) and Placebo Controlled, Efficacy Study of Pramipexole Given 0.5 mg and 0.75 mg Bid Over a 12-week Treatment Phase in Early Parkinson's Disease Patients (PramiBID) [NCT00402233]Phase 4312 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-11-30Completed
A Randomised, Double-blind Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Pramipexole at Fixed Doses of 0.25 mg, 0.5 mg, and 0.75 mg in Patients With Idiopathic Restless Legs Syndrome for 6 Weeks, Followed by a 46-week Open-label Long-term Study [NCT00390689]Phase 3154 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-10-31Completed
A Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Randomised, Multicenter Trial to Compare the Safety and Efficacy of Oral Administration of Pramipexole up to 4.5mg and Bromocriptine up to 22.5mg Combined With L-dopa in Advanced Parkinson's Disease [NCT02172573]Phase 3315 participants (Actual)Interventional1999-04-30Completed
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Pramipexole for Restless Leg Syndrome in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients [NCT03817554]Phase 421 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-07-01Terminated(stopped due to The recruitment of participants in the study was difficulty.)
Matched Pair, Assessor Blinded, Open Label Clinical Trial to Assess the Ophthalmologic Safety of Long Term Oral Treatment With Pramipexole Compared to Bromocriptine or Other Dopamine Agonists in Patients With Parkinson's Disease [NCT02233023]Phase 4705 participants (Actual)Interventional1998-06-30Completed
The Effects of the Dopamine Receptor Agonist Pramipexole on Reward and Emotion Related Information Processing in Healthy Volunteers [NCT03681509]43 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-09-01Completed
Imaging the Nucleus Accumbens in Major Depressed Patients 'Treated With Pramipexole [NCT01066897]Phase 416 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-02-28Terminated(stopped due to Lack of funding prevented further recruitment)
The Use of Pramipexole and Other Dopamine Agonists and the Risks of Heart Failure and Pneumonia [NCT02236741]26,814 participants (Actual)Observational2009-11-30Completed
Gait Pattern Analysis in Neurological Disease [NCT02994719]120 participants (Anticipated)Observational2016-03-01Active, not recruiting
The Effect of SIFROL® on Tremor and Depression in Patients With Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease Patients. [NCT02231294]1,464 participants (Actual)Observational2000-07-31Completed
A Multiple Dose Study of Pramipexole With Increasing Doses (0.375 mg to 1.5 mg q.d.) of Oral Extended Release (ER) Tablet in Two-way Cross-over Comparison of 0.375 mg ER Tablet q.d. Versus 0.125 mg Immediate Release (IR) Tablet t.i.d. and 1.5 mg ER Tablet [NCT02264132]Phase 124 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-09-30Completed
Non-opioid Pramipexole Suppresses Immune NLRP3 Reactivity for Pain Control [NCT03842709]Early Phase 113 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-05-01Completed
A Double-blind, Randomised, Placebo Controlled Study With Two Sequential Two-way Cross-over Parts to Demonstrate That the Influence of Pramipexole up to 4.5 mg Daily on the QT Interval of the ECG in Healthy Male and Female Volunteers is Comparable With Pl [NCT02262546]Phase 160 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-05-31Completed
Long-term Efficacy and Tolerability of add-on Pramipexole for Anhedonic Depression - an Open Label Follow-up Study [NCT05825235]Phase 380 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-04-21Recruiting
Pharmacokinetics and Nitrative-Oxidative Stress Pharmacodynamics in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Subjects Taking Daily High-Dose R(+) Pramipexole Dihydrochloride for Six Months [NCT00600873]Phase 1/Phase 210 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-08-31Completed
A Multiple Dose Study With Increasing Pramipexole Doses (0.375 mg to 4.5 mg q.d.) of Oral Extended Release (ER) Tablets With a Three-way Cross Comparison of 4.5 mg Pramipexole ER q.d. Fasted Versus 4.5 mg Pramipexole ER q.d. Fed Versus 1.5 mg Pramipexole [NCT02261103]Phase 139 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-04-30Completed
An Exploration of the Effects of the Dopamine Agonist Pramipexole on Binge Antecedants, Binge Frequency, and Weight in Binge Eating Disorder [NCT01106053]Phase 30 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-04-30Withdrawn(stopped due to No participants were recruited and study has been closed.)
Efficacy of Treatment With Pramipexole or Risperidone in Patients With Refractory Obsessive-compulsive Disorder (OCD): Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT05401019]Phase 252 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-06-30Not yet recruiting
A Phase II Clinical Study of KDT-3594 in Patients With Early Parkinson's Disease. [NCT03845387]Phase 274 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-02-26Completed
A Two- Stage Multicenter, Open-label, Randomized, Active Controlled Parallel Group Study Comparing the Efficacy and Safety of Pramipexole SR Versus Pramipexole IR Administered Orally Over an 18-week Treatment on Nocturnal Symptoms in L-Dopa+ Treated Patie [NCT03521635]Phase 498 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-07-03Completed
Autonomic Function and Cardiovascular Risk in Restless Legs Syndrome: AUTOREST, a Case-control Study and a Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel-group, 4-week, Multicenter Study of 0.25mg Pramipexole vs. Placebo in Patients With RLS [NCT02025608]Phase 420 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-12-31Completed
Open Label, Exploratory Clinical Trial to Assess the Safety, Tolerability and Effectiveness of a Switching From Talipexole to Pramipexole [NCT02231905]Phase 429 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-01-31Completed
Pramipexole: Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability Study in Untreated and Levodopa-Treated Parkinson's Disease Patients, a Multinational Study [NCT02177357]Phase 3150 participants (Actual)Interventional1998-11-30Completed
A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel-group Study to Assess the Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Dexpramipexole Administered Orally for 52 Weeks in Participants With Severe Eosinophilic Asthma [NCT05813288]Phase 3930 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-03-27Recruiting
A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel-group Study to Assess the Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Dexpramipexole Administered Orally for 24 Weeks in Participants With Eosinophilic Asthma [NCT05748600]Phase 3550 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-01-30Recruiting
Cognitive and Neural Mechanisms of Impaired Social Decision-Making in Parkinson's Patients Taking Dopamine Agonists [NCT04249544]Phase 118 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-12-03Completed
Open Label Extension Study With Pramipexole (PPX) in Children With Tourette Syndrome [NCT00681863]Phase 345 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-05-31Terminated(stopped due to Terminated for slow enrollment.)
Comparative Efficacy of Antidepressant Augmentation With Amantadine vs Pramipexole vs Quetiapine in Treatment-resistant Unipolar Depression: A Randomized Controlled Trial. [NCT04936126]Phase 4150 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-08-07Recruiting
Bioequivalence Study of 0.25 mg Pramipexole Tablets Produced by PT Dexa Medica for PT Ferron Par Pharmaceuticals in Comparison With the Comparator Product (Sifrol® 0.25 mg Tablet, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Germany for Boehringer Ingelheim [NCT02660060]23 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-05-31Completed
Influence of the Non-Ergot Dopamine Agonist Piribedil on Vigilance and Cognitive Function in Patients With Parkinson's Disease Compared to Other Oral Non-Ergot Dopamine Agonists [NCT01007864]Phase 380 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-01-31Completed
A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel Group Efficacy Study of Pramipexole and Placebo Administered Orally Over a 12 Week Treatment Phase in Parkinson's Disease Patients With Stable Motor Function and Depressive Symptoms [NCT00297778]Phase 4296 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-03-31Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study: Evaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of Agomelatine in the Treatment of Sleep Disorders and Depression in Patients With Parkinson's Disease [NCT03977441]Phase 4240 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-07-31Not yet recruiting
Long-term Safety Study of Open-label Pramipexole Extended Release (ER) in Patients With Early Parkinson´s Disease (PD). [NCT00601523]Phase 3511 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-01-31Completed
Effects of a Dopamine Agonist on Pharmacodynamics of Levodopa in Parkinson's Disease: a Double-Blind Placebo Controlled Crossover Study [NCT00666653]Phase 113 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-07-31Completed
A 2-Part, Randomized, Double-Blind, Safety and Tolerability Study Evaluating KNS-760704 in Patients With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) [NCT00647296]Phase 2194 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-04-09Completed
Long-term Safety Study of Open-label Pramipexole Extended Release (ER) in Patients With Advanced Parkinson's Disease (PD) [NCT00577460]Phase 3391 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-12-31Completed
Non-motor Symptoms (Depressive Symptoms) of Parkinson's Disease and Their Course Under Pramipexole Treatment [NCT00651183]286 participants (Actual)ObservationalCompleted
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double Blind, Pramipexole Controlled Pilot Study to Assess Efficacy and Safety of Pardoprunox as Adjunct Therapy to L-dopa in the Treatment of Patients With Parkinson's Disease Experiencing Motor Fluctuations and Dyskinesia. [NCT00903838]Phase 237 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-09-30Terminated(stopped due to The study was terminated on 31 May, 2011, due to strategic considerations.)
A Double-blind, Double-dummy, Randomised, Parallel-group Study Comparing the Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of Pramipexole Extended Release Versus Pramipexole Immediate Release Administered Orally for 18 Weeks in Chinese Parkinson's Disease (PD) Patien [NCT01191944]Phase 3475 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-08-31Completed
A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Dose Titration Efficacy and Safety Study of Pramipexole ER (0.75 to 4.5 mg) Administered Orally Once Daily Versus Placebo Over a 16-week Maintenance Phase in Patients Diagnosed With Fibromyalgia, as Assessed [NCT00689052]Phase 261 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-07-31Terminated
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled Exploratory Study of Augmentation of Seroquel XR With Pramipexole Dihydrochloride for Bipolar Depression [NCT00893841]Phase 296 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-02-28Completed
A Double-blind, Double-dummy, Randomised, Parallel-group Study to Investigate the Safety, Tolerability, Trough Plasma Concentration, and Efficacy of Pramipexole ER Versus Pramipexole Immediate Release (IR) Administered Orally for 12 Weeks in Patients With [NCT00560508]Phase 2/Phase 3112 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-11-30Completed
An Open-Label, Safety and Tolerability, Study Evaluating KNS-760704 in Patients With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) [NCT00931944]Phase 274 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-07-31Completed
A Phase 2B, Twelve-week Multi-Center, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel Group Study, To Determine the Safety, Tolerability and Efficacy of Two Doses of Once Daily P2B001 in Subjects With Early Parkinson's Disease [NCT01968460]Phase 2/Phase 3149 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-12-31Completed
A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo Controlled Dose Titration Trial With 0.125-0.75 mg Pramipexole (Sifrol®) Orally q.n. to Investigate the Safety and Efficacy in Out-patients With Idiopathic Restless Legs Syndrome for 6 Weeks [NCT00654498]Phase 3306 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-04-30Completed
Sifrol Onset of Action and Impact: a 12-weeks Observational Study in Patients With Primary RLS [NCT00721279]549 participants (Actual)Observational2007-09-30Completed
A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel-group Clinical Trial to Examine the Efficacy and Safety of Early Pramipexole (PPX) Treatment Versus Delayed Pramipexole Treatment in Patients With New Onset Parkinson's Disease. [NCT00321854]Phase 4535 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-05-31Completed
A Randomized, Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Ascending Dose Study of the Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Dexpramipexole in Healthy Volunteers [NCT01449578]Phase 163 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-11-30Completed
A Phase 3, Twelve-week Study to Determine the Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of P2B001 Once Daily Compared to Its Individual Components in Subjects With Early Parkinson's Disease and to a Calibration Arm of Pramipexole ER. [NCT03329508]Phase 3544 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-01-19Completed
A Phase III, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Randomised Trial to Determine the Efficacy and Safety of a Low (50 mg/Day) and High (100 mg/Day) Dose of Safinamide, as add-on Therapy, in Subjects With Early Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease Treated With a Stab [NCT00605683]Phase 3679 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-11-30Completed
A Phase IV Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Dose Titration Trial With Pramipexole (Sifrol, Mirapexin) 0.125-0.75 mg/Day Per os to Investigate the Long-term Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability in Patients With Idiopathic Moderate to Severe Restl [NCT00472199]Phase 4331 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-05-31Completed
An Open-Label, Randomized, Crossover Study to Assess the Bioavailability of Dexpramipexole Administered in Soft Food and Water, and in Intact Tablet Form in the Fasted and Fed States in Healthy Volunteers [NCT01607034]Phase 124 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-06-30Completed
Open Label Extension for Treating ALS With R(+) Pramipexole at 60 Milligrams Per Day [NCT00596115]0 participants Expanded AccessTemporarily not available
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, 3-Way Crossover, Multicenter Polysomnography Study Of Pregabalin And Pramipexole In Adults With Restless Legs Syndrome [NCT00991276]Phase 385 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-12-31Completed
A Relative Bioavailability Study of 0.25 mg Pramipexole Dihydrochloride Tablets Under Fasting Conditions [NCT01074450]Phase 124 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-02-28Completed
Influence of Pramipexole Extended Release on Medication Adherence in Real Life Care of Parkinson's Disease [NCT01097421]329 participants (Actual)Observational2010-03-31Completed
Randomized, Double Blind, 12-Month Study Of Pregabalin In Subjects With Restless Legs Syndrome [NCT00806026]Phase 3731 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-12-31Completed
An Open-Label Study to Assess the Effect of Dexpramipexole (BIIB050) on the Pharmacokinetics of Warfarin in Healthy Volunteers [NCT01597310]Phase 115 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-05-31Completed
Dopamine D2/D3 Receptor Agonist and Antagonist Drug Effects on Fronto-striatal Systems Related to Compulsive Behaviour in Healthy Volunteers and Patients With Addictive and Compulsive Disorders [NCT00471588]Phase 152 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-08-31Completed
Adjunctive Treatment With Pramipexole for Anhedonic Depression Symptoms in Depression - PRIME-PRAXOL [NCT05355337]Phase 3120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-02-08Recruiting
Investigating Effects of Short-term Treatment With Pramipexole or Levodopa on [123I]B-CIT and SPECT Imaging in Early Parkinson's [NCT00096720]Phase 2112 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-02-29Completed
A Randomized Single-blind Placebo Controlled Comparative Trial of Pramipexole Tablets and Bromocriptine Tablets in Patients With Parkinson's Disease. [NCT00240409]Phase 3208 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-07-31Completed
Pramipexole as a Treatment for Cocaine Dependence [NCT01651377]Phase 110 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-10-31Completed
An Open Label Conversion Study of Pramipexole to Ropinirole Controlled Release (CR) in Patients With Parkinson's Disease. [NCT00275275]Phase 361 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-01-31Completed
A Phase IV Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Dose Titration Trial With Pramipexole (Sifrol®, Mirapexin®) 0.125-0.75 mg/Day Per os for 12 Weeks to Investigate the Effects on RLS Symptoms (IRLS) and Sleep Disturbance (MOS Sleep Scale) in Out-pat [NCT00349531]Phase 4369 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-07-31Completed
A Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Randomised Withdrawal Study of 3 Month Duration in Patients Suffering From Idiopathic Restless Legs Syndrome Who Responded to a Preceding, 6-month Treatment With Open-label Pramipexole Including Titration (0.125, 0.25, [NCT00152958]Phase 3224 participants Interventional2004-01-31Completed
A Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Pramipexole With the Dose Range From 0.125 mg to 0.75 mg Orally Once Daily for 6 Weeks in Patients With Primary Restless Legs Syndrome. [NCT00152997]Phase 241 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-08-31Completed
Swiss Restless Legs Syndrome Trial (SRLS) A Double-blind, Randomised, Crossover Trial Investigating the Efficacy and Safety of the Dopamine Agonist Pramipexole (Sifrol®, 0.25-0.75 mg Per Day) Versus Levodopa / Benserazide (Madopar® DR, 125-375 mg Per Day) [NCT00144209]Phase 358 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-02-28Completed
An Open-label, Randomized, Multi-center, Crossover Study to Observe the Effect of Once-daily Mirapex ER® and Twice-daily Mirapex ER® in Patients With Parkinson Disease [NCT01515774]Phase 4200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2011-09-30Recruiting
An Open-Label Study to Assess the Effect of Cimetidine on the Pharmacokinetics of Dexpramipexole (BIIB050) in Healthy Volunteers [NCT01536249]Phase 114 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-03-31Completed
Neuromodulation and Language Acquisition (KS-Neuromod_01, Stage Ib) [NCT00102856]Phase 460 participants Interventional2005-01-31Suspended
An Investigation of the Antidepressant Efficacy of a Dopamine Agonist With Neurotrophic Properties in Bipolar Disorder [NCT00025792]Phase 2200 participants Interventional2001-10-31Completed
Futility Study of R(+) Pramipexole in Early Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis [NCT00140218]Phase 1/Phase 230 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-08-31Completed
A Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Dose Titration Trial With 0.125-0.75 mg Pramipexole (Sifrol®) Orally to Investigate the Safety and Efficacy in Out-patients With Idiopathic Restless Legs Syndrome for 6 Weeks Followed by 46 Weeks Open-label o [NCT00275457]Phase 3346 participants Interventional2002-10-31Completed
a Pilot Study of Pramipexole to Treat Extrapyramidal Symptoms Induced by Antipsychotics [NCT03430596]Early Phase 150 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-05-01Completed
Open-label, Multicenter, Effectiveness and Safety Study of Once Daily AZILECT® as Mono- or Adjunct Therapy in Patients With Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease (PD) [NCT00399477]Phase 4200 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-10-31Completed
A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel Group Clinical Trial Comparing Fixed Doses of 0.25 mg, 0.50 mg and 0.75 mg Pramipexole (Mirapex®) Administered Orally to Investigate the Safety and Efficacy in Patients With Idiopathic Restless Legs [NCT00133198]Phase 3345 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-04-30Completed
Special Survey on Long-term Drug Use of Mirapex®-LA Tablets in Patients With Parkinson's Disease [NCT01525641]615 participants (Actual)Observational2012-02-29Completed
A Double-blind, Double-dummy, Placebo-controlled, Randomized, Three Parallel Groups Study Comparing the Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of Pramipexole ER Versus Placebo and Versus Pramipexole IR Administered Orally Over a 26-week Maintenance Phase in Pa [NCT00479401]Phase 3539 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-05-31Completed
A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial of Adjunctive Pramipexole, a Dopamine Receptor Agonist, for Treatment Resistant Major Depressive Episodes [NCT00231959]Phase 465 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-09-30Completed
Evaluation of the Effect of Different Doses of Pramipexole on Subjective and Objective Symptoms of Idiopathic Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS). [NCT00239486]Phase 2109 participants Interventional2002-10-31Completed
Long-term Administration Study of SND 919 Tablets in Parkinson's Disease [NCT00274131]Phase 3170 participants Interventional1998-12-31Completed
A Multicenter, Open-Label, Single-dose, Pharmacokinetic and Safety Study of Dexpramipexole (BIIB050) in Healthy Subjects and Subjects With Renal Impairment [NCT01424176]Phase 136 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-07-31Completed
A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel-group Study to Assess the Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Dexpramipexole Administered Orally for 52 Weeks in Participants With Severe Eosinophilic Asthma [NCT05763121]Phase 31,395 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-01-30Recruiting
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double Blind, Parallel-Group Placebo and Pramipexole Controlled Study to Assess Efficacy and Safety of SLV308 Monotherapy in the Treatment of Patients With Early Stage Parkinson's Disease. [NCT00335166]Phase 3330 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2006-11-30Completed
A Single-Center, Randomized, Blinded, Placebo- and Active-Controlled Crossover Study to Evaluate the Effect of Dexpramipexole (BIIB050) on the QTc Interval in Healthy Volunteers [NCT01511029]Phase 168 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-01-31Completed
Treating Leg Symptoms in Women With X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy: A Key to Improving Sleep and Gait Performance [NCT05003648]Phase 424 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-04-01Recruiting
A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Flexible Dose Study to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety of Pramipexole Immediate Release (0.125-0.5mg/Day) Versus Placebo for 6 Weeks in Children and Adolescents (Age 6-17 Inclusive) Diagnosed With Tourette Diso [NCT00558467]Phase 263 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-01-31Completed
Sifrol® (Pramipexole) Impact on RLS: A 12-weeks Observational Study in Patients With Primary RLS [NCT02248142]1,029 participants (Actual)Observational2006-02-28Completed
Observation of the Efficacy and Tolerability of Sifrol® (Pramipexole) in Patients With Advanced Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease [NCT02248220]657 participants (Actual)Observational1998-10-31Completed
Effect of Pramipexole and Bromocriptine on Nonmotor Symptoms of Early Parkinson's Disease: Multicenter, Open-label, Parallel, Randomized Study [NCT01673724]Phase 4121 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-02-29Completed
Safety and Preliminary Efficacy of Dexpramipexole in Patients With Chronic Sinusitis With Nasal Polyps and Eosinophilia (CSNP-E) [NCT02217332]Phase 220 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-08-31Completed
A Phase IV Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Dose Titration Trial With 0.125-0.75 mg/Day Pramipexole (Sifrol®, Mirapexin®) Orally for 12 Weeks to Investigate the Safety and Efficacy in Out-patients With Idiopathic Restless Legs Syndrome Associ [NCT00356096]Phase 4404 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-07-31Completed
Safety/Tolerability and Effects on Cognitive Impairment, Impaired Cerebral Cortical Metabolism and Oxidative Stress of R(+)Pramipexole Administered to Subjects With Early Alzheimer's Disease [NCT01388478]Phase 220 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-07-31Completed
Efficacy of Pramipexole Extended Release in the Treatment of Essential Tremor: a Double-blind, Cross-over, Placebo-controlled Multicenter Study [NCT01441284]Phase 30 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-12-31Withdrawn(stopped due to Lack of financial support)
A Relative Bioavailability Study of 0.25 mg Pramipexole Dihydrochloride Tablets Under Non-Fasting Conditions [NCT01074463]Phase 124 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-02-28Completed
Switch Post Marketing Surveillance Study in Patients With Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease [NCT02231255]1,216 participants (Actual)Observational2002-02-28Completed
A Randomized, Single-blind Trial on the Efficacy and Safety of L-dopa Monotherapy Versus Dopamine Agonists Monotherapy After Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson's Disease [NCT02347059]Phase 240 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-01-31Recruiting
A Multiple Dose Bioequivalence Study of Pramipexole With Increasing Doses (0.375mg to 1.5mg q.d.) of Oral Extended Release (ER) Tablet in Two-way Cross-over Comparison of 0.375mg Extended Release Tablet q.d. Versus 0.125mg Immediate Release (IR) Tablet t. [NCT01214109]Phase 124 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-12-31Completed
Study on Bioequivalence of Pramipexole Dihydrochloride Sustained Release Tablets [NCT04275492]30 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-07-24Terminated(stopped due to The sponsor terminated the clinical trial)
Sifrol® Onset of Action and Impact on RLS: A 12-week Observational Study in Patients With Primary RLS [NCT02248155]2,644 participants (Actual)Observational2006-04-30Completed
Pramipexole in Bipolar Disorder: Targeting Cognition (PRAM-BD) [NCT02397837]Phase 4103 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-10-31Completed
An Open-Label Prospective Study of Restless Legs Patients Switched to Ropinirole From Pramipexole to Help Determine the Equipotent Dose [NCT00344994]Phase 420 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2006-05-31Completed
An Open-Label, Multicenter, Extension Study to Evaluate the Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Dexpramipexole (BIIB050) in Subjects With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis [NCT01622088]Phase 3616 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-06-30Terminated(stopped due to The Initial Phase 3 Study (NCTO1281189) did not meet its primary efficacy endpoint.)
A Double-blind, Double-dummy, Randomized, Parallel Groups Study to Assess the Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of Switching Patients With Early Parkinson's Disease (PD) From Pramipexole IR to Pramipexole ER or Pramipexole IR [NCT00558025]Phase 3156 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-10-31Completed
A Phase IV Randomised, Double-blind, Active and Placebo-controlled, 6-week Trial to Investigate the Efficacy and Safety of a Starting (and Fixed) Dose 0.25 mg Pramipexole (Mirapex®) in Patients With Idiopathic Restless Legs Syndrome [NCT00375284]Phase 4404 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-09-30Completed
Safety of Pramipexole Monotherapy or Combination Therapy in Chinese Patients With Parkinson¿s Disease: a 12 Week Post Marketing Surveillance [NCT01361009]2,017 participants (Actual)Observational2011-05-31Completed
Cognitive Enhancement in Bipolar Disorder [NCT00597896]Phase 450 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-10-31Completed
Post Marketing Surveillance Study of Sifrol® - Monotherapy in Patients With Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease [NCT02248181]442 participants (Actual)Observational2004-02-29Completed
Treatment of Restless Legs Symptoms With Pramipexole to Improve the Outcomes of Protracted Opioid Withdrawal in OUD: A Pilot Double-blind, Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT04759703]Phase 2/Phase 380 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-01-24Recruiting
a Pilot Follow-up Study of Investigating the Effect of Pramipexole on Metabolic Network Activity Compared With Levodopa in Chinese Patients With Early Parkinson's Disease [NCT01470859]30 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-12-31Completed
Management of Parkinson's Disease Patients at Their First Visits in a Neurological Practice [NCT02248207]1,293 participants (Actual)Observational2003-01-31Completed
Ventrostriatal Dopamine Release and Reward Motivation in MDD [NCT02033369]Phase 452 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-02-28Completed
Mirapex PMS Study Final Report [NCT02248168]1,449 participants (Actual)Observational2002-03-31Completed
Pramipexole Augmentation to Target Anhedonia in Depression - a Pilot Study [NCT04121091]Phase 213 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-10-04Completed
An Open-label Clinical Study to Investigate Pharmacokinetics (PK) of Different Doses (0.125 mg, 0.25 mg, 0.5 mg) of Pramipexole Administered Once Daily Orally in Pediatric Patients Who Are Individually Optimized to Stable Pramipexole Doses for the Treatme [NCT02231918]Phase 226 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-05-31Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

TrialOutcome
NCT00086307 (1) [back to overview]Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS)
NCT00144300 (21) [back to overview]Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), Part II, Total Score at 1 Year
NCT00144300 (21) [back to overview]Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), Part II, Total Score at 2 Years
NCT00144300 (21) [back to overview]Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), Part II, Total Score at Baseline
NCT00144300 (21) [back to overview]Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), Part III, Change From Baseline in Total Score at 1 Year
NCT00144300 (21) [back to overview]Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), Part III, Change From Baseline in Total Score at 2 Years
NCT00144300 (21) [back to overview]Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), Part III, Total Score at 1 Year
NCT00144300 (21) [back to overview]Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), Part III, Total Score at 2 Years
NCT00144300 (21) [back to overview]Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), Parts II and III, Total Score at Baseline
NCT00144300 (21) [back to overview]Clinical Abnormal Findings: Clinical Laboratory Evaluations (Biochemistry and Haematology)and Vital Signs
NCT00144300 (21) [back to overview]Expert Panel Overall Assessment Following 1 Year on Drug
NCT00144300 (21) [back to overview]Expert Panel Overall Assessment Following 2 Years on Drug
NCT00144300 (21) [back to overview]Hoehn and Yahr Scale at 1 Year
NCT00144300 (21) [back to overview]Hoehn and Yahr Scale at 2 Years
NCT00144300 (21) [back to overview]Hoehn and Yahr Scale at Baseline
NCT00144300 (21) [back to overview]Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), Part II, Change From Baseline in Total Score at 1 Year
NCT00144300 (21) [back to overview]Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), Part II, Change From Baseline in Total Score at 2 Years
NCT00144300 (21) [back to overview]Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), Part III, Total Score at Baseline
NCT00144300 (21) [back to overview]Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), Parts II and III, Change From Baseline in Total Score at 1 Year
NCT00144300 (21) [back to overview]Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), Parts II and III, Change From Baseline in Total Score at 2 Years
NCT00144300 (21) [back to overview]Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), Parts II and III, Total Score at 1 Year
NCT00144300 (21) [back to overview]Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), Parts II and III, Total Score at 2 Years
NCT00275275 (2) [back to overview]Adverse Effects Experienced
NCT00275275 (2) [back to overview]Number of Dose Adjustments
NCT00297778 (15) [back to overview]Abnormal Findings: Clinical Laboratory Evaluations (Biochemistry and Haematology)and Vital Signs
NCT00297778 (15) [back to overview]Clinical Global Impressions of Global Improvement (CGI-I) at Week 12
NCT00297778 (15) [back to overview]Change in BDI-IA Clinical Response (at Least 50% Reduction in Symptoms) at Week 12
NCT00297778 (15) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to End of Maintenance Phase in European Quality of Life Visual Analogue Scale (EUROQOL (EQ) VAS) Pain Score at Week 12
NCT00297778 (15) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the UPDRS Part IV Total Score at Week 12
NCT00297778 (15) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the UPDRS Part III Total Score at Week 12
NCT00297778 (15) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the UPDRS Part II+III Total Score at Week 12
NCT00297778 (15) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the UPDRS Part II Total Score at Week 12
NCT00297778 (15) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the UPDRS Part I Total Score at Week 12
NCT00297778 (15) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the European Quality of Life Scale (EUROQOL (EQ)-5D) Overall Index Score at Week 12
NCT00297778 (15) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) Part I Depression Score at Week 12
NCT00297778 (15) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS) Total Score at Week 12
NCT00297778 (15) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Beck Depression Inventory-Version 1A (BDI-IA) Total Score at Week 12
NCT00297778 (15) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-39 (PDQ-39) Overall Index Score at Week 12
NCT00297778 (15) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Geriatric Depression Scale-Short Form (GDS-SF) (15-item Version) Total Score at Week 12
NCT00321854 (57) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline in the Striatum Uptake at Month 15
NCT00321854 (57) [back to overview]Modified Minnesota Disorders Interview (MMIDI) Risk of Gambling at Month 9
NCT00321854 (57) [back to overview]Modified Minnesota Disorders Interview (MMIDI) Risk of Gambling at Month 6
NCT00321854 (57) [back to overview]Modified Minnesota Disorders Interview (MMIDI) Risk of Gambling at Month 15
NCT00321854 (57) [back to overview]Modified Minnesota Disorders Interview (MMIDI) Risk of Gambling at Month 12
NCT00321854 (57) [back to overview]Modified Minnesota Disorders Interview (MMIDI) Risk of Gambling at Month 1
NCT00321854 (57) [back to overview]Modified Minnesota Disorders Interview (MMIDI) for Compulsive Sexual Behaviour at Month 9
NCT00321854 (57) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Investigator Rated UPDRS Parts II+III Score at Month 3
NCT00321854 (57) [back to overview]Modified Minnesota Disorders Interview (MMIDI) for Compulsive Sexual Behaviour at Month 6
NCT00321854 (57) [back to overview]Modified Minnesota Disorders Interview (MMIDI) for Compulsive Sexual Behaviour at Month 15
NCT00321854 (57) [back to overview]Modified Minnesota Disorders Interview (MMIDI) for Compulsive Sexual Behaviour at Month 12
NCT00321854 (57) [back to overview]Modified Minnesota Disorders Interview (MMIDI) for Compulsive Sexual Behaviour at Month 1
NCT00321854 (57) [back to overview]Modified Minnesota Disorders Interview (MMIDI) for Compulsive Buying at Month 9
NCT00321854 (57) [back to overview]Modified Minnesota Disorders Interview (MMIDI) for Compulsive Buying at Month 6
NCT00321854 (57) [back to overview]Modified Minnesota Disorders Interview (MMIDI) for Compulsive Buying at Month 15
NCT00321854 (57) [back to overview]Modified Minnesota Disorders Interview (MMIDI) for Compulsive Buying at Month 12
NCT00321854 (57) [back to overview]Modified Minnesota Disorders Interview (MMIDI) for Compulsive Buying at Month 1
NCT00321854 (57) [back to overview]Clinically Significant Abnormalities in Vital Signs
NCT00321854 (57) [back to overview]Clinically Significant Abnormalities in Clinical Laboratory Measurements - Substrates
NCT00321854 (57) [back to overview]Clinically Significant Abnormalities in Clinical Laboratory Measurements - Haematology and Electrolytes
NCT00321854 (57) [back to overview]Clinically Significant Abnormalities in Clinical Laboratory Measurements - Enzymes
NCT00321854 (57) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Blinded Rater Assessment of Clinical Global Impressions of Severity of Illness (CGI-S) Category at Month 15
NCT00321854 (57) [back to overview]Number of Responders Using the Blinded Rater Assessment of Clinical Global Impressions of Global Improvement (CGI-I) Score at Month 15
NCT00321854 (57) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-39 (PDQ-39) Overall Index Score at Month 9
NCT00321854 (57) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-39 (PDQ-39) Overall Index Score at Month 15
NCT00321854 (57) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Investigator Rated UPDRS Total Score at Month 9
NCT00321854 (57) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Blinded Rater Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) Total Score at Month 15
NCT00321854 (57) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Investigator Rated UPDRS Total Score at Month 6
NCT00321854 (57) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Investigator Rated UPDRS Total Score at Month 3
NCT00321854 (57) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Investigator Rated UPDRS Total Score at Month 15
NCT00321854 (57) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Investigator Rated UPDRS Parts II+III Score at Month 9
NCT00321854 (57) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Investigator Rated UPDRS Parts II+III Score at Month 6
NCT00321854 (57) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Investigator Rated UPDRS Parts II+III Score at Month 15
NCT00321854 (57) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Investigator Rated UPDRS Part III Score at Month 9
NCT00321854 (57) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Investigator Rated UPDRS Part III Score at Month 6
NCT00321854 (57) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Investigator Rated UPDRS Part III Score at Month 3
NCT00321854 (57) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Investigator Rated UPDRS Part III Score at Month 15
NCT00321854 (57) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Investigator Rated UPDRS Part II Score at Month 9
NCT00321854 (57) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Investigator Rated UPDRS Part II Score at Month 6
NCT00321854 (57) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Investigator Rated UPDRS Part II Score at Month 3
NCT00321854 (57) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Investigator Rated UPDRS Part II Score at Month 15
NCT00321854 (57) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Investigator Rated UPDRS Part I Total Score at Month 9
NCT00321854 (57) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Investigator Rated UPDRS Part I Total Score at Month 3
NCT00321854 (57) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Investigator Rated UPDRS Part I Total Score at Month 6
NCT00321854 (57) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Beck Depression Inventory-Version 1A (BDI-IA) Total Score at Month 15
NCT00321854 (57) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Beck Depression Inventory-Version 1A (BDI-IA) Total Score at Month 3
NCT00321854 (57) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Beck Depression Inventory-Version 1A (BDI-IA) Total Score at Month 6
NCT00321854 (57) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Beck Depression Inventory-Version 1A (BDI-IA) Total Score at Month 9
NCT00321854 (57) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Blinded Rater UPDRS Part I Total Score at Month 15
NCT00321854 (57) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Blinded Rater UPDRS Part II Total Score at Month 15
NCT00321854 (57) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Blinded Rater UPDRS Part III Total Score at Month 15
NCT00321854 (57) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Blinded Rater UPDRS Parts II+III Total Score at Month 15
NCT00321854 (57) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the European Quality of Life Scale (EUROQOL (EQ)-5D) Overall Index Score at Month 15
NCT00321854 (57) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the European Quality of Life Scale (EUROQOL (EQ)-5D) Overall Index Score at Month 9
NCT00321854 (57) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the European Quality of Life Visual Analogue Scale (EUROQOL (EQ) VAS) Score at Month 15
NCT00321854 (57) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the European Quality of Life Visual Analogue Scale (EUROQOL (EQ) VAS) Score at Month 9
NCT00321854 (57) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Investigator Rated UPDRS Part I Total Score at Month 15
NCT00390689 (14) [back to overview]Clinical Global Impression Global Improvement (CGI-I) Responder
NCT00390689 (14) [back to overview]Possible Augmentation in RLS Symptoms at 52 Weeks for Open-Label Period
NCT00390689 (14) [back to overview]Clinically Significant Abnormalities in Vital Signs (Blood Pressure and Pulse Rate in Both Supine and Standing Positions), ECG, Laboratory Tests - Double Blind Period.
NCT00390689 (14) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Japanese Version of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (JESS) Total Score at 52 Weeks for Open-Label Period
NCT00390689 (14) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) Total Score at 6 Weeks
NCT00390689 (14) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) Total Score at 52 Weeks for Open-Label Period
NCT00390689 (14) [back to overview]Clinical Global Impression Global Improvement (CGI-I) Responder at 52 Weeks for Open-label Period
NCT00390689 (14) [back to overview]IRLS Responder
NCT00390689 (14) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Japanese Version of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (JESS) Total Score at 6 Weeks
NCT00390689 (14) [back to overview]IRLS Responder for Open-label Period
NCT00390689 (14) [back to overview]Patient Global Impression (PGI) Responder
NCT00390689 (14) [back to overview]Patient Global Impression (PGI) Responder at 52 Weeks for Open-Label Period
NCT00390689 (14) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in International Restless Legs Syndrome (IRLS) Total Score at 6 Weeks
NCT00390689 (14) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in International Restless Legs Syndrome (IRLS) Total Score at 52 Weeks for Open-Label Period
NCT00402233 (4) [back to overview]Modified Hoehn and Yahr Stage
NCT00402233 (4) [back to overview]Epworth Sleepiness Scale
NCT00402233 (4) [back to overview]Beck Depression Inventory II
NCT00402233 (4) [back to overview]Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) Total Score
NCT00466167 (17) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in European Quality of Life (EuroQol) Scale After 18 Weeks
NCT00466167 (17) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Parkinson's Disease Quality of Life Questionnaire 39 After 18 Weeks
NCT00466167 (17) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Parkinson's Disease Sleep Scale (PDSS) After 18 Weeks
NCT00466167 (17) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in 11-point Likert Scale for Pain Related to PD at Week 18
NCT00466167 (17) [back to overview]Response in Patient Global Impression (PGI-I)
NCT00466167 (17) [back to overview]Clinically Significant Abnormalities: Clinical Laboratory Evaluations (Biochemistry and Haematology)
NCT00466167 (17) [back to overview]Clinical Global Impression - Global Improvement (CGI-I) Responder
NCT00466167 (17) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in UPDRS IV Score After 18 Weeks
NCT00466167 (17) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in UPDRS III Score After 18 Weeks
NCT00466167 (17) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in UPDRS II Score After 18 Weeks, Average at on and Off-period
NCT00466167 (17) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in UPDRS I Score After 18 Weeks
NCT00466167 (17) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) Parts II+III Score at Week 18
NCT00466167 (17) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Percentage On-time Without Dyskinesia at Week 18
NCT00466167 (17) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Percentage On-time With Troublesome Dyskinesia at Week 18
NCT00466167 (17) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Percentage On-time With Non-troublesome Dyskinesia at Week 18
NCT00466167 (17) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Percentage Off-time at Week 18
NCT00466167 (17) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI) After 18 Weeks
NCT00472199 (31) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in SF-36 Dimension Vitality After 26 Weeks
NCT00472199 (31) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Short Form-36 (SF-36) Dimension Bodily Pain After 26 Weeks
NCT00472199 (31) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) Score for Pain in Limbs After 26 Weeks
NCT00472199 (31) [back to overview]Diagnosis of Classified Augmentation According to Independent Expert Panel
NCT00472199 (31) [back to overview]Worsening of RLS Symptoms (by at Least 4 Points in the IRLS Total Score Compared to Baseline) After Treatment Discontinuation
NCT00472199 (31) [back to overview]Baseline, Week 26 Mean Standing Diastolic Blood Pressure
NCT00472199 (31) [back to overview]Baseline, Week 26 Mean Standing Pulse Rate
NCT00472199 (31) [back to overview]Baseline, Week 26 Mean Standing Systolic Blood Pressure
NCT00472199 (31) [back to overview]Baseline, Week 26 Mean Supine Diastolic Blood Pressure
NCT00472199 (31) [back to overview]Baseline, Week 26 Mean Supine Systolic Blood Pressure
NCT00472199 (31) [back to overview]Clinical Global Impression - Global Improvement (CGI-I) Responder Rate
NCT00472199 (31) [back to overview]International Restless Legs Syndrome (IRLS) Study Group Rating Scale Responder Rate
NCT00472199 (31) [back to overview]Patient Global Impression (PGI) Responder Rate
NCT00472199 (31) [back to overview]Baseline, Week 26 Mean Supine Pulse Rate
NCT00472199 (31) [back to overview]"Change From Baseline in Restless Legs Syndrome-6 (RLS-6) Score Satisfaction With Sleep After 26 Weeks"
NCT00472199 (31) [back to overview]"Change From Baseline in RLS-6 Score Severity During the Day When at Rest After 26 Weeks"
NCT00472199 (31) [back to overview]"Change From Baseline in RLS-6 Score Severity During the Night After 26 Weeks"
NCT00472199 (31) [back to overview]"Change From Baseline in RLS-6 Score Severity Falling Asleep After 26 Weeks"
NCT00472199 (31) [back to overview]"Change From Baseline in RLS-6 Score Tired or Sleepy During the Day After 26 Weeks"
NCT00472199 (31) [back to overview]"Change From Baseline RLS-6 Score Severity During the Day Engaged in Activities After 26 Weeks"
NCT00472199 (31) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group Rating Scale (IRLS) Total Score After 26 Weeks
NCT00472199 (31) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in IRLS Mood Disturbance Score (Item 10) After 26 Weeks
NCT00472199 (31) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Quality of Life in RLS (RLS QoL) Score After 26 Weeks
NCT00472199 (31) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in SF-36 Dimension General Health After 26 Weeks
NCT00472199 (31) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in SF-36 Dimension Mental Component Summary After 26 Weeks
NCT00472199 (31) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in SF-36 Dimension Mental Health After 26 Weeks
NCT00472199 (31) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in SF-36 Dimension Physical Component Summary After 26 Weeks
NCT00472199 (31) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in SF-36 Dimension Physical Functioning After 26 Weeks
NCT00472199 (31) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in SF-36 Dimension Role Limitations Due to Emotional Problems After 26 Weeks
NCT00472199 (31) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in SF-36 Dimension Role Limitations Due to Physical Problems After 26 Weeks
NCT00472199 (31) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in SF-36 Dimension Social Functioning After 26 Weeks
NCT00479401 (16) [back to overview]Percentage of Responders on the Patients Global Impressions of Improvement (PGI-I) Scale
NCT00479401 (16) [back to overview]UPDRS Part I Change From Baseline
NCT00479401 (16) [back to overview]UPDRS II+III Responder Rate (at Least 20% Improvement)
NCT00479401 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in European Quality of Life Visual Analog Scale
NCT00479401 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Parkinson's Disease Quality of Life Questionnaire Total Score
NCT00479401 (16) [back to overview]Beck's Depression Inventory Version I A
NCT00479401 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) Parts II+III Total Score
NCT00479401 (16) [back to overview]Likert Scale for Pain Related to PD
NCT00479401 (16) [back to overview]Number of Patients With Treatment Emergent Abnormal Behaviour as Indicated by the Modified Minnesota Impulsive Disorders Interview (mMIDI Questionnaire)
NCT00479401 (16) [back to overview]Possible Clinically Significant Abnormal Laboratory Parameters
NCT00479401 (16) [back to overview]Clinical Relevant Abnormal Findings in Vital Signs and Physical Examination as Reported in Adverse Events
NCT00479401 (16) [back to overview]UPDRS Part III Total Score
NCT00479401 (16) [back to overview]Parkinson's Disease Sleep Scale (PDSS)
NCT00479401 (16) [back to overview]Patients Who Started to Use L-Dopa Rescue Medication
NCT00479401 (16) [back to overview]Percentage of Responders on the Clinical Global Impressions of Improvement (CGI-I) Scale
NCT00479401 (16) [back to overview]UPDRS Part II Total Score
NCT00558025 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in UPDRS Part II Total Score at Week 9, FAS (LOCF)
NCT00558025 (9) [back to overview]Pramipexole Dose Adaptation, FAS (LOCF)
NCT00558025 (9) [back to overview]Final Pramipexole Dose (mg) After 9 Weeks, Treated Set
NCT00558025 (9) [back to overview]Clinical Global Impression - Improvement (CGI-I), FAS (LOCF)
NCT00558025 (9) [back to overview]Patient Global Impression - Improvement (PGI-I), FAS (LOCF)
NCT00558025 (9) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients Who Successfully Switched From Pramipexole Immediate Release (IR) to Pramipexole ER After a Possible Dose Adaptation, Full Analysis Set (FAS), Last Observation Carried Forward (LOCF)
NCT00558025 (9) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients Who Successfully Switched From Pramipexole IR to Pramipexole ER With no Dose Adaptation, FAS (LOCF)
NCT00558025 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in UPDRS Part III Total Score at Week 9, FAS (LOCF)
NCT00558025 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in UPDRS Part II+III Total Score at Week 9, FAS (LOCF)
NCT00558467 (26) [back to overview]Patient Global Impression at Week 1
NCT00558467 (26) [back to overview]Patient Global Impression at Week 2
NCT00558467 (26) [back to overview]Patient Global Impression at Week 3
NCT00558467 (26) [back to overview]Patient Global Impression at Week 4
NCT00558467 (26) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Total Tic Score of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale at Week 1
NCT00558467 (26) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Total Tic Score of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale
NCT00558467 (26) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Total Score of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale Due to Motor and Phonic Tics at Week 6
NCT00558467 (26) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Total Score of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale Due to Motor and Phonic Tics at Week 4
NCT00558467 (26) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Total Score of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale Due to Motor and Phonic Tics at Week 3
NCT00558467 (26) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Total Score of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale Due to Motor and Phonic Tics at Week 2
NCT00558467 (26) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Total Score of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale Due to Motor and Phonic Tics at Week 1
NCT00558467 (26) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Total Tic Score of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale at Week 2
NCT00558467 (26) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Total Tic Score of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale at Week 3
NCT00558467 (26) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Total Tic Score of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale at Week 4
NCT00558467 (26) [back to overview]Clinical Global Impressions - Improvement at 1 Week
NCT00558467 (26) [back to overview]Clinical Global Impressions - Improvement at Week 2
NCT00558467 (26) [back to overview]Clinical Global Impressions - Improvement at Week 3
NCT00558467 (26) [back to overview]Clinical Global Impressions - Severity of Illness at Week 6
NCT00558467 (26) [back to overview]Patient Global Impression at Week 6
NCT00558467 (26) [back to overview]Clinical Global Impressions - Improvement at Week 4
NCT00558467 (26) [back to overview]Clinical Global Impressions - Improvement at Week 6
NCT00558467 (26) [back to overview]Clinical Global Impressions - Severity of Illness at Week 1
NCT00558467 (26) [back to overview]Clinical Global Impressions - Severity of Illness at Week 2
NCT00558467 (26) [back to overview]Clinical Global Impressions - Severity of Illness at Week 3
NCT00558467 (26) [back to overview]Clinical Global Impressions - Severity of Illness at Week 4
NCT00558467 (26) [back to overview]Clinically Significant Abnormalities in Vital Signs (Orthostatic Reaction and Pulse Rate), and Serum Chemistry.
NCT00560508 (33) [back to overview]Clinical Global Impression of Improvement (CGI-I) at Week 16 Compared to Patient's CGI-I Status at Week 12 (Open-label: Dose Adjustment Phase)
NCT00560508 (33) [back to overview]UPDRS Parts II+III Total Score Responder Rate (at Least 20% Improvement) (Open-label: Maintenance Phase)
NCT00560508 (33) [back to overview]UPDRS Parts II+III Total Score Responder Rate (at Least 20% Improvement)
NCT00560508 (33) [back to overview]Trough Plasma Concentration at Steady State
NCT00560508 (33) [back to overview]Responder Rate For Clinical Global Impression of Improvement (CGI-I)
NCT00560508 (33) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Percentage On-time Without Dyskinesia or With Non-troublesome Dyskinesia (Open-label Maintenance Phase)
NCT00560508 (33) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Percentage On-time Without Dyskinesia
NCT00560508 (33) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Percentage On-time With Troublesome Dyskinesia (Open-label Maintenance Phase)
NCT00560508 (33) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Percentage On-time With Troublesome Dyskinesia
NCT00560508 (33) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Percentage On-time With Non-troublesome Dyskinesia (Open-label Maintenance Phase)
NCT00560508 (33) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Percentage On-time With Non-troublesome Dyskinesia
NCT00560508 (33) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Percentage Off-time (Open-label: Maintenance Phase)
NCT00560508 (33) [back to overview]Change From End of Double-Blind Period in UPDRS (Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale) Parts II+III Total Score (Open-label: Dose Adjustment Phase)
NCT00560508 (33) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in L-dopa Daily Dose (Open-label Maintenance Phase)
NCT00560508 (33) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in L-dopa Daily Dose
NCT00560508 (33) [back to overview]Dose Proportionality of Trough Plasma Concentration at Steady State After Pramipexole ER Treatment
NCT00560508 (33) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in UPDRS Part I Score
NCT00560508 (33) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in UPDRS Part I Score (Open-label: Maintenance Phase)
NCT00560508 (33) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in UPDRS Part II Score
NCT00560508 (33) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in UPDRS Part II Score (Open-label: Maintenance Phase)
NCT00560508 (33) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Percentage On-time Without Dyskinesia (Open-label: Maintenance Phase)
NCT00560508 (33) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in UPDRS Part III Score
NCT00560508 (33) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in UPDRS Part III Score (Open-label: Maintenance Phase)
NCT00560508 (33) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in UPDRS Part IV Score
NCT00560508 (33) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in UPDRS Part IV Score (Open-label: Maintenance Phase)
NCT00560508 (33) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) Parts II+III Total Score
NCT00560508 (33) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With no Worsening of UPDRS Parts II+III Total Score by More Than 15% From Week 12 to Week 16 (Open-label: Dose Adjustment Phase)
NCT00560508 (33) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in UPDRS (Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale) Parts II+III Total Score (Open-label: Maintenance Phase)
NCT00560508 (33) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Experienced Adverse Events
NCT00560508 (33) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Percentage On-time Without Dyskinesia or With Non-troublesome Dyskinesia
NCT00560508 (33) [back to overview]Patient Global Impression of Improvement (PGI-I) at Week 16 Compared to Patient's PGI-I Status at Week 12 (Open-label: Dose Adjustment Phase)
NCT00560508 (33) [back to overview]Responder Rate For Patient Global Impression of Improvement (PGI-I)
NCT00560508 (33) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Percentage Off-time
NCT00577460 (32) [back to overview]Supine Diastolic Blood Pressure, Baseline and Week 80, Vital Signs Treated Set
NCT00577460 (32) [back to overview]Supine Pulse Rate, Baseline and Week 80, Vital Signs Treated Set
NCT00577460 (32) [back to overview]Supine Systolic Blood Pressure, Baseline and Week 80, Vital Signs Treated Set
NCT00577460 (32) [back to overview]Body Weight of Male Patients, Baseline and Week 80, Vital Signs Treated Set
NCT00577460 (32) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Response in CGI-I
NCT00577460 (32) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Response in Percentage Off Time During Waking Hours
NCT00577460 (32) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Response in PGI-I
NCT00577460 (32) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Response in PGI-I for Early Morning Off Symptoms
NCT00577460 (32) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Serious Adverse Events
NCT00577460 (32) [back to overview]Number of Participants With UPDRS II+III Response
NCT00577460 (32) [back to overview]Number of Patients Successfully Switched From PPX IR or ER to ER Assessed on Off-time
NCT00577460 (32) [back to overview]Parkinson Fatigue Scale (PFS-16) Score and Change From OL Baseline at Week 80
NCT00577460 (32) [back to overview]Patients Successfully Switched From Pramipexole (PPX) IR or ER to ER Assessed on UPDRS II+III
NCT00577460 (32) [back to overview]Percentage Off Time During Waking Hours Total Score: Change From Baseline
NCT00577460 (32) [back to overview]Percentage on Time With Non Troublesome Dyskinesia During Waking Hours: Change From Baseline After 80 Weeks
NCT00577460 (32) [back to overview]Percentage on Time With Troublesome Dyskinesia During Waking Hours: Change From Baseline After 80 Weeks
NCT00577460 (32) [back to overview]Percentage on Time Without Dyskinesia During Waking Hours: Change From Baseline After 80 Weeks
NCT00577460 (32) [back to overview]Percentage on Time Without Dyskinesia or With Non Troublesome Dyskinesia During Waking Hours: Change From Baseline After 80 Weeks
NCT00577460 (32) [back to overview]UPDRS I Total Score and Change From OL Baseline at Week 80
NCT00577460 (32) [back to overview]UPDRS II Total Score and Change From OL Baseline at Week 80
NCT00577460 (32) [back to overview]UPDRS II+III Change From Open Label (OL) Baseline
NCT00577460 (32) [back to overview]UPDRS III Total Score and Change From OL Baseline at Week 80
NCT00577460 (32) [back to overview]UPDRS IV Total Score and Change From OL Baseline at Week 80
NCT00577460 (32) [back to overview]Body Weight of Female Patients, Baseline and Week 80, Vital Signs Treated Set
NCT00577460 (32) [back to overview]Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Baseline and End of Open Label, Treated Set
NCT00577460 (32) [back to overview]Modified Minnesota Impulsive Disorder Interview (mMIDI), Frequency of Patients With at Least One Abnormal Behavior, Treated Set
NCT00577460 (32) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Changes in Pramipexole Doses After 80 Weeks Compared to Pramipexole Dose at OL Baseline
NCT00577460 (32) [back to overview]Number of Participants With L-dopa Daily Dose Change: Change From OL Baseline at Week 80
NCT00577460 (32) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With Adverse Events, Adverse Drug Reactions, Serious Adverse Events
NCT00577460 (32) [back to overview]Standing Diastolic Blood Pressure, Baseline and Week 80, Vital Signs Treated Set
NCT00577460 (32) [back to overview]Standing Pulse Rate, Baseline and Week 80, Vital Signs Treated Set
NCT00577460 (32) [back to overview]Standing Systolic Blood Pressure, Baseline and Week 80, Vital Signs Treated Set
NCT00597896 (11) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 8 in Hopkins Verbal Learning Test
NCT00597896 (11) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 8 in Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition (WAIS-III) Digit Span Subtest (Digits Forward)
NCT00597896 (11) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 8 in Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT) Letter Fluency
NCT00597896 (11) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 8 in d2 Test of Attention
NCT00597896 (11) [back to overview]Double-blind: Change From Baseline in Clinician-Administered Rating Scale for Mania (CARS-M)Total Score at Endpoint
NCT00597896 (11) [back to overview]Double-blind: Change From Baseline in Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D-21) Total Score at Endpoint
NCT00597896 (11) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 8 in Stroop Color-Word Test
NCT00597896 (11) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 8 in Trail Making Test Part A
NCT00597896 (11) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 8 in Trail Making Test Part B
NCT00597896 (11) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 8 in Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition (WAIS-III) Digit Span Subtest (Digits Backward)
NCT00597896 (11) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 8 in Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition (WAIS-III) Digit Symbol Coding Test
NCT00601523 (14) [back to overview]Patient Rating of Convenience of Treatment Dosing
NCT00601523 (14) [back to overview]UPDRS I Total Score: Change From OL Baseline
NCT00601523 (14) [back to overview]UPDRS II Total Score: Change From OL Baseline
NCT00601523 (14) [back to overview]Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) II+III Total Score: Change From Baseline
NCT00601523 (14) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With Adverse Events, Adverse Drug Reactions, Serious Adverse Events
NCT00601523 (14) [back to overview]Number of Patients Introducing L-Dopa Medication in OL Trial
NCT00601523 (14) [back to overview]Parkinson Fatigue Scale (PFS-16) : Change From OL Baseline
NCT00601523 (14) [back to overview]UPDRS III Total Score: Change From OL Baseline
NCT00601523 (14) [back to overview]L-Dopa Dose: Change From OL Baseline
NCT00601523 (14) [back to overview]Pramipexole Doses Respectively After 80 Weeks Compared to Pramipexole Doses at Week 8 for Previously 248.524 Patients and After 72 Weeks Compared to Pramipexole Doses at Week 0 for Previously 248.636 Patients
NCT00601523 (14) [back to overview]Response in Patient Global Impression of Improvement (PGI-I)
NCT00601523 (14) [back to overview]Response in Clinical Global Impression of Improvement (CGI-I)
NCT00601523 (14) [back to overview]Patient Preference Regarding Treatment Dosing
NCT00601523 (14) [back to overview]Number of Patients With UPDRS II+III Response From OL Baseline at Week 80 (Patients From 248.524) or Week 72 (Patients From 248.636)
NCT00647296 (18) [back to overview]Part 2 Placebo Washout: Number of Participants With Potentially Clinically Significant Vital Sign Measurements
NCT00647296 (18) [back to overview]Part 2 Double-Blind Treatment: Slope of the ALSFRS-R (ALS Functional Rating Scale With Respiratory Component) From Baseline to Week 28 by Treatment Group
NCT00647296 (18) [back to overview]Part 2 Placebo Washout: Number of Participants With Potentially Clinically Significant Hematology
NCT00647296 (18) [back to overview]Part 2 Placebo Washout: Number of Participants With Potentially Clinically Significant Blood Chemistry Results
NCT00647296 (18) [back to overview]Part 2 Double-Blind Treatment: Slope of Percent Predicted Upright Vital Capacity From Baseline by Treatment Group
NCT00647296 (18) [back to overview]Part 2 Double-Blind Treatment: Number of Participants With Treatment Emergent Potentially Clinically Significant Electrocardiogram (ECG) Findings by Treatment Group
NCT00647296 (18) [back to overview]Part 2 Double-Blind Treatment: Number of Participants With Potentially Clinically Significant Vital Sign Measurements by Treatment Group
NCT00647296 (18) [back to overview]Part 2 Double-Blind Treatment: Number of Participants With Potentially Clinically Significant Hematology Results by Treatment Group
NCT00647296 (18) [back to overview]Part 1: Number of Participants With Treatment Emergent Potentially Clinically Significant Electrocardiogram (ECG) Findings by Treatment Group
NCT00647296 (18) [back to overview]Part 1: Number of Participants With Potentially Clinically Significant Hematology Results by Treatment Group
NCT00647296 (18) [back to overview]Part 1: Number of Participants With Potentially Clinically Significant Blood Chemistry Results by Treatment Group
NCT00647296 (18) [back to overview]Part 2 Placebo Washout: Absolute Change in Upright Vital Capacity (Percent Predicted) From Baseline to End of Placebo Washout (Week 4)
NCT00647296 (18) [back to overview]Part 1: Number of Participants With Potentially Clinically Significant Vital Sign Measurements by Treatment Group
NCT00647296 (18) [back to overview]Part 2 Placebo Washout: Absolute Change in ALSFRS-R Total Score
NCT00647296 (18) [back to overview]Part 2 Double-Blind Treatment: Number of Participants With Potentially Clinically Significant Blood Chemistry Results by Treatment Group
NCT00647296 (18) [back to overview]Part 2 Placebo Washout: Number of Participants With Treatment Emergent Potentially Clinically Significant Electrocardiogram (ECG) Findings
NCT00647296 (18) [back to overview]Part 1: Slope of Upright Vital Capacity From Baseline to Week 12 by Treatment Group
NCT00647296 (18) [back to overview]Part 1: Slope of ALSFRS-R (ALS Functional Rating Scale With Respiratory Component) From Baseline to Week 12 by Treatment Group
NCT00651183 (4) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale - HADS-D Depression Subscore
NCT00651183 (4) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) Part I (Mentation, Behaviour and Mood)
NCT00651183 (4) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in UPDRS Part III (Motor Examination)
NCT00651183 (4) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale - HADS-A Anxiety Subscore
NCT00654498 (12) [back to overview]The Mean Change From Baseline in the Severity of RLS During the Rest at Day of RLS-6 Rating Scales.
NCT00654498 (12) [back to overview]The Proportion of Patient Global Impression(PGI) Responders
NCT00654498 (12) [back to overview]The Proportion of Patients With Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) Categorised >10
NCT00654498 (12) [back to overview]"The Proportion of Patients With Clinical Global Impressions -Improvement Scale (CGI-I) Assessment of Much Improved and Very Much Improved"
NCT00654498 (12) [back to overview]The Mean Change From Baseline in the Severity of RLS at Time of Falling Sleep of RLS-6 Rating Scales.
NCT00654498 (12) [back to overview]The Change From Baseline in Visual Analogue Scales (VAS)
NCT00654498 (12) [back to overview]The Change From Baseline to Week 6 in the Total Score of Restless Legs Syndrome Rating Scale for Severity of the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group (IRLS).
NCT00654498 (12) [back to overview]The Mean Change From Baseline in the Intensity of Tiredness and Sleepiness at Day of RLS-6 Rating Scale
NCT00654498 (12) [back to overview]The Proportion of IRLS Responders
NCT00654498 (12) [back to overview]The Mean Change From Baseline in the Severity of RLS During the Activities at Day of RLS-6 Rating Scale
NCT00654498 (12) [back to overview]The Mean Change From Baseline in the Severity of RLS During the Night of RLS-6 Rating Scales.
NCT00654498 (12) [back to overview]the Mean Change From Baseline to Week 6 in Satisfaction of Sleep at Night of RLS-6 Rating Scales
NCT00681863 (25) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Total Score of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale
NCT00681863 (25) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Total Score of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale
NCT00681863 (25) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Total Score of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale
NCT00681863 (25) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Total Score of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale
NCT00681863 (25) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Total Score of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale
NCT00681863 (25) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Total Tic Score (TTS) of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale
NCT00681863 (25) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Total Tic Score (TTS) of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale
NCT00681863 (25) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Total Tic Score (TTS) of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale
NCT00681863 (25) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Total Tic Score (TTS) of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale
NCT00681863 (25) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Total Tic Score (TTS) of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale
NCT00681863 (25) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Total Tic Score (TTS) of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale
NCT00681863 (25) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Total Tic Score (TTS) of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale
NCT00681863 (25) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Total Tic Score (TTS) of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale
NCT00681863 (25) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Total Tic Score (TTS) of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale
NCT00681863 (25) [back to overview]Patients With Adverse Events Leading to Discontinuation of Trial Drug
NCT00681863 (25) [back to overview]Clinical Global Impressions - Improvement
NCT00681863 (25) [back to overview]Clinical Global Impressions - Severity of Illness, Categorized
NCT00681863 (25) [back to overview]Patient Global Impression - Improvement
NCT00681863 (25) [back to overview]Frequency of Patients With Possible Clinically Significant Abnormalities for Laboratory Parameters
NCT00681863 (25) [back to overview]Clinical Global Impressions - Severity of Illness
NCT00681863 (25) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Total Score of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale
NCT00681863 (25) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Total Score of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale
NCT00681863 (25) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Total Score of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale
NCT00681863 (25) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Total Score of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale
NCT00681863 (25) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Total Score of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale
NCT00721279 (5) [back to overview]Change in Total Scores of IRLS (International Restless Legs Rating Scale)
NCT00721279 (5) [back to overview]Change in Global Clinical Impression - Improvement (CGI-I) Scale
NCT00721279 (5) [back to overview]Correlation of the Change in IRLS at End of Titration and at Final Visit
NCT00721279 (5) [back to overview]Frequency Analysis for Baseline Pattern of RLS Symptoms
NCT00721279 (5) [back to overview]Frequency of Adverse Events
NCT00806026 (21) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in RLS-NDI at Week 12
NCT00806026 (21) [back to overview]Subjective Sleep Questionnaire (SSQ): Subjective Waking After Sleep Onset (WASO)
NCT00806026 (21) [back to overview]Subjective Sleep Questionnaire (SSQ): Quality of Sleep Subscale Score at Week 12
NCT00806026 (21) [back to overview]Subjective Sleep Questionnaire (SSQ): Latency Subscale Score at Week 12
NCT00806026 (21) [back to overview]Subjective Sleep Questionnaire (SSQ): Hours of Sleep Subscale Score at Week 12
NCT00806026 (21) [back to overview]Severity of Augmentation Symptoms at Week 12
NCT00806026 (21) [back to overview]RLS-Next Day Impact (RLS-NDI)
NCT00806026 (21) [back to overview]Restless Legs Syndrome-Quality of Life Scale (RLS-QoL) at Week 12
NCT00806026 (21) [back to overview]Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) Symptom Severity
NCT00806026 (21) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Augmentation
NCT00806026 (21) [back to overview]Medical Outcomes Study-Short Form 36 (SF-36) at Week 12
NCT00806026 (21) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Responding to Treatment at Week 12
NCT00806026 (21) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Medical Outcomes Study-Sleep Scale (MOS-SS)- Optimal Sleep at Week 12
NCT00806026 (21) [back to overview]Limb Pain-Visual Analog Scale (Limb Pain-VAS)
NCT00806026 (21) [back to overview]Clinical Global Impressions-Severity (CGI-S) at Week 12
NCT00806026 (21) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the RLS Symptom Severity at Week 12
NCT00806026 (21) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in SSQ: Subjective WASO at Week 12
NCT00806026 (21) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Limb Pain-VAS at Week 12
NCT00806026 (21) [back to overview]Subjective Sleep Questionnaire (SSQ): Number of Awakenings Subscale Score at Week 12
NCT00806026 (21) [back to overview]Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire: Specific Health Problem (WPAI-SHP) at Week 12
NCT00806026 (21) [back to overview]Medical Outcomes Study-Sleep Scale (MOS-SS) at Week 12
NCT00931944 (14) [back to overview]Change in Upright Vital Capacity From Baseline to Week 12
NCT00931944 (14) [back to overview]Change in Upright Vital Capacity From Baseline to Week 24
NCT00931944 (14) [back to overview]Change in Upright Vital Capacity From Baseline to Week 48
NCT00931944 (14) [back to overview]Number of Subjects With Feeding Tube Placed During the Study.
NCT00931944 (14) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Potentially Clinically ECG Abnormalities
NCT00931944 (14) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Potentially Clinically Significant Hematology Results
NCT00931944 (14) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Potentially Clinically Significant Liver Enzyme Abnormalities
NCT00931944 (14) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Potentially Clinically Significant Vital Sign Abnormalities
NCT00931944 (14) [back to overview]Change in ALSFRS-R (ALS Functional Rating Scale With Respiratory Component) Total Score From Baseline to Week 24
NCT00931944 (14) [back to overview]Change in McGill Single-Item Scale (SIS) From Baseline to Week 12
NCT00931944 (14) [back to overview]Change in McGill Single-Item Scale (SIS) From Baseline to Week 24
NCT00931944 (14) [back to overview]Change in McGill Single-Item Scale (SIS) From Baseline to Week 48
NCT00931944 (14) [back to overview]Change in ALSFRS-R (ALS Functional Rating Scale With Respiratory Component) Total Score From Baseline to Week 12
NCT00931944 (14) [back to overview]Change in ALSFRS-R (ALS Functional Rating Scale With Respiratory Component) Total Score From Baseline to Week 48
NCT00991276 (31) [back to overview]Medical Outcomes Study - Sleep Scale (MOS-SS)
NCT00991276 (31) [back to overview]Latency to Stage R Sleep (LREM)
NCT00991276 (31) [back to overview]Number of Arousals (NASO)
NCT00991276 (31) [back to overview]Number of Awakenings of at Least 1 Epoch After Sleep Onset (NAASO1)
NCT00991276 (31) [back to overview]Number of Awakenings of at Least 2 Epochs After Sleep Onset (NAASO2)
NCT00991276 (31) [back to overview]Wake After Sleep Onset (WASO)
NCT00991276 (31) [back to overview]Minutes of Stage N1, N2, N3 and R Sleep
NCT00991276 (31) [back to overview]Restless Legs Syndrome-Next Day Impact (RLS-NDI)
NCT00991276 (31) [back to overview]Latency to Persistent Sleep (LPS)
NCT00991276 (31) [back to overview]Restless Leg Syndrome - Quality of Life Scale (RLS-QoL)
NCT00991276 (31) [back to overview]Periodic Limb Movement Index (PLMI)
NCT00991276 (31) [back to overview]Hourly and Quarterly Assessment of Sleep Efficiency (SE)
NCT00991276 (31) [back to overview]Periodic Limb Movement in Sleep Index (PLMSI)
NCT00991276 (31) [back to overview]Periodic Limb Movement Arousal Index (PLMAI)
NCT00991276 (31) [back to overview]International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group Rating Scale (IRLS)
NCT00991276 (31) [back to overview]Arousal Index (NASOI)
NCT00991276 (31) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Response to Clinical Global Impression - Improvement (CGI-I) Scale
NCT00991276 (31) [back to overview]Hourly and Quarterly Assessment of Periodic Limb Movement (PLM)
NCT00991276 (31) [back to overview]Hourly and Quarterly Assessment of Number of Awakenings of at Least 2 Epoch After Sleep Onset (NAASO2)
NCT00991276 (31) [back to overview]Hourly and Quarterly Assessment of Number of Awakenings of at Least 1 Epoch After Sleep Onset (NAASO1)
NCT00991276 (31) [back to overview]Hourly and Quarterly Assessment of Number of Arousals (NASO)
NCT00991276 (31) [back to overview]Wake Time During Sleep (WTDS)
NCT00991276 (31) [back to overview]Wake Time After Sleep (WTAS)
NCT00991276 (31) [back to overview]Hourly and Quarterly Assessment of Wake After Sleep Onset (WASO)
NCT00991276 (31) [back to overview]Total Sleep Time (TST)
NCT00991276 (31) [back to overview]Subjective Total Sleep Time (sTST)
NCT00991276 (31) [back to overview]Subjective Sleep Questionnaire (SSQ): Total Wake Time After Sleep Onset Subscale
NCT00991276 (31) [back to overview]Subjective Sleep Questionnaire (SSQ): Quality of Sleep Subscale
NCT00991276 (31) [back to overview]Subjective Sleep Questionnaire (SSQ): Number of Awakenings Subscale
NCT00991276 (31) [back to overview]Subjective Sleep Questionnaire (SSQ): Latency Subscale
NCT00991276 (31) [back to overview]Sleep Efficiency (SE)
NCT01066897 (2) [back to overview]% Change in Hamilton Depression Rating Scale From Baseline to week8
NCT01066897 (2) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Discontinued Study Due to Side-effects of the Medication
NCT01074450 (3) [back to overview]AUC0-inf (Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time Zero to Infinity)
NCT01074450 (3) [back to overview]AUC0-t (Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time Zero to Time of Last Measurable Concentration)
NCT01074450 (3) [back to overview]Cmax (Maximum Observed Concentration of Drug Substance in Plasma)
NCT01074463 (3) [back to overview]Cmax (Maximum Observed Concentration of Drug Substance in Plasma)
NCT01074463 (3) [back to overview]AUC0-t (Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time Zero to Time of Last Measurable Concentration)
NCT01074463 (3) [back to overview]AUC0-inf (Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time Zero to Infinity)
NCT01097421 (7) [back to overview]Patients With a Score of 4 in Morisky Scale After 8-12 Weeks of Treatment
NCT01097421 (7) [back to overview]Adverse Events (AE) Considered Related to Observed Medication
NCT01097421 (7) [back to overview]Clinical Global Impressions (CGI)
NCT01097421 (7) [back to overview]Level of Adherence
NCT01097421 (7) [back to overview]Patient Preference
NCT01097421 (7) [back to overview]Patients Global Impressions (PGI)
NCT01097421 (7) [back to overview]Pramipexole (PPX) Dose
NCT01191944 (20) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Percentage On-time With Troublesome Dyskinesia at Week 18
NCT01191944 (20) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Percentage On-time With Non-troublesome Dyskinesia at Week 18
NCT01191944 (20) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Percentage Off-time During Waking Hours at Week 18
NCT01191944 (20) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) Total Score at 18 Weeks
NCT01191944 (20) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Duration of On-time Without or With Non-troublesome Dyskinesia at Week 18
NCT01191944 (20) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Duration of On-time Without Dyskinesia at Week 18
NCT01191944 (20) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Duration of On-time With Troublesome Dyskinesia at Week 18
NCT01191944 (20) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Duration of On-time With Non-troublesome Dyskinesia at Week 18
NCT01191944 (20) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Duration of Off-time During Waking Hours at Week 18
NCT01191944 (20) [back to overview]Responder in UPDRS Parts II+III Score at Week 18
NCT01191944 (20) [back to overview]Responder in Percentage Off-time During Waking Hours at Week 18
NCT01191944 (20) [back to overview]Patient Global Impressions of Improvement (PGI-I) Responder at Week 18
NCT01191944 (20) [back to overview]Levodopa (L-Dopa) Introduction During the Study
NCT01191944 (20) [back to overview]Clinical Global Impression of Improvement (CGI-I) Responder at Week 18
NCT01191944 (20) [back to overview]Levodopa (L-Dopa) Dose Change During the Study
NCT01191944 (20) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in UPDRS III Score Separately at Week 18
NCT01191944 (20) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in UPDRS II Score Separately at Week 18
NCT01191944 (20) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Unified Parkinsons Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) Parts II+III Score at Week 18
NCT01191944 (20) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Percentage On-time Without or With Non-troublesome Dyskinesia at Week 18
NCT01191944 (20) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Percentage On-time Without Dyskinesia at Week 18
NCT01214109 (20) [back to overview]Average Concentration in Plasma Under Steady-state Conditions (Cavg) for PK Population (Excluding Subjects Due to Emesis)
NCT01214109 (20) [back to overview]Maximum Steady State Concentration (Cmax,ss) for PK Population (All Subjects)
NCT01214109 (20) [back to overview]Maximum Steady State Concentration (Cmax,ss) for PK Population (Excluding Subjects Due to Emesis)
NCT01214109 (20) [back to overview]Minimum Steady State Concentration (Cmin,ss) for PK Population (All Subjects)
NCT01214109 (20) [back to overview]Minimum Steady State Concentration (Cmin,ss) for PK Population (Excluding Subjects Due to Emesis)
NCT01214109 (20) [back to overview]Peak-to-trough Fluctuation (PTF) for PK Population (All Subjects)
NCT01214109 (20) [back to overview]Peak-to-trough Fluctuation (PTF) for PK Population (Excluding Subjects Due to Emesis)
NCT01214109 (20) [back to overview]Time From Dosing to the Maximum Measured Concentration of the Analyte in Plasma (Tmax) for PK Population (Excluding Subjects Due to Emesis)
NCT01214109 (20) [back to overview]Time From Dosing to the Maximum Measured Concentration of the Analyte in Plasma (Tmax) for PK Population (All Subjects)
NCT01214109 (20) [back to overview]The Apparent Clearance of the Analyte in Plasma at Steady State Following Oral Administration (CL/F,ss) for PK Population (Excluding Subjects Due to Emesis)
NCT01214109 (20) [back to overview]The Apparent Clearance of the Analyte in Plasma at Steady State Following Oral Administration (CL/F,ss) for PK Population (All Subjects)
NCT01214109 (20) [back to overview]Predose Steady State Concentration of the Analyte Immediately Before Administration of the Next Drug Administration (Cpre,ss) for PK Population (All Subjects)
NCT01214109 (20) [back to overview]Terminal Half-life of the Analyte in Plasma at Steady State (t1/2,ss) for PK Population (Excluding Subjects Due to Emesis)
NCT01214109 (20) [back to overview]Terminal Half-life of the Analyte in Plasma at Steady State (t1/2,ss) for PK Population (All Subjects)
NCT01214109 (20) [back to overview]Predose Steady State Concentration of the Analyte Immediately Before Administration of the Next Drug Administration (Cpre,ss) for PK Population (Excluding Subjects Due to Emesis)
NCT01214109 (20) [back to overview]Apparent Volume of Distribution During the Terminal Phase at Steady State Following Oral Administration (Vz/F,ss) for PK Population (All Subjects)
NCT01214109 (20) [back to overview]Apparent Volume of Distribution During the Terminal Phase at Steady State Following Oral Administration (Vz/F,ss) for PK Population (Excluding Subjects Due to Emesis)
NCT01214109 (20) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Pramipexole in Plasma at Steady State Over 24 Hours (AUC0-24,ss); in Case of ER up to the Time Point of Next Dosing (AUCtau,ss) for Pharmacokinetic (PK) Population (All Subjects)
NCT01214109 (20) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Pramipexole in Plasma at Steady State Over 24 Hours (AUC0-24,ss); in Case of ER up to the Time Point of Next Dosing (AUCtau,ss) for PK Population (Excluding Subjects Due to Emesis)
NCT01214109 (20) [back to overview]Average Concentration in Plasma Under Steady-state Conditions (Cavg) for PK Population (All Subjects)
NCT01281189 (6) [back to overview]Death up to 18 Months
NCT01281189 (6) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in ALSFRS-R at 12 Months (CAFs Individual Component)
NCT01281189 (6) [back to overview]Composite Assessment of Function and Survival (CAFS) at 12 Months
NCT01281189 (6) [back to overview]Death or Respiratory Insufficiency (DRI) up to Month 18
NCT01281189 (6) [back to overview]Death up to 12 Months (CAFs Individual Component)
NCT01281189 (6) [back to overview]≤50% Predicted Upright Slow Vital Capacity (SVC) or Died up to 18 Months
NCT01361009 (4) [back to overview]Incidence of AE/SAE
NCT01361009 (4) [back to overview]The Dosage Related Information of Pramipexole at the End of Study
NCT01361009 (4) [back to overview]The Dosage Related Information of Pramipexole at Baseline
NCT01361009 (4) [back to overview]Patient Global Impression(PGI) at Visit 1(Baseline) and Visit 3(at the End of Study)
NCT01388478 (1) [back to overview]Number of Patients With Adverse Events
NCT01470859 (5) [back to overview]Longitudinal Change of Brain Network Activity
NCT01470859 (5) [back to overview]Patients With Clinical Improvement as Evaluated by Global Impression Scale (CGI).
NCT01470859 (5) [back to overview]Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire (PDQ39)
NCT01470859 (5) [back to overview]Hoehn&Yahr (H&Y) Staging
NCT01470859 (5) [back to overview]Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Score (UPDRS II, III)
NCT01525641 (6) [back to overview]Percentage of Adverse Drug Reactions
NCT01525641 (6) [back to overview]Clinical Global Impression of Effect
NCT01525641 (6) [back to overview]Onset or Offset of On and Off Phenomenon in Patients With Concomitant L-DOPA
NCT01525641 (6) [back to overview]Onset or Offset of Wearing-off Phenomenon in Patients With Concomitant L-DOPA
NCT01525641 (6) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Modified Hoehn & Yahr to Last Observation
NCT01525641 (6) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Total Score of the UPDRS Part III to Last Observation
NCT01622088 (11) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Potentially Clinically Significant ECG Results
NCT01622088 (11) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Potentially Clinically Significant Vital Sign Results
NCT01622088 (11) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Potentially Clinically Significant Hematology Results
NCT01622088 (11) [back to overview]Slope of Sniff Nasal Inspiratory Pressure (SNIP) From Baseline to End of Study
NCT01622088 (11) [back to overview]Number of Subjects Who Discontinued the Study Treatment Due to an Adverse Event
NCT01622088 (11) [back to overview]Slope of ALSFRS-R (ALS Functional Rating Scale With Respiratory Component) From Baseline to End of Study
NCT01622088 (11) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Potentially Clinically Significant Blood Chemistry Results
NCT01622088 (11) [back to overview]Death up to 6 Months
NCT01622088 (11) [back to overview]Number of Subjects Who Experienced a Serious Adverse Event
NCT01622088 (11) [back to overview]Number of Subjects Who Reported an Adverse Event
NCT01622088 (11) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Death or Death Equivalent up to 6 Months
NCT01968460 (5) [back to overview]PDQ39
NCT01968460 (5) [back to overview]CGI-S
NCT01968460 (5) [back to overview]Total UPDRS I, II, III Scores
NCT01968460 (5) [back to overview]UPDRS Motor (Part III)
NCT01968460 (5) [back to overview]UPDRS ADL (Part II)
NCT02033369 (7) [back to overview]Change in Temporal Experiences of Pleasure Scale -- Consummatory Subscale
NCT02033369 (7) [back to overview]Change in Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression
NCT02033369 (7) [back to overview]Change in Clinical Global Improvement - Severity Scale
NCT02033369 (7) [back to overview]Change in Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire, Short Form
NCT02033369 (7) [back to overview]Change in Snaith Hamilton Pleasure Scale
NCT02033369 (7) [back to overview]Change in Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale - Anticipatory Subscale
NCT02033369 (7) [back to overview]Change in the Apathy Evaluation Rating Scale
NCT02217332 (8) [back to overview]Ratio to Baseline in Peripheral Blood Eosinophil Counts After 6 Months of Treatment
NCT02217332 (8) [back to overview]Number of Subjects With Potentially Clinically Significant Values in Vital Signs and Weight
NCT02217332 (8) [back to overview]Number of Subjects With Potentially Clinically Significant Values in Clinical Laboratory Evaluations
NCT02217332 (8) [back to overview]Ratio to Baseline in Peripheral Blood Eosinophil Counts After 3 Months of Treatment
NCT02217332 (8) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in TPS After 3 Months of Treatment
NCT02217332 (8) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Total Polyp Score (TPS) After 6 Months of Treatment
NCT02217332 (8) [back to overview]Number of Subjects With Potentially Significant Values in Electrocardiogram Parameters
NCT02217332 (8) [back to overview]Ratio to Baseline in Polyp Tissue Eosinophil Count After 6 Months of Treatment
NCT02231918 (19) [back to overview]AUCτ,ss
NCT02231918 (19) [back to overview]λz,ss
NCT02231918 (19) [back to overview]Number of Patients With Drug Related Adverse Events
NCT02231918 (19) [back to overview]Ae 0-12,ss
NCT02231918 (19) [back to overview]Cavg
NCT02231918 (19) [back to overview]CL/F,ss
NCT02231918 (19) [back to overview]CLR,ss
NCT02231918 (19) [back to overview]Cmax,ss
NCT02231918 (19) [back to overview]Cmin,ss
NCT02231918 (19) [back to overview]Cpre,N
NCT02231918 (19) [back to overview]fe 0-12,ss
NCT02231918 (19) [back to overview]MRTpo,ss
NCT02231918 (19) [back to overview]PTF
NCT02231918 (19) [back to overview]t1/2,ss
NCT02231918 (19) [back to overview]Tmax,ss
NCT02231918 (19) [back to overview]Tmin,ss
NCT02231918 (19) [back to overview]Vital Signs (Pulse Rate)
NCT02231918 (19) [back to overview]Vital Signs (Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure)
NCT02231918 (19) [back to overview]Vz/F,ss
NCT02397837 (10) [back to overview]The Probabilistic Stimulus Selection Task
NCT02397837 (10) [back to overview]The Probabilistic Stimulus Selection Task
NCT02397837 (10) [back to overview]Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS)
NCT02397837 (10) [back to overview]Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD)
NCT02397837 (10) [back to overview]Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS)
NCT02397837 (10) [back to overview]MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery
NCT02397837 (10) [back to overview]MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery
NCT02397837 (10) [back to overview]MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery
NCT02397837 (10) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Suicidal Acknowledgements
NCT02397837 (10) [back to overview]The Probabilistic Stimulus Selection Task
NCT03329508 (5) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 12 in Total UPDRS III Motor
NCT03329508 (5) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to End of Week 12 Visit in ADL Subscale of PDQ39
NCT03329508 (5) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 12 in Total UPDRS II ADL
NCT03329508 (5) [back to overview]Change in Total Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) Score (Defined as Sum of Parts II and III, Scores (0-160).
NCT03329508 (5) [back to overview]Change in Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) Score.
NCT03521635 (10) [back to overview]Scale for Outcomes in Parkinson's Disease (SCOPA)-Sleep Score (Change From Baseline)
NCT03521635 (10) [back to overview]Nocturnal Hypokinesia Questionnaire (NHQ) Score (Change From Baseline)
NCT03521635 (10) [back to overview]The Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire (PDQ)-8 Score (Change From Baseline)
NCT03521635 (10) [back to overview]Responder Rate for Patient Global Impression of Improvement (PGI-I)
NCT03521635 (10) [back to overview]Responder Rate for Parkinson's Disease Sleep Scale 2nd Version (PDSS-2) Total Score<18
NCT03521635 (10) [back to overview]Responder Rate for Early Morning Off (EMO) Score
NCT03521635 (10) [back to overview]Responder Rate for Clinical Global Impression of Improvement (CGI-I)
NCT03521635 (10) [back to overview]Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) Score (Change From Baseline)
NCT03521635 (10) [back to overview]Early Morning Off (EMO) Score (Change From Baseline)
NCT03521635 (10) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 18 in Parkinson's Disease Sleep Scale 2nd Version (PDSS-2) Total Score
NCT04046939 (13) [back to overview]Change in Quality of Life, as Measured by the Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (AQLQ) From Baseline to Week 12
NCT04046939 (13) [back to overview]Change in Pre-bronchodilator FEV1 (Liters) From Baseline to Week 12
NCT04046939 (13) [back to overview]Change in Post-bronchodilator FEV1 From Baseline to Week 12
NCT04046939 (13) [back to overview]Change in Nasal Eosinophil Peroxidase (Presented as Ratio to Protein) From Baseline to Week 12
NCT04046939 (13) [back to overview]Change in Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide (FeNO) From Baseline to Week 12
NCT04046939 (13) [back to overview]Change in Blood Absolute Eosinophil Count From Baseline to Week 12
NCT04046939 (13) [back to overview]Change in Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ-6) Score From Baseline to Week 12
NCT04046939 (13) [back to overview]Change in Blood Absolute Blood Basophil Count From Baseline to Week 12
NCT04046939 (13) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Potentially Clinically Significant Vital Signs Results by Treatment Group Post Randomization Through Week 12
NCT04046939 (13) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Potentially Clinically Significant Urinalysis Results by Treatment Group Post Randomization Through Week 12
NCT04046939 (13) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Potentially Clinically Significant Hematology Results by Treatment Group Post Randomization Through Week 12
NCT04046939 (13) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Potentially Clinically Significant ECG Results by Treatment Group Post Randomization Through Week 12
NCT04046939 (13) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Potentially Clinically Significant Blood Chemistry Results by Treatment Group Post Randomization Through Week 12

Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS)

The Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) is a 10 item scale for assessing the severity of depression. Items are rated on a scale of 0 to 6, so the maximum score is 60 and the minimum is 0, where 60 is the most severe depression. Scores of 18 or greater are generally considered to indicate a moderate level of depression. (NCT00086307)
Timeframe: Weekly

InterventionScore on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Pramipexole22.629
Escitalopram26.102
Escitalopram and Pramipexole29.455

[back to top]

Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), Part II, Total Score at 1 Year

Part II of the UPDRS collected retrospective information on patient functioning in various activities of daily living. Individual items scored from 0 (Normal) to 4 (Extreme dysfunction). The total score ranged from 0 to 52. (NCT00144300)
Timeframe: 1 year

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole7.0
Ropinirole8.4

[back to top]

Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), Part II, Total Score at 2 Years

Part II of the UPDRS collected retrospective information on patient functioning in various activities of daily living. Individual items scored from 0 (Normal) to 4 (Extreme dysfunction). The total score ranged from 0 to 52. (NCT00144300)
Timeframe: 2 years

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole8.4
Ropinirole9.3

[back to top]

Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), Part II, Total Score at Baseline

Part II of the UPDRS collected retrospective information on patient functioning in various activities of daily living. Individual items scored from 0 (Normal) to 4 (Extreme dysfunction). The total score ranged from 0 to 52. (NCT00144300)
Timeframe: Baseline

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole8.0
Ropinirole9.5

[back to top]

Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), Part III, Change From Baseline in Total Score at 1 Year

Part III of the UPDRS contained the clinician-scored motor evaluation. Individual items scored from 0 (Normal) to 4 (Extreme dysfunction). The total score ranged from 0 to 56. (NCT00144300)
Timeframe: Baseline, 1 year

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole-3.0
Ropinirole-2.6

[back to top]

Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), Part III, Change From Baseline in Total Score at 2 Years

Part III of the UPDRS contained the clinician-scored motor evaluation. Individual items scored from 0 (Normal) to 4 (Extreme dysfunction). The total score ranged from 0 to 56. (NCT00144300)
Timeframe: Baseline, 2 year

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole-1.0
Ropinirole-1.5

[back to top]

Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), Part III, Total Score at 1 Year

Part III of the UPDRS contained the clinician-scored motor evaluation. Individual items scored from 0 (Normal) to 4 (Extreme dysfunction). The total score ranged from 0 to 56. (NCT00144300)
Timeframe: 1 year

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole17.7
Ropinirole19.8

[back to top]

Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), Part III, Total Score at 2 Years

Part III of the UPDRS contained the clinician-scored motor evaluation. Individual items scored from 0 (Normal) to 4 (Extreme dysfunction). The total score ranged from 0 to 56. (NCT00144300)
Timeframe: 2 years

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole19.7
Ropinirole20.9

[back to top]

Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), Parts II and III, Total Score at Baseline

This is the sum of Part II and Part III of the UPDRS. The total score ranged from 0 (Normal) to 108 (Extreme dysfunction). (NCT00144300)
Timeframe: Baseline

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole28.8
Ropinirole31.9

[back to top]

Clinical Abnormal Findings: Clinical Laboratory Evaluations (Biochemistry and Haematology)and Vital Signs

Clinical relevant abnormalities for clinical laboratory evaluations Biochemistry and Haematology) and Vital Signs. New abnormal findings or worsening of baseline conditions were reported. (NCT00144300)
Timeframe: Screen (Baseline) and final visit (24 months)

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Haematocrit - DecreaseHaemoglobin - DecreaseEosinophils - IncreasePhosphate - DecreaseCalcium - IncreaseGlucose - Decrease
Pramipexole184014
Ropinirole250200

[back to top]

Expert Panel Overall Assessment Following 1 Year on Drug

Expert panel of ophthalmologists assessed retinal deterioration by a review of the components of the comprehensive ophthalmology assessments (NCT00144300)
Timeframe: up to 1 years

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Have retinal deteriorationHave no retinal deterioration
Pramipexole2887
Ropinirole2198

[back to top]

Expert Panel Overall Assessment Following 2 Years on Drug

Expert panel of ophthalmologists assessed retinal deterioration by a review of the components of the comprehensive ophthalmology assessments (NCT00144300)
Timeframe: up to 2 years

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Have retinal deteriorationHave no retinal deterioration
Pramipexole3481
Ropinirole3386

[back to top]

Hoehn and Yahr Scale at 1 Year

This scale is an investigator-completed assessment of the degree of complications arising from Parkinson's disease. The scale ranges from 0 (No signs) to 5 (Bedridden) (NCT00144300)
Timeframe: Up to 1 year

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Stage 0Stage 1Stage 1.5Stage 2Stage 2.5Stage 3Stage 4Stage 5
Pramipexole1339708000
Ropinirole12216728600

[back to top]

Hoehn and Yahr Scale at 2 Years

This scale is an investigator-completed assessment of the degree of complications arising from Parkinson's disease. The scale ranges from 0 (No signs) to 5 (Bedridden) (NCT00144300)
Timeframe: Up to 2 years

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Stage 0Stage 1Stage 1.5Stage 2Stage 2.5Stage 3Stage 4Stage 5
Pramipexole12767410300
Ropinirole023127310700

[back to top]

Hoehn and Yahr Scale at Baseline

This scale is an investigator-completed assessment of the degree of complications arising from Parkinson's disease. The scale ranges from 0 (No signs) to 5 (Bedridden) (NCT00144300)
Timeframe: Baseline

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Stage 0Stage 1Stage 1.5Stage 2Stage 2.5Stage 3Stage 4Stage 5
Pramipexole02811718300
Ropinirole02319715700

[back to top]

Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), Part II, Change From Baseline in Total Score at 1 Year

Part II of the UPDRS collected retrospective information on patient functioning in various activities of daily living. Individual items scored from 0 (Normal) to 4 (Extreme dysfunction). The total score ranged from 0 to 52. (NCT00144300)
Timeframe: Baseline, 1 year

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole-1.1
Ropinirole-1.1

[back to top]

Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), Part II, Change From Baseline in Total Score at 2 Years

Part II of the UPDRS collected retrospective information on patient functioning in various activities of daily living. Individual items scored from 0 (Normal) to 4 (Extreme dysfunction). The total score ranged from 0 to 52. (NCT00144300)
Timeframe: Baseline, 2 year

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole0.4
Ropinirole-0.2

[back to top]

Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), Part III, Total Score at Baseline

Part III of the UPDRS contained the clinician-scored motor evaluation. Individual items scored from 0 (Normal) to 4 (Extreme dysfunction). The total score ranged from 0 to 56. (NCT00144300)
Timeframe: Baseline

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole20.7
Ropinirole22.4

[back to top]

Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), Parts II and III, Change From Baseline in Total Score at 1 Year

This is the sum of Part II and Part III of the UPDRS. The total score ranged from 0 (Normal) to 108 (Extreme dysfunction). (NCT00144300)
Timeframe: Baseline, 1 year

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole-4.1
Ropinirole-3.7

[back to top]

Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), Parts II and III, Change From Baseline in Total Score at 2 Years

This is the sum of Part II and Part III of the UPDRS. The total score ranged from 0 (Normal) to 108 (Extreme dysfunction). (NCT00144300)
Timeframe: Baseline, 2 year

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole-0.7
Ropinirole-1.7

[back to top]

Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), Parts II and III, Total Score at 1 Year

This is the sum of Part II and Part III of the UPDRS. The total score ranged from 0 (Normal) to 108 (Extreme dysfunction). (NCT00144300)
Timeframe: 1 year

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole24.7
Ropinirole28.2

[back to top]

Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), Parts II and III, Total Score at 2 Years

This is the sum of Part II and Part III of the UPDRS. The total score ranged from 0 (Normal) to 108 (Extreme dysfunction). (NCT00144300)
Timeframe: 2 years

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole28.1
Ropinirole30.2

[back to top]

Adverse Effects Experienced

Number of adverse effect experienced by participants in the different conversion ratio groups. (NCT00275275)
Timeframe: Week 4

Interventionnumber of events (Number)
Preferred Requip PR29
Preferred Mirapex43

[back to top]

Number of Dose Adjustments

Outcome measures the number of times a dose needed to be adjusted to compensate for adverse effects experienced. (NCT00275275)
Timeframe: Week 4

Interventionnumber of adjustments (Mean)
Preferred Requip PR0.6
Preferred Mirapex1.3

[back to top]

Abnormal Findings: Clinical Laboratory Evaluations (Biochemistry and Haematology)and Vital Signs

(NCT00297778)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
HypotensionOrthostatic hypotension
Placebo11
Pramipexole10

[back to top]

Clinical Global Impressions of Global Improvement (CGI-I) at Week 12

The CGI-I measures the overall improvement in the participants condition from baseline on an ordinal scale ranging from 1 (very much improved) to 7 (very much worse) (NCT00297778)
Timeframe: Week 12

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Placebo3
Pramipexole3

[back to top]

Change in BDI-IA Clinical Response (at Least 50% Reduction in Symptoms) at Week 12

BDI clinical response was defined as a reduction of ≥50% from baseline (NCT00297778)
Timeframe: Week 12

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Placebo27
Pramipexole38

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to End of Maintenance Phase in European Quality of Life Visual Analogue Scale (EUROQOL (EQ) VAS) Pain Score at Week 12

The VAS is a method used for the measurement of pain. The patient is asked to place a mark on an uncalibrated (usually 0 - 10 cm) line representing the patient's degree of general pain. The two extremities of the line were taken to represent 'no pain' and 'unbearable pain', respectively. VAS pain scores could range from 0 (no pain) to 100 (unbearable pain). (NCT00297778)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

Interventionmm (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-3
Pramipexole-3.5

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in the UPDRS Part IV Total Score at Week 12

The UPDRS Part IV measures motor complications (dyskinesia) and the total score could range from 0 to 23; where higher scores were indicative of worse symptoms. (NCT00297778)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-0.2
Pramipexole-0.3

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in the UPDRS Part III Total Score at Week 12

The UPDRS part III total score measures the impact of PD on motor skills on an ordinal scale ranging from 0 (normal) to 108 (worst symptoms) (NCT00297778)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-2.2
Pramipexole-4.4

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in the UPDRS Part II+III Total Score at Week 12

The UPDRS part II+III total score measures the impact of PD on activities of daily living and motor skills on an ordinal scale ranging from 0 (normal) to 160 (worst symptoms) (NCT00297778)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-3.4
Pramipexole-6.8

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in the UPDRS Part II Total Score at Week 12

Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part II total score on FAS The UPDRS part II total score measures the impact of PD on activities of daily living on an ordinal scale ranging from 0 (normal) to 52 (worst symptoms) (NCT00297778)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-1.2
Pramipexole-2.4

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in the UPDRS Part I Total Score at Week 12

The UPDRS part I total score measures depression on an ordinal scale ranging from 0 to 16. UPDRS Part I total scores could range from 0 to 16; where higher scores were indicative of worse symptoms. (NCT00297778)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Placebo-1.0
Pramipexole-1.0

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in the European Quality of Life Scale (EUROQOL (EQ)-5D) Overall Index Score at Week 12

This is a 5-item patient reported measure of health status developed for use in evaluating health and healthcare. It produces a numeric score for health status on which full health has a value of 1 and death has a value of 0. Euro-QOL describes health status in terms of 5 dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activity, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. The EQ-5D measures health status on a continuous scale ranging from 0 (dead) to 1 (full health) (NCT00297778)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Placebo0
Pramipexole0.07

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) Part I Depression Score at Week 12

The UPDRS part I depression score measures depression on an ordinal scale ranging from 0 (none) to 4 (sustained depression/suicidal thoughts) (NCT00297778)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Placebo-1
Pramipexole-1

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS) Total Score at Week 12

The SHAPS measures anhedonia (inability to experience pleasure) on an ordinal scale ranging from 0 (no anhedonia) to 14 (worst anhedonia) (NCT00297778)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Placebo0
Pramipexole0

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in the Beck Depression Inventory-Version 1A (BDI-IA) Total Score at Week 12

The BDI measures symptoms of depression on an ordinal scale ranging from 0 (no symptoms) to 63 (worst symptoms) (NCT00297778)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

InterventionScore on scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-4
Pramipexole-5.9

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in the Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-39 (PDQ-39) Overall Index Score at Week 12

The PDQ-39 measures aspects of health in PD participants, the overall index score is the mean of the eight individual domain scores measured on a continuous scale ranging from 0 (no problem at all) to 100 (maximum level of the problem) (NCT00297778)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Placebo-2.4
Pramipexole-3.3

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in the Geriatric Depression Scale-Short Form (GDS-SF) (15-item Version) Total Score at Week 12

The GDS measures symptoms of depression on an ordinal scale ranging from 0 (no symptoms) to 15 (worst symptoms) (NCT00297778)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-1.7
Pramipexole-2.5

[back to top]

Percentage Change From Baseline in the Striatum Uptake at Month 15

The striatum beta-carbomethoxy-iodophenyl-tropane (beta-CIT) uptake was calculated as mean of the left and right caudate and putamen regions; measured by the Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT). (NCT00321854)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 15

InterventionPercentage change (Least Squares Mean)
Early Pramipexole-15.1
Delayed Pramipexole-14.6

[back to top]

Modified Minnesota Disorders Interview (MMIDI) Risk of Gambling at Month 9

The MMIDI is a semi-structured interview designed to assess impulse control disorders; risk of gambling is assessed via 12 questions, a participant is considered at risk if answering 'Yes' to Q1 and 'Yes' to 5 or more of Q2 to Q12. (NCT00321854)
Timeframe: Month 9

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
No risk of gamblingRisk of gambling
Delayed Pramipexole1340
Early Pramipexole1460

[back to top]

Modified Minnesota Disorders Interview (MMIDI) Risk of Gambling at Month 6

The MMIDI is a semi-structured interview designed to assess impulse control disorders; risk of gambling is assessed via 12 questions, a participant is considered at risk if answering 'Yes' to Q1 and 'Yes' to 5 or more of Q2 to Q12. (NCT00321854)
Timeframe: Month 6

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
No risk of gamblingRisk of gambling
Delayed Pramipexole1340
Early Pramipexole1460

[back to top]

Modified Minnesota Disorders Interview (MMIDI) Risk of Gambling at Month 15

The MMIDI is a semi-structured interview designed to assess impulse control disorders; risk of gambling is assessed via 12 questions, a participant is considered at risk if answering 'Yes' to Q1 and 'Yes' to 5 or more of Q2 to Q12. (NCT00321854)
Timeframe: Month 15

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
No risk of gamblingRisk of gambling
Delayed Pramipexole1320
Early Pramipexole1450

[back to top]

Modified Minnesota Disorders Interview (MMIDI) Risk of Gambling at Month 12

The MMIDI is a semi-structured interview designed to assess impulse control disorders; risk of gambling is assessed via 12 questions, a participant is considered at risk if answering 'Yes' to Q1 and 'Yes' to 5 or more of Q2 to Q12. (NCT00321854)
Timeframe: Month 12

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
No risk of gamblingRisk of gambling
Delayed Pramipexole1280
Early Pramipexole1430

[back to top]

Modified Minnesota Disorders Interview (MMIDI) Risk of Gambling at Month 1

The MMIDI is a semi-structured interview designed to assess impulse control disorders; risk of gambling is assessed via 12 questions, a participant is considered at risk if answering 'Yes' to Q1 and 'Yes' to 5 or more of Q2 to Q12. (NCT00321854)
Timeframe: Month 1

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
No risk of gamblingRisk of gambling
Delayed Pramipexole1330
Early Pramipexole1460

[back to top]

Modified Minnesota Disorders Interview (MMIDI) for Compulsive Sexual Behaviour at Month 9

The MMIDI is a semi-structured interview designed to assess impulse control disorders; compulsive sexual behaviour is assessed via 4 questions, a participant is considered as being compulsive if answering 'Yes' to Q1 and 'Yes' to 1 or more of Q2 to Q4. (NCT00321854)
Timeframe: Month 9

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
No compulsive sexual behaviourCompulsive sexual behaviour
Delayed Pramipexole1340
Early Pramipexole1460

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in the Investigator Rated UPDRS Parts II+III Score at Month 3

The UPDRS Parts II+III total score measures the impact of PD on activities of daily living and motor skills on an ordinal scale ranging from 0 (no disability) to 160 (worst disability) (NCT00321854)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 3

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Early Pramipexole-2.8
Delayed Pramipexole0.0

[back to top]

Modified Minnesota Disorders Interview (MMIDI) for Compulsive Sexual Behaviour at Month 6

The MMIDI is a semi-structured interview designed to assess impulse control disorders; compulsive sexual behaviour is assessed via 4 questions, a participant is considered as being compulsive if answering 'Yes' to Q1 and 'Yes' to 1 or more of Q2 to Q4. (NCT00321854)
Timeframe: Month 6

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
No compulsive sexual behaviourCompulsive sexual behaviour
Delayed Pramipexole1340
Early Pramipexole1460

[back to top]

Modified Minnesota Disorders Interview (MMIDI) for Compulsive Sexual Behaviour at Month 15

The MMIDI is a semi-structured interview designed to assess impulse control disorders; compulsive sexual behaviour is assessed via 4 questions, a participant is considered as being compulsive if answering 'Yes' to Q1 and 'Yes' to 1 or more of Q2 to Q4. (NCT00321854)
Timeframe: Month 15

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
No compulsive sexual behaviourCompulsive sexual behaviour
Delayed Pramipexole1311
Early Pramipexole1450

[back to top]

Modified Minnesota Disorders Interview (MMIDI) for Compulsive Sexual Behaviour at Month 12

The MMIDI is a semi-structured interview designed to assess impulse control disorders; compulsive sexual behaviour is assessed via 4 questions, a participant is considered as being compulsive if answering 'Yes' to Q1 and 'Yes' to 1 or more of Q2 to Q4. (NCT00321854)
Timeframe: Month 12

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
No compulsive sexual behaviourCompulsive sexual behaviour
Delayed Pramipexole1262
Early Pramipexole1430

[back to top]

Modified Minnesota Disorders Interview (MMIDI) for Compulsive Sexual Behaviour at Month 1

The MMIDI is a semi-structured interview designed to assess impulse control disorders; compulsive sexual behaviour is assessed via 4 questions, a participant is considered as being compulsive if answering 'Yes' to Q1 and 'Yes' to 1 or more of Q2 to Q4. (NCT00321854)
Timeframe: Month 1

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
No compulsive sexual behaviourCompulsive sexual behaviour
Delayed Pramipexole1330
Early Pramipexole1460

[back to top]

Modified Minnesota Disorders Interview (MMIDI) for Compulsive Buying at Month 9

The MMIDI is a semi-structured interview designed to assess impulse control disorders; compulsive buying is assessed via 4 questions, a participant is considered as being compulsive if answering 'Yes' to Q1a and 'Yes' to 1 or more of Q2a, Q3a and Q4a. (NCT00321854)
Timeframe: Month 9

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
No compulsive buyingCompulsive buying
Delayed Pramipexole1340
Early Pramipexole1433

[back to top]

Modified Minnesota Disorders Interview (MMIDI) for Compulsive Buying at Month 6

The MMIDI is a semi-structured interview designed to assess impulse control disorders; compulsive buying is assessed via 4 questions, a participant is considered as being compulsive if answering 'Yes' to Q1a and 'Yes' to 1 or more of Q2a, Q3a and Q4a. (NCT00321854)
Timeframe: Month 6

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
No compulsive buyingCompulsive buying
Delayed Pramipexole1340
Early Pramipexole1442

[back to top]

Modified Minnesota Disorders Interview (MMIDI) for Compulsive Buying at Month 15

The MMIDI is a semi-structured interview designed to assess impulse control disorders; compulsive buying is assessed via 4 questions, a participant is considered as being compulsive if answering 'Yes' to Q1a and 'Yes' to 1 or more of Q2a, Q3a and Q4a. (NCT00321854)
Timeframe: Month 15

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
No compulsive buyingCompulsive buying
Delayed Pramipexole1320
Early Pramipexole1432

[back to top]

Modified Minnesota Disorders Interview (MMIDI) for Compulsive Buying at Month 12

The MMIDI is a semi-structured interview designed to assess impulse control disorders; compulsive buying is assessed via 4 questions, a participant is considered as being compulsive if answering 'Yes' to Q1a and 'Yes' to 1 or more of Q2a, Q3a and Q4a. (NCT00321854)
Timeframe: Month 12

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
No compulsive buyingCompulsive buying
Delayed Pramipexole1280
Early Pramipexole1412

[back to top]

Modified Minnesota Disorders Interview (MMIDI) for Compulsive Buying at Month 1

The MMIDI is a semi-structured interview designed to assess impulse control disorders; compulsive buying is assessed via 4 questions, a participant is considered as being compulsive if answering 'Yes' to Q1a and 'Yes' to 1 or more of Q2a, Q3a and Q4a. (NCT00321854)
Timeframe: Month 1

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
No compulsive buyingCompulsive buying
Delayed Pramipexole1330
Early Pramipexole1451

[back to top]

Clinically Significant Abnormalities in Vital Signs

(NCT00321854)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 15

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Sinus bradycardiaHypotension
Delayed Pramipexole0.40.5
Early Pramipexole00

[back to top]

Clinically Significant Abnormalities in Clinical Laboratory Measurements - Substrates

(NCT00321854)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 15

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Glucose - decreaseGlucose - increaseCholesterol - increaseBlood Urea Nitrogen - increaseCreatinine - increaseTriglyceride - increaseUric acid - increase
Delayed Pramipexole2.202.90.51.000.5
Early Pramipexole03.61.40.90.51.40.5

[back to top]

Clinically Significant Abnormalities in Clinical Laboratory Measurements - Haematology and Electrolytes

(NCT00321854)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 15

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Haematocrit - decreaseHaemoglobin - decreaseMCV - increaseSodium - decreaseCalcium - increaseChloride - decreasePhosphate - decreasePhosphate - increase
Delayed Pramipexole1.00.900.50.5000
Early Pramipexole1.42.30.51.400.91.00.5

[back to top]

Clinically Significant Abnormalities in Clinical Laboratory Measurements - Enzymes

(NCT00321854)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 15

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
GGT - increaseAmylase - increase
Delayed Pramipexole00
Early Pramipexole0.51.4

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Blinded Rater Assessment of Clinical Global Impressions of Severity of Illness (CGI-S) Category at Month 15

The CGI-S measures the participants severity of illness on an ordinal scale ranging from 1 (normal) to 7 (extremely ill). At Month 15 participants were categorised to 'Improved' (>1 category improvement), 'Unchanged' or 'Worsened' (>1 category worsening). (NCT00321854)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 15

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
ImprovedEssentially unchangedWorsened
Delayed Pramipexole31914
Early Pramipexole42005

[back to top]

Number of Responders Using the Blinded Rater Assessment of Clinical Global Impressions of Global Improvement (CGI-I) Score at Month 15

The CGI-I measures the overall improvement in the participants condition from baseline on an ordinal scale ranging from 1 (very much improved) to 7 (very much worse). Responders are defined as those patients with a CGI-I of 1 or 2. (NCT00321854)
Timeframe: Month 15

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Early Pramipexole18
Delayed Pramipexole21

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in the Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-39 (PDQ-39) Overall Index Score at Month 9

The PDQ-39 measures aspects of health in PD participants, the overall index score is the mean of the eight individual domain scores measured on a continuous scale ranging from 0 (no problem at all) to 100 (maximum level of the problem) (NCT00321854)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 9

InterventionUnits on a scale (Median)
Early Pramipexole-0.5
Delayed Pramipexole1.4

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in the Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-39 (PDQ-39) Overall Index Score at Month 15

The PDQ-39 measures aspects of health in PD participants, the overall index score is the mean of the eight individual domain scores measured on a continuous scale ranging from 0 (no problem at all) to 100 (maximum level of the problem) (NCT00321854)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 15

InterventionUnits on a scale (Median)
Early Pramipexole-0.4
Delayed Pramipexole0.3

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in the Investigator Rated UPDRS Total Score at Month 9

The UPDRS total score (Parts I+II+III) measures the impact of PD on mentation, behaviour and mood, activities of daily living and motor skills on an ordinal scale ranging from 0 (no disability) to 176 (worst disability) (NCT00321854)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 9

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Early Pramipexole-0.5
Delayed Pramipexole4.3

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in the Blinded Rater Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) Total Score at Month 15

The UPDRS total score (Parts I+II+III) measures the impact of PD on mentation, behaviour and mood, activities of daily living and motor skills on an ordinal scale ranging from 0 (no disability) to 176 (worst disability) (NCT00321854)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 15

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Early Pramipexole0.3
Delayed Pramipexole0.7

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in the Investigator Rated UPDRS Total Score at Month 6

The UPDRS total score (Parts I+II+III) measures the impact of PD on mentation, behaviour and mood, activities of daily living and motor skills on an ordinal scale ranging from 0 (no disability) to 176 (worst disability) (NCT00321854)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Early Pramipexole-1.8
Delayed Pramipexole2.6

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in the Investigator Rated UPDRS Total Score at Month 3

The UPDRS total score (Parts I+II+III) measures the impact of PD on mentation, behaviour and mood, activities of daily living and motor skills on an ordinal scale ranging from 0 (no disability) to 176 (worst disability) (NCT00321854)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 3

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Early Pramipexole-2.9
Delayed Pramipexole-0.1

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in the Investigator Rated UPDRS Total Score at Month 15

The UPDRS total score (Parts I+II+III) measures the impact of PD on mentation, behaviour and mood, activities of daily living and motor skills on an ordinal scale ranging from 0 (no disability) to 176 (worst disability) (NCT00321854)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 15

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Early Pramipexole0.6
Delayed Pramipexole0.5

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in the Investigator Rated UPDRS Parts II+III Score at Month 9

The UPDRS Parts II+III total score measures the impact of PD on activities of daily living and motor skills on an ordinal scale ranging from 0 (no disability) to 160 (worst disability) (NCT00321854)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 9

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Early Pramipexole-0.3
Delayed Pramipexole4.2

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in the Investigator Rated UPDRS Parts II+III Score at Month 6

The UPDRS Parts II+III total score measures the impact of PD on activities of daily living and motor skills on an ordinal scale ranging from 0 (no disability) to 160 (worst disability) (NCT00321854)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Early Pramipexole-1.5
Delayed Pramipexole2.5

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in the Investigator Rated UPDRS Parts II+III Score at Month 15

The UPDRS Parts II+III total score measures the impact of PD on activities of daily living and motor skills on an ordinal scale ranging from 0 (no disability) to 160 (worst disability) (NCT00321854)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 15

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Early Pramipexole0.8
Delayed Pramipexole0.6

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in the Investigator Rated UPDRS Part III Score at Month 9

The UPDRS Part III total score measures the impact of PD on motor skills on an ordinal scale ranging from 0 (no disability) to 108 (worst disability) (NCT00321854)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 9

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Early Pramipexole-0.6
Delayed Pramipexole2.7

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in the Investigator Rated UPDRS Part III Score at Month 6

The UPDRS Part III total score measures the impact of PD on motor skills on an ordinal scale ranging from 0 (no disability) to 108 (worst disability) (NCT00321854)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Early Pramipexole-1.6
Delayed Pramipexole1.3

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in the Investigator Rated UPDRS Part III Score at Month 3

The UPDRS Part III total score measures the impact of PD on motor skills on an ordinal scale ranging from 0 (no disability) to 108 (worst disability) (NCT00321854)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 3

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Early Pramipexole-2.1
Delayed Pramipexole-0.3

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in the Investigator Rated UPDRS Part III Score at Month 15

The UPDRS Part III total score measures the impact of PD on motor skills on an ordinal scale ranging from 0 (no disability) to 108 (worst disability) (NCT00321854)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 15

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Early Pramipexole0.2
Delayed Pramipexole-0.1

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in the Investigator Rated UPDRS Part II Score at Month 9

The UPDRS Part II total score measures the impact of PD on activities of daily living on an ordinal scale ranging from 0 (no disability) to 52 (worst disability) (NCT00321854)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 9

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Early Pramipexole0.4
Delayed Pramipexole1.5

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in the Investigator Rated UPDRS Part II Score at Month 6

The UPDRS Part II total score measures the impact of PD on activities of daily living on an ordinal scale ranging from 0 (no disability) to 52 (worst disability) (NCT00321854)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Early Pramipexole0.1
Delayed Pramipexole1.2

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in the Investigator Rated UPDRS Part II Score at Month 3

The UPDRS Part II total score measures the impact of PD on activities of daily living on an ordinal scale ranging from 0 (no disability) to 52 (worst disability) (NCT00321854)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 3

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Early Pramipexole-0.7
Delayed Pramipexole0.3

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in the Investigator Rated UPDRS Part II Score at Month 15

The UPDRS Part II total score measures the impact of PD on activities of daily living on an ordinal scale ranging from 0 (no disability) to 52 (worst disability) (NCT00321854)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 15

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Early Pramipexole0.6
Delayed Pramipexole0.6

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in the Investigator Rated UPDRS Part I Total Score at Month 9

The UPDRS Part I total score measures the impact of PD on mentation, behaviour and mood on an ordinal scale ranging from 0 (no disability) to 16 (worst disability) (NCT00321854)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 9

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Early Pramipexole-0.2
Delayed Pramipexole0.1

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in the Investigator Rated UPDRS Part I Total Score at Month 3

The UPDRS Part I total score measures the impact of PD on mentation, behaviour and mood on an ordinal scale ranging from 0 (no disability) to 16 (worst disability) (NCT00321854)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 3

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Early Pramipexole-0.2
Delayed Pramipexole-0.1

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in the Investigator Rated UPDRS Part I Total Score at Month 6

The UPDRS Part I total score measures the impact of PD on mentation, behaviour and mood on an ordinal scale ranging from 0 (no disability) to 16 (worst disability) (NCT00321854)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Early Pramipexole-0.3
Delayed Pramipexole0.1

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in the Beck Depression Inventory-Version 1A (BDI-IA) Total Score at Month 15

The BDI measures symptoms of depression on an ordinal scale ranging from 0 (no symptoms) to 63 (worst symptoms) (NCT00321854)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 15

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Early Pramipexole-1
Delayed Pramipexole-0.5

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in the Beck Depression Inventory-Version 1A (BDI-IA) Total Score at Month 3

The BDI measures symptoms of depression on an ordinal scale ranging from 0 (no symptoms) to 63 (worst symptoms) (NCT00321854)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 3

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Early Pramipexole-1
Delayed Pramipexole-0.3

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in the Beck Depression Inventory-Version 1A (BDI-IA) Total Score at Month 6

The BDI measures symptoms of depression on an ordinal scale ranging from 0 (no symptoms) to 63 (worst symptoms) (NCT00321854)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Early Pramipexole-1.2
Delayed Pramipexole0.2

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in the Beck Depression Inventory-Version 1A (BDI-IA) Total Score at Month 9

The BDI measures symptoms of depression on an ordinal scale ranging from 0 (no symptoms) to 63 (worst symptoms) (NCT00321854)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 9

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Early Pramipexole-1.1
Delayed Pramipexole0.3

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in the Blinded Rater UPDRS Part I Total Score at Month 15

The UPDRS Part I total score measures the impact of PD on mentation, behaviour and mood on an ordinal scale ranging from 0 (no disability) to 16 (worst disability) (NCT00321854)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 15

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Early Pramipexole-0.3
Delayed Pramipexole0

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in the Blinded Rater UPDRS Part II Total Score at Month 15

The UPDRS Part II total score measures the impact of PD on activities of daily living on an ordinal scale ranging from 0 (no disability) to 52 (worst disability) (NCT00321854)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 15

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Early Pramipexole0.5
Delayed Pramipexole0.4

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in the Blinded Rater UPDRS Part III Total Score at Month 15

The UPDRS Part III total score measures the impact of PD on motor skills on an ordinal scale ranging from 0 (no disability) to 108 (worst disability) (NCT00321854)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 15

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Early Pramipexole0.1
Delayed Pramipexole0.3

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in the Blinded Rater UPDRS Parts II+III Total Score at Month 15

The UPDRS Parts II+III total score measures the impact of PD on activities of daily living and motor skills on an ordinal scale ranging from 0 (no disability) to 160 (worst disability) (NCT00321854)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 15

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Early Pramipexole0.6
Delayed Pramipexole0.7

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in the European Quality of Life Scale (EUROQOL (EQ)-5D) Overall Index Score at Month 15

The EQ-5D measures health status on a continuous scale ranging from 0 (dead) to 1 (full health) (NCT00321854)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 15

InterventionUnits on a scale (Median)
Early Pramipexole0
Delayed Pramipexole0

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in the European Quality of Life Scale (EUROQOL (EQ)-5D) Overall Index Score at Month 9

The EQ-5D measures health status on a continuous scale ranging from 0 (dead) to 1 (full health) (NCT00321854)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 9

InterventionUnits on a scale (Median)
Early Pramipexole0
Delayed Pramipexole0

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in the European Quality of Life Visual Analogue Scale (EUROQOL (EQ) VAS) Score at Month 15

The EQ-VAS is a self rating of current health-related quality of life measured on a continuous scale ranging from 0 (worst imaginable health state) to 100 (best imaginable health state) (NCT00321854)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 15

InterventionUnits on a scale (Median)
Early Pramipexole0
Delayed Pramipexole0

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in the European Quality of Life Visual Analogue Scale (EUROQOL (EQ) VAS) Score at Month 9

The EQ-VAS is a self rating of current health-related quality of life measured on a continuous scale ranging from 0 (worst imaginable health state) to 100 (best imaginable health state) (NCT00321854)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 9

InterventionUnits on a scale (Median)
Early Pramipexole0
Delayed Pramipexole-0.5

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in the Investigator Rated UPDRS Part I Total Score at Month 15

The UPDRS Part I total score measures the impact of PD on mentation, behaviour and mood on an ordinal scale ranging from 0 (no disability) to 16 (worst disability) (NCT00321854)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 15

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Early Pramipexole-0.2
Delayed Pramipexole-0.1

[back to top]

Clinical Global Impression Global Improvement (CGI-I) Responder

CGI is extensively used for risk-benefit evaluation (efficacy) of drug therapies. The CGI evaluates the severity and improvement in 7 ranks. It also evaluates the therapeutic effect and side effects in 4 ranks, separately. Rating scale from 1 (very much improved) to 7 (very much worse). The percentage of patients who were evaluated as 1(very much improved) or 2(much improved) by the investigator were considered responders. (NCT00390689)
Timeframe: baseline to week 6

InterventionPercentage of patients (Number)
Pramipexole 0.25mg Group77.1
Pramipexole 0.5mg Group75.5
Pramipexole 0.75mg Group69.8

[back to top]

Possible Augmentation in RLS Symptoms at 52 Weeks for Open-Label Period

Possible augmentation defined as persistence of a state in which RLS symptoms begin to occur 2 hours earlier than the usual time zone for 5 days or more a week (NCT00390689)
Timeframe: baseline to week 52

InterventionPercentage of patients (Number)
Pramipexole 0.125mg Group0.0
Pramipexole 0.25mg Group0.0
Pramipexole 0.5mg Group0.0
Pramipexole 0.75mg Group0.0

[back to top]

Clinically Significant Abnormalities in Vital Signs (Blood Pressure and Pulse Rate in Both Supine and Standing Positions), ECG, Laboratory Tests - Double Blind Period.

(NCT00390689)
Timeframe: baseline to 6 weeks

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Blood pressure increasedCardiovascular disorder
Pramipexole 0.25mg Group00
Pramipexole 0.5mg Group10
Pramipexole 0.75mg Group01

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Japanese Version of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (JESS) Total Score at 52 Weeks for Open-Label Period

ESS is a self-recording scale used to evaluate sleepiness experienced in daily activities and it consists of 8 items focused on specific situations such as reading books and watching television. Each score (0-3 points) to 8 questions was added simply to calculate the total ESS score. A Japanese translation of the ESS (a provisional version provided by the Japanese Respiratory Society) used so far had not been prepared through the international scale development and validation process, but the version prepared through this process was published at the 31st meeting of the Japanese Society of Sleep Research. The questions in JESS had been discussed with the original author of the ESS and their measurement concepts had been confirmed. The JESS is the Japanese version of ESS prepared through the international scale development and validation process. Rating scale scored from 0 (no daytime sleep) to 24 (worst daytime sleep) (NCT00390689)
Timeframe: Week 52 - change from baseline

InterventionPoints on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole 0.125mg Group-9.5
Pramipexole 0.25mg Group-3.8
Pramipexole 0.5mg Group-4.4
Pramipexole 0.75mg Group-2.6

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) Total Score at 6 Weeks

PSQI developed to evaluate the quality of sleep is a self-recording questionnaire consisting of 18 questions focused on 7 factors such as sleep quality, sleep period time, sleep latency, sleep efficiency, sleep difficulty, use of hypnotics, and hindrance to activities of daily living due to daytime sleepiness. Each score (0-3 points) in the respective factors was added to calculate the total score (0-21 points). Rating scale scored from 0 (best sleep) to 21 (worst sleep). (NCT00390689)
Timeframe: Week 6 - change from baseline

InterventionPoints on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Pramipexole 0.25mg Group-3.2
Pramipexole 0.5mg Group-3.2
Pramipexole 0.75mg Group-2.5

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) Total Score at 52 Weeks for Open-Label Period

PSQI developed to evaluate the quality of sleep is a self-recording questionnaire consisting of 18 questions focused on 7 factors such as sleep quality, sleep period time, sleep latency, sleep efficiency, sleep difficulty, use of hypnotics, and hindrance to activities of daily living due to daytime sleepiness. Each score (0-3 points) in the respective factors was added to calculate the total score (0-21 points). Rating scale scored from 0 (best sleep) to 21 (worst sleep). (NCT00390689)
Timeframe: Week 52 - change from baseline

InterventionPoints on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole 0.125mg Group-4.0
Pramipexole 0.25mg Group-3.3
Pramipexole 0.5mg Group-3.3
Pramipexole 0.75mg Group-2.4

[back to top]

Clinical Global Impression Global Improvement (CGI-I) Responder at 52 Weeks for Open-label Period

CGI is extensively used for risk-benefit evaluation (efficacy) of drug therapies. The CGI evaluates the severity and improvement in 7 ranks. It also evaluates the therapeutic effect and side effects in 4 ranks, separately. Rating scale from 1 (very much improved) to 7 (very much worse). The percentage of patients who were evaluated as 1(very much improved) or 2(much improved) by the investigator were considered responders. (NCT00390689)
Timeframe: baseline to week 52

InterventionPercentage of patients (Number)
Pramipexole 0.125mg Group100.0
Pramipexole 0.25mg Group95.0
Pramipexole 0.5mg Group98.0
Pramipexole 0.75mg Group84.0

[back to top]

IRLS Responder

The percentage of patients with 50 % or more reduction of IRLS (The measure means the percentage of high responder on the trial medications) (NCT00390689)
Timeframe: baseline to week 6

InterventionPercentage of patients (Number)
Pramipexole 0.25mg Group60.4
Pramipexole 0.5mg Group58.5
Pramipexole 0.75mg Group49.1

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Japanese Version of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (JESS) Total Score at 6 Weeks

ESS is a self-recording scale used to evaluate sleepiness experienced in daily activities and it consists of 8 items focused on specific situations such as reading books and watching television. Each score (0-3 points) to 8 questions was added simply to calculate the total ESS score. A Japanese translation of the ESS (a provisional version provided by the Japanese Respiratory Society) used so far had not been prepared through the international scale development and validation process, but the version prepared through this process was published at the 31st meeting of the Japanese Society of Sleep Research. The questions in JESS had been discussed with the original author of the ESS and their measurement concepts had been confirmed. The JESS is the Japanese version of ESS prepared through the international scale development and validation process. Rating scale scored from 0 (no daytime sleep) to 24 (worst daytime sleep) (NCT00390689)
Timeframe: Week 6 - change from baseline

InterventionPoints on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Pramipexole 0.25mg Group-2.6
Pramipexole 0.5mg Group-3.0
Pramipexole 0.75mg Group-2.3

[back to top]

IRLS Responder for Open-label Period

The percentage of patients with 50 % or more reduction of IRLS (The measure means the percentage of high responder on the trial medications) (NCT00390689)
Timeframe: baseline to week 52

InterventionPercentage of patients (Number)
Pramipexole 0.125mg Group100.0
Pramipexole 0.25mg Group90.0
Pramipexole 0.50mg Group92.0
Pramipexole 0.75mg Group68.0

[back to top]

Patient Global Impression (PGI) Responder

PGI is used to evaluate a global impression by patients themselves in 7 ranks. Rating scale from 1 (very much better) to 7 (very much worse). The percentage of patients where the patient evaluated himself/herself as 1(very much better) or 2(much better)were considered responders. (NCT00390689)
Timeframe: baseline to week 6

InterventionPercentage of patients (Number)
Pramipexole 0.25mg Group72.9
Pramipexole 0.5mg Group79.2
Pramipexole 0.75mg Group67.9

[back to top]

Patient Global Impression (PGI) Responder at 52 Weeks for Open-Label Period

PGI is used to evaluate a global impression by patients themselves in 7 ranks. Rating scale from 1 (very much better) to 7 (very much worse). The percentage of patients where the patient evaluated himself/herself as 1(very much better) or 2(much better)were considered responders. (NCT00390689)
Timeframe: baseline to week 52

InterventionPercentage of patients (Number)
Pramipexole 0.125mg Group100.0
Pramipexole 0.25mg Group97.5
Pramipexole 0.5mg Group94.0
Pramipexole 0.75mg Group80.0

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in International Restless Legs Syndrome (IRLS) Total Score at 6 Weeks

The International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group (IRLSSG) proposes classification of severity based on the total score on the IRLS (0-10, mild; 11-20, moderate; 21-30, severe; 31-40, very severe). A decrease in the score of the IRLS by 10 or more points corresponds to the improvement of severity by one rank and has clinical importance. Therefore, the primary endpoint in the double-blind period was set as a decrease by 10 or more points in the mean change on the total score of the IRLS from the baseline to Visit 5 (last observation day in the double-blind period) at all doses of 0.25 mg, 0.5 mg, and 0.75 mg/day of pramipexole. (NCT00390689)
Timeframe: Week 6 - change from baseline

InterventionPoints on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Pramipexole 0.25mg Group-12.3
Pramipexole 0.5mg Group-12.5
Pramipexole 0.75mg Group-11.8

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in International Restless Legs Syndrome (IRLS) Total Score at 52 Weeks for Open-Label Period

The International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group (IRLSSG) proposes classification of severity based on the total score on the IRLS (0-10, mild; 11-20, moderate; 21-30, severe; 31-40, very severe). (NCT00390689)
Timeframe: Week 52 - change from baseline

InterventionPoints on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole 0.125mg Group-18.5
Pramipexole 0.25mg Group-17.3
Pramipexole 0.5mg Group-18.3
Pramipexole 0.75mg Group-14.8

[back to top]

Modified Hoehn and Yahr Stage

Score ranges from best 0 (no signs of disease) to worst 5 (wheelchair bound or bedridden unless aided) (NCT00402233)
Timeframe: From baseline to week 12

,,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Modified Hoehn and Yahr Stage at baselineModified Hoehn and Yahr Stage at week 12
Mirapex (Pramipexole 0.5 mg Bid)1.721.69
Mirapex (Pramipexole 0.5 mg Tid)1.741.68
Mirapex (Pramipexole 0.75 mg Bid)1.731.62
Placebo1.811.74

[back to top]

Epworth Sleepiness Scale

Total score ranges from zero (best) to 24 (worst); scale has 8 items, each rated from zero (no chance of dozing) to 3 (high chance of dozing) (NCT00402233)
Timeframe: From baseline to week 12

,,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Epworth Sleepiness Scale at baselineEpworth Sleepiness Scale at week 12
Mirapex (Pramipexole 0.5 mg Bid)5.786.44
Mirapex (Pramipexole 0.5 mg Tid)5.86.58
Mirapex (Pramipexole 0.75 mg Bid)6.347.52
Placebo5.295.09

[back to top]

Beck Depression Inventory II

Total score ranges from zero (best) to 63 (worst); scale has 21 items, each rated from zero (absent) to 3 (severe) (NCT00402233)
Timeframe: From baseline to week 12

,,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Beck Depression Inventory II at baselineBeck Depression Inventory II at week 12
Mirapex (Pramipexole 0.5 mg Bid)6.965.97
Mirapex (Pramipexole 0.5 mg Tid)6.665.70
Mirapex (Pramipexole 0.75 mg Bid)7.46.54
Placebo6.055.92

[back to top]

Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) Total Score

Total score ranges from zero (best) to 176 (worst), as the sum of Parts I (Mental questions), II (Activity of Daily Living questions), and III (Motor examination) (NCT00402233)
Timeframe: From baseline to week 12

,,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
UPDRS at baselineUPDRS at week 12
Mirapex (Pramipexole 0.5 mg Bid)27.2122.96
Mirapex (Pramipexole 0.5 mg Tid)27.6622.92
Mirapex (Pramipexole 0.75 mg Bid)27.7722.65
Placebo28.9728.19

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in European Quality of Life (EuroQol) Scale After 18 Weeks

ranging from 0 (worst case) to 100 (best case) (NCT00466167)
Timeframe: baseline and 18 weeks

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Pramipexole ER5.8
Pramipexole IR7.6
Placebo4.3

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Parkinson's Disease Quality of Life Questionnaire 39 After 18 Weeks

Ranging from 0 (best case) to 156 (worst case) (NCT00466167)
Timeframe: baseline and 18 weeks

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Pramipexole ER-9.1
Pramipexole IR-13.1
Placebo-6.2

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Parkinson's Disease Sleep Scale (PDSS) After 18 Weeks

ranging from 0 (worst case) to 150 (best case) (NCT00466167)
Timeframe: baseline and 18 weeks

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Pramipexole ER8.1
Pramipexole IR8.9
Placebo4.9

[back to top] [back to top]

Response in Patient Global Impression (PGI-I)

PGI-I scores ranging from '1' (very much better) to '7' (very much worse), PGI-I responder have scoring 1 or 2 (at least much better) (NCT00466167)
Timeframe: after 18 weeks of treatment

,,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
ResponderNon-Responder
Placebo47127
Pramipexole ER60101
Pramipexole IR7696

[back to top]

Clinically Significant Abnormalities: Clinical Laboratory Evaluations (Biochemistry and Haematology)

(NCT00466167)
Timeframe: baseline and week 18

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Haematocrit - decreaseHaemoglobin - decreaseRed blood cell ct - decreaseEosinophils - IncreaseNeut.,poly. (segs),absol. - decreaseSodium - decreaseGGT - increaseGlucose - decreaseGlucose - increaseTriglyceride - increaseWeight - decreaseBlood pressure - increaseBlood pressure - decrease
Placebo1311001115101
Pramipexole ER2213001102010
Pramipexole IR3502120023320

[back to top]

Clinical Global Impression - Global Improvement (CGI-I) Responder

CGI-I scores ranging from '1' (very much improved) to '7' (very much worse), CGI-I responder have scoring of 1 or 2 (at least much improved) (NCT00466167)
Timeframe: after 18 weeks of treatment

,,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
ResponderNon-Responder
Placebo56115
Pramipexole ER7882
Pramipexole IR8881

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in UPDRS IV Score After 18 Weeks

UPDRS IV ranging from 0 (normal) to 23 (severe). UPDRS IV measures complications of therapy (NCT00466167)
Timeframe: baseline and 18 weeks

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Pramipexole ER-0.8
Pramipexole IR-0.9
Placebo-0.6

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in UPDRS III Score After 18 Weeks

UPDRS III ranging from 0 (normal) to 108 (severe). UPDRS part III measures motor symptoms (NCT00466167)
Timeframe: baseline and 18 weeks

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Pramipexole ER-8.3
Pramipexole IR-9.2
Placebo-4.3

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in UPDRS II Score After 18 Weeks, Average at on and Off-period

UPDRS II ranging from 0 (normal) to 52 (severe). UPDRS Part II is calculated as the average of UPDRS part II at on and UPDRS part II at off-period for each of the 13 activities. (NCT00466167)
Timeframe: baseline and 18 weeks

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Pramipexole ER-2.7
Pramipexole IR-3.6
Placebo-1.9

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in UPDRS I Score After 18 Weeks

UPDRS I ranging from 0 (normal) to 16 (severe). UPDRS I measures Mentation, Behavior and Mood (NCT00466167)
Timeframe: baseline and 18 weeks

InterventionUnits on a scale (Median)
Pramipexole ER0
Pramipexole IR0
Placebo0

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) Parts II+III Score at Week 18

UPDRS II+III total score on Full Analysis Set (FAS)with LOCF (Last observation carried forward), week 18 - baseline, UPDRS II+III ranging from 0 (normal) to 160 (severe). UPDRS part II measures activities of daily living, part III measures motor symptoms (NCT00466167)
Timeframe: baseline and week 18

InterventionPercentage of change from baseline (Least Squares Mean)
Pramipexole ER-11.0
Pramipexole IR-12.8
Placebo-6.1

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Percentage On-time Without Dyskinesia at Week 18

Percentage on-time based on patient diary data, percentage ranging from 0 (worst case) to 100 (best case). On-time describes a period when the patient has no symptoms of off-time and is not asleep. (NCT00466167)
Timeframe: baseline and week 18

InterventionPercentage of on-time without dyskinesia (Least Squares Mean)
Pramipexole ER11.9
Pramipexole IR12.6
Placebo8.9

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Percentage On-time With Troublesome Dyskinesia at Week 18

Percentage on-time with troublesome dyskinesia based on patient diary data, percentage ranging from 0 (best case) to 100 (worst case). On-time describes a period when the patient has no symptoms of off-time and is not asleep. (NCT00466167)
Timeframe: baseline and week 18

InterventionPercentage of on-time (Least Squares Mean)
Pramipexole ER-0.8
Pramipexole IR-0.8
Placebo-1.0

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Percentage On-time With Non-troublesome Dyskinesia at Week 18

Percentage on-time with non-troublesome dyskinesia based on patient diary data, percentage ranging from 0 (worst case) to 100 (best case). On-time describes a period when the patient has no symptoms of off-time and is not asleep. (NCT00466167)
Timeframe: baseline and week 18

InterventionPercentage of on-time (Least Squares Mean)
Pramipexole ER1.9
Pramipexole IR3.9
Placebo1.0

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Percentage Off-time at Week 18

Percentage off-time based on patient diary data, percentage ranging from 0 (best case) to 100 (worst case). Off-time describes a period when the patient experiences increased parkinsonian symptoms (e.g. immobility or inability to move with ease). (NCT00466167)
Timeframe: baseline and week 18

InterventionPercentage of off-time (Least Squares Mean)
Pramipexole ER-13.3
Pramipexole IR-15.9
Placebo-8.8

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI) After 18 Weeks

ranging from 0 (best case) to 63 (worst case) (NCT00466167)
Timeframe: baseline and 18 weeks

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Pramipexole ER-3.2
Pramipexole IR-4.0
Placebo-2.8

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in SF-36 Dimension Vitality After 26 Weeks

Score ranging from 0 to 100 with higher scores indicating better vitality (NCT00472199)
Timeframe: Baseline and 26 weeks

InterventionScores on a scale (Median)
Pramipexole6.3
Placebo3.1

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Short Form-36 (SF-36) Dimension Bodily Pain After 26 Weeks

Score ranging from 0 to 100 with higher scores indicating less bodily pain (NCT00472199)
Timeframe: Baseline and 26 weeks

InterventionScores on a scale (Median)
Pramipexole12
Placebo9

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) Score for Pain in Limbs After 26 Weeks

The scale measures pain on a continuous 100 mm axis ranging from no pain (0 mm) to unbearable pain (100 mm) (NCT00472199)
Timeframe: Baseline and 26 weeks of treatment

InterventionScores on a scale (Median)
Pramipexole-26
Placebo-15

[back to top]

Diagnosis of Classified Augmentation According to Independent Expert Panel

Augmentation is a worsening of RLS symptoms and may manifest as increased severity and the involvement of other extremities or as a shift of RLS symptoms to a time period that is 2 or more hours earlier than was typical of the time of symptom onset during the initial course of beneficial stable treatment or the state before recently starting treatment. (NCT00472199)
Timeframe: after at least 4 weeks of treatment

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Pramipexole18
Placebo14

[back to top]

Worsening of RLS Symptoms (by at Least 4 Points in the IRLS Total Score Compared to Baseline) After Treatment Discontinuation

"Worsening of RLS symptoms, in comparison to baseline, following abrupt treatment discontinuation (for patients with no added RLS therapy after study drug discontinuation).~Assessment of worsening of RLS was based on the IRLS total score assessed 7 ± 1 days after treatment discontinuation (the end of the study or premature discontinuation) compared with that at baseline. Analysis considered the number of patients experiencing a clinically relevant deterioration of ≥4 points in total IRLS score 7 ± 1 days after discontinuation of trial medication compared with baseline." (NCT00472199)
Timeframe: after at least 1 week of treatment discontinuation

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Pramipexole14
Placebo2

[back to top]

Baseline, Week 26 Mean Standing Diastolic Blood Pressure

(NCT00472199)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 26

,
Interventionmm Hg (Mean)
BaselineWeek 26
Placebo81.780.8
Pramipexole82.780.5

[back to top]

Baseline, Week 26 Mean Standing Pulse Rate

(NCT00472199)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 26

,
Interventionbpm (Mean)
BaselineWeek 26
Placebo74.075.0
Pramipexole74.674.1

[back to top]

Baseline, Week 26 Mean Standing Systolic Blood Pressure

(NCT00472199)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 26

,
Interventionmm Hg (Mean)
BaselineWeek 26
Placebo130.6130.1
Pramipexole132.6132.4

[back to top]

Baseline, Week 26 Mean Supine Diastolic Blood Pressure

(NCT00472199)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 26

,
Interventionmm Hg (Mean)
BaselineWeek 26
Placebo79.679.5
Pramipexole79.278.3

[back to top]

Baseline, Week 26 Mean Supine Systolic Blood Pressure

(NCT00472199)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 26

,
Interventionmm Hg (Mean)
BaselineWeek 26
Placebo132.7132.2
Pramipexole133.4132.3

[back to top]

Clinical Global Impression - Global Improvement (CGI-I) Responder Rate

CGI-I scores ranging from '1' (very much improved) to '7' (very much worse), CGI-I responder have scoring 1 or 2 (at least much improved) (NCT00472199)
Timeframe: after 26 weeks of treatment

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
CGI-I responder (at least much improved)CGI-I non-responder
Placebo8079
Pramipexole11151

[back to top]

International Restless Legs Syndrome (IRLS) Study Group Rating Scale Responder Rate

IRLS response was defined as at least 50% reduction in IRLS total score from baseline. IRLS total score ranging from 0 (no RLS symptoms) to 40 (very severe symptoms) (NCT00472199)
Timeframe: after 26 weeks of treatment

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
IRLS responderIRLS non-responder
Placebo6891
Pramipexole9567

[back to top]

Patient Global Impression (PGI) Responder Rate

PGI scores ranging from '1' (very much better) to '7' (very much worse), PGI responder have scoring 1 or 2 (at least much better) (NCT00472199)
Timeframe: after 26 weeks of treatment

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
PGI responder (much better or very much better)PGI non-responder
Placebo7089
Pramipexole10161

[back to top]

Baseline, Week 26 Mean Supine Pulse Rate

(NCT00472199)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 26

,
Interventionbpm (Mean)
BaselineWeek 26
Placebo68.768.3
Pramipexole68.569.1

[back to top]

"Change From Baseline in Restless Legs Syndrome-6 (RLS-6) Score Satisfaction With Sleep After 26 Weeks"

"The score is an 11-point Likert scale, ranging from none/not at all (0) to very severe (10), to reflect the patient's condition during the previous week" (NCT00472199)
Timeframe: baseline and 26 weeks of treatment

InterventionScores on a scale (Median)
Pramipexole-2.5
Placebo-2

[back to top]

"Change From Baseline in RLS-6 Score Severity During the Day When at Rest After 26 Weeks"

"The score is an 11-point Likert scale, ranging from none/not at all (0) to very severe (10), to reflect the patient's condition during the previous week" (NCT00472199)
Timeframe: Baseline and 26 weeks of treatment

InterventionScores on a scale (Median)
Pramipexole-3
Placebo-1

[back to top]

"Change From Baseline in RLS-6 Score Severity During the Night After 26 Weeks"

"The question was rated on an 11-point Likert scale, ranging from none/not at all (0) to very severe (10), to reflect the patient's condition during the previous week" (NCT00472199)
Timeframe: baseline and 26 weeks of treatment

InterventionScores on a scale (Median)
Pramipexole-3
Placebo-2

[back to top]

"Change From Baseline in RLS-6 Score Severity Falling Asleep After 26 Weeks"

"The score is an 11-point Likert scale, ranging from none/not at all (0) to very severe (10), to reflect the patient's condition during the previous week" (NCT00472199)
Timeframe: Baseline and 26 weeks of treatment

InterventionScores on a scale (Median)
Pramipexole-3
Placebo-1

[back to top]

"Change From Baseline in RLS-6 Score Tired or Sleepy During the Day After 26 Weeks"

"The score is an 11-point Likert scale, ranging from none/not at all (0) to very severe (10), to reflect the patient's condition during the previous week" (NCT00472199)
Timeframe: Baseline and 26 weeks of treatment

InterventionScores on a scale (Median)
Pramipexole-1
Placebo-1

[back to top]

"Change From Baseline RLS-6 Score Severity During the Day Engaged in Activities After 26 Weeks"

"The score is an 11-point Likert scale, ranging from none/not at all (0) to very severe (10), to reflect the patient's condition during the previous week" (NCT00472199)
Timeframe: Baseline and 26 weeks of treatment

InterventionScores on a scale (Median)
Pramipexole0
Placebo0

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group Rating Scale (IRLS) Total Score After 26 Weeks

IRLS total score ranging from 0 (no RLS symptoms) to 40 (very severe RLS symptoms) (NCT00472199)
Timeframe: Baseline and 26 weeks

InterventionScores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Pramipexole-13.7
Placebo-11.1

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in IRLS Mood Disturbance Score (Item 10) After 26 Weeks

Mood disturbance associated with RLS symptoms ranging from 0 (none) to 4 (very severe) (NCT00472199)
Timeframe: Baseline and 26 weeks of treatment

Interventionscores on a scale (Median)
Pramipexole-1
Placebo-1

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Quality of Life in RLS (RLS QoL) Score After 26 Weeks

RLS QoL total score ranging from 0 to 100 with higher values indicating better quality of life (NCT00472199)
Timeframe: Baseline and 26 weeks of treatment

InterventionScores on a scale (Median)
Pramipexole15
Placebo12.5

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in SF-36 Dimension General Health After 26 Weeks

Score ranging from 0 to 100 with higher scores indicating better health status (NCT00472199)
Timeframe: Baseline and 26 weeks

InterventionScores on a scale (Median)
Pramipexole0
Placebo0

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in SF-36 Dimension Mental Component Summary After 26 Weeks

Score ranging from 0 to 100 with higher scores indicating better health (NCT00472199)
Timeframe: Baseline and 26 weeks

InterventionScores on a scale (Median)
Pramipexole1.7
Placebo1.9

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in SF-36 Dimension Mental Health After 26 Weeks

Score ranging from 0 to 100 with higher scores indicating better mental health (NCT00472199)
Timeframe: Baseline and 26 weeks

InterventionScores on a scale (Median)
Pramipexole5
Placebo5

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in SF-36 Dimension Physical Component Summary After 26 Weeks

Score ranging from 0 to 100 with higher scores indicating better health (NCT00472199)
Timeframe: Baseline and 26 weeks

InterventionScores on a scale (Median)
Pramipexole2.1
Placebo2

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in SF-36 Dimension Physical Functioning After 26 Weeks

Score ranging from 0 to 100 with higher scores indicating better physical functioning (NCT00472199)
Timeframe: Baseline and 26 weeks

InterventionScores on a scale (Median)
Pramipexole0
Placebo0

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in SF-36 Dimension Role Limitations Due to Emotional Problems After 26 Weeks

Score ranging from 0 to 100 with higher scores indicating less limitations due to emotional problems (NCT00472199)
Timeframe: Baseline and 26 weeks

InterventionScores on a scale (Median)
Pramipexole0
Placebo0

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in SF-36 Dimension Role Limitations Due to Physical Problems After 26 Weeks

Score ranging from 0 to 100 with higher scores indicating less limitations due to physical problems (NCT00472199)
Timeframe: Baseline and 26 weeks

InterventionScores on a scale (Median)
Pramipexole6.3
Placebo6.3

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in SF-36 Dimension Social Functioning After 26 Weeks

Score ranging from 0 to 100 with higher scores indicating better social functioning (NCT00472199)
Timeframe: Baseline and 26 weeks

InterventionScores on a scale (Median)
Pramipexole0
Placebo0

[back to top]

Percentage of Responders on the Patients Global Impressions of Improvement (PGI-I) Scale

Patient rated evaluation of the PD symptoms on a rating scale of 7 steps, 1 meaning very much better to 7 meaning very much worse. Responders are the patients with 'much better' and 'very much better' on the score. (NCT00479401)
Timeframe: after 18 weeks of treatment compared to baseline

InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Pramipexole Extended Release (PPX ER)35.6
Pramipexole Immediate Release (PPX IR)23.8
Placebo12

[back to top]

UPDRS Part I Change From Baseline

UPDRS I evaluates mentation behaviour and mood with a total score of 0-16. Decrease in the scores means improvement (NCT00479401)
Timeframe: baseline and after 33 weeks treatment

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Pramipexole Extended Release (PPX ER)0.0
Pramipexole Immediate Release (PPX IR)0.0
Placebo0.0

[back to top]

UPDRS II+III Responder Rate (at Least 20% Improvement)

Responders are defined as at least 20% decrease in the UPDRS II+III score. UPDRS II+III ranges 0-160 scores from best to worse. (NCT00479401)
Timeframe: after 33 weeks treatment

Interventionpercentage of responders (Number)
Pramipexole Extended Release (PPX ER)68.5
Pramipexole Immediate Release (PPX IR)65.7
Placebo48.5

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in European Quality of Life Visual Analog Scale

European Quality of Life Visual Analog Scale (EQ-5D VAS) is a 20 centimeter vertical analog scale assessing the patient's general health status with scores ranging from 0 (worst imaginable health) to 100 (perfect health). A positive change in the scale indicates improvement in health status. (NCT00479401)
Timeframe: after 33 weeks treatment

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole Extended Release (PPX ER)4.0
Pramipexole Immediate Release (PPX IR)6.6
Placebo3.2

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Parkinson's Disease Quality of Life Questionnaire Total Score

"The PDQ-39 is a self-administered questionnaire which comprises 39 items addressing 8 domains of health which patients consider to be adversely affected by the disease. Higher scores are consistently associated with more severe symptoms of the disease such as tremor and stiffness, while lower scores indicate a better perceived health status. The 8 domains include:~mobility (e.g. fear of falling when walking): 10 items~activities of daily living (e.g. difficulty cutting food): 6 items~emotional well-being (e.g. feelings of isolation): 6 items~stigma (e.g. social embarrassment): 4 items~social support: 3 items~cognition: 4 items~communication: 3 items~bodily discomfort: 3 items.~A total score is calculated by summing the responses to the 39 individual items and the total ranges from 0 (no problem at all) to 156 (maximum level of problem). A negative change in the total score indicates improvement." (NCT00479401)
Timeframe: after 33 weeks treatment

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole Extended Release (PPX ER)-4.1
Pramipexole Immediate Release (PPX IR)-6.5
Placebo-2.1

[back to top]

Beck's Depression Inventory Version I A

The Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI) is a 21-item self-rating scale that was originally designed as an instrument to assess the intensity of depressive symptoms (sadness, pessimism, sense of failure, dissatisfaction, guilt, expectation of punishment, dislike of self, self-accusation, suicidal ideation, episodes of crying, irritability, social withdrawal, indecisiveness, changes in body image, retardation, insomnia, fatigability, loss of appetite and weight, somatic preoccupation, low level of energy). Each item is scored from 0 (absent) to 3 (severe). The patients select the score which best describes their status in the last 7 days. Since its introduction in 1961, its use has been extended (also to PD patients) and today it is used also as a screening instrument as well as an outcome measure in depression treatment trials. The total score sums the 21 individual items yielding a score that can range from zero (minimal depression) to 63 (severe depression). (NCT00479401)
Timeframe: after 33 weeks treatment

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole Extended Release (PPX ER)-2.0
Pramipexole Immediate Release (PPX IR)-2.7
Placebo-2.1

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) Parts II+III Total Score

Activities of daily living are scored from 0-52 in UPDRS II, result of motor examination scored 0-108 in UPDRS III. A decrease in the score means improvement. (NCT00479401)
Timeframe: baseline and after 33 weeks treatment

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Pramipexole Extended Release (PPX ER)-8.6
Pramipexole Immediate Release (PPX IR)-8.8
Placebo-3.8

[back to top] [back to top]

Number of Patients With Treatment Emergent Abnormal Behaviour as Indicated by the Modified Minnesota Impulsive Disorders Interview (mMIDI Questionnaire)

mMIDI is a semi-structured clinical interview to assess pathological gambling (12 questions, positive screen if patient answers 'yes' to question 1 and to at least 5 of the rest of the questions), compulsive buying (9 questions from 1a to 4c, positive screen if the patient answers 'yes' to 1a, 2a, 3a, and 4a) and compulsive sexual behaviour (4 questions, positive screen if patient answers 'yes' to question 1,2,3, or 4). (NCT00479401)
Timeframe: from trial start on to any time before final assessment of the patient, up to 33 weeks

Interventionpatients (Number)
Pramipexole Extended Release (PPX ER)4
Pramipexole Immediate Release (PPX IR)3
Placebo1

[back to top]

Possible Clinically Significant Abnormal Laboratory Parameters

The significant abnormality of values was based on standard criteria defined in appendix 16.1.10, LISTING 4 Criteria for clinically significant abnormalities based on normalized laboratory values. (NCT00479401)
Timeframe: baseline and after 33 weeks of treatment

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Haematocrit - decreaseHaemoglobin - decreaseRed blood cell ct. - decreaseWhite blood cell ct. - decreaseNeut., poly (segs) - decreaseEosinophils - increaseNeut., poly (segs), absol. - decreaseSodium - decreasePotassium - increaseChloride - decreaseAlkaline phosphatase - increaseGGT - increaseGlucose - decreaseGlucose - increaseCholesterol, total - increaseCreatinine - increaseTriglyceride - increaseUric acid - increase
Placebo110003000000001152
Pramipexole Extended Release (PPX ER)4111126153203310093
Pramipexole Immediate Release (PPX IR)360003051011010031

[back to top]

Clinical Relevant Abnormal Findings in Vital Signs and Physical Examination as Reported in Adverse Events

(NCT00479401)
Timeframe: baseline and after 33 weeks of treatment

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
HypertensionOrthostatic hypotensionHypotensionWeight increasedWeight decreasedBlood pressure diastolic increased
Placebo511000
Pramipexole Extended Release (PPX ER)670020
Pramipexole Immediate Release (PPX IR)716731

[back to top]

UPDRS Part III Total Score

UPDRS III is the result of a motor examination with the scores 0-108. A decrease in the scores means improvement (NCT00479401)
Timeframe: after 33 weeks treatment

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole Extended Release (PPX ER)-6.4
Pramipexole Immediate Release (PPX IR)-6.4
Placebo-2.8

[back to top]

Parkinson's Disease Sleep Scale (PDSS)

PDSS is a self-rated instrument addressing 15 commonly reported symptoms associated with sleep disturbance on 15 visual analogue scales (VAS: 0 to 10 cm) each ranging from worst score ('awful or always' at the left extremity to the best score ('excellent or never' at the right extremity) An increase in the score means improvement. Worst possible score 0, best score 150) (NCT00479401)
Timeframe: after 33 weeks treatment

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole Extended Release (PPX ER)2.3
Pramipexole Immediate Release (PPX IR)5.6
Placebo5.6

[back to top]

Patients Who Started to Use L-Dopa Rescue Medication

L-dopa could be introduced as rescue medication based upon the clinical judgement of the investigator. descriptive on the Full Analysis Set (FAS) population (NCT00479401)
Timeframe: from trial start on to any time before final assessment of the patient, up to 33 weeks

Interventionpatients (Number)
Pramipexole Extended Release (PPX ER)15
Pramipexole Immediate Release (PPX IR)9
Placebo22

[back to top]

Percentage of Responders on the Clinical Global Impressions of Improvement (CGI-I) Scale

Clinicians evaluation in a rating scale of 7 steps, 1 meaning very much improved to 7 meaning very much worse. Responders are the patients with 'much improved' and 'very much improved' on the scale (NCT00479401)
Timeframe: after 18 weeks of treatment compared to baseline

InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Pramipexole Extended Release (PPX ER)37
Pramipexole Immediate Release (PPX IR)48
Placebo18

[back to top]

UPDRS Part II Total Score

UPDRS II evaluates activities of daily living in a score 0-52. Decrease of the score means improvement (NCT00479401)
Timeframe: after 33 weeks treatment

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole Extended Release (PPX ER)-2.2
Pramipexole Immediate Release (PPX IR)-2.4
Placebo-0.9

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in UPDRS Part II Total Score at Week 9, FAS (LOCF)

Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part II total score on FAS, Week 9 - baseline, UPDRS II score ranging from 0 (no impairment) to 52 (worst impairment) (NCT00558025)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 9

InterventionScore on Scale (Mean)
Pramipexole Extended Release (ER)-0.3
Pramipexole Immediate Release (IR)-0.1

[back to top]

Pramipexole Dose Adaptation, FAS (LOCF)

Patients with increase in daily Pramipexole dose on FAS (NCT00558025)
Timeframe: Week 9

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Daily dose increasedDaily dose not increased
Pramipexole Extended Release (ER)1786
Pramipexole Immediate Release (IR)745

[back to top]

Final Pramipexole Dose (mg) After 9 Weeks, Treated Set

The mean final daily Pramipexole dose is displayed (NCT00558025)
Timeframe: Week 9

Interventionmg (Mean)
Pramipexole Extended Release (ER)2.75
Pramipexole Immediate Release (IR)2.83

[back to top]

Clinical Global Impression - Improvement (CGI-I), FAS (LOCF)

Clinical Global Impression - Improvement on FAS, CGI-I was rated from 1: very much improved, to 7: very much worse, CGI-I responder are defined as being rated as 'unchanged', 'minimally improved', 'much improved', or 'very much improved', CGI-I non-responder are defined as being rated 'minimally worse', 'much worse' or 'very much worse' (NCT00558025)
Timeframe: Week 9

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
CGI-I responderCGI-I non-responder
Pramipexole Extended Release (ER)9013
Pramipexole Immediate Release (IR)4111

[back to top]

Patient Global Impression - Improvement (PGI-I), FAS (LOCF)

Patient Global Impression - Improvement on FAS, PGI-I was rated from 1: very much better, to 7: very much worse, PGI-I responder are defined as being rated as 'unchanged', 'minimally better', 'much better', or 'very much better', PGI-I non-responder are defined as being rated as 'minimally worse', 'much worse', or 'very much worse' (NCT00558025)
Timeframe: Week 9

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
PGI-I responder (unchanged to very much better)PGI-I non-responder
Pramipexole Extended Release (ER)8419
Pramipexole Immediate Release (IR)3715

[back to top]

Percentage of Patients Who Successfully Switched From Pramipexole Immediate Release (IR) to Pramipexole ER After a Possible Dose Adaptation, Full Analysis Set (FAS), Last Observation Carried Forward (LOCF)

A successful switch was defined by no change of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) II+III by more than 15% from baseline to week 9, UPDRS II+III score ranging from 0 (no impairment) to 160 (worst impairment) (NCT00558025)
Timeframe: from baseline to week 9

,
InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Successfully switchedNot successfully switched
Pramipexole Extended Release (ER)84.515.5
Pramipexole Immediate Release (IR)94.25.8

[back to top]

Percentage of Patients Who Successfully Switched From Pramipexole IR to Pramipexole ER With no Dose Adaptation, FAS (LOCF)

A successful switch was defined by no change of the UPDRS II+III by more than 15% from baseline to week 4, UPDRS II+III score ranging from 0 (no impairment) to 160 (worst impairment). (NCT00558025)
Timeframe: from baseline to week 4

,
InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Successfully switchedNot successfully switched
Pramipexole Extended Release (ER)81.618.4
Pramipexole Immediate Release (IR)92.37.7

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in UPDRS Part III Total Score at Week 9, FAS (LOCF)

Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part III total score on FAS, week 9 - baseline, UPDRS II+III score ranging from 0 (no impairment) to 108 (worst impairment) (NCT00558025)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 9

InterventionScore on Scale (Least Squares Mean)
Pramipexole Extended Release (ER)-1.2
Pramipexole Immediate Release (IR)-0.3

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in UPDRS Part II+III Total Score at Week 9, FAS (LOCF)

Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part II+III total score on FAS, Week 9 - baseline, UPDRS II+III score ranging from 0 (no impairment) to 160 (worst impairment) (NCT00558025)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 9

InterventionScore on scale (Least Squares Mean)
Pramipexole Extended Release (ER)-1.6
Pramipexole Immediate Release (IR)-0.5

[back to top]

Patient Global Impression at Week 1

Assessment of the change of the patient's overall condition during the last week compared to the patient's condition at baseline on a scale ranging from 1 (very much better) to 7 (very much worse). A responder is defined as having a response of very much (1) or much better (2). (NCT00558467)
Timeframe: baseline and Week 1

,
InterventionNumber of Patients (Number)
ResponderNot Responder
Placebo416
Pramipexole735

[back to top]

Patient Global Impression at Week 2

Assessment of the change of the patient's overall condition during the last week compared to the patient's condition at baseline on a scale ranging from 1 (very much better) to 7 (very much worse). A responder is defined as having a response of very much (1) or much better (2). (NCT00558467)
Timeframe: baseline and Week 2

,
InterventionNumber of Patients (Number)
ResponderNot Responder
Placebo614
Pramipexole933

[back to top]

Patient Global Impression at Week 3

Assessment of the change of the patient's overall condition during the last week compared to the patient's condition at baseline on a scale ranging from 1 (very much better) to 7 (very much worse). A responder is defined as having a response of very much (1) or much better (2). (NCT00558467)
Timeframe: baseline and Week 3

,
InterventionNumber of Patients (Number)
ResponderNot Responder
Placebo515
Pramipexole735

[back to top]

Patient Global Impression at Week 4

Assessment of the change of the patient's overall condition during the last week compared to the patient's condition at baseline on a scale ranging from 1 (very much better) to 7 (very much worse). A responder is defined as having a response of very much (1) or much better (2). (NCT00558467)
Timeframe: baseline and Week 4

,
InterventionNumber of Patients (Number)
ResponderNot Responder
Placebo416
Pramipexole735

[back to top]

Mean Change From Baseline in Total Tic Score of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale at Week 1

Total Tic Score is the sum of ten individual ratings of the impairment due to tics. Each scale ranges from 0 (None/Absent) to 5 (Severe) and total score ranges from 0 to 50 (NCT00558467)
Timeframe: baseline 1 week

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Placebo-3.7
Pramipexole-4.1

[back to top]

Mean Change From Baseline in Total Tic Score of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale

"Total Tic Score is the sum of ten individual ratings of the impairment due to tics. Each scale ranges from 0 (None/Absent) to 5 (Severe) and total score ranges from 0 to 50.~Analysis was adjusted for baseline total tic score and age as linear covariates." (NCT00558467)
Timeframe: baseline 6 weeks

Interventionscore on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-7.17
Pramipexole-7.16

[back to top]

Mean Change From Baseline in Total Score of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale Due to Motor and Phonic Tics at Week 6

Total Score is a rating of the overall impairment due to motor and phonic tics. The scale ranges from 0 (None) to 50 (Severe) (NCT00558467)
Timeframe: baseline and 6 weeks

Interventionscore on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-15.43
Pramipexole-15.58

[back to top]

Mean Change From Baseline in Total Score of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale Due to Motor and Phonic Tics at Week 4

Total Score is a rating of the overall impairment due to motor and phonic tics. The scale ranges from 0 (None) to 50 (Severe) (NCT00558467)
Timeframe: baseline 4 weeks

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Placebo-15.5
Pramipexole-13.9

[back to top]

Mean Change From Baseline in Total Score of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale Due to Motor and Phonic Tics at Week 3

Total Score is a rating of the overall impairment due to motor and phonic tics. The scale ranges from 0 (None) to 50 (Severe) (NCT00558467)
Timeframe: baseline and 3 weeks

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Placebo-14.1
Pramipexole-12.2

[back to top]

Mean Change From Baseline in Total Score of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale Due to Motor and Phonic Tics at Week 2

Total Score is a rating of the overall impairment due to motor and phonic tics. The scale ranges from 0 (None) to 50 (Severe) (NCT00558467)
Timeframe: baseline and 2 weeks

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Placebo-9.5
Pramipexole-10.6

[back to top]

Mean Change From Baseline in Total Score of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale Due to Motor and Phonic Tics at Week 1

Total Score is a rating of the overall impairment due to motor and phonic tics. The scale ranges from 0 (None) to 50 (Severe) (NCT00558467)
Timeframe: baseline 1 week

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Placebo-6.2
Pramipexole-8.8

[back to top]

Mean Change From Baseline in Total Tic Score of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale at Week 2

Total Tic Score is the sum of ten individual ratings of the impairment due to tics. Each scale ranges from 0 (None/Absent) to 5 (Severe) and total score ranges from 0 to 50 (NCT00558467)
Timeframe: baseline and 2 weeks

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Placebo-5.3
Pramipexole-5

[back to top]

Mean Change From Baseline in Total Tic Score of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale at Week 3

Total Tic Score is the sum of ten individual ratings of the impairment due to tics. Each scale ranges from 0 (None/Absent) to 5 (Severe) and total score ranges from 0 to 50 (NCT00558467)
Timeframe: baseline and 3 weeks

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Placebo-6.2
Pramipexole-5.4

[back to top]

Mean Change From Baseline in Total Tic Score of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale at Week 4

Total Tic Score is the sum of ten individual ratings of the impairment due to tics. Each scale ranges from 0 (None/Absent) to 5 (Severe) and total score ranges from 0 to 50 (NCT00558467)
Timeframe: baseline and 4 weeks

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Placebo-6
Pramipexole-6.4

[back to top]

Clinical Global Impressions - Improvement at 1 Week

Overall improvement during the last week compared to baseline ranging from 1 (very much improved), 2 (much improved), to 7 (very much worse). Responder has 'very much' or 'much' improvement. Non responder has less improvement than 'much' improvement. (NCT00558467)
Timeframe: baseline and Week 1

,
InterventionNumber of Patients (Number)
ResponderNot Responder
Placebo020
Pramipexole537

[back to top]

Clinical Global Impressions - Improvement at Week 2

Overall improvement during the last week compared to baseline ranging from 1 (very much improved), 2 (much improved), to 7 (very much worse). Responder has 'very much' or 'much' improvement. Non responder has less improvement than 'much' improvement. (NCT00558467)
Timeframe: baseline and Week 2

,
InterventionNumber of Patients (Number)
ResponderNot Responder
Placebo119
Pramipexole636

[back to top]

Clinical Global Impressions - Improvement at Week 3

Overall improvement during the last week compared to baseline ranging from 1 (very much improved), 2 (much improved), to 7 (very much worse). Responder has 'very much' or 'much' improvement. Non responder has less improvement than 'much' improvement. (NCT00558467)
Timeframe: baseline and Week 3

,
InterventionNumber of Patients (Number)
ResponderNot Responder
Placebo218
Pramipexole537

[back to top]

Clinical Global Impressions - Severity of Illness at Week 6

Assessment of the overall severity of illness on a scale ranging from 1 (not at all ill) to 7 (the most extremely ill patients). Improved, Unchanged and Worsened responses correspond to changes from baseline of: -2 or less, -1 to +1, and 2 or greater. (NCT00558467)
Timeframe: baseline and Week 6

,
InterventionNumber of Patients (Number)
ImprovedUnchangedWorsened
Placebo4160
Pramipexole10320

[back to top]

Patient Global Impression at Week 6

Assessment of the change of the patient's overall condition during the last week compared to the patient's condition at baseline on a scale ranging from 1 (very much better) to 7 (very much worse). A responder is defined as having a response of very much (1) or much better (2). (NCT00558467)
Timeframe: baseline and Week 6

,
InterventionNumber of Patients (Number)
ResponderNot Responder
Placebo614
Pramipexole1230

[back to top]

Clinical Global Impressions - Improvement at Week 4

Overall improvement during the last week compared to baseline ranging from 1 (very much improved), 2 (much improved), to 7 (very much worse). Responder has 'very much' or 'much' improvement. Non responder has less improvement than 'much' improvement. (NCT00558467)
Timeframe: baseline and Week 4

,
InterventionNumber of Patients (Number)
ResponderNot Responder
Placebo713
Pramipexole636

[back to top]

Clinical Global Impressions - Improvement at Week 6

Overall improvement during the last week compared to baseline ranging from 1 (very much improved), 2 (much improved), to 7 (very much worse). Responder has 'very much' or 'much' improvement. Non responder has less improvement than 'much' improvement. (NCT00558467)
Timeframe: baseline and Week 6

,
InterventionNumber of Patients (Number)
ResponderNot Responder
Placebo713
Pramipexole1131

[back to top]

Clinical Global Impressions - Severity of Illness at Week 1

Assessment of the overall severity of illness on a scale ranging from 1 (not at all ill) to 7 (the most extremely ill patients). Improved, Unchanged and Worsened responses correspond to changes from baseline of: -2 or less, -1 to +1, and 2 or greater. (NCT00558467)
Timeframe: baseline and Week 1

,
InterventionNumber of Patients (Number)
ImprovedUnchangedWorsened
Placebo0200
Pramipexole4380

[back to top]

Clinical Global Impressions - Severity of Illness at Week 2

Assessment of the overall severity of illness on a scale ranging from 1 (not at all ill) to 7 (the most extremely ill patients). Improved, Unchanged and Worsened responses correspond to changes from baseline of: -2 or less, -1 to +1, and 2 or greater. (NCT00558467)
Timeframe: baseline and Week 2

,
InterventionNumber of Patients (Number)
ImprovedUnchangedWorsened
Placebo1190
Pramipexole4371

[back to top]

Clinical Global Impressions - Severity of Illness at Week 3

Assessment of the overall severity of illness on a scale ranging from 1 (not at all ill) to 7 (the most extremely ill patients). Improved, Unchanged and Worsened responses correspond to changes from baseline of: -2 or less, -1 to +1, and 2 or greater. (NCT00558467)
Timeframe: baseline and Week 3

,
InterventionNumber of Patients (Number)
ImprovedUnchangedWorsened
Placebo3170
Pramipexole4371

[back to top]

Clinical Global Impressions - Severity of Illness at Week 4

Assessment of the overall severity of illness on a scale ranging from 1 (not at all ill) to 7 (the most extremely ill patients). Improved, Unchanged and Worsened responses correspond to changes from baseline of: -2 or less, -1 to +1, and 2 or greater. (NCT00558467)
Timeframe: baseline and Week 4

,
InterventionNumber of Patients (Number)
ImprovedUnchangedWorsened
Placebo4160
Pramipexole4380

[back to top]

Clinically Significant Abnormalities in Vital Signs (Orthostatic Reaction and Pulse Rate), and Serum Chemistry.

