dextrothyroxine profile

Dextrothyroxine is a synthetic thyroid hormone analogue. It is the D-isomer of thyroxine (T4), a naturally occurring hormone produced by the thyroid gland. Dextrothyroxine is a potent thyroid hormone agonist, meaning it binds to and activates thyroid hormone receptors. This leads to a number of physiological effects, including increased metabolic rate, increased protein synthesis, and increased heart rate. It was once used to treat hypercholesterolemia, but is no longer available commercially due to concerns about its potential side effects.'

Dextrothyroxine: The dextrorotary isomer of the synthetic THYROXINE. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

D-thyroxine : The D-enantiomer of thyroxine. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	8730
CHEMBL ID	559
CHEBI ID	30659
SCHEMBL ID	61194
MeSH ID	M0006144
PubMed CID	11957587
CHEMBL ID	1876587
MeSH ID	M0006144

Synonym
d-thyroxine
dextrothyroxine
d-t4
CHEBI:30659 ,
51-49-0
o-(4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenyl)-3,5-diiodo-d-tyrosine
NCGC00016228-01
BCBCMAP01_000232
SMP1_000296
DB00509
choloxin
dextrothyroxinum
d-tyrosine, o-(4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenyl)-3,5-diiodo-
c15h11i4no4
d-4-(4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenoxy)-3,5-diiodobenzylalanine
einecs 200-102-7
bdbm50225220
(2r)-2-amino-3-[4-(4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]propanoic acid
CHEMBL559 ,
AKOS007930308
(2r)-2-amino-3-[4-(4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]propanoic aci d
(r)-2-amino-3-(4-(4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl)propanoic acid
dextrothyroxine [ban]
4w9k63fion ,
unii-4w9k63fion
gtpl6951
dextrothyroxine [vandf]
d-thyroxine [mi]
dextrothyroxine [who-dd]
SCHEMBL61194
XUIIKFGFIJCVMT-GFCCVEGCSA-N
DTXSID60199000
mfcd00063056
d-thyroxine, 99%
d-tyrosine, o-(4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenyl)-3,5-diiodo-; thyroxine, d- (8ci); 3,3',5,5'-tetraiodo-d-thyronine; d-t4; d-thyroxine; dextrothyroxine
Q5268499
(r)-2-amino-3-(4-(4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl)propanoicacid
DS-18593
A871266
d-4-(4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenoxy)-3,5-diiodobenzylalanine; d-thyroxine free acid; thyroxine; 98%
CS-0017477
HY-A0152
EN300-7423262
EU-0100693
mk-933
LOPAC0_000693
70288-86-7
ivermectin ,
NCGC00094047-01
NCGC00094047-02
I 8898 ,
HMS3262K07
CCG-204778
LP00693
NCGC00261378-01
tox21_500693
CHEMBL1876587
sr-01000075941
SR-01000075941-1
SR-01000075941-6
SR-01000075941-7
(1r,4s,5's,6r,6'r,8r,10e,12s,13s,14e,16e,20r,21r,24s)-6'-[(2r)-butan-2-yl]-21,24-dihydroxy-12-[(2r,4s,5s,6s)-5-[(2s,4s,5s,6s)-5-hydroxy-4-methoxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-4-methoxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-5',11,13,22-tetramethylspiro[3,7,19-trioxatetracyclo[15
SDCCGSBI-0050671.P002
NCGC00094047-05
NCGC00094047-10
NCGC00094047-16
EN300-1273050
(1'r,2r,4's,5s,6r,8'r,12's,13's,20'r,21'r,24's)-6-[(2r)-butan-2-yl]-21',24'-dihydroxy-12'-{[(2r,4s,5s,6s)-5-{[(2s,4s,5s,6s)-5-hydroxy-4-methoxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy}-4-methoxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy}-5,11',13',22'-tetramethyl-3',7',19'-trioxaspiro[oxane-2
Z3015912780

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"1%) complained of adverse effects, mostly within one week of dosing."	( Adverse events following mass ivermectin therapy for onchocerciasis. Chijioke, CP; Okonkwo, PO, )	0.13
" In initial trials, it had an excellent safety profile in cattle and sheep at doses efficacious against a dozen or more helminths, but recently it produced unexpected and severe toxicosis in dogs at doses far below those that were safe in the ruminants."	( Acute toxicity of paraherquamide and its potential as an anthelmintic. Eary, CH; Haines, HW; Michael, BF; Shoop, WL, 1992)	0.28
" Growing dogs, given the combination orally for 5 consecutive days at recommended dosages (5 mg of pyrantel/kg of body weight, 6 micrograms of ivermectin/kg) or at twice the pyrantel dosage in combination with the recommended dosage of ivermectin, had no adverse effects."	( Safety study of a beef-based chewable tablet formulation of ivermectin and pyrantel pamoate in growing dogs, pups, and breeding adult dogs. Clark, JN; Daurio, CP; Pulliam, JD, 1992)	0.28
" Data from these trials show that under Australian conditions, ivermectin applied along the mid line of the back from the withers to the sacral region at a dose rate of 500 mcg/kg body weight, effectively controlled gastrointestinal nematode infections, and did not produce unacceptable adverse reactions in the animals."	( Efficacy and safety of ivermectin applied topically to cattle under field conditions in Australia. Allerton, GR; Eagleson, JS, 1992)	0.28
"Twenty-four Collies sensitive to the toxic effects of ivermectin, when administered at high dosages, were studied to evaluate the effects of repeated monthly treatment with an ivermectin beef-based formulation at amounts up to 10 times the dosage recommended for heartworm prevention in dogs."	( Evaluation of the safety of ivermectin administered in a beef-based formulation to ivermectin-sensitive Collies. DiPietro, JA; Fassler, PE; Paul, AJ; Soll, MD; Todd, KS; Tranquilli, WJ, 1991)	0.28
"3%) had moderate adverse reactions."	( Safety of and compliance with community-based ivermectin therapy. Dukuly, Z; Greene, BM; Muñoz, B; Pacqué, M; Taylor, HR; White, AT, 1990)	0.28
" Adverse reactions occurred in 6-13 in 1000 people after first treatment and in only 3-4 in 1000 receiving their second or third annual dose of ivermectin; severe adverse reactions were not seen."	( Community-based treatment of onchocerciasis with ivermectin: safety, efficacy, and acceptability of yearly treatment. Greene, BM; Muñoz, B; Pacqué, M; Taylor, HR, 1991)	0.28
" Clinical adverse reactions were recorded in four ivermectin, ten DEC and three placebo patients."	( A double-blind comparison of the efficacy and safety of ivermectin and diethylcarbamazine in a placebo controlled study of Senegalese patients with onchocerciasis. Aziz, MA; Badiane, S; Diallo, JS; Diallo, S; Diop-Mar, I; Gaxotte, P; Lariviere, M; N'Dir, O; Py, D; Schulz-Key, H, 1986)	0.27
"Ivermectin had no adverse effects on spermatogenesis, fertility, or reproductive performance of Beagle dogs when administered orally at 600 micrograms/kg (0."	( Reproductive evaluation of male beagles and the safety of ivermectin. Daurio, CP; Gilman, MR; Pulliam, JD; Seward, RL, 1987)	0.27
" Adverse reactions were not observed."	( Efficacy and safety of clorsulon used concurrently with ivermectin for control of Fasciola hepatica in Florida beef cattle. Courtney, CH; Plue, RE; Shearer, JK, 1985)	0.27
"05 mg/kg was found to be safe in red-footed tortoises, provided that treatment was not repeated at intervals of less than 7 days."	( Toxicity and efficacy of ivermectin in chelonians. Bush, M; Teare, JA, 1983)	0.27
" Carriers were examined and questioned regarding their experience of adverse reactions, which were graded 0 to 3 according to severity, at 6, 12 and 24 hours and at 4 days after treatment."	( Safety trial of single-dose treatments with a combination of ivermectin and diethylcarbamazine in bancroftian filariasis. Cartel, JL; Chanteau, S; Gay, VM; Glaziou, P; Martin, PM; Moulia-Pelat, JP; Nguyen, LN, 1993)	0.29
" Insensitive CF-1 and CD-1 mice showed abundant levels of P-glycoprotein in these tissues and tolerated doses of abamectin at least 50-fold the minimum toxic dose in the sensitive subgroup."	( P-glycoprotein deficiency in a subpopulation of CF-1 mice enhances avermectin-induced neurotoxicity. Cartwright, ME; Lankas, GR; Umbenhauer, D, 1997)	0.3
" All subjects experienced adverse reactions of one form or another, lasting for up to 48 h post-treatment; these included fever, myalgia, headache, and lethargy."	( Treatment of microfilaraemia in asymptomatic brugian filariasis: the efficacy and safety of the combination of single doses of ivermectin and diethylcarbamazine. George, LM; John, A; Kumaraswami, V; Shenoy, RK; Suma, TK, 1998)	0.3
"Clinical healing and adverse effects."	( Equivalent therapeutic efficacy and safety of ivermectin and lindane in the treatment of human scabies. Abeldaño, AM; Balian, MC; Battista, V; Chouela, EN; Garsd, A; La Forgia, M; Papale, RM; Pellerano, G; Poggio, N, 1999)	0.3
" Adverse effects from the treatments were few, mild, and transient."	( Equivalent therapeutic efficacy and safety of ivermectin and lindane in the treatment of human scabies. Abeldaño, AM; Balian, MC; Battista, V; Chouela, EN; Garsd, A; La Forgia, M; Papale, RM; Pellerano, G; Poggio, N, 1999)	0.3
"5 times more toxic than dimethoate or abamectin, diazinon was less toxic, and phloxine B (a phototoxic dye) least toxic."	( Toxicity and residual effectiveness of insecticides on insecticide-treated spheres for controlling females of Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae). Clark, JM; Hu, XP; Prokopy, RJ, 2000)	0.31
"This study examines the effect of age, sex, dosing round, time of day, and distance from the nurse monitor on adverse event reporting during mass ivermectin administration at Achi, south-east Nigeria."	( Factors affecting adverse event reporting during mass ivermectin treatment for onchocerciasis. Chijioke, CP, 2000)	0.31
" Selamectin was shown to be safe and highly effective in the control of naturally acquired flea infestations on dogs and cats presented as veterinary patients in Europe."	( Efficacy and safety of selamectin against fleas on dogs and cats presented as veterinary patients in Europe. Benchaoui, HA; Clemence, RG; Clements, PJ; Jernigan, AD; Jones, RL; Rowan, TG; Shanks, DJ; Smith, DG; Sture, GH; Watson, P, 2000)	0.31
" There were no serious adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of selamectin against fleas and heartworms in dogs and cats presented as veterinary patients in North America. Boy, MG; Jernigan, AD; Novotny, MJ; Rowan, TG; Six, RH; Smothers, CD; Thomas, CA, 2000)	0.31
" Thus, selamectin was safe and effective against ear mites in dogs and cats and sarcoptic mange in dogs when used in field (veterinary patient) studies in dogs and cats of a wide variety of ages and breeds."	( Efficacy and safety of selamectin against Sarcoptes scabiei on dogs and Otodectes cynotis on dogs and cats presented as veterinary patients. Behan, S; Benchaoui, HA; Boy, MG; Clemence, RG; Clements, PJ; Jernigan, AD; Rowan, TG; Six, RH; Thomas, CA; Watson, P, 2000)	0.31
" These studies have shown that monthly topical administration of selamectin is safe and highly effective in the treatment of naturally acquired ascarid and hookworm infections in cats."	( Efficacy and safety of selamectin against gastrointestinal nematodes in cats presented as veterinary patients. Benchaoui, HA; Boy, MG; Clemence, RG; Jernigan, AD; Rowan, TG; Six, RH; Smith, DG; Sture, GH; Thomas, CA; Watson, P, 2000)	0.31
" Similarly, selamectin had no adverse effects on reproduction in adult male and female dogs."	( Safety of selamectin in dogs. Ehrhart, JC; Evans, EI; Godin, CS; Jernigan, AD; Krautmann, MJ; McCall, JW; Novotny, MJ; Rowan, TG; Sun, F, 2000)	0.31
" Similarly, selamectin had no adverse effect on reproduction in adult male and female cats."	( Safety of selamectin in cats. De Keulenaer, K; Evans, EI; Godin, CS; Jernigan, AD; Krautmann, MJ; McCall, JW; Novotny, MJ; Rowan, TG; Wang, C, 2000)	0.31
" Although avermectins are without acute toxic effects, they have been historically shown to have relative low LD(50) values in mammals."	( Anticonvulsant and adverse effects of avermectin analogs in mice are mediated through the gamma-aminobutyric acid(A) receptor. Bayley, PJ; Dawson, GR; Marshall, GR; McKernan, RM; Meinke, PT; Schaeffer, JM; Smith, A; Wafford, KA, 2000)	0.31
" Both DEC and ivermectin show, as expected, an adverse event profile compatible with the destruction of microfilariae."	( An analysis of the safety of the single dose, two drug regimens used in programmes to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. Addiss, DG; Awadzi, K; Beach, MJ; Belizario, VY; Dunyo, SK; Espinel, M; Gyapong, JO; Horton, J; Hossain, M; Ismail, MM; Jayakody, RL; Lammie, PJ; Lazdins, JK; Makunde, W; Ottesen, EA; Richard-Lenoble, D; Selve, B; Shenoy, RK; Simonsen, PE; Wamae, CN; Weerasooriya, MV; Witt, C, 2000)	0.31
" To evaluate the potential toxicity of prophylactic anti- parasitic treatments on strains of mice that are commonly used as experimental models and in genetic engineering in our facility, we surveyed a number of strains and ages of mice for toxic reactions during treatment regimens that combine anthelminthic and anti-acaricidal agents."	( Toxicity evaluation of prophylactic treatments for mites and pinworms in mice. Frazier, S; Oberbeck, C; Rehg, JE; Straign, CM; Toth, LA, 2000)	0.31
" The compound was less toxic for rats than for mice, the LD50 for oral administration being 90 and 33 mg/kg, respectively."	( [Acute toxicity of aversectin C : various routes of administration and dosage forms]. Baru, RV; Chukina, SI; Driniaev, VA; Krugliak, EB; Mosin, VA; Novik, TS; Riabova, VA, )	0.13
" Adverse experiences were similar between ivermectin and placebo and did not increase with dose."	( Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of escalating high doses of ivermectin in healthy adult subjects. Chen, C; Clineschmidt, CM; Furtek, CI; Guzzo, CA; Hsieh, JY; Lasseter, KC; Porras, AG; Sciberras, DG; Tipping, R, 2002)	0.31
"A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted, to determine whether the co-administration of ivermectin with albendazole is safe and more effective against Onchocerca volvulus than ivermectin alone, and whether a significant pharmacokinetic interaction occurs."	( The co-administration of ivermectin and albendazole--safety, pharmacokinetics and efficacy against Onchocerca volvulus. Addy, ET; Ardrey, AE; Attah, SK; Awadzi, K; Duke, BO; Edwards, G; Opoku, NO; Quartey, BT, 2003)	0.32
" No adverse reactions associated with selamectin treatment were observed."	( Efficacy and safety of topical administration of selamectin for treatment of ear mite infestation in rabbits. Hair, JA; McTier, TL; Thompson, L; Walstrom, DJ, 2003)	0.32
"To determine the incidence of serious adverse events (SAEs) after mass treatment with ivermectin in areas co-endemic for loiasis and onchocerciasis, and to identify potential risk factors associated with the development of these SAEs, in particular encephalopathic SAEs."	( Variation in incidence of serious adverse events after onchocerciasis treatment with ivermectin in areas of Cameroon co-endemic for loiasis. Meredith, SE; Twum-Danso, NA, 2003)	0.32
" Neither adverse effects on mares nor abortions occurred."	( Evaluation of the safety of ivermectin-praziquantel administered orally to pregnant mares. Alves-Branco, F; Mercier, P; Sapper, Mde F; White, CR, 2003)	0.32
"Administration of the ivermectin-praziquantel paste appears to be safe in pregnant mares and their foals."	( Evaluation of the safety of ivermectin-praziquantel administered orally to pregnant mares. Alves-Branco, F; Mercier, P; Sapper, Mde F; White, CR, 2003)	0.32
" This mutation has been identified as the cause of a functional P-glycoprotein defect in Collies susceptible to the toxic effects of ivermectin, another P-glycoprotein-substrate drug."	( Increased toxicity of P-glycoprotein-substrate chemotherapeutic agents in a dog with the MDR1 deletion mutation associated with ivermectin sensitivity. Bentjen, SA; Mealey, KL; Northrup, NC, 2003)	0.32
" Although the regimens were generally well tolerated, there were unexpected adverse effects in both healthy volunteers and infected subjects."	( The safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of levamisole alone, levamisole plus ivermectin, and levamisole plus albendazole, and their efficacy against Onchocerca volvulus. Addy, ET; Ardrey, AE; Attah, SK; Awadzi, K; Edwards, G; Favager, S; Opoku, NO; Quartey, BT; Yamuah, LK, 2004)	0.32
" varicornis, whereas abamectin was toxic only at concentrations substantially higher than the field rate."	( Toxicity of chemicals commonly used in Indonesian vegetable crops to Liriomyza huidobrensis populations and the Indonesian parasitoids Hemiptarsenus varicornis, Opius sp., and Gronotoma micromorpha, as well as the Australian parasitoids Hemiptarsenus vari Bjorksten, T; Hoffmann, AA; Prijono, D; Rauf, A; Robinson, M, 2004)	0.32
" Avermectin was extremely harmful to O sokolowskii but slightly toxic to C plutellae, while chlorfluazuron was more toxic to C plutellae than to O sokolowskii."	( Evaluation of selective toxicity of five pesticides against Plutella xylostella (Lep: Plutellidae) and their side-effects against Cotesia plutellae (Hym: Braconidae) and Oomyzus sokolowskii (Hym: Eulophidae). Guo, SJ; Lin, WC; Liu, SS; Shi, ZH, 2004)	0.32
" In contrast, indoxacarb had no adverse effect on the reproductive capacity of wasps surviving a treatment or the developing wasps in the aphid mummy."	( The contact toxicity of indoxacarb and five other insecticides to Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) and Aphidius colemani (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), beneficials used in the greenhouse industry. Akalach, M; Bostanian, NJ, 2004)	0.32
" For both formulations, no adverse affects on zooplankton were detected, instead observed changes in zooplankton abundance and community composition displayed natural seasonal cycles of abundance."	( Sea lice treatments on salmon farms have no adverse effects on zooplankton communities: a case study. Black, KD; Cromey, CJ; Gillibrand, PA; Willis, KJ, 2005)	0.33
" No adverse events attributable to treatment with the test articles were observed during the study."	( Safety of imidacloprid plus moxidectin topical solution applied to cats heavily infected with adult heartworms (Dirofilaria immitis). Arther, RG; Atkins, C; Ciszewski, DK; Davis, WL; Ensley, SM; Settje, TL, 2005)	0.33
" Only three mild, possibly drug-related adverse reactions were observed among alI treated animals (two in the imidacloprid/moxidectin group, one in the selamectin group)."	( Efficacy and safety of imidacloprid 10% plus moxidectin 2.5% spot-on in the treatment of sarcoptic mange and otoacariosis in dogs: results af a European field study. Dumont, P; Heine, J; Hellmann, K; Krieger, K, 2005)	0.33
"Ivermectin was evaluated for its acute toxicity after single subcutaneous (s/c) administration by 'Acute Toxic Class' method as per OECD 423 and by conventional acute toxicity test using probit analysis in rats."	( Comparative evaluation of acute toxicity of ivermectin by two methods after single subcutaneous administration in rats. Dadarkar, SS; Deore, MD; Gatne, MM, 2007)	0.34
" The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxic effect of abamectin on earthworms, using Eisenia fetida, by analyzing changes in the survival, growth, reproduction and cocoon hatchability of exposed earthworms."	( Sub-lethal toxicity of the antiparasitic abamectin on earthworms and the application of neutral red retention time as a biomarker. Diao, X; Jensen, J; Scott-fordsmand, JJ, 2007)	0.34
" Abamectin was more toxic than doramectin."	( Toxicity of abamectin and doramectin to soil invertebrates. Hogerwerf, L; Kolar, L; Kozuh Erzen, N; van Gestel, CA, 2008)	0.35
" This study confirms the superiority of ivermectin compared with albendazole as well as that oral use of the parenteral veterinary preparation in humans is as effective and safe as human preparations."	( Efficacy and safety of a single-dose veterinary preparation of ivermectin versus 7-day high-dose albendazole for chronic strongyloidiasis. Beeching, NJ; Kungpanichkul, N; Silpasakorn, S; Suputtamongkol, Y, 2008)	0.35
"Our data suggest that co-administration of ivermectin, albendazole and praziquantel is safe in areas where lymphatic filariasis, soil-transmitted helminthiasis and schistosomiasis are co-endemic and where several rounds of treatment with one or two drugs have been implemented in the past."	( Triple co-administration of ivermectin, albendazole and praziquantel in zanzibar: a safety study. Biswas, G; Bradley, MH; Chitsulo, L; Engels, D; Gabrielli, AF; Haji, HJ; Mohammed, KA; Molyneux, DH; Mubila, L; Savioli, L, 2008)	0.35
"There is a distinct need for both rapid detection and confirmation of toxic exposures in veterinary diagnostics, whether for interpretation of clinical cases antemortem or for forensic reasons postmortem."	( ESI+ MS/MS confirmation of canine ivermectin toxicity. Harrison, L; Johnson, MB; Lang, DG; Lehner, AF; Petzinger, E; Seanor, JW; Stewart, J; Tobin, T, 2009)	0.35
"A randomized open-label trial, including 834 pregnant women, examined efficacy and recorded adverse events of ivermectin (ivc) and albendazole (alb) alone and combined (comb) on soil-transmitted helminth infections (STHs) in the second trimester of pregnancy."	( Efficacy of ivermectin and albendazole alone and in combination for treatment of soil-transmitted helminths in pregnancy and adverse events: a randomized open label controlled intervention trial in Masindi district, western Uganda. Kabatereine, N; Magnussen, P; Ndyomugyenyi, R; Olsen, A, 2008)	0.35
"The main risk factor of post-ivermectin serious adverse events (SAEs) is the presence of a high Loa loa microfilaremia."	( Loa loa microfilarial periodicity in ivermectin-treated patients: comparison between those developing and those free of serious adverse events. Boussinesq, M; Kamgno, J; Mackenzie, CD; Pion, SD; Thylefors, B, 2009)	0.35
"Ivermectin (IVM) is exceptionally safe in humans, and is used for mass treatment of onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis."	( Analysis of the mdr-1 gene in patients co-infected with Onchocerca volvulus and Loa loa who experienced a post-ivermectin serious adverse event. Bourguinat, C; Boussinesq, M; Geary, TG; Kamgno, J; Mackenzie, CD; Prichard, RK, 2010)	0.36
"Ivermectin is considered a very safe drug; however, there are reports of toxic effects in particularly sensitive populations or due to accidental overdose."	( Central and peripheral neurotoxic effects of ivermectin in rats. Nedeljkovic, JT; Trailovic, SM, 2011)	0.37
" Children were closely monitored by a paediatrician for any adverse reactions for 7 days."	( A randomised controlled clinical trial on the safety of co-administration of albendazole, ivermectin and praziquantel in infected schoolchildren in Uganda. Kabatereine, N; Namwanje, H; Olsen, A, 2011)	0.37
" No serious adverse event associated with treatment was found in any of the groups."	( Efficacy and safety of single and double doses of ivermectin versus 7-day high dose albendazole for chronic strongyloidiasis. Anekthananon, T; Bhumimuang, K; Karuphong, E; Nilganuwong, S; Premasathian, N; Silpasakorn, S; Suputtamongkol, Y; Wanachiwanawin, D; Waywa, D, 2011)	0.37
"To determine pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and adverse effects of topically administered selamectin in flea-infested rabbits."	( Pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and adverse effects of selamectin following topical administration in flea-infested rabbits. Carpenter, JW; Dryden, MW; Kukanich, B, 2012)	0.38
" No adverse effects were detected."	( Pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and adverse effects of selamectin following topical administration in flea-infested rabbits. Carpenter, JW; Dryden, MW; Kukanich, B, 2012)	0.38
" Each was observed for clinical signs of toxic effects from 0 to 7 hours following drug administration."	( Neurotoxic effects of ivermectin administration in genetically engineered mice with targeted insertion of the mutated canine ABCB1 gene. Jones, YL; Myers, MJ; Orzechowski, KL; Robl, MG; Swaim, HL; Swain, MD; Tinaza, CA; Yancy, HF, 2012)	0.38
" No serious adverse events were observed."	( Comparative efficacy and safety of topical permethrin, topical ivermectin, and oral ivermectin in patients of uncomplicated scabies. Chhaiya, SB; Dave, JN; Mehta, DS; Patel, VJ; Shah, HA, )	0.13
" No adverse reactions were observed in any of the treated animals."	( Comparison of efficacy, safety, and convenience of selamectin versus ivermectin for treatment of Trixacarus caviae mange in pet guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus). Bdolah-Abram, T; Eshar, D, 2012)	0.38
" IVL was safe when applied topically, absorption was de minimus, there was no evidence of irritation or sensitization from repeated exposures, and results support the safety of topical IVL use in children as young as 6 months."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of 0.5% ivermectin lotion for head louse infestations. Berg, JE; Bowman, JP; Hazan, L; Murray, JV; Ryan, WG, )	0.13
"3 µmol/kg for IVM and MOX, respectively, demonstrating that MOX was less toxic than IVM."	( Relative neurotoxicity of ivermectin and moxidectin in Mdr1ab (-/-) mice and effects on mammalian GABA(A) channel activity. Lespine, A; Ménez, C; Prichard, R; Sutra, JF, 2012)	0.38
" Our results indicate that ABA biotransformation reduces its toxicity, and its toxic action is related to the inhibition of mitochondrial activity, which leads to decreased synthesis of ATP followed by cell death."	( The role of mitochondria and biotransformation in abamectin-induced cytotoxicity in isolated rat hepatocytes. de Medeiros, HC; Guelfi, M; Maioli, MA; Mingatto, FE; Pereira, FT; Trinca, V, 2013)	0.39