(NCT00558467)
Timeframe: baseline and Week 6

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Phosphate - increaseBilirubin, total - increaseTachycardiaOrthostatic hypotension
Placebo2001
Pramipexole5114

[back to top]

Clinical Global Impression of Improvement (CGI-I) at Week 16 Compared to Patient's CGI-I Status at Week 12 (Open-label: Dose Adjustment Phase)

Clinical Global Impression of Improvement (CGI-I) at week 16 compared to patient's CGI-I status at week 12. CGI-I scores ranging from '1' (very much improved) to '7' (very much worse) (NCT00560508)
Timeframe: Week 12 to Week 16

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Very much improvedMuch improvedMinimally improvedNo changeMinimally worse
From PPX ER to PPX ER0.08.048.034.010.0
From PPX IR to PPX ER1.95.735.850.95.7

[back to top]

UPDRS Parts II+III Total Score Responder Rate (at Least 20% Improvement) (Open-label: Maintenance Phase)

Responders are defined as at least 20% decrease in the UPDRS Parts II+III Total Score ranges 0-160 scores from best to worse (NCT00560508)
Timeframe: baseline and after 64 weeks treatment

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Pramipexole ER: Open-Label Phase92.0

[back to top]

UPDRS Parts II+III Total Score Responder Rate (at Least 20% Improvement)

Responders are defined as at least 20% decrease in the UPDRS Parts II+III Total Score ranges 0-160 scores from best to worse (NCT00560508)
Timeframe: baseline and after 12 weeks treatment

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Pramipexole Extended Release Group (PPX ER)78.6
Pramipexole Immediate Release Group (PPX IR)82.1

[back to top]

Trough Plasma Concentration at Steady State

Geometric mean (gMean) was calculated for trough plasma concentrations of pramipexole at steady state after administration of pramipexole IR 4.5mg and pramipexole ER 4.5mg. (NCT00560508)
Timeframe: at Visit 8 after pramipexole ER 4.5mg and IR 4.5mg treatment

Interventionng/ml (Geometric Mean)
Pramipexole Extended Release Group (PPX ER)5.46
Pramipexole Immediate Release Group (PPX IR)5.09

[back to top]

Responder Rate For Clinical Global Impression of Improvement (CGI-I)

CGI-I scores ranging from '1' (very much improved) to '7' (very much worse), CGI-I responder have scoring of 1 or 2 (at least much improved) (NCT00560508)
Timeframe: baseline and after 12 weeks treatment

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Pramipexole Extended Release Group (PPX ER)48.2
Pramipexole Immediate Release Group (PPX IR)50.0

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Percentage On-time Without Dyskinesia or With Non-troublesome Dyskinesia (Open-label Maintenance Phase)

Percentage on-time without dyskinesia or non-troublesome dyskinesia during waking hours in the last two days based on patient diary data, percentage ranging from 0 (worst case) to 100 (best case). On-time describes a period when the patient has no symptoms of off-time and is not asleep. (NCT00560508)
Timeframe: baseline and after 64 weeks treatment

InterventionPercentage of on-time (Mean)
Pramipexole ER: Open-Label Phase11.8

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Percentage On-time Without Dyskinesia

Percentage on-time without dyskinesia during waking hours in the last two days based on patient diary data, percentage ranging from 0 (worst case) to 100 (best case). On-time describes a period when the patient has no symptoms of off-time and is not asleep. (NCT00560508)
Timeframe: baseline and after 12 weeks treatment

InterventionPercentage of on-time (Least Squares Mean)
Pramipexole Extended Release Group (PPX ER)6.4
Pramipexole Immediate Release Group (PPX IR)7.0

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Percentage On-time With Troublesome Dyskinesia (Open-label Maintenance Phase)

Percentage on-time with troublesome dyskinesia during waking hours in the last two days based on patient diary data, percentage ranging from 0 (best case) to 100 (worst case). On-time describes a period when the patient has no symptoms of off-time and is not asleep. (NCT00560508)
Timeframe: baseline and after 64 weeks treatment

InterventionPercentage of on-time (Mean)
Pramipexole ER: Open-Label Phase-0.2

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Percentage On-time With Troublesome Dyskinesia

Percentage on-time with troublesome dyskinesia during waking hours in the last two days based on patient diary data, percentage ranging from 0 (best case) to 100 (worst case). On-time describes a period when the patient has no symptoms of off-time and is not asleep. (NCT00560508)
Timeframe: baseline and after 12 weeks treatment

InterventionPercentage of on-time (Least Squares Mean)
Pramipexole Extended Release Group (PPX ER)-0.1
Pramipexole Immediate Release Group (PPX IR)0.5

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Percentage On-time With Non-troublesome Dyskinesia (Open-label Maintenance Phase)

Percentage on-time with non-troublesome dyskinesia during waking hours in the last two days based on patient diary data, percentage ranging from 0(worst case) to 100 (best case). On-time describes a period when the patient has no symptoms of off-time and is not asleep. (NCT00560508)
Timeframe: baseline and after 64 weeks treatment

InterventionPercentage of on-time (Mean)
Pramipexole ER: Open-Label Phase-0.1

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Percentage On-time With Non-troublesome Dyskinesia

Percentage on-time with non-troublesome dyskinesia during waking hours in the last two days based on patient diary data, percentage ranging from 0(worst case) to 100 (best case). On-time describes a period when the patient has no symptoms of off-time and is not asleep. (NCT00560508)
Timeframe: baseline and after 12 weeks treatment

InterventionPercentage of on-time (Least Squares Mean)
Pramipexole Extended Release Group (PPX ER)-0.4
Pramipexole Immediate Release Group (PPX IR)0.1

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Percentage Off-time (Open-label: Maintenance Phase)

Percentage off-time during waking hours in the last two days based on patient diary data, percentage ranging from 0 (best case) to 100 (worst case). Off-time describes a period when the patient experiences increased parkinsonian symptoms (e.g. immobility or inability to move with ease). (NCT00560508)
Timeframe: baseline and after 64 weeks treatment

InterventionPercentage of off-time (Mean)
Pramipexole ER: Open-Label Phase-11.6

[back to top]

Change From End of Double-Blind Period in UPDRS (Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale) Parts II+III Total Score (Open-label: Dose Adjustment Phase)

UPDRS II+III ranging from 0 point(normal) to 160 point (severe). UPDRS part II measures activities of daily living, part III measures motor symptoms. Least square means and standard errors presented are from ANCOVA with factors treatment and covariate baseline. (NCT00560508)
Timeframe: Week 12 to Week 16

InterventionUPDRS scores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
From PPX ER to PPX ER-2.2
From PPX IR to PPX ER-0.2

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in L-dopa Daily Dose (Open-label Maintenance Phase)

The L-dopa daily dose was recorded in the electronic case report form (eCRF) at each trial visit. (NCT00560508)
Timeframe: baseline and after 64 weeks treatment

Interventionmg per day (Mean)
Pramipexole ER: Open-Label Phase10.3

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in L-dopa Daily Dose

The L-dopa daily dose was recorded in the electronic case report form (eCRF) at each trial visit. (NCT00560508)
Timeframe: baseline and after 12 weeks treatment

Interventionmg per day (Least Squares Mean)
Pramipexole Extended Release Group (PPX ER)-5.3
Pramipexole Immediate Release Group (PPX IR)-1.8

[back to top]

Dose Proportionality of Trough Plasma Concentration at Steady State After Pramipexole ER Treatment

Dose proportionality of trough plasma concentrations at steady state is explored by using the power model that described the functional relationship between the dose and plasma concentration (NCT00560508)
Timeframe: from Visit 1 to Visit 8 after pramipexole ER

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Pramipexole Extended Release Group (PPX ER)1.0375

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in UPDRS Part I Score

UPDRS Part I ranging from 0 (normal) to 16 (severe). UPDRS Part I measures Mentation, Behavior and Mood (NCT00560508)
Timeframe: baseline and after 12 weeks treatment

InterventionUPDRS scores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Pramipexole Extended Release Group (PPX ER)0.1
Pramipexole Immediate Release Group (PPX IR)-0.2

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in UPDRS Part I Score (Open-label: Maintenance Phase)

UPDRS Part I ranging from 0 (normal) to 16 (severe). UPDRS Part I measures Mentation, Behavior and Mood (NCT00560508)
Timeframe: baseline and after 64 weeks treatment

InterventionUPDRS scores on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole ER: Open-Label Phase-0.3

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in UPDRS Part II Score

UPDRS Part II ranging from 0 (normal) to 52 (severe). UPDRS Part II is calculated as the average of UPDRS Part II at on and UPDRS Part II at off-period for each of the 13 activities. (NCT00560508)
Timeframe: baseline and after 12 weeks treatment

InterventionUPDRS scores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Pramipexole Extended Release Group (PPX ER)-3.3
Pramipexole Immediate Release Group (PPX IR)-3.4

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in UPDRS Part II Score (Open-label: Maintenance Phase)

UPDRS Part II ranging from 0 (normal) to 52 (severe). UPDRS Part II is calculated as the average of UPDRS Part II at on and UPDRS Part II at off-period for each of the 13 activities. (NCT00560508)
Timeframe: baseline and after 64 weeks treatment

InterventionUPDRS scores on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole ER: Open-Label Phase-3.4

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Percentage On-time Without Dyskinesia (Open-label: Maintenance Phase)

Percentage on-time without dyskinesia during waking hours in the last two days based on patient diary data, percentage ranging from 0 (worst case) to 100 (best case). On-time describes a period when the patient has no symptoms of off-time and is not asleep. (NCT00560508)
Timeframe: baseline and after 64 weeks treatment

InterventionPercentage of on-time (Mean)
Pramipexole ER: Open-Label Phase11.9

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in UPDRS Part III Score

UPDRS Part III ranging from 0 (normal) to 108 (severe). UPDRS Part III measures motor symptoms (NCT00560508)
Timeframe: baseline and after 12 weeks treatment

InterventionUPDRS scores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Pramipexole Extended Release Group (PPX ER)-10.2
Pramipexole Immediate Release Group (PPX IR)-9.9

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in UPDRS Part III Score (Open-label: Maintenance Phase)

UPDRS Part III ranging from 0 (normal) to 108 (severe). UPDRS Part III measures motor symptoms (NCT00560508)
Timeframe: baseline and after 64 weeks treatment

InterventionUPDRS scores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Pramipexole ER: Open-Label Phase-11.9

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in UPDRS Part IV Score

UPDRS Part IV ranging from 0 (normal) to 23 (severe). UPDRS Part IV measures complications of therapy (NCT00560508)
Timeframe: baseline and after 12 weeks treatment

InterventionUPDRS scores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Pramipexole Extended Release Group (PPX ER)-0.2
Pramipexole Immediate Release Group (PPX IR)-0.4

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in UPDRS Part IV Score (Open-label: Maintenance Phase)

UPDRS Part IV ranging from 0 (normal) to 23 (severe). UPDRS Part IV measures complications of therapy (NCT00560508)
Timeframe: baseline and after 64 weeks treatment

InterventionUPDRS scores on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole ER: Open-Label Phase-0.6

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) Parts II+III Total Score

UPDRS II+III ranging from 0 point(normal) to 160 point (severe). UPDRS part II measures activities of daily living, part III measures motor symptoms (NCT00560508)
Timeframe: baseline and after 12 weeks treatment

InterventionUPDRS scores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Pramipexole Extended Release Group (PPX ER)-13.6
Pramipexole Immediate Release Group (PPX IR)-13.3

[back to top]

Percentage of Patients With no Worsening of UPDRS Parts II+III Total Score by More Than 15% From Week 12 to Week 16 (Open-label: Dose Adjustment Phase)

Percentage of patients with no worsening of UPDRS Parts II+III Total Score by more than 15% from week 12 to week 16 (Open-label: Dose Adjustment Phase) (NCT00560508)
Timeframe: Week 12 to Week 16

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
From PPX ER to PPX ER78.4
From PPX IR to PPX ER83.0

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in UPDRS (Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale) Parts II+III Total Score (Open-label: Maintenance Phase)

UPDRS II+III ranging from 0 point(normal) to 160 point (severe). UPDRS part II measures activities of daily living, part III measures motor symptoms (NCT00560508)
Timeframe: Baseline and after 64 weeks treatment

InterventionUPDRS scores on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole ER: Open-Label Phase-15.2

[back to top]

Percentage of Participants Who Experienced Adverse Events

An adverse event is defined as any untoward medical occurrence (NCT00560508)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Pramipexole Extended Release Group (PPX ER)83.93
Pramipexole Immediate Release Group (PPX IR)83.93

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Percentage On-time Without Dyskinesia or With Non-troublesome Dyskinesia

Percentage on-time without dyskinesia or non-troublesome dyskinesia during waking hours in the last two days based on patient diary data, percentage ranging from 0 (worst case) to 100 (best case). On-time describes a period when the patient has no symptoms of off-time and is not asleep. (NCT00560508)
Timeframe: baseline and after 12 weeks treatment

InterventionPercentage of on-time (Least Squares Mean)
Pramipexole Extended Release Group (PPX ER)6.0
Pramipexole Immediate Release Group (PPX IR)7.1

[back to top]

Patient Global Impression of Improvement (PGI-I) at Week 16 Compared to Patient's PGI-I Status at Week 12 (Open-label: Dose Adjustment Phase)

Patient Global Impression of Improvement (PGI-I) at week 16 compared to patient's PGI-I status at week 12. PGI-I scores ranging from '1' (very much better) to '7' (very much worse). (NCT00560508)
Timeframe: Week 12 to Week 16

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Very much betterMuch betterA little betterNo changeA little worse
From PPX ER to PPX ER2.014.036.036.012.0
From PPX IR to PPX ER3.811.335.839.69.4

[back to top]

Responder Rate For Patient Global Impression of Improvement (PGI-I)

PGI-I scores ranging from '1' (very much better) to '7' (very much worse), PGI-I responder have scoring of 1 or 2 (at least much better) (NCT00560508)
Timeframe: baseline and after 12 weeks treatment

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Pramipexole Extended Release Group (PPX ER)33.9
Pramipexole Immediate Release Group (PPX IR)33.9

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Percentage Off-time

Percentage off-time during waking hours in the last two days based on patient diary data, percentage ranging from 0 (best case) to 100 (worst case). Off-time describes a period when the patient experiences increased parkinsonian symptoms (e.g. immobility or inability to move with ease). (NCT00560508)
Timeframe: baseline and after 12 weeks treatment

InterventionPercentage of off-time (Least Squares Mean)
Pramipexole Extended Release Group (PPX ER)-5.8
Pramipexole Immediate Release Group (PPX IR)-7.8

[back to top]

Supine Diastolic Blood Pressure, Baseline and Week 80, Vital Signs Treated Set

(NCT00577460)
Timeframe: OL Baseline and Week 80

,,
Interventionmm Hg (Mean)
OL BaselineEnd of OL
PPX ER (Previous Placebo)77.477.4
PPX ER (Previous PPX ER)77.378.3
PPX ER (Previous PPX IR)77.677.2

[back to top]

Supine Pulse Rate, Baseline and Week 80, Vital Signs Treated Set

(NCT00577460)
Timeframe: OL Baseline and Week 80

,,
Interventionbeats per minute (Mean)
OL BaselineEnd of OL
PPX ER (Previous Placebo)73.675.8
PPX ER (Previous PPX ER)72.674.2
PPX ER (Previous PPX IR)73.274.4

[back to top]

Supine Systolic Blood Pressure, Baseline and Week 80, Vital Signs Treated Set

(NCT00577460)
Timeframe: OL Baseline and Week 80

,,
Interventionmm Hg (Mean)
OL BaselineEnd of OL
PPX ER (Previous Placebo)121.6124.2
PPX ER (Previous PPX ER)124.5123.8
PPX ER (Previous PPX IR)125.7124.4

[back to top]

Body Weight of Male Patients, Baseline and Week 80, Vital Signs Treated Set

(NCT00577460)
Timeframe: OL Baseline and Week 80

,,
Interventionkg (Mean)
OL BaselineEnd of OL
PPX ER (Previous Placebo)73.073.9
PPX ER (Previous PPX ER)72.172.7
PPX ER (Previous PPX IR)70.872.0

[back to top]

Number of Participants With Response in CGI-I

"Clinical Global Impression of Improvement (CGI-I), CGI-I scores ranging from '1' (very much improved) to '7' (very much worse). For patients previously treated with Placebo, all patients with at least much improved were considered as responders. For patients previously treated with PPX ER or IR, all patients with no change to very much improved were considered as responders" (NCT00577460)
Timeframe: 32 weeks

InterventionPatients (Number)
PPX ER (Previous Placebo)50
PPX ER (Previous PPX ER)106
PPX ER (Previous PPX IR)114
Total PPX ER270

[back to top]

Number of Participants With Response in Percentage Off Time During Waking Hours

Response means >=20% improvement relative to OL baseline in the % off-time during waking hours (NCT00577460)
Timeframe: 80 weeks

InterventionPatients (Number)
PPX ER (Previous Placebo)35
PPX ER (Previous PPX ER)40
PPX ER (Previous PPX IR)28
Total PPX ER103

[back to top]

Number of Participants With Response in PGI-I

"Patient Global Impression of Improvement (PGI-I), PGI-I scores ranging from '1' (very much better) to '7' (very much worse). For patients previously treated with Placebo, all patients with at least much better were considered as responders. For patients previously treated with PPX ER or IR, all patients with no change to very much better were considered as responders" (NCT00577460)
Timeframe: 32 weeks

InterventionPatients (Number)
PPX ER (Previous Placebo)45
PPX ER (Previous PPX ER)102
PPX ER (Previous PPX IR)113
Total PPX ER260

[back to top]

Number of Participants With Response in PGI-I for Early Morning Off Symptoms

"Patient Global Impression of Improvement (PGI-I) for early morning off symptoms, PGI-I scores ranging from '1' (very much better) to '7' (very much worse). For patients previously treated with Placebo, all patients with at least much better were considered as responders. For patients previously treated with PPX ER or IR, all patients with no change to very much better were considered as responders" (NCT00577460)
Timeframe: 32 weeks

InterventionPatients (Number)
PPX ER (Previous Placebo)45
PPX ER (Previous PPX ER)103
PPX ER (Previous PPX IR)112
Total PPX ER260

[back to top]

Number of Participants With Serious Adverse Events

(NCT00577460)
Timeframe: 80 weeks

InterventionPatients (Number)
PPX ER (Previous Placebo)14
PPX ER (Previous PPX ER)11
PPX ER (Previous PPX IR)14
Total PPX ER39

[back to top]

Number of Participants With UPDRS II+III Response

A response means an improvement of >=20% in UPDRS II+III from OL baseline UPDRS II+III ranging from 0 (normal) to 160 (severe). UPDRS part II measures activities of daily living, part III measures motor symptoms (NCT00577460)
Timeframe: Week 80

InterventionPatients (Number)
PPX ER (Previous Placebo)35
PPX ER (Previous PPX ER)30
PPX ER (Previous PPX IR)31

[back to top]

Number of Patients Successfully Switched From PPX IR or ER to ER Assessed on Off-time

A patient was considered as successfully switched if he/she has converted to ER without a worsening of off time by more than 12.5% from baseline. Off-time is based on patient diary data and describes a period when the patient experiences increased parkinsonian symptoms (e.g. immobility or inability to move with ease). (NCT00577460)
Timeframe: One week

InterventionPatients (Number)
PPX ER (Previous PPX ER)57
PPX ER (Previous PPX IR)70

[back to top]

Parkinson Fatigue Scale (PFS-16) Score and Change From OL Baseline at Week 80

PFS-16 (Parkinson fatigue scale) ranging from 16 (better perceived health status) to 80 (severe symptoms of the disease) measuring aspects of fatigue that are relevant to patients with PD (NCT00577460)
Timeframe: OL baseline and week 80

InterventionUnit on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
PPX ER (Previous Placebo)-0.3
PPX ER (Previous PPX ER)3.8
PPX ER (Previous PPX IR)3.5

[back to top]

Patients Successfully Switched From Pramipexole (PPX) IR or ER to ER Assessed on UPDRS II+III

Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) Successfully switched means: UPDRS II+III baseline score >20 without a relative worsening of UPDRS II+III score > 15% from baseline or UPDRS II+III baseline score <=20 without an absolute worsening of UPDRS II+III score > 3 from baseline UPDRS II+III ranging from 0 (normal) to 160 (severe). UPDRS part II measures activities of daily living, part III measures motor symptoms (NCT00577460)
Timeframe: One week

InterventionPatients (Number)
PPX ER (Previous PPX ER)88
PPX ER (Previous PPX IR)106

[back to top]

Percentage Off Time During Waking Hours Total Score: Change From Baseline

"Percentage off-time based on patient diary data, percentage ranging from 0 (best case) to 100 (worst case). Off-time describes a period when the patient experiences increased parkinsonian symptoms (e.g. immobility or inability to move with ease).~A negative change implies improvement" (NCT00577460)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 80

Interventionpercentage during waking hours (Least Squares Mean)
PPX ER (Previous Placebo)-1.5
PPX ER (Previous PPX ER)-0.3
PPX ER (Previous PPX IR)1.7

[back to top]

Percentage on Time With Non Troublesome Dyskinesia During Waking Hours: Change From Baseline After 80 Weeks

Percentage on-time with non troublesome dyskinesia based on patient diary data, percentage ranging from 0 (worst case) to 100 (best case). On-time describes a period when the patient has no symptoms of off-time and is not asleep. A positive change implies improvement (NCT00577460)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 80

Interventionpercentage during waking hours (Least Squares Mean)
PPX ER (Previous Placebo)3.8
PPX ER (Previous PPX ER)-2.7
PPX ER (Previous PPX IR)0.2

[back to top]

Percentage on Time With Troublesome Dyskinesia During Waking Hours: Change From Baseline After 80 Weeks

Percentage on-time with troublesome dyskinesia based on patient diary data, percentage ranging from 0 (worst case) to 100 (best case). On-time describes a period when the patient has no symptoms of off-time and is not asleep. A positive change implies improvement (NCT00577460)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 80

Interventionpercentage during waking hours (Least Squares Mean)
PPX ER (Previous Placebo)-0.4
PPX ER (Previous PPX ER)-0.3
PPX ER (Previous PPX IR)-0.7

[back to top]

Percentage on Time Without Dyskinesia During Waking Hours: Change From Baseline After 80 Weeks

Percentage on-time based on patient diary data, percentage ranging from 0 (worst case) to 100 (best case). On-time describes a period when the patient has no symptoms of off-time and is not asleep. A positive change implies improvement. (NCT00577460)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 80

Interventionpercentage during waking hours (Least Squares Mean)
PPX ER (Previous Placebo)-1.6
PPX ER (Previous PPX ER)2.9
PPX ER (Previous PPX IR)-2.0

[back to top]

Percentage on Time Without Dyskinesia or With Non Troublesome Dyskinesia During Waking Hours: Change From Baseline After 80 Weeks

Percentage on-time without dyskinesia or with non troublesome dyskinesia based on patient diary data, percentage ranging from 0 (worst case) to 100 (best case). On-time describes a period when the patient has no symptoms of off-time and is not asleep. A positive change implies improvement (NCT00577460)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 80

Interventionpercentage during waking hours (Least Squares Mean)
PPX ER (Previous Placebo)1.8
PPX ER (Previous PPX ER)0.7
PPX ER (Previous PPX IR)-0.9

[back to top]

UPDRS I Total Score and Change From OL Baseline at Week 80

UPDRS I ranging from 0 (normal) to 16 (severe). UPDRS I measures Mentation, Behavior and Mood (NCT00577460)
Timeframe: OL baseline and week 80

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
PPX ER (Previous Placebo)0.1
PPX ER (Previous PPX ER)0.5
PPX ER (Previous PPX IR)0.5

[back to top]

UPDRS II Total Score and Change From OL Baseline at Week 80

UPDRS II ranging from 0 (normal) to 52 (severe). UPDRS Part II is calculated as the average of UPDRS part II at on and UPDRS part II at off-period for each of the 13 activities (NCT00577460)
Timeframe: OL baseline and week 80

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
PPX ER (Previous Placebo)-0.4
PPX ER (Previous PPX ER)0.4
PPX ER (Previous PPX IR)1.0

[back to top]

UPDRS II+III Change From Open Label (OL) Baseline

UPDRS II+III ranging from 0 (normal) to 160 (severe). UPDRS part II measures activities of daily living, part III measures motor symptoms (NCT00577460)
Timeframe: OL Baseline and week 80

InterventionScores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
PPX ER (Previous Placebo)-3.6
PPX ER (Previous PPX ER)1.1
PPX ER (Previous PPX IR)2.5

[back to top]

UPDRS III Total Score and Change From OL Baseline at Week 80

UPDRS III ranging from 0 (normal) to 108 (severe). UPDRS part III measures motor symptoms (NCT00577460)
Timeframe: OL baseline and week 80

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
PPX ER (Previous Placebo)-3.1
PPX ER (Previous PPX ER)0.7
PPX ER (Previous PPX IR)1.3

[back to top]

UPDRS IV Total Score and Change From OL Baseline at Week 80

UPDRS IV ranging from 0 (normal) to 23 (severe). UPDRS IV measures complications of therapy (NCT00577460)
Timeframe: OL baseline and week 80

InterventionUnit on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
PPX ER (Previous Placebo)0.0
PPX ER (Previous PPX ER)-0.0
PPX ER (Previous PPX IR)0.2

[back to top]

Body Weight of Female Patients, Baseline and Week 80, Vital Signs Treated Set

(NCT00577460)
Timeframe: OL Baseline and Week 80

,,
Interventionkg (Mean)
OL BaselineEnd of OL
PPX ER (Previous Placebo)61.963.6
PPX ER (Previous PPX ER)61.761.7
PPX ER (Previous PPX IR)63.863.6

[back to top]

Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Baseline and End of Open Label, Treated Set

ESS Total score ranges from zero (best) to 24 (worst); scale has 8 items, each rated from zero (no chance of dozing) to 3 (high chance of dozing) (NCT00577460)
Timeframe: OL Baseline and Week 80

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
OL BaselineChange from baseline at end of OL
PPX ER (Previous Placebo)7.20.5
PPX ER (Previous PPX ER)8.11.2
PPX ER (Previous PPX IR)8.11.2

[back to top]

Modified Minnesota Impulsive Disorder Interview (mMIDI), Frequency of Patients With at Least One Abnormal Behavior, Treated Set

The mMIDI is a semi-structured interview designed to assess impulsive control disorders. The scale was modified to focus behaviors of: pathological gambling, compulsive buying and compulsive sexual behavioral. (NCT00577460)
Timeframe: Baseline, 80 weeks

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Abnormal behavior - pathological gamblingAbnormal behavior - compulsive buyingAbnormal behavior - compulsive sexual behavior
PPX ER (Previous Placebo)022
PPX ER (Previous PPX ER)002
PPX ER (Previous PPX IR)020

[back to top]

Number of Participants With Changes in Pramipexole Doses After 80 Weeks Compared to Pramipexole Dose at OL Baseline

(NCT00577460)
Timeframe: OL baseline and week 80

,,,
InterventionPatients (Number)
ReducedUnchangedIncreased
PPX ER (Previous Placebo)564029
PPX ER (Previous PPX ER)334339
PPX ER (Previous PPX IR)265347
Total PPX ER115136115

[back to top]

Number of Participants With L-dopa Daily Dose Change: Change From OL Baseline at Week 80

(NCT00577460)
Timeframe: OL baseline and week 80

,,,
InterventionPatients (Number)
DecreaseIncreaseNo change
PPX ER (Previous Placebo)24893
PPX ER (Previous PPX ER)121884
PPX ER (Previous PPX IR)122793
Total PPX ER4853270

[back to top]

Percentage of Patients With Adverse Events, Adverse Drug Reactions, Serious Adverse Events

The aim of this study was to obtain long-term safety and tolerability data on pramipexole ER, in patients who have previously completed a pramipexole double blind study in advanced Parkinson's Disease (PD) (248.525 (NCT00466167)). Therefore these items were considered as a safety evaluation. (NCT00577460)
Timeframe: 80 weeks

,,
InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Percentage of Patients with Adverse EventsPercentage of Patients with Adverse Drug ReactionsPercentage of Patients with Serious Adverse Events
Placebo85.352.710.9
PPX ER83.748.88.9
PPX IR79.945.310.1

[back to top]

Standing Diastolic Blood Pressure, Baseline and Week 80, Vital Signs Treated Set

(NCT00577460)
Timeframe: OL Baseline and Week 80

,,
Interventionmm Hg (Mean)
OL BaselineEnd of OL
PPX ER (Previous Placebo)77.877.6
PPX ER (Previous PPX ER)77.378.1
PPX ER (Previous PPX IR)77.676.4

[back to top]

Standing Pulse Rate, Baseline and Week 80, Vital Signs Treated Set

(NCT00577460)
Timeframe: OL Baseline and Week 80

,,
Interventionbeats per minute (Mean)
OL BaselineEnd of OL
PPX ER (Previous Placebo)78.379.3
PPX ER (Previous PPX ER)78.077.7
PPX ER (Previous PPX IR)77.778.8

[back to top]

Standing Systolic Blood Pressure, Baseline and Week 80, Vital Signs Treated Set

(NCT00577460)
Timeframe: OL Baseline and Week 80

,,
Interventionmm Hg (Mean)
OL BaselineEnd of OL
PPX ER (Previous Placebo)120.2121.9
PPX ER (Previous PPX ER)121.1121.6
PPX ER (Previous PPX IR)120.9120.5

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Week 8 in Hopkins Verbal Learning Test

The examinee is required to recall a list of 12 words over 3 immediate learning trials, a delayed recall trial and a recognition trial. Measures learning and retention of verbal material. The total number of words recalled during the delayed recall trial was reported. Values indicate the change from baseline to week 8, with positive values reflecting higher scores at week 8 and negative values reflecting lower scores at week 8. (NCT00597896)
Timeframe: Change from Baseline to Week 8

,
Interventionwords (Mean)
BaselineWeek 8Change from Baseline to Week 8
Active Pramipexole8.008.09.09
Placebo Pramipexole8.138.42.29

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Week 8 in Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition (WAIS-III) Digit Span Subtest (Digits Forward)

The examinee is read a sequence of numbers and must recall the numbers in the same order. Measures auditory attention and verbal working memory. The standard scores were reported for this measure. Values indicate the change from baseline to week 8, with positive values reflecting higher scores at week 8 and negative values reflecting lower scores at week 8. (NCT00597896)
Timeframe: Change from Baseline to Week 8

,
Interventionnumber of correct numbers recalled (Mean)
BaselineWeek 8Change from Baseline to Week 8
Active Pramipexole8.438.48.05
Placebo Pramipexole8.548.13-.41

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Week 8 in Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT) Letter Fluency

The examinee is required to say as many words as they can think of in one minute that begin with a given letter of the alphabet. The task contains three trials. Measures phonetic verbal fluency. The raw score (total words recorded across the three trials) was reported. Values indicate the change from baseline to week 8, with positive values reflecting higher scores at week 8 and negative values reflecting lower scores at week 8. (NCT00597896)
Timeframe: Change from Baseline to Week 8

,
Interventionwords (Mean)
BaselineWeek 8Change from Baseline to Week 8
Active Pramipexole38.3339.621.29
Placebo Pramipexole33.6333.50-.13

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Week 8 in d2 Test of Attention

"The d2 Test of Attention consist of 14 lines, each comprised of 47 characters, for a total of 658 items. The examinee must scan each line and cross out all the d's with two dashes. The subject is allowed 20 seconds per line. Measures rapid processing of visual information and motor speed." (NCT00597896)
Timeframe: Change from Baseline to Week 8

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Active Pramipexole.90
Placebo Pramipexole1.54

[back to top]

Double-blind: Change From Baseline in Clinician-Administered Rating Scale for Mania (CARS-M)Total Score at Endpoint

"The CARS-M is a 15-item clinician-rated scale designed to assess severity of both manic and psychotic symptoms. There are 2 subscales: a mania scale and a scale for psychotic symptoms and disorganization. There are a total of 15 items on the CARS-M, each of which is rated on a 6-point Likert scale (0/Absent to 5/Extreme), with the exception of item 15 (Insight) which is rated on a 5-point Likert scale. These items yield two subscale scores-one for Mania (items 1-10) and one for Psychosis (items 11-15). Higher scores indicate worsening. The responses are summed to yield the CARS-M-15 score that ranges from 0-74." (NCT00597896)
Timeframe: Change from Baseline to Week 8

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Active Pramipexole.5
Placebo Pramipexole-.9

[back to top]

Double-blind: Change From Baseline in Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D-21) Total Score at Endpoint

The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale is a clinician-rated scale used to rate depression severity. The items are rated on either a 5-point (0 to 4) or a 3-point (0 to 2) scale. The 5-point scale uses a rating of 0 (absent), 1 (doubtful to mild), 2 (mild to moderate), 3 (moderate to severe), and 4 (very severe). Higher scores indicate worsening. The responses are summed to yield the HAM-D-21 score that ranges from 0-64. (NCT00597896)
Timeframe: Change from Baseline to Week 8

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Active Pramipexole-.9
Placebo Pramipexole-1.5

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Week 8 in Stroop Color-Word Test

The Stroop Color-Word Test consists of a word page with words printed in black ink, a color page with 'Xs' printed in color, and a color-word page where the color and the word do not match. The examinee reads the words or names the ink colors as quickly as possible within a time limit. Measures selective attention and inhibitory control. The raw scores (total number of words read) for each trial were reported for this measure. Values indicate the change from baseline to week 8, with positive values reflecting higher scores at week 8 and negative values reflecting lower scores at week 8. (NCT00597896)
Timeframe: Change from Baseline to Week 8

,
Interventionwords (Mean)
Word-BaselineWord-Week 8Word- Change from Baseline to Week 8Color- BaselineColor-Week 8Color- Change from Baseline to Week 8Color-Word- BaselineColor-Word-Week 8Color-Word-Change from Baseline to Week 8
Active Pramipexole99.95103.103.1468.1072.244.1441.5743.952.38
Placebo Pramipexole95.4294.33-1.0866.5466.29-.2539.2940.08.79

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Week 8 in Trail Making Test Part A

"The examinee is instructed to connect a set of 25 dots as quickly as possible while maintaining accuracy. Measures attentional resources and is a measure of the frontal lobe executive functions of visual search, set-switching and conceptual flexibility. The total time in seconds was reported for this measure. Values indicate the change from baseline to week 8, with positive values reflecting higher scores at week 8 and negative values reflecting lower scores at week 8." (NCT00597896)
Timeframe: Change from Baseline to Week 8

,
Interventionseconds (Mean)
BaselineWeek 8Change from Baseline to Week 8
Active Pramipexole32.8828.57-4.31
Placebo Pramipexole35.3732.79-2.58

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Week 8 in Trail Making Test Part B

"The examinee is instructed to connect a set of 25 dots, alternating between numbers and letters, as quickly as possible while maintaining accuracy. Measures attentional resources and is a measure of the frontal lobe executive functions of visual search, set-switching and conceptual flexibility. The total time in seconds was reported for this measure. Values indicate the change from baseline to week 8, with positive values reflecting higher scores at week 8 and negative values reflecting lower scores at week 8." (NCT00597896)
Timeframe: Change from Baseline to Week 8

,
Interventionseconds (Mean)
BaselineWeek 8Change from Baseline to Week 8
Active Pramipexole76.9075.55-1.35
Placebo Pramipexole106.1493.39-12.74

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Week 8 in Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition (WAIS-III) Digit Span Subtest (Digits Backward)

The examinee is read a sequence of numbers and must recall the numbers in reverse order. Measures auditory attention and verbal working memory. The standard scores were reported for this measure. Values indicate the change from baseline to week 8, with positive values reflecting higher scores at week 8 and negative values reflecting lower scores at week 8. (NCT00597896)
Timeframe: Change from Baseline to Week 8

,
Interventionnumber of correct numbers recalled (Mean)
BaselineWeek 8Change from Baseline to Week 8
Active Pramipexole6.486.86.38
Placebo Pramipexole6.466.67.21

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Week 8 in Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition (WAIS-III) Digit Symbol Coding Test

Using a key, the examinee copies symbols that are paired with numbers within a specified time limit. Measures visual scanning and graphomotor speed. The standard scores were reported for this measure. Values indicate the change from baseline to week 8, with positive values reflecting higher scores at week 8 and negative values reflecting lower scores at week 8. (NCT00597896)
Timeframe: Change from Baseline to Week 8

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
BaselineWeek 8Change from Baseline to Week 8
Active Pramipexole8.529.05.52
Placebo Pramipexole8.088.75.67

[back to top]

Patient Rating of Convenience of Treatment Dosing

Patients were surveyed on the convenience of Once Daily dosing versus Three Times Daily dosing (NCT00601523)
Timeframe: 80 weeks (patients from 248.524) or 72 weeks (patients from 248.636)

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Once Daily much more convenientOnce Daily more convenient3 Times Daily much more convenient3 Times Daily more convenientNo difference in preferenceMissing
Patients From 248.5241967926777
Patients From 248.636591901455

[back to top]

UPDRS I Total Score: Change From OL Baseline

UPDRS I ranging from 0 (normal) to 16 (severe), measures Mentation, Behavior and Mood (NCT00601523)
Timeframe: OL baseline and week 80 (patients from 248.524) or week 72 (patients from 248.636)

InterventionUnits of scale (Mean)
Patients From 248.5240.3
Patients From 248.6360.1

[back to top]

UPDRS II Total Score: Change From OL Baseline

UPDRS II ranging from 0 (normal) to 52 (severe), measures activity of daily living. (NCT00601523)
Timeframe: OL baseline and week 80 (patients from 248.524) or week 72 (patients from 248.636)

InterventionUnits of scale (Mean)
Patients From 248.5241.0
Patients From 248.6360.6

[back to top]

Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) II+III Total Score: Change From Baseline

UPDRS II+III ranging from 0 (normal) to 160 (severe). UPDRS part II measures activities of daily living, part III measures motor symptoms (NCT00601523)
Timeframe: Open Label (OL) baseline and week 80 (patients from 248.524) or week 72 (patients from 248.636)

InterventionUnits of scale (Mean)
Patients From 248.5242.2
Patients From 248.6361.5

[back to top]

Percentage of Patients With Adverse Events, Adverse Drug Reactions, Serious Adverse Events

The aim of this study was to obtain long-term safety and tolerability data on pramipexole ER, in patients who have previously completed a pramipexole double blind study in early PD (248.524 (NCT00479401) or 248.636 (NCT00558025)). Therefore these items were considered as a safety evaluation (NCT00601523)
Timeframe: 80 weeks (patients from 248.524) or 72 weeks (patients from 248.636)

,
InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Percentage of Patients with Adverse EventsPercentage of Patients with Adverse Drug ReactionsPercentage of Patients with Serious Adverse Events
Patients From 248.52484.545.714.4
Patients From 248.63676.223.114.7

[back to top]

Number of Patients Introducing L-Dopa Medication in OL Trial

Number of patients requiring Levodopa supplementation during the study (NCT00601523)
Timeframe: 80 weeks (patients from 248.524) or 72 weeks (patients from 248.636)

,
InterventionPatients (Number)
NoYes
Patients From 248.52432047
Patients From 248.63611721

[back to top]

Parkinson Fatigue Scale (PFS-16) : Change From OL Baseline

PFS-16 ranging from 16 (better perceived health status) to 80 (severe symptoms of the disease) measuring aspects of fatigue that are relevant to patients with PD. (NCT00601523)
Timeframe: OL baseline and week 80 (patients from 248.524) or week 72 (patients from 248.636)

InterventionUnits of scale (Mean)
Patients From 248.5242.0
Patients From 248.6362.2

[back to top]

UPDRS III Total Score: Change From OL Baseline

UPDRS III ranging from 0 (normal) to 108 (severe) measures motor symptoms (NCT00601523)
Timeframe: OL baseline and week 80 (patients from 248.524) or week 72 (patients from 248.636)

InterventionUnits of scale (Mean)
Patients From 248.5241.1
Patients From 248.6360.9

[back to top]

L-Dopa Dose: Change From OL Baseline

Change from open-label baseline in Levodopa dose (NCT00601523)
Timeframe: OL baseline and week 80 (patients from 248.524) or week 72 (patients from 248.636)

,
InterventionPatients (Number)
DecreaseIncreaseNo change
Patients From 248.5244919
Patients From 248.63602341

[back to top]

Pramipexole Doses Respectively After 80 Weeks Compared to Pramipexole Doses at Week 8 for Previously 248.524 Patients and After 72 Weeks Compared to Pramipexole Doses at Week 0 for Previously 248.636 Patients

Change from open-label baseline in Levodopa dose over the final 72 weeks of open-label assessment (NCT00601523)
Timeframe: Week 8 and week 80 (patients from 248.524) or week 0 and week 72 (patients from 248.636)

,
InterventionPatients (Number)
DecreaseIncreaseNo change
Patients From 248.52410182156
Patients From 248.63694473

[back to top]

Response in Patient Global Impression of Improvement (PGI-I)

"Patient rated evaluation of the PD symptoms on a rating scale of 7 steps, 1 meaning very much better to 7 meaning very much worse. For patients previously treated with Placebo, all patients with at least much better were considered as responders. For patients previously treated with pramipexole (PPX) ER or IR, all patients with no change to very much better were considered as responders" (NCT00601523)
Timeframe: OL Baseline and week 32 (patients from 248.524) or week 24 (patients from 248.636)

InterventionPatients (Number)
Patients From 248.524265
Patients From 248.636111

[back to top]

Response in Clinical Global Impression of Improvement (CGI-I)

"Clinicians evaluation in a rating scale of 7 steps, 1 meaning very much improved to 7 meaning very much worse. For patients previously treated with Placebo, all patients with at least much improved were considered as responders. For patients previously treated with Pramipexole ER or Immediate Release (IR), all patients with no change to very much improved were considered as responders" (NCT00601523)
Timeframe: OL Baseline and week 32 (patients from 248.524) or week 24 (patients from 248.636)

InterventionPatients (Number)
Patients From 248.524284
Patients From 248.636108

[back to top]

Patient Preference Regarding Treatment Dosing

Patients were surveyed on their preference for Once Daily dosing versus Three Times Daily dosing (NCT00601523)
Timeframe: 80 weeks (patients from 248.524) or 72 weeks (patients from 248.636)

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Prefer Once Daily dosingPrefer 3 Times Daily dosingNo PreferenceMissing
Patients From 248.5242759776
Patients From 248.636781455

[back to top]

Number of Patients With UPDRS II+III Response From OL Baseline at Week 80 (Patients From 248.524) or Week 72 (Patients From 248.636)

A response means an improvement of >=20% from OL baseline. UPDRS II+III ranging from 0 (normal) to 160 (severe). UPDRS part II measures activities of daily living, part III measures motor symptoms (NCT00601523)
Timeframe: OL Baseline and week 80 (patients from 248.524) or week 72 (patients from 248.636)

InterventionPatients (Number)
Patients From 248.52473
Patients From 248.63627

[back to top]

Part 2 Placebo Washout: Number of Participants With Potentially Clinically Significant Vital Sign Measurements

Number of Participants with Potentially Clinically Significant Vital Sign Measurements by Treatment Group. Percentages are based on the number of patients with at least one non-missing post-baseline value in each treatment group. (NCT00647296)
Timeframe: 4 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Systolic Blood Pressure Increase of > 20 mmHg from baseline and >= 180mmHgSystolic Blood Pressure Decrease of < -20 mmHg from baseline and <= 90 mmHgDiastolic Blood Pressure Increase of > 15 mmHg from baseline and >= 105 mmHgDiastolic Blood Pressure Decrease of < -15 mmHg from baseline and <= 50 mmHgPulse Increase of > 15 bpm from baseline and >= 120Pulse Decrease of < -15 bpm from baseline and <= 50Body Weight Increase of > 7% lbs from baselineBody Weight Decrease of < -7% lbs from baseline
Placebo00201100

[back to top]

Part 2 Double-Blind Treatment: Slope of the ALSFRS-R (ALS Functional Rating Scale With Respiratory Component) From Baseline to Week 28 by Treatment Group

The ALSFRS-R (ALS functional rating scale with respiratory component) is a validated scale which measures 4 functional domains, comprising respiratory function, bulbar function, gross motor skills, and fine motor skills. There are a total of 12 questions, each scored from 0 to 4 for a total possible score of 48, with higher scores representing better function. Slope is calculated using a linear mixed effects model with x-axis time in months and y-axis ALSFRS-R score. Units for slope are change per month n units on the ALSFRS-R scale. (NCT00647296)
Timeframe: 28 weeks

Interventionslope (Least Squares Mean)
Dexpramipexole (50 mg/Day)-1.284
Dexpramipexole (300 mg/Day)-1.021

[back to top]

Part 2 Placebo Washout: Number of Participants With Potentially Clinically Significant Hematology

Number of Participants with Potentially Clinically Significant Hematology Results by Treatment Group. Percentages based on number of patients with at least one non-missing post-baseline value in each treatment group. Patients are only counted once per criterion per laboratory test. (NCT00647296)
Timeframe: 4 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
White Blood Cell Count (x10^3/uL) < 2000/uLNeutrophils (x10^3/uL) < 1000/uLEosinophils (x10^3/uL) > 5000/uLHemoglobin (g/dL) < 8 g/dLPlatelets (x10^3/uL) < 50,000/uL
Placebo00000

[back to top]

Part 2 Placebo Washout: Number of Participants With Potentially Clinically Significant Blood Chemistry Results

Number of Participants with Potentially Clinically Significant Blood Chemistry Results by Treatment Group. Percentages based on number of patients with at least one non-missing post-baseline value in each treatment group. Patients are only counted once per criterion per laboratory test. (NCT00647296)
Timeframe: 4 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Creatine Kinase (U/L) >= 10xULNTotal Bilirubin (mg/dL) > 1.5xULNALT (SGPT) (U/L) > 3xULNAST (SGOT) (U/L) > 3xULNAlkaline Phosphatase (U/L) > 1.5xULNBUN (mg/dL) > 5xULNCreatinine (mg/dL) > 3xULNSodium (mEq/L) low < 123 mEq/LSodium (mEq/L) high > 157 mEq/LPotassium (mEq/L) Low < 2.5 mEq/LPotassium (mEq/L) High > 6.5 mEq/LGlucose (mg/dL) Low < 40 mg/dLGlucose (mg/dL) High > 250 mg/dLCalcium (mg/dL) Low < 7 mg/dLCalcium (mg/dL) High > 12.5 mg/dL
Placebo000000000000000

[back to top]

Part 2 Double-Blind Treatment: Slope of Percent Predicted Upright Vital Capacity From Baseline by Treatment Group

Slope of Upright Vital Capacity (percent predicted) through Week 28. A negative change indicates clinical worsening. Slope is calculated using a linear mixed effects model with x-axis time in months and y-axis percent predicted upright vital capacity. Units for slope are change per month in percent predicted upright vital capacity. (NCT00647296)
Timeframe: Baseline of randomized phase of Part 2 to week 28 of randomized phase of Part 2

Interventionslope (Least Squares Mean)
Dexpramipexole (50 mg/Day)-2.452
Dexpramipexole (300 mg/Day)-3.067

[back to top]

Part 2 Double-Blind Treatment: Number of Participants With Treatment Emergent Potentially Clinically Significant Electrocardiogram (ECG) Findings by Treatment Group

Number of Participants with Treatment Emergent Potentially Clinically Significant Electrocardiogram (ECG) Findings by Treatment Group. Percentages based on number of patients with at least one non-missing post-baseline value in each treatment group. Patients are only counted once per criterion per parameter. (NCT00647296)
Timeframe: up to 76 weeks

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Rhythm Sinus Tachycardia > 120 bpmRhythm Sinus Bradycardia < 40 bpmRhythm Sinus Block/Sinus ArrestRhythm Junctional RhythmRhythm Atrial FlutterRhythm Atrial FibrillationRhythm SupraventricularRhythm Tachycardia > 100 bpmRhythm Torsades de PointesRhythm Other Ventricular RhythmConduction 1st Degree A-V BlockConduction 2nd Degree A-V BlockConduction 3rd Degree A-V BlockConduction Left Bundle Branch BlockConduction Right Bundle Branch BlockConduction Pre-excitation (PR < 120 msec)Conduction Prolonged QTcBConduction Prolonged QTcFMyocardial Ischemia/Infarction Myocardial IschemiaMyocardial Ischemia/Infarction Possible Myocardial IschemiaMyocardial Ischemia/Infarction Old Myocardial InfarctionMyocardial Ischemia/Infarction Acute or Subacute Myocardial InfarctionMyocardial Ischemia/Infarction Possible Myocardial InfarctionU Wave Abnormal U wave present
300 mg/Day000101000020002031002020
50 mg/Day200000000020001061013040

[back to top]

Part 2 Double-Blind Treatment: Number of Participants With Potentially Clinically Significant Vital Sign Measurements by Treatment Group

Number of Participants with Potentially Clinically Significant Vital Sign Measurements by Treatment Group. Percentages based on number of patients with at least one non-missing post-baseline value in each treatment group. Patients are only counted once per criterion per parameter. (NCT00647296)
Timeframe: up to 76 weeks

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Systolic Blood Pressure Increase of > 20 mmHg from baseline and >= 180mmHgSystolic Blood Pressure Decrease of < -20 mmHg from baseline and <= 90 mmHgDiastolic Blood Pressure Increase of > 15 mmHg from baseline and >= 105 mmHgDiastolic Blood Pressure Decrease of < -15 mmHg from baseline and <= 50 mmHgPulse Increase of > 15 bpm from baseline and >= 120Pulse Decrease of < -15 bpm from baseline and <= 50Body Weight Increase of > 7% lbs from baselineBody Weight Decrease of < -7% lbs from baseline
300 mg/Day011120116
50 mg/Day002310114

[back to top]

Part 2 Double-Blind Treatment: Number of Participants With Potentially Clinically Significant Hematology Results by Treatment Group

Number of Participants with Potentially Clinically Significant Hematology Results by Treatment Group. Percentages based on number of patients with at least one non-missing post-baseline value in each treatment group. Patients are only counted once per criterion per parameter. (NCT00647296)
Timeframe: up to 76 weeks

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
White Blood Cell Count (x10^3/uL) < 2000/uLNeutrophils (x10^3/uL) < 1000/uLEosinophils (x10^3/uL) > 5000/uLHemoglobin (g/dL) < 8 g/dLPlatelets (x10^3/uL) < 50,000/uL
300 mg/Day00010
50 mg/Day00000

[back to top]

Part 1: Number of Participants With Treatment Emergent Potentially Clinically Significant Electrocardiogram (ECG) Findings by Treatment Group

Number of Participants with Treatment Emergent Potentially Clinically Significant Electrocardiogram (ECG) Findings by Treatment Group. Percentages are based on the number of patients with at least one non-missing post-baseline value in each treatment group. (NCT00647296)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

,,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Rhythm Sinus Tachycardia > 120 bpmRhythm Sinus Bradycardia < 40 bpmRhythm Sinus Block/Sinus ArrestRhythm Junctional RhythmRhythm Atrial FlutterRhythm Atrial FibrillationRhythm SupraventricularRhythm Tachycardia > 100 bpmRhythm Torsades de PointesRhythm Other Ventricular RhythmConduction 1st Degree A-V BlockConduction 2nd Degree A-V BlockConduction 3rd Degree A-V BlockConduction Left Bundle Branch BlockConduction Right Bundle Branch BlockConduction Pre-excitation (PR < 120 msec)Conduction Prolonged QTcBConduction Prolonged QTcFMyocardial Ischemia/Infarction Myocardial IschemiaMyocardial Ischemia/Infarction Possible Myocardial IschemiaMyocardial Ischemia/Infarction Old Myocardial InfarctionMyocardial Ischemia/Infarction Acute or Subacute Myocardial InfarctionMyocardial Ischemia/Infarction Possible Myocardial InfarctionU Wave Abnormal U wave present
150 mg/Day000000000000001010000030
300 mg/Day000001000000000031010000
50 mg/Day000000000010000030101020
Placebo000000000000000030001030

[back to top]

Part 1: Number of Participants With Potentially Clinically Significant Hematology Results by Treatment Group

Number of Participants with Potentially Clinically Significant Hematology Results by Treatment Group. Percentages based on number of patients with at least one non-missing post-baseline value in each treatment group. Patients are only counted once per criterion per laboratory test. (NCT00647296)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

,,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
White Blood Cell Count (x10^3/uL) < 2000/uLNeutrophils (x10^3/uL) < 1000/uLEosinophils (x10^3/uL) > 5000/uLHemoglobin (g/dL) < 8 g/dLPlatelets (x10^3/uL) < 50,000/uL
150 mg/Day00000
300 mg/Day00000
50 mg/Day00000
Placebo00000

[back to top]

Part 1: Number of Participants With Potentially Clinically Significant Blood Chemistry Results by Treatment Group

Number of Participants with Potentially Clinically Significant Blood Chemistry Results by Treatment Group. Percentages based on number of patients with at least one non-missing post-baseline value in each treatment group. Patients are only counted once per criterion per laboratory test. (NCT00647296)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

,,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Creatine Kinase (U/L) >= 10xULNTotal Bilirubin (mg/dL) > 1.5xULNALT (SGPT) (U/L) > 3xULNAST (SGOT) (U/L) > 3xULNAlkaline Phosphatase (U/L) > 1.5xULNBUN (mg/dL) > 5xULNCreatinine (mg/dL) > 3xULNSodium (mEq/L) low < 123 mEq/LSodium (mEq/L) high > 157 mEq/LPotassium (mEq/L) Low < 2.5 mEq/LPotassium (mEq/L) High > 6.5 mEq/LGlucose (mg/dL) Low < 40 mg/dLGlucose (mg/dL) High > 250 mg/dLCalcium (mg/dL) Low < 7 mg/dLCalcium (mg/dL) High > 12.5 mg/dL
150 mg/Day000000000000000
300 mg/Day102110000000000
50 mg/Day000000000000000
Placebo000000000000100

[back to top]

Part 2 Placebo Washout: Absolute Change in Upright Vital Capacity (Percent Predicted) From Baseline to End of Placebo Washout (Week 4)

Absolute change in Upright Vital Capacity From Baseline to Week 4. Units are percent of predicted Upright Vital Capacity. A negative change indicates clinical worsening. (NCT00647296)
Timeframe: 4 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo-3.1

[back to top]

Part 1: Number of Participants With Potentially Clinically Significant Vital Sign Measurements by Treatment Group

Number of Participants with Potentially Clinically Significant Vital Sign Measurements by Treatment Group. Percentages are based on the number of patients with at least one non-missing post-baseline value in each treatment group. (NCT00647296)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

,,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Systolic Blood Pressure Increase of > 20 mmHg from baseline and >= 180mmHgSystolic Blood Pressure Decrease of < -20 mmHg from baseline and <= 90 mmHgDiastolic Blood Pressure Increase of > 15 mmHg from baseline and >= 105 mmHgDiastolic Blood Pressure Decrease of < -15 mmHg from baseline and <= 50 mmHgPulse Increase of > 15 bpm from baseline and >= 120Pulse Decrease of < -15 bpm from baseline and <= 50Body Weight Increase of > 7% lbs from baselineBody Weight Decrease of < -7% lbs from baseline
150 mg/Day00000000
300 mg/Day00000101
50 mg/Day20111002
Placebo02010003

[back to top]

Part 2 Placebo Washout: Absolute Change in ALSFRS-R Total Score

"The ALSFRS-R (ALS functional rating scale with respiratory component) is a validated scale which measures 4 functional domains, comprising respiratory function, bulbar function, gross motor skills, and fine motor skills. There are a total of 12 questions, each scored from 0 to 4 for a total possible score of 48, with higher scores representing better function.~Units are points on the ALSFRS-R score as an absolute change from the baseline of the placebo washout to week 4 of the placebo washout." (NCT00647296)
Timeframe: 4 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo-1.2

[back to top]

Part 2 Double-Blind Treatment: Number of Participants With Potentially Clinically Significant Blood Chemistry Results by Treatment Group

Number of Participants with Potentially Clinically Significant Blood Chemistry Results by Treatment Group. Percentages based on number of patients with at least one non-missing post-baseline value in each treatment group. Patients are only counted once per criterion per parameter. (NCT00647296)
Timeframe: up to 76 weeks

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Creatine Kinase (U/L) >= 10xULNTotal Bilirubin (mg/dL) > 1.5xULNALT (SGPT) (U/L) > 3xULNAST (SGOT) (U/L) > 3xULNAlkaline Phosphatase (U/L) > 1.5xULNBUN (mg/dL) > 5xULNCreatinine (mg/dL) > 3xULNSodium (mEq/L) low < 123 mEq/LSodium (mEq/L) high > 157 mEq/LPotassium (mEq/L) Low < 2.5 mEq/LPotassium (mEq/L) High > 6.5 mEq/LGlucose (mg/dL) Low < 40 mg/dLGlucose (mg/dL) High > 250 mg/dLCalcium (mg/dL) Low < 7 mg/dLCalcium (mg/dL) High > 12.5 mg/dL
300 mg/Day002010000100110
50 mg/Day001110001000100

[back to top]

Part 2 Placebo Washout: Number of Participants With Treatment Emergent Potentially Clinically Significant Electrocardiogram (ECG) Findings

Number of Participants with Treatment Emergent Potentially Clinically Significant Electrocardiogram (ECG) Findings by Treatment Group. Percentages are based on the number of patients with at least one non-missing post-baseline value in each treatment group. (NCT00647296)
Timeframe: 4 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Rhythm Sinus Tachycardia > 120 bpmRhythm Sinus Bradycardia < 40 bpmRhythm Sinus Block/Sinus ArrestRhythm Junctional RhythmRhythm Atrial FlutterRhythm Atrial FibrillationRhythm SupraventricularRhythm Tachycardia > 100 bpmRhythm Torsades de PointesRhythm Other Ventricular RhythmConduction 1st Degree A-V BlockConduction 2nd Degree A-V BlockConduction 3rd Degree A-V BlockConduction Left Bundle Branch BlockConduction Right Bundle Branch BlockConduction Pre-excitation (PR < 120 msec)Conduction Prolonged QTcBConduction Prolonged QTcFMyocardial Ischemia/Infarction Myocardial IschemiaMyocardial Ischemia/Infarction Possible Myocardial IschemiaMyocardial Ischemia/Infarction Old Myocardial InfarctionMyocardial Ischemia/Infarction Acute or Subacute Myocardial InfarctionMyocardial Ischemia/Infarction Possible Myocardial InfarctionU Wave Abnormal U wave present
Placebo000000000020002043024040

[back to top]

Part 1: Slope of Upright Vital Capacity From Baseline to Week 12 by Treatment Group

Slope of change in Upright Vital Capacity (percent predicted upright vital capacity) from Baseline to Week 12. A negative change/slope indicates clinical worsening. Slope is calculated using a linear mixed effects model with x-axis time in months and y-axis as percent predicted upright vital capacity. Units for slope are change per month in percent predicted upright vital capacity. (NCT00647296)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionslope (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-4.398
Dexpramipexole (50 mg/Day)-4.003
Dexpramipexole (150 mg/Day)-2.389
Dexpramipexole (300 mg/Day)-3.947

[back to top]

Part 1: Slope of ALSFRS-R (ALS Functional Rating Scale With Respiratory Component) From Baseline to Week 12 by Treatment Group

The ALSFRS-R (ALS functional rating scale with respiratory component) is a validated scale which measures 4 functional domains, comprising respiratory function, bulbar function, gross motor skills, and fine motor skills. There are a total of 12 questions, each scored from 0 to 4 for a total possible score of 48, with higher scores representing better function. Slope is calculated using a linear mixed effects model with x-axis time in months and y-axis ALSFRS-R score. Units for slope are change per month in units on the ALSFRS-R scale. (NCT00647296)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionslope (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-1.278
Dexpramipexole (50 mg/Day)-1.885
Dexpramipexole (150 mg/Day)-1.165
Dexpramipexole (300 mg/Day)-0.878

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale - HADS-D Depression Subscore

"Depression Scale - 7 items scored for each individual question from 0 = best and 3 = worst.~HADS is a self-assessment scale for the symptom severity of anxiety disorders and depression.~It comprises of 14 items, thereof seven statements describe anxiety and seven statements depression. Each answer is rated on a four-point scale (0-3). All seven answers are summarized and calculated to a total score to the anxiety scale and to the depression scale with a maximum score of 21 points for each scale." (NCT00651183)
Timeframe: Baseline and Final (visit 3) - Change from baseline (i.e. decrease of score)

InterventionPoints on a scale (Median)
Early PD3
Advanced PD4

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) Part I (Mentation, Behaviour and Mood)

"Rating scale scored from 0 (none) - 4 (severe). The UPDRS Part I (Mentation, Behaviour and Mood during the Past Week) consist of 4 items, each of them is scored from 0 (normal) to 4 (severe). Reduction in this score over time is interpreted as improvement.~Total UPDRS part I score ranges from 0 = best score to 16 = worst score" (NCT00651183)
Timeframe: Baseline and Final (visit 3) - Change from baseline (i.e. decrease of score)

InterventionPoints on a scale (Median)
Early PD2
Advanced PD2

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in UPDRS Part III (Motor Examination)

14 components rating scale with 27 items scored by 0 (none) - 4 (severe) (NCT00651183)
Timeframe: Baseline and Final (visit 3) - Change from baseline (i.e. decrease of score)

InterventionPoints on a scale (Median)
Early PD9
Advanced PD10

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale - HADS-A Anxiety Subscore

"Anxiety Scale - 7 items scored for each individual question from 0 = best and 3 = worst.~HADS is a self-assessment scale for the symptom severity of anxiety disorders and depression.~It comprises of 14 items, thereof seven statements describe anxiety and seven statements depression. Each answer is rated on a four-point scale (0-3). All seven answers are summarized and calculated to a total score to the anxiety scale and to the depression scale with a maximum score of 21 points for each scale." (NCT00651183)
Timeframe: Baseline and Final (visit 3) - Change from baseline (i.e. decrease of score)

InterventionPoints on a scale (Median)
Early PD2
Advanced PD4

[back to top]

The Mean Change From Baseline in the Severity of RLS During the Rest at Day of RLS-6 Rating Scales.

"RLS-6 rating scales comprises 6 questions. The severity of RLS during the test at day is one of the 6 questions. The patient should give a rate between 0 (none/Not at all) to 10 (very severe) for the severity of RLS during the rest at day." (NCT00654498)
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 weeks of treatment

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole-2.9
Placebo-2.36

[back to top]

The Proportion of Patient Global Impression(PGI) Responders

"PGI was a one-question scale with 7 degrees to assess patient's overall condition, ranging from very much better to very much worse. The responder are defined as patients with their assessment of much better or very much better." (NCT00654498)
Timeframe: 6 weeks of treatment

InterventionProportion of participants (Number)
Pramipexole0.686
Placebo0.435

[back to top]

The Proportion of Patients With Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) Categorised >10

The ESS is a self-administered instrument to assess the patients likelihood of falling asleep in various activities of daily living; the maximum score is 24 indicating a very high level of daytime sleepiness and a high likelihood of falling asleep. (NCT00654498)
Timeframe: week 6 of treatment

InterventionProportion of Patients (Number)
Pramipexole0.108
Placebo0.054

[back to top]

"The Proportion of Patients With Clinical Global Impressions -Improvement Scale (CGI-I) Assessment of Much Improved and Very Much Improved"

CGI-I: 7-point clinician rated scale ranging from 1 (very much improved) to 7 (very much worse). Improvement is defined as a score of 1 (very much improved)and 2 (much improved. (NCT00654498)
Timeframe: 6 weeks of treatment

InterventionProportion of Patients (Number)
Pramipexole0.819
Placebo0.543

[back to top]

The Mean Change From Baseline in the Severity of RLS at Time of Falling Sleep of RLS-6 Rating Scales.

RLS-6 rating scales comprises 6 questions. The severity of RLS at time of falling sleep is one of the 6 questions. The patient should give a rate between 0 (none/Not at all) to 10 (very severe) for the severity of RLS at time of falling sleep (NCT00654498)
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 weeks of treatment

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole-4.9
Placebo-3.53

[back to top]

The Change From Baseline in Visual Analogue Scales (VAS)

"VAS is for assessment of RLS-associated pain. The patient was asked How severe was your RLS associated pain in legs or arms during the past week?. No pain:0; very worst pain:10" (NCT00654498)
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 weeks of treatment

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole2.6
Placebo3.9

[back to top]

The Change From Baseline to Week 6 in the Total Score of Restless Legs Syndrome Rating Scale for Severity of the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group (IRLS).

The IRLS was a 10-item self patient's rating scale for assessing severity of restless legs syndrome symptoms with each item ranging from 0 (no symptoms) to 4 (very severe symptoms). The total IRLS score ranges from 0 (no symptoms) to 40 (worst possible symptoms). (NCT00654498)
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 weeks of treatment

InterventionScore on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Pramipexole-15.87
Placebo-11.35

[back to top]

The Mean Change From Baseline in the Intensity of Tiredness and Sleepiness at Day of RLS-6 Rating Scale

"RLS-6 rating scales comprises 6 questions. The intensity of tiredness and sleepiness at day is one of the 6 questions. The patient should give a rate between 0 (none/Not at all) to 10 (very severe) for the intensity of tiredness and sleepiness at day." (NCT00654498)
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 weeks of treatment

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole-2.96
Placebo-2.25

[back to top]

The Proportion of IRLS Responders

responders is defined as the total score in IRLS changed ≥ 50%from baseline calculated in the full analysis set population. (NCT00654498)
Timeframe: 6 weeks of treatment

InterventionProportion of Patients (Number)
Pramipexole0.738
Placebo0.489

[back to top]

The Mean Change From Baseline in the Severity of RLS During the Activities at Day of RLS-6 Rating Scale

"RLS-6 rating scales comprises 6 questions. The severity of RLS during the activities at day is one of the 6 questions. The patient should give a rate between 0 (none/Not at all) to 10 (very severe) for the severity of RLS during the activity at day." (NCT00654498)
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 weeks of treatment

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole-0.93
Placebo-0.61

[back to top]

The Mean Change From Baseline in the Severity of RLS During the Night of RLS-6 Rating Scales.

"RLS-6 rating scales comprises 6 questions. The severity of RLS during the night is one of the 6 questions. The patient should give a rate between 0 (none/Not at all) to 10 (very severe) for the severity of RLS during the night." (NCT00654498)
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 weeks of treatment

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole-4.68
Placebo-3.32

[back to top]

the Mean Change From Baseline to Week 6 in Satisfaction of Sleep at Night of RLS-6 Rating Scales

RLS-6 rating scales comprises 6 questions Satisfaction of sleep is one of the 6 questions. The patient should give a rate between 0 (none/Not at all) to 10 (very severe) for the satisfaction of sleep. (NCT00654498)
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 weeks of treatment

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole-4.52
Placebo-3.04

[back to top]

Mean Change From Baseline in Total Score of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale

Total Score is a rating of the overall impairment due to motor and phonic tics. The scale ranges from 0 (None) to 50 (Severe). (NCT00681863)
Timeframe: baseline and Week 24 (end of treatment visit)

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole-22.0

[back to top]

Mean Change From Baseline in Total Score of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale

Total Score is a rating of the overall impairment due to motor and phonic tics. The scale ranges from 0 (None) to 50 (Severe). (NCT00681863)
Timeframe: baseline and Week 24

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole-22.0

[back to top]

Mean Change From Baseline in Total Score of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale

Total Score is a rating of the overall impairment due to motor and phonic tics. The scale ranges from 0 (None) to 50 (Severe). (NCT00681863)
Timeframe: baseline and Week 3

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole-18.4

[back to top]

Mean Change From Baseline in Total Score of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale

Total Score is a rating of the overall impairment due to motor and phonic tics. The scale ranges from 0 (None) to 50 (Severe). (NCT00681863)
Timeframe: baseline and Week 4

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole-20.9

[back to top]

Mean Change From Baseline in Total Score of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale

Total Score is a rating of the overall impairment due to motor and phonic tics. The scale ranges from 0 (None) to 50 (Severe). (NCT00681863)
Timeframe: baseline and Week 8

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole-22.4

[back to top]

Mean Change From Baseline in Total Tic Score (TTS) of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale

Total Tic Score is the sum of ten individual ratings of the impairment due to tics. Each scale ranges from 0 (None/Absent) to 5 (Severe) and total score ranges from 0 to 50. (NCT00681863)
Timeframe: baseline and Week 1

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole-7.2

[back to top]

Mean Change From Baseline in Total Tic Score (TTS) of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale

Total Tic Score is the sum of ten individual ratings of the impairment due to tics. Each scale ranges from 0 (None/Absent) to 5 (Severe) and total score ranges from 0 to 50. (NCT00681863)
Timeframe: baseline and Week 12

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole-12.3

[back to top]

Mean Change From Baseline in Total Tic Score (TTS) of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale

Total Tic Score is the sum of ten individual ratings of the impairment due to tics. Each scale ranges from 0 (None/Absent) to 5 (Severe) and total score ranges from 0 to 50. (NCT00681863)
Timeframe: baseline and Week 16

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole-12.4

[back to top]

Mean Change From Baseline in Total Tic Score (TTS) of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale

Total Tic Score is the sum of ten individual ratings of the impairment due to tics. Each scale ranges from 0 (None/Absent) to 5 (Severe) and total score ranges from 0 to 50. (NCT00681863)
Timeframe: baseline and Week 2

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole-8.3

[back to top]

Mean Change From Baseline in Total Tic Score (TTS) of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale

Total Tic Score is the sum of ten individual ratings of the impairment due to tics. Each scale ranges from 0 (None/Absent) to 5 (Severe) and total score ranges from 0 to 50. (NCT00681863)
Timeframe: baseline and Week 20

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole-11.7

[back to top]

Mean Change From Baseline in Total Tic Score (TTS) of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale

Total Tic Score is the sum of ten individual ratings of the impairment due to tics. Each scale ranges from 0 (None/Absent) to 5 (Severe) and total score ranges from 0 to 50. (NCT00681863)
Timeframe: baseline and week 24

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole-9.8
Pramipexole-9.3

[back to top]

Mean Change From Baseline in Total Tic Score (TTS) of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale

Total Tic Score is the sum of ten individual ratings of the impairment due to tics. Each scale ranges from 0 (None/Absent) to 5 (Severe) and total score ranges from 0 to 50. (NCT00681863)
Timeframe: baseline and Week 3

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole-8.6

[back to top]

Mean Change From Baseline in Total Tic Score (TTS) of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale

Total Tic Score is the sum of ten individual ratings of the impairment due to tics. Each scale ranges from 0 (None/Absent) to 5 (Severe) and total score ranges from 0 to 50. (NCT00681863)
Timeframe: baseline and week 4

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole-9.3

[back to top]

Mean Change From Baseline in Total Tic Score (TTS) of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale

Total Tic Score is the sum of ten individual ratings of the impairment due to tics. Each scale ranges from 0 (None/Absent) to 5 (Severe) and total score ranges from 0 to 50. (NCT00681863)
Timeframe: baseline and Week 8

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole-10.7

[back to top]

Patients With Adverse Events Leading to Discontinuation of Trial Drug

Number of patients with Adverse Events leading to discontinuation of trial drug (NCT00681863)
Timeframe: 24 Weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Pramipexole1

[back to top]

Clinical Global Impressions - Improvement

Assessment of the overall improvement during the last week compared to the patient's condition at baseline on a scale ranging from 1 (very much improved) to 7 (very much worse). (NCT00681863)
Timeframe: week 24

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Responder (Much improved or Very much improved)Not Responder
Pramipexole2223

[back to top]

Clinical Global Impressions - Severity of Illness, Categorized

"Assessment of the overall severity of illness on a scale ranging from 1 (not at all ill) to 7 (among the most extremely ill patients).~Overall improvement during the last week compared to baseline ranging from 1 (very much improved), 2 (much improved), to 7 (very much worse). Responder has 'very much' or 'much' improvement. Non responder has less improvement than 'much' improvement." (NCT00681863)
Timeframe: week 24

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Improved (change score <= -2)Unchanged (change score of -1, 0, or +1)Worsened (change score >= +2)
Pramipexole11310

[back to top]

Patient Global Impression - Improvement

Assessment of the change of the patient's overall condition during the last week compared to the patient's condition at baseline on a scale ranging from 1 (very much better) to 7 (very much worse). A responder is defined as having a response of very much (1) or much better (2). (NCT00681863)
Timeframe: week 24

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Responder (Much better or Very much better)Not Responder
Pramipexole1728

[back to top]

Frequency of Patients With Possible Clinically Significant Abnormalities for Laboratory Parameters

Frequency of patients with possible clinically significant abnormalities for laboratory parameters (blood hematology and electrolyte assessments, serum chemistry, including follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and estradiol for pubertal female patients, prolactin in all patients, testosterone in pubertal male patients, urine analysis) (NCT00681863)
Timeframe: Baseline and 24 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Haemoglobin - decreaseEosinophils - increasePhosphate - increaseAlkaline phosphatase - increase
Pramipexole2321

[back to top]

Clinical Global Impressions - Severity of Illness

Overall improvement during the last week compared to baseline ranging from 1 (very much improved), 2 (much improved), to 7 (very much worse). Responder has 'very much' or 'much' improvement. Non responder has less improvement than 'much' improvement. (NCT00681863)
Timeframe: week 24

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole-1.1

[back to top]

Mean Change From Baseline in Total Score of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale

Total Score is a rating of the overall impairment due to motor and phonic tics. The scale ranges from 0 (None) to 50 (Severe). (NCT00681863)
Timeframe: baseline and Week 1

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole-14.5

[back to top]

Mean Change From Baseline in Total Score of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale

Total Score is a rating of the overall impairment due to motor and phonic tics. The scale ranges from 0 (None) to 50 (Severe). (NCT00681863)
Timeframe: baseline and Week 12

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole-27.7

[back to top]

Mean Change From Baseline in Total Score of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale

Total Score is a rating of the overall impairment due to motor and phonic tics. The scale ranges from 0 (None) to 50 (Severe). (NCT00681863)
Timeframe: baseline and Week 16

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole-28.3

[back to top]

Mean Change From Baseline in Total Score of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale

Total Score is a rating of the overall impairment due to motor and phonic tics. The scale ranges from 0 (None) to 50 (Severe). (NCT00681863)
Timeframe: baseline and Week 2

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole-17.4

[back to top]

Mean Change From Baseline in Total Score of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale

Total Score is a rating of the overall impairment due to motor and phonic tics. The scale ranges from 0 (None) to 50 (Severe). (NCT00681863)
Timeframe: baseline and Week 20

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole-26.7

[back to top]

Change in Total Scores of IRLS (International Restless Legs Rating Scale)

"The International Restless Legs Syndrome Rating Scale (IRLS) is a rating scale used to assess the severity of RLS symptoms. The IRLS consists of 10 items, each of which is rated from 0 to 4 points, higher values denoting an increased severity of symptoms. Maximum total score is 40. Score totals are grouped into four levels of severity: 1-10 points = mild RLS, 11-20 points = moderate RLS, 21-30 points = severe RLS, and 31-40 = very severe RLS.~The change from baseline was calculated as baseline minus the week 12 value." (NCT00721279)
Timeframe: Baseline and final visit (week12)

Interventionscores on a scale (Median)
De-novo Patients17
Pre-treated Patients16

[back to top]

Change in Global Clinical Impression - Improvement (CGI-I) Scale

The Clinical Global Impression Improvement scale (CGI-I) requires the clinician to rate how much the patient's illness has improved or worsened relative to a baseline state. A patient's illness is compared to change over time and rated as: very much improved, much improved, minimally improved, no change, minimally worse, much worse, or very much worse (NCT00721279)
Timeframe: baseline and final visit (week 12)

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Very much improvedMuch improvedMinimally improvedNo changeMinimally worseMuch worseVery much worsemissing
De-novo Patients47.045.53.01.80.00.20.02.5
Pre-treated Patients44.642.28.42.40.00.00.02.4

[back to top]

Correlation of the Change in IRLS at End of Titration and at Final Visit

Correlation of the change in IRLS at end of titration and at final visit (NCT00721279)
Timeframe: Up to 12 weeks

Interventionpercentage of patients (Number)
End of titration - Deterioration (n=517)End of titration - No change (n=517)End of titration - Improvement (n=517)Final Visit - DeteriorationFinal Visit - No changeFinal Visit - Improvement
Overall0.019.780.30.25.494.5

[back to top]

Frequency Analysis for Baseline Pattern of RLS Symptoms

Severity of RLS was rated using the International RLS Severity Scale. This scale measures the severity of RLS symptoms and comprises of 10 questions with 5 possible answers, each answer scored from 0-4 points and is classified into 5 RLS severity groups: 0 points = no symptoms, 1-10 points = mild, 11-20 points = moderate, 21-30 points = severe, 31-40 points = very severe. (NCT00721279)
Timeframe: Baseline

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
MildModerateSevereVery Severe
De-novo Patients0.719.362.018.0
Pre-treated Patients2.418.155.424.1

[back to top]

Frequency of Adverse Events

Frequency of patients with any adverse event, causally related adverse events and serious adverse events (NCT00721279)
Timeframe: Up to 16 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Any adverse eventCausally related adverse eventserious adverse events
Overall2572

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in RLS-NDI at Week 12

The RLS-NDI is a participant-rated instrument designed to assess daytime performance as related to RLS and the participant's previous night's sleep. The instrument consists of 14 items that encompass 5 domains: tiredness; emotional functioning; social functioning; cognitive functioning; and activities of daily living. There is also 1 global item assessing overall well -being. Each item is scored on a 0-10 numeric rating scale. Total score is the sum of scores from question 1 to 14. The total score ranges from 0 to 140 where higher scores indicate a more severe impact. (NCT00806026)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12

InterventionUnits on a Scale (Least Squares Mean)
Pregabalin 300 mg-8.10
Pramipexole 0.25 mg-4.30
Pramipexole 0.5 mg-14.50
Placebo-6.60

[back to top]

Subjective Sleep Questionnaire (SSQ): Subjective Waking After Sleep Onset (WASO)

SSQ: Participant-rated instrument used to assess previous night's sleep profile. It is used to measure sleep quantity and quality and is comprised of 5 items yielding 5 subscale scores: latency (1 item), hours of sleep (1 item), number of awakenings (1 item), total WASO (1 item), quality of sleep (1 item). WASO is time spent awake from sleep onset to final awakening. Total WASO subscale (in minutes): numerical rating completed by the participant 30 minutes after waking; recall period is the night before. Total WASO subscale score ranges from 0-1440 minutes. Lower value indicates better sleep. (NCT00806026)
Timeframe: Baseline

Interventionminutes (Mean)
Pregabalin 300 mg90.60
Pramipexole 0.25 mg100.20
Pramipexole 0.5 mg83.90
Placebo79.50

[back to top]

Subjective Sleep Questionnaire (SSQ): Quality of Sleep Subscale Score at Week 12

SSQ: Participant-rated instrument used to assess previous night's sleep profile. It is used to measure sleep quantity and quality and is comprised of 5 items yielding 5 subscale scores: latency (1 item), hours of sleep (1 item), number of awakenings (1 item), total WASO (1 item), quality of sleep (1 item). Quality of sleep subscale: numerical rating completed by the participant 30 minutes after waking; recall period is the night before. Quality of sleep subscale score ranges from 0-100. Higher score indicates better quality of sleep. (NCT00806026)
Timeframe: Week 12

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Pregabalin 300 mg66.50
Pramipexole 0.25 mg57.40
Pramipexole 0.5 mg60.20
Placebo57.70

[back to top]

Subjective Sleep Questionnaire (SSQ): Latency Subscale Score at Week 12

SSQ: Participant-rated instrument used to assess previous night's sleep profile. It is used to measure sleep quantity and quality and is comprised of 5 items yielding 5 subscale scores: latency (1 item), hours of sleep (1 item), number of awakenings (1 item), total WASO (1 item), quality of sleep (1 item). Latency subscale (in minutes): numerical rating completed by the participant 30 minutes after waking; recall period is the night before. Latency subscale score ranges from 0-840 minutes. Lower value indicates better sleep. (NCT00806026)
Timeframe: Week 12

Interventionminutes (Mean)
Pregabalin 300 mg41.60
Pramipexole 0.25 mg43.10
Pramipexole 0.5 mg35.90
Placebo47.70

[back to top]

Subjective Sleep Questionnaire (SSQ): Hours of Sleep Subscale Score at Week 12

SSQ: Participant-rated instrument used to assess previous night's sleep profile. It is used to measure sleep quantity and quality and is comprised of 5 items yielding 5 subscale scores: latency (1 item), hours of sleep (1 item), number of awakenings (1 item), total WASO (1 item), quality of sleep (1 item). Hours of sleep subscale: numerical rating completed by the participant 30 minutes after waking; recall period is the night before. Hours of sleep subscale score ranges from 0-16 hours. Higher value indicates better sleep. (NCT00806026)
Timeframe: Week 12

Interventionhours (Mean)
Pregabalin 300 mg7.00
Pramipexole 0.25 mg6.70
Pramipexole 0.5 mg6.80
Placebo6.70

[back to top]

Severity of Augmentation Symptoms at Week 12

ASRS measures severity of augmentation and consist of three items to be completed by clinician. Clinician would score participants' answers by comparing post-baseline evaluations to those at baseline. ASRS total score range: 0-24, with higher score indicating more severe augmentation. (NCT00806026)
Timeframe: Week 12

InterventionUnits on a Scale (Mean)
Pregabalin 300 mg0.90
Pramipexole 0.25 mg1.60
Pramipexole 0.5 mg1.30
Placebo1.40

[back to top]

RLS-Next Day Impact (RLS-NDI)

The RLS-NDI is a participant-rated instrument designed to assess daytime performance as related to RLS and the participant's previous night's sleep. The instrument consists of 14 items that encompass 5 domains: tiredness; emotional functioning; social functioning; cognitive functioning; and activities of daily living. There is also 1 global item assessing overall well -being. Each item is scored on a 0-10 numeric rating scale. Total score is the sum of scores from question 1 to 14. The total score ranges from 0 to 140 where higher scores indicate a more severe impact. (NCT00806026)
Timeframe: Baseline

InterventionUnits on a Scale (Mean)
Pregabalin 300 mg49.30
Pramipexole 0.25 mg51.90
Pramipexole 0.5 mg58.40
Placebo50.00

[back to top]

Restless Legs Syndrome-Quality of Life Scale (RLS-QoL) at Week 12

RLS QoL: Participant rated instrument used to assess the impact of RLS on quality of life and health status function (symptom severity, daily activity, social functioning, sleep, concentrating and decision making, traveling, sexual activity, and work) yielding a summary score ranging from 0-100. Higher scores reflect better quality of life. (NCT00806026)
Timeframe: Week 12

InterventionUnits on Scale (Mean)
Pregabalin 300 mg77.75
Pramipexole 0.25 mg73.33
Pramipexole 0.5 mg75.48
Placebo73.23

[back to top]

Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) Symptom Severity

International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group Rating Scale (IRLS) is psychometrically and clinically valid and reliable clinician-administered instrument used to assess the severity of RLS. It assesses RLS symptom severity and impact on daily living and is comprised of 10 items, scored on 0 to 4 scale, where lower score indicates lower symptom severity/impact on living. Two subscale scores are symptom severity (6 items) ranging from 0-24 (lower score indicates lower symptom severity) and impact on daily living (3 items) ranging from 0-12 (lower score indicates lower impact on living). Item 3 is unrelated to the other items. The global score is calculated from all 10 items, range from 0 to 40, where lower scores reflect lower severity and better quality of life. (NCT00806026)
Timeframe: Baseline

InterventionUnits on a Scale (Mean)
Pregabalin 300 mg22.30
Pramipexole 0.25 mg22.40
Pramipexole 0.5 mg22.10
Placebo22.40

[back to top]

Percentage of Participants With Augmentation

Augmentation was worsening of RLS symptoms, attributable to a specific long-term therapeutic intervention for RLS. Percentage of participants with augmentation was evaluated by centralized evaluation board using a set of assessment criteria for potential augmentation which included structured interview for diagnosis of augmentation during RLS treatment (SIDA-RLS), augmentation severity rating scale (ASRS), clinical judgment. ASRS measures severity of augmentation and consist of three items to be completed by clinician. Clinician would score participants' answers by comparing post-baseline evaluations to those at baseline. ASRS total score range: 0-24, with higher score indicating more severe augmentation. (NCT00806026)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Week 52

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Pregabalin 300 mg1.70
Pramipexole 0.25 mg6.60
Pramipexole 0.5 mg9.00

[back to top]

Medical Outcomes Study-Short Form 36 (SF-36) at Week 12

"SF-36 is a standardized survey evaluating 8 aspects of functional health and well being (physical and social functioning, physical and emotional role limitations, bodily pain, general health, vitality, mental health); 2 summary scores (physical and mental component); and self evaluated change in health status (summary of health status). The score for subscale scores and 2 summary score is an average of the individual question scores, which are scaled 0-100 (100=highest level of functioning). Summary of health status is a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 0=much worse now to 4=much better now. Higher subscale and summary score reflect better health status." (NCT00806026)
Timeframe: Week 12

,,,
InterventionUnits on a Scale (Mean)
Physical functioningRole physicalBodily painGeneral healthVitalitySocial functioningRole emotionalMental healthSummary physical scoreSummary mental scoreSummary of health status
Placebo83.0081.5065.5072.8059.3086.8087.0078.7075.7078.003.10
Pramipexole 0.25 mg81.9079.6065.2069.8059.0084.5083.9074.6074.2075.503.10
Pramipexole 0.5 mg82.4079.1069.0070.5059.8084.0084.6076.1075.3076.103.20
Pregabalin 300 mg83.7081.2073.3073.6062.4087.2085.1077.4078.0078.003.10

[back to top]

Percentage of Participants Responding to Treatment at Week 12

"CGI-I: 7-point clinician rated scale ranging from 1 (very much improved) to 7 (very much worse). Improvement is defined as a score of 1 (very much improved), 2 (much improved), or 3 (minimally improved) on the scale. Higher score = more affected. Responders were defined as participants who report CGI-I score of very much improved or much improved." (NCT00806026)
Timeframe: Week 12

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Pregabalin 300 mg71.40
Pramipexole 0.25 mg51.20
Pramipexole 0.5 mg62.70
Placebo46.80

[back to top]

Number of Participants With Medical Outcomes Study-Sleep Scale (MOS-SS)- Optimal Sleep at Week 12

MOS-SS: Participant rated instrument to assess sleep quantity, quality; comprised of 12 items yielding 7 subscale scores: sleep disturbance, snoring, awakening short of breath/ headache, sleep adequacy, somnolence, sleep quantity, optimal sleep, 2 composite index scores: sleep problems Index I, II. Optimal sleep subscale scores range: 0-1; Optimal sleep = 1 if 'Average hours sleep' = 7 or 8, is 0 if 'Average hours sleep' is non-missing and less than 7, and is missing if 'Average hours sleep' is missing. Higher scores reflect better sleep outcomes. (NCT00806026)
Timeframe: Week 12

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Pregabalin 300 mg84
Pramipexole 0.25 mg64
Pramipexole 0.5 mg77
Placebo68

[back to top]

Limb Pain-Visual Analog Scale (Limb Pain-VAS)

100 millimeter (mm) line (Visual Analog Scale) marked by participant. Intensity of pain range (over past week): 0 mm = no pain to 100 mm = worst possible pain. (NCT00806026)
Timeframe: Baseline

Interventionmm (Mean)
Pregabalin 300 mg4.20
Pramipexole 0.25 mg4.30
Pramipexole 0.5 mg4.00
Placebo4.10

[back to top]

Clinical Global Impressions-Severity (CGI-S) at Week 12

CGI-S: 7-point clinician rated scale to assess severity of participant's current illness state; range: 1 (normal-not ill at all) to 7 (among the most extremely ill participants). Higher score = more affected. (NCT00806026)
Timeframe: Week 12

InterventionUnits on a Scale (Mean)
Pregabalin 300 mg2.90
Pramipexole 0.25 mg3.50
Pramipexole 0.5 mg3.10
Placebo3.70

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in the RLS Symptom Severity at Week 12

IRLS is psychometrically and clinically valid and reliable clinician-administered instrument used to assess the severity of RLS. It assesses RLS symptom severity and impact on daily living and is comprised of 10 items, scored on 0 to 4 scale, where lower score indicates lower symptom severity/impact on living. Two subscale scores are symptom severity (6 items) ranging from 0-24 (lower score indicates lower symptom severity) and impact on daily living (3 items) ranging from 0-12 (lower score indicates lower impact on living). Item 3 is unrelated to the other items. The global score is calculated from all 10 items, range from 0 to 40, where lower scores reflect lower severity and better quality of life. (NCT00806026)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12

InterventionUnits on a Scale (Least Squares Mean)
Pregabalin 300 mg-11.80
Pramipexole 0.25 mg-7.90
Pramipexole 0.5 mg-10.50
Placebo-7.30

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in SSQ: Subjective WASO at Week 12

SSQ: Participant-rated instrument used to assess previous night's sleep profile. It is used to measure sleep quantity and quality and is comprised of 5 items yielding 5 subscale scores: latency (1 item), hours of sleep (1 item), number of awakenings (1 item), total WASO (1 item), quality of sleep (1 item). WASO is time spent awake from sleep onset to final awakening. Total WASO subscale (in minutes): numerical rating completed by the participant 30 minutes after waking; recall period is the night before. Total WASO subscale score ranges from 0-1440 minutes. Lower value indicates better sleep. (NCT00806026)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12

Interventionminutes (Least Squares Mean)
Pregabalin 300 mg-49.86
Pramipexole 0.25 mg-33.69
Pramipexole 0.5 mg-37.18
Placebo-32.61

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Limb Pain-VAS at Week 12

100 mm line (VAS) marked by participant. Intensity of pain range (over past week): 0 mm = no pain to 100 mm = worst possible pain. Change = observation mean minus baseline mean. (NCT00806026)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12

Interventionmm (Least Squares Mean)
Pregabalin 300 mg-3.20
Pramipexole 0.25 mg-2.64
Pramipexole 0.5 mg-2.75
Placebo-2.20

[back to top]

Subjective Sleep Questionnaire (SSQ): Number of Awakenings Subscale Score at Week 12

SSQ: Participant-rated instrument used to assess previous night's sleep profile. It is used to measure sleep quantity and quality and is comprised of 5 items yielding 5 subscale scores: latency (1 item), hours of sleep (1 item), number of awakenings (1 item), total WASO (1 item), quality of sleep (1 item). Number of awakenings subscale: numerical rating completed by the participant 30 minutes after waking; recall period is the night before. Number of awakenings subscale score ranges from 0-30. Lower value indicates better sleep. (NCT00806026)
Timeframe: Week 12

Interventionawakenings (Mean)
Pregabalin 300 mg1.10
Pramipexole 0.25 mg1.70
Pramipexole 0.5 mg1.50
Placebo1.80

[back to top]

Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire: Specific Health Problem (WPAI-SHP) at Week 12

WPAI: 6 question participant rated questionnaire to determine degree to which SHP affected work productivity while at work and outside of work. Four scores are derived: percentage of absenteeism and presenteeism (reduced productivity while at work), overall work impairment score combining absenteeism and presenteeism, percentage of impairment in activities performed outside of work. Score range: 0 (not affected/no impairment) to 10 (completely affected/impaired). WPAI outcomes expressed as impairment percentages with higher numbers indicating greater impairment and less productivity. (NCT00806026)
Timeframe: Week 12

,,,
InterventionPercentage of impairment (Mean)
Overall work (n= 10, 7, 11, 10)Activity (n= 18, 22, 25, 20)Work time missed (n= 10, 7, 11, 10)
Placebo14.6023.001.50
Pramipexole 0.25 mg5.7020.900.00
Pramipexole 0.5 mg9.1022.800.00
Pregabalin 300 mg6.0012.200.00

[back to top]

Medical Outcomes Study-Sleep Scale (MOS-SS) at Week 12

MOS-SS: Participant rated instrument to assess sleep quantity, quality; comprised of 12 items yielding 7 subscale scores: sleep disturbance, snoring, awakening short of breath/headache, sleep adequacy, somnolence, sleep quantity, optimal sleep, 2 composite index scores: sleep problems Index I, II. Sleep adequacy data was reported at week 12 and not for first 12 weeks (average). Subscale scores range: 0-100; exception quantity of sleep (range 0-24 hours). With exception of sleep quantity and sleep adequacy, higher scores reflect poorer sleep outcomes. (NCT00806026)
Timeframe: Week 12

,,,
InterventionUnits on a Scale (Mean)
Sleep disturbance (n = 175, 169, 178, 171)Snoring (n = 172, 169, 178, 170)Awakening short of breath (n = 175, 169, 178, 171)Sleep adequacy (n = 128, 120, 133, 125 )Somnolence (n = 175, 169, 178, 171)Sleep quantity (n = 175, 169, 178, 171)Sleep problem index I (n = 175, 169, 178, 171)Sleep problem index II (n = 175, 169, 178, 171)
Placebo38.6024.609.6050.0026.006.5035.0036.30
Pramipexole 0.25 mg39.3025.8012.3054.8027.606.5035.3036.60
Pramipexole 0.5 mg34.4025.8013.8055.2025.506.6033.4034.10
Pregabalin 300 mg30.5029.0010.5061.3023.906.8029.4030.70

[back to top]

Change in Upright Vital Capacity From Baseline to Week 12

Change in Percent Predicted Upright Vital Capacity from Baseline to Week 12. A negative change indicates clinical worsening. (NCT00931944)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionpercentage of predicted vital capacity (Mean)
KNS-760704 300 mg/Day-7.7

[back to top]

Change in Upright Vital Capacity From Baseline to Week 24

Change in Percent Predicted Upright Vital Capacity from Baseline to Week 24. A negative change indicates clinical worsening. (NCT00931944)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

Interventionpercentage of predicted vital capacity (Mean)
KNS-760704 300 mg/Day-12.5

[back to top]

Change in Upright Vital Capacity From Baseline to Week 48

Change in Percent Predicted Upright Vital Capacity from Baseline to Week 48. A negative change indicates clinical worsening. (NCT00931944)
Timeframe: 48 weeks

Interventionpercentage of predicted vital capacity (Mean)
KNS-760704 300 mg/Day-15.8

[back to top]

Number of Subjects With Feeding Tube Placed During the Study.

Number of participants who had a feeding tube placed during the study. (NCT00931944)
Timeframe: 144 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
KNS-760704 300 mg/Day24

[back to top]

Number of Participants With Potentially Clinically ECG Abnormalities

Number of participants with potentially clinically significant ECG abnormalities for the safety population are presented. Percentages are based on the number of patients in the safety population who had at least one non-missing, post-baseline value. (NCT00931944)
Timeframe: 180 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Axis - LEFT AXIS DEVIATIONAxis - RIGHT AXIS DEVIATIONConduction - LEFT ANTERIOR HEMIBLOCKConduction - RSR' SUGGESTS RIGHT VENTRICULAR CONDUCTION DELAYConduction - SHORT P-R INTERVALMorphology - LEFT ATRIAL ENLARGEMENTMorphology - LEFT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY BY VOLTAGE CRITERIA ONLYMorphology - LEFT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY WITH REPOLARIZATION ABNORMALITIESMorphology - POSSIBLE RIGHT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHYMorphology - RIGHT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHYMyocardial Ischemia/Infarction - ANTEROSEPTAL MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION - AGE UNDETERMINEDMyocardial Ischemia/Infarction - CANNOT RULE OUT POSSIBLE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (INFERIOR)Myocardial Isch/Infar. CANNOT RULE OUT POSSIBLE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION MAY BE IMPROPER LEAD POSITIONSMyocardial Ischemia/Infarction - INFERIOR MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION - AGE UNDETERMINEDMyocardial Ischemia/Infarction - OLD INFERIOR MYOCARDIAL INFARCTIONOther - POOR PRECORDIAL R WAVE PROGRESSION. POSSIBLE IMPROPER PLACEMENT OF V LEADS.Other - POOR R WAVE PROGRESSION, PRECORDIAL LEADSQT Interval - QTCB BORDERLINE PROLONGEDRhythm - ATRIAL FLUTTER WITH 3:1 VENTRICULAR RESPONSERhythm - FREQUENT VENTRICULAR PREMATURE BEATSRhythm - RARE VENTRICULAR PREMATURE BEATSRhythm - SINUS BRADYCARDIARhythm - SINUS TACHYCARDIARhythm - UNUSUAL P AXIS, POSSIBLE ECTOPIC ATRIAL RHYTHMRhythm - VENTRICULAR PREMATURE BEATSST-T Wave - COUNTERCLOCKWISE ROTATIONST-T Wave - EARLY REPOLARIZATIONST-T Wave - NON-SPECIFIC ST ABNORMALITYST-T Wave - NON-SPECIFIC ST AND T WAVE ABNORMALITYST-T Wave - NON-SPECIFIC T WAVE ABNORMALITY
KNS-760704 300 mg/Day51233221111111113911122511112114

[back to top]

Number of Participants With Potentially Clinically Significant Hematology Results

Number of Participants with Potentially Clinically Significant Hematology Results by Treatment Group. Percentages based on number of patients with at least one non-missing post-baseline value in each treatment group. Patients are only counted once per criterion per laboratory test. (NCT00931944)
Timeframe: 180 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
WBC (<3.0 x 10^9/L)WBC (>=16.0 x 10^9/L)Neutrophils (<1.5 x 10^9/L)Neutrophils (>13.5 x 10^9/L)
KNS-760704 300 mg/Day5234

[back to top]

Number of Participants With Potentially Clinically Significant Liver Enzyme Abnormalities

Number of participants with potentially clinically significant liver enzyme abnormalities for the safety population are presented. Percentages are based on the number of patients with at least one non-missing, post-baseline value for each parameter. (NCT00931944)
Timeframe: 180 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Alkaline phosphatase >2.5 times ULN (upper limit of the 'normal' reference range)ALT >3 times ULNAST >3 times ULNTotal Bilirubin >1.5 times ULNCreatinine >1.5 times ULNALT or AST >3 times ULN and total bilirubin >2 times ULN (Hy's Law)
KNS-760704 300 mg/Day152300

[back to top]

Number of Participants With Potentially Clinically Significant Vital Sign Abnormalities

Number of participants with potentially clinically significant vital sign abnormalities for the safety population are presented. Percentages are based on the number of patients with at least one non-missing, post-baseline value for each parameter. (NCT00931944)
Timeframe: 180 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Temperature - >38 degree C. post-baseline and an increase from baseline of at least 1 degree CelsiusPulse Rate - >120 bpm post-baseline or an increase from baseline of >20 bpmPulse Rate - >120 bpm post-baseline and an increase from baseline of >20 bpmPulse Rate - <50 bpm post-baseline or a decrease from baseline of >20 bpmPulse Rate - <50 bpm post-baseline and a decrease from baseline of >20 bpmSystolic Blood Pressure - >180 mmHg post-baseline or an increase from baseline of >40 mmHgSystolic Blood Pressure - >180 mmHg post-baseline and an increase from baseline of >40 mmHgSystolic Blood Pressure - <90 mmHg post-baseline or a decrease from baseline of >30 mmHgSystolic Blood Pressure - <90 mmHg post-baseline and a decrease from baseline of >30 mmHgDiastolic Blood Pressure - >105 mmHg post-baseline or an increase from baseline of >30 mmHgDiastolic Blood Pressure - >105 mmHg post-baseline and an increase from baseline of >30 mmHgDiastolic Blood Pressure - <50 mmHg post-baseline or a decrease from baseline of >20 mmHgDiastolic Blood Pressure - <50 mmHg post-baseline and a decrease from baseline of >20 mmHgWeight - Increase from baseline of >7%Weight - Decrease from baseline of >7%
KNS-760704 300 mg/Day4261903111140130432

[back to top]

Change in ALSFRS-R (ALS Functional Rating Scale With Respiratory Component) Total Score From Baseline to Week 24

The ALSFRS-R (ALS functional rating scale with respiratory component) is a validated scale which measures 4 functional domains, comprising respiratory function, bulbar function, gross motor skills, and fine motor skills. There are a total of 12 questions, each scored from 0 to 4 for a total possible score of 48. Therefore, the score ranges from 0 to 48 with higher scores representing better function. (NCT00931944)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
KNS-760704 300 mg/Day-4.29

[back to top]

Change in McGill Single-Item Scale (SIS) From Baseline to Week 12

The McGill SIS consists of a single question designed to assess the improvement of or the rate of deterioration of the subject's quality-of-life. Subjects rated their quality of life over the prior 2 days on a scale of 0 (very bad) to 10 (excellent). Decreases from Baseline indicate deterioration of a subject's quality of life. (NCT00931944)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
KNS-760704 300 mg/Day-0.1

[back to top]

Change in McGill Single-Item Scale (SIS) From Baseline to Week 24

The McGill SIS consists of a single question designed to assess the improvement of or the rate of deterioration of the subject's quality-of-life. Subjects rated their quality of life over the prior 2 days on a scale of 0 (very bad) to 10 (excellent). Decreases from Baseline indicate deterioration of a subject's quality of life. (NCT00931944)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
KNS-760704 300 mg/Day-0.5

[back to top]

Change in McGill Single-Item Scale (SIS) From Baseline to Week 48

The McGill SIS consists of a single question designed to assess the improvement of or the rate of deterioration of the subject's quality-of-life. Subjects rated their quality of life over the prior 2 days on a scale of 0 (very bad) to 10 (excellent). Decreases from Baseline indicate deterioration of a subject's quality of life. (NCT00931944)
Timeframe: 48 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
KNS-760704 300 mg/Day-0.8

[back to top]

Change in ALSFRS-R (ALS Functional Rating Scale With Respiratory Component) Total Score From Baseline to Week 12

The ALSFRS-R (ALS functional rating scale with respiratory component) is a validated scale which measures 4 functional domains, comprising respiratory function, bulbar function, gross motor skills, and fine motor skills. There are a total of 12 questions, each scored from 0 to 4 for a total possible score of 48. Therefore, the score ranges from 0 to 48 with higher scores representing better function. (NCT00931944)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
KNS-760704 300 mg/Day-2.48

[back to top]

Change in ALSFRS-R (ALS Functional Rating Scale With Respiratory Component) Total Score From Baseline to Week 48

The ALSFRS-R (ALS functional rating scale with respiratory component) is a validated scale which measures 4 functional domains, comprising respiratory function, bulbar function, gross motor skills, and fine motor skills. There are a total of 12 questions, each scored from 0 to 4 for a total possible score of 48. Therefore, the score ranges from 0 to 48 with higher scores representing better function. (NCT00931944)
Timeframe: 48 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
KNS-760704 300 mg/Day-7.49

[back to top]

Medical Outcomes Study - Sleep Scale (MOS-SS)

MOS-SS:Participant rated instrument, assesses sleep quantity, quality;with 12 items(7 subscale scores:sleep disturbance, snoring, awakening short of breath/with headache, sleep adequacy, somnolence, sleep quantity, optimal sleep;2 composite index scores:sleep problems Index I, II). Subscale scores total range:0-100(except sleep quantity[range 0-24 hours], optimal sleep[range 0-1: 0= <7 or >8 hours;1=7/8 hours]). Higher scores=poorer sleep outcomes(except sleep quantity, adequacy). Arithmetic mean of MOS-SS scores of each participant for all periods was taken before linear mixed model analysis. (NCT00991276)
Timeframe: Week 5 (End of Intervention Period 1), Week 11 (End of Intervention Period 2) and Week 17 (End of Intervention Period 3) or ET

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Awaken Short of Breath/with Headache (n= 68,71,69)Adequacy (n= 68,71,69)Somnolence (n= 68,71,69)Sleep Quantity (n= 68,71,69)6-Item Sleep Problems Index (n= 68,71,69)9-Item Sleep Problems Index (n= 68,71,69)Optimal Sleep (n= 68,71,69)Sleep Disturbance (n= 68,71,69)Snoring (n= 67,71,68)
Placebo10.8840.7923.715.9740.5942.890.2948.6517.96
Pramipexole 0.5 mg13.1043.9021.326.5037.2437.880.3540.1915.97
Pregabalin 300 mg11.5954.9621.286.4330.6932.750.4334.0815.27

[back to top]

Latency to Stage R Sleep (LREM)

LREM, as determined by PSG, was number of non-wake epochs from the beginning of the recording to the first occurrence of Stage R sleep divided by 2. Arithmetic mean of LREM of each participant for all periods was taken prior to employing linear mixed model. (NCT00991276)
Timeframe: Week 5 (End of Intervention Period 1), Week 11 (End of Intervention Period 2) and Week 17 (End of Intervention Period 3) or ET

Interventionminutes (Least Squares Mean)
Pregabalin 300 mg95.22
Pramipexole 0.5 mg130.99
Placebo84.52

[back to top]

Number of Arousals (NASO)

NASO, as determined by PSG, was calculated as number of times there is a shift from a stage N2 to N3 or R 30-sec epoch to a stage N1 30-sec epoch from the onset of persistent sleep to light on. The sum of 2 consecutive days of recording was divided by 2 at the end of each intervention period. Arithmetic mean of NASO of each participant for all periods was taken prior to employing linear mixed model. (NCT00991276)
Timeframe: Week 5 (End of Intervention Period 1), Week 11 (End of Intervention Period 2) and Week 17 (End of Intervention Period 3) or ET

Interventionarousals (Least Squares Mean)
Pregabalin 300 mg17.84
Pramipexole 0.5 mg24.19
Placebo20.29

[back to top]

Number of Awakenings of at Least 1 Epoch After Sleep Onset (NAASO1)

NAASO1, as determined by PSG, was the number of times there was a wake period of at least 1 epoch from the onset of persistent sleep to light on. Each entry to be counted must be separated by a Stage 2 Non-REM [Stage N2] 30-second (30-sec) epoch, Stage 3 Non-REM [Stage N3] 30-sec epoch, or stage rapid eye movement [stage R] 30-sec epoch. The sum of 2 consecutive days of recording was divided by 2 at the end of each intervention period. Arithmetic mean of NAASO1 of each participant for all periods was taken prior to employing linear mixed model. (NCT00991276)
Timeframe: Week 5 (End of Intervention Period 1), Week 11 (End of Intervention Period 2) and Week 17 (End of Intervention Period 3) or ET

Interventionawakenings (Least Squares Mean)
Pregabalin 300 mg18.43
Pramipexole 0.5 mg26.30
Placebo21.10

[back to top]

Number of Awakenings of at Least 2 Epochs After Sleep Onset (NAASO2)

NAASO2, as determined by PSG, was the number of times there was a wake period of at least 2 30-sec epochs from the onset of persistent sleep to light on. Each entry to be counted must be separated by a Stage N2 30-sec epoch, Stage N3 30-sec epoch, or Stage R 30-sec epoch. The sum of 2 consecutive days of recording was divided by 2 at the end of each intervention period. Arithmetic mean of NAASO2 of each participant for all periods was taken prior to employing linear mixed model. (NCT00991276)
Timeframe: Week 5 (End of Intervention Period 1), Week 11 (End of Intervention Period 2) and Week 17 (End of Intervention Period 3) or ET

Interventionawakenings (Least Squares Mean)
Pregabalin 300 mg7.68
Pramipexole 0.5 mg12.39
Placebo10.55

[back to top]

Wake After Sleep Onset (WASO)

WASO as determined by Polysomnography (PSG) was time spent awake from sleep onset to final awakening. WASO= Wake Time During Sleep [WTDS] epochs + Wake Time After Sleep [WTAS] epochs)/2. WTDS: number of wake epochs (30 seconds of PSG recording) after onset of persistent sleep and prior to final awakening or end of 8-hour recording/2 and WTAS: number of wake epochs after final awakening until end of the 8-hour recording/2. WASO was measured on 2 consecutive days within a period. Arithmetic mean of WASO of each participant for all periods was taken prior to employing linear mixed model. (NCT00991276)
Timeframe: Week 5 (End of Intervention Period 1), Week 11 (End of Intervention Period 2) and Week 17 (End of Intervention Period 3) or Early Termination (ET)

Interventionminutes (Least Squares Mean)
Pregabalin 300 mg51.50
Pramipexole 0.5 mg78.42
Placebo78.60

[back to top]

Minutes of Stage N1, N2, N3 and R Sleep

Minutes of Stage 1 Non-Rapid Eye Movement (Non-REM) sleep (Stage N1), Stage 2 Non-REM sleep (Stage N2), Stage 3 Non-REM sleep (Stage N3) or Slow Wave Sleep (SWS) and Stage REM (Stage R) sleep, as determined by PSG were calculated as total number of Stage N1 30-second (30-sec) epochs divided by 2, total number of Stage N2 30-sec epochs divided by 2, total number of Stage N3 30-sec epochs divided by 2 and total number of Stage R 30-sec epochs divided by 2 respectively. Arithmetic mean of minutes of stage N1, N2, N3 and R sleep of each participant for all periods was taken prior to employing linear mixed model. (NCT00991276)
Timeframe: Week 5 (End of Intervention Period 1), Week 11 (End of Intervention Period 2) and Week 17 (End of Intervention Period 3) or ET

,,
Interventionminutes (Least Squares Mean)
Stage N1 SleepStage N2 SleepStage N3 Sleep/SWSStage R Sleep
Placebo43.72204.3545.9575.37
Pramipexole 0.5 mg48.38241.5234.7851.80
Pregabalin 300 mg38.06227.0566.8870.40

[back to top]

Restless Legs Syndrome-Next Day Impact (RLS-NDI)

RLS-NDI:participant-rated instrument to assess daytime performance and participant's previous night's sleep, consists of 14 items encompassing 5 domains:tiredness;emotional functioning;social functioning;cognitive functioning;activities of daily living and 1 global item for overall well-being. Each item: 0-10 scale; 0=Not at all; 10=Extremely. Total score: sum of scores from question 1-14 (question 10, 11: scores reversed). Total score range: 0-140; higher scores: more severe impact. Arithmetic mean of RLS-NDI of each participant for all periods was taken prior to employing linear mixed model. (NCT00991276)
Timeframe: Week 3 and Week 5 of Each Intervention Period or ET

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Pregabalin 300 mg41.43
Pramipexole 0.5 mg46.33
Placebo46.78

[back to top]

Latency to Persistent Sleep (LPS)

"LPS, as determined by PSG, was number of epochs from the beginning of the recording (lights-out) to the start of the first 20 consecutive non-wake epochs (10 minutes of persistent sleep) divided by 2. Arithmetic mean of LPS of each participant for all periods was taken prior to employing linear mixed model." (NCT00991276)
Timeframe: Week 5 (End of Intervention Period 1), Week 11 (End of Intervention Period 2) and Week 17 (End of Intervention Period 3) or ET

Interventionminutes (Least Squares Mean)
Pregabalin 300 mg31.13
Pramipexole 0.5 mg31.52
Placebo38.86

[back to top]

Restless Leg Syndrome - Quality of Life Scale (RLS-QoL)

RLS-QoL: psychometrically and clinically valid and reliable participant-rated instrument, assesses impact of RLS on participant quality of life. Specifically, it assessed effects of RLS on health status function (symptom severity, daily activity, social functioning, sleep, concentrating and decision making, travelling, sexual activity, and work) giving a summary score ranging from 0-100. Higher scores reflect better quality of life. Recall period: 1 week prior to assessment. Arithmetic mean of RLS-QoL score of each participant for all periods was taken prior to employing linear mixed model. (NCT00991276)
Timeframe: Week 5 (End of Intervention Period 1), Week 11 (End of Intervention Period 2) and Week 17 (End of Intervention Period 3) or ET

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Pregabalin 300 mg73.30
Pramipexole 0.5 mg70.05
Placebo68.03

[back to top]

Periodic Limb Movement Index (PLMI)

PLMI, as determined by PSG was number of periodic limb movements per hour based on time in bed (TIB). Arithmetic mean of PLMI of each participant for all periods was taken prior to employing linear mixed model. (NCT00991276)
Timeframe: Week 5 (End of Intervention Period 1), Week 11 (End of Intervention Period 2) and Week 17 (End of Intervention Period 3) or ET

Interventionmovement/hour (Least Squares Mean)
Pregabalin 300 mg25.45
Pramipexole 0.5 mg14.11
Placebo39.95

[back to top]

Hourly and Quarterly Assessment of Sleep Efficiency (SE)

SE, as determined by PSG, was the TST divided by the time in bed (TIB)(both in minutes), multiplied by 100. Sum of 2 consecutive days of recording divided by 2 at the end of each intervention period by each individual hour (8 hours total) and each individual quarter of the night (eight hours in 2 hour increments). Arithmetic mean for SE of each participant for all periods was taken prior to employing linear mixed model. (NCT00991276)
Timeframe: Week 5 (End of Intervention Period 1), Week 11 (End of Intervention Period 2) and Week 17 (End of Intervention Period 3) or ET

,,
Interventionpercentage of time asleep (Least Squares Mean)
Hour 1Hour 2Hour 3Hour 4Hour 5Hour 6Hour 7Hour 8Quarter 1Quarter 2Quarter 3Quarter 4
Placebo57.8077.3181.8682.6182.9282.4979.8669.7567.6282.3082.7574.84
Pramipexole 0.5 mg66.8883.4384.8679.8481.8581.6480.9069.5175.1582.3781.7475.16
Pregabalin 300 mg62.3186.1390.2289.4190.0090.3384.7078.0774.2189.8490.0981.37

[back to top]

Periodic Limb Movement in Sleep Index (PLMSI)

PLMSI, as determined by PSG was number of periodic limb movements in sleep per hour based on TST. Arithmetic mean of PLMSI of each participant for all periods was taken prior to employing linear mixed model. (NCT00991276)
Timeframe: Week 5 (End of Intervention Period 1), Week 11 (End of Intervention Period 2) and Week 17 (End of Intervention Period 3) or ET

Interventionmovement/hour (Least Squares Mean)
Pregabalin 300 mg22.42
Pramipexole 0.5 mg8.00
Placebo36.95

[back to top]

Periodic Limb Movement Arousal Index (PLMAI)

PLMAI, as determined by PSG was number of periodic limb movements leading to arousal per hour (per hour of Total Sleep Time [TST]). Arithmetic mean of PLMAI of each participant for all periods was taken prior to employing linear mixed model. (NCT00991276)
Timeframe: Week 5 (End of Intervention Period 1), Week 11 (End of Intervention Period 2) and Week 17 (End of Intervention Period 3) or ET

Interventionmovement/hour (Least Squares Mean)
Pregabalin 300 mg3.93
Pramipexole 0.5 mg2.66
Placebo7.61

[back to top]

International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group Rating Scale (IRLS)

IRLS: psychometrically; clinically valid; clinician-administered instrument assesses severity of RLS. RLS symptom severity and impact on daily living comprise of 10 items giving 2 subscale scores and 1 global score. Subscale scores: symptom severity(6 items) and impact on daily living(3 items), item 3 loaded equally on both subscales. Global score calculated from 10 items. Score of all items range from 0-4, total score range:0-40. Lower scores: lower severity and better quality of life. Arithmetic mean of IRLS of each participant for all periods was taken prior to employing linear mixed model. (NCT00991276)
Timeframe: Week 5 (End of Intervention Period 1), Week 11 (End of Intervention Period 2) and Week 17 (End of Intervention Period 3) or ET

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Pregabalin 300 mg12.28
Pramipexole 0.5 mg15.35
Placebo18.38

[back to top]

Arousal Index (NASOI)

Arousal index, as determined by PSG, was NASO per hours of sleep from the onset of persistent sleep to light on. Arithmetic mean of NASOI of each participant for all periods was taken prior to employing linear mixed model. (NCT00991276)
Timeframe: Week 5 (End of Intervention Period 1), Week 11 (End of Intervention Period 2) and Week 17 (End of Intervention Period 3) or ET

Interventionarousals/hour (Least Squares Mean)
Pregabalin 300 mg2.75
Pramipexole 0.5 mg4.18
Placebo3.44

[back to top]

Percentage of Participants With Response to Clinical Global Impression - Improvement (CGI-I) Scale

CGI-I: 7-point clinician rated scale to assess improvement in disease condition as compared to the start of the study medication (baseline), ranging from 1 (very much improved) to 7 (very much worse). Improvement is defined as a score of 1 (very much improved) or 2 (much improved). Higher score = more affected. (NCT00991276)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 5 (End of Intervention Period 1), Week 11 (End of Intervention Period 2) and Week 17 (End of Intervention Period 3) or ET

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Pregabalin 300 mg61.2
Pramipexole 0.5 mg50.0
Placebo33.3

[back to top]

Hourly and Quarterly Assessment of Periodic Limb Movement (PLM)

PLM, as determined by PSG was number of periodic limb movements based on time in bed (TIB). Calculated at each individual hour (8 hours total) and each individual quarter of the night (eight hours in 2 hour increments). Arithmetic mean of PLM of each participant for all periods was taken prior to employing linear mixed model. (NCT00991276)
Timeframe: Week 5 (End of Intervention Period 1), Week 11 (End of Intervention Period 2) and Week 17 (End of Intervention Period 3) or ET

,,
Interventionmovement/hour (Least Squares Mean)
Hour 1Hour 2Hour 3Hour 4Hour 5Hour 6Hour 7Hour 8Quarter 1Quarter 2Quarter 3Quarter 4
Placebo54.6752.9348.7646.5836.1732.4727.0420.97107.5695.3168.6648.01
Pramipexole 0.5 mg21.5712.4914.0514.5011.9310.5711.1116.5534.0228.5522.4927.64
Pregabalin 300 mg31.4526.3840.9330.3525.7021.0214.2213.3757.8271.2946.7727.60

[back to top]

Hourly and Quarterly Assessment of Number of Awakenings of at Least 2 Epoch After Sleep Onset (NAASO2)

NAASO2, as determined by PSG, was the number of times there was a wake period of at least 2 30-sec epochs from the onset of persistent sleep to light on. Each entry to be counted must be separated by a Stage N2 30-sec epoch, Stage N3 30-sec epoch, or Stage R 30-sec epoch. The sum of 2 consecutive days of recording was divided by 2 at the end of each intervention period by each individual hour (8 hours total) and each individual quarter of the night (eight hours in 2 hour increments). Arithmetic mean of NAASO2 of each participant for all periods was taken prior to employing linear mixed model. (NCT00991276)
Timeframe: Week 5 (End of Intervention Period 1), Week 11 (End of Intervention Period 2) and Week 17 (End of Intervention Period 3) or ET

,,
Interventionawakenings (Least Squares Mean)
Hour 1 (n= 66, 67, 66)Hour 2 (n= 67, 70, 66)Hour 3 (n= 67, 70, 67)Hour 4 (n= 67, 70, 68)Hour 5 (n= 67, 70, 68)Hour 6 (n= 67, 71, 68)Hour 7 (n= 67, 71, 68)Hour 8 (n= 67, 71, 68)Quarter 1 (n= 67, 70, 66)Quarter 2 (n= 67, 70, 68)Quarter 3 (n= 67, 71, 68)Quarter 4 (n= 67, 71, 68)
Placebo0.731.371.411.481.481.441.571.282.062.852.922.86
Pramipexole 0.5 mg0.611.721.711.841.761.571.941.562.273.563.303.44
Pregabalin 300 mg0.421.040.991.011.061.021.241.001.431.992.102.25

[back to top]

Hourly and Quarterly Assessment of Number of Awakenings of at Least 1 Epoch After Sleep Onset (NAASO1)

NAASO1, as determined by PSG, was the number of times there was a wake period of at least 1 30-sec epoch from the onset of persistent sleep to light on. Each entry to be counted must be separated by a Stage N2 30-sec epoch, Stage N3 30-sec epoch, or Stage R 30-sec epoch. The sum of 2 consecutive days of recording was divided by 2 at the end of each intervention period by each individual hour (8 hours total) and each individual quarter of the night (eight hours in 2 hour increments). Arithmetic mean of NAASO1 of each participant for all periods was taken prior to employing linear mixed model. (NCT00991276)
Timeframe: Week 5 (End of Intervention Period 1), Week 11 (End of Intervention Period 2) and Week 17 (End of Intervention Period 3) or ET

,,
Interventionawakenings (Least Squares Mean)
Hour 1 (n= 66, 67, 66)Hour 2 (n= 67, 70, 66)Hour 3 (n= 67, 70, 67)Hour 4 (n= 67, 70, 68)Hour 5 (n= 67, 70, 68)Hour 6 (n= 67, 71, 68)Hour 7 (n= 67, 71, 68)Hour 8 (n= 67, 71, 68)Quarter 1 (n= 67, 70, 66)Quarter 2 (n= 67, 70, 68)Quarter 3 (n= 67, 71, 68)Quarter 4 (n= 67, 71, 68)
Placebo1.102.472.662.712.873.163.323.113.495.326.046.44
Pramipexole 0.5 mg1.393.323.423.833.763.684.043.464.617.277.377.36
Pregabalin 300 mg0.702.062.092.442.472.913.072.762.714.535.395.87

[back to top]

Hourly and Quarterly Assessment of Number of Arousals (NASO)

NASO, as determined by PSG was the number of times there is a shift from a stage N2 to N3 or R 30-sec epoch to a stage N1 30-sec epoch from the onset of persistent sleep to light on. The sum of 2 consecutive days of recording was divided by 2 at the end of each intervention period by each individual hour (8 hours total) and each individual quarter of the night (eight hours in 2 hour increments). Arithmetic mean of NASO for each participant at each period was taken prior to employing linear mixed model. (NCT00991276)
Timeframe: Week 5 (End of Intervention Period 1), Week 11 (End of Intervention Period 2) and Week 17 (End of Intervention Period 3) or ET

,,
Interventionarousals (Least Squares Mean)
Hour 1 (n= 66, 67, 66)Hour 2 (n= 67, 70, 66)Hour 3 (n= 67, 70, 67)Hour 4 (n= 67, 70, 68)Hour 5 (n= 67, 70, 68)Hour 6 (n= 67, 71, 68)Hour 7 (n= 67, 71, 68)Hour 8 (n= 67, 71, 68)Quarter 1 (n= 67, 70, 66)Quarter 2 (n= 67, 70, 68)Quarter 3 (n= 67, 71, 68)Quarter 4 (n= 67, 71, 68)
Placebo1.792.682.802.762.892.702.662.464.265.555.615.13
Pramipexole 0.5 mg2.063.233.233.413.203.303.282.985.096.676.446.24
Pregabalin 300 mg1.482.362.312.942.332.392.152.073.755.254.754.23

[back to top]

Wake Time During Sleep (WTDS)

WTDS, as determined by PSG, was the number of wake (30-sec) epochs after the onset of persistent sleep and prior to the final awakening or at the end of 8-hour recording. WTDS was the sum of 2 consecutive days of recordings divided by 2 at the end of each intervention period. Arithmetic mean of WTDS of each participant for all periods was taken prior to employing linear mixed model. (NCT00991276)
Timeframe: Week 5 (End of Intervention Period 1), Week 11 (End of Intervention Period 2) and Week 17 (End of Intervention Period 3) or ET

Interventionminutes (Least Squares Mean)
Pregabalin 300 mg45.77
Pramipexole 0.5 mg70.51
Placebo69.75

[back to top]

Wake Time After Sleep (WTAS)

WTAS, as determined by PSG, was the number of wake (30-sec) epochs after the final awakening until the end of the 8-hour recording. WTAS was the sum of 2 consecutive days of recordings divided by 2 at the end of each intervention period. Arithmetic mean of WTAS of each participant for all periods was taken prior to employing linear mixed model. (NCT00991276)
Timeframe: Week 5 (End of Intervention Period 1), Week 11 (End of Intervention Period 2) and Week 17 (End of Intervention Period 3) or ET

Interventionminutes (Least Squares Mean)
Pregabalin 300 mg5.58
Pramipexole 0.5 mg7.86
Placebo8.88

[back to top]

Hourly and Quarterly Assessment of Wake After Sleep Onset (WASO)

WASO, as determined by PSG was time spent awake from sleep onset to final awakening. WASO = (sum of WTDS 30-sec epochs and WTAS 30-sec epochs)/2, measured on 2 consecutive days at end of each intervention period by each individual hour (8 hours total) and each individual quarter of night (eight hours in 2 hour increments). Arithmetic mean of WASO of each participant for all periods was taken prior to employing linear mixed model. (NCT00991276)
Timeframe: Week 5 (End of Intervention Period 1), Week 11 (End of Intervention Period 2) and Week 17 (End of Intervention Period 3) or ET

,,
Interventionminutes (Least Squares Mean)
Hour 1 (n= 66, 67, 66)Hour 2 (n= 67, 70, 66)Hour 3 (n= 67, 70, 67)Hour 4 (n= 67, 70, 68)Hour 5 (n= 67, 70, 68)Hour 6 (n= 67, 71, 68)Hour 7 (n= 67, 71, 68)Hour 8 (n= 67, 71, 68)Quarter 1 (n= 67, 70, 66)Quarter 2 (n= 67, 70, 68)Quarter 3 (n= 67, 71, 68)Quarter 4 (n= 67, 71, 68)
Placebo3.357.398.909.5210.0410.5212.0918.1510.3518.1820.5530.21
Pramipexole 0.5 mg2.267.078.2311.5410.3910.5411.4418.278.9919.7720.7729.55
Pregabalin 300 mg1.625.044.896.215.935.789.1813.166.4211.0811.8122.37

[back to top]

Total Sleep Time (TST)

TST, as determined by PSG, was the number of non-wake (30-sec) epochs from the beginning of recording to the end of the recording. TST was the sum of 2 consecutive days of recording divided by 2 at the end of each intervention period. Arithmetic mean of TST of each participant for all periods was taken prior to employing linear mixed model. (NCT00991276)
Timeframe: Week 5 (End of Intervention Period 1), Week 11 (End of Intervention Period 2) and Week 17 (End of Intervention Period 3) or ET

Interventionminutes (Least Squares Mean)
Pregabalin 300 mg402.38
Pramipexole 0.5 mg376.52
Placebo369.66

[back to top]

Subjective Total Sleep Time (sTST)

sTST as derived from Subjective Sleep Questionnaire (SSQ), a participant reported subjective estimate of the total amount of time the participant was asleep after lights out until final awakening. Completed by the participant 30 minutes after waking; recall period is the night before. Arithmetic mean of sTST of each participant for all periods was taken prior to employing linear mixed model. (NCT00991276)
Timeframe: Week 3 and Week 5 of Each Intervention Period or ET

Interventionminutes (Least Squares Mean)
Pregabalin 300 mg400.97
Pramipexole 0.5 mg374.19
Placebo370.16

[back to top]

Subjective Sleep Questionnaire (SSQ): Total Wake Time After Sleep Onset Subscale

SSQ: participant-rated instrument to assess sleep behavior; measures sleep quantity, quality. Comprised of 5 items yielding 5 subscale scores: latency, hours of sleep, number of awakenings, total wake time after sleep onset, quality of sleep. This 1 item subscale (in minutes): numerical rating completed by participant 30 minutes after waking; recall period: night before. Range: 0-1440 minutes. Lower value: better sleep. Arithmetic mean of this subscale score of each participant for all periods was taken prior to employing linear mixed model. Results of hours of sleep subscale reported as sTST. (NCT00991276)
Timeframe: Week 3 and Week 5 of each intervention period or ET

Interventionminutes (Least Squares Mean)
Pregabalin 300 mg53.78
Pramipexole 0.5 mg82.23
Placebo79.09

[back to top]

Subjective Sleep Questionnaire (SSQ): Quality of Sleep Subscale

SSQ: participant-rated instrument to assess sleep behavior; measures sleep quantity, quality. Comprised of 5 items yielding 5 subscale scores: latency, hours of sleep, number of awakenings, total wake time after sleep onset, quality of sleep. This 1 item subscale: numerical rating completed by participant 30 minutes after waking; recall period: night before, Range: 0 to 100, higher score: better quality of sleep. Arithmetic mean of this subscale score of each participant for all periods was taken prior to employing linear mixed model. Results of hours of sleep subscale reported as sTST. (NCT00991276)
Timeframe: Week 3 and Week 5 of each intervention period or ET

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Pregabalin 300 mg6.74
Pramipexole 0.5 mg5.69
Placebo5.70

[back to top]

Subjective Sleep Questionnaire (SSQ): Number of Awakenings Subscale

SSQ: participant-rated instrument to assess sleep behavior; measures sleep quantity, quality. Comprised of 5 items giving 5 subscale scores: latency, hours of sleep, number of awakenings, total wake time after sleep onset, quality of sleep. This (1 item) subscale: numerical rating completed by participant 30 minutes after waking; recall period: night before. Range: 0 awakenings to 30 awakenings. Lower value indicates better quality of sleep. Arithmetic mean of this subscale score of each participant for all periods was taken prior to employing linear mixed model. Results of hours of sleep subscale reported as sTST. (NCT00991276)
Timeframe: Week 3 and Week 5 of Each Intervention Period or ET

Interventionawakenings (Least Squares Mean)
Pregabalin 300 mg1.69
Pramipexole 0.5 mg2.64
Placebo2.51

[back to top]

Subjective Sleep Questionnaire (SSQ): Latency Subscale

SSQ: participant-rated instrument assesses sleep behavior; measures sleep quantity, quality. Comprised of 5 items giving 5 subscale scores: latency, hours of sleep, number of awakenings, total wake time after sleep onset, quality of sleep. Latency (time to fall asleep [in minutes]): numerical rating completed by participant 30 minutes after waking; recall period: night before. Range: 0 - 840 minutes, lower value: better sleep. Arithmetic mean of subscale score of each participant for all periods was taken prior to employing linear mixed model. Hours of sleep subscale results reported as sTST. (NCT00991276)
Timeframe: Week 3 and Week 5 of each intervention period or ET

Interventionminutes (Least Squares Mean)
Pregabalin 300 mg42.49
Pramipexole 0.5 mg40.59
Placebo50.07

[back to top]

Sleep Efficiency (SE)

SE, as determined by PSG, was the TST divided by the time in bed (TIB)(both in minutes), multiplied by 100. Sum of 2 consecutive days of recording divided by 2 at the end of each intervention period. Arithmetic mean of SE of each participant for all periods was taken prior to employing linear mixed model. (NCT00991276)
Timeframe: Week 5 (End of Intervention Period 1), Week 11 (End of Intervention Period 2) and Week 17 (End of Intervention Period 3) or ET

InterventionPercentage of time asleep (Least Squares Mean)
Pregabalin 300 mg83.81
Pramipexole 0.5 mg78.58
Placebo77.02

[back to top]

% Change in Hamilton Depression Rating Scale From Baseline to week8

"Utilized the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, 21-item version to assess depressive symptoms, with a range of 0-63. Higher scores equals more depression. For the change score, where higher equals greater improvement in depressive symptoms.~Healthy controls were not utilized in this analysis, as no week 8 ratings for health controls were obtained." (NCT01066897)
Timeframe: Baseline and weeks 8

Interventionpercentage reduction in depression score (Mean)
Pramipexole.46

[back to top]

Number of Participants Who Discontinued Study Due to Side-effects of the Medication

(NCT01066897)
Timeframe: throughout the 8 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Pramipexole2
Healthy Controls Who Did Not Take Medication0

[back to top]

AUC0-inf (Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time Zero to Infinity)

Bioequivalence based on AUC0-inf. (NCT01074450)
Timeframe: Blood samples collected over a 48 hour period.

Interventionng*h/mL (Mean)
Test (Pramipexole Dihydrochloride)7.09
Reference (Mirapex®)6.82

[back to top]

AUC0-t (Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time Zero to Time of Last Measurable Concentration)

Bioequivalence based on AUC0-t. (NCT01074450)
Timeframe: Blood samples collected over a 48 hour period.

Interventionng*h/mL (Mean)
Test (Pramipexole Dihydrochloride)6.52
Reference (Mirapex®)6.26

[back to top]

Cmax (Maximum Observed Concentration of Drug Substance in Plasma)

Bioequivalence based on Cmax. (NCT01074450)
Timeframe: Blood samples collected over a 48 hour period.

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Test (Pramipexole Dihydrochloride)0.54
Reference (Mirapex®)0.55

[back to top]

Cmax (Maximum Observed Concentration of Drug Substance in Plasma)

Bioequivalence based on Cmax. (NCT01074463)
Timeframe: Blood samples collected over a 48 hour period.

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Test (Pramipexole Dihydrochloride)0.61
Reference (Mirapex®)0.54

[back to top]

AUC0-t (Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time Zero to Time of Last Measurable Concentration)

Bioequivalence based on AUC0-t. (NCT01074463)
Timeframe: Blood samples collected over a 48 hour period.

Interventionng*h/mL (Mean)
Test (Pramipexole Dihydrochloride)5.86
Reference (Mirapex®)5.68

[back to top]

AUC0-inf (Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time Zero to Infinity)

Bioequivalence based on AUC0-inf. (NCT01074463)
Timeframe: Blood samples collected over a 48 hour period.

Interventionng*h/mL (Mean)
Test (Pramipexole Dihydrochloride)6.27
Reference (Mirapex®)6.17

[back to top]

Patients With a Score of 4 in Morisky Scale After 8-12 Weeks of Treatment

Morisky scale: 4 Yes/No Questions: Do you ever forget to take your medicine? Are you careless at times about taking your medicine? When you feel better do you sometimes stop taking your medicine? Sometimes if you feel worse when you take the medicine, do you stop taking it? Score one point for every NO: 0-1 points = low adherence, 2-3 points = moderate, 4 points = high adherence Confidence interval computed using the Clopper-Pearson (exact) method. (NCT01097421)
Timeframe: 8-12 weeks

InterventionPercent (Number)
Pramipexole Extended Release75.2

[back to top] [back to top]

Clinical Global Impressions (CGI)

Clinical Global Impression (CGI) scale at final visit (NCT01097421)
Timeframe: 8-12 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Very much improvedMuch improvedMinimally improvedNo changeMinimally worseMuch worseVery much worse
Pramipexole Extended Release0381061492670

[back to top]

Level of Adherence

Points on Morisky scale (NCT01097421)
Timeframe: 8-12 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Low AdherenceModerate AdherenceHigh Adherence
Pramipexole Extended Release477245

[back to top]

Patient Preference

Patients were asked about their preference regarding frequency of intake (once daily or three times daily) (NCT01097421)
Timeframe: 8-12 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Once daily intakeThree times daily intakeNo difference
Pramipexole Extended Release2841824

[back to top]

Patients Global Impressions (PGI)

Assessed by asking the patient at the final visit which alternative described how they had felt during the last 7 days as compared to how they felt at the baseline observation. (NCT01097421)
Timeframe: 8-12 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Very much improvedMuch improvedMinimally improvedNo changeMinimally worseMuch worseVery much worse
Pramipexole Extended Release345911383991

[back to top]

Pramipexole (PPX) Dose

mean Pramipexole (PPX) dose (NCT01097421)
Timeframe: pre-treatment and after 8-12 weeks

Interventionmg/24 hr (Mean)
pre-treatment immediate release doseextended release dose at final observation
Pramipexole Extended Release1.071.05

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Percentage On-time With Troublesome Dyskinesia at Week 18

Percentage on-time with troublesome Dyskinesia based on patient diary data, percentage ranging from 0 (best case) to 100 (worst case). On-time describes a period during which a patient was relatively free of Parkinsons symptoms (e.g. mobile or capable of moving with relative ease and independence). Dyskinesia qualified as troublesome if it interfered with function or caused meaningful discomfort. Decrease in the percentage represents an improvement. Means are adjusted for treatment, centre and baseline. (NCT01191944)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 18

InterventionPercentage of on-time (Least Squares Mean)
Pramipexole ER-0.142
Pramipexole IR0.226

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Percentage On-time With Non-troublesome Dyskinesia at Week 18

Percentage on-time with non-troublesome Dyskinesia based on patient diary data, percentage ranging from 0 (worst case) to 100 (best case). On-time describes a period during which a patient was relatively free of Parkinsons symptoms (e.g. mobile or capable of moving with relative ease and independence). Dyskinesia qualified as non-troublesome if it did not interfere with function or did not cause meaningful discomfort. Increase in the percentage represents an improvement. Means are adjusted for treatment, centre and baseline. (NCT01191944)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 18

InterventionPercentage of on-time (Least Squares Mean)
Pramipexole ER-0.235
Pramipexole IR3.275

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Percentage Off-time During Waking Hours at Week 18

Percentage off-time during waking hours based on patient diary data, percentage ranging from 0 (best case) to 100 (worst case). Off-time describes a period when the patient experiences increased parkinsonian symptoms (e.g. immobility or inability to move with ease). Reduction over time represents an improvement. Means are adjusted for treatment, centre and baseline. (NCT01191944)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 18

InterventionPercentage off-time (Least Squares Mean)
Pramipexole ER-6.962
Pramipexole IR-7.443

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) Total Score at 18 Weeks

ESS is a patient-report scale with 8 items rating how likely one is to fall asleep during passive and inconsequential situations such as watching television, more active situations such as sitting and talking to someone, or consequential situations such as sitting in a car, while stopped for a few minutes in traffic. The likelihood of dozing off is rated from 0 points (no chance) to 3 points (high chance). The overall rating scale is scored from 0 (no daytime sleep) to 24 (worst daytime sleep). (NCT01191944)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 18

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole ER0.1
Pramipexole IR-0.0

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Duration of On-time Without or With Non-troublesome Dyskinesia at Week 18

Duration of on-time without Dyskinesia or with non-troublesome Dyskinesia based on patient diary data, percentage ranging from 0 (worst case) to 100 (best case). On-time describes a period during which a patient was relatively free of Parkinsons symptoms (e.g. mobile or capable of moving with relative ease and independence). Dyskinesia qualified as non-troublesome if it did not interfere with function or did not cause meaningful discomfort. Increase in the duration represents an improvement. Means are adjusted for treatment, centre and baseline. (NCT01191944)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 18

Interventionhours (Least Squares Mean)
Pramipexole ER0.982
Pramipexole IR1.013

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Duration of On-time Without Dyskinesia at Week 18

Duration of on-time without Dyskinesia based on patient diary data. On-time describes a period during which a patient was relatively free of Parkinsons symptoms (e.g. mobile or capable of moving with relative ease and independence). Increase in the duration represents an improvement. Means are adjusted for treatment, centre and baseline. (NCT01191944)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 18

Interventionhours (Least Squares Mean)
Pramipexole ER1.026
Pramipexole IR0.496

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Duration of On-time With Troublesome Dyskinesia at Week 18

Duration of on-time with troublesome Dyskinesia based on patient diary data, percentage ranging from 0 (best case) to 100 (worst case). On-time describes a period during which a patient was relatively free of Parkinsons symptoms (e.g. mobile or capable of moving with relative ease and independence). Dyskinesia qualified as troublesome if it interfered with function or caused meaningful discomfort. Decrease in the duration represents an improvement. Means are adjusted for treatment, centre and baseline. (NCT01191944)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 18

Interventionhours (Least Squares Mean)
Pramipexole ER-0.000
Pramipexole IR0.031

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Duration of On-time With Non-troublesome Dyskinesia at Week 18

Duration on-time with non-troublesome Dyskinesia based on patient diary data, percentage ranging from 0 (worst case) to 100 (best case). On-time describes a period during which a patient was relatively free of Parkinsons symptoms (e.g. mobile or capable of moving with relative ease and independence). Dyskinesia qualified as non-troublesome if it did not interfere with function or did not cause meaningful discomfort. Increase in the duration represents an improvement. Means are adjusted for treatment, centre and baseline. (NCT01191944)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 18

Interventionhours (Least Squares Mean)
Pramipexole ER-0.044
Pramipexole IR0.518

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Duration of Off-time During Waking Hours at Week 18

Duration of off-time during waking hours based on patient diary data. Off-time describes a period when the patient experiences increased parkinsonian symptoms (e.g. immobility or inability to move with ease). Reduction over time represents an improvement. Means are adjusted for treatment, centre and baseline. (NCT01191944)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 18

Interventionhours (Least Squares Mean)
Pramipexole ER-1.044
Pramipexole IR-1.098

[back to top]

Responder in UPDRS Parts II+III Score at Week 18

Responders were defined as patients with at least a 20 percent improvement of UPDRS II+III score relative to baseline. UPDRS II+III ranges 0-160 scores from best to worst and was calculated as the sum of Part II (activities of daily living, ranges from 0 to 52) and Part III (motor examination, ranges from 0 to 108). (NCT01191944)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 18

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
ResponderNon-Responder
Pramipexole ER16464
Pramipexole IR15482

[back to top]

Responder in Percentage Off-time During Waking Hours at Week 18

Percentage off-time based on patient diary data, percentage ranging from 0 (best case) to 100 (worst case). Off-time describes a period when the patient experiences increased parkinsonian symptoms (e.g. immobility or inability to move with ease). Reduction over time represents an improvement. Responders were defined as patients with at least a 20 percent improvement relative to baseline. (NCT01191944)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 18

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
ResponderNon-Responder
Pramipexole ER5852
Pramipexole IR5947

[back to top]

Patient Global Impressions of Improvement (PGI-I) Responder at Week 18

The PGI-I scale is a patient-rated instrument which was used to measure the improvement of a patients PD symptoms throughout the study. Ranging from 1 point=very much better to 7 points=very much worse. Responders were defined as patients having score 1 or 2 (at least much better) when comparing the past week to the assessment at baseline. (NCT01191944)
Timeframe: 18 weeks

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
ResponderNon-Responder
Pramipexole ER119109
Pramipexole IR127109

[back to top]

Levodopa (L-Dopa) Introduction During the Study

Number of patients without concomitant L-Dopa treatment at baseline which required L-Dopa supplementation during the study. (NCT01191944)
Timeframe: 18 weeks

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
with L-Dopa introductionwithout L-Dopa introduction
Pramipexole ER124
Pramipexole IR040

[back to top]

Clinical Global Impression of Improvement (CGI-I) Responder at Week 18

CGI-I was used to assess the overall status of Parkinsons disease (PD) after interviewing the patient about the various aspects of the PD and after evaluating adverse events and concomitant treatments. Ranging from 1 point=very much improved to 7 points=very much worse. Responders were defined as patients having score 1 or 2 (at least much improved) when comparing the past week to the assessment at baseline. (NCT01191944)
Timeframe: 18 weeks

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
ResponderNon-Responder
Pramipexole ER12599
Pramipexole IR13895

[back to top]

Levodopa (L-Dopa) Dose Change During the Study

Although the number of patients who began the study with concomitant L-dopa supplementation and required a change in dosage was not analysed for this study, the change from baseline in L-dopa dose is presented. (NCT01191944)
Timeframe: 18 weeks

Interventionmg (Mean)
Pramipexole ER-5.17
Pramipexole IR-11.22

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in UPDRS III Score Separately at Week 18

UPDRS Part III (motor examination) ranges from 0 to 108. Reduction over time represents an improvement. Means are adjusted for treatment, centre and baseline. (NCT01191944)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 18

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Pramipexole ER-10.068
Pramipexole IR-9.440

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in UPDRS II Score Separately at Week 18

UPDRS Part II (activities of daily living) ranges from 0 to 52. Reduction over time represents an improvement. Means are adjusted for treatment, centre and baseline. (NCT01191944)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 18

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Pramipexole ER-3.750
Pramipexole IR-3.596

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Unified Parkinsons Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) Parts II+III Score at Week 18

UPDRS total score ranges from 0 (best) to 160 (worst) and was calculated as the sum of Part II (activities of daily living, ranges from 0 to 52) and Part III (motor examination, ranges from 0 to 108). Reduction over time represents an improvement. Means are adjusted for treatment, centre and baseline. (NCT01191944)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 18

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Pramipexole ER-13.807
Pramipexole IR-13.047

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Percentage On-time Without or With Non-troublesome Dyskinesia at Week 18

Percentage on-time without or with non-troublesome Dyskinesia based on patient diary data, percentage ranging from 0 (best case) to 100 (worst case). On-time describes a period during which a patient was relatively free of Parkinsons symptoms (e.g. mobile or capable of moving with relative ease and independence). Dyskinesia qualified as non-troublesome if it did not interfere with function or did not cause meaningful discomfort. Increase in the percentage represents an improvement. Means are adjusted for treatment, centre and baseline. (NCT01191944)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 18

InterventionPercentage of on-time (Least Squares Mean)
Pramipexole ER6.855
Pramipexole IR7.476

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Percentage On-time Without Dyskinesia at Week 18

Percentage on-time without Dyskinesia based on patient diary data, percentage ranging from 0 (worst case) to 100 (best case). On-time describes a period during which a patient was relatively free of Parkinsons symptoms (e.g. mobile or capable of moving with relative ease and independence). Increase in the percentage represents an improvement. Means are adjusted for treatment, centre and baseline. (NCT01191944)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 18

InterventionPercentage of on-time (Least Squares Mean)
Pramipexole ER7.028
Pramipexole IR4.265

[back to top]

Average Concentration in Plasma Under Steady-state Conditions (Cavg) for PK Population (Excluding Subjects Due to Emesis)

Cavg = Average concentration of the analyte in plasma at steady state (NCT01214109)
Timeframe: 27 days

Interventionng/mL (Geometric Mean)
0.375 mg q.d.ER0.277
0.125 mg t.i.d. IR0.310
1.5 mg q.d. ER1.04
0.5 mg t.i.d. IR1.14

[back to top]

Maximum Steady State Concentration (Cmax,ss) for PK Population (All Subjects)

Cmax = maximum observed concentration of the analyte in plasma at steady state (NCT01214109)
Timeframe: 27 days

Interventionng/mL (Geometric Mean)
0.375 mg q.d.ER0.416
0.125 mg t.i.d. IR0.469
1.5 mg q.d. ER1.10
0.5 mg t.i.d. IR1.20

[back to top]

Maximum Steady State Concentration (Cmax,ss) for PK Population (Excluding Subjects Due to Emesis)

Cmax,ss = maximum observed concentration of the analyte in plasma at steady state (NCT01214109)
Timeframe: 27 days

Interventionng/mL (Geometric Mean)
0.375 mg q.d.ER0.436
0.125 mg t.i.d. IR0.463
1.5 mg q.d. ER1.56
0.5 mg t.i.d. IR1.61

[back to top]

Minimum Steady State Concentration (Cmin,ss) for PK Population (All Subjects)

Cmin,ss = Minimum observed concentration of the analyte in plasma at steady state (NCT01214109)
Timeframe: 27 days

Interventionng/mL (Geometric Mean)
0.375 mg q.d.ERNA
0.125 mg t.i.d. IRNA
1.5 mg q.d. ERNA
0.5 mg t.i.d. IR0.478

[back to top]

Minimum Steady State Concentration (Cmin,ss) for PK Population (Excluding Subjects Due to Emesis)

Cmin,ss = Minimum observed concentration of the analyte in plasma at steady state (NCT01214109)
Timeframe: 27 days

Interventionng/mL (Geometric Mean)
0.375 mg q.d.ERNA
0.125 mg t.i.d. IRNA
1.5 mg q.d. ER0.403
0.5 mg t.i.d. IR0.609

[back to top]

Peak-to-trough Fluctuation (PTF) for PK Population (All Subjects)

PTF = Peak-to-trough fluctuation is measured as a percent (NCT01214109)
Timeframe: 27 days

Interventionpercent (Geometric Mean)
0.375 mg q.d.ER112
0.125 mg t.i.d. IR86.6
1.5 mg q.d. ER101
0.5 mg t.i.d. IR78.2

[back to top]

Peak-to-trough Fluctuation (PTF) for PK Population (Excluding Subjects Due to Emesis)

PTF = Peak-to-trough fluctuation is measured as a percent (NCT01214109)
Timeframe: 27 days

Interventionpercent (Geometric Mean)
0.375 mg q.d.ER109
0.125 mg t.i.d. IR86.2
1.5 mg q.d. ER103
0.5 mg t.i.d. IR82.5

[back to top]

Time From Dosing to the Maximum Measured Concentration of the Analyte in Plasma (Tmax) for PK Population (Excluding Subjects Due to Emesis)

tmax = time of maximum observed plasma concentration (NCT01214109)
Timeframe: 27 days

Interventionhours (Median)
0.375 mg q.d.ER4.00
0.125 mg t.i.d. IR1.00
1.5 mg q.d. ER4.00
0.5 mg t.i.d. IR1.00

[back to top]

Time From Dosing to the Maximum Measured Concentration of the Analyte in Plasma (Tmax) for PK Population (All Subjects)

tmax = time of maximum observed plasma concentration (NCT01214109)
Timeframe: 27 days

Interventionhours (Median)
0.375 mg q.d.ER4.00
0.125 mg t.i.d. IR1.00
1.5 mg q.d. ER4.00
0.5 mg t.i.d. IR1.00

[back to top]

The Apparent Clearance of the Analyte in Plasma at Steady State Following Oral Administration (CL/F,ss) for PK Population (Excluding Subjects Due to Emesis)

CL/F,ss = Apparent clearance of the analyte in the plasma at steady state following oral administration (NCT01214109)
Timeframe: 27 days

InterventionmL/min (Geometric Mean)
0.375 mg q.d.ER942
0.125 mg t.i.d. IR839
1.5 mg q.d. ER1008
0.5 mg t.i.d. IR911

[back to top]

The Apparent Clearance of the Analyte in Plasma at Steady State Following Oral Administration (CL/F,ss) for PK Population (All Subjects)

CL/F,ss = Apparent clearance of the analyte in the plasma at steady state following oral administration (NCT01214109)
Timeframe: 27 days

InterventionmL/min (Geometric Mean)
0.375 mg q.d.ER1007
0.125 mg t.i.d. IR833
1.5 mg q.d. ER1310
0.5 mg t.i.d. IR1228

[back to top] [back to top]

Terminal Half-life of the Analyte in Plasma at Steady State (t1/2,ss) for PK Population (Excluding Subjects Due to Emesis)

t1/2,ss - Apparent plasma terminal elimination half-life at steady state (NCT01214109)
Timeframe: 27 days

Interventionh (Geometric Mean)
0.375 mg q.d.ER13.4
0.125 mg t.i.d. IR7.68
1.5 mg q.d. ER14.5
0.5 mg t.i.d. IR7.92

[back to top]

Terminal Half-life of the Analyte in Plasma at Steady State (t1/2,ss) for PK Population (All Subjects)

t1/2,ss - Apparent plasma terminal elimination half-life at steady state (NCT01214109)
Timeframe: 27 days

Interventionh (Geometric Mean)
0.375 mg q.d.ER13.3
0.125 mg t.i.d. IR7.69
1.5 mg q.d. ER14.4
0.5 mg t.i.d. IR8.43

[back to top] [back to top]

Apparent Volume of Distribution During the Terminal Phase at Steady State Following Oral Administration (Vz/F,ss) for PK Population (All Subjects)

Vz/F,ss = Apparent volume of distribution during the terminal phase λz at steady state following oral administration (NCT01214109)
Timeframe: 27 days

InterventionL (Geometric Mean)
0.375 mg q.d.ER1167
0.125 mg t.i.d. IR545
1.5 mg q.d. ER1671
0.5 mg t.i.d. IR897

[back to top]

Apparent Volume of Distribution During the Terminal Phase at Steady State Following Oral Administration (Vz/F,ss) for PK Population (Excluding Subjects Due to Emesis)

Vz/F,ss = Apparent volume of distribution during the terminal phase λz at steady state following oral administration (NCT01214109)
Timeframe: 27 days

InterventionL (Geometric Mean)
0.375 mg q.d.ER1092
0.125 mg t.i.d. IR547
1.5 mg q.d. ER1211
0.5 mg t.i.d. IR625

[back to top] [back to top] [back to top]

Average Concentration in Plasma Under Steady-state Conditions (Cavg) for PK Population (All Subjects)

Cavg = Average concentration of the analyte in plasma at steady state (NCT01214109)
Timeframe: 27 days

Interventionng/mL (Geometric Mean)
0.375 mg q.d.ER0.259
0.125 mg t.i.d. IR0.312
1.5 mg q.d. ER0.796
0.5 mg t.i.d. IR0.848

[back to top]

Death up to 18 Months

Estimated time to death up to 18 months. This includes deaths reported greater than 30 days following discontinuation from the study (the time period for reporting all-cause mortality), regardless of subject disposition, up to 18 months from first dose. (NCT01281189)
Timeframe: 18 months

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Placebo23.1
Dexpramipexole20.5

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in ALSFRS-R at 12 Months (CAFs Individual Component)

The ALSFRS-R (ALS functional rating scale with respiratory component) is a validated scale which measures 4 functional domains, comprising respiratory function, bulbar function, gross motor skills, and fine motor skills. There are a total of 12 questions, each scored from 0 to 4 for a total possible score of 48, with higher scores representing better function. (NCT01281189)
Timeframe: 12 months

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-13.415
Dexpramipexole-13.339

[back to top]

Composite Assessment of Function and Survival (CAFS) at 12 Months

The Composite Assessment of Function and Survival (CAFS) is a between-group comparison of a single ranked clinical outcome based on (1) the change from baseline in ALS Functional Rating Scale-Revised (ALSFRS-R) score and (2) time to death. Each subject is ranked according to time-to-death (earlier deaths ranked lower than later deaths). Subjects who survive are ranked more favorably than subjects who died. Among the survivors, subjects are ranked according to change in ALSFRS-R (greater worsening of ALSFRS-R is ranked lower than less worsening or an improvement in ALSFRS-R). The ranked scores range from 001 to 941 (the number of subjects in the Efficacy Population) with larger rank score numbers associated with a better outcome. The ranks were analyzed using an ANCOVA model, which includes treatment as a fixed effect and adjusts for baseline ALSFRS-R score, duration of symptoms, site of onset, and use of riluzole. The least square mean rank score is presented for each treatment group. (NCT01281189)
Timeframe: 12 months

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo438.84
Dexpramipexole441.76

[back to top]

Death or Respiratory Insufficiency (DRI) up to Month 18

Time to Death or Respiratory Insufficiency (DRI) is defined as receipt of a tracheostomy or the use of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) for ≥22 hours per day for at least 10 consecutive days. If NIV is used to meet the criteria for respiratory insufficiency, no measured slow vital capacity (SVC) at any subsequent assessment may be >50%. Time to DRI is calculated from the date of the first dose to the first date of one of the following events: death, tracheostomy, or the 10th day of consecutive NIV with no measured SVC >50% at any subsequent assessment. (NCT01281189)
Timeframe: 18 months

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Placebo27.2
Dexpramipexole22.3

[back to top]

Death up to 12 Months (CAFs Individual Component)

The longest duration of follow-up for this time to the death analysis was 12 months. In the study, subjects were followed for 12-18 months. (NCT01281189)
Timeframe: 12 months

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Placebo17.2
Dexpramipexole16.0

[back to top]

≤50% Predicted Upright Slow Vital Capacity (SVC) or Died up to 18 Months

The date of reaching ≤50% of predicted upright slow vital capacity (SVC) is defined as the date of the first visit at which a predicted upright SVC is ≤50% and continues to remain ≤50% at the subsequent visit except for the last available observation. The time to reach ≤50% of predicted upright SVC is defined as the duration between the date of reaching ≤50% of predicted upright SVC and the date of the first dose of study medication. If the subject is alive and does not reach ≤50% of predicted upright SVC, the time to reach ≤50% of predicted upright SVC will be censored and equal to the number of days from the first dose of study medication until the visit date when the subject's last available SVC assessment is performed. The earliest time (Reaching ≤50% Predicted Upright SVC or death) is used in analysis. (NCT01281189)
Timeframe: 18 months

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Placebo41.9
Dexpramipexole36.5

[back to top]

Incidence of AE/SAE

The percentage of adverse events or serious adverse events occurring under Pramipexole mono- or combination therapy with other medication in this study. (NCT01361009)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Pramipexole Goup5.16

[back to top] [back to top] [back to top]

Patient Global Impression(PGI) at Visit 1(Baseline) and Visit 3(at the End of Study)

Patient Global Impression (PGI) scale, ranging from 1 (excellent) to 7 (extremely poor), including 1(excellent), 2(very good), 3(good), 4(no change), 5(poor), 6(very poor) and 7(extremely poor). (NCT01361009)
Timeframe: Baseline (Visit 1) and 12 weeks (Visit 3)

Interventionunit on a scale (Mean)
Visit 1Visit 3
Pramipexole Goup3.532.48

[back to top]

Number of Patients With Adverse Events

Labwork will be performed every two months. There will be frequent contact with subjects to assess for adverse events. (NCT01388478)
Timeframe: 6 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
R(+)Pramipexole18

[back to top]

Longitudinal Change of Brain Network Activity

"The brain network activity is evaluated by Parkinson's disease-related spatial covariance pattern(PDRP) value (Z score).~The change of brain network activity is calculated by the PDRP value (Z score) at V5 - the PDRP value (Z score) at V1." (NCT01470859)
Timeframe: twice, baseline and 1 year after baseline

,
InterventionZ-score in PDRP (Mean)
Change from baseline (V5-V1)Z score at baseline (V1)Z score at 1 year (V5)
Levodopa0.412.212.29
Pramipexole0.613.614.09

[back to top]

Patients With Clinical Improvement as Evaluated by Global Impression Scale (CGI).