" This model can be used to identify toxic P-gp substrates with altered safety in dog populations and may reduce dog use in safety studies that are part of the drug approval process."	( P-gp substrate-induced neurotoxicity in an Abcb1a knock-in/Abcb1b knock-out mouse model with a mutated canine ABCB1 targeted insertion. Buckely, LE; Jhingory, MV; Jones, YL; Lancaster, VA; Myers, MJ; Orzechowski, KL; Robl, MG; Swaim, HL; Swain, MD; Tinaza, CA; Yancy, HF, 2013)	0.39
" Safety was assessed according to the evaluations of trained observers and adverse event (AE) reports."	( Assessment of the safety and efficacy of three concentrations of topical ivermectin lotion as a treatment for head lice infestation. Bell, M; Meinking, TL; Mertz-Rivera, K; Villar, ME, 2013)	0.39
"5% concentration of this ivermectin lotion formulation shows promise as a safe and effective treatment for head lice infestation and the associated signs of pruritus."	( Assessment of the safety and efficacy of three concentrations of topical ivermectin lotion as a treatment for head lice infestation. Bell, M; Meinking, TL; Mertz-Rivera, K; Villar, ME, 2013)	0.39
"The most common adverse event was vomiting (14."	( Safety and efficacy of spinosad chewable tablets for treatment of flea infestations of cats. Kee, EA; Paarlberg, TE; Snyder, DE; Trout, CM; Wiseman, S, 2013)	0.39
" No serious adverse events occurred, and the majority of adverse events were mild in intensity (mainly headache, abdominal pain, diarrhoea and "other signs/symptoms")."	( A cluster randomized study of the safety of integrated treatment of trachoma and lymphatic filariasis in children and adults in Sikasso, Mali. Coulibaly, YI; Daou, A; Dicko, I; Doumbia, M; Haidara, FC; Horton, J; Keita, M; Keita, MM; Sankare, MH; Sow, SO; Whately-Smith, C, 2013)	0.39
"These data suggest that co-administration of ivermectin+albendazole and azithromycin is safe; however the small number of villages studied and the large differences between them resulted in an inability to calculate a meaningful overall estimate of the difference in adverse event rates between the regimens."	( A cluster randomized study of the safety of integrated treatment of trachoma and lymphatic filariasis in children and adults in Sikasso, Mali. Coulibaly, YI; Daou, A; Dicko, I; Doumbia, M; Haidara, FC; Horton, J; Keita, M; Keita, MM; Sankare, MH; Sow, SO; Whately-Smith, C, 2013)	0.39
" It was found that OXT and FLO have a stronger adverse effect on duckweed (EC50=3."	( Aquatic toxicity of four veterinary drugs commonly applied in fish farming and animal husbandry. Białk-Bielińska, A; Kołodziejska, M; Kumirska, J; Maszkowska, J; Stepnowski, P; Steudte, S; Stolte, S, 2013)	0.39
"Anti-Wolbachia therapy delivers safe macrofilaricidal activity with superior therapeutic outcomes compared to all standard anti-filarial treatments, with the added benefit of substantial improvements in clinical pathology."	( Anti-Wolbachia drug discovery and development: safe macrofilaricides for onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis. Hoerauf, A; Slatko, BE; Taylor, MJ; Townson, S; Ward, SA, 2014)	0.4
"Although ivermectin treatment can induce serious adverse events (SAEs) in individuals harboring high Loa loa microfilaremia (mf), not all patients with high mf levels develop such reactions, suggesting that cofactors may be involved."	( Absence of an association between Plasmodium falciparum infection and post-ivermectin Loa-related non-neurologic serious adverse events. Akame, J; Boussinesq, M; Fokom-Domgue, J; Gounoue, R; Kamgno, J; Nguipdop-Djomo, P; Pion, SD; Thylefors, B; Twum-Danso, NA, 2014)	0.4
"The toxic effects of abamectin (ABM), an anthelmintic drug, on the snail, Physa Acuta, and the biochemical responses to the exposure stress were evaluated."	( Biochemical responses to the toxicity of the biocide abamectin on the freshwater snail Physa acuta. Li, X; Li, Y; Ma, J; Zhou, C, 2014)	0.4
" Safety assessments included incidence of adverse events (AEs) and local tolerance parameters."	( Efficacy and safety of ivermectin 1% cream in treatment of papulopustular rosacea: results of two randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled pivotal studies. Appell, M; Draelos, Z; Fleischer, A; Fowler, J; Jacovella, J; Kircik, L; Liu, H; Lynde, C; Stein, L; Steinhoff, M; Tan, J, 2014)	0.4
"Ivermectin 1% cream was effective and safe in treating inflammatory lesions of papulopustular rosacea."	( Efficacy and safety of ivermectin 1% cream in treatment of papulopustular rosacea: results of two randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled pivotal studies. Appell, M; Draelos, Z; Fleischer, A; Fowler, J; Jacovella, J; Kircik, L; Liu, H; Lynde, C; Stein, L; Steinhoff, M; Tan, J, 2014)	0.4
" No treatment related adverse experiences were observed throughout the study."	( Efficacy against nematode and cestode infections and safety of a novel topical fipronil, (S)-methoprene, eprinomectin and praziquantel combination product in domestic cats under field conditions in Europe. Capári, B; Chester, ST; Duscher, G; Keidane, D; Kirkova, Z; Kley, K; Knaus, M; Petkevičius, S; Rapti, D; Rehbein, S; Rosentel, J; Tielemans, E; Visser, M; Wagner, A; Wagner, T; Winter, R, 2014)	0.4
" The current study evaluates the sustainability and safety of multiday IVM administration in reducing 10% v/v ethyl alcohol (10E) intake in mice at a dose shown to be safe in humans."	( Multiday administration of ivermectin is effective in reducing alcohol intake in mice at doses shown to be safe in humans. Alkana, RL; Asatryan, L; Davies, DL; Huynh, N; Louie, SG; Neely, M; Yardley, MM, 2014)	0.4
" The data demonstrate that toxic effects of strychnine in mice can be prevented if a basal level of glycinergic signalling is maintained through receptor activation by ivermectin."	( In vivo protection against strychnine toxicity in mice by the glycine receptor agonist ivermectin. Breitinger, HG; Maher, A; Radwan, R, 2014)	0.4
" About a fifth of the children reported adverse events, which were mainly mild."	( Efficacy and safety of albendazole plus ivermectin, albendazole plus mebendazole, albendazole plus oxantel pamoate, and mebendazole alone against Trichuris trichiura and concomitant soil-transmitted helminth infections: a four-arm, randomised controlled t Albonico, M; Ali, SM; Alles, R; Ame, SM; Bogoch, II; Hattendorf, J; Huwyler, J; Keiser, J; Speich, B; Utzinger, J, 2015)	0.42
" Two phase 3 trials have demonstrated that IVM 1% cream was significantly better than vehicle at investigator global assessment (IGA) success rate and lesion reductions and that it was safe and well tolerated."	( Long-term safety of ivermectin 1% cream vs azelaic acid 15% gel in treating inflammatory lesions of rosacea: results of two 40-week controlled, investigator-blinded trials. Appell, M; Draelos, Z; Fleischer, A; Fowler, J; Jackson, JM; Jacovella, J; Kircik, L; Liu, H; Lynde, C; Stein Gold, L; Steinhoff, M; Sugarman, J; Tan, J, 2014)	0.4
"The use of surfactants in the development of a suitable formulation for insecticides should improve the solubility behavior, the permeability and the efficiency against pests meanwhile decrease the toxic risks of insecticides on human health."	( Synergistic effect of non-ionic surfactants Tween 80 and PEG6000 on cytotoxicity of insecticides. Huang, Q; Li, D; Tao, L; Wu, X; Yu, X, 2015)	0.42
" Comparison of ivermectin and ribavirin showed that ivermectin was safe at 50μg/ml and lower concentrations."	( Evaluation of cytotoxicity and antiviral activity of ivermectin against Newcastle disease virus. Anjum, AA; Ashraf, M; Azeem, S; Hameed, R; Rasheed, MA, 2015)	0.42
" No serious adverse events associated with either product were observed during the study."	( Clinical evaluation of the safety and efficacy of 10% imidacloprid + 2.5% moxidectin topical solution for the treatment of ear mite (Otodectes cynotis) infestations in dogs. Arther, RG; Davis, WL; Jacobsen, JA; Lewis, VA; Settje, TL, 2015)	0.42
" Few studies have been done for evaluating adverse effects of EB."	( Toxic effects of sub-chronic exposure of male albino rats to emamectin benzoate and possible ameliorative role of Foeniculum vulgare essential oil. El-Sheikh, el-SA; Galal, AA, 2015)	0.42
"/L remained toxic until the end of the experiment, even when samples were diluted 32 times with culture medium."	( Toxicity of Vertimec® 18 EC (active ingredient abamectin) to the neotropical cladoceran Ceriodaphnia silvestrii. Botta, CM; Casali-Pereira, MP; Daam, MA; de Resende, JC; Espíndola, EL; Vasconcelos, AM, 2015)	0.42
"016 mg cm(-3) ) were the most toxic fumigant compounds and were 10."	( Toxicity of Lavandula angustifolia oil constituents and spray formulations to insecticide-susceptible and pyrethroid-resistant Plutella xylostella and its endoparasitoid Cotesia glomerata. Ahn, YJ; Choi, BR; Hieu, TT; Kwon, M; Lee, SH; Yi, CG, 2016)	0.43
" Adults were randomized into 2 treatment arms, DEC 6 mg/kg + ALB 400 mg (N = 12) or DEC 6 mg/kg + ALB 400 mg + IVM 200 μg/kg (N = 12), and monitored for microfilaria, parasite antigenemia, adverse events (AEs), and serum drug levels."	( Efficacy, Safety, and Pharmacokinetics of Coadministered Diethylcarbamazine, Albendazole, and Ivermectin for Treatment of Bancroftian Filariasis. Baea, M; Fleckenstein, LL; Kazura, JW; King, CL; Lombore, B; Maki, E; Sanuku, N; Satofan, S; Schmidt, MS; Siba, PM; Thomsen, EK; Weil, GJ, 2016)	0.43
"Triple-drug therapy is safe and more effective than DEC + ALB for Bancroftian filariasis and has the potential to accelerate elimination of lymphatic filariasis."	( Efficacy, Safety, and Pharmacokinetics of Coadministered Diethylcarbamazine, Albendazole, and Ivermectin for Treatment of Bancroftian Filariasis. Baea, M; Fleckenstein, LL; Kazura, JW; King, CL; Lombore, B; Maki, E; Sanuku, N; Satofan, S; Schmidt, MS; Siba, PM; Thomsen, EK; Weil, GJ, 2016)	0.43
" Adverse events were recorded."	( Clinical efficacy and safety of topical versus oral ivermectin in treatment of uncomplicated scabies. Abdel-Azim, ES; Abdel-Aziz, RT; Ahmad, HM, )	0.13
" This study could provide guidance for the safe use of emamectin benzoate and serve as a reference for the establishment of maximum residue limits (MRLs) in China."	( Dissipation, transfer and safety evaluation of emamectin benzoate in tea. Chen, Z; Jiang, Y; Lou, Z; Luo, F; Zhang, X; Zhou, L, 2016)	0.43
" Numerous studies report low rates of adverse events, as an oral treatment for parasitic infections, scabies and head lice."	( Over 25 Years of Clinical Experience With Ivermectin: An Overview of Safety for an Increasing Number of Indications. Del Rosso, JQ; Kircik, LH; Layton, AM; Schauber, J, 2016)	0.43
"IVM treatment, versus placebo, did not increase the number or severity of adverse effects during alcohol administration or throughout the visit."	( A Pilot Study of the Safety and Initial Efficacy of Ivermectin for the Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder. Davies, DL; Louie, SG; Lunny, KF; Miotto, K; Ray, LA; Roche, DJ; Yardley, MM, 2016)	0.43
"These results suggest that IVM (30 mg oral, QD) is safe in combination with an intoxicating dose of alcohol, but do not provide evidence that this dose of IVM is effective in reducing alcohol craving or its reinforcing effects."	( A Pilot Study of the Safety and Initial Efficacy of Ivermectin for the Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder. Davies, DL; Louie, SG; Lunny, KF; Miotto, K; Ray, LA; Roche, DJ; Yardley, MM, 2016)	0.43
" Although the adverse effects of this compound are well documented in various species, the full modes of action (MoAs) are still not well characterized."	( Whole-Organism Transcriptomic Analysis Provides Mechanistic Insight into the Acute Toxicity of Emamectin Benzoate in Daphnia magna. Evenseth, LM; Gomes, T; Høgåsen, T; Iguchi, T; Rundberget, JT; Song, Y; Tollefsen, KE; Xie, L, 2016)	0.43
"To describe the treatment of human scabies with different dosages of oral ivermectin and the possible adverse events."	( Treatment of Human Scabies with Oral Ivermectin. Eczematous Eruptions as a New Non-Reported Adverse Event. Dauden, E; Feal, C; Sanz-Navarro, J, 2017)	0.46
" Dermatologists should be aware of this possible adverse event."	( Treatment of Human Scabies with Oral Ivermectin. Eczematous Eruptions as a New Non-Reported Adverse Event. Dauden, E; Feal, C; Sanz-Navarro, J, 2017)	0.46
" According to the maximum residue limits (MRLs) and acceptable daily intakes (ADIs), the final residues of beta-cypermethrin, pyriproxyfen, avermectin, diflubenzuron, and chlorothalonil were safe for human consumption after these pesticides were applied by spraying 2 times at the dosages of 900, 750, 540, 562."	( Evaluation of the safe use and dietary risk of beta-cypermethrin, pyriproxyfen, avermectin, diflubenzuron and chlorothalonil in button mushroom. Dong, F; Du, P; He, H; Liu, X; Wu, X; Xu, J; Zhang, Y; Zheng, Y, 2017)	0.46
"To evaluate the toxic effects of ivermectin, doramectin and eprinomectin on the bloodfeeding behaviour of Triatoma infestans using a rodent model."	( Evaluation of the toxic effects of doramectin, ivermectin and eprinomectin against Triatoma infestans using a rat model. Dadé, M; Daniele, M; Mestorino, N, 2017)	0.46
"The current study was conducted to evaluate the toxic effects of emamectin insecticide in mice and the possible protective effect of pumpkin seed oil."	( Ameliorative effect of pumpkin seed oil against emamectin induced toxicity in mice. Abou-Zeid, SM; AbuBakr, HO; El-Bahrawy, A; Mohamed, MA, 2018)	0.48
" Safety data showed no significant differences between groups and no serious adverse events: headache was the most frequent adverse event in all treatment groups, none of them severe."	( Safety and pharmacokinetic profile of fixed-dose ivermectin with an innovative 18mg tablet in healthy adult volunteers. Antonijoan, RM; Ballester, MR; Colli, E; Gich, I; Gold, S; Krolewiecki, AJ; Muñoz, J; Rodríguez, M, 2018)	0.48
" When distributing microfilaricides however, considerable care is needed to minimise the risk of severe adverse events (SAEs) in areas that are co-endemic for onchocerciasis or LF and loiasis."	( Identifying co-endemic areas for major filarial infections in sub-Saharan Africa: seeking synergies and preventing severe adverse events during mass drug administration campaigns. Basáñez, MG; Cano, J; O'Hanlon, SJ; Pullan, RL; Rebollo, MP; Tekle, AH; Wanji, S; Zouré, HG, 2018)	0.48
" Only mild adverse events and no organ toxicity, based on serum biomarkers, was observed."	( Efficacy and Safety of Ivermectin Against Trichuris trichiura in Preschool-aged and School-aged Children: A Randomized Controlled Dose-finding Trial. Coulibaly, JT; Hattendorf, J; Huwyler, J; Keiser, J; N'Gbesso, Y; Puchkow, M; Schulz, JD; Wimmersberger, D, 2018)	0.48
"The present study was designed to evaluate possible adverse effects of different dosages of avermectins (abamectin and a combination of ivermectin + abamectin) administered subcutaneously in calves less than one month of age."	( Avermectin toxicity in bovines less than thirty days old. Bastos, TSA; Buzullini, C; Costa, AJD; Couto, LFM; Curz, BC; de Castro Rodrigues, D; de Oliveira, GP; Gomes, LVC; Lopes, WDZ; Pereira, TA; Soares, VE, 2018)	0.48
" Adverse events (AEs) occurring after ivermectin-albendazole co-administration were mostly mild and transient."	( Efficacy and safety of co-administered ivermectin plus albendazole for treating soil-transmitted helminths: A systematic review, meta-analysis and individual patient data analysis. Belizario, V; Hürlimann, E; Joseph, SA; Keiser, J; Knopp, S; Olliaro, P; Palmeirim, MS; Speich, B; Vaillant, M, 2018)	0.48
"To provide context for the results of a large-scale, international safety trial of MDA using triple drug therapy, we searched Ovid Medline for studies published from 1985-2017 that reported adverse events (AEs) following treatment of LF with IVM, DEC, ALB, or any combination of these medications."	( Adverse events following single dose treatment of lymphatic filariasis: Observations from a review of the literature. Andersen, BJ; Budge, PJ; Herbert, C; Weil, GJ, 2018)	0.48
" Adverse events, all mild and transient, were recorded in 571 (2·6%) of the entire study population and 58 (4·1%) of participants in the ten sentinel villages."	( Feasibility and safety of mass drug coadministration with azithromycin and ivermectin for the control of neglected tropical diseases: a single-arm intervention trial. Engelman, D; Kaldor, JM; Kamoriki, B; Marks, M; Nasi, T; Romani, L; Sokana, O; Solomon, AW; Steer, AC; Wand, H; Whitfeld, MJ, 2018)	0.48
"In the largest trial so far involving coadministration of regimens based on ivermectin and azithromycin, the combination was safe and feasible in a population of more than 26 000 people."	( Feasibility and safety of mass drug coadministration with azithromycin and ivermectin for the control of neglected tropical diseases: a single-arm intervention trial. Engelman, D; Kaldor, JM; Kamoriki, B; Marks, M; Nasi, T; Romani, L; Sokana, O; Solomon, AW; Steer, AC; Wand, H; Whitfeld, MJ, 2018)	0.48
" Our objective was to systematically review the literature to determine the most effective and safe topical or systemic therapy for canine generalised demodicosis."	( Critically appraised topic for the most effective and safe treatment for canine generalised demodicosis. Foppa, C; Perego, R; Proverbio, D; Spada, E, 2019)	0.51
"The analysis of the best available evidence on March 5, 2018, suggests that six are the most effective and safe treatments for generalised canine demodicosis including (in alphabetical order): doramectin (oral or parenteral); fluralaner (oral); imidacloprid/moxidectin (topical); ivermectin (oral, not as first choice treatment); milbemycin oxime (oral); and sarolaner (oral)."	( Critically appraised topic for the most effective and safe treatment for canine generalised demodicosis. Foppa, C; Perego, R; Proverbio, D; Spada, E, 2019)	0.51
" Direct and network meta-analyses were applied to 13 antiscabietic agents on 3 outcomes (cure, persistent itching, and adverse events)."	( Efficacy and safety of antiscabietic agents: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Anothaisintawee, T; Attia, J; Rattanasiri, S; Thadanipon, K; Thakkinstian, A, 2019)	0.51
" Combination permethrin plus oral ivermectin was ranked highest in terms of cure, topical ivermectin in terms of persistent itching, and synergized pyrethrins in terms of adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of antiscabietic agents: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Anothaisintawee, T; Attia, J; Rattanasiri, S; Thadanipon, K; Thakkinstian, A, 2019)	0.51
" There were no treatment-related adverse events in either study."	( Efficacy and safety of a new topical formulation containing selamectin and sarolaner in the prevention of heartworm disease and the treatment of roundworm infection in cats presented as veterinary patients in Japan. Fujii, T; Maeder, S; Naito, M; Rugg, D; Yonetake, W, 2019)	0.51
"In this open-label cohort study, treatment-naïve microfilaremic (>50 mf/mL, n = 32) and uninfected (circulating filarial antigen negative, n = 24) adults residing in Agboville district, Côte d'Ivoire, were treated with a single dose of IVM plus DEC plus ALB, and evaluated for adverse events (AEs) until 7 days post treatment."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of a single co-administered dose of diethylcarbamazine, albendazole and ivermectin in adults with and without Wuchereria bancrofti infection in Côte d'Ivoire. Bjerum, CM; Chhonker, YS; Edi, C; King, CL; Koudou, BG; Méité, A; Murry, DJ; Ouattara, AF; Penali, LK; Weil, GJ, 2019)	0.51
" There were no severe or serious adverse events."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of a single co-administered dose of diethylcarbamazine, albendazole and ivermectin in adults with and without Wuchereria bancrofti infection in Côte d'Ivoire. Bjerum, CM; Chhonker, YS; Edi, C; King, CL; Koudou, BG; Méité, A; Murry, DJ; Ouattara, AF; Penali, LK; Weil, GJ, 2019)	0.51
" These findings should be useful for the more comprehensive assessment of the toxic effects of abamectin."	( ROS generation and DNA damage contribute to abamectin-induced cytotoxicity in mouse macrophage cells. Dong, B; Hu, J; Liang, Y; Pang, N, 2019)	0.51
" What does this study add? Of 170 infants and children weighing < 15 kg who were treated for scabies with oral ivermectin, there were only seven reported mild adverse events and no serious ones."	( Ivermectin safety in infants and children under 15 kg treated for scabies: a multicentric observational study. Boralevi, F; Bursztejn, AC; Chiaverini, C; Levy, M; Mahé, E; Martin, L; Maruani, A; Miquel, J, 2020)	0.56
"The progress of mass, community-directed, treatment with ivermectin (CDTI) for onchocerciasis control was disrupted by severe adverse effects (SAE) in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)."	( Analysis of severe adverse effects following community-based ivermectin treatment in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Coppieters, Y; Ilunga-Ilunga, F; Makenga Bof, JC; Mansiangi, P; Muteba, D, 2019)	0.51
" Therefore, it can be inferred that exposure to a mixture of the pesticides beta-cypermethrin and emamectin benzoate in the greenhouse environment may have adverse effects on the reproductive health of male mice."	( Effect of a beta-cypermethrin and emamectin benzoate pesticide mixture on reproductive toxicity in male mice in a greenhouse environment. Chi, H; Kong, C; Li, J; Shao, L; Wang, F; Xing, J; Zhai, Q; Zhang, Y, 2020)	0.56
" Adverse events (AEs) are common after LF treatment."	( Systems analysis-based assessment of post-treatment adverse events in lymphatic filariasis. Andersen, BJ; Curtis, K; Fischer, PU; Hertz, MI; King, CL; Kupritz, J; Meite, A; Mitreva, M; Rosa, BA; Serge, T; Weil, GJ, 2019)	0.51
" Both treatments were well tolerated, and there were no serious adverse events."	( Efficacy and Safety of a Single Dose of Ivermectin, Diethylcarbamazine, and Albendazole for Treatment of Lymphatic Filariasis in Côte d'Ivoire: An Open-label Randomized Controlled Trial. Aboulaye, M; Andersen, BJ; Bjerum, CM; King, CL; Kouadio, O; Koudou, BG; Marius, VK; Ouattara, AF; Weil, GJ, 2020)	0.56
" However, no information is provided for the toxic effect to the important commercial species, Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis."	( Avermectin induces the oxidative stress, genotoxicity, and immunological responses in the Chinese Mitten Crab, Eriocheir sinensis. Hong, Y; Huang, Q; Huang, Y; Huang, Z; Zhang, J, 2019)	0.51
"Fear of adverse events (AEs) negatively affects compliance to mass drug administration (MDA) for lymphatic filariasis (LF) elimination program."	( Frequency and Clinical Significance of Localized Adverse Events following Mass Drug Administration for Lymphatic Filariasis in an Endemic Area in South India. Krishnamoorthy, K; Kuttiatt, VS; Purushothaman, J; Somani, RK; Swaminathan, S; Weil, GJ, 2020)	0.56
"Drug-associated adverse events cause approximately 30 billion dollars a year of added health care expense, along with negative health outcomes including patient death."	( Making Sense of Pharmacovigilance and Drug Adverse Event Reporting: Comparative Similarity Association Analysis Using AI Machine Learning Algorithms in Dogs and Cats. Amini, M; Goligerdian, A; Jaberi-Douraki, M; Mazloom, R; Riviere, J; Staley, J; Wyckoff, GJ; Xu, X, 2019)	0.51
" We therefore aimed to evaluate the existing evidence for serious and non-serious adverse events after ivermectin exposure in pregnant women."	( Safety of oral ivermectin during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bardají, A; Bassat, Q; Chaccour, C; Kobylinski, KC; Maia, MF; Menéndez, C; Monteiro, W; Nicolas, P; Rabinovich, NR, 2020)	0.56
"For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched relevant databases and trial registry platforms on July 15, 2018, for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies that reported adverse events in pregnant women."	( Safety of oral ivermectin during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bardají, A; Bassat, Q; Chaccour, C; Kobylinski, KC; Maia, MF; Menéndez, C; Monteiro, W; Nicolas, P; Rabinovich, NR, 2020)	0.56
" Incidence ratios were used to compare adverse events by severity and organ system affected."	( Safety of high-dose ivermectin: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Boussinesq, M; Buonfrate, D; Camprubí, D; Gardon, J; Giorli, G; Kamgno, J; Krolewiecki, A; Muñoz, J; Navarro, M; Requena-Méndez, A, 2020)	0.56
"The systematic search identified six studies for inclusion, revealing no differences in the number of individuals experiencing adverse events."	( Safety of high-dose ivermectin: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Boussinesq, M; Buonfrate, D; Camprubí, D; Gardon, J; Giorli, G; Kamgno, J; Krolewiecki, A; Muñoz, J; Navarro, M; Requena-Méndez, A, 2020)	0.56
" Ocular adverse events, despite being transient, are of concern in onchocerciasis patients."	( Safety of high-dose ivermectin: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Boussinesq, M; Buonfrate, D; Camprubí, D; Gardon, J; Giorli, G; Kamgno, J; Krolewiecki, A; Muñoz, J; Navarro, M; Requena-Méndez, A, 2020)	0.56
" It has been shown that abamectin exposure could induce multiple toxic effects on non-target organisms, but the underlying mechanism is still largely unknown."	( Abamectin induces cytotoxicity via the ROS, JNK, and ATM/ATR pathways. Dong, B; Hu, J; Liang, Y; Pang, N, 2020)	0.56
" Score however, was not toxic to the springtails."	( Impact of temperature on the toxicity of Kraft 36 EC® (a.s. abamectin) and Score 250 EC® (a.s. difenoconazole) to soil organisms under realistic environmental exposure scenarios. Athayde, DB; Daam, MA; Duarte-Neto, PJ; Espíndola, ELG; Guerra, GDS; Pitombeira de Figueirêdo, L; van Gestel, CAM, 2020)	0.56
"Lymphatic filariasis has remained endemic in Fiji despite repeated mass drug administration using the well-established and safe combination of diethylcarbamazine and albendazole (DA) since 2002."	( The safety of combined triple drug therapy with ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine and albendazole in the neglected tropical diseases co-endemic setting of Fiji: A cluster randomised trial. Grobler, AC; Hardy, M; Kaldor, JM; Kama, M; King, CL; Robinson, LJ; Romani, L; Samuela, J; Steer, AC; Tuicakau, M; Weil, GJ; Whitfeld, MJ, 2020)	0.56
" However, information about toxic effects of abamectin on non-target aquatic organisms is still incomplete."	( Cytotoxicity induced by abamectin exposure in haemocytes of Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis. He, H; Hong, Y; Huang, Y; Huang, Z, 2020)	0.56
" Consequently, under experimental conditions, EMB exposure caused toxicity in the liver of male mice, and significant adverse effects were determined with biomarkers."	( Biopesticide emamectin benzoate in the liver of male mice: evaluation of oxidative toxicity with stress protein, DNA oxidation, and apoptosis biomarkers. Temiz, Ö, 2020)	0.56
"0 mg/kg sarolaner was safe and highly effective against natural infestations of fleas under a range of geographical conditions, representative of both tropical and subtropical regions of Australia."	( Safety and efficacy of a new spot-on formulation of selamectin plus sarolaner in the treatment and control of naturally occurring flea infestations in cats presented as veterinary patients in Australia. Bruellke, N; Graham, K; Hodge, A; Packianathan, R; Pittorino, M, 2020)	0.56
" Participants were monitored for adverse events (AE), parasite antigenemia, and microfilaremia."	( Safety and efficacy of co-administered diethylcarbamazine, albendazole and ivermectin during mass drug administration for lymphatic filariasis in Haiti: Results from a two-armed, open-label, cluster-randomized, community study. Beau de Rochars, VM; Bogus, J; Direny, AN; Dubray, CL; Ernest, JR; Fayette, CR; Goss, CW; Hast, M; Lemoine, JF; O'Brian, K; Pavilus, GE; Sabin, DF; Sircar, AD; Weil, GJ; Wiegand, RE, 2020)	0.56
" The aim of this study was to reveal the cytotoxic mechanism of IVM in model cell HeLa in vitro, in order to provide a theoretical basis for the safe and rational use of IVM."	( Ivermectin confers its cytotoxic effects by inducing AMPK/mTOR-mediated autophagy and DNA damage. Cheng, J; Gao, J; Ni, H; Tao, L; Xu, W; Zhang, P; Zhang, Y, 2020)	0.56
" Overall, the main toxic effects evaluated were mortality, abnormalities in the blood cells, developmental abnormalities, and behavior alterations."	( The Toxic Effects of Glyphosate, Chlorpyrifos, Abamectin, and 2,4-D on Animal Models: A Systematic Review of Brazilian Studies. Andrade-Barros, AI; Disner, GR; Falcão, MAP; Gomes, KS; Leite Dos Santos, NV; Lima, C; Lopes-Ferreira, M; Marcolino-Souza, M; Soares, ABS, 2021)	0.62
" Results of these trials indicate that, at the dosage used, the administration of emamectin at the end of the summer is safe for striped bass yearlings and considerably reduces the prevalence and intensity of the infection by this parasite."	( Emamectin benzoate is a safe and effective anthelmintic against coelomic nematode Philometra rubra in striped bass Morone saxatilis. Béland, K; Lair, S; Séguin, G, 2020)	0.56
" This paper aims to describe Samoa's experience with program coverage and adverse events (AEs) in the first round of triple-drug MDA."	( A community survey of coverage and adverse events following country-wide triple-drug mass drug administration for lymphatic filariasis elimination, Samoa 2018. Gass, K; Graves, PM; Kearns, T; Lau, CL; Mayfield, HJ; Naseri, T; Sheridan, S; Thomsen, R; Willis, GA, 2020)	0.56
" The secondary outcome is the incidence of serious adverse drug reactions within seven days of randomization."	( The efficacy and safety of Ivermectin in patients with mild and moderate COVID-19: A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Dadvand, H; Davoodian, P; Fathalipour, M; Ghazizadeh, S; Hassaniazad, M; Hassanipour, S; Hosseini, FS; Kahoori, S; Malektojari, A; Nikoofal-Sahlabadi, S; Nikpoor, AR; Sepandi, M, 2021)	0.62
" No local/systemic adverse events were observed."	( Safety and Pharmacokinetic Assessments of a Novel Ivermectin Nasal Spray Formulation in a Pig Model. Alvarez, L; Ballent, M; Ceballos, L; Daniele, M; Errecalde, F; Errecalde, J; Gold, S; Krolewiecki, A; Lanusse, C; Lifschitz, A; Marín, G; Spitzer, E; Toneguzzo, F; Turic, E; Vecchioli, G, 2021)	0.62
" Adverse events (AEs) were monitored actively for two days and passively for five more days."	( An open label, block randomized, community study of the safety and efficacy of co-administered ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine plus albendazole vs. diethylcarbamazine plus albendazole for lymphatic filariasis in India. Dwivedi, GP; Jambulingam, P; Krishnamoorthy, K; Kuttiatt, VS; Rahi, M; Raju, HKK; Somani, RK; Srividya, A; Subramanian, S; Suryaprakash, MK; Weil, GJ, 2021)	0.62
" The current research was conducted to study the neurobehavioral toxic effects of EMB in rats and also to evaluate the protective effect of HSP against these toxic effects."	( Neuroprotective effect of hesperidin against emamectin benzoate-induced neurobehavioral toxicity in rats. Azouz, RA; Noshy, PA, )	0.13
" Safety was evaluated by analyzing the frequency and severity of adverse events."	( Efficacy and Safety of Albendazole and High-Dose Ivermectin Coadministration in School-Aged Children Infected With Trichuris trichiura in Honduras: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Álvarez, L; Cajal, P; Canales, M; Ceballos, L; Cimino, RO; Escalada, A; Gabrie, JA; Juárez, M; Krolewiecki, A; Lanusse, C; Martí-Soler, H; Matamoros, G; Rodríguez, C; Rueda, MM; Sánchez, A, 2021)	0.62
" A total of 48 adverse events (85."	( Efficacy and Safety of Albendazole and High-Dose Ivermectin Coadministration in School-Aged Children Infected With Trichuris trichiura in Honduras: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Álvarez, L; Cajal, P; Canales, M; Ceballos, L; Cimino, RO; Escalada, A; Gabrie, JA; Juárez, M; Krolewiecki, A; Lanusse, C; Martí-Soler, H; Matamoros, G; Rodríguez, C; Rueda, MM; Sánchez, A, 2021)	0.62
" In this study; it was aimed to investigate the presence of gene mutations that alter ivermectin metabolism and cause toxic effects in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia, and to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of ivermectin use in the treatment of patients without mutation."	( Evaluation of the effectiveness and safety of adding ivermectin to treatment in severe COVID-19 patients. Avcı, İY; Çetinkaya, RA; Demirtürk, N; Eser, F; Güner, R; Karalezli, A; Kayaaslan, B; Konya, P; Okumuş, N; Orhan, S; Savaşçı, Ü; Şaylan, B; Taşkın, G; Yamanel, L; Yılmaz, G, 2021)	0.62
" A difenoconazole concentration at the NOEC (no observed effect concentration) level indicated a synergetic toxic interaction with abamectin."	( Acute toxicity of the insecticide abamectin and the fungicide difenoconazole (individually and in mixture) to the tropical stingless bee Melipona scutellaris. Brigante, J; Costa, JO; Daam, MA; Espíndola, ELG, 2021)	0.62
" Outcomes of interest include mortality, time to symptom resolution, time of hospitalisation, frequency of invasive mechanical ventilation and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, incidence of severe acute respiratory syndrome, admission to intensive care unit, viral load, PCR-negative status, percentage of infection after prophylactic use, and total incidence of adverse and side effects."	( Effectiveness and safety of ivermectin in the treatment of COVID-19: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cobucci, RN; Linhares, PVA; Machado, MLL; Martins Ferreira, CF; Martins, RR; Oliveira Silva, DF; Souza, ATB, 2021)	0.62
" Outcomes included time to viral clearance, duration of hospitalization, mortality, incidence of mechanical ventilation and incidence of adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of ivermectin for the treatment of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ali, S; Deng, J; Heybati, K; Hou, W; Huang, E; Wong, CY; Zhou, F, 2021)	0.62
" Ivermectin did not significantly increase incidence of adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of ivermectin for the treatment of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ali, S; Deng, J; Heybati, K; Hou, W; Huang, E; Wong, CY; Zhou, F, 2021)	0.62
"Individuals with high microfilarial densities (MFDs) of Loa loa are at risk of developing serious adverse events (SAEs) after ivermectin treatment."	( Safety and Efficacy of Levamisole in Loiasis: A Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double-blind Clinical Trial. Bikita, P; Boussinesq, M; Campillo, JT; Chesnais, C; Hemilembolo, M; Louya, F; Missamou, F; Pion, SDS, 2022)	0.72
" Safety outcomes were occurrence of SAE and adverse event frequency during the first week."	( Safety and Efficacy of Levamisole in Loiasis: A Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double-blind Clinical Trial. Bikita, P; Boussinesq, M; Campillo, JT; Chesnais, C; Hemilembolo, M; Louya, F; Missamou, F; Pion, SDS, 2022)	0.72
"5mg/kg levamisole caused more mild adverse events (10/85 vs."	( Safety and Efficacy of Levamisole in Loiasis: A Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double-blind Clinical Trial. Bikita, P; Boussinesq, M; Campillo, JT; Chesnais, C; Hemilembolo, M; Louya, F; Missamou, F; Pion, SDS, 2022)	0.72
" Considering the frequent environmental and occupational exposure, the various toxic effects caused by IVM should be paid more attention."	( Immunotoxicity induced by Ivermectin is associated with NF-κB signaling pathway on macrophages. Cheng, J; Gao, J; Li, Y; Li, Z; Tao, L; Xu, W; Zhang, C; Zhang, P; Zhang, Y, 2022)	0.72
" No serious adverse events were reported; observed events were mostly classified as mild (95% [266 of 279] in the albendazole group and 91% [288 of 317] in the ivermectin-albendazole group), and all were transient in nature."	( Efficacy and safety of co-administered ivermectin and albendazole in school-aged children and adults infected with Trichuris trichiura in Côte d'Ivoire, Laos, and Pemba Island, Tanzania: a double-blind, parallel-group, phase 3, randomised controlled trial Ali, SM; Ame, SM; Coulibaly, JT; Hattendorf, J; Hürlimann, E; Keiser, J; Keller, L; Patel, C; Sayasone, S; Welsche, S, 2022)	0.72
" The triple therapy had a similar adverse effect compared with the dual therapy group."	( Efficacy and safety of triple therapy versus dual therapy for lymphatic filariasis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Abd-Elsalam, S; Abdelazeem, B; Abuelazm, MT; Ashraf, M; Badr, H; Gamal, M, 2022)	0.72
" In addition to the ongoing research and development of vaccines, there is still a dire need for safe and effective drugs for the control and treatment against the SARS-CoV-2 virus infection."	( Safety profile of COVID-19 drugs in a real clinical setting. Bhardwaj, M; Chiu, MN; Sah, SP, 2022)	0.72
"Through a literature search conducted on PubMed and Google Scholar database, various adverse events suspected to be induced by eight drugs, including dexamethasone, hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine, remdesivir, favipiravir, lopinavir/ritonavir, ivermectin, and tocilizumab, administered in COVID-19 patients in clinical practice and studies were identified in 30 case reports, 3 case series, and 10 randomized clinical trials."	( Safety profile of COVID-19 drugs in a real clinical setting. Bhardwaj, M; Chiu, MN; Sah, SP, 2022)	0.72
"Mild, moderate, or severe adverse events of numerous repurposed and investigational drugs caused by various factors and mechanisms were observed."	( Safety profile of COVID-19 drugs in a real clinical setting. Bhardwaj, M; Chiu, MN; Sah, SP, 2022)	0.72
" Adverse events (AE) were assessed by active follow-up for 2 days and passive follow-up for an additional 5 days."	( Safety and efficacy of mass drug administration with a single-dose triple-drug regimen of albendazole + diethylcarbamazine + ivermectin for lymphatic filariasis in Papua New Guinea: An open-label, cluster-randomised trial. Amuga, M; Bieb, S; Bjerum, C; Goss, CW; Howard, C; John, LN; Karl, S; Kerry, Z; King, CL; Kotty, B; Kualawi, M; Kumai, S; Laman, M; Lorry, L; Makita, L; O'Brian, K; Pomat, W; Robinson, LJ; Samuel, A; Tavul, L; Tisch, DJ; Wangi, J; Weil, GJ, 2022)	0.72
" We develop a joint geostatistical modelling framework for the analysis of Ab and Loascope data to delineate whether an area is safe for MDA."	( Geostatistical modelling enables efficient safety assessment for mass drug administration with ivermectin in Loa loa endemic areas through a combined antibody and LoaScope testing strategy for elimination of onchocerciasis. Amoah, B; Atsame, J; Biamonte, M; Diggle, PJ; Ella, SN; Fronterrè, C; Gass, K; Giorgi, E; Hundley, L; Johnson, O; Ogoussan, K, 2022)	0.72
" The study aims to describe the adverse events (AEs) related to ivermectin use for the prevention or treatment of COVID-19."	( Ivermectin associated adverse events in the treatment and prevention of COVID-19 reported to the FACT pharmacovigilance project. Aldy, K; Brent, J; Burkhart, K; Farah, R; Kazzi, Z; Wax, P, 2022)	0.72
"This is a prospective case series of adverse events related to therapeutics used in the prevention or treatment of COVID-19 submitted to the FDA ACMT COVID-19 ToxIC (FACT) Pharmacovigilance Project sub-registry between October 2020 and December 2021."	( Ivermectin associated adverse events in the treatment and prevention of COVID-19 reported to the FACT pharmacovigilance project. Aldy, K; Brent, J; Burkhart, K; Farah, R; Kazzi, Z; Wax, P, 2022)	0.72
"Ivermectin use for the attempted treatment of COVID-19 has potential adverse health effects primarily related to neurological function."	( Ivermectin associated adverse events in the treatment and prevention of COVID-19 reported to the FACT pharmacovigilance project. Aldy, K; Brent, J; Burkhart, K; Farah, R; Kazzi, Z; Wax, P, 2022)	0.72
" The secondary outcomes were duration of hospitalization, frequency of clinical worsening, survival on day 28, and adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of ivermectin in the treatment of mild to moderate COVID-19 infection: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Maneerit, J; Manomaipiboon, A; Pholtawornkulchai, K; Phumisantiphong, U; Poopipatpab, S; Ruksakul, W; Suraamornkul, S; Trakarnvanich, T, 2022)	0.72
" No significant differences were found between the groups for any of the secondary endpoints, and no adverse events were reported."	( Efficacy and safety of ivermectin in the treatment of mild to moderate COVID-19 infection: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Maneerit, J; Manomaipiboon, A; Pholtawornkulchai, K; Phumisantiphong, U; Poopipatpab, S; Ruksakul, W; Suraamornkul, S; Trakarnvanich, T, 2022)	0.72
" We extracted data on trials and patient characteristics, and the following primary outcomes: all-cause mortality (ACM), and treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs)."	( Comparative efficacy and safety of pharmacological interventions for severe COVID-19 patients: An updated network meta-analysis of 48 randomized controlled trials. Chen, J; Cheng, Q; Fang, Z; Jia, Q; Zhao, G, 2022)	0.72
" We found that most medications were safe in treating severe COVID-19."	( Comparative efficacy and safety of pharmacological interventions for severe COVID-19 patients: An updated network meta-analysis of 48 randomized controlled trials. Chen, J; Cheng, Q; Fang, Z; Jia, Q; Zhao, G, 2022)	0.72
" However, the immune toxic effects of EMB in human received limited attention."	( The potential immunotoxicity of emamectin benzoate on the human THP-1 macrophages. Feng, H; Fu, W; Li, Z; Shao, X; Tao, L; Wang, W; Wei, Z; Xu, W; Zhang, P; Zhang, Y, 2023)	0.91
" No serious adverse events were reported during the study."	( Efficacy and safety of moxidectin and albendazole compared with ivermectin and albendazole coadministration in adolescents infected with Trichuris trichiura in Tanzania: an open-label, non-inferiority, randomised, controlled, phase 2/3 trial. Ali, SM; Hattendorf, J; Hürlimann, E; Keiser, J; Mrimi, EC; Welsche, S, 2023)	0.91
" In areas where loiasis is co-endemic, this approach is complicated by the risk of serious adverse events following treatment with ivermectin in individuals with a high Loa loa microfilarial density (MFD)."	( Evaluating post-treatment Loa loa microfilarial densities to classify serious adverse events caused by ivermectin: a retrospective analysis. Boullé, C; Boussinesq, M; Chesnais, CB; Chippaux, JP; Garcia, A; Gardon, J; Kamgno, J; Pion, SD; Ranque, S, 2023)	0.91
"The MFD threshold of 1000 mf per mL within 1 month of treatment, which is commonly used to attribute the occurrence of a serious adverse event to ivermectin, should be revised."	( Evaluating post-treatment Loa loa microfilarial densities to classify serious adverse events caused by ivermectin: a retrospective analysis. Boullé, C; Boussinesq, M; Chesnais, CB; Chippaux, JP; Garcia, A; Gardon, J; Kamgno, J; Pion, SD; Ranque, S, 2023)	0.91
" It easily enters the aquatic environment through various pathways, thus causing adverse effects on aquatic organisms."	( Neurodevelopmental Toxicity of Emamectin Benzoate to the Early Life Stage of Zebrafish Larvae ( Gu, J; Guo, L; Ji, G; Qian, L; Shi, L; Zhang, H; Zhu, Y, 2023)	0.91
" Assessing the toxic effects of EMB in mammals or humans and its endogenous metabolites alteration are the appropriate means of evaluating its risks to human health."	( Investigation on the immunotoxicity induced by Emamectin benzoate on THP-1 macrophages based on metabolomics analysis. Feng, H; Li, Z; Shao, X; Tao, L; Wang, W; Wei, Z; Xu, W; Zhang, Y, 2023)	0.91
" A field study in Mali suggested the rates of adverse events were similar with combined or separate administration, but was underpowered."	( Pharmacokinetics, feasibility and safety of co-administering azithromycin, albendazole, and ivermectin during mass drug administration: A review. Gebre, T; Mabey, DCW; Marks, M; McPherson, S; Seife, F; Solomon, AW; Solomon, H, 2023)	0.91
" Despite the limited amount of data, available evidence suggests that such a strategy is safe with an absence of clinically important drug-drug interactions, no serious adverse events reported and little evidence for an increase in mild adverse events."	( Pharmacokinetics, feasibility and safety of co-administering azithromycin, albendazole, and ivermectin during mass drug administration: A review. Gebre, T; Mabey, DCW; Marks, M; McPherson, S; Seife, F; Solomon, AW; Solomon, H, 2023)	0.91
" Most common adverse events were abdominal pain (range across arms: 11."	( Efficacy and Safety of Moxidectin-Albendazole and Ivermectin-Albendazole Combination Therapy Compared to Albendazole Monotherapy in Adolescents and Adults Infected with Trichuris trichiura: A Randomized, Controlled Superiority Trial. Coulibaly, JT; Hattendorf, J; Hürlimann, E; Keiser, J; Sprecher, VP, 2023)	0.91
"To characterize the adverse events (AEs) related to the off-label use of hydroxychloroquine (HQ), azithromycin (AZI), tocilizumab (TOB) and ivermectin (IVM) for the treatment of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients."	( Characterization of adverse events to hydroxychloroquine, ivermectin, azithromycin and tocilizumab in patients hospitalized due to COVID-19 in a Peruvian Social Health Insurance hospital. Alva Lozada, G; Cachay Rojas, E; Delgado-Escalante, R; Fernández-Rojas, P; Fiestas Saldarriaga, F; Rodríguez-Tanta, LY, )	0.13
"We conducted a community-based, observational, cohort event monitoring study to compare the types, frequency, severity, and predictors of adverse events following dual versus triple therapy in 20,421 eligible residents."	( Comparative Safety Surveillance of Triple (IDA) Versus Dual Therapy (DA) in Mass Drug Administration for Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis in Kenya: A Cohort Event Monitoring Study. Aklillu, E; Barry, A; Guantai, A; Khaemba, C; Kirui, E; Njenga, SM; Oluka, M; Omondi, WP; Parthasarathi, G, 2023)	0.91
" Adverse events were actively monitored through house-to-house visits on days 1, 2, and 7 after MDA."	( Comparative Safety Surveillance of Triple (IDA) Versus Dual Therapy (DA) in Mass Drug Administration for Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis in Kenya: A Cohort Event Monitoring Study. Aklillu, E; Barry, A; Guantai, A; Khaemba, C; Kirui, E; Njenga, SM; Oluka, M; Omondi, WP; Parthasarathi, G, 2023)	0.91
"Overall, 5807 and 3102 adverse events were reported by 2839 and 1621 individuals in the IDA and DA groups, respectively."	( Comparative Safety Surveillance of Triple (IDA) Versus Dual Therapy (DA) in Mass Drug Administration for Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis in Kenya: A Cohort Event Monitoring Study. Aklillu, E; Barry, A; Guantai, A; Khaemba, C; Kirui, E; Njenga, SM; Oluka, M; Omondi, WP; Parthasarathi, G, 2023)	0.91
"Ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine, and albendazole as a combination is as safe and well tolerated as DA to use in MDA campaigns with no serious life-threatening adverse events."	( Comparative Safety Surveillance of Triple (IDA) Versus Dual Therapy (DA) in Mass Drug Administration for Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis in Kenya: A Cohort Event Monitoring Study. Aklillu, E; Barry, A; Guantai, A; Khaemba, C; Kirui, E; Njenga, SM; Oluka, M; Omondi, WP; Parthasarathi, G, 2023)	0.91
"One hundred sixty-four individuals were treated, and monitored for treatment emergent adverse events (TEAE)."	( Safety and tolerability of moxidectin and ivermectin combination treatments for lymphatic filariasis in Côte d'Ivoire: A randomized controlled superiority study. Bjerum, CM; Budge, PJ; Fischer, PU; Gabo, PT; Goss, CW; King, CL; Koudou, BG; Lew, D; Ouattara, AF; Weil, GJ, 2023)	0.91
" Primary safety outcomes were drug-related serious and severe adverse events (Trial registration: PACTR201908520097051)."	( Efficacy and safety of ivermectin for the treatment of Plasmodium falciparum infections in asymptomatic male and female Gabonese adults - a pilot randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled single-centre phase Ib/IIa clinical trial. Adegnika, AA; Akinosho, MA; Dimessa Mbadinga, LB; Ekoka Mbassi, D; Ekoka Mbassi, FA; Held, J; Inoue, J; Kalkman, LC; Kremsner, PG; Mombo-Ngoma, G; Mordmüller, B; Ndzebe-Ndoumba, W; Okwu, DG; Pessanha de Carvalho, L; Ramharter, M; Yovo, EK; Zoleko-Manego, R, 2023)	0.91
" No severe or serious adverse events were observed."	( Efficacy and safety of ivermectin for the treatment of Plasmodium falciparum infections in asymptomatic male and female Gabonese adults - a pilot randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled single-centre phase Ib/IIa clinical trial. Adegnika, AA; Akinosho, MA; Dimessa Mbadinga, LB; Ekoka Mbassi, D; Ekoka Mbassi, FA; Held, J; Inoue, J; Kalkman, LC; Kremsner, PG; Mombo-Ngoma, G; Mordmüller, B; Ndzebe-Ndoumba, W; Okwu, DG; Pessanha de Carvalho, L; Ramharter, M; Yovo, EK; Zoleko-Manego, R, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The mean elimination half-life of the drug was 35."	( The distribution and some pharmacokinetic parameters of ivermectin in pigs. McKellar, QA; Scott, EW, 1992)	0.28
" Pharmacokinetic behaviour depends upon formulation and route of administration."	( Development, pharmacokinetics and mode of action of ivermectin. Campbell, WC; Sutherland, IH, 1990)	0.28
" Biological half-life t1/2 increases in the order: swine (0."	( Pharmacokinetic studies of ivermectin: effects of formulation. Blodinger, J; Fink, DW; Lo, PK; Williams, JB, 1985)	0.27
"Three pharmacokinetic studies were conducted in Ghanaian patients in support of investigations of albendazole and its combination with ivermectin in the treatment of onchocerciasis."	( The chemotherapy of onchocerciasis XVII. A clinical evaluation of albendazole in patients with onchocerciasis; effects of food and pretreatment with ivermectin on drug response and pharmacokinetics. Awadzi, K; Büttner, DW; Coventry, PA; Edwards, G; Hero, M; Opoku, NO; Orme, ML; Prime, MA, 1994)	0.29