"Patients with a score <= 2 (very much or much improved in relation to baseline) are considered as clinically improved.~The numbers of participants with clinical improvement are reported here. The completion of dosage titration within 10 weeks after baseline (visit 2) and 1 year after baseline (final visit)" (NCT01470859)
Timeframe: twice, at 10 weeks(V2) and 1 year(V5)

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Patients with improvement at V2Patients with improvement at V5
Levodopa62
Pramipexole44

[back to top]

Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire (PDQ39)

"The PDQ39 score was assessed at baseline (1st visit, V1) and 1 year after baseline (final visit, V5).~PDQ39 score ranges from 0-156 (0-4 each item); the more score, the more severe." (NCT01470859)
Timeframe: twice baseline and 1 year

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
PDQ39 at baseline (V1)PDQ39 at 1 year (V5)
Levodopa19.3820.36
Pramipexole20.3621.07

[back to top]

Hoehn&Yahr (H&Y) Staging

"The Hoehn and Yahr scale is a commonly used scale for describing how the symptoms of Parkinson's disease progress and the disease stages. Bigger numbers indicate more symptoms and disease progression. H&Y stage range from 0-5; the greater, the more severe.~The H&Y stages of patients were evaluated at baseline (1st visit, V1), and 1 year after baseline (final visit, V5)." (NCT01470859)
Timeframe: twice baseline and 1 year

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
H&Y at baseline（V1）H&Y at 1 year（V5）
Levodopa1.351.65
Pramipexole1.431.82

[back to top]

Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Score (UPDRS II, III)

baseline (1st visit, V1), completion of dosage titration within 10 weeks after baseline (2nd visit, V2), 1 year after baseline (final visit, V5) UPDRS II score 0-52 (13 items); UPDRS III score 0-56 (14 items); The more scores,the more severe; the two scales were evaluated separately. (NCT01470859)
Timeframe: three times: baseline, 10 weeks, 1 year

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
UPDRS II at baseline (V1)UPDRS II (V2)UPDRS II at 1 year (V5)UPDRS III at baseline (V1)UPDRS III (V2)UPDRS III at 1 year (V5)
Levodopa7.35.87.418.712.719.5
Pramipexole7.14.98.423.120.124.3

[back to top]

Percentage of Adverse Drug Reactions

Percentage of subjects with adverse drug reactions (NCT01525641)
Timeframe: From baseline up to week 52

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Subjects With Parkinson's Disease (PD)24.78

[back to top]

Clinical Global Impression of Effect

Clinical global impression (CGI) of effect at the last observation, on a rating scale from very much improved to no effect. (NCT01525641)
Timeframe: Week 52

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Very much improvedMuch improvedMinimally improvedNo effect
Subjects With Parkinson's Disease (PD)1422320567

[back to top]

Onset or Offset of On and Off Phenomenon in Patients With Concomitant L-DOPA

"Number of patients with onset or offset of on-off phenomenon in patients with concomitant levodopa (L-DOPA). On-off phenomenon is the unpredictable shift from mobility - on - to a sudden inability to move - off." (NCT01525641)
Timeframe: Week 52

Interventionparticipants (Number)
YesNoUnknown
Subjects With Parkinson's Disease (PD)432622

[back to top]

Onset or Offset of Wearing-off Phenomenon in Patients With Concomitant L-DOPA

Number of patients with onset or offset of wearing-off phenomena in patients with concomitant levodopa (L-DOPA). Wearing-off is when Parkinson's symptoms begin to reappear or become noticeably worse before it is time to take the next scheduled dose of medication. (NCT01525641)
Timeframe: Week 52

Interventionparticipants (Number)
YesNo
Subjects With Parkinson's Disease (PD)144163

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in the Modified Hoehn & Yahr to Last Observation

Change from baseline at the last observation in the modified Hoehn and Yahr stage. Stages of the Parkinson's disease will be assessed on an 8-degree scale between stage 0 (no sign of the disease) and 5 (wheelchair bound or bedridden unless aided) in steps of 0, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4 and 5. A reduction in the score over time represents an improvement. (NCT01525641)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 52

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Subjects With Parkinson's Disease (PD)-0.12

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Total Score of the UPDRS Part III to Last Observation

"Change from baseline at the last observation in the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) Part III total score.~UPDRS Part III (motor examination) measures the extent of physical impairment displayed by the patient. This evaluation consists of 14 separate components of patient's physical status.~The UPDRS part III score is the sum of the 14 individual components. The UPDRS Part III total score ranges from 0 to 108.A reduction in UPDRS part III score over time corresponds to an improvement in motor activities.~The following are the 14 separate components:1. Speech 2. Facial expression 3. Tremor at rest 4. Action or postural tremor of hands 5. Rigidity 6. Finger taps 7. Hand movements 8. Rapid alternating movements of hands 9. Leg agility 10. Arising from chair 11. Posture 12. Gait 13. Postural stability 14. Body bradykinesia and hypokinesia." (NCT01525641)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 52

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Subjects With Parkinson's Disease (PD)-3.73

[back to top]

Number of Participants With Potentially Clinically Significant ECG Results

Number of Participants with Potentially Clinically Significant ECG Results. Percentages based on number of patients with at least one non-missing post-baseline value in each treatment group. Patients are only counted once per criterion per laboratory test. (NCT01622088)
Timeframe: Baseline through end of study (maximum 226 days: approximately 32.2 weeks)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
QTcF > 450 msQTcF > 480 msQTcF > 500 msQTcF Change from Baseline > 30 msQTcF Change from Baseline > 60 msQT > 450 msQT > 480 msQT > 500 msQT Change from Baseline > 30 msQT Change from Baseline > 60 msQTcB > 480 msQTcB > 450 msQTcB > 500 msQTcB Change from Baseline > 30 msQTcB Change from Baseline > 60 msPR > 220 ms and Percent Increase from Baseline >25%QRS > 110 ms and Percent Increase from Baseline >25%
Dexpramipexole 150 mg BID20034300059292069601

[back to top]

Number of Participants With Potentially Clinically Significant Vital Sign Results

Number of Participants with Potentially Clinically Significant Vital Sign Abnormalities. Percentages based on number of patients with at least one non-missing post-baseline value in each treatment group. Patients are only counted once per criterion per laboratory test. (NCT01622088)
Timeframe: Baseline through end of study (maximum 226 days: approximately 32.2 weeks)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Systolic BP >180 mmHgSystolic BP Increase from Baseline >40 mmHgSystolic BP <90 mmHgSystolic BP Decrease from Baseline >30 mmHgDiastolic BP >105 mmHgDiastolic BP increase from Baseline >30 mmHgDiastolic BP <50 mmHgDiastolic BP Decrease from Baseline >20 mmHgPulse >120 bpmPulse Increase from Baseline >30 bpmPulse <50 bpmPulse Decrease from Baseline >20 bpmTemperature >38.5 C and Increase from Baseline>=1°CWeight >=7% Increase from BaselineWeight >=7% Decrease from Baseline
Dexpramipexole 150 mg BID2641020522131623011937

[back to top]

Number of Participants With Potentially Clinically Significant Hematology Results

Number of Participants with Potentially Clinically Significant Hematology Results. Percentages based on number of patients with at least one non-missing post-baseline value in each treatment group. Patients are only counted once per criterion per laboratory test. (NCT01622088)
Timeframe: Baseline through end of study (maximum 226 days: approximately 32.2 weeks)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
White Blood Cell Count < 3.0 x10^9 cells/LWhite Blood Cell Count >= 16 x10^9 cells/LTotal Absolute Neutrophil Count < 1.5 x10^9 cells/LTotal Absolute Neutrophil Count >= 13.5 x10^9 cells/LLymphocyte < 0.8 x10^9 cells/LLymphocyte > 12 x10^9 cells/LMonocytes > 2.5 x10^9 cells/LEosinophils > 1.6 x10^9 cells/LBasophils > 1.6 x10^9 cells/LHemoglobin - Females <= 95 g/LHemoglobin - Females >= 175 g/LHemoglobin - Males <= 115 g/LHemoglobin - Males >= 190 g/LHematocrit - Females <= 32%Hematocrit - Females >= 54%Hematocrit - Males <= 37%Hematocrit - Males >= 60%Red Blood Cell Count <= 3.5 x10^12 cells/LRed Blood Cell Count >= 6.4 x10^12 cells/LPlatelet Count <= 75 x10^9 cells/LPlatelet Count >= 700 x10^9 cells/L
Dexpramipexole 150 mg BID186146650000101318047115303

[back to top]

Slope of Sniff Nasal Inspiratory Pressure (SNIP) From Baseline to End of Study

SNIP is a test of inspiratory force (sternocleidomastoid and diaphragm) measured via a nasal cannula and is used to assess respiratory muscle weakness and to monitor changes in respiratory muscle strength over time. During the SNIP maneuver, the patient is asked to perform a strong, sharp, maximal sniff, whereby nasal pressure is measured via nasal cannula. The maximum recorded value after several attempts, with rest in between attempts, was use in the analysis. (NCT01622088)
Timeframe: Up to maximum 226 days: approximately 32.2 weeks

InterventionChange per month in SNIP (in cm H20) (Least Squares Mean)
Dexpramipexole 150 mg BID-0.1895

[back to top]

Number of Subjects Who Discontinued the Study Treatment Due to an Adverse Event

The number of subjects enrolled who discontinued the study treatment due to an adverse event during the study (NCT01622088)
Timeframe: Baseline through end of study (maximum 226 days: approximately 32.2 weeks)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Dexpramipexole 150 mg BID30

[back to top]

Slope of ALSFRS-R (ALS Functional Rating Scale With Respiratory Component) From Baseline to End of Study

The ALSFRS-R (ALS functional rating scale with respiratory component) is a validated scale which measures 4 functional domains, comprising respiratory function, bulbar function, gross motor skills, and fine motor skills. There are a total of 12 questions, each scored from 0 to 4 for a total possible score between 0 to 48, with higher scores representing better function. Slope is calculated using a linear mixed effects model with x-axis time in months and y-axis ALSFRS-R score. Units for slope are change per month in units on the ALSFRS-R scale. (NCT01622088)
Timeframe: Up to maximum 226 days: approximately 32.2 weeks

InterventionChange per month in ALSFRS-R (Least Squares Mean)
Dexpramipexole 150 mg BID-0.7355

[back to top]

Number of Participants With Potentially Clinically Significant Blood Chemistry Results

Number of Participants with Potentially Clinically Significant Blood Chemistry Results. Percentages based on number of patients with at least one non-missing post-baseline value in each treatment group. Patients are only counted once per criterion per laboratory test. (NCT01622088)
Timeframe: Baseline through end of study (maximum 226 days: approximately 32.2 weeks)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Sodium <= 126 mmol/LSodium >= 156 mmol/LPotassium <= 3 mmol/LPotassium >= 6 mmol/LChloride <= 90 mmol/LChloride >= 118 mmol/LBicarbonate <= 16 mmol/LBicarbonate >= 35 mmol/LCalcium <= 2 mmol/LCalcium >= 3 mmol/LMagnesium <= 0.5 mmol/LMagnesium >= 1.2 mmol/LPhosphorus <= 0.6 mmol/LPhosphorus >= 1.7 mmol/LAspartate Aminotransferase - SGOT >= 3 x ULN U/LAlanine Aminotransferase - SGPT >= 3 x ULN U/LAlkaline Phosphatase >= 1.5 x ULN U/LCreatinine - Females >= 176.8 umol/LCreatinine - Males >= 176.8 umol/LBlood Urea Nitrogen >= 10.7 mmol/LTotal Bilirubin >= 1.5 x ULN umol/LTotal Protein <= 45 g/LTotal Protein >= 100 g/LAlbumin <= 25 g/LUric Acid - Females >= 506 umol/LUric Acid - Males >= 625 umol/LGlucose <= 2.2 mmol/LGlucose >= 9.7 mmol/L
Dexpramipexole 150 mg BID5014907670000941241023810314043

[back to top]

Death up to 6 Months

Kaplan-Meier estimate of percentage of subjects who died up to 6 months (NCT01622088)
Timeframe: 6 Months

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Dexpramipexole 150 mg BID13.95

[back to top]

Number of Subjects Who Experienced a Serious Adverse Event

The number of subjects enrolled who reported a serious adverse event during the study (NCT01622088)
Timeframe: Baseline through end of study (maximum 226 days: approximately 32.2 weeks)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Dexpramipexole 150 mg BID152

[back to top]

Number of Subjects Who Reported an Adverse Event

The number of subjects who reported an adverse event during the study (NCT01622088)
Timeframe: Baseline through end of study (maximum 226 days: approximately 32.2 weeks)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Dexpramipexole 150 mg BID454

[back to top]

Percentage of Participants With Death or Death Equivalent up to 6 Months

Kaplan-Meier estimate of percentage of subjects who died or had a death equivalent event (tracheostomy or permanent assisted ventilation [PAV], defined as use of noninvasive ventilation [NIV] for ≥22 hours per day for ≥10 days) up to 6 months (NCT01622088)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Dexpramipexole 150 mg BID16.35

[back to top]

PDQ39

Change from baseline in individual Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire - 39. Score 0-100 where 0 is indicative of no problem at all and 100 is the maximum level of problem. (NCT01968460)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
P2B001 Treatment A-3.01
P2B001 Treatment B-2.19
Placebo0.26

[back to top]

CGI-S

Change from baseline in individual Clinical Global Impression - Severity. Severity scale (CGI-S) is a 7-point scale that requires the clinician to rate the severity of the patient's illness (Parkinson's Disease) at the time of assessment relative to the clinician's past experience with patients who have the same diagnosis as one of the following:. 1 is normal and 7 is the most extremely ill patients. A subject defined as a treatment responder when the improvement from baseline to the Week12 / Last Observed Value (LOV) was of at least 1 point or more. (NCT01968460)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
P2B001 Treatment A13
P2B001 Treatment B9
Placebo3

[back to top]

Total UPDRS I, II, III Scores

"Change from baseline to final visit (week 12) in total UPDRS score (defined as sum of parts I, II and III, scores (0-176). UPDRS- Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, minimum value is 0 points and maximum value is 176.~High score mean worse outcome." (NCT01968460)
Timeframe: Week 12

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
P2B001 Treatment A-5.97
P2B001 Treatment B-5.15
Placebo-1.31

[back to top]

UPDRS Motor (Part III)

Change from baseline in individual UPDRS motor (part III). UPDRS- Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, part III motor . min is 0 and Max is 108 (Worse outcome) (NCT01968460)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
P2B001 Treatment A-4.43
P2B001 Treatment B-3.95
Placebo-1.62

[back to top]

UPDRS ADL (Part II)

Change from baseline in individual UPDRS ADL (part II). Activity of daily Life UPDRS part II minimum is 0 point and max is 52 point (worse outcome) (NCT01968460)
Timeframe: Week 12

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
P2B001 Treatment A-1.49
P2B001 Treatment B-1.06
Placebo0.36

[back to top]

Change in Temporal Experiences of Pleasure Scale -- Consummatory Subscale

"A validated self-rated scale shown to assess consummatory pleasure. It will be used for exploratory analyses of anhedonia.~18 items were measured on a scale of 1 (very false for me) to 6 (very true for me). Higher scores indicate higher pleasure. Item scores were added for a lowest possible score of 18 and highest possible score of 108." (NCT02033369)
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole35.6

[back to top]

Change in Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression

Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD), 17-item version. This standard scale will be used to assess severity of depression, looking at change in total score from baseline to week 6, rating severity of depression on a scale from 0 (least depression) to 50 (greatest depression) (NCT02033369)
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole8.4

[back to top]

Change in Clinical Global Improvement - Severity Scale

Seven-point Likert scale rating clinical severity of mental illness from 1 (least severe) to 7 ( most severe). Physician-rated scale. One item. (NCT02033369)
Timeframe: 6 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole2.59

[back to top]

Change in Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire, Short Form

Change in Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire, Short Form. A 62-item scale assessing anxiety and depression. Items were measured on a scale of 1-5, higher number indicating higher levels of symptoms.The lowest possible score was 62, and the highest 310. (NCT02033369)
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole123.1

[back to top]

Change in Snaith Hamilton Pleasure Scale

"Fourteen-item self-rated anhedonia scale. Items were comprised of statements that participants rated as strongly disagree (1), disagree (2), agree (3), or strongly agree (4). The lowest possible score was 14, the highest possible score was 56." (NCT02033369)
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole26

[back to top]

Change in Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale - Anticipatory Subscale

"A validated self-rated scale shown to assess anticipatory pleasure. It will be used for exploratory analyses of anhedonia.~18 items were measured on a scale of 1 (very false for me) to 6 (very true for me). Higher scores indicate higher pleasure. Item scores were added for a lowest possible score of 18 and highest possible score of 108." (NCT02033369)
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole43.2

[back to top]

Change in the Apathy Evaluation Rating Scale

A validated self-rated 18 item scale assessing apathy. Items were rated from 1 (not at all true) to 4 (very true). Higher scores indicate lower apathy, lower scores indicate higher apathy. Lowest possible score is 18, highest possible score is 72. (NCT02033369)
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole31.7

[back to top]

Ratio to Baseline in Peripheral Blood Eosinophil Counts After 6 Months of Treatment

Change in peripheral blood eosinophil (measured in cells/μL) from baseline to month 6 is presented as ratio to baseline. (NCT02217332)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6

Interventionratio to baseline (Geometric Mean)
Dexpramipexole0.06

[back to top]

Number of Subjects With Potentially Clinically Significant Values in Vital Signs and Weight

Summary of subjects from the safety population who experienced potentially clinically significant values or changes in vital signs or weight (NCT02217332)
Timeframe: 6 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Systolic Blood Pressure: >180 mmHgSystolic Blood Pressure: increase from pre-dosing of more than 40 mmHgSystolic Blood Pressure: <90 mmHgSystolic Blood Pressure: decrease from pre-dosing of more than 30 mmHgDiastolic Blood Pressure: >105 mmHgDiastolic Blood Pressure: increase from pre-dosing of more than 30 mmHgDiastolic Blood Pressure: <50 mmHgDiastolic Blood Pressure: decrease from pre-dosing of more than 20 mmHgHeart Rate: >120 beats per minuteHeart Rate: increase from pre-dosing of more than 20 beats per minuteHeart Rate: <50 beats per minuteHeart Rate: decrease from pre-dosing of more than 20 beats per minuteTemperature: >38ºC and an increase from pre-dosing of at least 1ºCBody Weight: >7% increase from baseline valueBody Weight: <=7% decrease from baseline value
Dexpramipexole000000000100000

[back to top]

Number of Subjects With Potentially Clinically Significant Values in Clinical Laboratory Evaluations

Summary of subjects from the safety population who experienced potentially clinically significant values in hand serum chemistry results (NCT02217332)
Timeframe: 6 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
LOW: Albumin <= 25 g/LHIGH: Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) >= 1.5 x ULNHIGH: Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) >= 1.5 x ULNHIGH: Total bilirubin >= 1.5 x ULNHIGH: Glucose>= 9.7 mmol/LLOW: Glucose <= 2.2 mmol/LHIGH: Eosinophils > 1.6 x 10(9)/LHIGH: Hematocrit - Females >=54%LOW: Hematocrit - Females <= 32%HIGH: Hemoglobin - Females >=175g/LLOW: Hemoglobin - Females <= 95g/LHIGH: Lymphocytes > 12 x 10(9)/LLOW: Lymphocytes < 0.8 x 10(9)/LLOW: Neutrophils < 1.5 x 10(9)/L
Dexpramipexole01001110202020

[back to top]

Ratio to Baseline in Peripheral Blood Eosinophil Counts After 3 Months of Treatment

Change in peripheral blood eosinophil (measured in cells/μL) from baseline to month 3 is presented as ratio to baseline. (NCT02217332)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 3

Interventionratio (Geometric Mean)
Dexpramipexole0.05

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in TPS After 3 Months of Treatment

The change in Nasal Polyp Score (NPS) score after 3 months of treatment is presented. A blinded Central Endoscopy Rater determined the NPS for each nare on a scale of 0 to 4, and the bilateral NPS scores were added to generate the Total Polyp Score (TPS) on a scale of 0 to 8. A lower TPS corresponds to a lower polyp burden. (NCT02217332)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 3

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Dexpramipexole0.0

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Total Polyp Score (TPS) After 6 Months of Treatment

The change in Nasal Polyp Score (NPS) score after 6 months of treatment is presented. A blinded Central Endoscopy Rater determined the NPS for each nare on a scale of 0 to 4, and the bilateral NPS scores were added to generate the Total Polyp Score (TPS) on a scale of 0 to 8. A lower TPS corresponds to a lower polyp burden. (NCT02217332)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Dexpramipexole0.07

[back to top]

Number of Subjects With Potentially Significant Values in Electrocardiogram Parameters

Summary of subjects from the safety population who experienced potentially significant values in electrocardiogram parameters (NCT02217332)
Timeframe: 6 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
QTcF: >450 msecQTcF: >480 msecQTcF: > 450 msec and ≤ 450 msec at baselineQTcF: > 480 msec and ≤ 480 msec at baselineQTcF: > 450 msec and change from baseline > 30 msecQTcF: > 480 msec and change from baseline > 30 msecQTcF change from baseline: >30 msecQTcF change from baseline: >60 msecRhythm abnormalities: Sinus rhythmRhythm abnormalities: Sinus bradycardiaRhythm abnormalities: Premature atrial complexes, conducted or non-conducted sinus rhythmST-T abnormalities: Nonspecific T wave abnormalityST-T abnormalities: Early repolarizationST-T abnormalities: Early repolarization, considered normal variantST-T abnormalities: Nonspecific ST deviationST-T abnormalities: Nonspecific ST deviation, prolonged QTcF intervalST-T abnormalities: Nonspecific T wave abnormality, prolonged QTcF intervalST-T abnormalities: Prolonged QTcF intervalConduction abnormality: First degree AV blockConduction abnormality: Complete right bundle branch blockConduction abnormality: Complete right bundle branch block first degree AV block
Dexpramipexole2010001017313111111211

[back to top]

Ratio to Baseline in Polyp Tissue Eosinophil Count After 6 Months of Treatment

Change in polyp tissue eosinophil count measured as eosinophils/hpf (high powered field) from baseline to month 6 is presented as ratio to baseline. (NCT02217332)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6

Interventionratio to baseline (Geometric Mean)
Dexpramipexole0.03

[back to top]

AUCτ,ss

Area under the concentration-time curve of the analyte in plasma at steady state over a uniform dosing interval (AUCτ,ss ). (NCT02231918)
Timeframe: 0.25h before the drug administration on day 1 and 0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 5 h, 7h, 12h and 24h after the last drug administration on Day 1.

,,
Interventionng*h/mL (Geometric Mean)
6 to <12 years (N=5, 8, 0)12 to <18 years (N=4, 6, 1)
PPX (MIRAPEX®, 0.125 mg)5.123.28
PPX (MIRAPEX®, 0.25 mg)11.07.42
PPX (MIRAPEX®, 0.5 mg)NANA

[back to top]

λz,ss

Terminal rate constant in plasma at steady state (λz,ss ). (NCT02231918)
Timeframe: 0.25h before the drug administration on day1 and 0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 5 h, 7h, 12h and 24h after the last drug administration on day 1.

,,
Intervention1/h (Geometric Mean)
6 to <12 years (N=5, 8, 0)12 to <18 years (N=4, 6, 1)
PPX (MIRAPEX®, 0.125 mg)0.1320.113
PPX (MIRAPEX®, 0.25 mg)0.1070.0938
PPX (MIRAPEX®, 0.5 mg)NANA

[back to top] [back to top]

Ae 0-12,ss

Amount of analyte that is eliminated in urine at steady state over a time interval t1to t2 (0-12h). (NCT02231918)
Timeframe: 12 hours after last study drug administration on day 1

,,
Interventionng (Geometric Mean)
6 to <12 years (N=4, 6, 0)12 to <18 years (N=3, 6, 0)
PPX (MIRAPEX®, 0.125 mg)5060055200
PPX (MIRAPEX®, 0.25 mg)12300082300
PPX (MIRAPEX®, 0.5 mg)NANA

[back to top]

Cavg

Average concentration of the analyte in plasma at steady state (Cavg). (NCT02231918)
Timeframe: 0.25h before the drug administration on day1 and 0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 5 h, 7h, 12h and 24h after the last drug administration on day 1.

,,
Interventionng/mL (Geometric Mean)
6 to <12 years (N=5, 8, 0)12 to <18 years (N=4, 6, 1)
PPX (MIRAPEX®, 0.125 mg)0.2130.137
PPX (MIRAPEX®, 0.25 mg)0.4580.309
PPX (MIRAPEX®, 0.5 mg)NANA

[back to top]

CL/F,ss

Apparent clearance of the analyte in the plasma after extravascular administration at steady state; F = absolute bioavailability factor (CL/F,ss ). (NCT02231918)
Timeframe: 0.25h before the drug administration on day1 and 0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 5 h, 7h, 12h and 24h after the last drug administration on day 1.

,,
InterventionmL/min (Geometric Mean)
6 to <12 years (N=5, 8, 0)12 to <18 years (N=4, 6, 1)
PPX (MIRAPEX®, 0.125 mg)284444
PPX (MIRAPEX®, 0.25 mg)265393
PPX (MIRAPEX®, 0.5 mg)NANA

[back to top]

CLR,ss

Renal clearance of the analyte at steady state (CLR(0-12),ss ). (NCT02231918)
Timeframe: 12h after last study drug administration on day 1

,,
InterventionmL/min (Geometric Mean)
6 to <12 years (N=4, 2, 0)12 to <18 years (N=2, 5, 0)
PPX (MIRAPEX®, 0.125 mg)201NA
PPX (MIRAPEX®, 0.25 mg)NA253
PPX (MIRAPEX®, 0.5 mg)NANA

[back to top]

Cmax,ss

Maximum concentration of the Pramipexole (PPX) in plasma at steady state over a uniform dosing interval (Cmax,ss). (NCT02231918)
Timeframe: 0.25h before the drug administration on day1 and 0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 5 h, 7h, 12h and 24h after the last drug administration on day 1.

,,
Interventionng/mL (Geometric Mean)
6 to <12 years (N=5, 9, 0)12 to <18 years(N=4, 6, 2))
PPX (MIRAPEX®, 0.125 mg)0.6330.396
PPX (MIRAPEX®, 0.25 mg)1.130.677
PPX (MIRAPEX®, 0.5 mg)NANA

[back to top]

Cmin,ss

Minimum measured concentration of the analyte in plasma at steady state over a uniform dosing interval (Cmin,ss). (NCT02231918)
Timeframe: 0.25h before the drug administration on day1 and 0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 5 h, 7h, 12h and 24h after the last drug administration on day 1.

,,
Interventionng/mL (Geometric Mean)
6 to <12 years (N=5, 9, 0)12 to <18 years(N=4, 6, 2)
PPX (MIRAPEX®, 0.125 mg)0.08720.0972
PPX (MIRAPEX®, 0.25 mg)0.1360.122
PPX (MIRAPEX®, 0.5 mg)NANA

[back to top]

Cpre,N

Predose concentration of the analyte in plasma at steady state immediately before administration of the next dose N (Cpre,N). (NCT02231918)
Timeframe: 0.25h before the drug administration on day1 and 0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 5 h, 7h, 12h and 24h after the last drug administration on day 1.

,,
Interventionng/mL (Geometric Mean)
6 to <12 years (N=4, 8, 0)12 to <18 years (N=1, 5, 1)
PPX (MIRAPEX®, 0.125 mg)0.074NA
PPX (MIRAPEX®, 0.25 mg)0.1470.112
PPX (MIRAPEX®, 0.5 mg)NANA

[back to top]

fe 0-12,ss

Fraction of administered drug excreted unchanged in urine at steady state over a time interval t1 to t2 (fe 0-12,ss ). (NCT02231918)
Timeframe: 12 hours after last study drug administration on day 1.

,,
Intervention% of PPX excreted (Geometric Mean)
6 to <12 years (N=4, 2, 0)12 to <18 years (N=2, 5, 0)
PPX (MIRAPEX®, 0.125 mg)58.0NA
PPX (MIRAPEX®, 0.25 mg)NA42.0
PPX (MIRAPEX®, 0.5 mg)NANA

[back to top]

MRTpo,ss

Mean residence time of the analyte in the body at steady state (MRTpo,ss). (NCT02231918)
Timeframe: 0.25h before the drug administration on day1 and 0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 5 h, 7h, 12h and 24h after the last drug administration on day 1.

,,
Interventionh (Geometric Mean)
6 to <12 years (N=5, 8, 0)12 to <18 years (N=4, 6, 1)
PPX (MIRAPEX®, 0.125 mg)8.199.47
PPX (MIRAPEX®, 0.25 mg)10.111.6
PPX (MIRAPEX®, 0.5 mg)NANA

[back to top]

PTF

Peak-trough fluctuation (PTF) is defined as the difference between Cmax and Cmin divided by Cavg and multiplied with 100% at steady-state. (NCT02231918)
Timeframe: 0.25h before the drug administration on day1 and 0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 5 h, 7h, 12h and 24h after the last drug administration on day 1.

,,
Intervention% of PTF (Geometric Mean)
6 to <12 years (N=5, 8, 0)12 to <18 years (N=4, 6, 1)
PPX (MIRAPEX®, 0.125 mg)250216
PPX (MIRAPEX®, 0.25 mg)209168
PPX (MIRAPEX®, 0.5 mg)NANA

[back to top]

t1/2,ss

Terminal half-life of the analyte in plasma at steady state (t1/2,ss ). (NCT02231918)
Timeframe: 0.25h before the drug administration on day1 and 0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 5 h, 7h, 12h and 24h after the last drug administration on day 1.

,,
Interventionhours (Geometric Mean)
6 to <12 years (N=5, 8, 0)12 to <18 years (N=4, 6, 1)
PPX (MIRAPEX®, 0.125 mg)5.266.13
PPX (MIRAPEX®, 0.25 mg)6.507.39
PPX (MIRAPEX®, 0.5 mg)NANA

[back to top]

Tmax,ss

Time from dosing to maximum concentration at steady state (Tmax,ss). (NCT02231918)
Timeframe: 0.25h before the drug administration on day1 and 0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 5 h, 7h, 12h and 24h after the last drug administration on day 1.

,,
Interventionhours (Median)
6 to <12 years (N=5, 9, 0)12 to <18 years (N=4, 6, 2)
PPX (MIRAPEX®, 0.125 mg)2.002.00
PPX (MIRAPEX®, 0.25 mg)2.001.96
PPX (MIRAPEX®, 0.5 mg)NANA

[back to top]

Tmin,ss

Time from dosing to minimum concentration at steady state (Tmin,ss ). (NCT02231918)
Timeframe: 0.25h before the drug administration on day1 and 0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 5 h, 7h, 12h and 24h after the last drug administration on day 1.

,,
Interventionhours (Median)
6 to <12 years (N=5, 9, 0)12 to <18 years (N=4, 6, 2)
PPX (MIRAPEX®, 0.125 mg)12.06.25
PPX (MIRAPEX®, 0.25 mg)24.023.9
PPX (MIRAPEX®, 0.5 mg)NANA

[back to top]

Vital Signs (Pulse Rate)

Vital signs (Pulse rate (both supine and after standing for 1 minute)). (NCT02231918)
Timeframe: -0:15h(hours) pre-dose, and 0:30h, 1:00h, 2:00h, 3:00h, 5:00h, 7:00h, 12:00h, 24:00h

,,
Interventionbpm (Mean)
Pulse rate-supine(N=9,15,2): -0:15hPulse rate-supine(N=9,15,2): 0:30hPulse rate-supine(N=9,15,2): 1:00hPulse rate-supine(N=9,15,2): 2:00hPulse rate-supine(N=9,15,1): 3:00hPulse rate-supine(N=9,15,1): 5:00hPulse rate-supine(N=9,14,1): 7:00hPulse rate-supine(N=9,14,1): 12:00hPulse rate-supine(N=9,14,1): 24:00hPulse rate- standing(N=9,15,2):-0:15hPulse rate- standing(N=9,15,2): 0:30hPulse rate- standing(N=9,15,2): 1:00hPulse rate- standing (N=9,15,2): 2:00hPulse rate- standing (N=9,15,1): 3:00hPulse rate- standing (N=9,14,1): 5:00hPulse rate- standing (N=9,13,1): 7:00hPulse rate- standing (N=9,14,1): 12:00hPulse rate- standing (N=9,14,1): 24:00h
PPX (MIRAPEX®, 0.125 mg)82.476.782.785.489.382.788.177.877.990.884.794.892.899.099.310097.890.0
PPX (MIRAPEX®, 0.25 mg)73.378.075.277.979.975.972.068.677.679.481.585.489.392.787.182.181.285.8
PPX (MIRAPEX®, 0.5 mg)75.592.087.094.572.077.078.069.077.099.010312312110976.072.086.086.0

[back to top]

Vital Signs (Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure)

Vital signs (Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (both supine and after standing for 1 minute)). (NCT02231918)
Timeframe: -0:15h(hours) pre-dose, and 0:30h, 1:00h, 2:00h, 3:00h, 5:00h, 7:00h, 12:00h, 24:00h post-dose.

,,
InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Systolic blood pressure-supine(N= 9,15,2): -0:15hSystolic blood pressure-supine(N= 9,15,2): 0:30hSystolic blood pressure-supine(N= 9,15,2): 1:00hSystolic blood pressure-supine(N= 9,15,2): 2:00hSystolic blood pressure-supine(N= 9,15,1): 3:00hSystolic blood pressure-supine(N= 9,15,1): 5:00hSystolic blood pressure-supine(N= 9,14,1): 7:00hSystolic blood pressure-supine(N= 9,14,1): 12:00hSystolic blood pressure-supine(N= 9,14,1): 24:00hDiastolic blood pressure-supine(N= 9,15,2): -0:15Diastolic blood pressure-supine(N= 9,15,2): 0:30Diastolic blood pressure-supine(N= 9,15,2): 1:00Diastolic blood pressure-supine(N= 9,15,2): 2:00Diastolic blood pressure-supine(N= 9,15,1): 3:00Diastolic blood pressure-supine(N= 9,15,1): 5:00Diastolic blood pressure-supine(N= 9,14,1): 7:00Diastolic blood pressure-supine(N= 9,14,1): 12:00Diastolic blood pressure-supine(N= 9,14,1): 24:00Systolic blood pressure-standing(N= 9,15,2):-0:15hSystolic blood pressure-standing(N= 9,15,2): 0:30hSystolic blood pressure-standing(N= 9,15,2): 1:00hSystolic blood pressure-standing(N= 9,15,2): 2:00hSystolic blood pressure-standing(N= 9,15,1): 3:00hSystolic blood pressure-standing(N= 9,14,1): 5:00hSystolic blood pressure-standing(N= 9,13,1): 7:00hSystolic blood pressure-standing(N=9,14,1): 12:00hSystolic blood pressure-standing(N=9,14,1): 24:00hDiastolicblood pressure-standing(N=9,15,2): -0:15hDiastolic blood pressure-standing(N=9,15,2): 0:30hDiastolic blood pressure-standing(N=9,15,2): 1:00hDiastolic blood pressure-standing(N=9,15,2): 2:00hDiastolic blood pressure-standing(N=9,15,1): 3:00hDiastolic blood pressure-standing(N=9,14,1): 5:00hDiastolic blood pressure-standing(N=9,13,1):7:00hDiastolic blood pressure-standing(N=9,14,1):12:00hDiastolicblood pressure-standing(N=9,14,1):24:00h
PPX (MIRAPEX®, 0.125 mg)109.33112.89113.00111.00106.89105.11108.44107.56109.2266.6768.6769.3366.0066.7864.2267.5670.0066.56109.89113.56110.11110.33110.11110.22109.11108.22113.8968.1170.1169.2271.1172.6774.0072.0074.3373.11
PPX (MIRAPEX®, 0.25 mg)109.20110.33108.07111.93110.53108.80109.86106.93112.2165.7365.8065.7365.8065.4063.8762.4361.0065.71113.93113.67110.07112.27113.07111.93103.85107.14115.5071.2069.2072.0073.1371.4770.5766.6970.0773.57
PPX (MIRAPEX®, 0.5 mg)117.00116.00105.50113.00113.00104.00108.00109.00120.0076.0073.0064.0075.0075.0070.0067.0066.0078.00122.00115.50125.50115.00108.00115.0065.00100.00102.0086.0080.0091.0086.5079.0098.0048.0062.0084.00

[back to top]

Vz/F,ss

Apparent volume of distribution during the terminal phase λz following an extravascular dose at steady state (Vz/F,ss ). (NCT02231918)
Timeframe: 0.25h before the drug administration on day1 and 0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 5 h, 7h, 12h and 24h after the last drug administration on day 1.

,,
InterventionL (Geometric Mean)
6 to <12 years (N=5, 8, 0)12 to <18 years (N=4, 6,1)
PPX (MIRAPEX®, 0.125 mg)129236
PPX (MIRAPEX®, 0.25 mg)149251
PPX (MIRAPEX®, 0.5 mg)NANA

[back to top]

The Probabilistic Stimulus Selection Task

"The probabilistic selection task assesses the tendency to learn from positive versus negative outcomes. In the probabilistic stimulus selection task, participants are trained to choose one of two paired stimuli; three sets of paired stimuli are shown in total (AB, CD, and EF) and are presented randomly during the training period. To minimize verbal encoding, stimuli are Japanese Hiragana characters. Probabilistic feedback regarding the correct choice is provided. We report the mean percentage of accuracy on choosing the correct paired stimuli among the two treatment groups." (NCT02397837)
Timeframe: Week 12

Interventionpercentage of accuracy (Mean)
Pramipexole59.54
Placebo50.99

[back to top]

The Probabilistic Stimulus Selection Task

"The probabilistic selection task assesses the tendency to learn from positive versus negative outcomes. In the probabilistic stimulus selection task, participants are trained to choose one of two paired stimuli; three sets of paired stimuli are shown in total (AB, CD, and EF) and are presented randomly during the training period. To minimize verbal encoding, stimuli are Japanese Hiragana characters. Probabilistic feedback regarding the correct choice is provided. We report the mean percentage of accuracy on choosing the correct paired stimuli among the two treatment groups." (NCT02397837)
Timeframe: Week 6

Interventionpercentage of accuracy (Mean)
Pramipexole56.91
Placebo56.94

[back to top]

Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS)

Mean change of symptoms of mania throughout the study. YMRS contains 7 items rated from 0 (symptom absent) to 4 (severe symptom) and 4 items scored 0 (symptom absent) to 8 (severe symptom), with total range from 0 to 60, where higher score indicates manic symptoms. (NCT02397837)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 12

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole-0.92
Placebo-0.57

[back to top]

Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD)

Mean change of symptoms of depression throughout the study. HRSD consists of 14 items, each defined by a series of symptoms. Each item is rated on a 5-point scale, ranging from 0 (not present) to 4 (severe), with a total score range of 0-56, where higher score indicates more depressive symptoms. (NCT02397837)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 12

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole-0.24
Placebo-.22

[back to top]

Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS)

Mean change for positive symptoms throughout the study. BPRS consists of 18 items, each defined by a series of symptoms. Each item is rated on a 7-point scale, ranging from 1 (not observed) to 7 (very severe), with a total score range from 18-126, where higher scores indicate psychiatric symptoms. (NCT02397837)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 12

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole-0.63
Placebo-0.61

[back to top]

MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery

MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) as measure of Neurocognitive/Functional Measures is a standardized battery designed to measure cognitive functioning in people with schizophrenia. The MCCB is represented as a composite T score. This T-score scale has a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10, where higher scores reflect better performance. (NCT02397837)
Timeframe: Baseline

InterventionT-score (Mean)
Pramipexole35.45
Placebo38.07

[back to top]

MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery

MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) as measure of Neurocognitive/Functional Measures is a standardized battery designed to measure cognitive functioning in people with schizophrenia. The MCCB is represented as a composite T score. This T-score scale has a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10, where higher scores reflect better performance. (NCT02397837)
Timeframe: Week 12

InterventionT-score (Mean)
Pramipexole36.46
Placebo41.50

[back to top]

MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery

MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) as measure of Neurocognitive/Functional Measures is a standardized battery designed to measure cognitive functioning in people with schizophrenia. The MCCB is represented as a composite T score. This T-score scale has a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10, where higher scores reflect better performance. (NCT02397837)
Timeframe: Week 6

InterventionT-score (Mean)
Pramipexole35.57
Placebo39.81

[back to top]

Number of Participants With Suicidal Acknowledgements

Number of individual participants who acknowledged at least one item on the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) over the 12-week study period. Examples of items on the scale are suicidal ideation (having thoughts, planning) and suicidal behavior (preparing, attempting). (NCT02397837)
Timeframe: up to Week 12

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Pramipexole0
Placebo5

[back to top]

The Probabilistic Stimulus Selection Task

"The probabilistic selection task assesses the tendency to learn from positive versus negative outcomes. In the probabilistic stimulus selection task, participants are trained to choose one of two paired stimuli; three sets of paired stimuli are shown in total (AB, CD, and EF) and are presented randomly during the training period. To minimize verbal encoding, stimuli are Japanese Hiragana characters. Probabilistic feedback regarding the correct choice is provided. We report the mean percentage of accuracy on choosing the correct paired stimuli among the two treatment groups." (NCT02397837)
Timeframe: Baseline

Interventionpercentage of accuracy (Mean)
Pramipexole56.94
Placebo67.56

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Week 12 in Total UPDRS III Motor

"Differences between P2B 0.6/0.75 mg as compared to its individual components in the change of Motor UPDRS score (UPDRS Part III ).~UPDRS- Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, part III motor . min is 0 and Max is 108 (Worse outcome)" (NCT03329508)
Timeframe: baseline to week 12

Interventionscore on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
P2B001-5.82
Rasagiline Capsule-4.07
Pramipexole Capsule-4.30
Pramipexole Extended Release-6.36

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to End of Week 12 Visit in ADL Subscale of PDQ39

"The efficacy of P2B 0.6/0.75 mg as compared to Pramipexole ER tablet titrated to optimal dose.~ADL PDQ39- Activity of daily life part in Parkinson's Disease Questionaries' 39 Score 0-100 when 100 is the worse outcome" (NCT03329508)
Timeframe: Baseline to week 12

Interventionscore on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
P2B001-5.30
Rasagiline Capsule-2.04
Pramipexole Capsule-3.40
Pramipexole Extended Release-3.12

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Week 12 in Total UPDRS II ADL

Differences between of P2B 0.6/0.75 mg as compared to its individual components in the change of ADL UPDRS score (UPDRS part II) Activity of daily Life UPDRS part II minimum is 0 point and max is 52 point (worse outcome) (NCT03329508)
Timeframe: Baseline to week 12

Interventionscore on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
P2B001-2.14
Rasagiline Capsule-0.62
Pramipexole Capsule-0.97
Pramipexole Extended Release-2.02

[back to top]

Change in Total Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) Score (Defined as Sum of Parts II and III, Scores (0-160).

"Differences between P2B 0.6/0.75 mg as compared to its individual components in the change of total UPDRS score (defined as sum of parts II and III, scores (0-160).~UPDRS- Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, minimum value is 0 points and maximum value is 160.~High score mean worse outcome." (NCT03329508)
Timeframe: baseline to week 12

Interventionscore on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
P2B001-7.98
Rasagiline Capsule-4.69
Pramipexole Capsule-5.32
Pramipexole Extended Release-8.35

[back to top]

Change in Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) Score.

"Differences between P2B 0.6/0.75 mg as compared to pramipexole ER tablets in the change of Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) score.~Scale is 0-24 , when 24 is worse outcome" (NCT03329508)
Timeframe: baseline to week 12

Interventionscore on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
P2B001-0.33
Rasagiline Capsule-0.81
Pramipexole Capsule0.39
Pramipexole Extended Release2.33

[back to top]

Scale for Outcomes in Parkinson's Disease (SCOPA)-Sleep Score (Change From Baseline)

SCOPA-Sleep score is composed of three parts: a night-time scale (5 item scale with 4 Response Options (0-not at all to 3-very much) addressing night time disturbances. Total night-time scale score runs from 0 to 15, with a higher score indicating more severe problems, a single-item about perceived quality of nocturnal sleep (7-point scale ranging from slept very well to slept very badly.), and a daytime sleepiness scale (6 items with 4 Response options, from 0 (never) to 3 (often), and a maximum total score of 18.). (NCT03521635)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 18

,
InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Night-time sleep scoreOverall night sleep scoreDaytime sleepiness score
Pramipexole Immediate Release-3.2-1.6-0.9
Pramipexole Sustained Release-3.8-1.9-1.4

[back to top]

Nocturnal Hypokinesia Questionnaire (NHQ) Score (Change From Baseline)

"The Nocturnal Hypokinesia Questionnaire (NHQ) is designed to assess hypokinesia symptoms in night in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, composed of two sections. Section 1 is assessed by PD patients with 10 one-point items evaluating turning over in bed, getting out of bed, parkinsonian motor symptoms, and others. Section 2 is assessed by spouses or caregivers who are with the patients during the night with 10 one-point items evaluating the same aspects as Section 1. The score for each section is by summing up points from the items in the respective section. Score of each of the two Sections is from 0 to 10, with a higher score indicating worse symptoms. The score was reported by section: Section 1 by patients, Section 2 by caregivers." (NCT03521635)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 18

,
InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
By patients (Section 1)By caregivers (Section 2)
Pramipexole Immediate Release-1.7-0.6
Pramipexole Sustained Release-1.9-1.4

[back to top]

The Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire (PDQ)-8 Score (Change From Baseline)

The PDQ-8 is a self-reported questionnaire consisting of 8 questions regarding the subject's disease symptoms. The total score summed up the items together and transformed onto a score from 0 (never have problems/issues) to 100 (always have problems or cannot do at all). (NCT03521635)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 18

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole Sustained Release-4.1
Pramipexole Immediate Release-3.5

[back to top]

Responder Rate for Patient Global Impression of Improvement (PGI-I)

The responder of PGI-I is the patient rated of any improvement (1 = Very much better, 2 = Much better, or 3 = A little better). The PGI-I scale is a patient-rated instrument (from 1: very much better, to 7: very much worse) which was used to measure the improvement of the patient's Parkinson disease symptoms throughout the study. (NCT03521635)
Timeframe: At Week 18

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Pramipexole Sustained Release95.6
Pramipexole Immediate Release86.0

[back to top]

Responder Rate for Parkinson's Disease Sleep Scale 2nd Version (PDSS-2) Total Score<18

Parkinson's disease Sleep Scale 2nd version (PDSS-2) consists of 15 questions about various sleep and nocturnal disturbances which are to be rated by the patients using one of five categories, from 0 (never) to 4 (very often) based on their experience during the past week. PDSS-2 total score ranges from 0 (no disturbance) to 60 (maximum nocturnal disturbance). The PDSS-2 total score less < 18 were compared between groups. (NCT03521635)
Timeframe: At Week 18

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Pramipexole Sustained Release73.3
Pramipexole Immediate Release72.1

[back to top]

Responder Rate for Early Morning Off (EMO) Score

"The responder of EMO is the patient with an improvement of at least 1 comparing to his/her baseline condition. The EMO is measured by the question of do you feel like your bodily movements are poor when you wake up? Patients answered this question according to the frequency during the previous one week by scoring from 0 (never) to 4 (very often or 6 to 7 days a week)." (NCT03521635)
Timeframe: At Week 18

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Pramipexole Sustained Release86.7
Pramipexole Immediate Release76.7

[back to top]

Responder Rate for Clinical Global Impression of Improvement (CGI-I)

The responder of CGI-I is the patient rated of any improvement (1 = Very much better, 2 = Much better, or 3 = A little better). The CGI-I was rated (from 1: very much improved, to 7: very much worse) by the same evaluator to assess the overall status of Parkinson's disease. (NCT03521635)
Timeframe: At Week 18

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Pramipexole Sustained Release95.6
Pramipexole Immediate Release86.0

[back to top]

Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) Score (Change From Baseline)

The ESS is a patient-rated scale about how likely one is to fall asleep during situations of passive and inconsequential to active. The total score ranges from 0-24 where higher values indicate greater daytime sleepiness. (NCT03521635)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 18

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole Sustained Release-2.4
Pramipexole Immediate Release-2.6

[back to top]

Early Morning Off (EMO) Score (Change From Baseline)

"The EMO is measured by the question of do you feel like your bodily movements are poor when you wake up? Patients answered this question according to the frequency during the previous one week by scoring from 0 (never) to 4 (very often or 6 to 7 days a week)." (NCT03521635)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 18

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole Sustained Release-1.8
Pramipexole Immediate Release-1.5

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Week 18 in Parkinson's Disease Sleep Scale 2nd Version (PDSS-2) Total Score

Parkinson's disease Sleep Scale 2nd version (PDSS-2) consists of 15 questions about various sleep and nocturnal disturbances which are to be rated by the patients using one of five categories, from 0 (never) to 4 (very often). Patients were asked to rate the severity of each question based on their experience during the past week (7 days) from 0 (Never) to 4 (Very often, that meant 6 to 7 days a week). PDSS-2 total score ranges from 0 (no disturbance) to 60 (maximum nocturnal disturbance). (NCT03521635)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 18

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Pramipexole Sustained Release-13.7
Pramipexole Immediate Release-14.4

[back to top]

Change in Quality of Life, as Measured by the Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (AQLQ) From Baseline to Week 12

The AQLQ is a 32-item asthma specific questionnaire designed to measure functional impairments that are most important to patients with asthma. The 32 questions in the AQLQ are divided into four domains; activity limitations, symptoms, emotional function, and environmental stimuli. Individual questions are equally weighted. The overall AQLQ score is the mean of the responses to each of the 32 questions and ranges from 1 to 7. A score 7.0 indicates that the patient has no impairments due to asthma and score 1.0 indicates severe impairment. (NCT04046939)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 Weeks

Interventionscores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo BID0.376
37.5 mg BID Dexpramipexole0.531
75 mg BID Dexpramipexole0.312
150 mg BID Dexpramipexole0.584

[back to top]

Change in Pre-bronchodilator FEV1 (Liters) From Baseline to Week 12

FEV1 is defined as the amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled from the lungs in the first second of a forced exhalation. (NCT04046939)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 Weeks

Interventionliters (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo BID0.0700
37.5 mg BID Dexpramipexole0.208
75 mg BID Dexpramipexole0.0557
150 mg BID Dexpramipexole0.247
Combined 150 mg BID and 75 mg BID Arms0.151

[back to top]

Change in Post-bronchodilator FEV1 From Baseline to Week 12

Post-bronchodilator FEV1 is defined as the amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled from the lungs in the first second of a forced exhalation, after treatment with inhaled albuterol. (NCT04046939)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 Weeks

Interventionliters (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo BID-0.00546
37.5 mg BID Dexpramipexole0.0932
75 mg BID Dexpramipexole-0.000717
150 mg BID Dexpramipexole0.176

[back to top]

Change in Nasal Eosinophil Peroxidase (Presented as Ratio to Protein) From Baseline to Week 12

The EPX:protein ratio was used to normalize the EPX for the quantity of sample, yielding the values in ng EPX per mg protein. The ratio of nasal Eosinophil Peroxidase to Protein is a biomarker for airway eosinophils. A lower ratio to Baseline represents a lowering in airway eosinophilia, which is a marker of successful drug therapy. (NCT04046939)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12

Interventionratio to baseline (Median)
Placebo BID0.833
37.5 mg BID Dexpramipexole0.645
75 mg BID Dexpramipexole0.174
150 mg BID Dexpramipexole0.110

[back to top]

Change in Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide (FeNO) From Baseline to Week 12

FeNO is non-invasive biomarker of airway inflammation in asthma participants. (NCT04046939)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12

Interventionparts per billion (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo BID3.38
37.5 mg BID Dexpramipexole-6.79
75 mg BID Dexpramipexole-3.14
150 mg BID Dexpramipexole-4.86

[back to top]

Change in Blood Absolute Eosinophil Count From Baseline to Week 12

The primary endpoint of this study was the change in AEC from Baseline to Week 12 on a ratio scale. The analysis used a mixed effects model repeated-measures (MMRM) with terms for log10 transformed baseline, GINA treatment step, treatment, visit, treatment by visit interaction, and log10 transformed baseline by visit interaction as fixed effects, and subject as a random effect. An unstructured covariance matrix was used. The response variable was the log10 transformed post-baseline value minus the log10 transformed baseline value. The estimates of Geometric LS Means and their ratios were obtained by back transforming the corresponding estimates of LS means and their differences to the original scale. (NCT04046939)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 Weeks

Interventionratio to baseline (Geometric Least Squares Mean)
Placebo BID0.8980
37.5 mg BID Dexpramipexole0.4031
75 mg BID Dexpramipexole0.3056
150 mg BID Dexpramipexole0.2051

[back to top]

Change in Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ-6) Score From Baseline to Week 12

ACQ-6 is simple questionnaire to measure the adequacy of asthma control and change in asthma control which occurs either spontaneously or as a result of treatment. The 6-point self-administered scale has items measuring asthma symptoms and rescue inhaler use. The ACQ score is the mean of the questions and therefore between 0 (totally controlled) and 6 (severely uncontrolled). The original protocol planned to analyze the ACQ-7 score. As a result of FEV1 testing restrictions imposed on the study during the COVID-19 pandemic, the analysis was prospectively modified to the ACQ-6 score prior to database lock. The ACQ-6 is a validated questionnaire and is identical to the ACQ-7, with the exception of FEV1 data that is also utilized in the ACQ-7 questionnaire total score calculation. (NCT04046939)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 Weeks

Interventionscores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo BID-0.391
37.5 mg BID Dexpramipexole-0.419
75 mg BID Dexpramipexole-0.437
150 mg BID Dexpramipexole-0.655

[back to top]

Change in Blood Absolute Blood Basophil Count From Baseline to Week 12

The analysis used a mixed effects model repeated-measures MMRM with terms for baseline, GINA treatment step, treatment, visit, treatment by visit interaction, and baseline by visit interaction as fixed effects, and subject as a random effect. An unstructured covariance matrix was used. The response variable was the post-baseline value minus the baseline value. Basophils were enumerated as part of the WBC automated differential performed by the Central Laboratory. (NCT04046939)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12

Interventioncells (10*9/L) (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo BID-0.00439
37.5 mg BID Dexpramipexole-0.00655
75 mg BID Dexpramipexole-0.0250
150 mg BID Dexpramipexole-0.0277

[back to top]

Number of Participants With Potentially Clinically Significant Vital Signs Results by Treatment Group Post Randomization Through Week 12

Number of Participants with Potentially Clinically Significant Vital Signs Results by Treatment Group. Percentages based on number of patients with at least one non-missing post-baseline value in each treatment group. Patients are only counted once per criterion per laboratory test. (NCT04046939)
Timeframe: Immediately post-baseline up to Week 12

,,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Systolic blood pressure: >180 mmHgSystolic blood pressure: Increase >40 mmHgSystolic blood pressure: <90 mmHgSystolic blood pressure: Decrease >30 mmHgDiastolic blood pressure: >105 mmHgDiastolic blood pressure: Increase >30 mmHgDiastolic blood pressure: <50 mmHgDiastolic blood pressure: Decrease >20 mmHgPulse: >120 bpmPulse: Increase >30 bpmPulse: <50 bpmPulse: Decrease >20 bpmTemperature: >38.5°C and an increase ≥1°CBody weight: Increase ≥7% from BaselineBody weight: Decrease ≥7% from Baseline
150 mg BID Dexpramipexole000000000001011
37.5 mg BID Dexpramipexole000001000010000
75 mg BID Dexpramipexole000000000001010
Placebo BID000000000000000

[back to top]

Number of Participants With Potentially Clinically Significant Urinalysis Results by Treatment Group Post Randomization Through Week 12

Number of Participants with Potentially Clinically Significant Urinalysis Results (glycosuria, ketonuria, or proteinuria) by Treatment Group. Percentages based on number of patients with at least one non-missing post-baseline urinalysis value in each treatment group. Patients are only counted once per criterion per laboratory test. The number of participants with potential clinical important urinalysis findings at any post-baseline visit were reported. (NCT04046939)
Timeframe: Immediately post-baseline up to Week 12

,,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
glycosuria (glucose in urine ++++)ketonuria (ketones in urine ≥ ++++)proteinuria (protein in urine ≥ ++)
150 mg BID Dexpramipexole000
37.5 mg BID Dexpramipexole200
75 mg BID Dexpramipexole100
Placebo BID101

[back to top]

Number of Participants With Potentially Clinically Significant Hematology Results by Treatment Group Post Randomization Through Week 12

Number of Participants with Potentially Clinically Significant Hematology Results by Treatment Group. Percentages based on number of patients with at least one non-missing post-baseline value in each treatment group. Patients are only counted once per criterion per laboratory test. (NCT04046939)
Timeframe: Immediately post-baseline up to Week 12

,,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Eosinophils >1.6 x 10^9/LBasophils >1.6 x 10^9/LErythrocytes ≤3.5 x 10^12/LErythrocytes ≥6.4 x 10^12/LHematocrit ≤32% - FemalesHematocrit ≥54% - FemalesHematocrit ≤37% - MalesHematocrit ≥60% - MalesHemoglobin ≤9.5 g/dL - FemalesHemoglobin ≥17.5 g/dL - FemalesHemoglobin ≤11.5 g/dL - MalesHemoglobin ≥19.0 g/dL - MalesLeukocytes <3.0 x 10^9/LLeukocytes ≥16 x 10^9/LLymphocytes <0.8 x 10^9/LLymphocytes >12 x 10^9/LMonocytes >2.5 x 10^9/LNeutrophils <1.5 x 10^9/LNeutrophils ≥13.5 x 10^9/LPlatelets ≤75 x 10^9/LPlatelets ≥700 x 10^9/L
150 mg BID Dexpramipexole002010100010111001000
37.5 mg BID Dexpramipexole001020001000010001000
75 mg BID Dexpramipexole000000100000000001000
Placebo BID000000200020000001000

[back to top]

Number of Participants With Potentially Clinically Significant ECG Results by Treatment Group Post Randomization Through Week 12

Number of Participants with Potentially Clinically Significant ECG Results by Treatment Group. Percentages based on number of patients with at least one non-missing post-baseline value in each treatment group. Patients are only counted once per criterion per laboratory test. (NCT04046939)
Timeframe: Immediately post-baseline up to Week 12

,,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Heart Rate >120 bpmHeart Rate Increase from Baseline >30 bpmQT Interval: >450 msQT Interval: >480 msQT Interval: >500 msQT Interval: Increase from Baseline >30 msQT Interval: Increase from Baseline >60 msQTcF Interval: >450 msQTcF Interval: >480 msQTcF Interval: >500 msQTcF Interval: Increase from Baseline >30 msQTcF Interval: Increase from Baseline >60 msChange from Baseline in PR >25% and PR value >220 msChange from Baseline in QRS >25% and QRS value >110 ms
150 mg BID Dexpramipexole01000000000000
37.5 mg BID Dexpramipexole00000300000000
75 mg BID Dexpramipexole00000200000000
Placebo BID00000700001000

[back to top]

Number of Participants With Potentially Clinically Significant Blood Chemistry Results by Treatment Group Post Randomization Through Week 12

Number of Participants with Potentially Clinically Significant Blood Chemistry Results by Treatment Group. Percentages based on number of patients with at least one non-missing post-baseline value in each treatment group. Patients are only counted once per criterion per laboratory test. (NCT04046939)
Timeframe: Immediately post-baseline up to Week 12

,,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
ALT ≥ 3 x ULNAlbumin ≤ 2.5 g/dLAlkaline Phosphatase ≥ 1.5 x ULNAST ≥ 3 x ULNBicarbonate ≤ 16 mEq/LBicarbonate ≥ 35 mEq/LBilirubin > 2 X ULN and (ALT or AST ≥ 3 X ULN)Bilirubin ≥ 1.5 x ULNCalcium ≤ 8 mg/dLCalcium ≥ 12 mg/dLChloride ≤ 90 mEq/LChloride ≥ 118 mEq/LCreatinine ≥ 2 mg/dL - FemalesCreatinine ≥ 2 mg/dL - MalesGlucose ≤ 39.6 mg/dLGlucose ≥ 175 mg/dLMagnesium ≤ 1.2 mg/dLMagnesium ≥ 2.9 mg/dLPhosphate ≤ 1.86 mg/dLPhosphate ≥ 5.27 mg/dLPotassium ≤ 3 mEq/LPotassium ≥ 6 mEq/LProtein [Serum] ≤ 4.5 g/dLProtein [Serum] ≥ 10 g/dLSodium ≤ 126 mEq/LSodium ≥ 156 mEq/LUrate ≥ 8.5 mg/dL - FemalesUrate ≥ 10.5 mg/dL - MalesUrea Nitrogen ≥ 30 mg/dL
150 mg BID Dexpramipexole00100000300000011000000000100
37.5 mg BID Dexpramipexole00000000200000021000000000000
75 mg BID Dexpramipexole10101000000000010000000000000
Placebo BID00000000000000020000000000000