" The importance of using both pharmacokinetic and efficacy end points to distinguish between formulations is discussed."	( Effect of formulation on the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of doramectin. Davison, E; Gibson, SP; Kaye, B; Lewis, D; Smith, DG; Weatherley, AJ; Wicks, SR, 1993)	0.29
" The biological half-life of ivermectin in plasma is similar in cattle and sheep but because of a larger volume of distribution, plasma clearance is more rapid in sheep."	( Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of avermectins in livestock. Steel, JW, 1993)	0.29
" Peak concentration (Cmax), and areas under the concentration curve (AUC0-infinity) were determined from plasma concentrations."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of parenterally administered doramectin in cattle. Hunter, RP; Jones, RM; Logan, NB; Lukaszewicz, J; Lynch, MJ; Mouzin, DE; Nowakowski, MA; Ryan, NI; Smith, DG, 1995)	0.29
" Doramectin exhibited a similar peak plasma concentration to ivermectin (about 32 ng ml-1), but the time to Cmax was longer for doramectin (5."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of doramectin and ivermectin in cattle. McKenzie, ME; Terhune, TN; Toutain, PL; Upson, DW, 1997)	0.3
" The Cmax of doramectin (12."	( Comparison of pharmacokinetic profiles of doramectin and ivermectin pour-on formulations in cattle. Alvinerie, M; Gayrard, V; Toutain, PL, 1999)	0.3
" It is concluded that in horses the commercial preparation of MXD presents a pharmacokinetic profile which differs significantly from that found for a commercial preparation of IVM."	( Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of moxidectin (Equest) and ivermectin (Eqvalan) in horses. Alvinerie, M; Cabezas, I; Galtier, P; García, M; Pérez, R; Rubilar, L; Sutra, JF, 1999)	0.3
" The pharmacokinetic behaviour of [3H]-labelled products was determined in these pools, and also in peripheral plasma, urine and faeces."	( The behaviour of doramectin in the gastrointestinal tract, its secretion in bile and pharmacokinetic disposition in the peripheral circulation after oral and intravenous administration to sheep. Gottschall, D; Hennessy, DR; Page, SW, 2000)	0.31
" Individual pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by fitting a one-compartment model to the milk and plasma concentration-time profiles."	( Ivermectin pharmacokinetics in lactating sheep. Beek, WM; Cerkvenik, V; Doganoc, DZ; Drobnic Kosorok, M; Grabnar, I; Keukens, HJ; Pogacnik, M; Skubic, V, 2002)	0.31
"The pharmacokinetic behaviour of ivermectin was investigated in adult llamas (Lama glama) by using high performance liquid chromatography with a lower limit of quantification of 2 ng/ml to measure its concentration in serum."	( Pharmacokinetics of ivermectin in llamas (Lama glama). Jarvinen, JA; Miller, JA; Oehler, DD, 2002)	0.31
" The terminal elimination half-life was significantly (P<0."	( Pharmacokinetics of doramectin and ivermectin after oral administration in horses. Alvinerie, M; Arboix, M; Cabezas, I; Castells, G; Godoy, C; Muñoz, L; Pérez, R; Rubilar, L, 2002)	0.31
" There were no selamectin-related adverse effects and no sex differences in pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Pharmacokinetics of selamectin following intravenous, oral and topical administration in cats and dogs. Castledine, J; Jernigan, AD; Rowan, TG; Sarasola, P; Smith, DG; Walker, DK, 2002)	0.31
" Following single doses of 30 to 120 mg, AUC and Cmax were generally dose proportional, with t(max) approximately 4 hours and t1/2 approximately 18 hours."	( Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of escalating high doses of ivermectin in healthy adult subjects. Chen, C; Clineschmidt, CM; Furtek, CI; Guzzo, CA; Hsieh, JY; Lasseter, KC; Porras, AG; Sciberras, DG; Tipping, R, 2002)	0.31
" Reducing the rate of fat deposition influenced the pharmacokinetic disposition of the highly lipophilic MXD but did not influence the pharmacokinetic disposition of the less lipophilic IVM."	( Does the rate of fat deposition influence the pharmacokinetic disposition of subcutaneously administered moxidectin and ivermectin in pigs? Craven, J; Friis, C; Hennessy, DR, 2002)	0.31
"A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted, to determine whether the co-administration of ivermectin with albendazole is safe and more effective against Onchocerca volvulus than ivermectin alone, and whether a significant pharmacokinetic interaction occurs."	( The co-administration of ivermectin and albendazole--safety, pharmacokinetics and efficacy against Onchocerca volvulus. Addy, ET; Ardrey, AE; Attah, SK; Awadzi, K; Duke, BO; Edwards, G; Opoku, NO; Quartey, BT, 2003)	0.32
" The actual plasma and faecal disposition of pour-on ivermectin in cattle was documented using an original pharmacokinetic model, and taking into account the oral ingestion of the topical drug following physiological licking as a secondary route of exposure."	( A pharmacokinetic model to document the actual disposition of topical ivermectin in cattle. Alvinerie, M; Bousquet-Mélou, A; Bralet, D; Fink-Gremmels, J; Laffont, CM; Toutain, PL, )	0.13
" Due to the physiological adaptations of yak to its environment and the lack of data, the ivermectin pharmacokinetic was studied following a single subcutaneous dose at the recommended dose for cattle (0."	( Pharmacokinetics of ivermectin in the yak (Bos grunniens). Alvinerie, M; Boulard, C; Dupuy, J; Guan, GQ; Lespine, A; Luo, JX; Ma, ML; Sutra, JF; Yang, DY; Yin, H, 2003)	0.32
" The aim of the current work was to evaluate the effect of verapamil, a P-GP substrate, on the pharmacokinetic behaviour of the anthelmintics ivermectin and moxidectin in sheep."	( Influence of verapamil on the pharmacokinetics of the antiparasitic drugs ivermectin and moxidectin in sheep. Lanusse, C; Lifschitz, A; Molento, MB; Prichard, R; Sallovitz, J, 2004)	0.32
" The disposition of other avermectin-type endectocide compounds, doramectin (DRM) and abamectin (ABM), was also assessed in the same pharmacokinetic trial."	( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of four ivermectin generic formulations in calves. Imperiale, F; Jauregui Lorda, J; Lanusse, C; Lifschitz, A; Pis, A; Sallovitz, J, 2004)	0.32
" The pharmacokinetic parameters for levamisole alone and the combinations were determined in Trial 1 and then compared with historical data for ivermectin and albendazole, given as single agents, to determine if drug-drug interaction had occurred."	( The safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of levamisole alone, levamisole plus ivermectin, and levamisole plus albendazole, and their efficacy against Onchocerca volvulus. Addy, ET; Ardrey, AE; Attah, SK; Awadzi, K; Edwards, G; Favager, S; Opoku, NO; Quartey, BT; Yamuah, LK, 2004)	0.32
"Some pharmacokinetic parameters of selamectin were determined in male (n = 5) and female (n = 5) Beagle dogs following a topical application at a dose rate of 6 mg/kg."	( Pharmacokinetics of selamectin in dogs after topical application. Alvinerie, M; Cadiergues, MC; Derlon, AL; Dupuy, J; Franc, M; Sutra, JF, 2004)	0.32
" The area under the concentration curve (AUC) of DRM (228."	( Plasma pharmacokinetics and faecal excretion of ivermectin (Eqvalan paste) and doramectin (Dectomax, 1%) following oral administration in donkeys. Boyacioglu, M; Gokbulut, C; Karademir, U, 2005)	0.33
" This method is robust and suitable for clinical pharmacokinetic studies."	( Liquid chromatographic assay of ivermectin in human plasma for application to clinical pharmacokinetic studies. Fleckenstein, L; Kitzman, D; Wei, SY, 2006)	0.33
"The pharmacokinetic interactions and tolerability of albendazole, praziquantel and ivermectin combinations were assessed in 23 healthy Thai volunteers (12 males and 11 females)."	( Assessments of pharmacokinetic drug interactions and tolerability of albendazole, praziquantel and ivermectin combinations. Hanpitakpong, W; Kietinun, S; Lazdins, J; Na-Bangchang, C; Na-Bangchang, K; Pawa, KK, 2006)	0.33
"The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of parasitism on plasma availability and pharmacokinetic behaviour of ivermectin (IVM) in lambs."	( Effect of parasitism on the pharmacokinetic disposition of ivermectin in lambs. Alvinerie, M; Araneda, M; Cabezas, I; Palma, C; Pérez, R; Rubilar, L, 2006)	0.33
" After SC administration, noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted."	( Pharmacokinetics of a novel formulation of ivermectin after administration to goats. Diez, MJ; Fernandez, N; Garcia, JJ; González, A; Sahagun, AM; Sierra, M, 2006)	0.33
" In addition, the values of Cmax and time to reach Cmax are higher than those reported by other investigators who used other routes of administration."	( Pharmacokinetics of a novel formulation of ivermectin after administration to goats. Diez, MJ; Fernandez, N; Garcia, JJ; González, A; Sahagun, AM; Sierra, M, 2006)	0.33
" With ivermectin it was noted that absorption and excretion were more rapid and Cmax higher in the combination, although the AUC of both formulations were not significantly different."	( Pharmacokinetics of a novel closantel/ivermectin injection in cattle. Couper, A; Cromie, L; Ferry, M; Fields, C; Taylor, SM, 2006)	0.33
"25% ivermectin: Cmax (37."	( Pharmacokinetics of a new long acting endectocide formulation containing 2.25% ivermectin and 1.25% abamectin in cattle. Borges, FA; Cho, HS; Costa, AJ; Oliveira, GP; Santos, E, 2007)	0.34
" This study was conducted to evaluate whether azithromycin has a pharmacokinetic interaction with the combination of ivermectin and albendazole."	( Pharmacokinetics of azithromycin and the combination of ivermectin and albendazole when administered alone and concurrently in healthy volunteers. Amsden, GW; Glue, P; Gregory, TB; Knirsch, CA; Michalak, CA, 2007)	0.34
" The obtained data were analysed by compartmental and non-compartmental pharmacokinetic techniques."	( Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of moxidectin and ivermectin after oral administration to beagle dogs. Al-Azzam, SI; Cheng, KJ; Dzimianski, MT; Fleckenstein, L; McCall, JW, 2007)	0.34
"The pharmacokinetic properties of drugs are closely related to their pharmacological efficacy."	( The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of ivermectin in domestic animal species. González Canga, A; José Diez Liébana, M; Martínez, NF; Sahagún Prieto, AM; Vega, MS; Vieitez, JJ, 2009)	0.35
" A computerized pharmacokinetic analysis was performed, and the data were compared by means of the Student t-test."	( Pharmacokinetics of ivermectin in pregnant and nonpregnant sheep. Arboix, M; Cox, J; Núñez, MJ; Palma, C; Pérez, R, 2008)	0.35
" The patterns of plasma and tissue ivermectin concentrations were similar in the two breeds of animals, however, the AUC and Cmax levels for plasma and skin were significantly higher in the BB calves."	( Breed differences in the pharmacokinetics of ivermectin administered subcutaneously to Holstein and Belgian Blue calves. Alvinerie, M; Bassissi, F; Deprez, P; Everaert, D; Vercruysse, J, 2008)	0.35
" In sheep serum, rafoxanide induced a rapid absorption of IVM when given in combined form manifested by a shorter absorption half-life time of IVM by 68."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of ivermectin alone and a novel formulation of ivermectin and rafoxanide in calves and sheep. Abd-El-Rahman, S; El-Banna, HA; El-Zorba, H; Goudah, A, 2008)	0.35
"A recent drug interaction study reported that when azithromycin was administered with the combination of ivermectin and albendazole, there were modest increases in ivermectin pharmacokinetic parameters."	( The effect of azithromycin on ivermectin pharmacokinetics--a population pharmacokinetic model analysis. Amsden, GW; Andrews, EN; El-Tahtawy, A; Glue, P; Knirsch, CA; Mardekian, J, 2008)	0.35
"A two-compartment pharmacokinetic model with first-order elimination and absorption was developed."	( The effect of azithromycin on ivermectin pharmacokinetics--a population pharmacokinetic model analysis. Amsden, GW; Andrews, EN; El-Tahtawy, A; Glue, P; Knirsch, CA; Mardekian, J, 2008)	0.35
"This is the first pharmacokinetic model of ivermectin."	( The effect of azithromycin on ivermectin pharmacokinetics--a population pharmacokinetic model analysis. Amsden, GW; Andrews, EN; El-Tahtawy, A; Glue, P; Knirsch, CA; Mardekian, J, 2008)	0.35
"The pharmacokinetic examination revealed highest EB concentrations in all three tissues at day 14, seven days after the end of the medication period."	( Pharmacokinetics and transcriptional effects of the anti-salmon lice drug emamectin benzoate in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Lie, KK; Lunestad, BT; Mykkeltvedt, E; Olsvik, PA; Petersen, K; Samuelsen, OB; Stavrum, AK, 2008)	0.35
" The pharmacokinetic parameters (mean+/-S."	( Pharmacokinetics of ivermectin in cats receiving a single subcutaneous dose. Chethanond, U; Chittrakarn, S; Janchawee, B; Kansenalak, S; Kobasa, T; Ruangrut, P; Thammapalo, S, 2009)	0.35
" A computerized non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was performed and the results were compared by means of the Student t-test."	( Pharmacokinetics of ivermectin after maternal or fetal intravenous administration in sheep. Cox, J; Núñez, MJ; Palma, C; Pérez, R, 2008)	0.35
" There was no statistically significant difference detected in the pharmacokinetic data between the fed and fasted groups."	( The pharmacokinetics of orally administered ivermectin in African elephants (Loxodonta africana): implications for parasite elimination. Ballent, M; Galvanek, L; Gandolf, AR; Lanusse, C; Lifschitz, A; Stadler, C; Watson, B, 2009)	0.35
"The pharmacokinetic profile of the antiparasitic agent emamectin benzoate was studied in plasma after intravenous (i."	( A single-dose pharmacokinetic study of emamectin benzoate in cod, Gadus morhua L., held in sea water at 9 degrees C. Samuelsen, OB, 2010)	0.36
" Ten rabbits for pharmacokinetic study in two groups (the self-licking and the nonlicking)were topically administered with 1 mg kg(-1) of eprinomectin."	( The effect of self-licking behavior on pharmacokinetics of eprinomectin and clinical efficacy against Psoroptes cuniculi in topically administered rabbits. Liu, S; Pan, B; Wang, F; Wang, M; Wang, Z; Wen, H; Yang, Z, 2010)	0.36
" However, it must be noted that this evaluation was based on pharmacokinetic parameters and not antiparasitic efficacy."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of some injectable preparations containing ivermectin in dogs. Altinordulu, S; Cam, Y; Eraslan, G; Kanbur, M; Karabacak, M; Liman, BC, )	0.13
" A nonlinear mixed effects modelling procedure was used for pharmacokinetic analysis."	( Plasma pharmacokinetics of abamectin in fallow deer (Cervus dama dama) following subcutaneous administration. Grabnar, I; Kobal, S; Tavčar-Kalcher, G; Vengušt, A; Vengušt, G; Zele, D, 2011)	0.37
" Based on numerous reports implicating the role of the ATP-binding cassette drug transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in ivermectin efflux in dogs, an in vivo study was conducted to determine whether ivermectin toxicity results from a pharmacokinetic interaction with spinosad."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction of the antiparasitic agents ivermectin and spinosad in dogs. Balogh, L; Dunn, ST; Hedges, L; Lai, Y; Locuson, CW; Mahabir, S; Sampson, KE, 2011)	0.37
" Ivermectin pharmacokinetic studies performed in several minor ruminant species are reviewed in this paper with the aim of facilitating the adoption of rational basis for the establishment of appropriate dosage schedules."	( Extra-label use of ivermectin in some minor ruminant species: pharmacokinetic aspects. Belmar-Liberato, R; Escribano, M; González-Canga, A, 2012)	0.38
" The pharmacokinetic study consists of two parts."	( Pharmacokinetics of a new ivermectin/praziquantel oil suspension after intramuscular administration in pigs. Chen, L; Guo, Z; He, J; Hu, X; Tang, S; Wang, G; Xiao, X; Zhao, T, 2012)	0.38
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined."	( Pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and adverse effects of selamectin following topical administration in flea-infested rabbits. Carpenter, JW; Dryden, MW; Kukanich, B, 2012)	0.38
"Two premix products containing the endectocide ivermectin were compared for pharmacokinetic profiles and bioequivalence in young pigs."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence in the pig of two ivermectin feed formulations. Abbott, EM; Chambers, M; Cheng, Z; Hennessy, D; Lees, P; Speirs, G, 2013)	0.39
"Four studies were conducted to determine the pharmacokinetic characteristics and in vitro metabolism of eprinomectin, a semi-synthetic avermectin, in cats."	( Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of eprinomectin in cats when administered in a novel topical combination of fipronil, (S)-methoprene, eprinomectin and praziquantel. Kellermann, M; Knaus, M; Kvaternick, V; Rehbein, S; Rosentel, J, 2014)	0.4
"Twenty-one healthy helmeted guineafowl (Numida meleagris) housed at the Oklahoma City Zoo were used to evaluate the pharmacokinetic parameters of topical selamectin."	( Pharmacokinetics of selamectin in helmeted guineafowl (Numida meleagris) after topical administration. Cole, G; D'Agostino, J; Hahn, A; Kukanich, B, 2014)	0.4
" Basic pharmacokinetic parameters for eprinomectin B1a were AUCinfinity, 37."	( Pharmacokinetics and anthelmintic efficacy of topical eprinomectin in goats prevented from grooming. Kellermann, M; Rehbein, S; Wehner, TA, 2014)	0.4
" After subcutaneous administration, the pharmacokinetic study showed that IVM-SPC-SDC-MMs and commercially available IVM injection were bioequivalent."	( Subcutaneously injected ivermectin-loaded mixed micelles: formulation, pharmacokinetics and local irritation study. Dong, J; Fu, Y; Gong, T; Lian, X; Song, X, 2016)	0.43
" Dose-adjusted AUC0-LOQ and Cmax were similar among doses, demonstrating dose proportionality for IVM after both SC and IR administration at the three different doses."	( Integrated assessment of ivermectin pharmacokinetics, efficacy against resistant Haemonchus contortus and P-glycoprotein expression in lambs treated at three different dosage levels. Alvarez, L; Ballent, M; Canton, C; Ceballos, L; Lanusse, C; Lifschitz, A; Maté, L; Moreno, L; Suarez, G; Virkel, G, 2015)	0.42
"The aim of the present study was to determine the efficacy of ivermectin against Cyathostominae infections and to describe the drug's pharmacokinetic parameters during two seasonal deworming treatments in horses."	( A comparison of the efficacy and pharmacokinetics of ivermectin after spring and autumn treatments against Cyathostominae in horses. Jaroszewski, J; Jasiecka, A; Michalczyk, M; Raś-Noryńska, M; Sokół, R; Ziółkowski, H, 2015)	0.42
" Ivermectin blood plasma concentration profile and pharmacokinetic parameters Cmax, tmax, AUC∞ and t½ were similar in dogs administered ivermectin only and in dogs administered ivermectin concurrently with fluralaner, and the same was true for fluralaner pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Plasma pharmacokinetic profile of fluralaner (Bravecto™) and ivermectin following concurrent administration to dogs. Allan, MJ; Roepke, RK; Walther, FM, 2015)	0.42
" Based on the plasma pharmacokinetic profile and the clinical observations, there is no evident interaction between fluralaner and ivermectin, and co-administration does not increase the risk of ivermectin associated neurotoxicity."	( Plasma pharmacokinetic profile of fluralaner (Bravecto™) and ivermectin following concurrent administration to dogs. Allan, MJ; Roepke, RK; Walther, FM, 2015)	0.42
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were AUC = 85."	( Ivermectin Pharmacokinetics, Metabolism, and Tissue/Egg Residue Profiles in Laying Hens. Alvarez, L; Canton, L; Ceballos, L; Dominguez, P; Farias, C; Lanusse, C; Maté, L; Moreno, L; Virkel, G, 2015)	0.42
" The results showed that all of the IVM pharmacokinetic parameters of Tivm+pzq were similar to those of the reference."	( Pharmacokinetics of a new ivermectin/praziquantel suspension after intramuscular administration in sheep. Chen, L; Hao, L; Qian, M; Tang, S; Xiao, X, 2016)	0.43
" Plasma and skin pharmacokinetic profiles were determined."	( Preclinical Study of Single-Dose Moxidectin, a New Oral Treatment for Scabies: Efficacy, Safety, and Pharmacokinetics Compared to Two-Dose Ivermectin in a Porcine Model. Aho, LS; Bernigaud, C; Botterel, F; Chosidow, O; Dreau, D; Fang, F; Fischer, K; Guillot, J; Kelly, A; Lespine, A; Lilin, T; Moreau, F; Sutra, JF, 2016)	0.43
" The pharmacokinetic profile of the IVM implant was assessed in plasma samples taken on day -364, then at different times until the infection day, and again on days, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 153."	( Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of an ivermectin implant for long-term prevention of Dirofilaria immitis infection in dogs. Delcombel, R; Forget, P; Genchi, C; Genchi, M; Geneteau, A, 2017)	0.46
" This document examines the main pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters of the medicine and their potential influence on its vector control efficacy and safety at population level."	( Ivermectin to reduce malaria transmission I. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations regarding efficacy and safety. Chaccour, C; Hammann, F; Rabinovich, NR, 2017)	0.46
" Inhibiting the same cytochrome/xenobiotic pump complex in two different organisms to simultaneously boost the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic activity of a drug is a novel concept that could be applied to other systems."	( Cytochrome P450/ABC transporter inhibition simultaneously enhances ivermectin pharmacokinetics in the mammal host and pharmacodynamics in Anopheles gambiae. Abizanda, G; Aldaz, A; Alustiza, M; Bilbao, JI; Castejon, S; Chaccour, CJ; Del Pozo, JL; Hammann, F; Irigoyen Barrio, Á; Maia, M; Martí Soler, H; Moncada, R; Tarimo, BB, 2017)	0.46
" Pharmacokinetic characteristics and safety profile of ivermectin allow to explore innovative uses to further expand its utilization through mass drug administration campaigns to improve coverage rates."	( Safety and pharmacokinetic profile of fixed-dose ivermectin with an innovative 18mg tablet in healthy adult volunteers. Antonijoan, RM; Ballester, MR; Colli, E; Gich, I; Gold, S; Krolewiecki, AJ; Muñoz, J; Rodríguez, M, 2018)	0.48
" This study developed and validated an ivermectin physiology-based pharmacokinetic model in healthy adults (20-50 years), pediatric (3-5 years/15-25 kg) subjects, and a representative adult malaria population group (Thailand)."	( The Repurposing of Ivermectin for Malaria: A Prospective Pharmacokinetics-Based Virtual Clinical Trials Assessment of Dosing Regimen Options. Badhan, R; Olafuyi, O; Zakaria, Z, 2018)	0.48
"The study compared the pharmacokinetic (PK) behaviour and anthelmintic efficacy against susceptible and resistant nematodes following subcutaneous (SC) and oral administration of ivermectin (IVM) to cattle."	( Field trial assessment of ivermectin pharmacokinetics and efficacy against susceptible and resistant nematode populations in cattle. Alvarez, L; Canton, C; Canton, L; Ceballos, L; Domínguez, MP; Lanusse, C; Moreno, L, 2018)	0.48
"Parenteral ivermectin treatment of disseminated strongyloidiasis and hyperinfection is increasing, although not licensed in humans and with limited pharmacokinetic data available."	( Case Report: Subcutaneous Ivermectin Pharmacokinetics in Disseminated Adhikari, S; Duflou, J; Konecny, P; Marjoniemi, V; McWhinney, B; Pretorius, CJ; Weatherall, CJ, 2018)	0.48
" The current work assessed the relationship between pharmacokinetic behavior of IVM and its efficacy against Psoroptes ovis after the subcutaneous administration of two commercial formulations in a cattle feedlot."	( Failure of ivermectin efficacy against Psoroptes ovis infestation in cattle: Integrated pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic evaluation of two commercial formulations. Alvarez, L; Cantón, C; Dominguez, P; Fiel, C; Lanusse, C; Lifschitz, A; Muchiut, S; Steffan, P, 2018)	0.48
"The aim of the current study was to evaluate the in vivo pharmacokinetic of ivermectin (IVM) after the administration of a long-acting (LA) formulation to sheep and its impact on potential drug-drug interactions."	( Assessment of the long-acting ivermectin formulation in sheep: Further insight into potential pharmacokinetic interactions. Albérich, M; Ballent, M; Dominguez, P; Lanusse, C; Lespine, A; Lifschitz, AL; Maté, ML; Virkel, G, 2019)	0.51
" Pharmacokinetic data were analysed using non-linear mixed effects modelling."	( Population pharmacokinetics of oral ivermectin in venous plasma and dried blood spots in healthy volunteers. Duthaler, U; Hammann, F; Hussner, J; Karlsson, MO; Krähenbühl, S; Meyer Zu Schwabedissen, H; Suenderhauf, C, 2019)	0.51
" However, paediatric pharmacokinetic data of ivermectin are lacking."	( Pharmacokinetics of ascending doses of ivermectin in Trichuris trichiura-infected children aged 2-12 years. Coulibaly, JT; Keiser, J; Schindler, C; Schulz, JD; Wimmersberger, D, 2019)	0.51
" Ivermectin was quantified by LC-MS/MS, and pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated by non-compartmental analysis."	( Pharmacokinetics of ascending doses of ivermectin in Trichuris trichiura-infected children aged 2-12 years. Coulibaly, JT; Keiser, J; Schindler, C; Schulz, JD; Wimmersberger, D, 2019)	0.51
" AUC and Cmax were ∼2-fold lower in children compared with parameters previously studied in adults, whereas body weight-adjusted CL/F (∼0."	( Pharmacokinetics of ascending doses of ivermectin in Trichuris trichiura-infected children aged 2-12 years. Coulibaly, JT; Keiser, J; Schindler, C; Schulz, JD; Wimmersberger, D, 2019)	0.51
"A positive association of AUC or Cmax with dose was observed in both age groups."	( Pharmacokinetics of ascending doses of ivermectin in Trichuris trichiura-infected children aged 2-12 years. Coulibaly, JT; Keiser, J; Schindler, C; Schulz, JD; Wimmersberger, D, 2019)	0.51
"There was no difference in AUC0-inf or Cmax between LF-infected and uninfected participants (P>0."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of a single co-administered dose of diethylcarbamazine, albendazole and ivermectin in adults with and without Wuchereria bancrofti infection in Côte d'Ivoire. Bjerum, CM; Chhonker, YS; Edi, C; King, CL; Koudou, BG; Méité, A; Murry, DJ; Ouattara, AF; Penali, LK; Weil, GJ, 2019)	0.51
" The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using a noncompartmental model, and results showed Cmax (6."	( Pharmacokinetics of subcutaneously administered doramectin in alpacas. Jacob, A; Lye, G; Pomroy, W; Singh, P; Stafford, K, 2020)	0.56
" Conversely, the ABM elimination half-life was prolonged and the systemic exposure during the elimination phase was increased in the presence of IVM."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic assessment of the ivermectin and abamectin nematodicidal interaction in cattle. Ballent, M; Bernat, G; Canton, C; Dominguez, P; Lanusse, C; Lifschitz, A; Virkel, G, 2020)	0.56
" It is known that pharmacokinetic parameters are fundamental to the rational use of a drug and food safety and these parameters are influenced by different factors."	( The effect of breed, sex, and drug concentration on the pharmacokinetic profile of ivermectin in cattle. Barnet, LS; Barreto, F; Castilho, T; Fonseca, RL; Górniak, SL; Gotardo, AT; Tomaszewski, CA, 2020)	0.56
" This coefficient, together with a simulated geometric mean plasma profile of ivermectin from a published population pharmacokinetic model, was utilized to develop a minimal physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (mPBPK) model."	( Development of a Minimal Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Model to Simulate Lung Exposure in Humans Following Oral Administration of Ivermectin for COVID-19 Drug Repurposing. Cao, Y; Hanafin, PO; Jermain, B; Lanusse, C; Lifschitz, A; Rao, GG, 2020)	0.56
" We conducted a prospective, pharmacokinetic study of ivermectin in Indigenous Australian children aged between 5 and 15 years and weighing >15 kg."	( Population pharmacokinetics of ivermectin for the treatment of scabies in Indigenous Australian children. Cranswick, N; Duffull, S; Francis, J; Gwee, A; McWhinney, B; Steer, AC; Tong, SYC; Ungerer, J; Zhu, X, 2020)	0.56
" The safety and pharmacokinetic performances of a novel IVM spray formulation were assessed in a pig model."	( Safety and Pharmacokinetic Assessments of a Novel Ivermectin Nasal Spray Formulation in a Pig Model. Alvarez, L; Ballent, M; Ceballos, L; Daniele, M; Errecalde, F; Errecalde, J; Gold, S; Krolewiecki, A; Lanusse, C; Lifschitz, A; Marín, G; Spitzer, E; Toneguzzo, F; Turic, E; Vecchioli, G, 2021)	0.62
" The aim of this study was to establish an insect model for pharmacokinetic and drug-drug interaction studies to develop sustainable endectocides for vector control."	( The pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interactions of ivermectin in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Chaccour, C; Duthaler, U; Hammann, F; Hofer, L; Krähenbühl, S; Maia, M; Müller, P; Weber, M, 2021)	0.62
" A high variability in the plasma concentration profiles was observed among animals, particularly in the Cmax values, with a coefficient of variation between 39 and 53%."	( Pharmacokinetics and milk excretion pattern of eprinomectin at different dose rates in dairy cattle. Ballent, M; Canton, C; Ceballos, L; Dominguez, P; Lanusse, C; Lifschitz, A; Mate, L, 2022)	0.72
" Pharmacokinetic samples were collected prior to dosing and at intervals up to 12 months post-dose from 33 and 34 individuals treated with 2 and 4 mg moxidectin, respectively and up to 18 months post-dose from 31 individuals treated with 8 mg moxidectin."	( Pharmacokinetics of oral moxidectin in individuals with Onchocerca volvulus infection. Attah, SK; Awadzi, K; Fleckenstein, L; Kuesel, AC; Lazdins-Helds, J; Opoku, N; Rayner, C; Ryg-Cornejo, V; Sullivan, M; Tan, B, 2022)	0.72
"We found no relationship between severity of infection (mild, moderate or severe) and exposure parameters (AUC0-∞ and Cmax), T1/2 and Tmax for moxidectin."	( Pharmacokinetics of oral moxidectin in individuals with Onchocerca volvulus infection. Attah, SK; Awadzi, K; Fleckenstein, L; Kuesel, AC; Lazdins-Helds, J; Opoku, N; Rayner, C; Ryg-Cornejo, V; Sullivan, M; Tan, B, 2022)	0.72
" The pharmacokinetic analysis was carried out using a non-compartmental approach."	( Pharmacokinetics of ivermectin after oral and intravenous administration in Biłgorajska geese ( Giorgi, M; Krupa, M; Lisowski, A; Poapolathep, A; Sartini, I; Łebkowska-Wieruszewska, B, 2022)	0.72
"Therapy failure caused by complex population-drug-drug (PDDI) interactions including CYP3A4 can be predicted using mechanistic physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling."	( The investigation of the complex population-drug-drug interaction between ritonavir-boosted lopinavir and chloroquine or ivermectin using physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling. Alsmadi, MM, 2023)	0.91
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were compared to other species using allometric scaling."	( Pharmacokinetics of a long-acting subcutaneous eprinomectin injection in semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) - A pilot study. Davidson, RK; Folkow, LP; Fæste, CK; Holmgren, KE; Kilvær, MV; Lian, H; Nymo, IH; Sánchez Romano, J; Solvang, HA; Thorvaldsen, R; Tukun, FL; Uhlig, S, 2023)	0.91
" The drug shows high variability in drug exposure in previous pharmacokinetic studies."	( Population pharmacokinetic model of ivermectin in mass drug administration against lymphatic filariasis. Alshehri, A; Bala, V; Bjerum, CM; Chhonker, YS; Edi, C; John, LN; King, CL; Koudou, BG; Marks, M; Mitjà, O; Murry, DJ, 2023)	0.91
" A two-compartment model with zero-order dose input into the absorption compartment with a lag time function followed by first-order absorption and linear elimination best described the IVM's pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters."	( Population pharmacokinetic model of ivermectin in mass drug administration against lymphatic filariasis. Alshehri, A; Bala, V; Bjerum, CM; Chhonker, YS; Edi, C; John, LN; King, CL; Koudou, BG; Marks, M; Mitjà, O; Murry, DJ, 2023)	0.91
"We aimed to compile and summarize existing data on co-administration of ivermectin, albendazole and azithromycin, including both data on pharmacokinetic interactions and data from previous experimental and observational studies conducted in NTD-endemic populations."	( Pharmacokinetics, feasibility and safety of co-administering azithromycin, albendazole, and ivermectin during mass drug administration: A review. Gebre, T; Mabey, DCW; Marks, M; McPherson, S; Seife, F; Solomon, AW; Solomon, H, 2023)	0.91
" Three papers analyzed pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions."	( Pharmacokinetics, feasibility and safety of co-administering azithromycin, albendazole, and ivermectin during mass drug administration: A review. Gebre, T; Mabey, DCW; Marks, M; McPherson, S; Seife, F; Solomon, AW; Solomon, H, 2023)	0.91
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using standard non-compartmental analysis methods."	( Pharmacokinetics of Moxidectin combined with Albendazole or Albendazole plus Diethylcarbamazine for Bancroftian Filariasis. Alshehri, A; Bala, V; Bjerum, C; Budge, PJ; Chhonker, YS; Fischer, PU; Gabo, TP; King, CL; Koudou, BG; Meïté, A; Murry, DJ; Ouattara, AF; Weil, GJ, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"13 x 10(-6) M used in combination with other antiparasitic drugs on the viability of adult Onchocerca in vitro were assessed using MTT colorimetry and worm motility levels."	( The effects of ivermectin used in combination with other known antiparasitic drugs on adult Onchocerca gutturosa and O. volvulus in vitro. Dobinson, AR; Siemienska, J; Townsend, J; Townson, S; Zea-Flores, G, )	0.13
" However, the highest clearance rate was observed in persons treated with DEC at 6 mg/kg combined with ivermectin."	( Reduction of Wuchereria bancrofti adult worm circulating antigen after annual treatments of diethylcarbamazine combined with ivermectin in French Polynesia. Moulia-Pelat, JP; Nguyen, LN; Nicolas, L; Plichart, C, 1997)	0.3
" In this double-blind, placebo-controlled study, the efficacy of local treatment of the affected limb combined with repeated doses of ivermectin or DEC, in preventing the occurrence of ADL in Brugia malayi lymphatic filariasis, was examined."	( Prevention of acute adenolymphangitis in brugian filariasis: comparison of the efficacy of ivermectin and diethylcarbamazine, each combined with local treatment of the affected limb. Kumaraswami, V; Rajan, K; Shenoy, RK; Suma, TK, 1998)	0.3
"A novel, sensitive and specific method for the quantitative determination of ivermectin B(1a) in animal plasma using liquid chromatography combined with positive electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) is presented."	( Determination of ivermectin B(1a) in animal plasma by liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Cherlet, M; Croubels, S; De Backer, P; De Baere, S, 2002)	0.31
" A randomized double-blind field trial with a single dose of ivermectin (150-200 microg/kg body weight) alone or in combination with albendazole (400 mg) was subsequently carried out among these children."	( The effect of single dose ivermectin alone or in combination with albendazole on Wuchereria bancrofti infection in primary school children in Tanzania. Dunyo, SK; Magesa, SM; Malecela-Lazaro, MN; Michael, E; Simonsen, PE, 2004)	0.32
" The treatment arms administered with DEC alone and DEC+ALB demonstrated long-term benefits in reducing microfilaraemia significantly (P<0."	( Impact of single dose of diethylcarbamazine and other antifilarial drug combinations on bancroftian filarial infection variables: assessment after 2 years. Dash, AP; Mani, TR; Munirathinam, A; Rajendran, R; Reuben, R; Sunish, IP, 2006)	0.33
"In vitro assessment of drug candidates' affinity for multi-drug resistance proteins is of crucial importance for the prediction of in vivo pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interactions."	( Characterization of substrates and inhibitors for the in vitro assessment of Bcrp mediated drug-drug interactions. Gnoth, MJ; Grieshop, B; Ickenroth, K; Muenster, U, 2008)	0.35
" In order to not overlook potential drug-drug interactions when testing drug candidates for inhibitory potential towards Bcrp, distinct Bcrp probe substrates should be used."	( Characterization of substrates and inhibitors for the in vitro assessment of Bcrp mediated drug-drug interactions. Gnoth, MJ; Grieshop, B; Ickenroth, K; Muenster, U, 2008)	0.35
"The effect of a single dose of ivermectin alone (150-200microg/kg body weight) or in combination with albendazole (total of 400mg) in Mansonella perstans infection was assessed in a randomised, double-blind field trial in two endemic communities in Mukono and Luwero districts of Uganda."	( A randomised, double-blind field trial of ivermectin alone and in combination with albendazole for the treatment of Mansonella perstans infections in Uganda. Asio, SM; Onapa, AW; Simonsen, PE, 2009)	0.35
"A new pretreatment method, SPE combined with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, was proposed for the determination of abamectin in citrus fruit samples for the first time."	( Determination of abamectin in citrus fruits using SPE combined with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and HPLC-UV detection. Abdollahzadeh, Y; Fattahi, N; Mashayekhi, HA; Naeeni, MH; Rezaee, M; Saleh, A, 2013)	0.39
" In this study, 450 body lice were artificially fed on a Parafilm™ membrane with human blood associated with antibiotics (doxycycline, erythromycin, rifampicin and azithromycin) alone and in combination with ivermectin."	( Synergistic activity of antibiotics combined with ivermectin to kill body lice. Gaudart, J; Raoult, D; Rolain, JM; Sangaré, AK; Weber, P, 2016)	0.43
"We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cluster-RCTs that compared albendazole to placebo or no placebo, or compared albendazole combined with a microfilaricidal drug to a microfilaricidal drug alone, given to people known to have lymphatic filariasis or communities where lymphatic filariasis was known to be endemic."	( Albendazole alone or in combination with microfilaricidal drugs for lymphatic filariasis. Budhathoki, SS; Garner, P; Johnson, S; Macfarlane, CL; Richardson, M, 2019)	0.51
"To provide a comprehensive clinical and dermatoscopic comparative study between the efficacy and safety of pulsed dye laser alone versus its combination with topical ivermectin 1% in the treatment of rosacea."	( Pulsed dye laser alone versus its combination with topical ivermectin 1% in treatment of Rosacea: a randomized comparative study. Atef Khalifa, M; Hassan, AM; Osman, M; Shokeir, HA, 2022)	0.72
" PDL could be more effective when combined with ivermectin 1% cream."	( Pulsed dye laser alone versus its combination with topical ivermectin 1% in treatment of Rosacea: a randomized comparative study. Atef Khalifa, M; Hassan, AM; Osman, M; Shokeir, HA, 2022)	0.72
" Collectively, our findings indicate that IVM, in combination with TQ, increases its efficacy in the CNS for reducing ethanol consumption."	( A novel pharmacotherapy approach using P-glycoprotein (PGP/ABCB1) efflux inhibitor combined with ivermectin to reduce alcohol drinking and preference in mice. Asatryan, L; Davies, DL; Khoja, S; Pacifici, E; Silva, J, 2020)	0.56
" Clinician's erythema assessment (CEA) and Demodex density were evaluated before and after topical ivermectin alone or combined with oral carvedilol."	( Rosacea with persistent facial erythema and high Demodex density effectively treated with topical ivermectin alone or combined with oral carvedilol. Hsu, CK; Huang, HP; Lee, JY, 2021)	0.62
" The aim of this study was to establish an insect model for pharmacokinetic and drug-drug interaction studies to develop sustainable endectocides for vector control."	( The pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interactions of ivermectin in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Chaccour, C; Duthaler, U; Hammann, F; Hofer, L; Krähenbühl, S; Maia, M; Müller, P; Weber, M, 2021)	0.62
"We evaluated whether ivermectin combined with doxycycline reduced the clinical recovery time in adults with COVID-19 infection."	( Ivermectin in combination with doxycycline for treating COVID-19 symptoms: a randomized trial. Ahmed, KGU; Alam, I; Barshan, AD; Hoque, MM; Hossain, MZ; Islam, MM; Islam, MS; Kabir, AKMH; Mahmud, R; Mallik, MU; Monayem, FB; Rahman, MM; Rassel, MA; Sayeed, SKJB; Yusuf, MA, 2021)	0.62
" However, management of acute seizures in patients with COVID-19 as well as management of PWE and COVID-19 needs to consider potential drug-drug interactions between antiseizure drugs and candidate drugs currently assessed as therapeutic options for COVID-19."	( Management of COVID-19 in patients with seizures: Mechanisms of action of potential COVID-19 drug treatments and consideration for potential drug-drug interactions with anti-seizure medications. Chandra, PP; Jain, S; Potschka, H; Tripathi, M; Vohora, D, 2021)	0.62
" In female worms, Dim-pgp-10, Dim-haf-1 and Dim-haf-5 were upregulated compared to controls with doxycycline alone and when combined with ivermectin."	( Transporter gene expression and Wolbachia quantification in adults of Dirofilaria immitis treated in vitro with ivermectin or moxidectin alone or in combination with doxycycline for 12 h. Bazzocchi, C; Cafiso, A; Ciuca, L; Genchi, M; Kramer, LH; Lucchetti, C; McCall, J; Vismarra, A, 2022)	0.72

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"The bioavailability of three formulations of ivermectin was determined following oral administration to dogs."	( Bioavailability of ivermectin administered orally to dogs. Cheung, EN; Daurio, CP; Jeffcoat, AR; Skelly, BJ, 1992)	0.28
"05) in the bioavailability of any of the anthelmintics tested between parasitized and non-parasitized animals."	( Effect of parasitism with Nematodirus battus on the pharmacokinetics of levamisole, ivermectin and netobimin. Coop, RL; Jackson, E; Jackson, F; McKellar, QA; Scott, E, 1991)	0.28
" Mebendazol and flubendazol are poorly absorbed and are effective for ascaris, oxyuriasis and trycocephalus both in adults and children."	( [New anthelmintic drugs]. Apt, W, 1990)	0.28
" When compared with an oral solution the tablet dosage form has a relative bioavailability of approximately 60 percent."	( Ivermectin: a long-acting microfilaricidal agent. Achumba, JI; Ette, EI; Thomas, WO, 1990)	0.28
" Its instability as well as its low water solubility and tight binding to soil, limit abamectin's bioavailability in non-target organisms and, furthermore, prevent it from leaching into groundwater or entering the aquatic environment."	( Abamectin as a pesticide for agricultural use. Dybas, RA; Lasota, JA, 1990)	0.28
"5 h) and bioavailability (25."	( Pharmacokinetics of ivermectin in sheep following intravenous, intra-abomasal or intraruminal administration. Hennessy, DR; Lacey, E; Prichard, RK; Steel, JW, 1985)	0.27
" Bioavailability was estimated to be 40%, and dose rate-plasma steady-state interrelationships were shown to be linear."	( Oral controlled-release delivery of ivermectin in cattle via an osmotic pump. Conroy, J; Egerton, JR; Pope, DG; Wilkinson, PK, 1985)	0.27
" Bioavailability following subcutaneous injection in cattle can be regulated by control of injection solvent composition: a vehicle composed of a mixed aqueous-organic solvent exhibits pharmacokinetic properties (i."	( Pharmacokinetic studies of ivermectin: effects of formulation. Blodinger, J; Fink, DW; Lo, PK; Williams, JB, 1985)	0.27
" The method is applicable to bioavailability studies of I at usual therapeutic concentrations."	( Direct determination of avermectins in plasma at nanogram levels by high-performance liquid chromatography. Pivnichny, JV; Shim, JS; Zimmerman, LA, 1983)	0.27
" These included dose-finding studies, investigations into the influence of a fatty meal on the relative bioavailability of albendazole as assessed by the measurement of concentrations of albendazole sulphoxide and the effect of prior treatment with ivermectin on antiparasitic efficacy and plasma concentrations of albendazole suphoxide."	( The chemotherapy of onchocerciasis XVII. A clinical evaluation of albendazole in patients with onchocerciasis; effects of food and pretreatment with ivermectin on drug response and pharmacokinetics. Awadzi, K; Büttner, DW; Coventry, PA; Edwards, G; Hero, M; Opoku, NO; Orme, ML; Prime, MA, 1994)	0.29
" Binding of avermectins to digesta particulates during gut transit may potentially lower drug bioavailability and also contribute to faecal residues."	( Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of avermectins in livestock. Steel, JW, 1993)	0.29
" This was explained by a lower clearance, a lower volume of distribution and, probably, a higher bioavailability of doramectin over ivermectin."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of doramectin and ivermectin in cattle. McKenzie, ME; Terhune, TN; Toutain, PL; Upson, DW, 1997)	0.3
" The apparent absorption rate of moxidectin was not significantly different after oral and subcutaneous administration but the extent of absorption, reflected in the peak concentration (C(max)) and the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC), of the subcutaneous injection (24."	( Pharmacokinetics of moxidectin and doramectin in goats. Alvinerie, M; Carceles, CM; Diaz, MS; Escudero, E; Galtier, P; Sutra, JF, 1999)	0.3
" The bioavailability of eprinomectin in lactating compared with non-lactating goats is low."	( Eprinomectin in dairy goats: dose influence on plasma levels and excretion in milk. Alvinerie, M; Chartier, C; Dupuy, J; Sutra, JF, 2001)	0.31
" This provides a putative novel model that remains to be exploited in the field of human therapeutics and that might significantly affect tissue distribution and drug bioavailability studies."	( MDR1-deficient genotype in Collie dogs hypersensitive to the P-glycoprotein substrate ivermectin. Alvinerie, M; Drag, M; Gesta, S; Lepage, JF; Pineau, T; Puel, O; Roulet, A; Soll, M, 2003)	0.32
" This in vitro study allowed selection of compounds which are able to increase the moxidectin bioavailability in lambs."	( Enhancement of moxidectin bioavailability in lamb by a natural flavonoid: quercetin. Alvinerie, M; Dupuy, J; Larrieu, G; Lespine, A; Sutra, JF, 2003)	0.32
" These results show a faster rate of absorption than in cattle."	( Pharmacokinetics of ivermectin in the yak (Bos grunniens). Alvinerie, M; Boulard, C; Dupuy, J; Guan, GQ; Lespine, A; Luo, JX; Ma, ML; Sutra, JF; Yang, DY; Yin, H, 2003)	0.32
" Oral bioavailability after drug ingestion due to allo-licking was 13."	( Endectocide exchanges between grazing cattle after pour-on administration of doramectin, ivermectin and moxidectin. Alvinerie, M; Bousquet-Mélou, A; Mercadier, S; Toutain, PL, 2004)	0.32
" The areas under serum concentration-time curve were similar after both treatments, indicating the same bioavailability for the two formulations."	( Assessment of a liposomal formulation of ivermectin in rabbit after a single subcutaneous administration. Alvinerie, M; Bassissi, F; Lespine, A, 2006)	0.33
" This study demonstrates that subcutaneous administration of eprinomectin led to higher bioavailability and a lower dose than a pour-on application, and that an injectable formulation of eprinomectin may be applied in dairy cattle with a zero withdrawal period."	( Pharmacokinetics of eprinomectin in plasma and milk following subcutaneous administration to lactating dairy cattle. Baoliang, P; Lifschitz, AL; Ming, W; Yuwan, W; Zhende, P, 2006)	0.33
"8 ng/mL), time to reach Cmax (3 days), and bioavailability (F; 91."	( Pharmacokinetics of a novel formulation of ivermectin after administration to goats. Diez, MJ; Fernandez, N; Garcia, JJ; González, A; Sahagun, AM; Sierra, M, 2006)	0.33
"To evaluate bioavailability and other pharmacokinetic variables of a commercial formulation of ivermectin after IV administration to sheep."	( Bioavailability of a commercial formulation of ivermectin after subcutaneous administration to sheep. Canga, AG; Diez, MJ; Fernandez, N; Garcia, JJ; Sahagun, A; Sierra, M, 2007)	0.34
" After SC administration, noncompartmental analysis revealed that bioavailability of ivermectin is nearly complete (98."	( Bioavailability of a commercial formulation of ivermectin after subcutaneous administration to sheep. Canga, AG; Diez, MJ; Fernandez, N; Garcia, JJ; Sahagun, A; Sierra, M, 2007)	0.34
"A comparative hazard assessment of the antiparasitics ivermectin, albendazole, and morantel was performed, with a particular focus on bioavailability and uptake into biological membranes."	( Membrane-water partitioning, membrane permeability, and baseline toxicity of the parasiticides ivermectin, albendazole, and morantel. Avdeef, A; Berger, C; Bramaz, N; Escher, BI; Kwon, JH; Richter, M; Tsinman, O, 2008)	0.35
" The mixture model had two additional fixed parameters and identified two populations, A (55% of subjects), where there was no change in bioavailability, and B (45% of subjects), where ivermectin bioavailability was increased 37%."	( The effect of azithromycin on ivermectin pharmacokinetics--a population pharmacokinetic model analysis. Amsden, GW; Andrews, EN; El-Tahtawy, A; Glue, P; Knirsch, CA; Mardekian, J, 2008)	0.35
" The mechanism for the interaction was identified (an increase in bioavailability in one subpopulation)."	( The effect of azithromycin on ivermectin pharmacokinetics--a population pharmacokinetic model analysis. Amsden, GW; Andrews, EN; El-Tahtawy, A; Glue, P; Knirsch, CA; Mardekian, J, 2008)	0.35
" Concomitant administration of some drugs can increase the bioavailability of simultaneously administered ivermectin."	( A review of the pharmacological interactions of ivermectin in several animal species. Diez-Liébana, MJ; Fernández-Martínez, N; García-Vieitez, JJ; González-Canga, A; Sahagún-Prieto, A; Sierra-Vega, M, 2009)	0.35
" Degradation on the application site, cutaneous biotransformation, binding of IVM to the haircoat and/or sebum are probably responsible for the relatively lower bioavailability of IVM in horses after pour-on administration."	( Comparative plasma disposition, bioavailability and efficacy of ivermectin following oral and pour-on administrations in horses. Aksit, D; Cirak, VY; Durmaz, M; Gokbulut, C; McKellar, QA; Senlik, B, 2010)	0.36