[back to top]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid
2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. dihydroxybenzoic acid : Any member of the class of hydroxybenzoic acids carrying two phenolic hydroxy groups on the benzene ring and its derivatives.. 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It occurs naturally in Phyllanthus acidus and in the aquatic fern Salvinia molesta.		210dihydroxybenzoic acidhuman xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		10.73164amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
aminolevulinic acid
Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.		3.15104-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
delta-amino acid		antineoplastic agent;
dermatologic drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ammonium hydroxide
azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.		3.3110azane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
nucleophilic reagent;
refrigerant
betaine
glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.		3.2310amino-acid betaine;
glycine derivative		fundamental metabolite
carbamates
[no description available]		4.3830amino-acid anion
methane
Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).		2.6320alkane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride;
one-carbon compound		bacterial metabolite;
fossil fuel;
greenhouse gas
salicylic acid
Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).		2.0310monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor;
keratolytic drug;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.		3.3110gas molecular entity;
hydracid;
mononuclear parent hydride;
sulfur hydride		Escherichia coli metabolite;
genotoxin;
metabolite;
signalling molecule;
toxin;
vasodilator agent
bupropion
Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		9.2850aromatic ketone;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.		2.940catechols;
dihydroxyphenylacetic acid		human metabolite
aminocaproic acid
Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.		3.2310amino acid zwitterion;
epsilon-amino acid;
omega-amino fatty acid		antifibrinolytic drug;
hematologic agent;
metabolite
formaldehyde
paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy		2.610aldehyde;
one-carbon compound		allergen;
carcinogenic agent;
disinfectant;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycine
[no description available]		2.1510alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen Cyanide: Hydrogen cyanide (HCN); A toxic liquid or colorless gas. It is found in the smoke of various tobacco products and released by combustion of nitrogen-containing organic materials.. hydrogen cyanide : A one-carbon compound consisting of a methine group triple bonded to a nitrogen atom		2.4110hydracid;
one-carbon compound		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
poison
dihydroxyphenylalanine
Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.		3.7830hydroxyphenylalanine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
tyrosine derivative		human metabolite
melatonin
[no description available]		5.6850acetamides;
tryptamines		anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
niacinamide
nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.		2.0310pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinecarboxamide;
vitamin B3		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
Sir2 inhibitor
niacin
Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.		3.2310pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid;
vitamin B3		antidote;
antilipemic drug;
EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
phosphorylcholine
Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.		2.1310phosphocholinesallergen;
epitope;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pyrazinamide
pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.		3.6120monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia;
pyrazines		antitubercular agent;
prodrug
pyridine
azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.		2.1510azaarene;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
pyridines		environmental contaminant;
NMR chemical shift reference compound
pyridoxine
4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).		3.6520hydroxymethylpyridine;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
vitamin B6		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sulfites
Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).		2.110divalent inorganic anion;
sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion
thiamine
thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.		3.2310primary alcohol;
vitamin B1		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
toluene
methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.		3.3510methylbenzene;
toluenes;
volatile organic compound		cholinergic antagonist;
fuel additive;
neurotoxin;
non-polar solvent
uric acid
Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.		3.5311uric acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
sk&f 81297
[no description available]		2.7530benzazepine
7-hydroxy-2-n,n-dipropylaminotetralin
7-hydroxy-2-N,N-dipropylaminotetralin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		5.27120tetralins
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin
8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin: A serotonin 1A-receptor agonist that is used experimentally to test the effects of serotonin.. 8-OH-DPAT : A tetralin substituted at positions 1 and 7 by hydroxy and dipropylamino groups respectively		2.4120phenols;
tertiary amino compound;
tetralins		serotonergic antagonist
sk&f 82958
[no description available]		1.9910benzazepine
sk&f-38393
2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine: A selective D1 dopamine receptor agonist used primarily as a research tool.. 1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1 and two hydroxy substituents at positions 7 and 8.. SKF 38393 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-SKF 38393		3.8340benzazepine;
catechols;
secondary amino compound
huperzine a
huperzine A: RN given refers to 5R-(5alpha,9beta,11E)-isomer; structure given in first source. huperzine A : A sesquiterpene alkaloid isolated from a club moss Huperzia serrata that has been shown to exhibit neuroprotective activity. It is also an effective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase and has attracted interest as a therapeutic candidate for Alzheimer's disease.		7.3110quinolone
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine: supposed metabolite of TRAZODONE; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine carrying a 3-chlorophenyl substituent at position 1. It is a metabolite of the antidepressant drug trazodone.		2.0810monochlorobenzenes;
N-arylpiperazine		drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
serotonergic agonist;
xenobiotic
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.		2.4110aminonaphthalene;
naphthalenesulfonic acid		fluorescent probe
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.		8.91120methylpyridines;
phenylpyridine;
tetrahydropyridine		neurotoxin
homovanillic acid
Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.		2.6930guaiacols;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phenytoin
[no description available]		4.0740imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
tacrine
Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		2.4720acridines;
aromatic amine		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
acebutolol
Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.. acebutolol : An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol.		3.2310aromatic amide;
ethanolamines;
ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympathomimetic agent
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		3.8630acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
acetazolamide
Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)		3.6120monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		anticonvulsant;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
acetohydroxamic acid
acetohydroxamic acid: urease inhibitor. oxime : Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.. N-hydroxyacetimidic acid : A carbohydroximic acid consisting of acetimidic acid having a hydroxy group attached to the imide nitrogen.. acetohydroxamic acid : A member of the class of acetohydroxamic acids that is acetamide in which one of the amino hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.2310acetohydroxamic acids;
carbohydroximic acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
alaproclate
alaproclate: specific 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitors; RN given refers to (DL)-isomer		3.2310alpha-amino acid ester
albendazole
[no description available]		3.6120aryl sulfide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		anthelminthic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
albuterol
Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).		3.6120phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
alendronate
alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.		3.23101,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
primary amino compound		bone density conservation agent;
EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
alfuzosin
alfuzosin: structure given in first source		3.2310monocarboxylic acid amide;
quinazolines;
tetrahydrofuranol		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent
alosetron
alosetron : A pyrido[4,3-b]indole compound having a 5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl group at the 2-position.		3.5720imidazoles;
pyridoindole		antiemetic;
gastrointestinal drug;
serotonergic antagonist
alprazolam
Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug.		3.5920organochlorine compound;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
alprenolol
Alprenolol: One of the ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent.. alprenolol : A secondary alcohol that is propan-2-ol substituted by a 2-allylphenoxy group at position 1 and an isopropylamino group at position 3. It is a beta-adrenergic antagonist used as a antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmia and a sympatholytic agent.		2.0810secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
altretamine
Altretamine: A hexamethyl-2,4,6-triamine derivative of 1,3,5-triazine.		3.2310triamino-1,3,5-triazine
amantadine
amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source		13.79183adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		analgesic;
antiparkinson drug;
antiviral drug;
dopaminergic agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
ambenonium
ambenonium : A symmetrical oxalamide-based bis-quaternary ammonium ion having ethyl and 2-chlorobenzyl groups attached to the nitrogens.		3.2310quaternary ammonium ionEC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
diatrizoic acid
Diatrizoate: A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.. amidotrizoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.		3.6120acetamides;
benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
amifostine anhydrous
Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.. amifostine : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.		3.2310diamine;
organic thiophosphate		antioxidant;
prodrug;
radiation protective agent
aminoglutethimide
Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.. aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position.		2.0810dicarboximide;
piperidones;
substituted aniline		adrenergic agent;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
p-aminohippuric acid
p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.		4.120N-acylglycineDaphnia magna metabolite
theophylline
[no description available]		3.8630dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
bronchodilator agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
immunomodulator;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
amiodarone
Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.		3.86301-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone;
organoiodine compound;
tertiary amino compound		cardiovascular drug
dan 2163
[no description available]		6.7872aromatic amide;
aromatic amine;
benzamides;
pyrrolidines;
sulfone		environmental contaminant;
second generation antipsychotic;
xenobiotic
amitriptyline
Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.		3.6120carbotricyclic compound;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
amlexanox
amlexanox: SRA-A antagonist;structure given in first source. amlexanox : A pyridochromene-derived monocarboxylic acid having an amino substituent at the 2-position, an oxo substituent at the 5-position and an isopropyl substituent at the 7-position.		2.0810monocarboxylic acid;
pyridochromene		anti-allergic agent;
anti-ulcer drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
amlodipine
Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.		3.6120dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
amoxapine
Amoxapine: The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent LOXAPINE that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both; it also blocks dopamine receptors. Amoxapine is used for the treatment of depression.. amoxapine : A dibenzooxazepine compound having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 11-position.		3.6120dibenzooxazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
dopaminergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
amsacrine
Amsacrine: An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.. amsacrine : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits antineoplastic activity.		2.0810acridines;
aromatic ether;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
anastrozole
[no description available]		3.8630nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
aniracetam
[no description available]		2.0510N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidin-2-ones
anthralin
Anthralin: An anthracene derivative that disrupts MITOCHONDRIA function and structure and is used for the treatment of DERMATOSES, especially PSORIASIS. It may cause FOLLICULITIS.. anthralin : An anthracene compound derived by the substitution of -OH groups for hydrogen at C-1 and C-8, and with an oxo group at C-9.		2.0810anthracenesantipsoriatic
antipyrine
Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.		2.0810pyrazoloneantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
aristolochic acid i
aristolochic acid I: phospholipase A inhibitor. aristolochic acid A : An aristolochic acid that is phenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid that is substituted by a methylenedioxy group at the 3,4 positions, by a methoxy group at position 8, and by a nitro group at position 10. It is the most abundant of the aristolochic acids and is found in almost all Aristolochia (birthworts or pipevines) species. It has been tried in a number of treatments for inflammatory disorders, mainly in Chinese and folk medicine. However, there is concern over their use as aristolochic acid is both carcinogenic and nephrotoxic.		2.0110aristolochic acids;
aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
cyclic acetal;
monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite;
mutagen;
nephrotoxin;
toxin
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		4.640benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
astemizole
Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.		2.0810benzimidazoles;
piperidines		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
atenolol
Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.		3.6120ethanolamines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
sympatholytic agent;
xenobiotic
azathioprine
Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.		3.6120aryl sulfide;
C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
thiopurine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
baclofen
[no description available]		3.6120amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant
bendazac
bendazac : A monocarboxylic acid that is glycolic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the 2-hydroxy group is replaced by a 1-benzyl-1H-indazol-3-yl group. Although it has anti-inflammatory, antinecrotic, choleretic and antilipidaemic properties and has been used for the treatment of various inflammatory skin disorders, its principal effect is to inhibit the denaturation of proteins. Its lysine salt is used in the management of cataracts.		3.2310indazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger
bendroflumethiazide
Bendroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. It has been used in the treatment of familial hyperkalemia, hypertension, edema, and urinary tract disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p810). bendroflumethiazide : A sulfonamide consisting of 7-sulfamoyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a trifluoromethyl group and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzyl group.		3.2310benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
benserazide
Benserazide: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that does not enter the central nervous system. It is often given with LEVODOPA in the treatment of parkinsonism to prevent the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, thereby increasing the amount that reaches the central nervous system and reducing the required dose. It has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.. benserazide : A carbohydrazide that results from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of DL-serine with the primary amino group of 4-(hydrazinylmethyl)benzene-1,2,3-triol. An aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase inhibitor (DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor) that does not enter the central nervous system, it is used as its hydrochloride salt as an adjunct to levodopa in the treatment of parkinsonism. By preventing the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, it causes an increase in the amount of levodopa reaching the central nervous system and so reduces the required dose. Benserazide has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.		13.35112carbohydrazide;
catechols;
primary alcohol;
primary amino compound		antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
benzbromarone
Benzbromarone: Uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. It is used in the treatment of gout.. benzbromarone : 1-Benzofuran substituted at C-2 and C-3 by an ethyl group and a 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoyl group respectively. An inhibitor of CYP2C9, it is used as an anti-gout medication.		3.61201-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone		uricosuric drug
benzocaine
Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.. dextran sulfate sodium : An organic sodium salt of dextran sulfate. It induces colitis in mice.. benzocaine : A benzoate ester having 4-aminobenzoic acid as the acid component and ethanol as the alcohol component. A surface anaesthetic, it is used to suppress the gag reflex, and as a lubricant and topical anaesthetic on the larynx, mouth, nasal cavity, respiratory tract, oesophagus, rectum, urinary tract, and vagina.		2.0810benzoate ester;
substituted aniline		allergen;
antipruritic drug;
sensitiser;
topical anaesthetic
betaxolol
[no description available]		3.2310propanolamineantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
bethanechol
Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. bethanechol : The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.		3.2310carbamate ester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscarinic agonist
bicalutamide
bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism.		3.6120(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monofluorobenzenes;
nitrile;
sulfone;
tertiary alcohol
bay h 4502
bifonazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-bifonazole. It is a broad spectrum antifungal drug used for the treatment of fungal skin and nail infections.. 1-[biphenyl-4-yl(phenyl)methyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles carrying an alpha-(biphenyl-4-yl)benzyl substituent at position 1.		2.0810biphenyls;
imidazoles
biperiden
Biperiden: A muscarinic antagonist that has effects in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It has been used in the treatment of arteriosclerotic, idiopathic, and postencephalitic parkinsonism. It has also been used to alleviate extrapyramidal symptoms induced by phenothiazine derivatives and reserpine.. biperiden : A member of the class of piperidines that is N-propylpiperidine in which the methyl hydrogens have been replaced by hydroxy, phenyl, and 5-norbornen-2-yl groups. A muscarinic antagonist affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems, it is used in the treatment of all forms of Parkinson's disease.		3.5920piperidines;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antidote to sarin poisoning;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
bisacodyl
Bisacodyl: A diphenylmethane stimulant laxative used for the treatment of CONSTIPATION and for bowel evacuation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p871)		3.6120diarylmethane
bisoprolol
Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS.		3.2310secondary alcohol;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
bromazepam
Bromazepam: One of the BENZODIAZEPINES that is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS.		2.0510organic molecular entity
bromopride
bromopride: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0810benzamides
bronopol
[no description available]		2.0810nitro compound
bumetanide
[no description available]		4.5940amino acid;
benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		diuretic;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
bupivacaine
Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.		2.0510aromatic amide;
piperidinecarboxamide;
tertiary amino compound
buspirone
Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.		3.5920azaspiro compound;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organic heteropolycyclic compound;
piperidones;
pyrimidines		anxiolytic drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
sedative;
serotonergic agonist
busulfan
[no description available]		3.8630methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
insect sterilant;
teratogenic agent
secbutabarbital
secbutabarbital: Butabarbital (a synonym for Secbutabarbital) should be distinguished from Butobarbital		3.2310barbiturates
caffeine
[no description available]		5.9571purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		4.9640aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
candesartan
candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.		3.5720benzimidazolecarboxylic acid;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.		4.2550dibenzoazepine;
ureas		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
carbinoxamine
carbinoxamine: Note: tradenames that start with Histex refer to more than one drug. carbinoxamine : An organochlorine compound that is 2-(4-chlorobenzyl)pyridine in which one of the benzylic hydrogens is substituted by 2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy group. It is an ethanolamine-type antihistamine, used as its maleate salt for treating hay fever, as well as mild cases of Parkinson's disease.		3.2310monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
carisoprodol
Carisoprodol: A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant whose mechanism of action is not completely understood but may be related to its sedative actions. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1202). carisoprodol : A carbamate ester that is the mono-N-isopropyl derivative of meprobamate (which is a significant metabolite). Carisoprodol interrupts neuronal communication within the reticular formation and spinal cord, resulting in sedation and alteration in pain perception. It is used as a muscle relaxant in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm.		3.2310carbamate estermuscle relaxant
carmustine
Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.		2.0810N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
carprofen
carprofen: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. carprofen : Propanoic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a 6-chloro-9H-carbazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is no longer used in human medicine but is still used for treatment of arthritis in elderly dogs.		2.0810carbazoles;
organochlorine compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
photosensitizing agent
carvedilol
[no description available]		3.6120carbazoles;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
celecoxib
[no description available]		4.9440organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfonamide;
toluenes		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cetirizine
Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.		4.120ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperazines		anti-allergic agent;
environmental contaminant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
chlorambucil
Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.		3.8630aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
chlorcyclizine
chlorcyclizine: was heading 1964-94 (Prov 1964-73); CHLOROCYCLIZINE & HISTACHLORAZINE were see CHLORCYCLIZINE 1977-94; use PIPERAZINES to search CHLORCYCLIZINE 1966-94; histamine H1-blocker used both orally and topically in allergies and also for the prevention of motion sickness		3.2310diarylmethane
chlordiazepoxide
Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.		3.6120benzodiazepine
chlormezanone
Chlormezanone: A non-benzodiazepine that is used in the management of anxiety. It has been suggested for use in the treatment of muscle spasm.. chlormezanone : A 1,3-thiazine that is 1,3-thiazinan-4-one S,S-dioxide in which a hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by methyl. A non-benzodiazepine muscle relaxant, it was used in the management of anxiety and in the treatment of muscle spasms until being discontinued worldwide by its manufacturer in 1996, due to rare but serious cutaneous reactions.		3.23101,3-thiazine;
lactam;
monochlorobenzenes;
sulfone		antipsychotic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
muscle relaxant
chloroquine
Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.		3.6120aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
chlorothiazide
Chlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812). thiazide : Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.. chlorothiazide : 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension.		3.2310benzothiadiazineantihypertensive agent;
diuretic
chlorpheniramine
Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.		3.6120monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidepressant;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.		3.8630organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpropamide
Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.		3.6120monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
chlorthalidone
Chlorthalidone: A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.		3.6120isoindoles;
monochlorobenzenes;
sulfonamide
chlorzoxazone
Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		3.61201,3-benzoxazoles;
heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
organochlorine compound		muscle relaxant;
sedative
cifenline
[no description available]		2.0810diarylmethane
ciclopirox
[no description available]		2.0810cyclic hydroxamic acid;
hydroxypyridone antifungal drug;
pyridone		antibacterial agent;
antiseborrheic
ciglitazone
ciglitazone: structure given in second source; PPAR agonist used for type II diabetes. ciglitazone : An aromatic ether that consists of 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione with position 5 substituted by a 4-[(1-methylcyclohexyl)methoxy]benzyl group. A selective PPARgamma agonist.		2.0810aromatic ether;
thiazolidinone		antineoplastic agent;
insulin-sensitizing drug
cilostazol
[no description available]		3.6120lactam;
tetrazoles		anticoagulant;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
fibrin modulating drug;
neuroprotective agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
cimetidine
Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.		4.7850aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile		adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
ciprofibrate
[no description available]		2.0810cyclopropanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		antilipemic drug
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		4.5940aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
citalopram
Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.		7.24612-benzofurans;
cyclic ether;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound
clioquinol
Clioquinol: A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.. 5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by chlorine and iodine, respectively. It has antibacterial and atifungal properties, and is used in creams for the treatment of skin infections. It has also been investigated as a chelator of copper and zinc ions for the possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		2.0810monohydroxyquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
organoiodine compound		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
chelator;
copper chelator
clobazam
Clobazam: A benzodiazepine derivative that is a long-acting GABA-A RECEPTOR agonist. It is used as an antiepileptic in the treatment of SEIZURES, including seizures associated with LENNOX-GASTAUT SYNDROME. It is also used as an anxiolytic, for the short-term treatment of acute ANXIETY.. clobazam : 7-Chloro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a methyl group, whilst that attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group. It is used for the short-term management of acute anxiety and as an adjunct in the treatment of epilepsy in association with other antiepileptics.		2.08101,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
clofazimine
Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.		2.0810monochlorobenzenes;
phenazines		dye;
leprostatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clofibrate
angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate		3.8630aromatic ether;
ethyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
geroprotector;
PPARalpha agonist
clomiphene
[no description available]		3.6120tertiary amineestrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
clomipramine
Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.		4.0840dibenzoazepineanticoronaviral agent;
antidepressant;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonergic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
clonazepam
Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.		15.11831,4-benzodiazepinone;
monochlorobenzenes		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
clonidine
Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		3.8730clonidine;
imidazoline
4-chloro-N-(2,6-dimethyl-1-piperidinyl)-3-sulfamoylbenzamide
[no description available]		2.0810sulfonamide
chlorazepate
clorazepic acid : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone in which the oxo group is at position 2, and which is substituted at positions 3, 5, and 7 by carboxy, phenyl and chloro groups, respectively.		3.59201,4-benzodiazepinoneanticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator;
prodrug
clotrimazole
[no description available]		3.2310conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes		antiinfective agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cyclobenzaprine
cyclobenzaprine: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lisseril is synonymous for HCl; structure. cyclobenzaprine : 5-Methylidene-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene in which one of the hydrogens of the methylidene group is substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		3.2310carbotricyclic compoundantidepressant;
muscle relaxant;
tranquilizing drug
cyclofenil
Cyclofenil: A gonadal stimulant and inducer of ovulation. It is used in the treatment of infertility and amenorrhea, but is thought to be less effective than CLOMIPHENE.		3.2310organic molecular entity
cyproheptadine
Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.		3.2310piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
gastrointestinal drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
dapsone
[no description available]		3.8630substituted aniline;
sulfone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
leprostatic drug
deferoxamine
Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.		3.2310acyclic desferrioxaminebacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
iron chelator;
siderophore
desipramine
Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.		5.3260dibenzoazepine;
secondary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug allergen;
EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
amphetamine
Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.		4.5270primary amine
diazepam
Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.		4.41601,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
diazoxide
Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.		3.6120benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
diuretic;
K-ATP channel agonist;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasodilator agent
diclofenac
Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.		4.120amino acid;
aromatic amine;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
dichlorphenamide
Dichlorphenamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of glaucoma.. diclofenamide : A sulfonamide that is benzene-1,3-disulfonamide in which the hydrogens at positions 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorine. An oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it partially suppresses the secretion (inflow) of aqueous humor in the eye and so reduces intraocular pressure. It is used for the treatment of glaucoma.		3.2310dichlorobenzene;
sulfonamide		antiglaucoma drug;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor;
ophthalmology drug
dicyclomine
Dicyclomine: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms.. dicyclomine : The ester resulting from the formal condensation of 1-cyclohexylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid with 2-(diethylamino)ethanol. An anticholinergic, it is used as the hydrochloride to treat or prevent spasm in the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly that associated with irritable bowel syndrome.		3.2310carboxylic ester;
tertiary amine		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
pentetic acid
Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.		3.2310pentacarboxylic acidcopper chelator
diflunisal
Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position.		3.5720monohydroxybenzoic acid;
organofluorine compound		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
dimercaprol
Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.		3.2310dithiol;
primary alcohol		chelator
diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.		3.5720ether;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
antitussive;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
oneirogen;
sedative
dipyridamole
Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.		3.6120piperidines;
pyrimidopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound;
tetrol		adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
disopyramide
Disopyramide: A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.. disopyramide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is butanamide substituted by a diisopropylamino group at position 4, a phenyl group at position 2 and a pyridin-2-yl group at position 2. It is used as a anti-arrhythmia drug.		4.3930monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
disulfiram
[no description available]		3.6120organic disulfide;
organosulfur acaricide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
fungicide;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
valproic acid
Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.		7.4781branched-chain fatty acid;
branched-chain saturated fatty acid		anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent
racemetirosine
alpha-Methyltyrosine: An inhibitor of the enzyme TYROSINE 3-MONOOXYGENASE, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)		3.320
domperidone
Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.		8.1350benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist
donepezil
Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.		4.0940aromatic ether;
indanones;
piperidines;
racemate		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
nootropic agent
doxapram
Doxapram: A central respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p1225). doxapram : A member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones that is N-ethylpyrrolidin-2-one in which both of the hydrogens at the 3 position (adjacent to the carbonyl group) are substituted by phenyl groups, and one of the hydrogens at the 4 position is substituted by a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride or the hydrochloride hydrate) as a temporary treatment of acute respiratory failure, particularly when superimposed on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and of postoperative respiratory depression. It has also been used for treatment of postoperative shivering.		3.2310morpholines;
pyrrolidin-2-ones		central nervous system stimulant
doxazosin
Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.. doxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure.		3.5720aromatic amine;
benzodioxine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
vasodilator agent
doxepin
Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.. doxepin : A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an antidepressant drug.		3.6120dibenzooxepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant
doxylamine
Doxylamine: Histamine H1 antagonist with pronounced sedative properties. It is used in allergies and as an antitussive, antiemetic, and hypnotic. Doxylamine has also been administered in veterinary applications and was formerly used in PARKINSONISM.		3.2310pyridines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
antitussive;
cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
sedative
droperidol
Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound		anaesthesia adjuvant;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
dyphylline
Dyphylline: A THEOPHYLLINE derivative with broncho- and vasodilator properties. It is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis.. dyphylline : An oxopurine that is theophylline bearing a 2,3-dihydroxypropyl group at the 7 position. It has broncho- and vasodilator properties, and is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis. It is also an ingredient in preparations that have been promoted for coughs.		3.2310oxopurine;
propane-1,2-diols		bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
ebastine
[no description available]		2.0810organic molecular entity
edrophonium
Edrophonium: A rapid-onset, short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used in cardiac arrhythmias and in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. It has also been used as an antidote to curare principles.. edrophonium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is N-ethyl-N,N-dimethylanilinium in which one of the meta positions is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is a reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase, with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes). The chloride salt is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals.		3.2310phenols;
quaternary ammonium ion		antidote;
diagnostic agent;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
enoxacin
Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.		2.08101,8-naphthyridine derivative;
amino acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
estazolam
Estazolam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, hypnotic, and muscle relaxant properties. It has been shown in some cases to be more potent than DIAZEPAM or NITRAZEPAM.. estazolam : A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a phenyl group at position 6 and a chloro substituent at position 8. A short-acting benzodiazepine with general properties similar to diazepam, it is given by mouth as a hypnotic in the short-term management of insomnia.		3.2310triazoles;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
ethacrynic acid
Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.		3.6120aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid		EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
loop diuretic
ethosuximide
Ethosuximide: An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.. ethosuximide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures.		3.6120dicarboximide;
pyrrolidinone		anticonvulsant;
geroprotector;
T-type calcium channel blocker
ethotoin
ethotoin: was heading 1966-94 (see under HYDANTOINS 1966-90); use HYDANTOINS to search ETHOTOIN 1966-94. ethotoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted by ethyl and phenyl at positions 3 and 5, respectively. An antiepileptic, it is less toxic than phenytoin but also less effective.		3.2310imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant
etidronate
Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.		3.23101,1-bis(phosphonic acid)antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
chelator
etizolam
etizolam: structure given in first source		2.0510organic molecular entity
etodolac
Etodolac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with potent analgesic and anti-arthritic properties. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; and in the alleviation of postoperative pain (PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE).. etodolac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indol-1-yl moiety. A preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, it is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and for the alleviation of postoperative pain. Administered as the racemate, only the (S)-enantiomer is active.		3.2310monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
brl 42810
[no description available]		3.86302-aminopurines;
acetate ester		antiviral drug;
prodrug
felbamate
Felbamate: A PEGylated phenylcarbamate derivative that acts as an antagonist of NMDA RECEPTORS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES in severe refractory EPILEPSY.. felbamate : The bis(carbamate ester) of 2-phenylpropane-1,3-diol. An anticonvulsant, it is used in the treatment of epilepsy.		3.5920carbamate esteranticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent
4-biphenylylacetic acid
biphenyl-4-ylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is substituted by a biphenyl-4-yl group. An active metabolite of fenbufen, it is used as a topical medicine to treat muscle inflammation and arthritis.		2.0810biphenyls;
monocarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
felodipine
Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.		3.6120dichlorobenzene;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
fenofibrate
Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE		3.6120aromatic ether;
chlorobenzophenone;
isopropyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
fenoldopam
Fenoldopam: A dopamine D1 receptor agonist that is used as an antihypertensive agent. It lowers blood pressure through arteriolar vasodilation.		3.830benzazepinealpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
dopamine agonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
fenoprofen
Fenoprofen: A propionic acid derivative that is used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent.. fenoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 3-phenoxyphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, the dihydrate form of the calcium salt is used for the management of mild to moderate pain and for the relief of pain and inflammation associated with disorders such as arthritis. It is pharmacologically similar to aspirin, but causes less gastrointestinal bleeding.		3.2310monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fentanyl
Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		2.4920anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		adjuvant;
anaesthesia adjuvant;
anaesthetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
fexofenadine
fexofenadine: a second generation antihistamine; metabolite of the antihistaminic drug terfenadine; structure in first source; RN refers to HCl. fexofenadine : A piperidine-based anti-histamine compound.		4.120piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
fipexide
fipexide: regulates dopaminergic systems at macromolecular level		3.2310benzodioxoles
flavoxate
Flavoxate: A drug that has been used in various urinary syndromes and as an antispasmodic. Its therapeutic usefulness and its mechanism of action are not clear. It may have local anesthetic activity and direct relaxing effects on smooth muscle as well as some activity as a muscarinic antagonist.. flavoxate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of 3-methylflavone-8-carboxylic acid with 2-(1-piperidinyl)ethanol.		3.2310carboxylic ester;
flavones;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
flecainide
Flecainide: A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS.. flecainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid with the primary amino group of piperidin-2-ylmethylamine. An antiarrhythmic agent used (in the form of its acetate salt) to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).		3.2310aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		anti-arrhythmia drug
fleroxacin
Fleroxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial fluoroquinolone. The drug strongly inhibits the DNA-supercoiling activity of DNA GYRASE.. fleroxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6, 7 and 8 by 2-fluoroethyl, carboxy, fluoro, 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl and fluoro groups, respectively. It is active against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.		2.0810difluorobenzene;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpiperazine;
quinolines		antibacterial drug;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
fluconazole
Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.		3.6120conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		environmental contaminant;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
flucytosine
Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.		3.8630aminopyrimidine;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine antifungal drug;
pyrimidone		prodrug
fluphenazine
[no description available]		3.5720N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		anticoronaviral agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
flumazenil
Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.		3.6120ethyl ester;
imidazobenzodiazepine;
organofluorine compound		antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning;
GABA antagonist
flunitrazepam
Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.		2.05101,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound;
monofluorobenzenes		anxiolytic drug;
GABAA receptor agonist;
sedative
fluorescite
fluorescein (acid form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent and commonly used as a fluorescent tracer.		3.6120benzoic acids;
cyclic ketone;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
phenols;
xanthene dye		fluorescent dye;
radioopaque medium
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		3.6120nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
fluoxetine
Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.		5.861(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound
flurazepam
Flurazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used mainly as a hypnotic.. flurazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group, 2-fluorophenyl group and chloro group at positions 1, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a partial agonist of GABAA receptors and used for the treatment of insomnia.		3.23101,4-benzodiazepinone;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABAA receptor agonist;
sedative
flurbiprofen
Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.		3.2310fluorobiphenyl;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
flutamide
Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.		3.6120(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
fomepizole
Fomepizole: A pyrazole and competitive inhibitor of ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE that is used for the treatment of poisoning by ETHYLENE GLYCOL or METHANOL.. fomepizole : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4.		3.2310pyrazolesantidote;
EC 1.1.1.1 (alcohol dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
protective agent
formoterol fumarate
N-[2-hydroxy-5-(1-hydroxy-2-{[1-(4-methoxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]amino}ethyl)phenyl]formamide : A phenylethanoloamine having 4-hydroxy and 3-formamido substituents on the phenyl ring and an N-(4-methoxyphenyl)propan-2-yl substituent.		2.1310formamides;
phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
foscarnet
Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.. phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.		3.2310carboxylic acid;
one-carbon compound;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor
furosemide
Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.		4.3930chlorobenzoic acid;
furans;
sulfonamide		environmental contaminant;
loop diuretic;
xenobiotic
gabapentin
Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.		11.88150gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
vanoxerine
vanoxerine: structure given in first source. vanoxerine : An N-alkylpiperazine that consists of piperazine bearing 2-bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl and 3-phenylpropyl groups at positions 1 and 4 respectively. Potent, competitive inhibitor of dopamine uptake (Ki = 1 nM for inhibition of striatal dopamine uptake). Has > 100-fold lower affinity for the noradrenalin and 5-HT uptake carriers. Also a potent sigma ligand (IC50 = 48 nM). Centrally active following systemic administration.		2.0110ether;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		dopamine uptake inhibitor
gemfibrozil
[no description available]		3.6120aromatic etherantilipemic drug
glafenine
Glafenine: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic properties used for the relief of all types of pain.. glafenine : A carboxylic ester that is 2,3-dihydroxypropyl anthranilate in which the amino group is substituted by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, glafenine and its hydrochloride salt were used for the relief of all types of pain, but high incidence of anaphylactic reactions resulted in their withdrawal from the market.		3.2310aminoquinoline;
carboxylic ester;
glycol;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gliclazide
Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.		2.0810N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
radical scavenger
glimepiride
glimepiride: structure given in first source		3.8630sulfonamide
glipizide
Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		3.8630aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-sulfonylurea;
pyrazines		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
glyburide
Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.		4.5940monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		anti-arrhythmia drug;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
2-cyclopentyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetic acid (1,1-dimethyl-3-pyrrolidin-1-iumyl) ester
[no description available]		3.2310benzenes
granisetron
[no description available]		3.8530aromatic amide;
indazoles
guaifenesin
Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.		3.2310methoxybenzenes
guanethidine
Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.		3.2310azocanes;
guanidines		adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
sympatholytic agent
guanfacine
Guanfacine: A centrally acting antihypertensive agent with specificity towards ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.		3.6120acetamides
guanidine
Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.		3.2310carboxamidine;
guanidines;
one-carbon compound
haloperidol
Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.		8.65171aromatic ketone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
harmaline
Harmaline: A beta-carboline alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM.. harmaline : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7 and has been reduced across the 3,4 bond.		3.520harmala alkaloidoneirogen
hydralazine
Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.		3.2310azaarene;
hydrazines;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
phthalazines		antihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
hydrochlorothiazide
Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		3.8630benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
hydroflumethiazide
Hydroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p822). hydroflumethiazide : A benzothiadiazine consisting of a 3,4-dihydro-HH-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine bicyclic system dioxygenated on sulfur and carrying trifluoromethyl and aminosulfonyl groups at positions 6 and 7 respectively. A diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide.		3.6120benzothiadiazine;
thiazide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
hydroxychloroquine
Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.		3.2310aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
primary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea
[no description available]		3.6120one-carbon compound;
ureas		antimetabolite;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
immunomodulator;
radical scavenger;
teratogenic agent
hydroxyzine
Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively.		3.2310hydroxyether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine		anticoronaviral agent;
antipruritic drug;
anxiolytic drug;
dermatologic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
ibuprofen
Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine		3.5920monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger;
xenobiotic
phenelzine
Phenelzine: One of the MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS used to treat DEPRESSION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; and PANIC.		3.2310primary amine
lidocaine
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.		4.1340benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
idebenone
[no description available]		2.05101,4-benzoquinones;
primary alcohol		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor
ifosfamide
[no description available]		3.6120ifosfamidesalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
imipramine
Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.		9.0940dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
amrinone
Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.. amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure.		3.6120bipyridinesEC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
indapamide
Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine.		3.6120indoles;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		3.6120aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
iohexol
Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.		2.0810benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
ioversol
[no description available]		3.2310amidobenzoic acid
iproniazid
[no description available]		3.6120carbohydrazide;
pyridines
avapro
Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.		3.8630azaspiro compound;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
isocarboxazid
Isocarboxazid: An MAO inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in the treatment of panic disorder and the phobic disorders. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311)		3.2310benzenes
isoniazid
Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).		3.6120carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		3.6320catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
isoxsuprine
Isoxsuprine: A beta-adrenergic agonist that causes direct relaxation of uterine and vascular smooth muscle. Its vasodilating actions are greater on the arteries supplying skeletal muscle than on those supplying skin. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and in premature labor.		3.2310alkylbenzene
isradipine
Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.		3.6120benzoxadiazole;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester;
methyl ester
itraconazole
[no description available]		3.8630piperazines
ketamine
Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.		3.930cyclohexanones;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
ketanserin
Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.		2.0810aromatic ketone;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
cardiovascular drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist
ketoconazole
1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.		3.6120dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
ether;
imidazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen
Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.		3.2310benzophenones;
oxo monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
ketorolac
Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.. 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively.		3.5920amino acid;
aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrrolizines;
racemate		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
labetalol
Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5.		3.2310benzamides;
benzenes;
phenols;
primary carboxamide;
salicylamides;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
lamotrigine
[no description available]		5.38701,2,4-triazines;
dichlorobenzene;
primary arylamine		anticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
antimanic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
xenobiotic
lansoprazole
Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.		3.8630benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
leflunomide
Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.		3.6120(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
antiparasitic agent;
EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
letrozole
[no description available]		3.8630nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
lofepramine
Lofepramine: A psychotropic IMIPRAMINE derivative that acts as a tricyclic antidepressant and possesses few anticholinergic properties. It is metabolized to DESIPRAMINE.		2.0810aromatic ketone;
dibenzoazepine;
monochlorobenzenes;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant
lomefloxacin
lomefloxacin: structure given in first source. lomefloxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic, used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery.		3.2310fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antimicrobial agent;
antitubercular agent;
photosensitizing agent
lomustine
[no description available]		3.6120N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
loperamide
Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.		4.120monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antidiarrhoeal drug;
mu-opioid receptor agonist
loratadine
Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.		3.6120benzocycloheptapyridine;
ethyl ester;
N-acylpiperidine;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist
lorazepam
Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.		4.2850benzodiazepine
losartan
Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position		3.5720biphenylyltetrazole;
imidazoles		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
loxapine
Loxapine: An antipsychotic agent used in SCHIZOPHRENIA.		3.2310dibenzooxazepineantipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
maprotiline
Maprotiline: A bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use.		4.3930anthracenes
mebendazole
Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.		3.6120aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester		antinematodal drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
mecamylamine
Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.		3.2310primary aliphatic amine
mechlorethamine
nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.		3.2310nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent
meclizine
Meclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in the treatment of motion sickness, vertigo, and nausea during pregnancy and radiation sickness.		3.2310diarylmethane
meclofenamic acid
Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.. meclofenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		3.2310aminobenzoic acid;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mefenamic acid
Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		3.6120aminobenzoic acid;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
memantine
[no description available]		3.8630adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		antidepressant;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
mepenzolate
mepenzolic acid: anticholinergic, antispasmodic agent; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.2310diarylmethane
meperidine
Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.		3.2310ethyl ester;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
mephenytoin
Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). It may cause blood dyscrasias.. mephenytoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) in which the imidazolidine nucleus carries a methyl group at N-3 and has ethyl and phenyl substituents at C-5. An anticonvulsant, it is no longer available in the USA or the UK but is still studied largely because of its interesting hydroxylation polymorphism.		3.2310imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant
mepivacaine
Mepivacaine: A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168). mepivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide in which N-methylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. It is used as a local amide-type anaesthetic.		3.2310piperidinecarboxamidedrug allergen;
local anaesthetic
meprobamate
Meprobamate: A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603)		3.2310organic molecular entity
mesalamine
Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.		3.2310amino acid;
aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid;
phenols		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mesoridazine
Mesoridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with effects similar to CHLORPROMAZINE.. mesoridazine : A phenothiazine substituted at position 2 (para to the S atom) by a methylsulfinyl group, and on the nitrogen by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group.		3.2310phenothiazines;
sulfoxide;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
metaproterenol
Metaproterenol: A beta-2 adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of ASTHMA and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. orciprenaline : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-orciprenaline. Used (as its sulfate salt) to relax the airway muscles and improve breathing for patients suffering from asthma or bronchitis.. 5-[1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,3-diol : A member of the class of resorcinols bearing an additional 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl substituent at position 5 of resorcinol itself.		3.2310aralkylamino compound;
phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
metformin
Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.		4.9640guanidinesenvironmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
xenobiotic
methadone
Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.		4.430benzenes;
diarylmethane;
ketone;
tertiary amino compound
methazolamide
Methazolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used as a diuretic and in the treatment of glaucoma.		3.2310sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles
methocarbamol
Methocarbamol: A centrally acting muscle relaxant whose mode of action has not been established. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1206). methocarbamol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-methocarbamol. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as an adjunct in the short-term symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm. The (R)-enantiomer is more active than the (S)-enantiomer.. 2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl carbamate : A carbamate ester that is glycerol in which one of the primary alcohol groups has been converted to its 2-methoxyphenyl ether while the other has been converted to the corresponding carbamate ester.		3.2310aromatic ether;
carbamate ester;
secondary alcohol
methoxsalen
Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.		3.2310aromatic ether;
psoralens		antineoplastic agent;
cross-linking reagent;
dermatologic drug;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
methyclothiazide
Methyclothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p825)		3.2310benzothiadiazine
methylphenidate
Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.		10.4641beta-amino acid ester;
methyl ester;
piperidines
metoclopramide
Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.		3.8630benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
gastrointestinal drug;
xenobiotic
metolazone
Metolazone: A quinazoline-sulfonamide derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. metolazone : A quinazoline that consists of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazolin-4-one bearing additional methyl, 2-tolyl, sulfamyl and chloro substituents at positions 2, 3, 6 and 7 respectively. A quinazoline diuretic, with properties similar to thiazide diuretics.		3.2310organochlorine compound;
quinazolines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
ion transport inhibitor
metoprolol
Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.		3.6120aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
metronidazole
Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.		3.6120C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
primary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
metyrapone
Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.		3.2310aromatic ketoneantimetabolite;
diagnostic agent;
EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
mexiletine
Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.		3.6120aromatic ether;
primary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
mianserin
Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.. mianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.		3.8930dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine agonist;
sedative;
serotonergic antagonist
midazolam
Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.		4.2750imidazobenzodiazepine;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
central nervous system depressant;
GABAA receptor agonist;
general anaesthetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
midodrine
Midodrine: An ethanolamine derivative that is an adrenergic alpha-1 agonist. It is used as a vasoconstrictor agent in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. midodrine : An aromatic ether that is 1,4-dimethoxybenzene which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-(glycylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with selective alpha-adrenergic agonist activity, it is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a peripheral vasoconstrictor in the treatment of certain hypotensive states. The main active moiety is its major metabolite, deglymidodrine.		3.2310amino acid amide;
aromatic ether;
secondary alcohol		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
prodrug;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
milrinone
[no description available]		3.5720bipyridines;
nitrile;
pyridone		cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
minoxidil
Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6.		3.6120dialkylarylamine;
tertiary amino compound
mirtazapine
Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders.		9.9560benzazepine;
tetracyclic antidepressant		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
oneirogen;
serotonergic antagonist
mitotane
Mitotane: A derivative of the insecticide DICHLORODIPHENYLDICHLOROETHANE that specifically inhibits cells of the adrenal cortex and their production of hormones. It is used to treat adrenocortical tumors and causes CNS damage, but no bone marrow depression.		3.2310diarylmethane
mitoxantrone
Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.		4.120dihydroxyanthraquinoneanalgesic;
antineoplastic agent
moclobemide
Moclobemide: A reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A; (RIMA); (see MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS) that has antidepressive properties.. moclobemide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a chloro group at position 4 and a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group at the nitrogen atom. It acts as a reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor and is used in the treatment of depression.		2.4720benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
morpholines		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
modafinil
Modafinil: A benzhydryl acetamide compound, central nervous system stimulant, and CYP3A4 inducing agent that is used in the treatment of NARCOLEPSY and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS.. modafinil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of armodafinil and (S)-modafinil. A central nervous system stimulant, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions in animals.. 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide : A sulfoxide that is dimethylsulfoxide in which two hydrogens attached to one of the methyl groups are replaced by phenyl groups, while one hydrogen attached to the other methyl group is replaced by a carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) group.		8.4692monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfoxide
moxisylyte
Moxisylyte: An alpha-adrenergic blocking agent that is used in Raynaud's disease. It is also used locally in the eye to reverse the mydriasis caused by phenylephrine and other sympathomimetic agents. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1312)		3.2310monoterpenoid
1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine
1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine: acts as serotonin agonist; structure. 1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group at position 1. A serotonergic agonist used as a recreational drug.		2.0410(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
N-arylpiperazine		environmental contaminant;
psychotropic drug;
serotonergic agonist;
xenobiotic
acecainide
Acecainide: A major metabolite of PROCAINAMIDE. Its anti-arrhythmic action may cause cardiac toxicity in kidney failure.. N-acetylprocainamide : A benzamide obtained via formal condensation of 4-acetamidobenzoic acid and 2-(diethylamino)ethylamine.		2.0810acetamides;
benzamides		anti-arrhythmia drug
nabumetone
Nabumetone: A butanone non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitor that is used in the management of pain associated with OSTEOARTHRITIS and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.. nabumetone : A methyl ketone that is 2-butanone in which one of the methyl hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl group. A prodrug that is converted to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, following oral administration. It is shown to have a slightly lower risk of gastrointestinal side effects than most other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.		3.2310methoxynaphthalene;
methyl ketone		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
nadolol
[no description available]		3.6120tetralins
nalidixic acid
[no description available]		3.61201,8-naphthyridine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
naratriptan
naratriptan: structure given in first source		3.8530heteroarylpiperidine;
sulfonamide;
tryptamines		serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
nefazodone
nefazodone: may be useful as an opiate adjunct		3.8730aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazoles		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
nefopam
Nefopam: Non-narcotic analgesic chemically similar to ORPHENADRINE. Its mechanism of action is unclear. It is used for the relief of acute and chronic pain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p26). nefopam : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-nefopam. The hydrochloride is a centrally acting non-opiate analgesic commonly used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain.. 5-methyl-1-phenyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine : A member of the class of benzoxazocines that is 3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine substituted by phenyl and methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 respectively.		2.0810benzoxazocine;
tertiary amino compound
neostigmine
Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.		2.0810quaternary ammonium ionantidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
nevirapine
Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.		3.8630cyclopropanes;
dipyridodiazepine		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nialamide
Nialamide: An MAO inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent.		3.2310organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
nicardipine
Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.		3.6120benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound
nifedipine
Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.		3.8630C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester		calcium channel blocker;
human metabolite;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent
nilutamide
[no description available]		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
imidazolidinone		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
nimesulide
nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.		3.6120aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
sulfonamide		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimodipine
Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.		3.86302-methoxyethyl ester;
C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
nisoldipine
Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.		3.6120C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
nitrazepam
Nitrazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant and hypnotic.. nitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one which is substituted at positions 5 and 7 by phenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia and for the treatment of epileptic spasms in infants (West's syndrome).		2.46201,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound		anticonvulsant;
antispasmodic drug;
drug metabolite;
GABA modulator;
sedative
nitrendipine
Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.		2.0810C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.		3.2310nitroglycerolexplosive;
muscle relaxant;
nitric oxide donor;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
nizatidine
[no description available]		3.57201,3-thiazoles;
C-nitro compound;
carboxamidine;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
cholinergic drug;
H2-receptor antagonist
nomifensine
Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively.		3.7120isoquinolinesdopamine uptake inhibitor
norfloxacin
Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.		3.6120fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
nortriptyline
Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline.		4.6240organic tricyclic compound;
secondary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
drug metabolite
ofloxacin
Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.		3.61203-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxazinoquinoline
omeprazole
Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.		3.6120aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
ondansetron
Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.		3.8730carbazoles
orphenadrine
Orphenadrine: A muscarinic antagonist used to treat drug-induced parkinsonism and to relieve pain from muscle spasm.. orphenadrine : A tertiary amino compound which is the phenyl-o-tolylmethyl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol.		3.2310ether;
tertiary amino compound		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
parasympatholytic
oxaprozin
Oxaprozin: An oxazole-propionic acid derivative, cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used in the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and ARTHRITIS, JUVENILE.. oxaprozin : A monocarboxylic acid that is a propionic acid derivative having a 4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl substituent at position 3. It is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to relieve the pain and inflammatory responses associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		3.61201,3-oxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
oxazepam
Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5.		3.23101,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
oxidopamine
Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).		4.81300benzenetriol;
catecholamine;
primary amino compound		drug metabolite;
human metabolite;
neurotoxin
oxybutynin
oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.		7.5681acetylenic compound;
carboxylic ester;
racemate;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
parasympatholytic
aminosalicylic acid
Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.		3.2310aminobenzoic acid;
phenols		antitubercular agent
quinone
benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups.. 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).		7.02101,4-benzoquinonescofactor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pamidronate
[no description available]		3.2310phosphonoacetic acid
pantoprazole
Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.		3.5720aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
papaverine
Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.		3.6120benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
dimethoxybenzene;
isoquinolines		antispasmodic drug;
vasodilator agent
pemoline
Pemoline: A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children.. pemoline : A member of the class of 1,3-oxazoles that is 1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one which is substituted by an amino group at position 2 and by a phenyl group at position 5. A central nervous system stimulant, it was used to treat hyperactivity disorders in children, but withdrawn from use following reports of serious hepatotoxicity.		3.61201,3-oxazolescentral nervous system stimulant
pentamidine
Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.		3.6120aromatic ether;
carboxamidine;
diether		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
calmodulin antagonist;
chemokine receptor 5 antagonist;
EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor;
trypanocidal drug;
xenobiotic
pentobarbital
Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		3.2310barbituratesGABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline
[no description available]		10.2431oxopurine
perhexiline
Perhexiline: 2-(2,2-Dicyclohexylethyl)piperidine. Coronary vasodilator used especially for angina of effort. It may cause neuropathy and hepatitis.		3.2310piperidinescardiovascular drug
perphenazine
Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.		3.8730N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
phenacetin
Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione		2.0810acetamides;
aromatic ether		cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		3.5720barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
phenoxybenzamine
Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.		3.2310aromatic amine
phentermine
Phentermine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been used most frequently in the treatment of obesity.		3.2310primary amineadrenergic agent;
appetite depressant;
central nervous system drug;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopaminergic agent;
sympathomimetic agent
4-phenylbutyric acid
4-phenylbutyric acid: RN refers to the parent cpd. 4-phenylbutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid the structure of which is that of butyric acid substituted with a phenyl group at C-4. It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that displays anticancer activity. It inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. It also inhibits protein isoprenylation, depletes plasma glutamine, increases production of foetal haemoglobin through transcriptional activation of the gamma-globin gene and affects hPPARgamma activation.		3.2310monocarboxylic acidantineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
prodrug
pifithrin
pifithrin: a tetrahydrobenzothiazol; inhibitor of P53 that protects mice from the side effects of cancer therapy; structure in first source		3.3510aromatic ketone
pilsicainide
pilsicainide: structure given in first source. pilsicainide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline with the carboxy group of (tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolizin-7a(5H)-yl)acetic acid. It is a sodium channel blocker which is used as an antiarrhythmic drug for the management of atrial tachyarrhythmias in Japan.		3.1510organic heterobicyclic compound;
secondary carboxamide		anti-arrhythmia drug;
sodium channel blocker
pindolol
Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.		4.5640indoles;
secondary amine		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
pioglitazone
Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		3.6120aromatic ether;
pyridines;
thiazolidinediones		antidepressant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin-sensitizing drug;
PPARgamma agonist;
xenobiotic
piracetam
Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.		2.4920organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
pirenzepine
Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.		3.0910pyridobenzodiazepineanti-ulcer drug;
antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
piribedil
Piribedil: A dopamine D2 agonist. It is used in the treatment of parkinson disease, particularly for alleviation of tremor. It has also been used for circulatory disorders and in other applications as a D2 agonist.		6.4951N-arylpiperazine
polythiazide
[no description available]		3.2310benzothiadiazine
duodote
duodote: consists of atropine and pralidoxime chloride; for treating those exposed to organophosphorus-containing nerve agents		3.2310pyridinium ionantidote to organophosphate poisoning;
antidote to sarin poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
cholinesterase reactivator
ono 1078
pranlukast: SRS-A antagonist; leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		2.0810chromones
pyranoprofen
pyranoprofen: RN given refers to unlabled parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.0810pyridochromene
praziquantel
azinox: Russian drug		3.6120isoquinolines
prazosin
Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.		3.8630aromatic ether;
furans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperazines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
primaquine
Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.		3.6120aminoquinoline;
aromatic ether;
N-substituted diamine		antimalarial
primidone
Primidone: A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite.. primidone : A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures.		3.8630pyrimidoneanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
probenecid
Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.		4.3930benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		uricosuric drug
procainamide
Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		4.7650benzamidesanti-arrhythmia drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker
procarbazine
Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.		3.2310benzamides;
hydrazines		antineoplastic agent
procaterol
Procaterol: A long-acting beta-2-adrenergic receptor agonist.		2.1310quinolines
prochlorperazine
Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position.		3.6120N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antiemetic;
cholinergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic
procyclidine
Procyclidine: A muscarinic antagonist that crosses the blood-brain barrier and is used in the treatment of drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders and in parkinsonism.. procyclidine : A tertiary alcohol that consists of propan-1-ol substituted by a cyclohexyl and a phenyl group at position 1 and a pyrrolidin-1-yl group at position 3.		3.6120pyrrolidines;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
muscarinic antagonist
promazine
Promazine: A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE but with less antipsychotic activity. It is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic.. promazine : A phenothiazine deriative in which the phenothiazine tricycle has a 3-(dimethylaminopropyl) group at the N-10 position.		2.0310phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
promethazine
Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.		3.6120phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
sedative
propafenone
Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity.. propafenone : An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.		3.6120aromatic ketone;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
propantheline
Propantheline: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking.		3.2310xanthenes
propofol
Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.		3.2310phenolsanticonvulsant;
antiemetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
radical scavenger;
sedative
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		3.6120naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
protriptyline
Protriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant similar in action and side effects to IMIPRAMINE. It may produce excitation.		3.5720carbotricyclic compoundantidepressant
pyridostigmine
[no description available]		3.2310pyridinium ion
pyrilamine
Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.. mepyramine : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group.		2.0310aromatic ether;
ethylenediamine derivative		H1-receptor antagonist
pyrimethamine
Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds		3.2310aminopyrimidine;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
sch 16134
quazepam: structure given in first source		3.5920benzodiazepine
quetiapine
[no description available]		3.5920dibenzothiazepine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
rabeprazole
Rabeprazole: A 4-(3-methoxypropoxy)-3-methylpyridinyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.		3.2310benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
raloxifene
raloxifene : A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, and 6 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl, p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]benzoyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively.		3.57201-benzothiophenes;
aromatic ketone;
N-oxyethylpiperidine;
phenols		bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
ranitidine
[no description available]		3.5720aralkylamine
riluzole
Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.		8.7673benzothiazoles
rimantadine
Rimantadine: An RNA synthesis inhibitor that is used as an antiviral agent in the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza.		3.2310alkylamine
risperidone
Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.		11.56811,2-benzoxazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
rizatriptan
rizatriptan: structure given in first source; RN given refers to benzoate		3.8530tryptaminesanti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
rofecoxib
[no description available]		2.4620butenolide;
sulfone		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ropinirole
[no description available]		17.4815716indolones;
tertiary amine		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
central nervous system drug;
dopamine agonist
3,4,4a,10b-tetrahydro-4-propyl-2h,5h-(1)benzopyrano(4,3-b)-1,4-oxazin-9-ol
3,4,4a,10b-tetrahydro-4-propyl-2H,5H-(1)benzopyrano(4,3-b)-1,4-oxazin-9-ol: RN given refers to (+/-)-isomer; RN, RRs & structure given in first source		2.4520
saccharin
Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.		2.03101,2-benzisothiazole;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		environmental contaminant;
sweetening agent;
xenobiotic
salmeterol xinafoate
salmeterol : A racemate consisting of equal parts of (R)- and (S)-salmeterol. It is a potent and selective beta2-adrenoceptor agonist (EC50 = 5.3 nM). Unlike other beta2 agonists, it binds to the exo-site domain of beta2 receptors, producing a slow onset of action and prolonged activation.. 2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(1-hydroxy-2-{[6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexyl]amino}ethyl)phenol : A phenol having a hydroxymethyl group at C-2 and a 1-hydroxy-2-{[6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexyl]amino}ethyl group at C-4; derivative of phenylethanolamine.		2.1310ether;
phenols;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
salicylsalicylic acid
salicylsalicylic acid: structure. salsalate : A dimeric benzoate ester obtained by intermolecular condensation between the carboxy of one molecule of salicylic acid with the phenol group of a second. It is a prodrug for salycylic acid that is used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and also shows activity against type II diabetes.		3.2310benzoate ester;
benzoic acids;
phenols;
salicylates		antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
sb 206553
SB 206553: a high-affinity 5-HT(2C/2B) antagonist; structure given in first source		2.2510pyrroloindole
secobarbital
Secobarbital: A barbiturate that is used as a sedative. Secobarbital is reported to have no anti-anxiety activity.. secobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by prop-2-en-1-yl and pentan-2-yl groups.		3.2310barbituratesanaesthesia adjuvant;
GABA modulator;
sedative
sibutramine
sibutramine: serotonin and norepinephrine transporter inhibitor; Meridia is tradename for sibutramine hydrochloride		3.5920organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-obesity agent;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
sulfadiazine
Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.		3.6120pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
coccidiostat;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sodium fluoride
[no description available]		3.3110fluoride saltmutagen
fluoroacetic acid
fluoroacetic acid: N1 same as NM; RN given refers to parent cpd. fluoroacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by fluorine.		2.1110haloacetic acid;
organofluorine compound		EC 4.2.1.3 (aconitate hydratase) inhibitor
risedronic acid
Risedronic Acid: A pyridine and diphosphonic acid derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and inhibits BONE RESORPTION.		3.2310pyridines
sotalol
Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.		3.6120ethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
sulfonamide		anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
spiperone
Spiperone: A spiro butyrophenone analog similar to HALOPERIDOL and other related compounds. It has been recommended in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. spiperone : An azaspiro compound that is 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 8 by phenyl, oxo, and 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl groups, respectively.		2.9240aromatic ketone;
azaspiro compound;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
imatinib
[no description available]		4.3930aromatic amine;
benzamides;
N-methylpiperazine;
pyridines;
pyrimidines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
vorinostat
Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).		3.6120dicarboxylic acid diamide;
hydroxamic acid		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
succinylcholine
Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.		3.2310quaternary ammonium ion;
succinate ester		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
sulfamethizole
Sulfamethizole: A sulfathiazole antibacterial agent.. sulfamethizole : A sulfonamide consisting of a 1,3,4-thiadiazole nucleus with a methyl substituent at C-5 and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at C-2.		3.2310sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfamethoxazole
Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		2.0810isoxazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
epitope;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
sulfanitran
[no description available]		2.0810sulfonamide
sulfasalazine
Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.		3.6120
sulfathiazole
Sulfathiazole: A sulfathiazole compound that is used as a short-acting anti-infective agent. It is no longer commonly used systemically due to its toxicity, but may still be applied topically in combination with other drugs for the treatment of vaginal and skin infections, and is still used in veterinary medicine.. sulfathiazole : A 1,3-thiazole compound having a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		3.23101,3-thiazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfisoxazole
Sulfisoxazole: A short-acting sulfonamide antibacterial with activity against a wide range of gram- negative and gram-positive organisms.. sulfisoxazole : A sulfonamide antibacterial with an oxazole substituent. It has antibiotic activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.		2.0810isoxazoles;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
2-(octylamino)-1-[4-(propan-2-ylthio)phenyl]-1-propanol
[no description available]		3.2310alkylbenzene
sulpiride
Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.		7.67133benzamides;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
sulfonamide		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
sumatriptan
Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.		3.8730sulfonamide;
tryptamines		serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
talipexole
talipexole: dopamine receptor agonist; structure given in first source		6.17250azepine
gatifloxacin
Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.		2.0810N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
tazarotene
tazarotene: a topical acetylenic retinoid; a topical kerytolytic. tazarotene : The ethyl ester of tazarotenic acid. A prodrug for tazarotenic acid, it is used for the treatment of psoriasis, acne, and sun-damaged skin.		2.0810acetylenic compound;
ethyl ester;
pyridines;
retinoid;
thiochromane		keratolytic drug;
prodrug;
teratogenic agent
telenzepine
telenzepine: structure given in first source		2.0310benzodiazepine
temazepam
Temazepam: A benzodiazepine that acts as a GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID modulator and anti-anxiety agent.		3.2310benzodiazepine
temozolomide
[no description available]		3.8730imidazotetrazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
triazene derivative		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
terazosin
Terazosin: induces decreased blood pressure; used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia		3.6120furans;
piperazines;
primary amino compound;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent
terbutaline
Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		3.8630phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
terfenadine
Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.		2.0810diarylmethane
tetraethylammonium
Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)		3.1510quaternary ammonium ion
thalidomide
Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.		3.2310phthalimides;
piperidones
thiabendazole
Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate		3.23101,3-thiazoles;
benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
antinematodal drug
thioridazine
Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.		3.2310phenothiazines;
piperidines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
thiotepa
Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).		3.6120aziridines
tiapride
[no description available]		2.0810benzamides
ticlopidine
Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.		3.2310monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
hematologic agent;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
tilorone
Tilorone: An antiviral agent used as its hydrochloride. It is the first recognized synthetic, low-molecular-weight compound that is an orally active interferon inducer, and is also reported to have antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory actions.. tilorone : A member of the class of fluoren-9-ones that is 9H-fluoren-9-one which is substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethoxy group at positions 2 and 7. It is an interferon inducer and a selective alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (alpha7 nAChR) agonist. Its hydrochloride salt is used as an antiviral drug.		2.0810aromatic ether;
diether;
fluoren-9-ones;
tertiary amino compound		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
interferon inducer;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
tinidazole
Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole alkylating agent that is used as an antitrichomonal agent against TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA; and GIARDIA LAMBLIA infections. It also acts as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS and anaerobic bacterial infections.. tinidazole : 1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group. It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent.		4.4330imidazolesantiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
tiopronin
Tiopronin: Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of GLYCINE.		3.2310N-acyl-amino acid
tizanidine
tizanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tizanidine : 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole substituted at C-4 by a Delta(1)-imidazolin-2-ylamino group and at C-4 by a chloro group. It is an agonist at alpha2-adrenergic receptor sites.		3.8730benzothiadiazole;
imidazoles		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
muscle relaxant
nikethamide
Nikethamide: A central nervous system stimulant. It was formerly used in the treatment of barbiturate overdose but is now considered to be of no value for such purposes and may be dangerous. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1229)		2.0810pyridinecarboxamide
tolazamide
Tolazamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE.. tolazamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is 1-tosylurea in which a hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 3 is replaced by an azepan-1-yl group. A hypoglycemic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		3.2310N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
potassium channel blocker
tolbutamide
Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.		3.8630N-sulfonylureahuman metabolite;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
potassium channel blocker
tolmetin
Tolmetin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL) similar in mode of action to INDOMETHACIN.. tolmetin : A monocarboxylic acid that is (1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)acetic acid substituted at position 5 on the pyrrole ring by a 4-methylbenzoyl group. Used in the form of its sodium salt dihydrate as a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrroles		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tolnaftate
[no description available]		2.0810monothiocarbamic esterantifungal drug
n,n,n',n'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine
N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine: a zinc ion chelating agent; structure given in first source. N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine : An N-substituted diamine that is ethylenediamine in which the four amino hydrogens are replaced by 2-pyridylmethyl groups.		2.1710N-substituted diamine;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		apoptosis inducer;
chelator;
copper chelator
ultram
2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol : A tertiary alcohol that is cyclohexanol substituted at positions 1 and 2 by 3-methoxyphenyl and dimethylaminomethyl groups respectively.		3.8530aromatic ether;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound
tranexamic acid
Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.		3.2310amino acid
trazodone
Trazodone: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309). trazodone : An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group.		3.6120monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazolopyridine		adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
triamterene
Triamterene: A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.. triamterene : Pteridine substituted at positions 2, 4 and 7 with amino groups and at position 6 with a phenyl group. A sodium channel blocker, it is used as a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension and oedema.		3.8630pteridinesdiuretic;
sodium channel blocker
triazolam
Triazolam: A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries.		3.8530triazolobenzodiazepinesedative
trifluoperazine
[no description available]		3.2310N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
calmodulin antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
trihexyphenidyl
Trihexyphenidyl: One of the centrally acting MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS used for treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and drug-induced extrapyramidal movement disorders and as an antispasmodic.		3.2310amine
trimethadione
Trimethadione: An anticonvulsant effective in absence seizures, but generally reserved for refractory cases because of its toxicity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p378). trimethadione : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It is an antiepileptic agent.		3.2310oxazolidinoneanticonvulsant;
geroprotector
trimethobenzamide
trimethobenzamide: major descriptor (64-84); on-line search BENZAMIDES (64-84); Index Medicus search TRIMETHOBENZAMIDE (64-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. trimethobenzamide : The amide obtained by formal condensation of 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid with 4-[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethoxy]benzylamine. It is used to prevent nausea and vomitting in humans.		3.2310benzamides;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic
trimethoprim
Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.		3.8630aminopyrimidine;
methoxybenzenes		antibacterial drug;
diuretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
trimetrexate
Trimetrexate: A nonclassical folic acid inhibitor through its inhibition of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. It is being tested for efficacy as an antineoplastic agent and as an antiparasitic agent against PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS patients. Myelosuppression is its dose-limiting toxic effect.		3.2310
trimipramine
Trimipramine: Tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE, but with more antihistaminic and sedative properties.. trimipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group at the nitrogen atom. It is used as an antidepressant.		3.2310dibenzoazepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
troglitazone
Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.		3.6120chromanes;
thiazolidinone		anticoagulant;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
thenoyltrifluoroacetone
Thenoyltrifluoroacetone: Chelating agent and inhibitor of cellular respiration.		2.0810
tyramine
[no description available]		3.2310monoamine molecular messenger;
primary amino compound;
tyramines		EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
delavirdine
Delavirdine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1.. delavirdine : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 5-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid and 4-amino group of 1-[3-(isopropylamino)pyridin-2-yl]piperazine, delavirdine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1. Viral resistance emerges rapidly when delavirdine is used alone, so it is therefore used (as the methanesulfonic acid salt) with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		4.3730aminopyridine;
indolecarboxamide;
N-acylpiperazine;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
undecylenic acid
undecylenic acid: a fatty acid with a terminal double bond. 10-undecenoic acid : An undecenoic acid having its double bond in the 10-position. It is derived from castor oil and is used for the treatment of skin problems.. undecenoic acid : A C11, straight-chain fatty acid carrying a C=C double bond at any position.		2.0810undecenoic acidantifungal drug;
plant metabolite
urapidil
[no description available]		2.0810piperazines
venlafaxine
venlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-methoxyphenyl group.		3.8730cyclohexanols;
monomethoxybenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
xenobiotic
vigabatrin
[no description available]		3.8730gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
pirinixic acid
pirinixic acid: structure		2.0810aryl sulfide;
organochlorine compound;
pyrimidines
ici 204,219
zafirlukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		3.6120carbamate ester;
indoles;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		anti-asthmatic agent;
leukotriene antagonist
zaleplon
zaleplon: an azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; a hypnotic with less marked effect on psychomotor functions compared to lorazepam. zaleplon : A pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine having a nitrile group at position 3 and a 3-(N-ethylacetamido)phenyl substituent at the 7-position.		3.8630nitrile;
pyrazolopyrimidine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
central nervous system depressant;
sedative
zolpidem
Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. zolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position.		4.0840imidazopyridinecentral nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
sedative
zonisamide
Zonisamide: A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization.. zonisamide : A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position.		3.87301,2-benzoxazoles;
sulfonamide		anticonvulsant;
antioxidant;
central nervous system drug;
protective agent;
T-type calcium channel blocker
zopiclone
zopiclone: S(+)-enantiomer of racemic zopiclone; azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; was term of zopiclone 2004-2007. zopiclone : A pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine compound having a 4-methylpiperazine-1-carboxyl group at the 5-position, a 5-chloropyridin-2-yl group at the 6-position and an oxo-substituent at the 7-position.		2.4720monochloropyridine;
pyrrolopyrazine		central nervous system depressant;
sedative
cortisone acetate
Cortisone Acetate: The acetate ester of cortisone that is used mainly for replacement therapy in adrenocortical insufficiency and in the treatment of many allergic and inflammatory disorders.		3.2310corticosteroid hormone
mitomycin
Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.		3.2310mitomycinalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
corticosterone
[no description available]		3.863011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		3.913011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
lysergic acid diethylamide
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood.. lysergic acid diethylamide : An ergoline alkaloid arising from formal condensation of lysergic acid with diethylamine.		2.0510ergoline alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		dopamine agonist;
hallucinogen;
serotonergic agonist
reserpine
Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.		5.4540alkaloid ester;
methyl ester;
yohimban alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
first generation antipsychotic;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
phentolamine
Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.		3.2310imidazoles;
phenols;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
sorbitol
D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).		3.2310glucitolcathartic;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food humectant;
human metabolite;
laxative;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
triethylenemelamine
Triethylenemelamine: Toxic alkylating agent used in industry; also as antineoplastic and research tool to produce chromosome aberrations and cancers.		3.53111,3,5-triazinesalkylating agent;
insect sterilant
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		3.23102-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
dextroamphetamine
Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.		3.9301-phenylpropan-2-amineadrenergic agent;
adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
dopaminergic agent;
neurotoxin;
sympathomimetic agent
spironolactone
Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.		3.57203-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid lactone;
thioester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
aldosterone
[no description available]		3.311011beta-hydroxy steroid;
18-oxo steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
steroid aldehyde		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
penicillamine
Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.		3.6120non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
penicillamine		antirheumatic drug;
chelator;
copper chelator;
drug allergen
cysteine
[no description available]		3.2310cysteine zwitterion;
cysteine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite
prednisone
Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.		3.572011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
estrone
Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.		4.12017-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
phenolic steroid;
phenols		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
oxandrolone
Oxandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties.		3.231017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
oxa-steroid		anabolic agent;
androgen
penicillin g
Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.		3.5720penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
epitope
pilocarpine
Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.		8.6220pilocarpineantiglaucoma drug
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		3.23102-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
carbon tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.		2.0810chlorocarbon;
chloromethanes		hepatotoxic agent;
refrigerant
serine
Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.		7.5220L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid;
serine zwitterion;
serine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		3.8630C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid
Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.		2.0310aspartate family amino acid;
aspartic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
glutamine
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.		3.2310amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
glutamine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vincristine
[no description available]		3.2310acetate ester;
formamides;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
physostigmine
Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.		3.8530carbamate ester;
indole alkaloid		antidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
miotic
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		1.9810glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol
Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.		2.462017-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
tubocurarine
Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.		2.0810bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloiddrug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
apomorphine
Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.		7.87240aporphine alkaloidalpha-adrenergic drug;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
emetic;
serotonergic drug
methyltestosterone
Methyltestosterone: A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).. methyltestosterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone bearing a methyl group at the 17alpha position.		3.231017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
enone		anabolic agent;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent
tetrabenazine
9,10-dimethoxy-3-isobutyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-one : A benzoquinolizine that is 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene in which the carbon at position 10a is replaced by a nitrogen and which is substituted by an isobutyl group at position 2, an oxo group at position 3, and methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7.		3.2310benzoquinolizine;
cyclic ketone;
tertiary amino compound
kanamycin a
Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.		3.6120kanamycinsbacterial metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine
Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.		2.0510pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
carbostyril
Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		2.4820monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine
Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		2.0310phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
mydriatic agent;
nasal decongestant;
protective agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
levodopa
Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease		19.3219644amino acid zwitterion;
dopa;
L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		allelochemical;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		3.2310ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		2.1510amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
cysteamine
Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.		3.2310amine;
thiol		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radiation protective agent
acetylcholine chloride
acetylcholine chloride : The chloride salt of acetylcholine, and a parasympatomimetic drug.		3.2310quaternary ammonium salt
mepazine
mepazine: major descriptor (66-85); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (66-85); Index Medicus search MEPAZINE (66-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. pacatal : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazine has an N-methylpiperidin-4-ylmethyl substituent at the N-10 position.		3.2310phenothiazines
cloxacillin
Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.. cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6.		3.5720penicillin allergen;
penicillin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
methylene blue
Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.		2.1310organic chloride saltacid-base indicator;
antidepressant;
antimalarial;
antimicrobial agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor;
fluorochrome;
histological dye;
neuroprotective agent;
physical tracer
calcium acetate
calcium acetate: a principal compound used as phosphate binders in patients with chronic renal failure; used like sevelamer. calcium acetate : The calcium salt of acetic acid. It is used, commonly as a hydrate, to treat hyperphosphataemia (excess phosphate in the blood) in patients with kidney disease: the calcium ion combines with dietary phosphate to form (insoluble) calcium phosphate, which is excreted in the faeces.		3.2310calcium saltchelator
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		3.2310aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
colchicine
(S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.		3.6120alkaloid;
colchicine		anti-inflammatory agent;
gout suppressant;
mutagen
mebanazine
mebanazine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure		3.2310benzenes
oxacillin
Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.		3.2310penicillinantibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
cycloheximide
Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.		2.1310antibiotic fungicide;
cyclic ketone;
dicarboximide;
piperidine antibiotic;
piperidones;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
triamcinolone diacetate
triamcinolone diacetate: lysyl oxidase antagonist; Polcortolon may also refers to triamcinolone		2.0810corticosteroid hormone
norethindrone
Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen.		2.031017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound;
tertiary alcohol		progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
cycloserine
Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).		3.23104-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic;
zwitterion		antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antitubercular agent;
metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
benziodarone
benziodarone: minor descriptor (75-89); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search BENZOFURANS (68-89) & IODOBENZOATES (74)		3.2310aromatic ketone
ampicillin
Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.		3.2310beta-lactam antibiotic;
penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
mannitol
[no description available]		3.2310mannitolallergen;
antiglaucoma drug;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food anticaking agent;
food bulking agent;
food humectant;
food stabiliser;
food thickening agent;
hapten;
metabolite;
osmotic diuretic;
sweetening agent
cytarabine
[no description available]		3.6120beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
pyrimidine nucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
immunosuppressive agent
medroxyprogesterone acetate
[no description available]		2.081020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
corticosteroid;
steroid ester		adjuvant;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
female contraceptive drug;
inhibitor;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
sulfobromophthalein sodium
bromosulfophthalein sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of bromosulfophthalein.. bromosulfophthalein : An organosulfonic acid that consists of phthalide bearing four bromo substituents at positions 4, 5, 6 and 7 as well as two 4-hydroxy-3-sulfophenyl groups both located at position 1.		3.1510organic sodium saltdye
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		3.9730arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
acetonitrile
acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.		2.110aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
polar aprotic solvent
perflutren
Definity: a fluorocarbon-filled ultrasonic contrast agent; Definity is tradename. octafluoropropane : A fluorocarbon that is propane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines.		3.2310fluoroalkane;
fluorocarbon
triamcinolone acetonide
Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.		2.081011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
fluoxymesterone
Fluoxymesterone: An anabolic steroid that has been used in the treatment of male HYPOGONADISM, delayed puberty in males, and in the treatment of breast neoplasms in women.		3.231011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
fluorinated steroid		anabolic agent;
antineoplastic agent
phencyclidine
Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.		2.0310benzenes;
piperidines		anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug
methsuximide
methsuximide: anticonvulsant effective in petit mal & psychomotor epilepsy; has a number of unpleasant & toxic side effects; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search SUCCINIMIDES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		3.2310organic molecular entity
tromethamine
Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)		3.2310primary amino compound;
triol		buffer
taurocholic acid
Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.		3.1510amino sulfonic acid;
bile acid taurine conjugate		human metabolite
methylprednisolone
Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.		3.86306-methylprednisolone;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antiemetic;
environmental contaminant;
neuroprotective agent;
xenobiotic
rotenone
Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.		7.7430organic heteropentacyclic compound;
rotenones		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite;
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor;
phytogenic insecticide;
piscicide;
toxin
brompheniramine
Brompheniramine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in treatment of allergies, rhinitis, and urticaria.. brompheniramine : Pheniramine in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is substituted by bromine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, brompheniramine is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		3.2310organobromine compound;
pyridines		anti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
penicillin v
Penicillin V: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.. phenoxymethylpenicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(phenoxyacetyl)amino side-chain.		3.2310penicillin allergen;
penicillin
isosorbide dinitrate
Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.		3.2310glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
pseudoephedrine
Pseudoephedrine: A phenethylamine that is an isomer of EPHEDRINE which has less central nervous system effects and usage is mainly for respiratory tract decongestion.. pseudoephedrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1S)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a methyl group.		3.2310phenylethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
central nervous system drug;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
diethylpropion
Diethylpropion: A appetite depressant considered to produce less central nervous system disturbance than most drugs in this therapeutic category. It is also considered to be among the safest for patients with hypertension. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2290). diethylpropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone in which one of the hydrogens alpha- to the carbonyl is substituted by a diethylamino group. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, it is an appetite depressant and is used as the hydrochloride as an anoretic in the short term management of obesity.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
tertiary amine		appetite depressant
4-bromophenyl phenyl ether
4-bromodiphenyl ether: induces apoptosis. 4-bromophenyl phenyl ether : An aromatic ether that is diphenyl ether substituted at position 4 by a bromo group.		3.3110aromatic ether;
organobromine compound
benzonatate
benzonatate: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1107. benzonatate : The ester obtained by formal condensation of 4-butylaminobenzoic acid with nonaethylene glycol monomethyl ether. Structurally related to procaine and benzocaine, it has an anaesthetic effect on the stretch sensors in the lungs, and is used as a non-narcotic cough suppressant.		3.2310benzoate ester;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		anaesthetic;
antitussive
2-methylpentane
Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.		2.1110alkane
cyclohexanol
Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.		4.3722cyclohexanols;
secondary alcohol		solvent
n-butylamine
n-butylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. butan-1-amine : A primary aliphatic amine that is butane substituted by an amino group at position 1.		2.1110primary aliphatic amine
pyrroles
1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.		1.9910pyrrole;
secondary amine
thiophenes
Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.		12.17275mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
thiophenes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
n-hexane
hexane : An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms.		2.1110alkane;
volatile organic compound		neurotoxin;
non-polar solvent
methylergonovine
Methylergonovine: A homolog of ERGONOVINE containing one more CH2 group. (Merck Index, 11th ed)		3.5820ergoline alkaloid
phenformin
Phenformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). phenformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of lactic acidosis.		2.0810biguanidesantineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent
cinchophen
cinchophen: was heading 1963-94; ACIPHENOCHINOLIUM was see CHINOPHEN 1978-94; use QUINOLINES to search CINCHOPHEN 1966-94		3.2310quinolines
pregnenolone
[no description available]		3.171020-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
C21-steroid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
yohimbine
Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.		1.9810methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylatealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
nafcillin
Nafcillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic related to penicillin.. nafcillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2-ethoxy-1-naphthoyl)amino group.		3.2310penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
methohexital
Methohexital: An intravenous anesthetic with a short duration of action that may be used for induction of anesthesia.. methohexital : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by allyl and 1-methylpent-2-ynyl groups.		3.2310acetylenic compound;
barbiturates		drug allergen;
intravenous anaesthetic
fluocortolone
Fluocortolone: A glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity used topically for various skin disorders.		2.031021-hydroxy steroid
benzoxazoles
1,3-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.		3.45111,3-benzoxazoles;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
thiazoles
[no description available]		20.1300631,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
ephedrine
Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.		3.2310phenethylamine alkaloid;
phenylethanolamines		bacterial metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
aminophylline
Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.		3.6120mixturebronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug
azacitidine
Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.		3.2310N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent
3-acetylpyridine
3-acetylpyridine: inhibits tremors		6.9910aromatic ketone
galantamine
Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.		3.6120benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent;
benzazepine alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antidote to curare poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
nandrolone decanoate
Nandrolone Decanoate: Decanoic acid ester of nandrolone that is used as an anabolic agent to prevent or treat WASTING SYNDROME associated with severe chronic illness or HIV infection (HIV WASTING SYNDROME). It may also be used in the treatment of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		3.2310steroid ester
procarbazine hydrochloride
procarbazine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining procarbazine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.		2.0810hydrochlorideantineoplastic agent
citrulline
citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.		2.0710amino acid zwitterion;
citrulline		Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
protective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
betamethasone
Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)		2.081011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
dextropropoxyphene
Dextropropoxyphene: A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.. propoxyphene : A racemate of the (1R,2R)- and (1S,2R)- diastereoisomers.. dextropropoxyphene : The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene.		3.59201-benzyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl propanoatemu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
chenodeoxycholic acid
Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		3.2310bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
emetine
Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.		2.0810isoquinoline alkaloid;
pyridoisoquinoline		antiamoebic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antiviral agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
emetic;
expectorant;
plant metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
4-hydroxybutyric acid
4-hydroxybutyric acid: was an entry term to Sodium Oxybate (74-98). 4-hydroxybutyric acid : A 4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.23104-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxybutyric acid		general anaesthetic;
GHB receptor agonist;
neurotoxin;
sedative
alpha-aminopyridine
alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.		2.0810
dihydroergotamine
Dihydroergotamine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. dihydroergotamine : Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.		3.5920ergot alkaloid;
semisynthetic derivative		dopamine agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic;
serotonergic agonist;
sympatholytic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
medroxyprogesterone
[no description available]		3.231017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
dimenhydrinate
gravinol: has antioxidant and ant-inflammatory activities; structure in first source		3.6120diarylmethane
methamphetamine
Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.		3.8330amphetamines;
secondary amine		central nervous system stimulant;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
psychotropic drug;
xenobiotic
levocarnitine
(R)-carnitine : The (R)-enantiomer of carnitine.		3.2310carnitineantilipemic drug;
nootropic agent;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
water-soluble vitamin (role)
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		2.1510dialdehydebiomarker
sulfanilylurea
sulfanilylurea: antimicrobial agent; structure		3.2310benzenes;
sulfonamide
1-naphthylisothiocyanate
1-Naphthylisothiocyanate: A tool for the study of liver damage which causes bile stasis and hyperbilirubinemia acutely and bile duct hyperplasia and biliary cirrhosis chronically, with changes in hepatocyte function. It may cause skin and kidney damage.		2.0810isothiocyanateinsecticide
lithium carbonate
Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of BIOGENIC MONOAMINES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems.		3.5420carbonate salt;
lithium salt		antimanic drug
lactulose
[no description available]		3.2310glycosylfructosegastrointestinal drug;
laxative
megestrol acetate
[no description available]		2.081020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
steroid ester		antineoplastic agent;
appetite enhancer;
contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
pamabrom
[no description available]		3.2310
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		3.8630acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
Berberine chloride (TN)
[no description available]		3.1510organic molecular entity
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		3.8630cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate
Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate: The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE.. dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is the 3-sulfooxy derivative of dehydroepiandrosterone.		3.151017-oxo steroid;
steroid sulfate		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
diphenyliodonium
diphenyliodonium: RN given refers to the parent coumpound; inhibitor of neutrophil superoxide generating oxidase; structure has been determined		2.1710
hydroxychloroquine sulfate
[no description available]		2.0810
levonorgestrel
Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.		3.863017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
vinblastine
[no description available]		3.1510
diphenoxylate
Diphenoxylate: A MEPERIDINE congener used as an antidiarrheal, usually in combination with ATROPINE. At high doses, it acts like morphine. Its unesterified metabolite difenoxin has similar properties and is used similarly. It has little or no analgesic activity.. diphenoxylate : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of difenoxin.		3.2310ethyl ester;
nitrile;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amine		antidiarrhoeal drug
1-methylpyridinium
1-methylpyridinium: RN given refers to parent cpd		3.1510methylpyridines
estradiol valerate
[no description available]		2.0310steroid ester
ethambutol hydrochloride
ethambutol dihydrochloride : The dihydrchloride salt of ethambutol. A bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, it is effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol dihydrochloride is used alone.		2.0810hydrochlorideantitubercular agent
ethambutol
Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.		3.5720ethanolamines;
ethylenediamine derivative		antitubercular agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
antimycin a
[no description available]		2.0810benzamides;
formamides;
macrodiolide;
phenols		antifungal agent;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
piscicide
vancomycin
Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.		3.2310glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		3.8130alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
pregnenolone carbonitrile
Pregnenolone Carbonitrile: A catatoxic steroid and microsomal enzyme inducer having significant effects on the induction of cytochrome P450. It has also demonstrated the potential for protective capability against acetaminophen-induced liver damage.		2.0810aliphatic nitrile
ibufenac
ibufenac: used in the treatment of rheumatism; also possesses antipyretic properties; minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search PHENYLACETATES (75-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. ibufenac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 4-isobutylphenyl group. Although it was shown to be effective in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, the clinical use of ibufenac was discontinued due to hepatotoxic side-effects.		3.2310monocarboxylic acidEC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
metylperon
metylperon: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0810aromatic ketone
metaxalone
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic ether
spectinomycin
Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of GONORRHEA.. spectinomycin dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining spectinomycin with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. An antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea.. spectinomycin : A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis.		3.2310cyclic acetal;
cyclic hemiketal;
cyclic ketone;
pyranobenzodioxin;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
s,n,n'-tripropylthiocarbamate
Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.. vernolate : A monounsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of vernolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		8.78229tertiary amine
dronabinol
Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.		3.8530benzochromene;
diterpenoid;
phytocannabinoid;
polyketide		cannabinoid receptor agonist;
epitope;
hallucinogen;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic
amiloride
Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.		4.120aromatic amine;
guanidines;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines		diuretic;
sodium channel blocker
pimozide
Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.		3.5720benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound		antidyskinesia agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
dexbrompheniramine
dexbrompheniramine : The (pharmacologically active) (S)-(+)-enantiomer of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		3.2310brompheniramineanti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
stavudine
Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase		3.8630dihydrofuran;
nucleoside analogue;
organic molecular entity		antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
dicloxacillin
Dicloxacillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE.. dicloxacillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]formyl group.		3.6120dichlorobenzene;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
ornithylaspartate
ornithylaspartate: used therapeutically in hepatic coma		2.0210
megestrol
Megestrol: A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer.. megestrol : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is pregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a hydroxy group at position 17.		3.231017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antineoplastic agent;
appetite enhancer;
contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
streptomycin
[no description available]		3.2310antibiotic antifungal drug;
antibiotic fungicide;
streptomycins		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
antimicrobial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
cladribine
[no description available]		3.6120organochlorine compound;
purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent
carbenicillin
Carbenicillin: Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function.. carbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-2-carboxy-2-phenylacetamido side-chain.		3.2310penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
metocurine
metocurine: from Chinese herb Cyclea hainanensis Mrr		2.0810isoquinolines
floxacillin
Floxacillin: Antibiotic analog of CLOXACILLIN.. flucloxacillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido] side-chain.		2.0310penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
clomacran
clomacran: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.2310acridines
methenamine hippurate
methenamine hippurate: both parts of molecule contribute to its antibacterial action		3.2310N-acylglycine
levomethadone
levomethadone : A 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one that has (R)-configuration. It is the active enantiomer of methadone and its hydrochloride salt is used to treat adults who are addicted to drugs such as heroin and morphine.		2.03106-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-oneantitussive;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic
olsalazine
olsalazine: cpd with 2 salicylate molecules linked together by an azo bond. olsalazine : An azobenzene that consists of two molecules of 4-aminosalicylic acid joined by an azo linkage. A prodrug for mesalazine, an anti-inflammatory drug, it is used (as the disodium salt) in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.		3.2310azobenzenes;
dicarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
n-methylaspartate
N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.		2.1310amino dicarboxylic acid;
D-alpha-amino acid;
D-aspartic acid derivative;
secondary amino compound		neurotransmitter agent
levodopa methyl ester
levodopa methyl ester: RN given refers to parent cpd(L)-isomer		2.110tyrosine derivative
phenylethylmalonamide
Phenylethylmalonamide: A metabolite of primidone.		2.0310amine
etidronate disodium
etidronate disodium : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of two protons from etidronic acid (one from from each of the phosphonic acid groups) by sodium ions.		2.0810organic sodium saltantineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
chelator
palladium
Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.		3.7120metal allergen;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
rhenium
Rhenium: A metal, atomic number 75, atomic weight 186.207, symbol Re.		3.3110manganese group element atom
zirconium
Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.		3.3110titanium group element atom
zalcitabine
Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.. zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase.		3.5720pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
camptothecin
NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.0810delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
quinoline alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
ferrous sulfate
ferrous sulfate: Ferro-Gradumet is ferrous sulfate in controlled release form; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt. iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 1:1. Various hydrates occur naturally - most commonly the heptahydrate, which loses water to form the tetrahydrate at 57degreeC and the monohydrate at 65degreeC.		7.1310iron molecular entity;
metal sulfate		reducing agent
sodium thiosulfate
sodium thiosulfate: do not confuse synonym sodium hyposulfite with sodium hyposulfite, synonym for di-Na salt of dithionous acid. sodium thiosulfate : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and thiosulfate ions in a 2:1 ratio.		3.2310inorganic sodium saltantidote to cyanide poisoning;
antifungal drug;
nephroprotective agent
mafenide acetate
[no description available]		2.0810carboxylic acid
diacerein
diacerein: chelates with bivalent metals; a quinone which possesses redox properties; metabolized to active rhein; proposed mechanisms include inhibiting IL1 and metalloproteinases; called a slow acting symptomatic drug in osteoarthritis; no effect of cyclooxygenase;		2.0810anthraquinone
metopimazine
metopimazine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0310phenothiazines
selegiline
Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.		11.53150selegiline;
terminal acetylenic compound		geroprotector
selegiline hydrochloride, (r)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0810hydrochloride;
terminal acetylenic compound		antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
clemastine
Clemastine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as the hydrogen fumarate in hay fever, rhinitis, allergic skin conditions, and pruritus. It causes drowsiness.. clemastine : 2-[(2R)-1-Methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group is substituted by a 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-phenylethyl group (R configuration). An antihistamine with antimuscarinic and moderate sedative properties, it is used as its fumarate salt for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions such as rhinitis, urticaria, conjunctivitis and in pruritic (severe itching) skin conditions.		3.2310monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpyrrolidine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
thiamphenicol
[no description available]		2.0810monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfone		antimicrobial agent;
immunosuppressive agent
pancuronium bromide
pancuronium bromide : A bromide salt consisting of two bromide ions and one pancuronium dication.		2.0810bromide saltcholinergic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
cephalexin
Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.		4.3730beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.		2.4620acetate ester;
diester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetradecanoate ester		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mitogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase C agonist;
reactive oxygen species generator
ornidazole
Ornidazole: A nitroimidazole antiprotozoal agent used in ameba and trichomonas infections. It is partially plasma-bound and also has radiation-sensitizing action.. ornidazole : A C-nitro compound that is 5-nitroimidazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are replaced by 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl and methyl groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of susceptible protozoal infections and for the treatment of anaerobic bacterial infections.		2.0810C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
organochlorine compound;
secondary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antitrichomonal drug;
epitope
danazol
Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.		3.612017beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		anti-estrogen;
estrogen antagonist;
geroprotector
metergoline
Metergoline: A dopamine agonist and serotonin antagonist. It has been used similarly to BROMOCRIPTINE as a dopamine agonist and also for MIGRAINE DISORDERS therapy.. metergoline : An ergoline alkaloid that is the N-benzyloxycarbonyl derivative of lysergamine. A 5-HT2 antagonist. Also 5-HT1 antagonist and 5-HT1D ligand. Has moderate affinity for 5-HT6 and high affinity for 5-HT7.		2.0310carbamate ester;
ergoline alkaloid		dopamine agonist;
geroprotector;
serotonergic antagonist
fenclozic acid
fenclozic acid: an analgesic & antipyretic with anti-inflammatory properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search THIAZOLES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd		3.2310
lisuride
Lisuride: An ergot derivative that acts as an agonist at dopamine D2 receptors (DOPAMINE AGONISTS). It may also act as an antagonist at dopamine D1 receptors, and as an agonist at some serotonin receptors (SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS).		5.9100monocarboxylic acid amideantidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
serotonergic agonist
laxagetten 4,4'-diacetoxydiphenylpyridylemethane
[no description available]		3.2310
norapomorphine
norapomorphine: RN given refers to (R)-isomer		2.0210
daunorubicin
Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.		3.2310aminoglycoside antibiotic;
anthracycline;
p-quinones;
tetracenequinones		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
fludarabine phosphate
fludarabine phosphate: structure given in first source. fludarabine phosphate : A purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate having 2-fluoroadenine as the nucleobase. A prodrug, it is rapidly dephosphorylated to 2-fluoro-ara-A and then phosphorylated intracellularly by deoxycytidine kinase to the active triphosphate, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP. Once incorporated into DNA, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP functions as a DNA chain terminator. It is used for the treatment of adult patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who have not responded to, or whose disease has progressed during, treatment with at least one standard alkylating-agent containing regimenas.		3.6120nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
alclofenac
alclofenac: was heading 1975-94 (was see under PHENYLACETATES 1975-90); use PHENYLACETATES to search ALCLOFENAC 1975-94; an anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis; acts also as an analgesic and an antipyretic. alclofenac : An aromatic ether in which the ether oxygen links an allyl group to the 4-position of (3-chlorophenyl)acetic acid.A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the UK market in 1979 due to concerns with its association with vasculitis and rash.		3.2310aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		drug allergen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
bromocriptine
Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.		12.04376indole alkaloidantidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
hormone antagonist
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous
tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.		2.0410chloride salt;
organic chloride salt		antiseptic drug;
surfactant
oxyphenisatin
[no description available]		3.2310indoles
fludrocortisone
Fludrocortisone: A synthetic mineralocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity.		3.231011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
mineralocorticoid		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
ursodeoxycholic acid
Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		3.2310bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
benzonidazole
benzonidazole: used in treatment of Chagas' disease. benznidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the aromatic amino group of benzylamine. Used for treatment of Chagas disease.		2.0810C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antiprotozoal drug
transferrin
Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.		3.3110
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		2.9510glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
dexchlorpheniramine
dexchlorpheniramine: RN given refers to parent cpd(S)-isomer		3.2310chlorphenamine
glucaric acid
Glucaric Acid: A sugar acid derived from D-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups.. D-glucaric acid : The D-enantiomer of glucaric acid.. glucaric acid : A hexaric acid derived by oxidation of sugar such as glucose with nitric acid.		3.3110glucaric acidantineoplastic agent
clometacin
clometacin: structure		3.2310N-acylindole
cefazolin
Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		3.5720beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
tetrazoles;
thiadiazoles		antibacterial drug
amoxicillin
Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.		4.4330penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
timolol
(S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.		3.6120timololanti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
indoramin
Indoramin: An alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist that is commonly used as an antihypertensive agent.		2.0810tryptamines
tramadol
Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.. tramadol : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol. A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, used (as the hydrochloride salt) to treat moderately severe pain. The (R,R)-enantiomer exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. Originally developed by Gruenenthal GmbH and launched in 1977, it was subsequently isolated from the root bark of the South African tree Nauclea latifolia.. (R,R)-tramadol : A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have R-configuration; the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer.		2.15102-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanoladrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antitussive;
capsaicin receptor antagonist;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
metabolite;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
oxcarbazepine
Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.		3.8730cyclic ketone;
dibenzoazepine		anticonvulsant;
drug allergen
carbidopa
carbidopa (anhydrous) : 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used (commonly as its hydrate) in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.		3.6120catechols;
hydrazines;
monocarboxylic acid		antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
moricizine
Moricizine: An antiarrhythmia agent used primarily for ventricular rhythm disturbances.. moricizine : A phenothiazine substituted on the nitrogen by a 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propanoyl group, and at position 2 by an (ethoxycarbonyl)amino group.		3.2310carbamate ester;
morpholines;
phenothiazines		anti-arrhythmia drug
amineptin
amineptin: used in treatment of neuroses with psychoasthenic, anxio-phobic & depressive manifestations; synonym S 1694 refers to HCl; structure. amineptine : A carbocyclic fatty acid that is 5-aminoheptanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulen-5-yl group. A tricyclic antidepressant, it was never approved in the US and was withdrawn from the French market in 1999 due to concerns over abuse, dependence and severe acne.		3.2310amino acid;
carbocyclic fatty acid;
carbotricyclic compound;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor
zidovudine
Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.		4.5940azide;
pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
feprazone
Feprazone: A pyrazole that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It has been used in mild to moderate pain, fever, and inflammation associated with musculoskeletal and joint disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p15)		2.0810organic molecular entity
pirprofen
pirprofen: anti-inflammatory agent used in therapy of rheumatoid arthritis; prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor; more potent than indomethacin; structure		3.2310pyrroline
tobramycin
Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.		2.0810amino cyclitol glycosideantibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
toxin
paclitaxel
Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).		4.3930taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
etoposide
[no description available]		4.3930beta-D-glucoside;
furonaphthodioxole;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
dobutamine
Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.		3.2310catecholamine;
secondary amine		beta-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
butaclamol
[no description available]		2.110amino alcohol;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist
penbutolol
Penbutolol: A nonselective beta-blocker used as an antihypertensive and an antianginal agent.		3.2310ethanolamines
ribavirin
Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename		3.86301-ribosyltriazole;
aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
primary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
amikacin
Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.		3.6120alpha-D-glucoside;
amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside;
carboxamide		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
nephrotoxin
fluorescamine
Fluorescamine: A nonfluorescent reagent for the detection of primary amines, peptides and proteins. The reaction products are highly fluorescent.		7.2510
carbidopa
[no description available]		2.0510catechols;
hydrate;
hydrazines;
monocarboxylic acid		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
cephradine
Cephradine: A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic.. cephradine : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a methyl substituent at position 3, and a (2R)-2-amino-2-cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-ylacetamido substituent at position 7, of the cephem skeleton.		3.2310beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
ticrynafen
Ticrynafen: A novel diuretic with uricosuric action. It has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.. tienilic acid : An aromatic ketone that is 2,3-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a thiophenecarbonyl group. A loop diuretic used to treat hypertension, it was withdrawn from the market in 1982 due to links with hepatitis.		3.2310aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		antihypertensive agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
loop diuretic
methyldopa
Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		3.2310L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
hapten;
peripheral nervous system drug;
sympatholytic agent
diltiazem
Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.		3.86305-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetateantihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium
1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.		3.6190pyridinium ionapoptosis inducer;
herbicide;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
neurotoxin
vecuronium bromide
Vecuronium Bromide: Monoquaternary homolog of PANCURONIUM. A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with shorter duration of action than pancuronium. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination as well as its short duration of action and easy reversibility provide advantages over, or alternatives to, other established neuromuscular blocking agents.. vecuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidinino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.		2.0810organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent;
nicotinic antagonist
vecuronium
vecuronium : A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.		3.2310acetate ester;
androstane;
quaternary ammonium ion		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent;
nicotinic antagonist
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester
NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.		2.1310alpha-amino acid ester;
L-arginine derivative;
methyl ester;
N-nitro compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
dexibuprofen
dexibuprofen: structure in first source		2.0310ibuprofennon-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
benoxaprofen
benoxaprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. benoxaprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl group. It was used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug until 1982 when it was withdrawn from the market due to adverse side-effects including liver necrosis, photosensitivity, and carcinogenicity in animals.		3.23101,3-benzoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antipsoriatic;
antipyretic;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
nephrotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
protein kinase C agonist
exifone
[no description available]		3.2310benzophenones
mefloquine
(-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-mefloquine : An optically active form of [2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol having (-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-configuration. An antimalarial agent, used in racemic form, which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.		3.2310[2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanolantimalarial
meptazinol
Meptazinol: A narcotic antagonist with analgesic properties. It is used for the control of moderate to severe pain.		2.0510azepanes
nitazoxanide
nitazoxanide: a 5-nitrothiazolyl derivative used for a broad range of intestinal parasitic infections including CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and GIARDIA; it is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide prodrug		3.6120benzamides;
carboxylic ester
sufentanil
Sufentanil: An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.. sufentanil : An anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of 4-(methoxymethyl)-N-phenyl-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		3.2310anilide;
ether;
piperidines;
thiophenes		anaesthesia adjuvant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
acarbose
[no description available]		3.6120tetrasaccharide derivativeEC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent
torsemide
Torsemide: A pyridine and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a sodium-potassium chloride symporter inhibitor (loop diuretic). It is used for the treatment of EDEMA associated with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY; and LIVER DISEASES. It is also used for the management of HYPERTENSION.. torasemide : An N-sulfonylurea obtained by formal condensation of [(3-methylphenyl)amino]pyridine-3-sulfonic acid with the free amino group of N-isopropylurea. It is a potent loop diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and edema in patients with congestive heart failure.		3.5720aminopyridine;
N-sulfonylurea;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
loop diuretic
epirubicin
Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.		3.2310aminoglycoside;
anthracycline antibiotic;
anthracycline;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
p-quinones;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
lorcainide
[no description available]		2.0810acetamides
idarubicin
Idarubicin: An orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. The compound has shown activity against BREAST NEOPLASMS; LYMPHOMA; and LEUKEMIA.		3.5720anthracycline antibiotic;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative
piperacillin
Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		3.2310penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
paroxetine
Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.		10.4641aromatic ether;
benzodioxoles;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
P450 inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
captopril
Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.		4.3930alkanethiol;
L-proline derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
progabide
progabide: GABA agonist; structure		2.0510diarylmethane
cefoperazone
Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.. cefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance.		3.2310cephalosporinantibacterial drug
staurosporine
[no description available]		2.0810indolocarbazole alkaloid;
organic heterooctacyclic compound		apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
geroprotector
foscarnet sodium
trisodium phosphonoformate : The trisodium salt of phosphonoformic acid. It is used as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.		2.0810one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antiviral drug
atracurium
Atracurium: A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with short duration of action. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and its lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination provide clinical advantage over alternate non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents.. atracurium : A diester compound consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxyls bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups.		3.2310diester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
atracurium besylate
atracurium besylate : The bisbenzenesulfonate salt of atracurium.		2.0810organosulfonate salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
nicorandil
Nicorandil: A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.. nicorandil : A pyrimidinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(nitrooxy)ethyl group. It has both nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator properties, and is used for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris.		2.0810nitrate ester;
pyridinecarboxamide		potassium channel opener;
vasodilator agent
endralazine
BQ 22-708: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0310benzamides
pergolide
Pergolide: A long-acting dopamine agonist which has been used to treat PARKINSON DISEASE and HYPERPROLACTINEMIA but withdrawn from some markets due to potential for HEART VALVE DISEASES.. pergolide : A diamine that is ergoline in which the beta-hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by a (methylthio)methyl group and the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is replaced by a propyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used as the mesylate salt in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.		13.755910diamine;
methyl sulfide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
pergolide mesylate
pergolide mesylate : A methanesulfonate salt obtained from pergolide by mixing eqimolar amount of pergolide and methanesulfonic acid. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.		2.0810methanesulfonate saltantiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
geroprotector
colforsin
Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.		2.420acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
labdane diterpenoid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
triol		adenylate cyclase agonist;
anti-HIV agent;
antihypertensive agent;
plant metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
protein kinase A agonist
cefadroxil anhydrous
Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.. cefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		4.3930cephalosporinantibacterial drug
talniflumate
talniflumate: an anti-inflammatory molecule for the treatment of cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma		2.0810benzofurans
fenoldopam mesylate
[no description available]		2.0810benzazepine
fialuridine
[no description available]		3.2310
cefaclor anhydrous
Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		4.5940cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
pefloxacin
Pefloxacin: A synthetic broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.. pefloxacin : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7 by ethyl, carboxy, fluorine, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.		2.0810fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
pirazolac
[no description available]		2.0310
alfentanil
Alfentanil: A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.. alfentanil : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine having a 2-(4-ethyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl group at the 1-position as well as N-phenylpropanamido- and methoxymethyl groups at the 4-position.		3.2310monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		central nervous system depressant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
miglustat
miglustat: a glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor. miglustat : A hydroxypiperidine that is deoxynojirimycin in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a butyl group.		3.2310piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
EC 2.4.1.80 (ceramide glucosyltransferase) inhibitor
haloperidol decanoate
[no description available]		3.2310organic molecular entity
cefotetan
Cefotetan: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotetan : A semi-synthetic second-generation cephamycin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl, methoxy and {[4-(2-amino-1-carboxy-2-oxoethylidene)-1,3-dithietan-2-yl]carbonyl}amino groups at the 3, 7alpha, and 7beta positions, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is resistant to a wide range of beta-lactamases and is active against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms.		3.6120
lovastatin
Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).		3.8630delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		anticholesteremic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
prodrug
flupirtine
flupirtine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.4720aminopyridine
tolrestat
tolrestat: RN & structure given in first source		3.2310naphthalenesEC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
enoximone
Enoximone: A selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with vasodilating and positive inotropic activity that does not cause changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. It is used in patients with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE.		2.4620aromatic ketone
stepronin
[no description available]		2.0810N-acyl-amino acid
simvastatin
Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.		3.8630delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
statin (semi-synthetic)		EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
prodrug
idazoxan
Idazoxan: A benzodioxane-linked imidazole that has alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity.. idazoxan : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 has been replaced by a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group.		2.9240benzodioxine;
imidazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist
remoxipride
Remoxipride: An antipsychotic agent that is specific for dopamine D2 receptors. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of schizophrenia.		2.4720dimethoxybenzene
quinpirole
Quinpirole: A dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist.. quinpirole : A pyrazoloquinoline that is (4aR,8aR)-4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a,9-octahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-g]quinoline substituted by a propyl group at position 5. It acts as a dopamine agonist.		4.09150pyrazoloquinolinedopamine agonist
balsalazide
balsalazide: a mesalamine 5-aminosalicylate prodrug; 99% of ingested drug remains intact through the stomach and is delivered to and activated in the colon; used for inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis and radiation-induced proctosigmoiditis but avoided in patients with known hypersensitivity reaction to salicylates or mesalamine; structure in first source. balsalazide : A monohydroxybenzoic acid consisting of 5-aminosalicylic acid (mesalazine) linked to 4-aminobenzoyl-beta-alanine via an azo bond.		3.2310
pravastatin
Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.		4.37303-hydroxy carboxylic acid;
carbobicyclic compound;
carboxylic ester;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol;
statin (semi-synthetic)		anticholesteremic drug;
environmental contaminant;
metabolite;
xenobiotic
cabergoline
Cabergoline: An ergoline derivative and dopamine D2-agonist that inhibits PROLACTIN secretion. It is used in the management of HYPERPROLACTINEMIA, and to suppress lactation following childbirth for medical reasons. Cabergoline is also used in the management of PARKINSON DISEASE.. cabergoline : An N-acylurea that is (8R)-ergoline-8-carboxamide in which the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is substituted by an allyl group and the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen are substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group and an N-ethylcarbamoyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist, cabergoline is used in the management of Parkinson's disease and of disorders associated with hyperprolactinaemia.		11.41395N-acylureaantineoplastic agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
atomoxetine hydrochloride
Atomoxetine Hydrochloride: A propylamine derivative and selective ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER.. atomoxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of atomoxetine.		2.0810hydrochlorideadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant
atomoxetine
atomoxetine : A secondary amino compound having methyl and 3-(2-methylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropan-1-yl substituents.		3.8530aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound;
toluenes		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
quinapril
Quinapril: A tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME inhibitor that is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. quinapril : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is (3S)-2-L-alanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in which the alpha-amino group of the alanyl residue has been substituted by a 1-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group (the all-S isomer). A prodrug for quinaprilat (by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		3.6120dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
isoquinolines;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
alpidem
[no description available]		3.5920imidazoles
eproxindine
eproxindine: structure given in first source		2.0310
mifepristone
Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.		3.61203-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		abortifacient;
contraceptive drug;
hormone antagonist;
synthetic oral contraceptive
(S)-nomifensine
(S)-nomifensine : The S enantiomer of nomifensine.		2.0310nomifensine
fosphenytoin
fosphenytoin: structure given in first & second source		3.2310imidazolidine-2,4-dione
fluorodopa f 18
fluorodopa F 18: RN given refers to (L)-isomer		3.1110(18)F radiopharmaceutical;
6-fluoro-L-dopa
salmeterol xinafoate
Salmeterol Xinafoate: A selective ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTOR agonist that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR when administered by inhalation. It is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.		2.0810naphthoic acid
ranolazine
Ranolazine: An acetanilide and piperazine derivative that functions as a SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and prevents the release of enzymes during MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA. It is used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS.. N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. ranolazine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-ranolazine. Used for treatment of chronic angina.		3.2310aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monomethoxybenzene;
N-alkylpiperazine;
secondary alcohol
quinelorane
quinelorane: LY 175887 is dextrorotary isomer; LY 137157 is a racemic mixture		3.1150quinazolines
eticlopride
eticlopride: blocks dopamine-D2 binding sites; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (S)-isomer		2.9240salicylamides
finasteride
Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.		3.88303-oxo steroid;
aza-steroid;
delta-lactam		androgen antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
imiquimod
Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.		2.0810imidazoquinolineantineoplastic agent;
interferon inducer
naxagolide
naxagolide: structure given in first source. naxagolide : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is (4aR,10bR)-3,4,4a,5,6,10b-hexahydro-2H-naphtho[1,2-b][1,4]oxazine substituted by propyl and hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 9, respectively. It is a potent dopamine D2-receptor agonist and its hydrochloride salt was under clinical development by Merck & Co as a potential antiparkinsonian agent (now discontinued).		4.1331organic heterotricyclic compound;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound		anticonvulsant;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
sdz 208-912
[no description available]		1.9810
n 0437, (-)-isomer
rotigotine: Antiparkinson Agent and dopamine receptor agonist; structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		12.52305tetralins
esmolol
methyl 3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl}propanoate : A methyl ester that is methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl group.. esmolol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. A cardioselective and short-acting beta1 receptor blocker with rapid onset but lacking intrinsic sympathomimetic and membrane-stabilising properties, it is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, and for the control of hypertension and tachycardia during surgery. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both enantiomers contribute to lowering blood pressure.		3.2310aromatic ether;
ethanolamines;
methyl ester;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
(2S)-2-[[oxo-(4-propan-2-ylcyclohexyl)methyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoic acid
[no description available]		2.0310phenylalanine derivative
sertindole
sertindole : A phenylindole that is 1H-indole which is substituted on the nitrogen by a p-chlorophenyl group, at position 5 by chlorine, and at position 3 by a piperidin-4-yl group, which is itself substituted on the nitrogen by a 2-(2-oxoimidazolidin-1-yl)ethyl group.		3.8230heteroarylpiperidine;
imidazolidinone;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
phenylindole		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
adapalene
Adapalene: A naphthalene derivative that has specificity for RETINOIC ACID RECEPTORS. It is used as a DERMATOLOGIC AGENT for the treatment of ACNE.. adapalene : A naphthoic acid that is CD437 in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been converted to its methyl ether.		2.0810adamantanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
naphthoic acid		dermatologic drug;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
adefovir
adefovir: inhibitor of African swine fever virus. adefovir(1-) : A organophosphonate oxoanion obtained by removal of a proton from the phosphonate group of adefovir, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).. adefovir : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)ethoxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(t-butoxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (dipivoxil ester) prodrug is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.		4.1206-aminopurines;
ether;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
nephrotoxic agent
aromasil
[no description available]		3.612017-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sparfloxacin
[no description available]		2.0810fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone
zileuton
[no description available]		3.61201-benzothiophenes;
ureas		anti-asthmatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
leukotriene antagonist;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clopidogrel
Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.		3.2310methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
cidofovir anhydrous
Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.		4.3930phosphonic acids;
pyrimidone		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
photosensitizing agent
tiagabine
Tiagabine: A nipecotic acid derivative that acts as a GABA uptake inhibitor and anticonvulsant agent. It is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY, for refractory PARTIAL SEIZURES.. tiagabine : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is (R)-nipecotic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 1,1-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)but-1-en-4-yl group. A GABA reuptake inhibitor, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of epilepsy.		3.8530beta-amino acid;
piperidinemonocarboxylic acid;
tertiary amino compound;
thiophenes		anticonvulsant;
GABA reuptake inhibitor
topotecan
Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.. topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks.		4.3730pyranoindolizinoquinolineantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
bromfenac
bromfenac: bromfenac sodium is the active cpd; structure in first source. bromfenac : Amfenac in which the the hydrogen at the 4 position of the benzoyl group is substituted by bromine. It is used for the management of ocular pain and treatment of postoperative inflammation in patients who have undergone cataract extraction. It was withdrawn from the US market in 1998, following concerns over off-label abuse and hepatic failure.		3.6120aromatic amino acid;
benzophenones;
organobromine compound;
substituted aniline		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gemcitabine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0810hydrochloride;
organofluorine compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent
gemcitabine
gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.		3.2310organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
photosensitizing agent;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
ibutilide
ibutilide: RN & structure in first source; RN refers to the fumarate salt		3.2310benzenes;
organic amino compound
aripiprazole
Aripiprazole: A piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent. It is a partial agonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT1A and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS, where it also functions as a post-synaptic antagonist, and an antagonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT2A. It is used for the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER, and as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of depression.. aripiprazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders.		4.8190aromatic ether;
delta-lactam;
dichlorobenzene;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone		drug metabolite;
H1-receptor antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic agonist
remifentanil
Remifentanil: A piperidine-propionate derivative and opioid analgesic structurally related to FENTANYL. It functions as a short-acting MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and is used as an analgesic during induction or maintenance of general anesthesia, following surgery, during childbirth, and in mechanically ventilated patients under intensive care.. remifentanil : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is methyl piperidine-4-carboxylate in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl group and the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted the nitrogen of N-propanoylaniline.		3.6220alpha-amino acid ester;
anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidinecarboxylate ester		intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
sedative
atorvastatin calcium anhydrous
[no description available]		2.0810organic calcium salt
atorvastatin
[no description available]		3.8530aromatic amide;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrroles;
statin (synthetic)		environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
lamivudine
[no description available]		4.5940monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
oxacycle;
primary alcohol		allergen;
anti-HBV agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
duloxetine hydrochloride
Duloxetine Hydrochloride: A thiophene derivative and selective NEUROTRANSMITTER UPTAKE INHIBITOR for SEROTONIN and NORADRENALINE (SNRI). It is an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT and ANXIOLYTIC, and is also used for the treatment of pain in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS and FIBROMYALGIA.. (S)-duloxetine hydrochloride : A duloxetine hydrochloride in which the duloxetine moiety has S configuration.		2.4920duloxetine hydrochlorideantidepressant
duloxetine
[no description available]		3.5920duloxetine
irinotecan
[no description available]		4.120carbamate ester;
delta-lactone;
N-acylpiperidine;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
ring assembly;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
valsartan
Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.		4.3930biphenylyltetrazole;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ibandronic acid
Ibandronic Acid: Aminobisphosphonate that is a potent inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION. It is used in the treatment of HYPERCALCEMIA associated with malignancy, for the prevention of fracture and bone complications in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases, and for the treatment and prevention of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		3.2310
ziprasidone
ziprasidone: a benzisothiazoylpiperazine derivative; has combined dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist activity; structurally related to tiospirone. ziprasidone : A piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms.		4.56401,2-benzisothiazole;
indolones;
organochlorine compound;
piperazines		antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
zolmitriptan
zolmitriptan: an antimigraine compound; a serotonin (5HT)-1D receptor agonist. zolmitriptan : A member of the class of tryptamines that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the indole ring has been replaced by a [(4S)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-4-yl]methyl group. A serotonin 5-HT1 B and D receptor agonist, it is used for the treatment of migraine.		4.0840oxazolidinone;
tryptamines		anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
adefovir dipivoxil
bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine: structure given in first source. adefovir pivoxil : An organic phosphonate that is the dipivoxil ester of adefovir. A prodrug for adefovir, an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, adefovir pivoxil is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.		2.08106-aminopurines;
carbonate ester;
ether;
organic phosphonate		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
nephrotoxic agent;
prodrug
emtricitabine
Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.		4.5940monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidone		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
tasosartan
tasosartan: angiotensin II antagonist; structure given in first source		3.2310biphenyls
tiludronic acid
tiludronic acid: a bone resorption inhibitor; an antihypercalcemic agent; used in the tratment of Paget's disease; used in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis; structure given in first source		3.2310organochlorine compound
tirofiban
Tirofiban: Tyrosine analog and PLATELET GLYCOPROTEIN GPIIB-IIIA COMPLEX antagonist that inhibits PLATELET AGGREGATION and is used in the treatment of ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. tirofiban : A member of the class of piperidines that is L-tyrosine in which a hydrogen attached to the amino group is replaced by a butylsulfonyl group and in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 4-(piperidin-4-yl)butyl group.		3.2310L-tyrosine derivative;
piperidines;
sulfonamide		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
platelet glycoprotein-IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist
capecitabine
Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.		3.2310carbamate ester;
cytidines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		3.2310adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
pipothiazine
pipothiazine: was heading 1975-94 (see under PHENOTHIAZINE TRANQUILIZERS 1975-90); use PHENOTHIAZINES to search PIPOTHIAZINE 1975-94; a member of the family of phenothiazine tranquilizers		2.0310
paroxetine hydrochloride
paroxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of paroxetine. It is an antidepressant drug.		2.0810hydrochlorideantidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
P450 inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
bupropion hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0810aromatic ketone
venlafaxine hydrochloride
Venlafaxine Hydrochloride: A cyclohexanol and phenylethylamine derivative that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.		4.6832hydrochloride
trazodone hydrochloride
Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.		2.0810hydrochlorideadrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
trovafloxacin
trovafloxacin: a trifluoronaphthyridone derivative of 7-(3-azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexyl)naphthyridone; has antineoplastic activity. trovafloxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and 6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively. A broad-spectrum antibiotic that was withdrawn from the market due to risk of liver failure.		3.2310
cefprozil
[no description available]		3.2310cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
doxazosin mesylate
Cardura: Trade name in United States.		2.0810methanesulfonate saltgeroprotector
efavirenz
efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		4.3930acetylenic compound;
benzoxazine;
cyclopropanes;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nelfinavir
Nelfinavir: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children.. nelfinavir : An aryl sulfide that is used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of HIV and also exhibits some anticancer properties.		3.6120aryl sulfide;
benzamides;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
phenols;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
HIV protease inhibitor
mevastatin
mevastatin: antifungal metabolite from Penicillium brevicopactum; potent inhibitory activity to sterol synthesis; structure. mevastatin : A carboxylic ester that is pravastatin that is lacking the allylic hydroxy group. A hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) isolated from Penicillium citrinum and from Penicillium brevicompactum, its clinical use as a lipid-regulating drug ceased following reports of toxicity in animals.		2.08102-pyranones;
carboxylic ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		antifungal agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
Penicillium metabolite
bupivacaine hydrochloride
bupivacaine hydrochloride (anhydrous) : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine hydrochloride and levobupivacaine hydrochloride. The monohydrate form is commonly used as a local anaesthetic.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide with one molar equivalent of hydrochloric acid.		2.0810hydrochloride;
racemate		adrenergic antagonist;
amphiphile;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
local anaesthetic
fenofibric acid
fenofibric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. fenofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-methylpropanoic acid substituted by a 4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenoxy group at position 2. It is a metabolite of the drug fenofibrate.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
chlorobenzophenone;
monocarboxylic acid		drug metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
thiazolyl blue
thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.		2.4320organic bromide saltcolorimetric reagent;
dye
plerixafor
plerixafor: a bicyclam derivate, highly potent & selective inhibitor of HIV-1 & HIV-2. plerixafor : An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma.		3.6120azacycloalkane;
azamacrocycle;
benzenes;
crown amine;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 antagonist;
immunological adjuvant
amprenavir
[no description available]		3.6120carbamate ester;
sulfonamide;
tetrahydrofuryl ester		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
oseltamivir
Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.		3.5720acetamides;
amino acid ester;
cyclohexenecarboxylate ester;
primary amino compound		antiviral drug;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
n-acetylaspartic acid
N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid : An N-acyl-L-aspartic acid in which the acyl group is specified as acetyl.		2.0310N-acetyl-L-amino acid;
N-acyl-L-aspartic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
rat metabolite
ticlopidine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0810hydrochloride
epirubicin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0810
histamine phosphate
histamine phosphate : A phosphate salt that is the diphosphate salt of histamine.		3.2310phosphate salthistamine agonist
tilbroquinol
[no description available]		3.2310organohalogen compound;
quinolines
bendamustine
[no description available]		3.2310benzimidazoles
droxicam
droxicam: structure given in first source. droxicam : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 2H,5H-[1,3]oxazino[5,6-c][1,2]benzothiazine-2,4(3H)-dione 6,6-dioxide substituted at positions 3 and 5 by pyridin-2-yl and methyl groups respectively. A prodrug of piroxicam, it is used for the relief of pain and inflammation in musculoskeletal disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.		3.2310organic heterotricyclic compound;
pyridines		cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prodrug
ebrotidine
ebrotidine: an H2-receptor antagonist and gastric mucosa protector		3.2310sulfonamide
pazufloxacin
[no description available]		2.0810quinolines
repaglinide
[no description available]		4.5940piperidines
telmisartan
Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.		4.3930benzimidazoles;
biphenyls;
carboxybiphenyl		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
dexfenfluramine
Dexfenfluramine: The S-isomer of FENFLURAMINE. It is a serotonin agonist and is used as an anorectic. Unlike fenfluramine, it does not possess any catecholamine agonist activity.. (S)-fenfluramine : The S-enantiomer of fenfluramine. It stimulates the release of serotonin and selectively inhibits its reuptake, but unlike fenfluramine it does not possess catecholamine agonist activity. It was formerly given by mouth as the hydrochloride in the treatment of obesity, but, like fenfluramine, was withdrawn wolrdwide following reports of valvular heart defects.		2.4520fenfluramineappetite depressant;
serotonergic agonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		2.1101,2,3-triazole
miconazole nitrate
miconazole nitrate : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole nitrate. An antifungal used for the treatment of athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.		2.0810
fluorodeoxyglucose f18
Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)		4.8212-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose;
2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
sertraline
Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.		11.2961dichlorobenzene;
secondary amino compound;
tetralins		antidepressant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
zoledronic acid
Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.		3.61201,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
imidazoles		bone density conservation agent
artemisinin
(+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.		2.0810organic peroxide;
sesquiterpene lactone		antimalarial;
plant metabolite
brinzolamide
brinzolamide: an antiglaucoma agent		2.0810sulfonamide;
thienothiazine		antiglaucoma drug;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
tianeptine
tianeptine: structure given in first source. tianeptine : A racemate comprising of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tianeptine. It is an atypical antidepressant used in Europe to treat patients who respond poorly to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).. 7-[(3-chloro-6-methyl-5,5-dioxido-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[c,f][1,2]thiazepin-11-yl)amino]heptanoic acid : A member of the class of dibenzothiazepines that is 3-chloro-6-methyl-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[c,f][1,2]thiazepine 5,5-dioxide substituted by a (6-carboxyhexyl)amino group at position 11.. (S)-tianeptine : The S-enantiomer of tianeptine.		2.0510dibenzothiazepine;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound
drospirenone
drospirenone: a progestational compound with antimineralocorticoid and antiandrogenic activity; structure given in first source		2.46203-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
steroid lactone		aldosterone antagonist;
contraceptive drug;
progestin
artemether
Artemether: An artemisinin derivative that is used in the treatment of MALARIA.. artemether : An artemisinin derivative that is artemisinin in which the lactone has been converted to the corresponding lactol methyl ether. It is used in combination with lumefantrine as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.		2.0810artemisinin derivative;
cyclic acetal;
organic peroxide;
semisynthetic derivative;
sesquiterpenoid		antimalarial
fenflumizole
fenflumizole: structure in first source		2.0310
acamprosate
Acamprosate: Structural analog of taurine that is used for the prevention of relapse in individuals with ALCOHOLISM.. acamprosate : An organosulfonic acid that is propane-1-sulfonic acid substituted by an acetylamino group at position 3.		3.2310acetamides;
organosulfonic acid		environmental contaminant;
neurotransmitter agent;
xenobiotic
isaxonine
isaxonine: promotes nerve growth		3.2310aminopyrimidine
metaclazepam
Ka-2547: benzodiazepine deriv		2.0510benzodiazepine
nebivolol
2,2'-iminobis[1-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-2-yl)ethanol] : A member of the class of chromanes that is 2,2'-iminodiethanol in which one hydrogen attached to each hydroxy-bearing carbon is replaced by a 6-fluorochroman-2-yl group.		3.2310chromanes;
diol;
organofluorine compound;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
lazabemide
lazabemide: structure given in first source		3.2510
atipamezole
[no description available]		7.1310
uk 68798
[no description available]		3.6120aromatic ether;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
potassium channel blocker
hp 873
iloperidone: an atypical, negative symptom antipsychotic agent. iloperidone : A member of the class of piperidines that is the 4-acetyl-2-methoxyphenyl ether of 3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-ol which is substituted at position 4 of the piperidine ring by a 6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl group. A member of the group of second generation antipsychotics (also known as an atypical antipsychotics), it is used for the treatment of schizophrenia.		3.61201,2-benzoxazoles;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone;
monoamine;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
dexrazoxane
Dexrazoxane: The (+)-enantiomorph of razoxane.		3.2310razoxaneantineoplastic agent;
cardiovascular drug;
chelator;
immunosuppressive agent
loxapine succinate
[no description available]		2.0810succinate saltgeroprotector
fenoxypropazine
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic ether
voriconazole
Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.		3.6120conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
pyrimidines;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		P450 inhibitor
betamipron
[no description available]		2.0810organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
uroxatral
[no description available]		2.0810hydrochloride
aceclofenac
[no description available]		3.6120amino acid;
carboxylic ester;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nitrefazole
[no description available]		3.2310imidazoles
thiocolchicoside
[no description available]		2.0810glycoside
prednisolone phosphate
prednisolone phosphate: RN given refers to (11 beta)-isomer. prednisolone phosphate : A synthetic glucocorticoid resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy group of prednisolone with one of the hydroxy groups of phosphoric acid. It is a prodrug for prednisolone that is activated in vivo by phosphatases.		2.031011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
steroid phosphate;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
glucocorticoid receptor agonist;
prodrug
(S)-flurbiprofen
[no description available]		2.0310flurbiprofen
ubenimex
ubenimex: growth inhibitor		3.1510
doripenem
Doripenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of infections such as HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA, and complicated intra-abdominal or urinary-tract infections, including PYELONEPHRITIS.		3.6120carbapenems
atovaquone
Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.		3.5720hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
rivastigmine
[no description available]		3.2310carbamate ester;
tertiary amino compound		cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
frovatriptan
[no description available]		3.2310carbazoles
eletriptan
eletriptan: 5-HT(1B/1D) receptor agonist; structure in first source. eletriptan : An N-alkylpyrrolidine, that is N-methylpyrrolidine in which the pro-R hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a {5-[2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}methyl group.		3.8530indoles;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
sulfone		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
rosiglitazone
[no description available]		3.8730aminopyridine;
thiazolidinediones		EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
insulin-sensitizing drug
tamiflu
[no description available]		2.0810phosphate salt
bexarotene
[no description available]		3.6120benzoic acids;
naphthalenes;
retinoid		antineoplastic agent
s20098
[no description available]		2.0810acetamides
flunisolide
flunisolide: flunisolide HFA is a formulation of flunisolide using hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) as propellant in place of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) ones		2.462011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
ketorolac tromethamine
Ketorolac Tromethamine: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent used for analgesia for postoperative pain and inhibits cyclooxygenase activity.. ketorolac tromethamine : An organoammonium salt resulting from the mixture of equimolar amounts of ketorolac and tromethamine (tris). It has potent non-sedating analgesic and moderate anti-inflammatory effects. It is used in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.		2.0810organoammonium saltanalgesic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
clarithromycin
Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.		4.6240macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
protein synthesis inhibitor;
xenobiotic
nicotine
(S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.		4.13313-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridineanxiolytic drug;
biomarker;
immunomodulator;
mitogen;
neurotoxin;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent;
xenobiotic
moexipril
[no description available]		3.5720peptide
gliquidone
gliquidone: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0810isoquinolines
lekoptin
(S)-verapamil : A 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile that has S configuration.		2.03102-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile
tarenflurbil
tarenflurbil: R-enantiomer of flurbiprofen but not a COX inhibitor; modulates NF-kB, gamma-secretase, amyloid beta-protein;		2.0310flurbiprofen
zofenopril
zofenopril: structure given in first source; SQ 26900 refers to K salt & SQ 26991 to Ca salt. zofenopril : A proline derivative that is 4-(phenylsulfanyl)-L-proline in which the amine proton is replaced by a (2S)-3-(benzoylsulfanyl)-2-methylpropanoyl group. A prodrug for zofenoprilat.		3.1510aryl sulfide;
L-proline derivative;
N-acyl-L-amino acid;
thioester		anticonvulsant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug;
vasodilator agent
mci 9038
[no description available]		3.2310peptide
lopinavir
[no description available]		3.5720amphetamines;
dicarboxylic acid diamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
droxidopa
Droxidopa: A synthetic precursor of norepinephrine that is used in the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION.. droxidopa : A serine derivative that is L-serine substituted at the beta-position by a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group. A prodrug for noradrenalone, it is used for treatment of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension		2.0710catechols;
L-tyrosine derivative		antihypertensive agent;
prodrug;
vasoconstrictor agent
glycylsarcosine
glycylsarcosine : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of glycine with the amino group of sarcosine.		3.1510dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide
benzothiazoline
[no description available]		3.3510
moxifloxacin hydrochloride
moxifloxacin hydrochloride : A hydrochloride comprising equimolar amounts of moxifloxacin and hydrogen chloride.		2.0810hydrochlorideantibacterial drug
fulvestrant
Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.		3.612017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		antineoplastic agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist
mizoribine
[no description available]		2.0810imidazolesanticoronaviral agent
carbidopa, levodopa drug combination
[no description available]		8.59134
eudragit rl
[no description available]		2.2510
sr141716
[no description available]		2.0810amidopiperidine;
carbohydrazide;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrazoles		anti-obesity agent;
appetite depressant;
CB1 receptor antagonist
bosentan anhydrous
Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.		3.8630primary alcohol;
pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
eudragit rs
Eudragit RS: copolymer of acrylic & methacrylic acid esters & quaternary ammonium groups; used for microcapsules		2.2510
beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester
beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester: structure given in first source		2.0610beta-carbolines
racecadotril
racecadotril: parenterally active enkephalinase inhibitor		2.0810N-acyl-amino acid
perindopril
Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline		3.2310alpha-amino acid ester;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
ecopipam
ecopipam: structure given in first source		2.1510benzazepine
s-methylthiocitrulline
S-methylthiocitrulline: a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; structure in first source. S-methyl-L-thiocitrulline : An L-arginine derivative in which the guanidino NH2 group of L-arginine is replaced by a methylsufanyl group.		2.0710imidothiocarbamic ester;
L-arginine derivative;
L-ornithine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
fingolimod hydrochloride
Fingolimod Hydrochloride: A sphingosine-derivative and IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT that blocks the migration and homing of LYMPHOCYTES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM through its action on SPHINGOSINE 1-PHOSPHATE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.. fingolimod hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of 2-amino-2-[2-(4-octylphenyl) ethyl]-1,3-propanediol (fingolimod).		2.1710hydrochlorideimmunosuppressive agent;
prodrug;
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
tadalafil
[no description available]		3.6120benzodioxoles;
pyrazinopyridoindole		EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
ibuprofen, (r)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310ibuprofen
n-n-propyl-n-phenylethyl-4(3-hydroxyphenyl)ethylamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		1.9810
pd 128907
[no description available]		1.9810
paliperidone
3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.. paliperidone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-paliperidone. Paliperidone is the primary active metabolite of the older antipsychotic risperidone and is used for treatment of schizophrenia.		3.23101,2-benzoxazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine;
secondary alcohol
nitisinone
[no description available]		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
cyclohexanones;
mesotrione		EC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor
plavix
[no description available]		2.0810azaheterocycle sulfate salt;
organoammonium sulfate salt		anticoagulant;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
3-n-methylspiperone
3-N-methylspiperone: (11(C))-labeled cpd used in positron tomography; dopamine agonist & dopamine receptor ligand; structure given in first source		2.110aromatic ketone
clofarabine
[no description available]		3.6120adenosines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
u 99194a
(5,6-dimethoxyindan-2-yl)dipropylamine: has 20-fold preference for D3 versus D2 dopamine receptors		2.0610
valdecoxib
[no description available]		3.6120isoxazoles;
sulfonamide		antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
1-(4-methoxyphenyl)pyridinium
1-(4-methoxyphenyl)pyridinium: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0210
ru 24926
RU 24926: RN given refers to parent cpd; NM refers to HCl; structure in first source		1.9810
saccharolactone
saccharolactone: used as index for assessing induction of hepatic enzymes by anticonvulsants; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. D-glucaro-1,4-lactone : A delta-lactone that is D-glucono-1,4-lactone in which the hydroxy group at position 6 has been oxidised to the corresponding carboxylic acid.		3.3110aldarolactone;
delta-lactone
aj 76
5-methoxy-1-methyl-2-(n-propylamino)tetralin: RN given refers to cis-(+)-isomer; structure given in first source. (1S,2R)-5-methoxy-1-methyl-2-(propylamino)tetralin : A secondary amino compound that consists of tetralin bearing methyl, propylamino and methoxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 5 respectively. Dopamine receptor antagonist with preferential action at presynaptic receptors (pKi values are 6.95, 6.67, 6.37, 6.21 and 6.07 at hD3. hD4, hD2S, hD2L and rD2 receptors respectively).		1.9910secondary amino compound;
tetralins		dopaminergic antagonist
almotriptan
almotriptan : An indole compound having a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group at the 3-position and a (pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)methyl group at the 5-position.		3.5720indoles;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amine		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
mk 0663
[no description available]		2.0810bipyridines;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gefitinib
[no description available]		3.8630aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
morpholines;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
ro 8-0576
benserazide, levodopa drug combination: combination of L-Dopa and seryltrihydroxybenzylhydrazine; used in treatment of parkinsonism		7.6952
interleukin-1beta (163-171)
interleukin-1beta (163-171): nonapeptide which has in vivo immunostimulating activity		2.3110
desloratadine
desloratadine: major metabolite of loratadine. desloratadine : Loratadine in which the ethoxycarbonyl group attached to the piperidine ring is replaced by hydrogen. The major metabolite of loratidine, desloratadine is an antihistamine which is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and chronic urticaria. It does not readily enter the central nervous system, so does not cause drowsiness.		3.6120benzocycloheptapyridineanti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug metabolite;
H1-receptor antagonist
desvenlafaxine
O-desmethylvenlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-hydroxyphenyl group. It is a metabolite of the drug venlafaxine.		3.2310cyclohexanols;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
drug metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
rti-coc 32
RTI-COC 32: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (1R-(exo,exo))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 4/91		5.7422
methotrexate
[no description available]		4.5940dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
tamsulosin
[no description available]		8.57205-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamidealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
rufinamide
rufinamide: for treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome; structure in first source		3.2310aromatic amide;
heteroarene
sulbactam
[no description available]		2.0810penicillanic acids
pd 128483
PD 128483: structure given in first source; a potential antipsychotic drug candidate found to be a potent frameshift mutagen		2.3920
olmesartan medoxomil
Olmesartan Medoxomil: An ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to manage HYPERTENSION.		3.6120biphenyls
dexpanthenol
dexpanthenol: The alcohol of pantothenic acid		3.2310amino alcohol;
monocarboxylic acid amide		cholinergic drug;
provitamin
fosamprenavir
fosamprenavir: a prodrug of the protease inhibitor amprenavir. fosamprenavir : A sulfonamide with a structure based on that of sulfanilamide substituted on the sulfonamide nitrogen by a (2R,3S)-4-phenyl-2-(phosphonooxy)-3-({[(3S)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy]carbonyl}amino)butyl group. It is a pro-drug of the HIV protease inhibitor and antiretroviral drug amprenavir.		3.2310sulfonamideprodrug
5-(dipropylamino)-5,6-dihydro-4h-imidazo-(5,1ij)quinolin-2(1h)-one
5-(dipropylamino)-5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo-(5,1ij)quinolin-2(1H)-one: structure given in first source; U 86170F is the monohydrobromide hydrate		1.9810
u-91356
5-propylamino-5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo(4,5,1-ij)quinolin-2(1H)-one: an imidazoquinolinone dopamine D2 agonist; structure given in first source		2.3920
abiraterone
[no description available]		2.08103beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
pyridines		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.99.9 (steroid 17alpha-monooxygenase) inhibitor
l 741626
3-(4-(4-chlorophenyl-4-hydroxypiperidino)methyl)indole: structure in first source		2.7430piperidines
febuxostat
Febuxostat: A thiazole derivative and inhibitor of XANTHINE OXIDASE that is used for the treatment of HYPERURICEMIA in patients with chronic GOUT.. febuxostat : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid that is 4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a 3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl group at position 2. It is an orally-active, potent, and selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic hyperuricaemia in patients with gout.		3.61201,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid;
aromatic ether;
nitrile		EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
b-ht 958
B-HT 958: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9810
alpha-ergocryptine
ergocryptine: a component of the ergotoxine complex; it is the main ergot alkaloid of Japanese & South American wid grasses; minor descriptor (76-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search ERGOLINES (76-86); RN given refers to ((5'alpha)-isomer). alpha-ergocryptine : Ergotaman bearing hydroxy, isopropyl, and 2-methylpropyl groups at the 12', 2' and 5' positions, respectively, and oxo groups at positions 3', 6', and 18. It is a natural ergot alkaloid. Ergocryptine discussed in the literature prior to 1967, when beta-ergocryptine was separated from alpha-ergocryptine, is now referred to as alpha-ergocryptine.		210ergot alkaloid
perrhenate
perrhenate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of O4-Re		3.3110monovalent inorganic anion;
rhenium oxoanion
escitalopram
Escitalopram: S-enantiomer of CITALOPRAM. Belongs to a class of drugs known as SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS, used to treat depression and generalized anxiety disorder.. escitalopram : A 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile that has S-configuration at the chiral centre. It is the active enantiomer of citalopram.		3.85301-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrileantidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
lexapro
Lexapro: Trade name of escitalopram, the active S-enantiomer of the racemic citalopram.		2.0810
10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin
10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin: structure in first source. pralatrexate : A pteridine that is the N-4-[1-(2,4-diaminopteridin-6-yl)pent-4-yn-2-yl]benzoyl derivative of L-glutamic acid. Used for treatment of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma, an aggressive form of non-Hodgkins lymphoma.		3.2310N-acyl-L-glutamic acid;
pteridines;
terminal acetylenic compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
docetaxel anhydrous
Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.6120secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
atazanavir
atazanavir : A heavily substituted carbohydrazide that is an antiretroviral drug of the protease inhibitor (PI) class used to treat infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).		3.2310carbohydrazideantiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
tariquidar
[no description available]		3.1510benzamides
n-(2,6-dimethylergoline-8-yl)-2,2-dimethylpropanamide
N-(2,6-dimethylergoline-8-yl)-2,2-dimethylpropanamide: structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF		1.9810
levofloxacin
Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.		4.59409-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
ezetimibe
Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).		3.6120azetidines;
beta-lactam;
organofluorine compound		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antimetabolite
ertapenem
Ertapenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial infections including intra-abdominal infections, acute gynecological infections, complicated urinary tract infections, skin infections, and respiratory tract infections. It is also used to prevent infection in colorectal surgery.. ertapenem : Meropenem in which the one of the two methyl groups attached to the amide nitrogen is replaced by hydrogen while the other is replaced by a 3-carboxyphenyl group. The sodium salt is used for the treatment of moderate to severe susceptible infections including intra-abdominal and acute gynaecological infections, pneumonia, and infections of the skin and of the urinary tract.		3.2310carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial drug
cox 189
lumiracoxib: a COX-2 inhibitor. lumiracoxib : An amino acid that is phenylacetic acid which is substituted at position 2 by the nitrogen of 2-chloro-6-fluoroaniline and at position 5 by a methyl group. A highly selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it was briefly used for the treatment of osteoarthritis, but was withdrawn due to concersns of hepatotoxicity.		3.6120amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
conivaptan
conivaptan : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 4-[(biphenyl-2-ylcarbonyl)amino]benzoic acid with the benzazepine nitrogen of 2-methyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d][1]benzazepine. It is an antagonist for two of the three types of arginine vasopressin (AVP) receptors, V1a and V2. It is used as its hydrochloride salt for the treatment of hyponatraemia (low blood sodium levels) caused by syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH).		3.2310benzazepineaquaretic;
vasopressin receptor antagonist
moxifloxacin
Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.		3.5720aromatic ether;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
pyrrolidinopiperidine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug
pralnacasan
pralnacasan: NSAID, ICE inhibitor & metastasis inhibitor; RN & structure in first source		3.2310
clevidipine
clevidipine: a calcium channel blocker and antihypertensive agent; structure in first source		3.2310dihydropyridine
solifenacin
[no description available]		3.2310isoquinolines
dexmethylphenidate
dexmethylphenidate : A methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate in which both stereocentres have R configuration. It is the active enantiomer in the racemic drug methylphenidate.		3.2310methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetateadrenergic agent
xamoterol
Xamoterol: A phenoxypropanolamine derivative that is a selective beta-1-adrenergic agonist.		2.0810morpholines
disopyramide, (s)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
ym 09151-2
nemonapride: structure in first source; RN given refers to compound with no isomeric designation. nemonapride : A racemate composed of (2S,3S)- and (2R,3R)-enantiomers of nemonapride. Highly potent dopamine D2-like receptor antagonist; selective over D1-like receptors (Ki values are 0.1 and 740 nM for D2-like and D1-like receptors respectively). Also potent 5-HT1A receptor agonist (IC50 = 34 nM) and has affinity for sigma receptors.. (2R,3R)-nemonapride : An optically active form of nemonapride having (2R,3R)-configuration.		2.3920N-(1-benzyl-2-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-5-chloro-2-methoxy-4-(methylamino)benzamide
naproxen
Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.		3.6120methoxynaphthalene;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
cinacalcet
cinacalcet : A secondary amino compound that is (1R)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethanamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propyl group.		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
naphthalenes;
secondary amino compound		calcimimetic;
P450 inhibitor
hydroxyl radical
Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.		2.4220oxygen hydride;
oxygen radical;
reactive oxygen species
lubiprostone
[no description available]		3.2310
isradipine, (s)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
olmesartan
olmesartan: an active metabolite of CS 866		3.5520biphenylyltetrazoleangiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
telbivudine
[no description available]		3.6120pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
paromomycin
Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.		3.5620amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic		anthelminthic drug;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
anidulafungin
Anidulafungin: Echinocandin antifungal agent that is used in the treatment of CANDIDEMIA and CANDIDIASIS.. anidulafungin : A semisynthetic echinocandin anti-fungal drug. It is active against Aspergillus and Candida species and is used for the treatment of invasive candidiasis.		3.2310antibiotic antifungal drug;
azamacrocycle;
echinocandin;
heterodetic cyclic peptide;
semisynthetic derivative
n-n-propylnorapomorphine
[no description available]		1.9810aporphine alkaloid
17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate
17 alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate: Hydroxyprogesterone derivative that acts as a PROGESTIN and is used to reduce the risk of recurrent MISCARRIAGE and of PREMATURE BIRTH. It is also used in combination with ESTROGEN in the management of MENSTRUATION DISORDERS.		3.2310corticosteroid hormone
varenicline
Varenicline: A benzazepine derivative that functions as an ALPHA4-BETA2 NICOTINIC RECEPTOR partial agonist. It is used for SMOKING CESSATION.. varenicline : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that acts as a partial agonist for nicotinic cholinergic receptors and is used (in the form of its tartate salt) as an aid to giving up smoking.		4.120
fiduxosin
fiduxosin: fiduxosin (ABT-980) is the (3aR,9bR)-isomer; structure in first source		3.2310
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		3.8730
erlotinib
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic ether;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
terminal acetylenic compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist;
protein kinase inhibitor
ketoprofen
[no description available]		2.0310
etravirine
[no description available]		3.2310aminopyrimidine;
aromatic ether;
dinitrile;
organobromine compound		antiviral agent;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
dronedarone
Dronedarone: A non-iodinated derivative of amiodarone that is used for the treatment of ARRHYTHMIA.. dronedarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans used for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		3.23101-benzofurans;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ramelteon
ramelteon: melatonin MT1/MT2 receptor agonist		3.6120indanes
lapatinib
[no description available]		3.2310furans;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
quinazolines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
bifeprunox
bifeprunox: an antipsychotic agent		2.0810biphenyls
darunavir
Darunavir: An HIV PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of AIDS and HIV INFECTIONS. Due to the emergence of ANTIVIRAL DRUG RESISTANCE when used alone, it is administered in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.. darunavir : An N,N-disubstituted benzenesulfonamide bearing an unsubstituted amino group at the 4-position, used for the treatment of HIV infection. A second-generation HIV protease inhibitor, darunavir was designed to form robust interactions with the protease enzyme from many strains of HIV, including those from treatment-experienced patients with multiple resistance mutations to other protease inhibitors.		3.2310carbamate ester;
furofuran;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
deferasirox
Deferasirox: A triazole and benzoate derivative that acts as a selective iron chelator. It is used in the management of chronic IRON OVERLOAD due to blood transfusion or non-transfusion dependent THALASSEMIA.. deferasirox : A member of the class of triazoles, deferasirox is 1,2,4-triazole substituted by a 4-carboxyphenyl group at position 1 and by 2-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 5. An orally active iron chelator, it is used to manage chronic iron overload in patients receiving long-term blood transfusions.		3.6120benzoic acids;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols;
triazoles		iron chelator
bms204352
BMS204352: a calcium-sensitive opener of maxi-K potassium channels; structure in first source		2.0810
tbc-11251
sitaxsentan: endothelin A receptor antagonist; structure in first source		3.6120benzodioxoles
tolvaptan
[no description available]		3.6120benzazepine;
benzenedicarboxamide		aquaretic;
vasopressin receptor antagonist
sorafenib
[no description available]		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenylureas;
pyridinecarboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
lenalidomide
[no description available]		3.6120aromatic amine;
dicarboximide;
isoindoles;
piperidones		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
immunomodulator
regadenoson
[no description available]		3.2310purine nucleoside
lacosamide
Lacosamide: An acetamide derivative that acts as a blocker of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, for adjunctive or monotherapy, in the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES.		3.6120N-acyl-amino acid
3-nitrotyrosine
3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		2.15102-nitrophenols;
C-nitro compound;
nitrotyrosine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
vincaleukoblastine
[no description available]		3.6120acetate ester;
indole alkaloid fundamental parent;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite
vincristine sulfate
[no description available]		2.0810organic sulfate saltantineoplastic agent;
geroprotector
benzarone
benzarone: antihemorrhagic agent; structure		3.23101-benzofurans
estramustine
Estramustine: A nitrogen mustard linked to estradiol, usually as phosphate; used to treat prostatic neoplasms; also has radiation protective properties.. estramustine : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol with the carboxy group of bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamic acid.		3.231017beta-hydroxy steroid;
carbamate ester;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
radiation protective agent
wortmannin
[no description available]		2.0810acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
delta-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Penicillium metabolite;
radiosensitizing agent
bortezomib
[no description available]		3.6120amino acid amide;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
protease inhibitor;
proteasome inhibitor
ritonavir
Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.		4.39301,3-thiazoles;
carbamate ester;
carboxamide;
L-valine derivative;
ureas		antiviral drug;
environmental contaminant;
HIV protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
tryptoquivaline
fumitremorgin C : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is a mycotoxic indole alkaloid produced by several fungi. A potent and specific inhibitor of the breast cancer resistance protein multidrug transporter.		3.1510aromatic ether;
indole alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		breast cancer resistance protein inhibitor;
mycotoxin
oxytocin
Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.		3.620heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone		oxytocic;
vasodilator agent
ouabain
Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.		3.151011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
14beta-hydroxy steroid;
5beta-hydroxy steroid;
alpha-L-rhamnoside;
cardenolide glycoside;
steroid hormone		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
plant metabolite
pentostatin
Pentostatin: A potent inhibitor of ADENOSINE DEAMINASE. The drug induces APOPTOSIS of LYMPHOCYTES, and is used in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity.. pentostatin : A member of the class of coformycins that is coformycin in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced with a hydrogen. It is a drug used for the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia.		3.6120coformycinsantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
quinidine
Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.		4.5940cinchona alkaloidalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
muscarinic antagonist;
P450 inhibitor;
potassium channel blocker;
sodium channel blocker
meropenem
Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.		3.6120alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
organic sulfide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
griseofulvin
Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.		3.23101-benzofurans;
antibiotic antifungal drug;
benzofuran antifungal drug;
organochlorine compound;
oxaspiro compound		antibacterial agent;
Penicillium metabolite
cefoxitin
Cefoxitin: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.. cefoxitin : A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic which, in addition to the methoxy group at the 7alpha position, has 2-thienylacetamido and carbamoyloxymethyl side-groups. It is resistant to beta-lactamase.		3.2310beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
cephamycin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
digitoxin
Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.		2.4620cardenolide glycosideEC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
saquinavir
Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.		4.5940L-asparagine derivative;
quinolines		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
pancuronium
Pancuronium: A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than CURARE but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.. pancuronium : A steroid ester in which a 5alpha-androstane skeleton is C-3alpha- and C-17beta-disubstituted with acetoxy groups and 2beta- and 16beta-disubstituted with 1-methylpiperidinium-1-yl groups. It is a non-depolarizing curare-mimetic muscle relaxant.		3.2310acetate ester;
steroid ester		cholinergic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
abacavir
abacavir: a carbocyclic nucleoside with potent selective anti-HIV activity. abacavir : A 2,6-diaminopurine that is (1S)-cyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in which the pro-R hydrogen at the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl group. A nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with antiretroviral activity against HIV, it is used (particularly as the sulfate) with other antiretrovirals in combination therapy of HIV infection.		3.57202,6-diaminopurinesantiviral drug;
drug allergen;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
perindopril erbumine
[no description available]		2.0810addition compoundantihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
miglitol
[no description available]		3.6120piperidines
metyrosine
alpha-methyl-L-tyrosine : An L-tyrosine derivative that consists of L-tyrosine bearing an additional methyl substituent at position 2. An inhibitor of the enzyme tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with pheochromocytoma.		3.2310L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor
rocuronium bromide
rocuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha androstane compound having 3alpha-hydroxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-morpholino- and 16beta-N-allyllyrrolidinium substituents.		2.0810organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
linezolid
[no description available]		3.8630acetamides;
morpholines;
organofluorine compound;
oxazolidinone		antibacterial drug;
protein synthesis inhibitor
naringin
[no description available]		3.1510(2S)-flavan-4-one;
4'-hydroxyflavanones;
dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
neohesperidoside		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
metabolite
chloramphenicol palmitate
chloramphenicol palmitate: RN given refers to ((R-(R*,R*))-isomer)		2.0310hexadecanoate ester
clindamycin phosphate
[no description available]		3.2310
pemirolast potassium salt
[no description available]		2.0810
eplerenone
Eplerenone: A spironolactone derivative and selective ALDOSTERONE RECEPTOR antagonist that is used in the management of HYPERTENSION and CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, post-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		3.61203-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
epoxy steroid;
gamma-lactone;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid acid ester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
tolterodine
[no description available]		3.2310tertiary amineantispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant
ergonovine
Ergonovine: An ergot alkaloid (ERGOT ALKALOIDS) with uterine and VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE contractile properties.. ergometrine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is lysergamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-hydroxypropan-2-yl group (S-configuration). An ergot alkaloid that has a particularly powerful action on the uterus, its maleate (and formerly tartrate) salt is used in the active management of the third stage of labour, and to prevent or treat postpartum of postabortal haemorrhage caused by uterine atony: by maintaining uterine contraction and tone, blood vessels in the uterine wall are compressed and blood flow reduced.		2.0410ergot alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
primary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		diagnostic agent;
fungal metabolite;
oxytocic;
toxin
dironyl
dironyl: pronounced antifertility agent in rats; lactation suppressor in other species; serotonin antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		1.9810organic molecular entity
ao 128
AO 128: alpha-glucosidase inhibitor; structure given in first source		2.0810organic molecular entity
loteprednol etabonate
Loteprednol Etabonate: An androstadiene derivative corticosteroid that is used as an ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENT for the treatment of inflammatory and allergic eye conditions.		2.081011beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
etabonate ester;
organochlorine compound;
steroid acid ester;
steroid ester		anti-inflammatory drug
darifenacin
darifenacin : 2-[(3S)-1-Ethylpyrrolidin-3-yl]-2,2-diphenylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens at the 2-position of the ethyl group is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl group. It is a selective antagonist for the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, which is primarily responsible for bladder muscle contractions, and is used as the hydrobromide salt in the management of urinary incontinence.		3.23101-benzofurans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolidines		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
fluticasone propionate
fluticasone propionate : A trifluorinated corticosteroid that consists of 6alpha,9-difluoro-11beta,17alpha-dihydroxy-17beta-{[(fluoromethyl)sulfanyl]carbonyl}-16-methyl-3-oxoandrosta-1,4-diene bearing a propionyl substituent at position 17; has anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic and anti-allergic activity.		2.081011beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
propanoate ester;
steroid ester;
thioester		adrenergic agent;
anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
dermatologic drug
tretinoin
Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		3.8530retinoic acid;
vitamin A		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
AP-1 antagonist;
human metabolite;
keratolytic drug;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
retinoid X receptor agonist;
signalling molecule
retinol
Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).		3.2310retinol;
vitamin A		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
tacrolimus
Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.		3.8630macrolide lactambacterial metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
cerivastatin
cerivastatin: cerivastatin is the ((E)-(+))-isomer; structure given in first source. cerivastatin : (3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid in which the (7E)-hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,6-diisopropyl-5-(methoxymethyl)pyridin-3-yl group. Formerly used (as its sodium salt) to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.		2.0510dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pyridines;
statin (synthetic)
rosuvastatin
rosuvastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-{4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-[methyl(methylsulfonyl)amino]-6-(propan-2-yl)pyrimidin-5-yl} hept-6-enoic acid carrying two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-diastereomer).		3.2310dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrimidines;
statin (synthetic);
sulfonamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
antilipemic drug;
cardioprotective agent;
CETP inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cocaine
Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.		9.75177benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound;
tropane alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
mycophenolic acid
Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		4.4302-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		anticoronaviral agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
xenobiotic
mupirocin
Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing.. mupirocin : An alpha,beta-unsaturated ester resulting from the formal condensation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of 9-hydroxynonanoic acid with the carboxy group of (2E)-4-[(2S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid in which the tetrahydropyranyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by hydroxy groups and at position 5 by a {(2S,3S)-3-[(2S,3S)-3-hydroxybutan-2-yl]oxiran-2-yl}methyl group. Originally isolated from the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, it is used as a topical antibiotic for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections.		2.0810alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester;
epoxide;
monocarboxylic acid;
oxanes;
secondary alcohol;
triol		antibacterial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clindamycin
Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.		3.2310
fosfomycin
Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.		3.2310epoxide;
phosphonic acids		antimicrobial agent;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
zithromax
Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.		3.6120macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
octreotide
[no description available]		3.2310
eptifibatide
[no description available]		3.2310homodetic cyclic peptide;
macrocycle;
organic disulfide		anticoagulant;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
decitabine
[no description available]		3.61202'-deoxyribonucleoside
teniposide
[no description available]		3.6120aromatic ether;
beta-D-glucoside;
cyclic acetal;
furonaphthodioxole;
gamma-lactone;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols;
thiophenes		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
valrubicin
[no description available]		2.0810anthracycline;
trifluoroacetamide
dactinomycin
Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)		3.2310actinomycinmutagen
melphalan
Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.		3.8630L-phenylalanine derivative;
nitrogen mustard;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
tenofovir
tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.		4.120nucleoside analogue;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
posaconazole
[no description available]		3.6120aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxolanes;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		trypanocidal drug
rubitecan
rubitecan: RN refers to (+-)-isomer; anti-HIV agent; DNA Topoisomerases, Type I inhibitor. rubitecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline that is camptothecin in which the hydrogen at position 9 has been replaced by a nitro group. It is a prodrug for 9-aminocamptothecin.		2.0810C-nitro compound;
delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
semisynthetic derivative;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
micafungin
Micafungin: A cyclic lipo-hexapeptide echinocandin antifungal agent that is used for the treatment and prevention of CANDIDIASIS.. micafungin : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic which exerts its effect by inhibiting the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall. It is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, and of aspergillosis in patients who are intolerant of other therapy.		3.2310antibiotic antifungal drug;
echinocandin		antiinfective agent
riboflavin
vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).		3.2310flavin;
vitamin B2		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food colouring;
fundamental metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
sodium bicarbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.		3.6820one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antacid;
food anticaking agent
arsenic trioxide
Tetraarsenic Oxide: A form of As2O3 that exists as As4O6 in the solid state. It dissociates to As2O3 upon heating to the vapor phase above 800 degrees Celsius.		3.2310arsenic oxideantineoplastic agent;
insecticide
sodium perchlorate
sodium perchlorate : An inorganic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and perchlorate ions.		2.1110inorganic sodium salt
sr 90107
fondaparinux sodium : An organic sodium salt, being the decasodium salt of fondaparinux.		3.2310
meglumine iodipamide
[no description available]		3.2310organoammonium saltradioopaque medium
thyrotropin-releasing hormone
PR 546: no other info available 9/89. protirelin : A tripeptide composed of L-pyroglutamyl, L-histidyl and L-prolinamide residues joined in sequence.		3.2310peptide hormone;
tripeptide		human metabolite
chloroquine diphosphate
[no description available]		2.0310chloroquine
dextromethadone
D-methadone: an NMDA receptor antagonist analgesic that lacks opioid activity. dextromethadone : A 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one that has (S)-configuration. It is the less active enantiomer of methadone and has very little activity on opioid receptors and mainly responsible for the inhibition of hERG K+ channels and thus for cardiac toxicity. The drug is currently under clinical development for the treatment of major depressive disorder.		2.03106-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-oneNMDA receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic
buprenorphine
Buprenorphine: A derivative of the opioid alkaloid THEBAINE that is a more potent and longer lasting analgesic than MORPHINE. It appears to act as a partial agonist at mu and kappa opioid receptors and as an antagonist at delta receptors. The lack of delta-agonist activity has been suggested to account for the observation that buprenorphine tolerance may not develop with chronic use.. buprenorphine : A morphinane alkaloid that is 7,8-dihydromorphine 6-O-methyl ether in which positions 6 and 14 are joined by a -CH2CH2- bridge, one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl, and a hydrogen at position 7 is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl group. It is highly effective for the treatment of opioid use disorder and is also increasingly being used in the treatment of chronic pain.		2.7620morphinane alkaloiddelta-opioid receptor antagonist;
kappa-opioid receptor antagonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
arginine vasopressin
Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.		3.8830vasopressincardiovascular drug;
hematologic agent;
mitogen
s 1033
[no description available]		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
imidazoles;
pyridines;
pyrimidines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
trilostane
trilostane: inhibits conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone; adrenal blocking agent used in treatment of Cushing's syndrome. trilostane : An epoxy steroid that is 3,17beta-dihydroxy-5alpha-androst-2-ene-2-carbonitrile in which the oxygen of the epoxy group is joined to the 4alpha and 5 alpha positions.		2.081017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid;
epoxy steroid;
nitrile		abortifacient;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.210 [3beta(or 20alpha)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase] inhibitor
tropisetron
Tropisetron: An indole derivative and 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist that is used for the prevention of nausea and vomiting.. tropisetron : An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of tropine.		2.0510indolyl carboxylic acid
sodium metabisulfite
sodium metabisulfite: request from searcher; RN given refers to disulfurous acid, di-Na salt. sodium disulfite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and disulfite ions in a 2:1 ratio.		2.110inorganic sodium saltfood antioxidant
leuprolide acetate
leuprolide acetate : An acetate salt obtained by combining the nonapeptide leuprolide with acetic acid. A long lasting GnRH analog, LH-Rh agonist. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.		2.0810acetate saltantineoplastic agent;
gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
propylthiouracil
Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.		3.8630pyrimidinethioneantidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antimetabolite;
antioxidant;
antithyroid drug;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
hormone antagonist
sesquiterpenes
[no description available]		2.3110
etomidate
Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.		3.2310ethyl ester;
imidazoles		intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
mercaptopurine
Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.		3.6120aryl thiol;
purines;
thiocarbonyl compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
dexketoprofen
dexketoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is (S)-hydratropic acid substituted at position 3 on the phenyl ring by a benzoyl group. A cyclooxygenase inhibitor, it is used to relieve short-term pain, such as muscular pain, dental pain and dysmenorrhoea.		2.0310benzophenones;
monocarboxylic acid		cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
levosulpiride
(S)-(-)-sulpiride : An optically active form of sulpiride having (S)-configuration. The active enantiomer of the racemic drug sulpiride. Selective D2-like dopamine antagonist (Ki values are ~ 0.015. ~ 0.013, 1, ~ 45 and ~ 77 muM at D2, D3, D4, D1 and D5 receptors respectively).		2.0810sulpirideantidepressant;
antiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
ondansetron, (s)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
pyrantel
Pyrantel: A depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking agent, that causes persistent nicotinic activation resulting in spastic paralysis of susceptible nematodes. It is a drug of second-choice after benzimidazoles for treatment of ascariasis, hookworm, and pinworm infections, being effective after a single dose. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p920). pyrantel : A carboxamidine that is 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine that is substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and at position 2 by an (E)-2-(2-thienyl)vinyl group. It is used, particularly as the embonate [4,4'-methylenebis(3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate)] salt, as an anthelmintic that is effective against intestinal nematodes including threadworms, roundworms and hookworms, and is included in the WHO 'Model List of Essential Medicines'.		3.23101,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidines;
carboxamidine;
thiophenes		antinematodal drug
thiothixene
[no description available]		3.2310N-methylpiperazineanticoronaviral agent
eszopiclone
Eszopiclone: A pyridine, pyrazine, and piperazine derivative that is used as a HYPNOTIC AND SEDATIVE in the treatment of INSOMNIA.. eszopiclone : The (5S)- (active) enantiomer of zopiclone. Unlike almost all other hypnotic sedatives, which are approved only for the relief of short-term (6-8 weeks) insomnia, eszopiclone is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for long-term use.		3.8630zopiclonecentral nervous system depressant;
sedative
benztropine
Benztropine: A centrally active muscarinic antagonist that has been used in the symptomatic treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE. Benztropine also inhibits the uptake of dopamine.. benzatropine : Tropane in which a hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a diphenylmethoxy group (endo-isomer). An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used (particularly as its methanesulphonate salt) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.		4.1220diarylmethane
methimazole
Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.		3.86301,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thionesantithyroid drug
cinnarizine
Cinnarizine: A piperazine derivative having histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity with vasodilating and antiemetic properties but it induces PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS.		2.0810diarylmethane;
N-alkylpiperazine;
olefinic compound		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
sulindac
Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.		3.6120monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		analgesic;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent
capsaicin
ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.		3.3110capsaicinoidnon-narcotic analgesic;
TRPV1 agonist;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
terbinafine
[no description available]		3.2310acetylenic compound;
allylamine antifungal drug;
enyne;
naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor;
sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
epalrestat
epalrestat : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1,3-thiazolidine which is substituted on the nitrogen by a carboxymethyl group, at positions 2 and 4 by thioxo and oxo groups, respectively, and at position 5 by a 2-methyl-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-ylidene group. It is an inhibitor of aldose reductase (which catalyses the conversion of glucose to sorbitol) and is used for the treatment of some diabetic complications, including neuropathy.		2.0810monocarboxylic acid;
thiazolidines		EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
drotaverin
drotaverin: Hungarian drug; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0810isoquinolines
thioguanine anhydrous
Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.		3.23102-aminopurinesanticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
thiourea
Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.		2.0710one-carbon compound;
thioureas;
ureas		antioxidant;
chromophore
succimer
Succimer: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.. succimer : A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning.		3.2310dicarboxylic acid;
dithiol;
sulfur-containing carboxylic acid		chelator
digoxin
Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.		4.3730cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
streptozocin
[no description available]		3.2310
tamoxifen
[no description available]		3.6120stilbenoid;
tertiary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
ethionamide
Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide.		3.2310pyridines;
thiocarboxamide		antilipemic drug;
antitubercular agent;
fatty acid synthesis inhibitor;
leprostatic drug;
prodrug
cancidas
[no description available]		3.2310
fusidic acid
Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.		2.081011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
steroid acid;
steroid antibiotic;
sterol ester		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
lincomycin
Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.. lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.		3.2310carbohydrate-containing antibiotic;
L-proline derivative;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide;
S-glycosyl compound		antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
valinomycin
Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.		2.0810cyclodepsipeptide;
macrocycle		antimicrobial agent;
antiviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
potassium ionophore
estrone sulfate
estrone sulfate: sulfoconjugated estrone; RN given refers to parent cpd		3.151017-oxo steroid;
steroid sulfate		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
ranitidine
Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.		3.2310C-nitro compound;
furans;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
H2-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
aplaviroc
aplaviroc: a spiro-diketo-piperazine; a potent noncompetitive allosteric antagonist of the CCR5 receptor with concomitantly potent antiviral effects for HIV-1; structure in first source		3.2310
hmr 3647
[no description available]		3.8630
latoconazole
latoconazole: RN refers to cpd without isomeric designation; latoconazole is (E)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.0810conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug
maraviroc
[no description available]		3.6120tropane alkaloid
toremifene citrate
[no description available]		2.0810stilbenoidanticoronaviral agent
toremifene
Toremifene: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Like TAMOXIFEN, it is an estrogen agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is antagonistic on mammary and uterine tissue.		3.2310aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amine		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
nelarabine
nelarabine: prodrug of ara-G. nelarabine : A purine nucleoside in which O-methylguanine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. Inhibits DNA synthesis and causes cell death; a prodrug of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylguanine (ara-G).		3.6120beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
purine nucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
prodrug
glycylproline
Gly-Pro : A dipeptide consisting of L-proline having a glycyl residue attached to its alpha-amino group.		3.1510dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide		metabolite
2-[(2-ethoxyphenoxy)-phenylmethyl]morpholine
[no description available]		2.0510aromatic ether
6-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)pyridine
6-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)pyridine: an mGlu5 antagonist. 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine : A methylpyridine that coinsists of 2-methylp[yridine bearing an additional phenylethynyl group at position 6. Potent and highly selective non-competitive antagonist at the mGlu5 receptor subtype (IC50 = 36 nM) and a positive allosteric modulator at mGlu4 receptors. Centrally active following systemic administration in vivo. Reverses mechanical hyperalgesia in the inflamed rat hind paw.		2.1510acetylenic compound;
methylpyridines		anxiolytic drug;
metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
lithium
Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.		9.7221alkali metal atom
dermatan sulfate
Dermatan Sulfate: A naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found mostly in the skin and in connective tissue. It differs from CHONDROITIN SULFATE A (see CHONDROITIN SULFATES) by containing IDURONIC ACID in place of glucuronic acid, its epimer, at carbon atom 5. (from Merck, 12th ed). alpha-L-IdopA-(1->3)-beta-D-GalpNAc4S : An oligosaccharide sulfate that is 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactopyranose in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding alpha-L-idopyranuronoside.. dermatan sulfate : Any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeating units consisting of variously sulfated beta1->4-linked L-iduronyl-(alpha1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine units.		3.2310amino disaccharide;
glycosylgalactose derivative;
iduronic acids;
oligosaccharide sulfate
raclopride
Raclopride: A substituted benzamide that has antipsychotic properties. It is a dopamine D2 receptor (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE D2) antagonist.		5.0652salicylamides
dolasetron
[no description available]		3.5920indolyl carboxylic acid
gestodene
Gestodene: synthetic steroid with progestational activity; RN given refers to (17alpha)-isomer		2.0810steroidestrogen
orlistat
Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.		3.6120beta-lactone;
carboxylic ester;
formamides;
L-leucine derivative		anti-obesity agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
quinine
[no description available]		4.3930cinchona alkaloidantimalarial;
muscle relaxant;
non-narcotic analgesic
sch 23390
SCH 23390: a selective D1-receptor antagonist. SCH 23390 : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1, a methyl substituent at position 3, a chloro substituent at position 7 and a hydroxy substituent at position 8.		2.1110benzazepine
bp 897
BP 897: a dopamine D3 receptor agonist; structure in first source		2.0410naphthalenecarboxamide
fospropofol
[no description available]		3.2310alkylbenzene
azilect
[no description available]		2.0810
rasagiline
[no description available]		8.67152indanes;
secondary amine;
terminal acetylenic compound		EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
dasatinib
N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide: a dasatinib prodrug; structure in first source. dasatinib (anhydrous) : An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN).		3.61201,3-thiazoles;
aminopyrimidine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
tocainide, (s)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
quinagolide
quinagolide: structure & RN given in first source; a non-ergot dopamine D(2)-agonist		3.1110organic heterotricyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
nafadotride
nafadotride: structure given in first source. nafadotride : A naphthalenecarboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of 4-cyano-1-methoxynaphthalene-2-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of 1-(1-butylpyrrolidin-2-yl]methanamine. It is a highly potent, competitive, preferential dopamine D3 receptor antagonist, centrally active upon systemic administration.		1.9910aromatic ether;
naphthalenecarboxamide;
nitrile;
pyrrolidines;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist
sb 242084
6-chloro-5-methyl-1-((2-(2-methylpyrid-3-yloxy)pyrid-5-yl)carbamoyl)indoline: 5-HT(2C) receptor inverse agonist (antagonist); structure in first source		2.0810
sitagliptin
sitagliptin : A triazolopyrazine that exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		3.6120triazolopyrazine;
trifluorobenzene		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
hypoglycemic agent;
serine proteinase inhibitor;
xenobiotic
tolcapone
Tolcapone: A benzophenone and nitrophenol compound that acts as an inhibitor of CATECHOL O-METHYLTRANSFERASE, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of DOPAMINE and LEVODOPA. It is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE in patients for whom levodopa is ineffective or contraindicated.. tolcapone : Benzophenone substituted on one of the phenyl rings at C-3 and C-4 by hydroxy groups and at C-5 by a nitro group, and on the other phenyl ring by a methyl group at C-4. It is an inhibitor of catechol O-methyltransferase.		12.771112-nitrophenols;
benzophenones;
catechols		antiparkinson drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
quercetin
[no description available]		2.08107-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
bilirubin
[no description available]		3.1510biladienes;
dicarboxylic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dinoprost
Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.		2.0710monocarboxylic acid;
prostaglandins Falpha		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
calcitriol
dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes		3.8630D3 vitamins;
hydroxycalciol;
triol		antineoplastic agent;
antipsoriatic;
bone density conservation agent;
calcium channel agonist;
calcium channel modulator;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
alprostadil
[no description available]		2.0810prostaglandins Eanticoagulant;
human metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
vitamin d 2
Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.		3.6120hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-ergostane;
vitamin D		bone density conservation agent;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
rodenticide
bilirubin diglucuronide
[no description available]		3.1510
amphotericin b
Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.		3.2310antibiotic antifungal drug;
macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antiamoebic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
bacterial metabolite
clavulanic acid
Clavulanic Acid: A beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus. It is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase.. clavulanate : The conjugate base of clavulanic acid.. clavulanic acid : Antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes.		2.0310oxapenamantibacterial drug;
anxiolytic drug;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
pulmicort
Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.		3.863011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic acetal;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
drug allergen
oxymetholone
Oxymetholone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. It is used mainly in the treatment of anemias. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002), this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). oxymetholone : A 3-oxo-5alpha- steroid that is 4,5alpha-dihydrotestosterone which is substituted by a hydroxymethylidene group at position 2 and by a methyl group at the 17alpha position. A synthetic androgen, it was mainly used for the treatment of anaemias until being replaced by treatments with fewer side effects.		3.6120
eprosartan
eprosartan: angiotensin II receptor antagonist. eprosartan : A member of the class of imidazoles and thiophenes that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used for the treatment of high blood pressure.		3.6120dicarboxylic acid;
imidazoles;
thiophenes		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
montelukast
montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		3.5720aliphatic sulfide;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolines		anti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
leukotriene antagonist
mivacurium
Mivacurium: An isoquinoline derivative that is used as a short-acting non-depolarizing agent.		3.2310isoquinolines
brompheniramine maleate
brompheniramine maleate : The maleic acid salt of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		2.0810maleate saltanti-allergic agent
dexchlorpheniramine maleate
[no description available]		2.0810organic molecular entity
hemabate
carboprost tromethamine : The tromethamine salt of carboprost. It is used as an abortifacient agent that is effective in both the first and second trimesters of pregnancy.		3.2310
mycophenolate mofetil
mycophenolate mofetil : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between the carboxylic acid group of mycophenolic acid and the hydroxy group of 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethanol. In the liver, it is metabolised to mycophenolic acid, an immunosuppressant for which it is a prodrug. It is widely used to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants as well as for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		3.6120carboxylic ester;
ether;
gamma-lactone;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
entacapone
entacapone: structure given in first source. entacapone : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N,N-diethylprop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a cyano group and the hydrogen at the 3E position is substituted by a 3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl group.		9.392032-nitrophenols;
catechols;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
central nervous system drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
paricalcitol
[no description available]		3.2310hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane		antiparathyroid drug
estradiol-17 beta-glucuronide
17beta-estradiol 17-glucosiduronic acid : A steroid glucosiduronic acid that consists of 17beta-estradiol having a beta-glucuronyl residue attached at position 17 via a glycosidic linkage.		3.15103-hydroxy steroid;
steroid glucosiduronic acid
l 660,711
[no description available]		2.0810quinolines
travoprost
Travoprost: A cloprostenol derivative that is used as an ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT in the treatment of OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.. travoprost : The isopropyl ester of prostaglandin F2alpha in which the pentyl group is replaced by a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxymethyl group. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin F2alpha, ophthalmic solutions of travoprost are used as a topical medication for controlling the progression of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension, by reducing intraocular pressure. It is a pro-drug; the isopropyl ester group is hydrolysed by esterases in the cornea to the biologically active free acid, fluprostenol.		2.0810(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
isopropyl ester;
prostaglandins Falpha		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
ophthalmology drug;
prodrug;
prostaglandin receptor agonist
tranilast
tranilast: antiallergic drug; potent inhibitor of homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. tranilast : An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl group.		2.0810amidobenzoic acid;
cinnamamides;
dimethoxybenzene;
secondary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
calcium channel blocker;
hepatoprotective agent;
nephroprotective agent
7432 s
Ceftibuten: A cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.. ceftibuten : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl]amino substituent at the 7 position of the cephem skeleton. An orally-administered agent, ceftibuten is used as the dihydrate to treat urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.		3.2310cephalosporin;
dicarboxylic acid		antibacterial drug
8-epi-prostaglandin f2alpha
8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha: a potent preglomerular vasoconstrictor acting principally through thromboxane A2 receptor activation. 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha : An isoprostane that is prostaglandin F2alpha having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.		2.0710F2-isoprostanebiomarker;
bronchoconstrictor agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
imipenem
[no description available]		2.0810carbapenems
etretinate
retinoid : Oxygenated derivatives of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-1,3,5,7-tetraene and derivatives thereof.		2.0810enoate ester;
ethyl ester;
retinoid		keratolytic drug
isotretinoin
Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.		3.6120retinoic acidantineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
teratogenic agent
ketotifen fumarate
ketotifen fumarate : An organoammonium salt consisting of equimolar amounts of ketotifen(1+) and fumarate(1-) ions. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is a non-bronchodilator anti-asthmatic drug.		2.0810organoammonium saltanti-asthmatic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
epoprostenol
[no description available]		3.2310prostaglandins Imouse metabolite
indocyanine green
[no description available]		3.23101,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate;
benzoindole;
cyanine dye
dinoprost tromethamine
[no description available]		2.0810organic molecular entity
triprolidine
Triprolidine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic rhinitis; ASTHMA; and URTICARIA. It is a component of COUGH and COLD medicines. It may cause drowsiness.. triprolidine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is acrivastine in which the pyridine ring is lacking the propenoic acid substituent. It is a sedating antihistamine that is used (generally as the monohydrochloride monohydrate) for the relief of the symptoms of uticaria, rhinitis, and various pruritic skin disorders.		3.2310N-alkylpyrrolidine;
olefinic compound;
pyridines		H1-receptor antagonist
pitavastatin
pitavastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]hept-6-enoic acid in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-stereoisomer). Used as its calcium salt for treatment of hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood) on patients unable to sufficiently lower their cholesterol levels by diet and exercise.		3.2310cyclopropanes;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
quinolines;
statin (synthetic)		antioxidant
rosuvastatin calcium
S 4522: structure in first source		2.0810N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphinganine-1-phosphoethanolamine;
organic calcium salt		anti-inflammatory agent;
cardioprotective agent;
CETP inhibitor
terbinafine hydrochloride
terbinafine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of terbinafine with one molar equivalent of hydrogen chloride.		2.0810allylamine antifungal drug;
hydrochloride		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
ethamolin
monoethanolamine oleate: used for treatment of pyogenic granuloma		3.2310long-chain fatty acid
alatrofloxacin mesylate
[no description available]		3.2310
codeine
[no description available]		3.5720morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antitussive;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
opioid analgesic;
opioid receptor agonist;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
cyclosporine
ramihyphin A: one of the metabolites produced by Fusarium sp. S-435; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF		4.3930homodetic cyclic peptideanti-asthmatic drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antirheumatic drug;
carcinogenic agent;
dermatologic drug;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
metabolite
natamycin
[no description available]		2.0810antibiotic antifungal drug;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
epoxide;
macrolide antibiotic;
monosaccharide derivative;
polyene antibiotic		antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial food preservative;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
ophthalmology drug
acitretin
Acitretin: An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of ETRETINATE with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate.. acitretin : A retinoid that consists of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid having a 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl group attached at position 9.		3.6120acitretin;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
retinoid		keratolytic drug
estropipate
estropipate: used therapeutically in menopausal patients		3.2310piperazinium salt;
steroid sulfate
hydromorphone
Hydromorphone: An opioid analgesic made from MORPHINE and used mainly as an analgesic. It has a shorter duration of action than morphine.. hydromorphone : A morphinane alkaloid that is a hydrogenated ketone derivative of morphine. A semi-synthetic drug, it is a centrally acting pain medication of the opioid class.		3.8530morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
levetiracetam
Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.		4.140pyrrolidin-2-onesanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ly 163892
loracarbef: 1-carbacephem antibiotic; has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity; structure given in first source; carbacephems differ from cephalosporins in the substitution of a sulfur atom in the dihydrothiazine ring with a methylene group to form a tetrahydropyridine ring. loracarbef : A synthetic "carba" analogue of cefaclor, with carbon replacing sulfur at position 1. Used to treat a wide range of infections caused by both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.		3.2310carbacephem;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
nabilone
nabilone: cannabinol deriv; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		3.2310
nalmefene
nalmefene: RN given refers to 5-alpha isomer		2.0810morphinane alkaloid
naloxone
Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.		3.8630morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
oxycodone
Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.. oxycodone : A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain.		8.9830organic heteropentacyclic compound;
semisynthetic derivative		antitussive;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
oxymorphone
Oxymorphone: An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE, apart from an absence of cough suppressant activity. It is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including pain in obstetrics. It may also be used as an adjunct to anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1092)		3.2310morphinane alkaloid
vitamin k 1
Vitamin K 1: A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity.. phylloquinone : A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones.		3.2310phylloquinones;
vitamin K		cofactor;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
proscillaridin
Proscillaridin: A cardiotonic glycoside isolated from Scilla maritima var. alba (Squill).		2.0310organic molecular entity
sirolimus
Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.		3.8930antibiotic antifungal drug;
cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol		antibacterial drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
topiramate
Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.		4.7950cyclic ketal;
ketohexose derivative;
sulfamate ester		anticonvulsant;
sodium channel blocker
trospium chloride
trospium chloride : An organic chloride salt of trospium. It is an antispasmodic drug used for the treatment of overactive bladder.		3.2310
morphine
Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.		9.4560morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		anaesthetic;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
demycarosylturimycin h
[no description available]		2.0810
acipimox
acipimox: lipolysis inhibitor		2.0810pyrazinecarboxylic acid
atosiban
[no description available]		2.0810oligopeptide
benzphetamine
Benzphetamine: A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It is used in the treatment of obesity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1222). benzphetamine : Dextroamphetamine in which the the hydrogens attached to the amino group are substituted by a methyl and a benzyl group. A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to dextroamphetamine, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the treatment of obesity.		3.2310amphetamines;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
appetite depressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
sympathomimetic agent
bimatoprost
Bimatoprost: A cloprostenol-derived amide that is used as an ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT in the treatment of OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.		2.0810monocarboxylic acid amideantiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent
deamino arginine vasopressin
Deamino Arginine Vasopressin: A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR.		3.6820heterodetic cyclic peptidediagnostic agent;
renal agent;
vasopressin receptor agonist
dexmedetomidine
[no description available]		3.2310medetomidinealpha-adrenergic agonist;
analgesic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sedative
sb 277011
SB 277011: structure in first source		3.940
fluticasone
Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis.		2.031011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
thioester		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug
goserelin
Goserelin: A synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. Goserelin is used in treatments of malignant NEOPLASMS of the prostate, uterine fibromas, and metastatic breast cancer.		3.2310organic molecular entity
preclamol
preclamol: centrally acting dopamine receptor agonist with selectivity for autoreceptors		3.3770
j 113397
J 113397: an opioid receptor-like 1 (ORL1), orphanin FQ, and nociceptin receptor antagonist; structure in first source		2.0510
latanoprost
Latanoprost: A prostaglandin F analog used to treat OCULAR HYPERTENSION in patients with GLAUCOMA.. latanoprost : A prostaglandin Falpha that is the isopropyl ester prodrug of latanoprost free acid. Used in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.		2.0810isopropyl ester;
prostaglandins Falpha;
triol		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor;
prodrug
mdl 100907
Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of SEROTONIN or SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR AGONISTS. Included under this heading are antagonists for one or more specific 5-HT2 receptor subtypes.		2.4920
nalbuphine
Nalbuphine: A narcotic used as a pain medication. It appears to be an agonist at KAPPA RECEPTORS and an antagonist or partial agonist at MU RECEPTORS.		3.5720organic heteropentacyclic compoundmu-opioid receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic
nateglinide
Nateglinide: A phenylalanine and cyclohexane derivative that acts as a hypoglycemic agent by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas. It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.. nateglinide : An N-acyl-D-phenylalanine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of D-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of trans-4-isopropylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid. An orally-administered, rapidly-absorbed, short-acting insulinotropic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		3.6120phenylalanine derivative
pd 128907
[no description available]		2.48201-benzopyran
vinorelbine
[no description available]		3.2310acetate ester;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
ring assembly;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
silodosin
silodosin: an alpha(1a)-adrenoceptor-selective antagonist; structure given in first source		3.2310indolecarboxamide
fluvoxamine
Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.		3.5920(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
casein kinase ii
Casein Kinase II: A ubiquitous casein kinase that is comprised of two distinct catalytic subunits and dimeric regulatory subunit. Casein kinase II has been shown to phosphorylate a large number of substrates, many of which are proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression.		2.0810
su 11248
[no description available]		3.2310monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrroles		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
neuroprotective agent;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is N-isopropylindole which is substituted at position 3 by a p-fluorophenyl group and at position 2 by a 6-carboxy-3,5-dihydroxyhex-1-en-1-yl group. It has four possible diastereoisomers.		3.8630dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
indoles;
organofluorine compound
molsidomine
[no description available]		2.0810ethyl ester;
morpholines;
oxadiazole;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
levorphanol
Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection.		3.2310morphinane alkaloid
bismuth
Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.		3.3110metal atom;
pnictogen
naltrexone
Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.		3.8530cyclopropanes;
morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
environmental contaminant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
dextromethorphan
Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.		3.23106-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthreneantitussive;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
oneirogen;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
butorphanol
Butorphanol: A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.. butorphanol : Levorphanol in which a hydrogen at position 14 of the morphinan skeleton is substituted by hydroxy and one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl. A semi-synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic, it is used as its (S,S)-tartaric acid salt for relief or moderate to severe pain.		3.8730morphinane alkaloidantitussive;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
cefixime
[no description available]		3.6120cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
lisinopril
Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		3.6120dipeptideEC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
benazepril
benazepril: structure given in first source. benazepril : A benzazepine that is benazeprilat in which the carboxy group of the 2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid moiety has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester. It is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a prodrug for the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor benazeprilat in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.		3.2310benzazepine;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
lactam		EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
ramipril
Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles.		3.6120azabicycloalkane;
cyclopentapyrrole;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester		bradykinin receptor B2 agonist;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor;
prodrug
verteporfin
(2R,2(1)S)-8-ethenyl-2(1),2(2)-bis(methoxycarbonyl)-17-(3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl)-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13-propanoic acid : The 2(1),2(2),17-trimethyl ester of (2R,2(1)S)-2(1),2(2)-dicarboxy-8-ethenyl-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13,17-dipropanoic acid.		3.2310
indinavir sulfate
Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.		3.6120dicarboxylic acid diamide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
piperazinecarboxamide		HIV protease inhibitor
zimeldine
Zimeldine: One of the SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS formerly used for depression but was withdrawn worldwide in September 1983 because of the risk of GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME associated with its use. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p385)		3.2310styrenes
enalapril maleate
enalapril maleate : The maleic acid salt of enalapril. It contains one molecule of maleic acid for each molecule of enalapril. Following oral administration, the ethyl ester group of enalapril is hydrolysed to afford the corresponding carboxylic acid, enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. Enalapril is thus a prodrug for enalaprilat (which, unlike enalapril, is not absorbed by mouth), and its maleate is used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients.		2.0810maleate saltantihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
enalapril
Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).		4.3730dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
prodrug
trientine hydrochloride
[no description available]		3.2310
n-methylscopolamine bromide
scopolamine methobromide : A quaternary ammonium salt resulting from the reaction of the amino group of scopolamine with methyl bromide.		3.2310
bleomycin
[no description available]		3.2310bleomycinantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
phosphorus
Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.		1.9910monoatomic phosphorus;
nonmetal atom;
pnictogen		macronutrient
enalaprilat anhydrous
Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.. enalaprilat dihydrate : The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.. enalaprilat (anhydrous) : Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate.		3.6120dicarboxylic acid;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
ximelagatran
ximelagatran: prodrug (via hydroxylation) of melagatran & a direct thrombin inhibitor; liver toxicity concerns so AZD0837 being developed to replace this. ximelagatran : A member of the class of azetidines that is melagatran in which the carboxylic acid group has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester and in which the amidine group has been converted into the corresponding amidoxime. A prodrug for melagatran, ximelagatran was the first orally available direct thrombin inhibitor to be brought to market as an anticoagulant, but was withdrawn in 2006 following reports of it causing liver damage.		3.2310amidoxime;
azetidines;
carboxamide;
ethyl ester;
hydroxylamines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary carboxamide		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
prodrug;
serine protease inhibitor
cefuroxime
[no description available]		3.23103-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin;
furans;
oxime O-ether		drug allergen
ceftriaxone
[no description available]		3.23101,2,4-triazines;
1,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
cefepime
Cefepime: A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. It is effective against PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA and may also be used in the empiric treatment of FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA.. cefepime : A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		3.2310cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug
pafuramidine
pafuramidine: a prodrug of furamidine		3.2310
ceftazidime
[no description available]		3.2310cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
trandolapril
trandolapril : A heterobicylic compound that is (2S,3aR,7aS)-1-[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the amino group is substituted by a (2R)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group. It is a angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a prodrug used for the treatment of hypertension.		3.8630dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
pregabalin
Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.		9.77113gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker
alvimopan anhydrous
alvimopan: mu opioid receptor antagonist; intended to treat constipation in patients taking opiates for pain		3.6120peptide
aliskiren
aliskiren: orally active nonpeptidic renin inhibitor. aliskiren : A monomethoxybenzene compound having a 3-methoxypropoxy group at the 2-position and a multi-substituted branched alkyl substituent at the 4-position.		3.2310monocarboxylic acid amide;
monomethoxybenzene		antihypertensive agent
famotidine
[no description available]		3.61201,3-thiazoles;
guanidines;
sulfonamide		anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
3,3'-dihexyl-2,2'-oxacarbocyanine
3,3'-dihexyl-2,2'-oxacarbocyanine: a fluorescent probe		2.0210
carbocyanines
Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.		2.0210cyanine dye;
organic iodide salt		fluorochrome
cefotaxime
Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.		3.23101,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
aztreonam
[no description available]		3.2310beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
monobactam		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
(R)-citalopram
(R)-citalopram : A 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile that has R-configuration at the chiral centre. It is the inactive enantiomer of citalopram.		2.03101-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile
cci 15641
[no description available]		2.0810cephalosporin
cefpodoxime
[no description available]		3.2310carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
palonosetron
Palonosetron: Isoquinoline and quinuclidine derivative that acts as a 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used in the prevention of nausea and vomiting induced by cytotoxic chemotherapy, and for the prevention of post-operative nausea and vomiting.. palonosetron : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is an antiemetic used (as its hydrochloride salt) in combination with netupitant (under the trade name Akynzeo) to treat nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy.		3.2310azabicycloalkane;
delta-lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antiemetic;
serotonergic antagonist
tenofovir disoproxil fumarate
tenofovir disoproxil fumarate : A fumarate salt prepared from equimolar amounts of tenofovir disoproxil and fumaric acid. It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.		2.0810fumarate saltantiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
dizocilpine maleate
Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.		2.5220maleate salt;
tetracyclic antidepressant		anaesthetic;
anticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist
dexbrompheniramine maleate
dexbrompheniramine maleate : The maleic acid salt of the (pharmacologically active) (S)-(+)-enantiomer of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		2.0810brompheniramine maleateanti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
bongkrekic acid
Bongkrekic Acid: An antibiotic produced by Pseudomonas cocovenenans. It is an inhibitor of MITOCHONDRIAL ADP, ATP TRANSLOCASES. Specifically, it blocks adenine nucleotide efflux from mitochondria by enhancing membrane binding.. bongkrekic acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is docosa-2,4,8,10,14,18,20-heptaenedioic acid substituted at positions 2 ,5 and 17 by methyl groups, at positions 6 by a methoxy group and at position 20 by a carboxymethyl group. It is produced by the bacterium Burkholderia gladioli and implicated in outbreaks of food-borne illness involving coconut and corn-based products in Indonesia and China.		2.0110ether;
olefinic compound;
tricarboxylic acid		apoptosis inhibitor;
ATP/ADP translocase inhibitor;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
toxin
rifaximin
[no description available]		3.6120acetate ester;
cyclic ketal;
lactam;
macrocycle;
organic heterohexacyclic compound;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative		antimicrobial agent;
gastrointestinal drug;
orphan drug
everolimus
[no description available]		3.6120cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
ixabepilone
[no description available]		3.23101,3-thiazoles;
beta-hydroxy ketone;
epoxide;
lactam;
macrocycle		antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent
cefpodoxime proxetil
cefpodoxime proxetil: structure given in first source; prodrug for cefpodoxime. cefpodoxime proxetil : The 1-[(isopropoxycarbonyl)oxy]ethyl (proxetil) ester prodrug of cefpodoxime. After swallowing, hydrolysis of the ester group occurs in the intestinal epithelium, to release active cefpodoxime in the bloodstream. It is used to treat acute otitis media, pharyngitis, and sinusitis.		2.0810carboxylic acid;
carboxylic ester;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug;
prodrug
ceftizoxime
[no description available]		4.120cephalosporinantibacterial drug
1-methyl-d-lysergic acid butanolamide
[no description available]		3.5720ergot alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide		serotonergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
fluphenazine
[no description available]		2.0810
7-hydroxy-2-n,n-dipropylaminotetralin, (r)-isomer
[no description available]		2.4620
nitrofurantoin
Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.		3.8630imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
hepatotoxic agent
lactacystin
[no description available]		7.4520lactam;
S-substituted L-cysteine
sk&f-38393
(R)-SKF 38393 : A 1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol that is the R-enantiomer of SKF 38393.		2.04101-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol
ergoline
Ergolines: A series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure.. ergoline : An indole alkaloid whose structural skeleton is found in many naturally occurring and synthetic ergolines which are known to bind to neurotransmitter receptors, such as dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin receptors and function as unselective agonists or antagonists at these receptors.		11.54455diamine;
ergoline alkaloid;
indole alkaloid fundamental parent;
indole alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound
dantrolene
[no description available]		3.2310
roxithromycin
(E)-roxithromycin : A major geometrical isomer of roxithromycin.		2.0810roxithromycinenvironmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cefdinir
[no description available]		3.6120cephalosporin;
ketoxime		antibacterial drug
etonogestrel
[no description available]		3.231017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin
bisoprolol, fumarate (1:1) salt
[no description available]		2.0810
artesunate
artesunic acid: RN given for (3R-(3alpha,5abeta,6beta,8abeta,9alpha,10alpha,12beta,(2aR*))-isomer; succinic ester of artemether		2.0810artemisinin derivative;
cyclic acetal;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
hemisuccinate;
semisynthetic derivative;
sesquiterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
ferroptosis inducer
etoposide phosphate
[no description available]		2.0810furonaphthodioxole
ciclesonide
ciclesonide: nasal spray approved for seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis		2.0810organic molecular entity
temsirolimus
[no description available]		3.6120macrolide lactam
dutasteride
Dutasteride: A 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE INHIBITOR that is reported to inhibit both type-1 and type2 isoforms of the enzyme and is used to treat BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. dutasteride : An aza-steroid that is inasteride in which the tert-butyl group is replaced by a 2,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group. A synthetic 4-azasteroid, dutasteride is a selective inhibitor of both the type 1 and type 2 isoforms of steroid 5alpha-reductase, an intracellular enzyme that converts testosterone to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Dutasteride is used for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia in men with an enlarged prostate gland.		3.8630(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aza-steroid;
delta-lactam		antihyperplasia drug;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
tekturna
[no description available]		2.0810fumarate saltantihypertensive agent
lu 208075
ambrisentan: an ET(A) receptor antagonist and antihypertensive agent; studied for use in pulmonary arterial hypertension		3.2310diarylmethane
bibx 1382bs
BIBX 1382BS: an ErbB receptor kinase inhibitor; no further information available 4/2001		3.2310substituted aniline
pardoprunox
pardoprunox: structure in first source		3.4511
vildagliptin
[no description available]		2.0810amino acid amide
fesoterodine
fesoterodine: a muscarinic antagonist for treatment of overactive bladder		3.2310diarylmethane
sgd 301-76
[no description available]		2.0810conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
organic nitrate salt		antiinfective agent
fluvoxamine maleate
[no description available]		2.0810(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
thioacetazone
Thioacetazone: A thiosemicarbazone that is used in association with other antimycobacterial agents in the initial and continuation phases of antituberculosis regimens. Thiacetazone containing regimens are less effective than the short-course regimen recommended by the International Union Against Tuberculosis and are used in some developing countries to reduce drug costs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p217). thiosemicarbazone : A hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of an aldehyde or ketone with the non-thioacylated nitrogen of thiosemicarbazide or its substituted derivatives.		2.0810
gemifloxacin
Gemifloxacin: A naphthyridine and fluoroquinolone derivative antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia and acute bacterial infections associated with chronic bronchitis.. gemifloxacin : A 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a substituted pyrrolin-1-yl group at the 7-position.		3.57201,8-naphthyridine derivative;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
dexlansoprazole
Dexlansoprazole: The R-isomer of lansoprazole that is used to treat severe GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE.		3.6120benzimidazoles;
sulfoxide
gemifloxacin mesylate
gemifloxacin mesylate : The mesylate salt of gemifloxacin.		2.0810methanesulfonate saltantimicrobial agent;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
fosinopril
[no description available]		4.120
armodafinil
armodafinil : A 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide that has R configuration at the sulfur atom. Like its racemate, modafinil, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. Peak concentration in the blood later occurs later following administration than with modafinil, so it is thought that armodafinil may be more effective than modafinil in treating people with excessive daytime sleepiness.		3.23102-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamidecentral nervous system stimulant;
eugeroic
norfenfluramine
Dexnorfenfluramine: D-isomer of Norfenfluramine		2.0310amphetamines
euk-134
EUK-134: antioxidant; structure in first source		2.5220
stalevo
Stalevo: Levodopa, carbidopa & entacapone (Catechols), intended as improved therapy for Parkinson Disease		2.0810
sincalide
Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.		4.120oligopeptide
tapentadol
Tapentadol: An opioid analgesic, MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, and of pain associated with DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES.		3.2310alkylbenzene
pentagastrin
Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.		3.2310organic molecular entity
cefditoren
cefditoren: structure given in first source; RN given refers to the (6R-(3(Z),6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer. cefditoren : A broad spectrum, third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with (Z)-2-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethenyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. Generally administered as its orally absorbed pivaloyloxymethyl ester prodrug, it is used for the treatment of mild to moderate infections caused by susceptible strains of microorganisms in acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, community-acquired pneumonia, pharyngitis/tonsillitis, and uncomplicated skin and skin-structure infections.		3.2310carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
rivaroxaban
Rivaroxaban: A morpholine and thiophene derivative that functions as a FACTOR XA INHIBITOR and is used in the treatment and prevention of DEEP-VEIN THROMBOSIS and PULMONARY EMBOLISM. It is also used for the prevention of STROKE and systemic embolization in patients with non-valvular ATRIAL FIBRILLATION, and for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in patients after an ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. rivaroxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 4-{4-[(5S)-5-(aminomethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]phenyl}morpholin-3-one. An anticoagulant used for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with knee or hip replacement surgery.		2.0810aromatic amide;
lactam;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
morpholines;
organochlorine compound;
oxazolidinone;
thiophenes		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
ngb 2904
NGB 2904: a dopamine D3 receptor antagonist; structure in first source		2.5220fluorenes
flb 457
FLB 457: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source		8.4511
hki 272
[no description available]		2.0810nitrile;
quinolines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
tofacitinib
tofacitinib : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted at position 4 by an N-methyl,N-(1-cyanoacetyl-4-methylpiperidin-3-yl)amino moiety. Used as its citrate salt to treat moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis.		2.0810N-acylpiperidine;
nitrile;
pyrrolopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound		antirheumatic drug;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
n-((1-allyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl)-5-(3-fluoropropyl)-2,3-dimethoxybenzamide
N-((1-allyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl)-5-(3-fluoropropyl)-2,3-dimethoxybenzamide: structure in first source		2.1310
2-carbomethoxy-8-(3-fluoropropyl)-3-(4-iodophenyl)tropane
2-carbomethoxy-8-(3-fluoropropyl)-3-(4-iodophenyl)tropane: used in PET and SPECT imaging of dopamine transporters; structure in first source		4.0740
pazopanib
pazopanib: a protein kinase inhibitor. pazopanib : A pyrimidine that is 5-(pyrimidin-2-yl}amino-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide substituted at position 4 by a (2,3-dimethylindazol-6-yl)(methyl)amino group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of kidney cancer.		3.6120aminopyrimidine;
indazoles;
sulfonamide		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
prasugrel hydrochloride
Prasugrel Hydrochloride: A piperazine derivative and PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITOR that is used to prevent THROMBOSIS in patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; UNSTABLE ANGINA and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, as well as in those undergoing PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTIONS.. prasugrel hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-prasugrel hydrochloride. Used to prevent blood clots in people with acute coronary syndrome who are undergoing a procedure after a recent heart attack or stroke, and in people with certain disorders of the heart or blood vessels.		3.2310
alpha-synuclein
alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.		3.9110
amg 009
AMG 009: an anti-inflammatory agent; structure in first source		2.0810
cefotaxime sodium
[no description available]		2.0810organic sodium salt
baci-im
[no description available]		3.2310homodetic cyclic peptide;
polypeptide;
zwitterion		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent
lactulose
Lactulose: A synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887). lactulose : A synthetic galactosylfructose disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.		2.0210
bms 477118
[no description available]		3.2310adamantanes;
azabicycloalkane;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile;
tertiary alcohol		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
nystatin a1
Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.		3.2310nystatins
5-hydroxy-2-n,n-dipropylaminotetralin, (s)-isomer
[no description available]		2.5120
pg 01037
[no description available]		2.0710
milnacipran
[no description available]		3.8530acetamides
losartan potassium
Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.		2.0810
indocyanine green
Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.		3.31101,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate;
benzoindole;
cyanine dye
scopolamine hydrobromide
[no description available]		3.6520
dactolisib
dactolisib: antineoplastic agent that inhibits both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mTOR. dactolisib : An imidazoquinoline that is 3-methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline substituted at position 1 by a 4-(1-cyanoisopropyl)phenyl group and at position 8 by a quinolin-3-yl group. A dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor used in cancer treatment.		2.0810imidazoquinoline;
nitrile;
quinolines;
ring assembly;
ureas		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
mTOR inhibitor
dihydroergocryptine
Dihydroergocryptine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE that contains an isopropyl sidechain at the 2' position and an alpha-isobutyl sidechain at 5'alpha position of the molecule.		3.1210
rabeprazole sodium
[no description available]		2.0810organic sodium salt
cytochrome c-t
Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.		2.9740
bivalirudin
bivalirudin: designed to bind to the alpha-thrombin catalytic site and anion-binding exosite for fibrin(ogen) recognition. bivalirudin : A synthetic peptide of 20 amino acids, comprising D-Phe, Pro, Arg, Pro, Gly, Gly, Gly, Gly, Asn, Gly, Asp, Phe, Glu, Glu, Ile, Pro, Glu, Glu, Tyr, and Leu in sequence. A congener of hirudin (a naturally occurring drug found in the saliva of the medicinal leech), it a specific and reversible inhibitor of thrombin, and is used as an anticoagulant.		3.6120polypeptideanticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
somatostatin
[no description available]		2.0810heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone
enfuvirtide
Enfuvirtide: A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide that corresponds to the heptad repeat sequence of HIV-1 gp41. It blocks HIV cell fusion and viral entry and is used with other anti-retrovirals for combination therapy of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. enfuvirtide : A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide consisting of N-acetyltyrosyl, threonyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, histidyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, seryl, glutaminyl, asparaginyl, glutaminyl, glutaminyl, alpha-glutamyl, lysyl, asparaginyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, leucyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, alpha-aspartyl, lysyl, tryptophyl, alanyl, seryl, leucyl, tryptophyl, asparaginyl, tryptophyl, and phenylalaninamide residues joined in sequence. An HIV fusion inhibitor, it was the first of a novel class of antiretroviral drugs used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. It interferes with entry of HIV into cells by binding to the gp41 sub-unit of the viral envelope glycoprotein, so inhibiting fusion of viral and cellular membranes.		3.2310
ganirelix
[no description available]		3.2310polypeptide
nociceptin
[no description available]		2.0510organic molecular entity;
polypeptide		human metabolite;
rat metabolite
teriparatide
[no description available]		3.2310polypeptide
salmon calcitonin
[no description available]		3.2310heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone;
polypeptide		bone density conservation agent;
metabolite
ly-146032
[no description available]		3.6120heterodetic cyclic peptide;
lipopeptide antibiotic;
lipopeptide;
macrocycle;
macrolide		antibacterial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
calcium-dependent antibiotics
acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ilys-prolyl-alaninamide
acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ILys-prolyl-alaninamide: FE-200486 is the acetate salt		3.2310polypeptide
exenatide
[no description available]		3.2310
warfarin sodium
warfarin sodium : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin sodium. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.		2.0810
pravastatin sodium
pravastatin sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of pravastatin. A reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA), it is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.		2.0810organic sodium salt;
statin (semi-synthetic)		anticholesteremic drug
alendronate sodium
[no description available]		2.0810
sphingosine kinase
[no description available]		7.1710
sl 80.0750
[no description available]		2.0810
chitosan
[no description available]		7.1710
yil 781
YIL 781: an appetite suppressant and weight loss promoter; structure in first source		2.3110
mesna
Mesna: A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.		3.6120organosulfonic acid
bucladesine
Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.		1.99103',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
clavulanate potassium
potassium clavulanate : A potassium salt having clavulanate as the counterion. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes and has only weak anitbiotic activity when administered alone. However it can be used in combination with amoxicillin trihydrate (under the trade name Augmentin) for treatment of a variety of bacterial infections, where it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamases.		2.0810potassium saltantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
taurocholic acid, monosodium salt
[no description available]		3.1510bile salt
sodium lactate
Sodium Lactate: The sodium salt of racemic or inactive lactic acid. It is a hygroscopic agent used intravenously as a systemic and urinary alkalizer.. sodium lactate : An organic sodium salt having lactate as the counterion.		3.2310lactate salt;
organic sodium salt		food acidity regulator;
food preservative
piperacillin sodium
[no description available]		2.0810organic sodium salt
sodium iothalamate
[no description available]		3.2310
oxacillin sodium
[no description available]		2.0810organic sodium salt
cefazolin sodium
cefazolin sodium : A cephalosporin organic sodium salt having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups.		2.0810organic sodium salt
ro13-9904
Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.		3.5111
azlocillin sodium
[no description available]		2.0810organic sodium salt
quetiapine fumarate
Quetiapine Fumarate: A dibenzothiazepine and ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT that targets the SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR, adrenergic alpha1 and alpha2 receptors, as well as the DOPAMINE D1 RECEPTOR and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR. It is used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER and DEPRESSIVE DISORDER.		6.8861fumarate salt
cetrorelix
cetrorelix: LHRH antagonist. cetrorelix : A synthetic ten-membered oligopeptide comprising N-acetyl-3-(naphthalen-2-yl)-D-alanyl, 4-chloro-D-phenylalanyl, 3-(pyridin-3-yl)-D-alanyl, L-seryl, L-tyrosyl, N(5)-carbamoyl-D-ornithyl, L-leucyl, L-arginyl, L-prolyl, and D-alaninamide residues coupled in sequence. A gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist, it is used for treatment of infertility and of hormone-sensitive cancers of the prostate and breast.		3.2310oligopeptideantineoplastic agent;
GnRH antagonist
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		3.89120
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		3.2310ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
raltegravir
[no description available]		3.23101,2,4-oxadiazole;
dicarboxylic acid amide;
hydroxypyrimidine;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrimidone;
secondary carboxamide		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
novobiocin
Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.		3.1510carbamate ester;
ether;
hexoside;
hydroxycoumarin;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		4.6240
chlortetracycline
Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.		2.0310
oxytetracycline, anhydrous
Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.		3.5720
minocycline
Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.		4.3730
methacycline
Methacycline: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic related to TETRACYCLINE but excreted more slowly and maintaining effective blood levels for a more extended period.. methacycline : A tetracycline that is the 6-methylene analogue of oxytetracycline, obtained by formal dehydration at position 6.		2.0310
salicylates
Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.		2.5220monohydroxybenzoateplant metabolite
piroxicam
[no description available]		3.8630benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
roquinimex
roquinimex: structure in first source		2.0810aromatic amide
mobic
Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.		3.61201,3-thiazoles;
benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobiflex
tenoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also indicated for short term treatment of acute musculoskeletal disorders including strains, sprains and other soft-tissue injuries.		2.0810heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
isoxicam
isoxicam : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is piroxicam in which the pyrid-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the market in the 1980s following its association with cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome.		2.0810benzothiazine;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antirheumatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		3.2310benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
demeclocycline
Demeclocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog having a 7-chloro and a 6-methyl. Because it is excreted more slowly than tetracycline, it maintains effective blood levels for longer periods of time.. demeclocycline : Tetracycline which lacks the methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the hydrogen para- to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by chlorine. Like tetracycline, it is an antibiotic, but being excreted more slowly, effective blood levels are maintained for longer. It is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.		3.2310
phenprocoumon
Phenprocoumon: Coumarin derivative that acts as a long acting oral anticoagulant.. phenprocoumon : A hydroxycoumarin that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenylpropyl group.		2.0110hydroxycoumarinanticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
tipranavir
tipranavir: inhibits HIV-1 protease. tipranavir : A pyridine-2-sulfonamide substituted at C-5 by a trifluoromethyl group and at the sulfonamide nitrogen by a dihydropyrone-containing m-tolyl substituent. It is an HIV-1 protease inhibitor.		3.2310sulfonamideantiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
minocycline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0810
tigecycline
[no description available]		3.6120
(S)-warfarin
(S)-warfarin : A 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one that has (S)-configuration (the racemate is warfarin, an anticoagulant drug and rodenticide).		2.03104-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one
lornoxicam
lornoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain, primarily resulting from inflammatory diseases of the joints, osteoarthritis, surgery, sciatica and other inflammations.		2.0810heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fertinex
[no description available]		3.2310
nitrophenols
Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.		7.1771
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		7.1110
lactoferrin
Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.		7.4110
entecavir
entecavir (anhydrous) : Guanine substituted at the 9 position by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl group. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, it is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Entecavir is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.		3.61202-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
acyclovir
Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.		4.39302-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug
cyclic gmp
Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.		3.83303',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
guanyl ribonucleotide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sapropterin
sapropterin: RN given refers to parent cpd; co-factor required for catalytic activity of nitric oxide synthases. (6R)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin : A 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin in which the stereocentre at position 6 has R-configuration.. sapropterin : A tetrahydropterin that is 2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridin-4(3H)-one in which a hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a 1,2-dihydroxypropyl group (6R,1'R,2'S-enantiomer).		2.07105,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterincoenzyme;
cofactor;
diagnostic agent;
human metabolite
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		4.1120folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
rifampin
Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)		4.7850cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine
Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.		7.24111benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
GABA antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
xenobiotic
dacarbazine
(E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		3.8730dacarbazine
didanosine
Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS.		3.6120purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
ganciclovir
[no description available]		3.61202-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antiinfective agent;
antiviral drug
valtrex
[no description available]		2.0810organic molecular entity
valacyclovir
Valacyclovir: A prodrug of acyclovir that is used in the treatment of HERPES ZOSTER and HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION of the skin and mucous membranes, including GENITAL HERPES.		4.120L-valyl esterantiviral drug
sildenafil
sildenafil : A pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a propyl substituent at the 3-position and a 2-ethoxy-5-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)sulfonyl]phenyl group at the 5-position.		3.5720piperazines;
pyrazolopyrimidine;
sulfonamide		EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
olanzapine
Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.		791benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
raltitrexed
[no description available]		2.0810N-acyl-amino acid
vardenafil
vardenafil : The sulfonamide resulting from formal condensation of the sulfo group of 4-ethoxy-3-(5-methyl-7-propylimidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(1H)-one-2-yl)benzenesulfonic acid and the secondary amino group of 4-ethylpiperazine.		3.5720imidazotriazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-sulfonylpiperazine		EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
allopurinol
Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.		3.6120nucleobase analogue;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimetabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
gout suppressant;
radical scavenger
citrovorum factor
[no description available]		3.6120tetrahydrofolic acid
leucovorin
5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : A formyltetrahydrofolic acid in which the formyl group is located at position 5.		3.2310formyltetrahydrofolic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
rifapentine
rifapentine: cyclopentyl derivative of rifampicin		3.6120N-alkylpiperazine;
N-iminopiperazine;
rifamycins		antitubercular agent;
leprostatic drug
bl 4162a
anagrelide: imidazoquinazoline derivative which lowers platelet count probably by inhibiting thrombopoiesis and reduces platelet aggregation; used for thrombocythemia; structure in first source. anagrelide : A 1,5-dihydroimidazo[2,1-]quinazoline having an oxo substituent at the 2-position and chloro substituents at the 6- and 7-positions.		3.2310imidazoquinazolineanticoagulant;
antifibrinolytic drug;
cardiovascular drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
tegaserod
tegaserod: a nonbenzamide 5-hydroxytryptamine(4) agonist; used in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome; marketing suspended 2007 in US due to higher incidence of MI, stroke, and unstable angina; structure given in first source		3.2310carboxamidine;
guanidines;
hydrazines;
indoles		gastrointestinal drug;
serotonergic agonist
pemetrexed
pemetrexed disodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of N-{4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl}-L-glutamic acid. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).		3.2310N-acyl-L-glutamic acid;
pyrrolopyrimidine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.2.2 (phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase) inhibitor
sildenafil citrate
Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.		2.7530citrate saltEC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
valganciclovir
Valganciclovir: A ganciclovir prodrug and antiviral agent that is used to treat CYTOMEGALOVIRUS RETINITIS in patients with AIDS, and for the prevention of CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS in organ transplant recipients who have received an organ from a CMV-positive donor.. valganciclovir : The L-valinyl ester of ganciclovir, into which it is rapidly converted by intestinal and hepatic esterases. It is a synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine.		3.2310L-valyl ester;
purines		antiviral drug;
prodrug
aprepitant
Aprepitant: A morpholine neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist that is used in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by DRUG THERAPY, and for the prevention of POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING.. aprepitant : A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors.		3.8630(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
cyclic acetal;
morpholines;
triazoles		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
substance P receptor antagonist
fosaprepitant
fosaprepitant: a pro-drug form of aprepitant. fosaprepitant : A morpholine derivative that is the (1R)-1-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethyl ether of (3-{[(2R,3S)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxymorpholin-4-yl]methyl}-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)phosphonic acid.		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
cyclic acetal;
morpholines;
phosphoramide;
triazoles		antiemetic;
neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist;
prodrug
tegaserod maleate
[no description available]		2.0810maleate saltserotonergic agonist
rifabutin
[no description available]		3.6120
levomefolate calcium
levomefolate calcium: an ingredient in Contraceptives, Oral, Combined. levomefolate calcium : An organic calcium salt of (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid.		3.2310organic calcium saltantidepressant
eye
[no description available]		2.1310
carbidopa
Carbidopa: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that prevents conversion of LEVODOPA to dopamine. It is used in PARKINSON DISEASE to reduce peripheral adverse effects of LEVODOPA. It has no anti-parkinson activity by itself.. carbidopa : The hydrate of 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.		10.12266
phenanthrenes
Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.		2.0110
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		05.28121
Hypothermia, Accidental
[description not available]		02.9940
Hypothermia
Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.		07.9940
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		03.730
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		05.0890
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		03.730
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		05.0890
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		010.04560
Anemia, Fanconi
[description not available]		02.1310
Fanconi Anemia
Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)		02.1310
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		022.342098
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)		124.342098
Congenital Zika Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2510
Zika Virus Infection
A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.		02.2510
Refractory Depression
[description not available]		07.2262
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar
[description not available]		013.963912
Bipolar Disorder
A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.		115.963912
Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant
Failure to respond to two or more trials of antidepressant monotherapy or failure to respond to four or more trials of different antidepressant therapies. (Campbell's Psychiatric Dictionary, 9th ed.)		07.2262
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		011.42379
Depression, Involutional
Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.		011.452313
Depressive Disorder, Major
Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)		011.452313
Pain, Chronic
[description not available]		03.0430
Restless Leg Syndrome
[description not available]		018.317751
Restless Legs Syndrome
A disorder characterized by aching or burning sensations in the lower and rarely the upper extremities that occur prior to sleep or may awaken the patient from sleep.		120.317751
Chronic Pain
Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.		15.0430
Allodynia
[description not available]		08.3340
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		05.9651
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.		05.9651
Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders
Disorders whose essential features are the failure to resist an impulse, drive, or temptation to perform an act that is harmful to the individual or to others. Individuals experience an increased sense of tension prior to the act and pleasure, gratification or release of tension at the time of committing the act.		09.38252
Atrioventricular Conduction Block
[description not available]		02.4110
Atrioventricular Block
Impaired impulse conduction from HEART ATRIA to HEART VENTRICLES. AV block can mean delayed or completely blocked impulse conduction.		02.4110
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis
[description not available]		02.4110
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		06.1841
Pancreatitis
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.		07.4110
Cognitive Decline
[description not available]		02.4110
Cognitive Dysfunction
Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.		02.4110
Encephalopathy, Traumatic
[description not available]		04.2850
Brain Injuries, Traumatic
A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.		04.2850
Gambling, Pathologic
[description not available]		08.67332
Gambling
An activity distinguished primarily by an element of risk in trying to obtain a desired goal, e.g., playing a game of chance for money.		08.67332
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		02.4110
Taste Disorder, Anterior Tongue
[description not available]		02.4110
chronic COVID syndrome
[description not available]		02.4110
Psychoses
[description not available]		07.5762
Dementia Praecox
[description not available]		09.394
Psychotic Disorders
Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)		19.5762
Schizophrenia
A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.		111.394
Acute Brain Injuries
[description not available]		07.0862
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral
[description not available]		02.5220
Brain Injuries
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.		07.0862
Cerebral Hemorrhage
Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		07.5220
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		03.0440
Cystitis
Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.		07.4110
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		08.0440
Ache
[description not available]		08.95116
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		08.95116
Sepsis Associated Delirium
[description not available]		02.610
Abnormal Movements
[description not available]		010.72126
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction
[description not available]		03.5720
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		08.0140
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		02.6320
Cerebral Infarction
The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).		03.5720
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		03.0140
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		02.6320
Paralysis, Legs
[description not available]		02.5520
Injuries, Spinal Cord
[description not available]		03.0340
Paraplegia
Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.		02.5520
Spinal Cord Injuries
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).		03.0340
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		04.421
Eosinophilia, Pulmonary
[description not available]		04.421
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		04.421
Pulmonary Eosinophilia
A condition characterized by infiltration of the lung with EOSINOPHILS due to inflammation or other disease processes. Major eosinophilic lung diseases are the eosinophilic pneumonias caused by infections, allergens, or toxic agents.		04.421
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		09.38500
Parkinsonian Disorders
A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.		09.38500
Lesion of Sciatic Nerve
[description not available]		02.610
Peripheral Nerve Injury
[description not available]		02.610
Nerve Pain
[description not available]		04.0340
Neuralgia
Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.		04.0340
Peripheral Nerve Injuries
Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.		02.610
Anhedonia
Inability to experience pleasure due to impairment or dysfunction of normal psychological and neurobiological mechanisms. It is a symptom of many PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS (e.g., DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; and SCHIZOPHRENIA).		010.7561
Addiction, Opioid
[description not available]		02.7830
Opioid-Related Disorders
Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of OPIOIDS.		02.7830
Birth Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		03.1210
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		04.0750
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular
[description not available]		03.1210
Apoplexy
[description not available]		04.1950
Cardiometabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.		03.1210
Glucose Metabolic Disorder
[description not available]		03.1210
Chronic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		03.1210
Co-infection
[description not available]		03.1210
Neonatal Death
The death of a live-born INFANT less than 28 days of age.		03.1210
Pulmonary Arterial Remodeling
[description not available]		03.1210
Debility
[description not available]		03.1210
Arthritis, Juvenile Chronic
[description not available]		03.1210
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		05.1131
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		03.1210
Infant, Newborn, Diseases
Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.		03.1210
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		03.1210
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		05.8550
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		03.1210
Central Retinal Edema, Cystoid
[description not available]		03.1210
MS (Multiple Sclerosis)
[description not available]		03.5520
Arthritis, Degenerative
[description not available]		03.1210
Coxarthrosis
[description not available]		03.1210
Infections, Helicobacter
[description not available]		03.1210
Cardiac Arrest, Sudden
[description not available]		03.1210
Central Nervous System Toxoplasmosis
[description not available]		03.420
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia
[description not available]		03.1210
Coccidioides immitis Infection
[description not available]		03.1210
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections
Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.		03.420
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		05.9391
Arthritis, Juvenile
Arthritis in children, with onset before 16 years of age. The terms juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) refer to classification systems for chronic arthritis in children. Only one subtype of juvenile arthritis (polyarticular-onset, rheumatoid factor-positive) clinically resembles adult rheumatoid arthritis and is considered its childhood equivalent.		03.1210
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		04.0750
Coccidioidomycosis
Infection with a fungus of the genus COCCIDIOIDES, endemic to the SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES. It is sometimes called valley fever but should not be confused with RIFT VALLEY FEVER. Infection is caused by inhalation of airborne, fungal particles known as arthroconidia, a form of FUNGAL SPORES. A primary form is an acute, benign, self-limited respiratory infection. A secondary form is a virulent, severe, chronic, progressive granulomatous disease with systemic involvement. It can be detected by use of COCCIDIOIDIN.		03.1210
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		05.1131
Diabetic Retinopathy
Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.		03.1210
Electrolytes
Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		03.1210
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		03.1210
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		03.1210
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		05.8550
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		03.1210
Macular Edema
Fluid accumulation in the outer layer of the MACULA LUTEA that results from intraocular or systemic insults. It may develop in a diffuse pattern where the macula appears thickened or it may acquire the characteristic petaloid appearance referred to as cystoid macular edema. Although macular edema may be associated with various underlying conditions, it is most commonly seen following intraocular surgery, venous occlusive disease, DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, and posterior segment inflammatory disease. (From Survey of Ophthalmology 2004; 49(5) 470-90)		03.1210
Multiple Sclerosis
An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)		08.5520
Osteoarthritis
A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.		03.1210
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		04.4780
Uremia
A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.		04.5250
Uveitis
Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.1210
Ventricular Fibrillation
A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.		03.1210
Osteoarthritis, Hip
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the hip joint which usually appears in late middle or old age. It is characterized by growth or maturational disturbances in the femoral neck and head, as well as acetabular dysplasia. A dominant symptom is pain on weight-bearing or motion.		03.1210
Helicobacter Infections
Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.		03.1210
Death, Sudden, Cardiac
Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005)		03.1210
Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral
Infections of the BRAIN caused by the protozoan TOXOPLASMA gondii that primarily arise in individuals with IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES (see also AIDS-RELATED OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS). The infection may involve the brain diffusely or form discrete abscesses. Clinical manifestations include SEIZURES, altered mentation, headache, focal neurologic deficits, and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch27, pp41-3)		03.420
Tachycardia, Ventricular
An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).		03.1210
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		04.1950
Metabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.		03.1210
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)		03.1210
Hallucination of Body Sensation
[description not available]		06.5592
Hallucinations
Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS.		06.5592
Excessive Periodic Sleep-Related Leg Movements
[description not available]		08.8124
Small Fiber Neuropathy
Disorder of the peripheral nerves that primarily impair small nerve fibers. The affected small nerve fibers include myelinated A-delta fibers (see A FIBERS) and unmyelinated C FIBERS. Because these small fibers innervate skin and help control autonomic function, their neuropathy presents with neuropathic pain, reduced thermal and pain sensitivity, and autonomic dysfunction (e.g. abnormal sweating or facial flushing). Small fiber neuropathy can be idiopathic or associated with underlying diseases (e.g., AMYLOIDOSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; SARCOIDOSIS; or VASCULITIS).		07.2510
Hospital-Acquired Condition
[description not available]		02.4820
Kidney Failure
A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.		03.9421
Renal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.		03.9421
Action Tremor
[description not available]		012.36306
Tremor
Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.		012.36306
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		012.572411
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		02.2510
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms
[description not available]		05.4172
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome
Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.		05.4172
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
[description not available]		013.692518
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)		115.692518
Dyskinesia, Medication-Induced
[description not available]		011.26259
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism
[description not available]		06.03101
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced
Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)		011.26259
Parkinson Disease, Secondary
Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)		06.03101
Central Pontine Myelinolysis
[description not available]		02.4920
Blood Loss, Postoperative
[description not available]		02.2510
Dysarthria, Pseudobulbar
[description not available]		02.2510
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2510
Dystonia
An attitude or posture due to the co-contraction of agonists and antagonist muscles in one region of the body. It most often affects the large axial muscles of the trunk and limb girdles. Conditions which feature persistent or recurrent episodes of dystonia as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as DYSTONIC DISORDERS. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p77)		03.78100
Nasal Bleeding
[description not available]		02.2510
Cerebromedullospinal Disconnection
[description not available]		02.2510
Type 1 von Willebrand Disease
[description not available]		02.2510
Demyelinating Diseases
Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.		02.2510
Epistaxis
Bleeding from the nose.		02.2510
Hyponatremia
Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.4920
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		04.1531
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		09.1531
Hypertrophy
General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).		02.2510
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		02.3110
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion
[description not available]		02.3110
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		02.3110
Anasarca
[description not available]		05.71102
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		05.71102
Amphetamine Abuse
[description not available]		06.2243
Cocaine Abuse
[description not available]		07.9896
Amphetamine-Related Disorders
Disorders related or resulting from use of amphetamines.		06.2243
Cocaine-Related Disorders
Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.		19.9896
Allergic Encephalomyelitis
[description not available]		02.6120
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		02.8430
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.		02.8430
Kussmaul Aphasia
[description not available]		02.1510
Myoclonic Jerk
[description not available]		02.8130
Acathisia, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		05.8242
Drug Overdose
Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.		02.1510
Hiccough
[description not available]		03.8840
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
[description not available]		07.1510
Complex Regional Pain Syndromes
Conditions characterized by pain involving an extremity or other body region, HYPERESTHESIA, and localized autonomic dysfunction following injury to soft tissue or nerve. The pain is usually associated with ERYTHEMA; SKIN TEMPERATURE changes, abnormal sudomotor activity (i.e., changes in sweating due to altered sympathetic innervation) or edema. The degree of pain and other manifestations is out of proportion to that expected from the inciting event. Two subtypes of this condition have been described: type I; (REFLEX SYMPATHETIC DYSTROPHY) and type II; (CAUSALGIA). (From Pain 1995 Oct;63(1):127-33)		02.1510
Adult-Onset Dystonias
[description not available]		03.0340
Dystonic Disorders
Acquired and inherited conditions that feature DYSTONIA as a primary manifestation of disease. These disorders are generally divided into generalized dystonias (e.g., dystonia musculorum deformans) and focal dystonias (e.g., writer's cramp). They are also classified by patterns of inheritance and by age of onset.		03.0340
Benign Neonatal Sleep Myoclonus
[description not available]		02.7830
Agitation, Psychomotor
[description not available]		02.8130
Psychomotor Agitation
A feeling of restlessness associated with increased motor activity. This may occur as a manifestation of nervous system drug toxicity or other conditions.		02.8130
Hyperactivity, Motor
[description not available]		02.9940
Iron Metabolism Disorders
Disorders in the processing of iron in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization. (From Mosby's Medical, Nursing, & Allied Health Dictionary, 4th ed)		02.1510
Delusional Parasitosis
A delusional disorder of belief in infestation by insects or other parasites. This FORMICATION is typically accompanied by dermatological manifestation such as PRURITUS that may lead to self-mutilation in order to remove the perceived parasites. It can be either primary or secondary to a somatic or psychiatric condition.		02.1710
Nicotine Addiction
[description not available]		04.7432
Tobacco Use Disorder
Tobacco used to the detriment of a person's health or social functioning. Tobacco dependence is included.		04.7432
Chronic Insomnia
[description not available]		04.2560
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders
Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.		04.2560
MPTP Neurotoxicity Syndrome
[description not available]		03.2860
Disc, Herniated
[description not available]		02.1710
Intervertebral Disc Displacement
An INTERVERTEBRAL DISC in which the NUCLEUS PULPOSUS has protruded through surrounding ANNULUS FIBROSUS. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region.		02.1710
Endocarditis, Loeffler
[description not available]		05.1631
Hypereosinophilic Syndrome
A heterogeneous group of disorders with the common feature of prolonged eosinophilia of unknown cause and associated organ system dysfunction, including the heart, central nervous system, kidneys, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and skin. There is a massive increase in the number of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, mimicking leukemia, and extensive eosinophilic infiltration of the various organs.		010.1631
Amino Acid Metabolism Disorders, Inborn
[description not available]		02.1710
Behavior Disorders
[description not available]		06.13110
Mental Disorders
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.		06.13110
Hemiplegia, Crossed
[description not available]		02.1710
Hemiplegia
Severe or complete loss of motor function on one side of the body. This condition is usually caused by BRAIN DISEASES that are localized to the cerebral hemisphere opposite to the side of weakness. Less frequently, BRAIN STEM lesions; cervical SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and other conditions may manifest as hemiplegia. The term hemiparesis (see PARESIS) refers to mild to moderate weakness involving one side of the body.		02.1710
Dermatitis, Contact, Phototoxic
[description not available]		02.1710
Long Sleeper Syndrome
[description not available]		011.55228
Sleep Wake Disorders
Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.		011.55228
Trichotillomania
Compulsion to pull out one's hair.		02.520
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain
[description not available]		02.1710
Brain Disorders
[description not available]		04.3320
Brain Diseases
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.		04.3320
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain
A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.		02.1710
Age-Related Memory Disorders
[description not available]		0340
Memory Disorders
Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.		0340
Left Ventricular Dysfunction
[description not available]		02.1710
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left
A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.		02.1710
Bradyarrhythmia
[description not available]		03.0910
Blood Pressure, Low
[description not available]		03.0910
Bradycardia
Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.		03.0910
Hypotension
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.		03.0910
Astrocytosis
[description not available]		02.2110
Arousal Disorders, Sleep
[description not available]		02.2110
Suicidal Ideation
A risk factor for suicide attempts and completions, it is the most common of all suicidal behavior, but only a minority of ideators engage in overt self-harm.		05.1431
Anemias, Iron-Deficiency
[description not available]		03.6530
Kahler Disease
[description not available]		02.0810
Multiple Myeloma
A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		02.0810
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency
Anemia characterized by decreased or absent iron stores, low serum iron concentration, low transferrin saturation, and low hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit value. The erythrocytes are hypochromic and microcytic and the iron binding capacity is increased.		03.6530
Cognition Disorders
Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.		010.28136
Complications, Pregnancy
[description not available]		02.9740
Catatonia
A neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by one or more of the following essential features: immobility, mutism, negativism (active or passive refusal to follow commands), mannerisms, stereotypies, posturing, grimacing, excitement, echolalia, echopraxia, muscular rigidity, and stupor; sometimes punctuated by sudden violent outbursts, panic, or hallucinations. This condition may be associated with psychiatric illnesses (e.g., SCHIZOPHRENIA; MOOD DISORDERS) or organic disorders (NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME; ENCEPHALITIS, etc.). (From DSM-IV, 4th ed, 1994; APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)		02.7530
Enteric Fever
[description not available]		02.0810
Typhoid Fever
An acute systemic febrile infection caused by SALMONELLA TYPHI, a serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA.		02.0810
Bradykinesia
[description not available]		02.0810
Ambulation Disorders, Neurologic
[description not available]		02.7730
Chorea Disorders
[description not available]		02.8130
Athetoid Movements
[description not available]		02.0810
Chorea
Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as CHOREATIC DISORDERS. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES.		02.8130
Multiple System Atrophy Syndrome
[description not available]		02.7330
Multiple System Atrophy
A syndrome complex composed of three conditions which represent clinical variants of the same disease process: STRIATONIGRAL DEGENERATION; SHY-DRAGER SYNDROME; and the sporadic form of OLIVOPONTOCEREBELLAR ATROPHIES. Clinical features include autonomic, cerebellar, and basal ganglia dysfunction. Pathologic examination reveals atrophy of the basal ganglia, cerebellum, pons, and medulla, with prominent loss of autonomic neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1076; Baillieres Clin Neurol 1997 Apr;6(1):187-204; Med Clin North Am 1999 Mar;83(2):381-92)		07.7330
Affective Disorders
[description not available]		011.06103
Mood Disorders
Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.		06.06103
Psychoses, Drug
[description not available]		03.6630
Dysarthosis
[description not available]		03.3620
External Ophthalmoplegia
[description not available]		02.0810
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease, Demyelinating, Type 4f
[description not available]		02.0810
Bladder Disorder, Neurogenic
[description not available]		02.0810
Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic
Dysfunction of the URINARY BLADDER due to disease of the central or peripheral nervous system pathways involved in the control of URINATION. This is often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, but may also be caused by BRAIN DISEASES or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES.		02.0810
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		02.7830
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		07.7830
Frigidity
[description not available]		04.2160
Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological
Disturbances in sexual desire and the psychophysiologic changes that characterize the sexual response cycle and cause marked distress and interpersonal difficulty. (APA, DSM-IV, 1994)		04.2160
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
A potentially fatal syndrome associated primarily with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS) which are in turn associated with dopaminergic receptor blockade (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) in the BASAL GANGLIA and HYPOTHALAMUS, and sympathetic dysregulation. Clinical features include diffuse MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; high FEVER; diaphoresis; labile blood pressure; cognitive dysfunction; and autonomic disturbances. Serum CPK level elevation and a leukocytosis may also be present. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199; Psychiatr Serv 1998 Sep;49(9):1163-72)		02.7430
Amentia
[description not available]		03.8520
Dementia
An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.		03.8520
Daytime Sleepiness
[description not available]		014.76146
Disorders of Excessive Somnolence
Disorders characterized by hypersomnolence during normal waking hours that may impair cognitive functioning. Subtypes include primary hypersomnia disorders (e.g., IDIOPATHIC HYPERSOMNOLENCE; NARCOLEPSY; and KLEINE-LEVIN SYNDROME) and secondary hypersomnia disorders where excessive somnolence can be attributed to a known cause (e.g., drug affect, MENTAL DISORDERS, and SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME). (From J Neurol Sci 1998 Jan 8;153(2):192-202; Thorpy, Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 2nd ed, p320)		09.76146
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		03.5111
Diabetic Nephropathies
KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.		03.5111
Female Genital Diseases
[description not available]		02.110
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		05.22111
Genital Diseases, Female
Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		02.110
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		05.22111
Hyperprolactinaemia
[description not available]		03.8540
Hyperprolactinemia
Increased levels of PROLACTIN in the BLOOD, which may be associated with AMENORRHEA and GALACTORRHEA. Relatively common etiologies include PROLACTINOMA, medication effect, KIDNEY FAILURE, granulomatous diseases of the PITUITARY GLAND, and disorders which interfere with the hypothalamic inhibition of prolactin release. Ectopic (non-pituitary) production of prolactin may also occur. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp77-8)		08.8540
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep
[description not available]		05.0631
Autosomal Dominant Cerebellar Ataxia, Type II
[description not available]		02.5220
Ataxias, Hereditary
[description not available]		02.1110
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive
A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)		05.0631
Spinocerebellar Ataxias
A group of predominately late-onset, cerebellar ataxias which have been divided into multiple subtypes based on clinical features and genetic mapping. Progressive ataxia is a central feature of these conditions, and in certain subtypes POLYNEUROPATHY; DYSARTHRIA; visual loss; and other disorders may develop. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1997, Ch65, pp 12-17; J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1998 Jun;57(6):531-43)		02.5220
Nerve Degeneration
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.		010.16169
Pyrexia
[description not available]		02.4220
Dyskinesia Syndromes
[description not available]		07.0384
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		02.4220
Movement Disorders
Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.		07.0384
Anxiety
Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.		05.8781
Retinal Degeneration
A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)		02.1110
Benign Essential Tremor
[description not available]		04.2720
Essential Tremor
A relatively common disorder characterized by a fairly specific pattern of tremors which are most prominent in the upper extremities and neck, inducing titubations of the head. The tremor is usually mild, but when severe may be disabling. An autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance may occur in some families (i.e., familial tremor). (Mov Disord 1988;13(1):5-10)		111.2720
Catatonic Rigidity
[description not available]		03.8740
Muscle Rigidity
Continuous involuntary sustained muscle contraction which is often a manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES. When an affected muscle is passively stretched, the degree of resistance remains constant regardless of the rate at which the muscle is stretched. This feature helps to distinguish rigidity from MUSCLE SPASTICITY. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p73)		08.8740
Dysesthesia
[description not available]		02.1110
Lassitude
[description not available]		07.4152
Fatigue
The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.		012.4152
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		03.8840
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		15.8840
Burning Mouth Syndrome
A group of painful oral symptoms associated with a burning or similar sensation. There is usually a significant organic component with a degree of functional overlay; it is not limited to the psychophysiologic group of disorders.		02.7730
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid
[description not available]		02.4720
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.		07.4720
Bruxism, Nocturnal
[description not available]		04.4511
Behavior Disorder, Rapid Eye Movement Sleep
[description not available]		08.1683
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
A disorder characterized by episodes of vigorous and often violent motor activity during REM sleep (SLEEP, REM). The affected individual may inflict self injury or harm others, and is difficult to awaken from this condition. Episodes are usually followed by a vivid recollection of a dream that is consistent with the aggressive behavior. This condition primarily affects adult males. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p393)		08.1683
Hypesthesia
Absent or reduced sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation.		02.1310
Eosinophilia, Tropical
[description not available]		03.5311
Infection
[description not available]		03.5311
Eosinophilia
Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.		03.5311
Infections
Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.		03.5311
Amyotonia Congenita
[description not available]		02.1510
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		02.1510
Colorectal Cancer
[description not available]		02.1510
Neuromuscular Diseases
A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.		02.1510
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		02.1510
Colorectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.		02.1510
Anesthesia Related Hyperthermia
[description not available]		02.0410
Heart Valve Diseases
Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).		05.7371
Depression, Endogenous
[description not available]		09.61135
Depressive Disorder
An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.		111.61135
Anxiety Neuroses
[description not available]		04.1331
Anxiety Disorders
Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.		04.1331
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		03.150
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		03.150
Pleuropericarditis
Inflammation of both the PERICARDIUM and the PLEURA.		02.0510
Alveolitis, Fibrosing
[description not available]		02.7130
Fibrosis, Inflammatory Perianeurysmal
[description not available]		02.0510
Pleural Diseases
Diseases involving the PLEURA.		02.4420
Endomyocardial Fibrosis
A condition characterized by the thickening of the ventricular ENDOCARDIUM and subendocardium (MYOCARDIUM), seen mostly in children and young adults in the TROPICAL CLIMATE. The fibrous tissue extends from the apex toward and often involves the HEART VALVES causing restrictive blood flow into the respective ventricles (CARDIOMYOPATHY, RESTRICTIVE).		02.0510
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the PERICARDIUM from various origins, such as infection, neoplasm, autoimmune process, injuries, or drug-induced. Pericarditis usually leads to PERICARDIAL EFFUSION, or CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS.		02.0510
Pulmonary Fibrosis
A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.		02.7130
Retroperitoneal Fibrosis
A slowly progressive condition of unknown etiology, characterized by deposition of fibrous tissue in the retroperitoneal space compressing the ureters, great vessels, bile duct, and other structures. When associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm, it may be called chronic periaortitis or inflammatory perianeurysmal fibrosis.		02.0510
Diffuse Myofascial Pain Syndrome
[description not available]		05.4351
Fibromyalgia
A common nonarticular rheumatic syndrome characterized by myalgia and multiple points of focal muscle tenderness to palpation (trigger points). Muscle pain is typically aggravated by inactivity or exposure to cold. This condition is often associated with general symptoms, such as sleep disturbances, fatigue, stiffness, HEADACHES, and occasionally DEPRESSION. There is significant overlap between fibromyalgia and the chronic fatigue syndrome (FATIGUE SYNDROME, CHRONIC). Fibromyalgia may arise as a primary or secondary disease process. It is most frequent in females aged 20 to 50 years. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1494-95)		17.4351
Genetic Predisposition
[description not available]		02.0510
Bewilderment
[description not available]		02.0510
Nausea
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.		05.8142
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		09.131
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		05.0631
Nycturia
[description not available]		02.0510
Nocturia
Frequent URINATION at night that interrupts sleep. It is often associated with outflow obstruction, DIABETES MELLITUS, or bladder inflammation (CYSTITIS).		02.0510
Diseases, Metabolic
[description not available]		02.0510
Metabolic Diseases
Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)		02.0510
Appetite Disorders
[description not available]		04.3541
Feeding and Eating Disorders
A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake.		16.3541
Gelineau Syndrome
[description not available]		08.37112
Narcolepsy
A condition characterized by recurrent episodes of daytime somnolence and lapses in consciousness (microsomnias) that may be associated with automatic behaviors and AMNESIA. CATAPLEXY; SLEEP PARALYSIS, and hypnagogic HALLUCINATIONS frequently accompany narcolepsy. The pathophysiology of this disorder includes sleep-onset rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which normally follows stage III or IV sleep. (From Neurology 1998 Feb;50(2 Suppl 1):S2-S7)		08.37112
Anankastic Personality
[description not available]		04.1431
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension.		16.1431
Delusional Disorder
Disorder with presentation of a facade of coldness with characteristic pervasive mistrust and suspiciousness of others.		02.4620
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		02.0510
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		02.0510
Anochlesia
[description not available]		03.3420
Binge-Eating Disorder
A disorder associated with three or more of the following: eating until feeling uncomfortably full; eating large amounts of food when not physically hungry; eating much more rapidly than normal; eating alone due to embarrassment; feeling of disgust, DEPRESSION, or guilt after overeating. Criteria includes occurrence on average, at least 2 days a week for 6 months. The binge eating is not associated with the regular use of inappropriate compensatory behavior (i.e. purging, excessive exercise, etc.) and does not co-occur exclusively with BULIMIA NERVOSA or ANOREXIA NERVOSA. (From DSM-IV, 1994)		02.9710
Recrudescence
[description not available]		04.5251
Chemical Dependence
[description not available]		03.3920
Substance-Related Disorders
Disorders related to substance use or abuse.		15.3920
DDPAC
[description not available]		02.0510
Frontotemporal Dementia
The most common clinical form of FRONTOTEMPORAL LOBAR DEGENERATION, this dementia presents with personality and behavioral changes often associated with disinhibition, apathy, and lack of insight.		02.0510
Atypical Cluster Headache
[description not available]		02.4420
Pain, Intractable
Persistent pain that is refractory to some or all forms of treatment.		02.0610
Peripheral Arterial Diseases
[description not available]		02.0610
Phantom Limb
Perception of painful and nonpainful phantom sensations that occur following the complete or partial loss of a limb. The majority of individuals with an amputated extremity will experience the impression that the limb is still present, and in many cases, painful. (From Neurol Clin 1998 Nov;16(4):919-36; Brain 1998 Sep;121(Pt 9):1603-30)		02.0610
Muscle Spasm
[description not available]		02.0610
Spasm
An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.		02.0610
Peripheral Arterial Disease
Lack of perfusion in the EXTREMITIES resulting from atherosclerosis. It is characterized by INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION, and an ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX of 0.9 or less.		02.0610
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.		02.0610
Impotence
[description not available]		02.4720
Erectile Dysfunction
The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.		02.4720
Pulsatile Tinnitus
[description not available]		03.4511
Presbycusis
Gradual bilateral hearing loss associated with aging that is due to progressive degeneration of cochlear structures and central auditory pathways. Hearing loss usually begins with the high frequencies then progresses to sounds of middle and low frequencies.		08.4511
Tinnitus
A nonspecific symptom of hearing disorder characterized by the sensation of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises in the ear. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of COCHLEAR DISEASES; VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; and other conditions.		08.4511
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		03.4511
Paraphilias
[description not available]		02.7530
Panic Attacks
[description not available]		02.7230
Panic Disorder
A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.		02.7230
Peripheral Nerve Diseases
[description not available]		03.6530
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.		03.6530
Foreign Bodies
Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the body.		02.0710
BH4 Deficiency
[description not available]		02.0710
Phenylketonurias
A group of autosomal recessive disorders marked by a deficiency of the hepatic enzyme PHENYLALANINE HYDROXYLASE or less frequently by reduced activity of DIHYDROPTERIDINE REDUCTASE (i.e., atypical phenylketonuria). Classical phenylketonuria is caused by a severe deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase and presents in infancy with developmental delay; SEIZURES; skin HYPOPIGMENTATION; ECZEMA; and demyelination in the central nervous system. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p952).		02.0710
Chronic Motor and Vocal Tic Disorder
[description not available]		03.4611
Tourette Syndrome
A neuropsychological disorder related to alterations in DOPAMINE metabolism and neurotransmission involving frontal-subcortical neuronal circuits. Both multiple motor and one or more vocal tics need to be present with TICS occurring many times a day, nearly daily, over a period of more than one year. The onset is before age 18 and the disturbance is not due to direct physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition. The disturbance causes marked distress or significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. (From DSM-IV, 1994; Neurol Clin 1997 May;15(2):357-79)		15.4611
Delirium of Mixed Origin
[description not available]		02.0710
Delirium
A disorder characterized by CONFUSION; inattentiveness; disorientation; ILLUSIONS; HALLUCINATIONS; agitation; and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity. It may result from toxic/metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp411-2)		02.0710
Encephalopathy, Toxic
[description not available]		02.4520
Aggression
Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.		02.4620
Venous Insufficiency
Impaired venous blood flow or venous return (venous stasis), usually caused by inadequate venous valves. Venous insufficiency often occurs in the legs, and is associated with EDEMA and sometimes with VENOUS STASIS ULCERS at the ankle.		02.9910
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		03.3520
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		03.3520
Dizzyness
[description not available]		03.8521
Dizziness
An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.		03.8521
Experimental Lung Inflammation
Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.		02.0710
Pneumonia
Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.		07.0710
Adult Spinal Muscular Atrophy
[description not available]		02.0710
Spinal Curvatures
Deformities of the SPINE characterized by abnormal bending or flexure in the vertebral column. They may be bending forward (KYPHOSIS), backward (LORDOSIS), or sideway (SCOLIOSIS).		02.0710
Muscular Atrophy, Spinal
A group of disorders marked by progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord resulting in weakness and muscular atrophy, usually without evidence of injury to the corticospinal tracts. Diseases in this category include Werdnig-Hoffmann disease and later onset SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHIES OF CHILDHOOD, most of which are hereditary. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)		02.0710
Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		02.0710
Smoking Cessation
Discontinuing the habit of SMOKING.		03.4711
Grippe
[description not available]		02.0710
Influenza, Human
An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.		02.0710
Developmental Psychomotor Disorders
[description not available]		02.9210
Apnea, Sleep
[description not available]		02.0110
Nocturnal Wandering
[description not available]		02.0110
Night Terrors
A disorder characterized by incomplete arousals from sleep associated with behavior suggesting extreme fright. This condition primarily affects children and young adults and the individual generally has no recall of the event. Episodes tend to occur during stage III or IV. SOMNAMBULISM is frequently associated with this condition. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p391)		02.0110
Sleep Apnea Syndromes
Disorders characterized by multiple cessations of respirations during sleep that induce partial arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep. Sleep apnea syndromes are divided into central (see SLEEP APNEA, CENTRAL), obstructive (see SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE), and mixed central-obstructive types.		02.0110
Achromatopsia
Severely deficient color perception, typically with monochromacy and reduced visual acuity. The atypical form can include normal visual acuity with pseudomonochromacy.		02.0110
Color Vision Defects
Defects of color vision are mainly hereditary traits but can be secondary to acquired or developmental abnormalities in the CONES (RETINA). Severity of hereditary defects of color vision depends on the degree of mutation of the ROD OPSINS genes (on X CHROMOSOME and CHROMOSOME 3) that code the photopigments for red, green and blue.		02.0110
Consciousness, Loss of
[description not available]		02.0110
Auricular Fibrillation
[description not available]		02.0110
Atrial Fibrillation
Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.		02.0110
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)		08.5180
Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0210
Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic
A syndrome characterized by persistent or recurrent fatigue, diffuse musculoskeletal pain, sleep disturbances, and subjective cognitive impairment of 6 months duration or longer. Symptoms are not caused by ongoing exertion; are not relieved by rest; and result in a substantial reduction of previous levels of occupational, educational, social, or personal activities. Minor alterations of immune, neuroendocrine, and autonomic function may be associated with this syndrome. There is also considerable overlap between this condition and FIBROMYALGIA. (From Semin Neurol 1998;18(2):237-42; Ann Intern Med 1994 Dec 15;121(12): 953-9)		02.0210
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		02.0210
Encephalopathy, Hepatic
[description not available]		02.0210
Day Blindness
[description not available]		02.0210
Hepatic Encephalopathy
A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)		02.0210
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Inappropriate Secretion
[description not available]		02.0210
Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion
A disease of the PITUITARY GLAND characterized by the excess amount of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE secreted. This leads to hypersecretion of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) by the ADRENAL GLANDS resulting in CUSHING SYNDROME.		02.0210
Sex Disorders
[description not available]		03.3520
Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological
Physiological disturbances in normal sexual performance in either the male or the female.		03.3520
Urinary Incontinence
Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.		02.9410
Dysthymia
[description not available]		02.0310
Briquet Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0310
Somatoform Disorders
Disorders having the presence of physical symptoms that suggest a general medical condition but that are not fully explained by another medical condition, by the direct effects of a substance, or by another mental disorder. The MEDICALLY UNEXPLAINED SYMPTOMS must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning. In contrast to FACTITIOUS DISORDERS and MALINGERING, the physical symptoms are not under voluntary control. (APA, DSM-V)		02.0310
Dysthymic Disorder
Chronically depressed mood that occurs for most of the day more days than not for at least 2 years. The required minimum duration in children to make this diagnosis is 1 year. During periods of depressed mood, at least 2 of the following additional symptoms are present: poor appetite or overeating, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self-esteem, poor concentration or difficulty making decisions, and feelings of hopelessness. (DSM-IV)		02.0310
Academic Disorder, Developmental
[description not available]		02.0310
Learning Disabilities
Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.		02.0310
Alopecia Cicatrisata
[description not available]		02.4220
Alopecia
Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.		02.4220
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
[description not available]		03.4211
Mitral Incompetence
[description not available]		03.8321
Tricuspid Incompetence
[description not available]		03.4211
Mitral Valve Insufficiency
Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.		03.8321
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular
Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.		03.4211
Aura
[description not available]		02.0310
Complex Partial Epilepsy
[description not available]		02.0310
Epilepsy
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)		02.0310
Epilepsy, Complex Partial
A disorder characterized by recurrent partial seizures marked by impairment of cognition. During the seizure the individual may experience a wide variety of psychic phenomenon including formed hallucinations, illusions, deja vu, intense emotional feelings, confusion, and spatial disorientation. Focal motor activity, sensory alterations and AUTOMATISM may also occur. Complex partial seizures often originate from foci in one or both temporal lobes. The etiology may be idiopathic (cryptogenic partial complex epilepsy) or occur as a secondary manifestation of a focal cortical lesion (symptomatic partial complex epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317-8)		02.0310
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic
[description not available]		02.0310
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.		02.0310
Benedict Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0310
Brachial Paresis
[description not available]		02.0310
Hypotension, Postural
[description not available]		04.9450
Ophthalmoplegia, Progressive Supranuclear
[description not available]		03.821
Hypotension, Orthostatic
A significant drop in BLOOD PRESSURE after assuming a standing position. Orthostatic hypotension is a finding, and defined as a 20-mm Hg decrease in systolic pressure or a 10-mm Hg decrease in diastolic pressure 3 minutes after the person has risen from supine to standing. Symptoms generally include DIZZINESS, blurred vision, and SYNCOPE.		04.9450
Supranuclear Palsy, Progressive
A degenerative disease of the central nervous system characterized by balance difficulties; OCULAR MOTILITY DISORDERS (supranuclear ophthalmoplegia); DYSARTHRIA; swallowing difficulties; and axial DYSTONIA. Onset is usually in the fifth decade and disease progression occurs over several years. Pathologic findings include neurofibrillary degeneration and neuronal loss in the dorsal MESENCEPHALON; SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS; RED NUCLEUS; pallidum; dentate nucleus; and vestibular nuclei. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1076-7)		03.821
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		02.0310
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary
[description not available]		02.0310
Foot Diseases
Anatomical and functional disorders affecting the foot.		02.0310
Coronary Artery Disease
Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.		02.0310
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		03.4211
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		03.4211
Bilateral Headache
[description not available]		02.9510
Headache
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.		02.9510
Cervical Dystonia
A common form of DYSTONIA due to involuntary sustained or spasmodic, repetitive muscle contractions in the neck region. According to the position of the twisted neck and head, cervical dystonia can be categorized as torticollis, laterocollis, retrocollis, and a combination of these abnormal postures.		02.0310
Torticollis
A symptom, not a disease, of a twisted neck. In most instances, the head is tipped toward one side and the chin rotated toward the other. The involuntary muscle contractions in the neck region of patients with torticollis can be due to congenital defects, trauma, inflammation, tumors, and neurological or other factors.		02.0310
Aortic Incompetence
[description not available]		02.0410
Aortic Valve Insufficiency
Pathological condition characterized by the backflow of blood from the ASCENDING AORTA back into the LEFT VENTRICLE, leading to regurgitation. It is caused by diseases of the AORTIC VALVE or its surrounding tissue (aortic root).		02.0410
Breathlessness
[description not available]		02.4220
Pulmonary Hypertension
[description not available]		02.0410
Encephalitis Lethargica Type Parkinsonism
[description not available]		02.0410
Dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing.		02.4220
Hypertension, Pulmonary
Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.		02.0410
Parkinson Disease, Postencephalitic
Parkinsonism following encephalitis, historically seen as a sequella of encephalitis lethargica (Von Economo Encephalitis). The early age of onset, the rapid progression of symptoms followed by stabilization, and the presence of a variety of other neurological disorders (e.g., sociopathic behavior; TICS; MUSCLE SPASMS; oculogyric crises; hyperphagia; and bizarre movements) distinguish this condition from primary PARKINSON DISEASE. Pathologic features include neuronal loss and gliosis concentrated in the MESENCEPHALON; SUBTHALAMUS; and HYPOTHALAMUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p754)		02.0410
Adjustment Disorder
[description not available]		02.0410
Deficiency, Mental
[description not available]		02.0410
Adjustment Disorders
Maladaptive reactions to identifiable psychosocial stressors occurring within a short time after onset of the stressor. They are manifested by either impairment in social or occupational functioning or by symptoms (depression, anxiety, etc.) that are in excess of a normal and expected reaction to the stressor.		02.0410
Intellectual Disability
Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)		02.0410
Weight Reduction
[description not available]		01.9810
Weight Loss
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.		01.9810
Basal Ganglia Diseases
Diseases of the BASAL GANGLIA including the PUTAMEN; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; claustrum; AMYGDALA; and CAUDATE NUCLEUS. DYSKINESIAS (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		01.9910
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		01.9910
Glial Cell Tumors
[description not available]		0210
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)		0210
Cough
A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.		0210
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		0210
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		0210
Agoraphobia
Obsessive, persistent, intense fear of open places.		0710