" The results of this study showed that the administration route affects plasma disposition kinetics, bioavailability and fecal elimination of DRM."	( Plasma disposition and fecal elimination of doramectin after oral or intramuscular administration in horses. Alvinerie, M; Arboix, M; Godoy, C; Muñoz, L; Palma, C; Pérez, R, 2010)	0.36
" The bioavailability of the tablets based on compressed zein microspheres was 132."	( Tablets based on compressed zein microspheres for sustained oral administration: design, pharmacokinetics, and clinical study. Gong, SJ; Liu, GY; Liu, XM; Sun, QS; Sun, SX; Wang, JY, 2011)	0.37
" Surfactants, known pharmaceutically to alter membrane permeability, change drug bioavailability and attenuate transporter function are also found in contaminant mixtures in the aquatic environment."	( Enhanced bioaccumulation of dietary contaminants in catfish with exposure to the waterborne surfactant linear alkylbenzene sulfonate. Kleinow, KM; Tan, X; Uppu, P; Yim, SY, 2010)	0.36
" The absorption half-life (t(½ab)), C(max), AUMC, AUC and systemic bioavailability (F%) are significantly decreased, whereas elimination half-life (t(½el)) and MRT are increased in goats pre-treated by the three tested anthementics."	( Effect of three anthelmentics on disposition kinetics of florfenicol in goats. Abd El-Aty, AM; Amer, AM; Atef, M; El-Gendi, AY, 2010)	0.36
" Fluazuron was well absorbed in treated pigs with measureable blood levels up to 4 weeks post treatment."	( An exploratory study to assess the activity of the acarine growth inhibitor, fluazuron, against Sarcoptes scabei infestation in pigs. Hutchinson, B; Kelly, A; McCarthy, J; Miezler, A; Mounsey, K; Pasay, C; Rothwell, J, 2012)	0.38
" By using transporter inhibitors, the aim of this trial was to assess the possibility of increasing drug bioavailability in the host in an attempt to improve treatment efficacy."	( Influence of Pluronic 85 and ketoconazole on disposition and efficacy of ivermectin in sheep infected with a multiple resistant Haemonchus contortus isolate. Alvinerie, M; Bartley, DJ; Bartley, Y; Devin, L; Dupuy, J; Jackson, F; Lespine, A; Menez, C; Morrison, AA; Sutra, JF, 2012)	0.38
"The efficacy of antifouling coatings designed to minimise the release of biocide, either by embedded (non-covalent) or tethered (covalently bonded) biocides, relies on sufficient bioavailability of the active compound upon contact between the organism and the coating."	( The impact of coating hardness on the anti-barnacle efficacy of an embedded antifouling biocide. Berglin, M; Elwing, H; Pinori, E, 2013)	0.39
"63 mg/kg), regarding pharmacokinetic and/or bioavailability profiles, or even studies analyzing both this active principles separately, are needed, seeking to better understand the effects of such combination against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus parasitizing cattle."	( Acaricidal effects of fluazuron (2.5 mg/kg) and a combination of fluazuron (1.6 mg/kg) + ivermectin (0.63 mg/kg), administered at different routes, against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus parasitizing cattle. Alcantara Colli, MH; Bichuette, MA; Carvalho, RS; Cruz, BC; da Costa, AJ; Felippelli, G; Gomes, LV; Lopes, WD; Maciel, WG; Martinez, AC; Ruivo, MA; Soares, VE; Teixeira, WF, 2015)	0.42
" In addition, the PVN(Abm) significantly increased Abm's soil mobility while enabling a controlled release strategy for Abm's bioavailability to nematodes."	( Development of abamectin loaded plant virus nanoparticles for efficacious plant parasitic nematode control. Cao, J; Guenther, RH; Lommel, SA; Opperman, CH; Sit, TL; Willoughby, JA, 2015)	0.42
" Toxicity of water samples from the microcosms was lower than that expected based on the generated LC50 values, which is explained by a potential reduced bioavailability of the test compound resulting from absorbance to organic material."	( Toxicity of Vertimec® 18 EC (active ingredient abamectin) to the neotropical cladoceran Ceriodaphnia silvestrii. Botta, CM; Casali-Pereira, MP; Daam, MA; de Resende, JC; Espíndola, EL; Vasconcelos, AM, 2015)	0.42
" Many of these candidates have increased bioavailability when administered with food (i."	( Prediction of positive food effect: Bioavailability enhancement of BCS class II drugs. Polli, JE; Raman, S, 2016)	0.43
" This suggests that tannins lower the IVM intestinal absorption compromising thereby drug plasma bioavailability and efficacy."	( Efficacy of sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) pellets against multi resistant Haemonchus contortus and interaction with oral ivermectin: Implications for on-farm control. Gaudin, E; Hoste, H; Lespine, A; Quijada, J; Schelcher, F; Simon, M; Sutra, JF, 2016)	0.43
" The proposed method was successfully used to quantitatively determine the levels of ivermectin in the analysis of small samples in in vivo and post mortem samples, demonstrating the usefulness for quantitative analyses that are focused on future pharmacokinetic and bioavailability studies in insects and the establishment of a new protocol to study the impact of ivermectin on non-target arthropods such as dung beetles and other insects that are related with the "dung community"."	( Isolation and determination of ivermectin in post-mortem and in vivo tissues of dung beetles using a continuous solid phase extraction method followed by LC-ESI+-MS/MS. Azzouz, A; Cortez, V; Ortiz, AJ; Verdú, JR, 2017)	0.46
" When comparing the systemic bioavailability (AUC0t and Cmax) of the reference product (WA-ref) with the other two study groups using fixed doses, we observed an overall increase in AUC0t and Cmax for the two experimental treatments of 18 mg and 36 mg."	( Safety and pharmacokinetic profile of fixed-dose ivermectin with an innovative 18mg tablet in healthy adult volunteers. Antonijoan, RM; Ballester, MR; Colli, E; Gich, I; Gold, S; Krolewiecki, AJ; Muñoz, J; Rodríguez, M, 2018)	0.48
"The low plasma bioavailability of IVM observed after oral administration in laying hens could result in lower efficacy or subtherapeutic plasma concentrations, which may promote the development of parasitic drug resistance."	( Plasma dispositions and concentrations of ivermectin in eggs following treatment of laying hens. Aksit, D; Cihan, H; Cirak, VY; Gokbulut, C, 2018)	0.48
"The bioavailability of ivermectin is modulated by lipid-based formulations and membrane efflux transporters such as Breast Cancer Resistance Protein and P-glycoprotein (BCRP and P-gp)."	( Oleic acid increases uptake and decreases the P-gp-mediated efflux of the veterinary anthelmintic Ivermectin. Houshaymi, B; Kedees, M; Nasreddine, N; Soayfane, Z, 2019)	0.51
" As part of an effort to stimulate the discovery and development of new macrofilaricides, particularly for onchocerciasis, research has recently been devoted to the development of new formulations that would afford high oral bioavailability of FBZ, paving the way for potential clinical development of this repurposed drug for the treatment of human filariases."	( Flubendazole as a macrofilaricide: History and background. Geary, TG; Mackenzie, CD; Silber, SA, 2019)	0.51
" Therefore, there is an urgent need to construct a novel formulation to improve the bioavailability of pesticides."	( Improving abamectin bioavailability via nanosuspension constructed by wet milling technique. Cui, B; Cui, H; Gao, F; Liu, G; Lv, Y; Shen, Y; Sun, C; Wang, C; Wang, Y; Zeng, Z; Zhao, X, 2019)	0.51
"Solid self-emulsifying drug delivery system was an effective oral solid dosage form to improve the oral bioavailability of ivermectin."	( Formulation Studies of Solid Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System of Ivermectin. Ashara, KC; Lakkad, HA; Patel, VP, 2018)	0.48
" ABCG2 is an efflux protein involved in the bioavailability and milk secretion of drugs."	( Role of eprinomectin as inhibitor of the ruminant ABCG2 transporter: Effects on plasma distribution of danofloxacin and meloxicam in sheep. Alvarez, AI; Alvarez-Fernandez, I; Blanco-Paniagua, E; Garcia-Lino, AM; Garcia-Mateos, D; Medina, JM; Merino, G, 2021)	0.62
" Altogether, these findings strongly support the hypothesis that surfactants contribute to increased cytotoxicity of PPPs and do so by increasing the bioavailability of the respective active substances."	( Effects of co-formulants on the absorption and secretion of active substances in plant protection products in vitro. Bloch, D; Fischer, BC; Karaca, M; Marx-Stoelting, P; Tralau, T; Willenbockel, CT, 2021)	0.62
" This difference led to a bioavailability of 20."	( Pharmacokinetics of ivermectin after oral and intravenous administration in Biłgorajska geese ( Giorgi, M; Krupa, M; Lisowski, A; Poapolathep, A; Sartini, I; Łebkowska-Wieruszewska, B, 2022)	0.72
"Following oral administration in geese, ivermectin has a bioavailability of approximately 20%."	( Pharmacokinetics of ivermectin after oral and intravenous administration in Biłgorajska geese ( Giorgi, M; Krupa, M; Lisowski, A; Poapolathep, A; Sartini, I; Łebkowska-Wieruszewska, B, 2022)	0.72
" This assay has the intrinsic ability to highlight compounds with optimal bioavailability and furthermore to filter out off-target effects."	( PharmacoGenetic targeting of a C. elegans essential neuron provides an in vivo screening for novel modulators of nematode ion channel function. Calahorro, F; Chapman, M; Dudkiewicz, K; Holden-Dye, L; O'Connor, V, 2022)	0.72
" Moreover, comparative penetration experiments of a reference formulation with and without added keratin or keratin-adherent permethrin showed that keratin causes a steal effect for permethrin, leading to a relevant reduction in cutaneous bioavailability in the target compartment."	( Permethrin Steal Effect by Unmasked Corneocytic Keratin in Topical Therapy of Scabies. Chuttke, J; Eichner, A; Fritz, C; Scholz, L; Wohlrab, J, 2023)	0.91
" However, the low oral bioavailability of IVM restricts its therapeutic potential in many parasitic infections, highlighting the need for novel formulation approaches."	( Ameliorating the antiparasitic activity of the multifaceted drug ivermectin through a polymer nanocapsule formulation. Allegretti, SM; de Abreu, BO; de Medeiros Rodrigues, F; de Souza Rebouças, J; de Souza, ZC; Farias, LP; Formiga, FR; Júnior, FHX; Mendes, TMF; Mesquita, PRR; Nguewa, P; Pinheiro, IO; Quadros, HC, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" After a dosage of 6 mg DT4 the D/L T4 plasma concentration rose about 4-fold 4 hours after application and was only moderately elevated 14 hours later."	( Influence of D-thyroxine on plasma thyroid hormone levels and TSH secretion. Gless, KH; Hüfner, M; Oster, P, 1977)	0.26
" Calves in group 1 were used as nonmedicated controls; other calves in groups 2, 3, and 4 were given (orally) B1a avermectin at dosage levels of 50, 100, and 200 microgram/kg of body weight, respectively."	( Anthelmintic activities of B1a fraction of avermectin against gastrointestinal nematodes in calves. Benz, GW; Ernst, JV, 1979)	0.26
" Dose-response experiments showed that lower concentrations of both ivermectin and closantel were not as effective in reducing larval growth."	( Reduced growth of Lucilia cuprina larvae fed serum from sheep treated with anthelmintics. East, IJ; Eisemann, CH; Kerlin, RL, 1992)	0.28
"9% effective at a dosage of 400 meg and 800 meg respectively at seven days post-infection."	( Efficacy of ivermectin against Parastrongylus malaysiensis infection in rats. Ambu, S; Mak, JW; Ng, CS, 1992)	0.28
" The nymph mass, size and mass of adult ticks hatched from them dropped under the effect of ivermectin dosage build-up in both intact and infected ticks, but these processes were slower in ticks infected with TBE virus."	( [A trial at using the systemic action of ivermectin for suppressing the vector capacity of ticks (Ixodidae) infected with the tick-borne encephalitis virus]. Alekseev, AN; Chunikhin, SP; Stefutkina, LF, )	0.13
" Strong resistance to challenge infection was expressed by infected mice dosed with ivermectin during the tissue phase of larval development."	( Stimuli for acquired resistance to Heligmosomoides polygyrus from intestinal tissue resident L3 and L4 larvae. Behnke, JM; Wahid, FN, 1992)	0.28
" 5) There were no significant differences in age, sex and dosage of ivermectin."	( [Clinical study of eradicated and resistant patients to treatment with ivermectin for strongyloidiasis]. Kinjo, F; Kochi, A; Nakamura, H; Nakayoshi, T; Niimura, S; Ohshiro, J; Shikiya, K; Uechi, H; Uehara, T; Zaha, O, 1992)	0.28
" Egg counts and faecal cultures were taken before dosing on the day of treatment and seven days later when all animals were necropsied and the nematodes were collected from the abomasa and counted."	( Haemonchus contortus resistance to ivermectin and netobimin in Brazilian sheep. Berne, ME; Cavalcante, AC; Costa, CA; Vieira, LS, 1992)	0.28
" administered ivermectin at the same dosage (0."	( Oral and parenteral administration of ivermectin to reindeer. Kumpula, K; Nieminen, M; Oksanen, A; Soveri, T, 1992)	0.28
" The results observed during the 12-month period which followed this last treatment have confirmed that (i) in terms of immediate clearance or complete negativation of microfilaremia, the efficacy of ivermectin is higher than that of DEC (at dosage of 3 or 6 mg/kg), (ii) DEC is more effective than ivermectin in sustaining the reduction of microfilaremia over a longer period of time and (iii) the efficacy of repeated single doses of either DEC 3 mg/kg or ivermectin 100 mcg/kg is much higher when given semi-annually than annually."	( Compared efficacy of repeated annual and semi-annual doses of ivermectin and diethylcarbamazine for prevention of Wuchereria bancrofti filariasis in French Polynesia. Final evaluation. Cardines, R; Cartel, JL; Martin, PM; Moulia-Pelat, JP; Nguyen Ngnoc, L; Plichart, R; Roux, JF; Spiegel, A, 1992)	0.28
" Two-week posttreatment mean strongyle epg and lpg (small strongyle) values for barn-E horses, treated alternately with therapeutic (approx) dosage of IVE (200 micrograms/kg; 4 times), OFZ (10 mg/kg; 5 times), OBZ (10 mg/kg; 4 times), or PRT (6."	( Evaluation of exclusive use of ivermectin vs alternation of antiparasitic compounds for control of internal parasites of horses. Drudge, JH; Granstrom, DE; Lyons, ET; Stamper, S; Tolliver, SC, 1992)	0.28
"Groups of parasite-free lambs and calves which were either housed and fed hay and concentrates or were grazing on pasture were dosed separately with the oral anthelmintics fenbendazole and ivermectin (lambs only)."	( Effects of diet on plasma concentrations of oral anthelmintics for cattle and sheep. Blanchflower, WJ; Green, WP; Kennedy, DG; Mallon, TR; Taylor, SM, 1992)	0.28
" In 1 heartworm and 2 intestinal parasite trials, the efficacy of pyrantel, ivermectin/pyrantel combination, or ivermectin with pyrantel dosage of 10 mg/kg was evaluated."	( Efficacy of ivermectin and pyrantel pamoate combined in a chewable formulation against heartworm, hookworm, and ascarid infections in dogs. Clark, JN; Daurio, CP; Longhofer, SL; Plue, RE; Wallace, DH, 1992)	0.28
" Growing dogs, given the combination orally for 5 consecutive days at recommended dosages (5 mg of pyrantel/kg of body weight, 6 micrograms of ivermectin/kg) or at twice the pyrantel dosage in combination with the recommended dosage of ivermectin, had no adverse effects."	( Safety study of a beef-based chewable tablet formulation of ivermectin and pyrantel pamoate in growing dogs, pups, and breeding adult dogs. Clark, JN; Daurio, CP; Pulliam, JD, 1992)	0.28
" Good dose-response data were obtained with thiabendazole, levamisole, pyrantel tartrate and ivermectin allowing the determination of the 50 per cent lethal concentration and of resistance factors when resistant strains were available."	( A microlarval development assay for the detection of anthelmintic resistance in sheep nematodes. Hubert, J; Kerboeuf, D, 1992)	0.28
" If a properly dosed and administered drug failed to reduce herd mean pretreatment fecal egg count by 80%, it was considered ineffective in that flock, and the presence of parasites resistant to that drug was inferred."	( Survey for drug-resistant gastrointestinal nematodes in 13 commercial sheep flocks. Fleming, S; Moncol, D; Uhlinger, C, 1992)	0.28
" A case-report is presented concerning a Canadian-American White Shepherd showing symptoms of fatal ivermectin poisoning following a normal dosage of ivermectin (220 micrograms per kilogramme of body weight)."	( [Ivermectin poisoning in a dog. The use of ivermectin in companion animals]. Geuke, GH; Kooistra, HS; Nap, AM; Slappendel, RJ, 1992)	0.28
" At 30 days after SC inoculation of dogs with infective Dirofilaria immitis larvae, all ivermectin formulations were given orally at dosage of 6 micrograms/kg of body weight."	( Efficacy of ivermectin chewable tablets and two new ivermectin tablet formulations against Dirofilaria immitis larvae in dogs. Acre, KE; French, RA; Paul, AJ; Plue, RE; Todd, KS; Wallace, DH; Wallig, MA, 1991)	0.28
" The data suggest that repeated dosage with ivermectin may lead to a slow attrition of some female worms and this possibility should be investigated in patients receiving regular doses every 3, 6 or 12 months as part of onchocerciasis control programmes."	( Viability of adult Onchocerca volvulus after six 2-weekly doses of ivermectin. Duke, BO; Greene, BM; Muñoz, B; Pacqué, MC; Taylor, HR, 1991)	0.28
"Twenty-four Collies sensitive to the toxic effects of ivermectin, when administered at high dosages, were studied to evaluate the effects of repeated monthly treatment with an ivermectin beef-based formulation at amounts up to 10 times the dosage recommended for heartworm prevention in dogs."	( Evaluation of the safety of ivermectin administered in a beef-based formulation to ivermectin-sensitive Collies. DiPietro, JA; Fassler, PE; Paul, AJ; Soll, MD; Todd, KS; Tranquilli, WJ, 1991)	0.28
" Ivermectin administered at a dosage of 50 micrograms/kg of estimated body weight every 30 to 60 days apparently prevented or ameliorated parasitism in red wolves."	( Parasitism in captive and reintroduced red wolves. Phillips, MK; Scheck, J, 1991)	0.28
" aegypti at this dosage was on ovarian development."	( Effect of ivermectin on the ovarian development of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Guzman, H; Mahmood, F; Tesh, RB; Walters, LL, 1991)	0.28
"Treatment with ivermectin at the dosage of 200 microgram/kg in 28 Congolese loiasis patients led to an important decrease of the microfilaremia on day 7, with a reduction of about 90% of the initial parasite load."	( [Therapeutic trial with ivermectin in loiasis with medium and high microfilaremia]. Carme, B; Copin, N; Ebikili, B; Mbitsi, A, 1991)	0.28
" Group-1 calves were treated with ivermectin (200 micrograms/kg of body weight, SC) at approximately 6-week intervals for a total of 8 treatments; group-2 calves were given the same dosage of ivermectin by the same route of administration as group-1 calves in November, March, and July; group-3 calves were given fenbendazole paste (5 mg/kg, PO) at the same times as group-2 calves; and group-4 calves served as untreated controls with provision for ivermectin salvage treatment."	( Effects of ivermectin and fenbendazole in strategic treatment of gastrointestinal nematode infections in cattle. Barras, SA; Hawkins, JA; Knox, JW; Williams, JC, 1990)	0.28
" When compared with an oral solution the tablet dosage form has a relative bioavailability of approximately 60 percent."	( Ivermectin: a long-acting microfilaricidal agent. Achumba, JI; Ette, EI; Thomas, WO, 1990)	0.28
" Ivermectin (cattle formulation) injected sc at a dosage of 400 to 440 micrograms/kg of body weight repeated in 18 days appeared to be safe and effective in reducing the prevalence of ear mites in naturally infested rabbits."	( Use of ivermectin for treatment of ear mite infestation in rabbits. Brooks, DL; Curtis, SK; Housley, R, 1990)	0.28
" Using tritium-labelled drug it was shown that ivermectin is absorbed rapidly after oral or parenteral dosing and is excreted almost entirely in the faeces."	( Development, pharmacokinetics and mode of action of ivermectin. Campbell, WC; Sutherland, IH, 1990)	0.28
" Ivermectin given at a single oral dosage of 150 to 200 mcg/kg is a powerful microfilaricidal drug with a rapid and prolonged action and without major side effects."	( [A study in the Ivory Coast (1985-1987) of the efficacy and tolerance of ivermectin (Mectizan) in human onchocerciasis. I. A comparative double-blind study of 220 patients with onchocerciasis treated with a single oral dose of 100, 150 or 200 mcg/kg]. Abeloos, J; Aziz, M; Bamba, M; Beauvais, B; Bossebceuf, C; Derouin, F; Ferly-Therizol, M; Garin, JF; Larivière, M; Sarfati, C, 1989)	0.28
" There was a highly significant relationship between incidence of adverse reactions and intensity of infection but no relation with ivermectin dosage within the range of 130-200 mcg/kg."	( A community trial of ivermectin in the onchocerciasis focus of Asubende, Ghana. II. Adverse reactions. Awadzi, K; Ba, O; Dadzie, KY; De Sole, G; Giese, J; Karam, M; Keita, FM; Opoku, NO; Remme, J, 1989)	0.28
"The metabolic disposition of ivermectin, a new antiparasitic drug, has been studied in cattle, sheep, and also in rats dosed with the drug labeled with tritium in the C-22,23 positions."	( Metabolic disposition of ivermectin in tissues of cattle, sheep, and rats. Arison, BH; Buhs, RP; Chiu, SH; Green, M; Jacob, TA; Sestokas, E; Sestokas, R; Taub, R; Vandenheuvel, WJ, )	0.13
"In the first of 2 separate trials, the efficacy of febantel, given at a dosage of 5 mg/kg of body weight, was assessed in calves with 60-day experimentally induced Bunostomum phlebotomum infection."	( Use of febantel or ivermectin for treatment of calves with experimentally induced Bunostomum phlebotomum infection. Yazwinski, TA, 1988)	0.27
" The impact of the therapeutic dosing at timed intervals during the first months of the grazing season was remarkable; egg output in the levamisole and ivermectin groups between June and early October was substantially lower."	( Efficacy of early season anthelmintic treatment against gastrointestinal nematodes. Berghen, P; Dorny, P; Hilderson, H; Vercruysse, J, 1988)	0.27
"Two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of alternate reversed-phase and normal-phase columns was used in the purification, quantification and identification of submicrogram quantities of drug residue and metabolites in tissues from animals dosed with ivermectin."	( Application of two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography in metabolism studies of ivermectin. Chiu, SH; Sestokas, E; Taub, R, 1988)	0.27
" In successive passages and on Day 6 (D6), lambs were dosed subcutaneously with ivermectin at 100, 200, 250 and 225 micrograms kg-1 body weight, respectively."	( Selection of ivermectin-resistant Trichostrongylus colubriformis in lambs. Coles, GC; Giordano, DJ; Tritschler, JP, 1988)	0.27
" Subcutaneous administration of ivermectin at a dosage of 200 micrograms/kg of body weight resulted in 61."	( Efficacy of ivermectin against Cooperia curticei infection in sheep. Bogan, JA; McKellar, QA; Mitchell, ES; Scott, EW, 1988)	0.27
" A weighted, orally administered osmotically activated device designed to lodge in the rumeno-reticulum and to deliver ivermectin at a dosage rate of approximately 8 mg/day for a 120-day period, was administered to treated cattle."	( Prophylactic efficacy of sustained-release ivermectin against induced nematode infestations in cattle. Carmichael, IH; Harvey, RG; Soll, MD, 1988)	0.27
" In a dose titration experiment the dose-response curve of the drug pressure-derived isolate, IV-A, was significantly (0."	( Laboratory selection of Haemonchus contortus for resistance to ivermectin. Eary, CH; Egerton, JR; Suhayda, D, 1988)	0.27
"The efficacy of ivermectin in oral paste formulation at a dosage of 200 micrograms/kg of body weight was tested against naturally acquired larval and adult stages of Parascaris equorum, in a controlled study."	( Efficacy of ivermectin in the oral paste formulation against naturally acquired adult and larval stages of Parascaris equorum in pony foals. Chapman, MR; French, DD; Klei, TR; Taylor, HW; Wright, FR, 1988)	0.27
" However, 6 weeks after dosing the reduction of the strongyle egg output had decreased to an average of 67."	( Prevalence and control of benzimidazole-resistant small strongyles on German thoroughbred studs. Bauer, C; Bürger, HJ; Janke-Grimm, G; Merkt, JC, 1986)	0.27
" It was concluded that repeated treatment with ivermectin at the recommended dosage of 200 micrograms/kg will not impair the reproductive potential of rams."	( Effect of ivermectin on the reproductive potential of breeding rams. Barrick, RA; Pulliam, JD; Schröder, J; Swan, GE, 1986)	0.27
" Examination of the effect according to dose suggested a dose-response relationship."	( Ivermectin effect on microfilariae of Onchocerca volvulus after a single oral dose in humans. Albiez, EJ; Erttmann, KD; Greene, BM; Newland, HS; Soboslay, PT; Taylor, HR; White, AT; Williams, PN, 1987)	0.27
" It was concluded that this dosing strategy is a satisfactory method of parasite control for dairy replacement heifers in northern USA without undue selection for drug resistance."	( Control of gastrointestinal nematodes in dairy heifers by two strategic treatments with ivermectin. Heider, LE; Herd, RP; Reinemeyer, CR, 1987)	0.27
"0 micrograms/kg dosage at 45 days after inoculation."	( Efficacy of ivermectin against Dirofilaria immitis larvae in dogs 30 and 45 days after induced infection. DiPietro, JA; McCall, JW; Paul, AJ; Sundberg, JP; Todd, KS, 1986)	0.27
"The efficacy of 2 injectable formulations of ivermectin, administered intraorally at the dosage of 200 micrograms/kg of body weight, was evaluated against naturally occurring infections by abomasal nematodes in lambs in 2 controlled tests."	( Activity of ivermectin against natural infections by abomasal nematodes in lambs in controlled tests: evaluation of equine and bovine injectable formulations administered intraorally. Drudge, JH; Lyons, ET; Tolliver, SC, 1986)	0.27
" Ivermectin as a paste formulation was given to sucking foals and pregnant mares in a single dosage of 200 micrograms/kg bodyweight by oral administration."	( [Effectiveness of ivermectin in Strongyloides westeri cases in foals]. Hiepe, T; Köhler, M, 1986)	0.27
" The smaller dosage of levamisole hydrochloride (6 mg/kg) significantly decreased only carcass parasitism to 17% of that in the controls, but did not affect significantly the total parasite load."	( Anthelmintic effect of levamisole hydrochloride or ivermectin on tissue toxocariasis of mice. Barriga, OO; Carrillo, M, 1987)	0.27
" The efficacy of the drug on single dosage and the mild adverse reactions produced, if confirmed in subsequent controlled studies, would greatly simplify the treatment of onchocerciasis and would reintroduce new concepts of the role of chemotherapy in the control of onchocerciasis."	( The chemotherapy of onchocerciasis X. An assessment of four single dose treatment regimes of MK-933 (ivermectin) in human onchocerciasis. Awadzi, K; Aziz, MA; Dadzie, KY; Gilles, HM; Haddock, DR; Shulz-Key, H, 1985)	0.27
"An attempt was made to control or eliminate Strongylus vulgaris from a closed group of three horses at pasture near Perth, Western Australia, by dosing with ivermectin on four occasions during the time of year when it was believed that environmental conditions would eliminate all the non-parasitic stages of that species."	( Integrated control of Strongylus vulgaris infection in horses using ivermectin. Dunsmore, JD, 1985)	0.27
" It is active at extremely low dosage against a wide variety of nematode and arthropod parasites, apparently by virtue of its action on the mediation of neurotransmission by gamma-aminobutyric acid."	( Ivermectin: a potent new antiparasitic agent. Albers-Schönberg, G; Campbell, WC; Fisher, MH; Jacob, TA; Stapley, EO, 1983)	0.27
" This paper was presented at Pfizer Symposium on The Application of Sustained Release Anthelmintic Dosage Forms in the Control of Parasites in Grazing Animals at the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W."	( Potential problems associated with the controlled release of anthelmintics in grazing animals. Herd, RP, 1984)	0.27
" A dosage level of 100 micrograms/kg was required to achieve 97% efficacy against Cooperia punctata."	( Efficacy of avermectin B1a for treatment of experimentally induced nematode infections in cattle. Farrell, CJ; Foreyt, WJ; Gallina, AM; Wescott, RB, 1980)	0.26
" In vivo tests were performed on larvae in female BALB/C mice dosed with ivermectin, 5 mg/kg, orally."	( The microfilaricidal activity of ivermectin in vitro and in vivo. Devaney, E; Howells, RE, 1984)	0.27
" Groups 2 to 4 were treated orally with avermectin B1a at dosage levels of 25, 50, and 100 micrograms/kg of body weight, respectively."	( Anthelmintic efficacy of avermectin B1a and dihydroavermectin B1a against ovine gastrointestinal nematodes in 1977. DiPietro, JA; Mansfield, ME; Todd, KS, 1984)	0.27
"A total of 469 cows and calves from 2 herds, each on 6 pastures, was used to evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy and animal-performance benefits of ivermectin given subcutaneously at a dosage of 200 micrograms/kg to nursing beef calves and their dams during a grazing season."	( Effect of ivermectin on performance of beef cattle on Georgia pastures. Calvert, GV; Ciordia, H; McCampbell, HC; Plue, RE, 1984)	0.27
" Group 1 pigs (n = 5) were given drinking water as a placebo, group 2 pigs (n = 5) were given ivermectin by SC injection (300 micrograms/kg of body weight), and group 3 pigs (n = 5) were given ivermectin in water also at a dosage rate of 300 micrograms/kg of body weight."	( Anthelmintic activity of ivermectin in pigs naturally infected with Ascaris and Trichuris. Gibson, CD; Schillhorn van Veen, TW, 1983)	0.27
" Some variability was noted in dose-response studies, but the drug was very potent and a dose of 50 micrograms (2."	( The effects of 22, 23-dihydroavermectin B1 on Strongyloides ratti and S. stercoralis infections in mice. Grove, DI, 1983)	0.27
"The efficacy of ivermectin, injected subcutaneously at a dosage rate of 200 mcg/kg live mass, was determined against nematodes, ixodid ticks and lice infestations acquired by free-living impala, Aepyceros melampus, in the Kruger National Park."	( The efficacy of ivermectin against helminth and arthropod parasites of impala. Boomker, J; De Vos, V; Horak, IG; Kingsley, SA, 1983)	0.27
" Treatment at dosage rates of 300 and 500 microgram per kg body-weight provided 100% control as assessed by mite populations and clinical signs, while at a dose rate of 180 microgram per kg mite populations were substantially reduced but not eliminated."	( Efficacy of ivermectin against Sarcoptes scabiei in pigs. Dooge, DJ; Lee, RP; Preston, JM, 1980)	0.26
" The purpose of the present study was to report on a more extensive trial, using a single dosage of ivermectin."	( Controlled tests of ivermectin against migrating Strongylus vulgaris in ponies. McCraw, BM; Slocombe, JO, 1981)	0.26
"Activity of ivermectin, administered IM at the dosage rate of 200 micrograms/kg of body weight, was evaluated in controlled tests against migrating larvae of Strongylus vulgaris and adult Trichostrongylus axei in experimental infections in 6 ponies raised worm-free."	( Ivermectin: activity against larval Strongylus vulgaris and adult Trichostrongylus axei in experimental infections in ponies. Drudge, JH; Lyons, ET; Tolliver, SC, 1982)	0.26
"Seven foals naturally infected with Strongyloides westeri were injected intramuscularly with ivermectin at a dosage rate of 200 mcg per kg body weight."	( The efficacy of ivermectin against Strongyloides westeri in foals. Mirck, MH; van Meurs, GK, 1982)	0.26
" Approximately 8 weeks after they were inoculated, 6 foals were given ivermectin IM at a dosage rate of 200 micrograms/kg of body weight and 6 were given a placebo."	( Effectiveness of ivermectin against later 4th-stage Strongylus vulgaris in ponies. McCraw, BM; Pennock, PW; Slocombe, JO; Vasey, J, 1982)	0.26
" Dosage levels tested were single subcutaneous injections of 50, 100, 200, or 400 micrograms/kg of body weight with appropriate vehicle-treated controls."	( Activity of ivermectin against canine intestinal helminths. Anderson, DL; Roberson, EL, 1982)	0.26
"Ivermectin prevented maturation of Dirofilaria immitis when given per os to ferrets at a dosage of 0 X 1 mg ivermectin per kg bodyweight two days after inoculation with third stage heartworm larvae."	( Efficacy of ivermectin against third-stage Dirofilaria immitis larvae in ferrets and dogs. Blair, LS; Ewanciw, DV; Williams, E, 1982)	0.26
" A dosage of 200 micrograms/kg, administered subcutaneously to animals naturally infested in the field, gave satisfactory tick control for 21 days, after an initial lag period of 2 days immediately following treatment, during which significant numbers of ticks survived."	( Evaluation of the potential of systemic slow release chemical treatments for control of the cattle tick (Boophilus microplus) using ivermectin. Bird, P; Nolan, J; Schnitzerling, HJ, 1981)	0.26
" More appropriately, drug resistance should be defined as 'a change in gene frequency of a population, produced by drug selection, which renders the minimal, effective dosage previously used to kill a defined portion (e."	( Structure and activity of avermectins and milbemycins in animal health. Fisher, MH; Mrozik, H; Shoop, WL, 1995)	0.29
" In the first experiment, the injectable (INJ) formulation at a dosage of 200 micrograms/kg of body weight and pour-on (PO) formulation at a dosage of 500 micrograms/kg were compared in 5 groups of calves (n = 6/group)."	( Persistent anthelmintic activity of ivermectin against gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle. Broussard, SD; Williams, JC, 1995)	0.29
" Individuals were screened for evidence of optic nerve disease (OND), and those identified as possible cases of OND underwent detailed ophthalmic examination, including fluorescein angiography, before being dosed with ivermectin or placebo."	( Ivermectin and onchocercal optic neuritis: short-term effects. Abiose, A; Babalola, O; Bird, A; Cousens, S; Evans, J; Jones, B; Murdoch, I, 1994)	0.29
"0 ml per 10 kg bodyweight to achieve a dosage of 500 mg ivermectin kg-1 body weight."	( The efficacy of ivermectin (pour-on) against the eyeworms, Thelazia gulosa and Thelazia skrjabini in naturally infected cattle. Holste, JE; Jacobsen, JA; Kennedy, MJ, 1994)	0.29
" Microfilaria levels fell rapidly after ivermectin administration in all dosage groups and 98% of pretreatment microfilariae was cleared after 12 h of treatment."	( Side reactions following ivermectin therapy in high density bancroftian microfilaraemics. Kar, SK; Kumaraswami, V; Murty, RS; Patnaik, S, 1993)	0.29
" Villagers aged 5 years and older were randomly assigned annual dosing with ivermectin or placebo for 3 years."	( Reduction in incidence of optic nerve disease with annual ivermectin to control onchocerciasis. Abiose, A; Alexander, ND; Babalola, OE; Cassels-Brown, A; Cousens, SN; Evans, J; Ibrahim, UF; Jones, BR; Murdoch, I; Nuhu, I, 1993)	0.29
" These results show that worms recover their fertility even after multiple doses of ivermectin, but do so slowly compared to standard dosage intervals."	( How long do the effects of ivermectin on adult Onchocerca volvulus persist? Chavasse, DC; Downham, MD; Kläger, S; Post, RJ; Whitworth, JA, 1993)	0.29
" As compared to results from other studies with diethylcarbamazine and IVER at different dosages and periodicities, the dosage of IVER 400 seems the most effective; but a yearly intake might not be sufficient."	( Long-term efficacy of single-dose treatment with 400 micrograms.kg-1 of ivermectin in bancroftian filariasis: results at one year. Cartel, JL; Chanteau, S; Glaziou, P; Martin, PM; Moulia-Pelat, JP; Nguyen, LN, 1993)	0.29
" This approach led to the identification of formulations based upon sesame oil and ethyl oleate which gave more prolonged doramectin plasma concentrations with no loss in therapeutic efficacy and improved persistent efficacy following subcutaneous administration to cattle at a dosage of 200 micrograms kg-1."	( Effect of formulation on the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of doramectin. Davison, E; Gibson, SP; Kaye, B; Lewis, D; Smith, DG; Weatherley, AJ; Wicks, SR, 1993)	0.29
" Treated animals received doramectin at a dosage of 200 micrograms kg-1, subcutaneously in the lateral midline of the neck."	( Efficacy of doramectin against eyeworms (Thelazia spp.) in naturally and experimentally infected cattle. Kennedy, MJ; Phillips, FE, 1993)	0.29
" The local cost of dosing was N3."	( Comparison of three strategies for mass distribution of ivermectin in Achi, Nigeria. Akpala, C; Nwagbo, D; Nwakoby, B; Okonkwo, PO, 1993)	0.29
" The dosage of ivermectin required to remove 95 per cent of the ivermectin-resistant O circumcincta and T colubriformis were 23 times and six times larger, respectively, than the dosages required to remove the same percentage of susceptible isolates."	( Mutual resistance to avermectins and milbemycins: oral activity of ivermectin and moxidectin against ivermectin-resistant and susceptible nematodes. Eary, CH; Haines, HW; Michael, BF; Shoop, WL, 1993)	0.29
" The first method uses height to separate patients into four dosing categories (1/2, 1, 11/2 and 2 tablets), while the second involves estimating one of these dosing categories according to an individual's physical appearance, without making any measurements."	( Ivermectin dose assessment without weighing scales. Abiose, A; Alexander, ND; Cousens, SN; Jones, BR; Yahaya, H, 1993)	0.29
" Thus, the method is applicable for monitoring plasma levels during clinical and pharmacokinetic trials with ivermectin to evaluate its most efficacious dosage regimen."	( Determination of ivermectin in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. Klotz, U; Krishna, DR, 1993)	0.29
" Calculations for phosphorus budgets on both native and improved pastures indicate that the amount of phosphorus recycled in these systems could be reduced by up to 5% the dosage levels currently recommended for the drug."	( The potential for avermectins to affect the nutrient economy of grazed pastures. King, KL, 1993)	0.29
" Further research on formulation and dosage strategies is advocated to increase bioavailability at the gastrointestinal site of action so that both dose rate and faecal residues can be reduced."	( Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of avermectins in livestock. Steel, JW, 1993)	0.29
"Chemical methods for determining the concentrations of the avermectins in feeds, dosage forms, and biological samples are reviewed."	( Chemical assay of avermectins by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Sams, R, 1993)	0.29
" Ivermectin was administered as a single oral dose at four dosage levels (20, 50, 100 and 200 micrograms/kg), and both microfilarial clearance and associated side reactions were monitored in a double blind fashion."	( Ivermectin in the treatment of bancroftian filarial infection in Orissa, India. Kar, SK; Kumaraswami, V; Mania, J; Patnaik, S, 1993)	0.29
"The effective dosage of a chewable formulation of ivermectin was determined in 35 young dogs with induced infections of Ancylostoma caninum and Uncinaria stenocephala."	( Efficacy of ivermectin in a beef-based chewable formulation against Ancylostoma caninum and Uncinaria stenocephala in dogs. Daurio, CP; Roberson, EL; Seward, RL, 1993)	0.29
" Three months after inoculation, all four sheep were treated with an in-feed formulation of ivermectin at a dosage of 1 mg/kg of body weight in a pelleted ration daily for seven consecutive days."	( Efficacy of in-feed formulation ivermectin against Psoroptes sp. in bighorn sheep. Foreyt, WJ, 1993)	0.29
"Plasma concentrations of doramectin in 40 cattle dosed by subcutaneous (sc) or intramuscular (i."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of parenterally administered doramectin in cattle. Hunter, RP; Jones, RM; Logan, NB; Lukaszewicz, J; Lynch, MJ; Mouzin, DE; Nowakowski, MA; Ryan, NI; Smith, DG, 1995)	0.29
" Each zone was treated with a different dosage of the combination ivermectin (IVR) and diethylcarbamazine (DEC) as follows: (1) IVR 400 micrograms/kg plus DEC 6mg/kg, (2) IVR 400 micrograms/kg alone, (3) DEC 6 mg/kg alone (4) IVR 400 micrograms/kg plus DEC 3 mg/kg."	( Advantages of an annual single dose of ivermectin 400 micrograms/kg plus diethylcarbamazine for community treatment of bancroftian filariasis. Hascoët, H; Luquiaud, P; Moulia-Pelat, JP; Nguyen, LN; Nicolas, L, )	0.13
"We have studied the compliance patterns and the long-term effects of repeated ivermectin at various dosing intervals in a randomized controlled trial."	( A community trial of ivermectin for onchocerciasis in Sierra Leone: compliance and parasitological profiles after three and a half years of intervention. Downham, MD; Lahai, G; Maude, GH; Whitworth, JA, 1996)	0.29
" Thawed L1 larvae continue development in vitro producing third stage (L3) larvae that are infective to sheep when dosed per os."	( Cryopreservation of the first-stage larvae of trichostrongylid nematode parasites. Gill, JH; Redwin, JM, 1995)	0.29
" The respective influences of sex, age, place of residence, distance between the compound and the dosing point, compound size, and participation in treatment by authoritative individuals in the compound was evaluated using univariate and multivariate analysis."	( Ivermectin-based control of onchocerciasis in northern Cameroon: individual factors influencing participation in community treatment. Boussinesq, M; Cadot, E; Gardon, J; Godin, C; Macé, JM; Ogil, C, )	0.13
"Ivermectin is highly (> or = 95%) and significantly more effective than MBO against induced heart-worm infection when 1 year of monthly prophylactic dosing is started 4 months after infection."	( Evaluation of ivermectin and milbemycin oxime efficacy against Dirofilaria immitis infections of three and four months' duration in dogs. Gross, SJ; McCall, JW; McTier, TL; Ryan, WG; Soll, MD, 1996)	0.29
" Vessels were exposed to thiacetarsamide and dose-response relationships were applied to methacholine and nitroglycerin."	( Thiacetarsamide depresses relaxation of canine pulmonary artery in vitro. Kaiser, L; Maksimowich, DS; Williams, JF, 1996)	0.29
"To evaluate the safety and efficacy of doramectin given by injection at a dosage of 200 micrograms/kg of body weight for treatment of gastrointestinal nematodiasis or louse infestations of cattle."	( Field evaluation of doramectin for treatment of gastrointestinal nematode infections and louse infestations of cattle. Jones, RM; Logan, NB; Phillips, FE, 1996)	0.29
"Injectable doramectin at a dosage of 200 micrograms/kg is safe and effective for treatment of gastrointestinal nematodiasis and louse infestations of cattle under field conditions."	( Field evaluation of doramectin for treatment of gastrointestinal nematode infections and louse infestations of cattle. Jones, RM; Logan, NB; Phillips, FE, 1996)	0.29
" Moxidectin demonstrated a trend towards greater efficacy against encysted cyathostome larvae than a therapeutic dosage of ivermectin, but this difference was not statistically significant."	( Comparison of moxidectin oral gel and ivermectin oral paste against a spectrum of internal parasites of ponies with special attention to encysted cyathostome larvae. Chapman, MR; French, DD; Klei, TR; Monahan, CM; Taylor, HW, 1996)	0.29
"Seven individual trials were conducted in Wyoming to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of doramectin administered subcutaneously at a dosage of 200 micrograms kg-1 against multiple, natural infestations of cattle grubs or cattle lice."	( Doramectin systemic activity against cattle grubs, Hypoderma lineatum and H. bovis (Diptera: Oestridae), and cattle lice, bovicola bovis (Mallophaga: Trichodectidae), Linognathus vituli and Solenopotes capillatus (Anoplura: Linognathidae), and Haematopinu Kumar, R; Lloyd, JE; Phillips, FE; Waggoner, JW, 1996)	0.29
" Ivermectin was subcutaneously given at a dosage of 1 mg kg-1 bodyweight once to 40 (group A) or, at a one week interval, twice to 32 dogs (group B) 14-15 weeks prior to necropsy; another 40 dogs (group C) remained untreated."	( Control of Filaroides hirthi infections in Beagle dogs by ivermectin. Bahnemann, R; Bauer, C, 1996)	0.29
" Thus, new drugs or dosing schedules are needed to achieve the goal of killing all filarial parasites in the majority of patients."	( Prolonged clearance of microfilaraemia in patients with bancroftian filariasis after multiple high doses of ivermectin or diethylcarbamazine. Abeyewickreme, W; Dissanaike, AS; Ismail, MM; Jayasinghe, KS; Perera, CS; Premaratne, UN; Rajaratnam, HN; Sheriff, MH; Weil, GJ, )	0.13
" A dosage of 100 microgram/kg was used for the 3 first treatments and then abandoned because it did not reduce the prevalence of microfilariae (mf) carriers."	( Control of bancroftian filariasis in an endemic area of Polynesia by ivermectin 400 micrograms/kg. Cartel, JL; Moulia-Pelat, JP; Nguyen, NL, )	0.13
"2 mg kg-1 dosage levels, respectively."	( Eprinomectin: a novel avermectin for use as a topical endectocide for cattle. Barth, D; Campbell, WC; Costa, S; Eary, CH; Egerton, JR; Eskola, P; Fisher, MH; Fulton, RK; Gregory, LM; Haines, HW; Michael, BF; Mrozik, H; Ostlind, DA; Seward, RL; Shoop, WL; Skelly, BJ; Slayton, L; Turner, MJ, 1996)	0.29
"Doramectin, at a dosage of 200 micrograms/kg, is effective in controlling the prevalent gastrointestinal nematodes (adult and L4 stages) found in naturally infected calves."	( Efficacy of doramectin for treatment of experimentally induced infection with gastrointestinal nematodes in calves. Couvillion, CE; Logan, NB; Pote, LM; Siefker, C, 1997)	0.3
"Endectocidal efficacy of doramectin administered intramuscularly at a dosage of 300 micrograms/kg was evaluated in 464 pigs naturally infected with intestinal nematodes or mange mites on 14 commercial farms in Japan."	( Efficacy of doramectin against intestinal nematodes and sarcoptic manage mites in naturally infected swine. Fujii, T; Fukumoto, S; Kagota, K; Saeki, H; Takeda, S; Taneichi, A; Tsukaguchi, M, 1997)	0.3
"Eprinomectin is a safe and effective nematocide against naturally acquired nematode infections in cattle when administered at a dosage of 500 micrograms/kg."	( Nematocidal efficacy of eprinomectin, delivered topically, in naturally infected cattle. Drag, MD; Eagleson, JS; Holste, JE; Johnson, EG; Langholff, WK; Thompson, DR; Yazwinski, TA; Zimmerman, GL, 1997)	0.3
"A report is given of a cure by ivermectin of a 19-year-old patient with chronic, persistent, 3-year-old intestinal strongyloidosis resistant to several dosage regimens of conventional anthelminthics, including the current drug of choice for strongyloidosis thiabendazole and its therapeutic alternative, albendazole."	( Cure by ivermectin of a chronic, persistent, intestinal strongyloidosis. Adenusi, AA, 1997)	0.3
"Reported are the results of a randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial of annual ivermectin dosing in 34 rural communities, Kaduna State, northern Nigeria, where guinea savanna onchocerciasis is mesoendemic."	( Impact of annual dosing with ivermectin on progression of onchocercal visual field loss. Abiose, A; Alexander, ND; Babalola, OE; Cassels-Brown, A; Cousens, SN; Danboyi, P; Evans, JE; Jatau, D; Jones, BR; Murdoch, I, 1997)	0.3
"The effect of four years of cummulative annual treatment with ivermectin just before the fifth round of dosing with the drug was studied in six endemic communities where pretreatment data had been collected in 1992."	( Reduced prevalence of onchocerciasis following mass treatment with ivermectin. Fagbenro-Beyioku, AF; Oyibo, WA, 1997)	0.3
" The ewes in each group were dosed with their anthelmintic on April 4 (day 0) before being turned out to separate equal-sized paddocks within the same field on the following morning."	( Efficacy of moxidectin, ivermectin and albendazole oral drenches for suppression of periparturient rise in ewe worm egg output and reduction of anthelmintic treatment for lambs. Edgar, HW; Ellison, S; Ferguson, L; Kenny, J; Taylor, SM, 1997)	0.3
" In a third study, two prophylactic dosing schemes involving three ivermectin treatments at intervals of eight weeks, and two moxidectin treatments 12 weeks apart, were found to be highly effective in controlling strongyle infections of horses on pasture."	( Comparative studies of ivermectin and moxidectin in the control of naturally acquired cyathostome infections in horses. Claerebout, E; Demeulenaere, D; Dorny, P; Vercruysse, J, 1997)	0.3
"Plasma pharmacokinetics were compared for 40 cattle dosed by subcutaneous injection with doramectin or ivermectin (200 micrograms kg-1), commercial formulations of doramectin or ivermectin, 20 cattle per product)."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of doramectin and ivermectin in cattle. McKenzie, ME; Terhune, TN; Toutain, PL; Upson, DW, 1997)	0.3
" In two trials, calves were injected subcutaneously with ivermectin at a dosage of at least 200 microg kg(-1) within 24 h of birth."	( Prophylactic use of ivermectin against cattle myiasis caused by Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel, 1858). Barrick, RA; Benitez Usher, C; Bridi, A; Carvalho, L; Cruz, J; Eagleson, J; Farrington, D, 1997)	0.3
"Cattle, selected from herds with high prevalence of Hypoderma infestation, were treated in 4 experiments: within each replicate, 1 animal received eprinomectin at a dosage of 500 micrograms/kg of body weight against first-stage larvae (L1)."	( Efficacy of eprinomectin against Hypoderma spp in cattle. Barrick, RA; Colwell, DD; Eagleson, JS; Holste, JE; Kumar, R; Langholff, WK; Lloyd, JE; Pinkall, NP; Sierra, MA; Waggoner, JW, 1998)	0.3
" The concomitant increase in apparent affinity and cooperativity of the dose-response curve suggest that ivermectin acts as a positive allosteric effector."	( Ivermectin: a positive allosteric effector of the alpha7 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Bertrand, D; Bertrand, S; Buisson, B; Changeux, JP; Corringer, PJ; Galzi, JL; Krause, RM, 1998)	0.3
" No lice were found on any animal treated topically with eprinomectin at a dosage of > or = 500 mcg/kg after 14 days posttreatment until termination of the trials eight weeks after treatment."	( Eprinomectin: a novel avermectin for control of lice in all classes of cattle. Barrick, RA; Eagleson, JS; Hair, JA; Holste, JE; Lancaster, JL; Langholff, WK; Lloyd, JE; Smith, LL, 1997)	0.3
" By using the standard dosing schedule (150 micrograms/kg) in a mass chemotherapy campaign in Awhum, Nigeria, 128 (14."	( An improved dosing schedule for ivermectin as a microfilaricidal agent against onchocerciasis. Ogbodo, SO; Okonkwo, PO; Shu, EN, 1997)	0.3
" Eight sows received ivermectin at a dosage of 100 micrograms of ivermectin/kg of body weight/d from days 92 to 99 of gestation, and 8 sows were treated from days 103 to 110 of gestation; 8 remaining sows received unmedicated vehicle."	( Efficacy of an in-feed formulation of ivermectin against somatic larvae of Strongyloides ransomi in pregnant swine. Barrick, RA; Cox, JL; Drag, MD; Green, SE; Howser, RA; Wallace, DH, 1998)	0.3
"Ivermectin fed to sows during the last third of gestation at a dosage of 100 micrograms/kg/d for 7 consecutive days is highly efficacious for control of transmission of infective S ransomi larvae to pigs via colostrum or milk."	( Efficacy of an in-feed formulation of ivermectin against somatic larvae of Strongyloides ransomi in pregnant swine. Barrick, RA; Cox, JL; Drag, MD; Green, SE; Howser, RA; Wallace, DH, 1998)	0.3
"A research on formulation and dosage strategies of anthelmintics have been conducted in mice experimentally infected with eggs of Toxocara canis."	( Toxocara canis infection in the paratenic host: a study on the chemosusceptibility of the somatic larvae in mice. Fok, E; Kassai, T, 1998)	0.3
"Two cows and their calves were allocated to each of three drug treatments and dosed according to individual weights."	( Comparative effects of abamectin and two formulations of ivermectin on the survival of larvae of a dung-breeding fly. Mahon, RJ; Wardhaugh, KG, 1998)	0.3
" Calves in the D-group were treated with doramectin pour-on on days 0 and 56, at a dosage of 500 microg kg(-1) BW: calves in the C-group were designated as controls."	( Field evaluation of a topical doramectin formulation for the chemoprophylaxis of parasitic bronchitis in calves. Claerebout, E; Dorny, P; Vercruysse, J; Weatherley, A, 1998)	0.3
" Four groups of two naturally infected pigs were dosed with albendazole, pyrantel pamoate, ivermectin or piperazine dihydrochloride, respectively."	( Embryonation and infectivity of Ascaris suum eggs isolated from worms expelled by pigs treated with albendazole , pyrantel pamoate, ivermectin or piperazine dihydrochloride. Boes, J; Eriksen, L; Nansen, P, 1998)	0.3
" Group 1 served as untreated controls, and groups 2, 3 and 4 were dosed with a levamisole SRD, a fenbendazole SRD, and an ivermectin SRD, respectively."	( Effect of three sustained-release devices on parasitic bronchitis in first year calves. Ascher, F; Borgsteede, FH; Cornelissen, JB; Gaasenbeek, CP; van der Linden, JN, 1998)	0.3
" Ten Leghorn hens (Gallus domesticus) were orally dosed once daily for 7 days (1 mg/kg of body weight/day)."	( Metabolism of 3H/14C-labeled 4''-deoxy-4''-epimethylaminoavermectin B1a benzoate in chickens. Identification of novel fatty acid conjugates of '4'-deoxy-4''-epimethylaminoavermectin B1a. Arison, B; Crouch, LS; Faidley, T; Johnson, N; Mushtaq, M; Wrzesinski, CL, 1998)	0.3
"Seven studies were conducted under field conditions in North America to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of doramectin in a pour-on formulation at a dosage of 500 microg/kg (1 ml/10 kg) for cattle harboring naturally-acquired infections of gastrointestinal nematodes, including species of Haemonchus, Ostertagia, Trichostrongylus, Bunostomum, Cooperia, and Oesophagostomum."	( Field efficacy of doramectin pour-on against naturally-acquired, gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle in North America. Conder, GA; Illyes, EF; Keller, DS; Logan, NB; Meinert, TR; Rooney, KA, 1998)	0.3
" Until 1987, suramin and diethylcarbamazine were the only drugs available for the treatment of onchocerciasis and they could not be used for community therapy because of their toxicity and the dosage schedules required."	( Onchocercal eye disease and the impact of Mectizan treatment. Abiose, A, 1998)	0.3
"Six calves (weight 210 to 230 kg) were dosed with an intra-ruminal slow-release bolus prepared to deliver ivermectin at a low daily dosage for 135 days."	( Persistence of ivermectin in plasma and faeces following administration of a sustained-release bolus to cattle. Alvinerie, M; Galtier, P; Lanusse, C; Lifschitz, A; Sallovitz, J; Sutra, JF; Virkel, G, 1999)	0.3
" The lack of any benefit attributable to ivermectin that is discernible to its recipients may make it difficult to maintain the high compliance rates needed for long periods if mass dosing programmes are to have a lasting impact on onchocerciasis."	( Maintaining compliance to ivermectin in communities in two West African countries. Abiose, A; Alexander, ND; Jones, BR; Seed, P; Thomas, W; Whitworth, JA, 1996)	0.29
" Those from Nigeria suggest that it would be difficult to maintain the high compliance rates needed for long periods if mass dosing programs are to have a long-term impact on onchocerciasis."	( Maintaining compliance to ivermectin in communities in two West African countries. Abiose, A; Alexander, ND; Jones, BR; Seed, P; Thomas, W; Whitworth, JA, 1996)	0.29
" IVR and DOR are confirmed at 20 ppb levels in fortified salmon muscle; IVR is also confirmed in tissue from salmon dosed with the drug."	( Confirmation of avermectin residues in food matrices with negative-ion atmospheric pressure chemical ionization liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Gonzales, SA; Hurlbut, JA; Pfenning, AP; Roybal, JE; Rupp, HS; Turnipseed, SB, 1999)	0.3
"Persistent anthelmintic efficacy of topical formulations (all at a dosage of 500 microg/kg) of doramectin (DOR), ivermectin (IVM), eprinomectin (EPR) and moxidectin (MOX), in comparison with untreated control cattle (CONT), was observed in stocker beef calves during a 112-day winter-spring grazing trial."	( A comparison of persistent anthelmintic efficacy of topical formulations of doramectin, ivermectin, eprinomectin and moxidectin against naturally acquired nematode infections of beef calves. Clymer, BC; DeRosa, A; Guerino, F; Gurie, J; Loyacano, AF; Williams, JC, 1999)	0.3
" Furthermore, at a dosage level of 400 micrograms/kg a single treatment irreversibly reduces the mf production of the adult parasites by at least 65%."	( Efficacy of ivermectin in the treatment of Wuchereria bancrofti infection: a model-based analysis of trial results. Cao, WC; Habbema, JD; Plaisier, AP; van Oortmarssen, GJ, 1999)	0.3
" Further relevant information about the optimal dosage and residues in the milk of dairy goats is needed before eprinomectin should be used in this species."	( Some pharmacokinetic parameters of eprinomectin in goats following pour-on administration. Alvinerie, M; Chartier, C; Lacoste, E; Sutra, JF, 1999)	0.3
" Animals remained with their owners and were dosed six times, at monthly intervals according to body weight."	( The prevention of Dirofilaria repens infection with ivermectin/pyrantel chewables. Pollmeier, M; Pollono, F; Rossi, L, 1998)	0.3
" Avermectin dose-response curves for the CXV F(1) did not show a 50% mortality rate at low concentrations, indicating that avermectin resistance is not sex-linked."	( Inheritance of avermectin resistance in Haemonchus contortus. Baker, P; Gill, JH; Le Jambre, LF; Lenane, IJ, 2000)	0.31
" From Day 1 to 19 they were dosed orally with 2000 infective larvae of Dictyocaulus viviparus."	( Induction of protective immunity to Dictyocaulus viviparus in calves while under treatment with endectocides. Canavan, A; Edgar, HW; Kenny, J; Mallon, TR; Taylor, SM, 2000)	0.31
" Twenty dairy heifer calves, born in the previous autumn, were blocked according to liveweight and allocated to one of two groups: either untreated or dosed with an IVOMEC((R)) (ivermectin) SR Bolus 10 days prior to turnout on 1 May 1998."	( Evaluation of the effects of nematode parasitism on grazing behaviour, herbage intake and growth in young grazing cattle. Forbes, AB; Gibb, MJ; Huckle, CA; Nuthall, R; Rook, AJ, 2000)	0.31
" Improving these factors will possibly be more important than improving the efficacy of ivermectin by increasing its dosage or by adding other drugs."	( Effectiveness of annual ivermectin treatment for Wuchereria bancrofti infection. Habbema, JD; Plaisier, AP; Stolk, WA; van Oortmarssen, GJ, 2000)	0.31
"This study examines the effect of age, sex, dosing round, time of day, and distance from the nurse monitor on adverse event reporting during mass ivermectin administration at Achi, south-east Nigeria."	( Factors affecting adverse event reporting during mass ivermectin treatment for onchocerciasis. Chijioke, CP, 2000)	0.31
" One treatment consisted of the inert formulation ingredients (vehicle) administered as a negative control, and the other three treatments consisted of a single topical dosage of 3, 6, or 9mgkg(-1) of selamectin."	( Dose selection of selamectin for efficacy against adult fleas (Ctenocephalides felis felis) on dogs and cats. Bishop, BF; Evans, NA; Giles, CJ; Gration, KA; Holbert, MS; Jernigan, AD; McTier, TL; Rowan, TG; Smothers, CD, 2000)	0.31
" Animals were randomly allocated to treatment with either selamectin at a minimum dosage of 6mgkg(-1) in the commercial formulation or one of two negative-controls (0."	( Evaluation of the effects of selamectin against adult and immature stages of fleas (Ctenocephalides felis felis) on dogs and cats. Blagburn, BL; Holbert, MS; Jernigan, AD; Jones, RL; McTier, TL; Murphy, MG; Rowan, TG; Shanks, DJ; Smith, DG; Wang, C, 2000)	0.31
" Purpose-bred shorthaired cats and Beagles were randomly allocated to treatment with either selamectin at a minimum dosage of 6mgkg(-1) of body weight in the commercial formulation or the negative control treatment (vehicle only), and housed in controlled simulated home environments capable of supporting the flea life cycle."	( Efficacy of selamectin in the treatment and prevention of flea (Ctenocephalides felis felis) infestations on dogs and cats housed in simulated home environments. Jernigan, AD; Jones, RL; Murphy, MG; Rowan, TG; Shanks, DJ; Smith, DG; Watson, P, 2000)	0.31
" Animals were allocated randomly in a 2:1 ratio to one of two treatments: either selamectin alone at a minimum dosage of 6mgkg(-1) or fenthion at recommended dose rates."	( Efficacy and safety of selamectin against fleas on dogs and cats presented as veterinary patients in Europe. Benchaoui, HA; Clemence, RG; Clements, PJ; Jernigan, AD; Jones, RL; Rowan, TG; Shanks, DJ; Smith, DG; Sture, GH; Watson, P, 2000)	0.31
" In all studies selamectin was applied topically, once per month, in unit doses providing a minimum dosage of 6mgkg(-1)."	( Efficacy and safety of selamectin against fleas and heartworms in dogs and cats presented as veterinary patients in North America. Boy, MG; Jernigan, AD; Novotny, MJ; Rowan, TG; Six, RH; Smothers, CD; Thomas, CA, 2000)	0.31
" Selamectin was applied topically in a single spot to the skin on each animal's back at the base of the neck in front of the scapulae as a unit dose that provided at least the minimum recommended dosage of 6mgkg(-1) (range, 6-12mgkg(-1))."	( Efficacy of selamectin in the prevention of adult heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection in dogs in northern Italy. Clemence, RG; Genchi, C; Jernigan, AD; Rowan, TG; Sarasola, P; Shanks, DJ; Smith, DG, 2000)	0.31
" Cats were treated topically with unit doses providing a minimum dosage of 6mgkg(-1) selamectin at 30 days PI."	( Prevention of experimentally induced heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infections in dogs and cats with a single topical application of selamectin. Dickin, SK; Genchi, C; Jernigan, AD; McCall, JW; McTier, TL; Pengo, G; Rowan, TG; Shanks, DJ; Six, RH; Thomas, CA; Watson, P, 2000)	0.31
" In four controlled and masked studies conducted in the USA and Europe, animals were allocated randomly to treatment with either selamectin at a minimum dosage of 6mgkg(-1) (range, 6-12."	( The efficacy of selamectin in the treatment of naturally acquired aural infestations of otodectes cynotis on dogs and cats. Bowman, DD; Genchi, C; Hair, JA; Jernigan, AD; McTier, TL; Pengo, G; Rowan, TG; Shanks, DJ; Smith, DG; Smothers, CD; Thomas, CA; Watson, P, 2000)	0.31
" Unit doses of selamectin (providing a minimum dosage of 6mgkg(-1)) were administered topically to the skin in a single spot at monthly intervals."	( Efficacy and safety of selamectin against gastrointestinal nematodes in cats presented as veterinary patients. Benchaoui, HA; Boy, MG; Clemence, RG; Jernigan, AD; Rowan, TG; Six, RH; Smith, DG; Sture, GH; Thomas, CA; Watson, P, 2000)	0.31
" Unit doses of the commercial formulation of selamectin were administered to the dams to provide at least the minimum recommended dosage of 6mgkg(-1) (range, 6-12mgkg(-1))."	( Efficacy of selamectin administered topically to pregnant and lactating female dogs in the treatment and prevention of adult roundworm (Toxocara canis) infections and flea (Ctenocephalides felis felis) infestations in the dams and their pups. Clements, PJ; Jernigan, AD; Maitland, TP; McLoughlin, A; Murphy, MG; Payne-Johnson, M; Rowan, TG; Shanks, DJ; Sherington, J, 2000)	0.31
" Selamectin was supplied in unit dose tubes designed to deliver a minimum dosage of 6mgkg(-1)."	( Efficacy of selamectin against experimentally induced tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Dermacentor variabilis) infestations on dogs. Chieffo, C; Hair, JA; Jernigan, AD; Krautmann, MJ; McTier, TL; Rowan, TG; Thomas, CA; Wang, C; Young, DR, 2000)	0.31
" Studies were designed to measure the safety of selamectin at the recommended dosage range of 6-12mgkg(-1) of body weight."	( Safety of selamectin in dogs. Ehrhart, JC; Evans, EI; Godin, CS; Jernigan, AD; Krautmann, MJ; McCall, JW; Novotny, MJ; Rowan, TG; Sun, F, 2000)	0.31
" Studies were designed to measure the safety of selamectin at the recommended dosage range of 6-12mgkg(-1) of body weight."	( Safety of selamectin in cats. De Keulenaer, K; Evans, EI; Godin, CS; Jernigan, AD; Krautmann, MJ; McCall, JW; Novotny, MJ; Rowan, TG; Wang, C, 2000)	0.31
" A big change in kill for a given variation in dosage for the regression slope probably indicated that abamectin was unlikely selective."	( Influence of sublethal exposure to abamectin on the biological performance of Neoseiulus longispinosus (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Ibrahim, YB; Yee, TS, 2000)	0.31
") at a dosage of 150 microg/kg."	( The behaviour of doramectin in the gastrointestinal tract, its secretion in bile and pharmacokinetic disposition in the peripheral circulation after oral and intravenous administration to sheep. Gottschall, D; Hennessy, DR; Page, SW, 2000)	0.31
" All 7 dogs were treated with doramectin at a dosage of 200 microg/kg SC at 14-day intervals for 3 treatments."	( Spirocerca lupi esophageal granulomas in 7 dogs: resolution after treatment with doramectin. Berry, WL, )	0.13
" A case-control study design suggested a strong association between tapeworm infection and colic, with evidence of a dose-response relationship."	( Investigation of an outbreak of tapeworm-associated colic in a training yard. Holdstock, NB; Proudman, CJ, 2000)	0.31
" Results showed no difference in the effect of the dosage level on Loa microfilaraemia."	( [Analysis of the prevention of post-ivermectin Loa loa encephalopathy by administration of initial low dose]. Boussinesq, M; Gardon, J; Kamgno, J, 2000)	0.31
" Only five villages achieved coverage > 60%, but dosage was correct in most cases (87."	( Community-directed treatment of onchocerciasis with ivermectin in Takum, Nigeria. Adelakun, AO; Akogun, MK; Akogun, OB; Akoh, JI; Audu, Z; Kale, OO; Remme, H; Weiss, MG, 2001)	0.31
" Slight changes in the mean plasma activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase (AP) were detected in the group dosed with 5 mg/kg, and higher dosages caused marked changes in these enzymes as well as in the mean plasma activity of lactate dehydrogenase."	( Evaluation of the dosage of ivermectin in falcons. Lierz, M, 2001)	0.31
" One of these avermectin analogs was scaled-up and tested subcutaneously in a dog at >100 times the commercial ivermectin dosage and zero efficacy was observed against the flea."	( Systemic activity of the avermectins against the cat flea (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae). Gregory, LM; Meinke, PT; Shoop, WL; Zakson-Aiken, M, 2001)	0.31
"A new method of assessment based on mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) is described for dosage adjustment for community-based ivermectin distribution."	( Community-based ivermectin therapy for onchocerciasis: comparison of three methods of dose assessment. Okonkwo, PO; Shu, EN, 2001)	0.31
"2 million first-year-class fish were included in the trial, of which approximately 561,000 received emamectin benzoate at a dosage of 50 microg kg(-1) body wt d(-1), while approximately 610,000 received teflubenzuron at a dosage of 10 mg kg(-1) body wt d(-1)."	( Field trials in Norway with SLICE (0.2% emamectin benzoate) for the oral treatment of sea lice infestation in farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. Colquhoun, DJ; Nordmo, R; Ramstad, A; Simmons, R; Sutherland, IH, 2002)	0.31
" Precautions must be taken to ensure adequate dosing of every pig, and to avoid reinfestation due to poor biosecurity."	( Elimination of mange mites Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis from two naturally infested Danish sow herds using a single injection regime with doramectin. Arnason, T; Cracknell, V; Jensen, JC; Nielsen, LH, 2002)	0.31
"Eighty-eight lambs were allocated to one of four groups which were then dosed with 10,000 infective-stage larvae (L3) of one of four populations of Ostertagia circumcincta; the first (S) was an isolate known to be anthelmintic-susceptible; the second (OR) was a multiple anthelmintic-resistant isolate which had been recovered from the field following therapeutic failure of both ivermectin and moxidectin and subsequently maintained in the laboratory without further anthelmintic selection."	( Resistance to therapeutic treatment with macrocyclic lactone anthelmintics in Ostertagia circumcincta. Bisset, SA; Leathwick, DM; Moen, IC; Sutherland, IA, 2002)	0.31
" Selamectin was administered topically in a single spot to the skin of each animal's back at the base of the neck in front of the scapulae at a minimum dosage of 6mgkg(-1)."	( Efficacy of selamectin administered topically in the treatment of feline otoacariosis. Blot, C; Bourdoiseau, G; Kodjo, A; Reynaud, MC, 2003)	0.32
" Prior to parturition, pregnant cows were dosed orally to steady state with phenylbutazone at 4 g/day or given a single subcutaneous injection of 200 microg ivermectin/kg body wt."	( Preliminary studies of offspring exposure to phenylbutazone and ivermectin during the perinatal period in a Holstein cow-calf model. Bredow, Jv; Chamberlain, PL; Fowler, BA; Peggins, JO; Sexton, MJ, 2003)	0.32
" The combination does not require an alteration in the dosage of either component."	( The co-administration of ivermectin and albendazole--safety, pharmacokinetics and efficacy against Onchocerca volvulus. Addy, ET; Ardrey, AE; Attah, SK; Awadzi, K; Duke, BO; Edwards, G; Opoku, NO; Quartey, BT, 2003)	0.32
"2 mg/kg, the dosage registered for other host species."	( Anthelmintic treatment in horses: the extra-label use of products and the danger of under-dosing. Matthee, S, 2003)	0.32
" Oral dosing may be more convenient in institutional outbreaks and in the treatment of mentally impaired patients."	( Ivermectin use in scabies. Fawcett, RS, 2003)	0.32
"Mares were randomly allocated into treatment (n = 20) and control (20) groups and administered a placebo or 3 times the therapeutic dosage of ivermectin (0."	( Evaluation of the safety of ivermectin-praziquantel administered orally to pregnant mares. Alves-Branco, F; Mercier, P; Sapper, Mde F; White, CR, 2003)	0.32
"A chemotherapy trial was conducted to determine the lowest dosage of injectable preparation of ivermectin against Hypoderma spp."	( Efficacy of different dosages of ivermectin injectable against the Hypoderma spp. in yaks. Boulard, C; Chang, F; Chang, Z; Guan, G; Li, F; Liu, A; Liu, Z; Lu, B; Lu, W; Luo, J; Ma, M; Yin, H; Yuan, G; Zhang, Q, 2003)	0.32
" The primary aim of this study was to assess dermal disposition of abamectin in vitro in bovine, caprine, ovine, and porcine skin dosed in 100% isopropanol, commercial alcohol-based (Ivomec), or oil-based (Eprinex) formulations."	( In vitro dermal disposition of abamectin (avermectin B(1)) in livestock. Baynes, RE, 2004)	0.32
"3 kg) maintained in tanks of seawater at 5 +/- 1 degrees C were dosed with [3H]emamectin B1 benzoate in feed at a nominal rate of 50 microg of emamectin benzoate/kg/day for 7 consecutive days."	( Tissue distribution, metabolism, and residue depletion study in Atlantic salmon following oral administration of [3H]emamectin benzoate. Bova, A; Crouch, LS; Kim-Kang, H; Robinson, RA; Wislocki, PG; Wu, J, 2004)	0.32
" As yet undocumented, are the likely significant impact regular population dosing with ivermectin has on intestinal helminth infections, lymphatic filariasis, and human scabies infection."	( Impact of ivermectin on illness and disability associated with onchocerciasis. Beeche, A; Tielsch, JM, 2004)	0.32
" Finally, a further single administration of ivermectin at the same dosage led to the complete and permanent resolution of scabies."	( [Successful treatment of Norwegian scabies with ivermectin in a patient with recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa]. Angelo, C; Annessi, G; Paradisi, M; Pedicelli, C; Provini, A; Zambruno, G, 2004)	0.32
" Ivermectin levels were undetectable in plasma samples drawn up to 4 wk after injection, suggesting that the dosage used was insufficient to reach therapeutic concentrations in this species."	( Plasma evaluation for ivermectin in llamas (Lama glama) after standard subcutaneous dosing. Boothe, D; Burkholder, TH; Chatfield, J; Chen, H; Jensen, J; Junkins, K, 2004)	0.32
" A dose-response relationship was demonstrated with each of the parasite species, with distinct differences observed between the various species."	( An in vitro larval motility assay to determine anthelmintic sensitivity for human hookworm and Strongyloides species. Behnke, JM; Clifford, S; Kotze, AC; McCarthy, JS; O'Grady, J, 2004)	0.32
" This admission, she was treated with a combination of oral ivermectin (injectable solution form), with a dosage of 200-400 microg/kg/day, and albendazole for 14 days."	( Disseminated strongyloidiasis successfully treated with extended duration ivermectin combined with albendazole: a case report of intractable strongyloidiasis. Niticharoenpong, K; Pornsuriyasak, P; Sakapibunnan, A, 2004)	0.32
" Ewes were dosed after lambing with the aim of controlling their periparturient rise in faecal egg output and lambs were dosed at six-week intervals throughout the summer."	( Failure of moxidectin to control benzimidazole-, levamisole- and ivermectin-resistant Teladorsagia circumcinda in a sheep flock. Bartley, DJ; Jackson, F; Moir, AC; Sargison, ND, 2005)	0.33
" The LC50 value of eprinomectin in artificial soil after 28 days of exposure is higher than the levels expected in feces from dosed cattle or in soil fertilized with manure from dosed cattle, which indicates a wide margin of safety for this compound to earthworms."	( The environmental safety of eprinomectin to earthworms. Halley, BA; Marley, SE; Rehbein, S; Winter, R; Yoon, S, 2005)	0.33
" Prolonged treatment with ivermectin in a dosage exceeding the current recommendations may be required in HTLV-1 infected patients and was well tolerated."	( [Recurrent strongyloidiasis as an indicator of HTLV-1 infection]. Duwe, S; Ellerbrok, H; Pauli, G; Poggensee, G; Richter, J; Schwarz, U, 2005)	0.33
" Efficacy of 95% or more requires dosing for 9-30 months, with older worms being more difficult to kill."	( The safety-net story about macrocyclic lactone heartworm preventives: a review, an update, and recommendations. McCall, JW, 2005)	0.33
" All Sarcoptes-infested dogs were topically treated twice (days 0 and 28) with the dosage recommended by the respective manufacturer (27 dogs with imidacloprid/moxidectin, 26 with selamectin)."	( Efficacy and safety of imidacloprid 10% plus moxidectin 2.5% spot-on in the treatment of sarcoptic mange and otoacariosis in dogs: results af a European field study. Dumont, P; Heine, J; Hellmann, K; Krieger, K, 2005)	0.33
" infestation, were divided in three groups: Group A (N = 71) was treated with pour-on eprinomectin at the recommended dosage of 500 mcg/kg, Group B (N = 64) at the lower dose of 50 mcg/kg, a third group (Group C, N = 76) served as untreated control group."	( Field efficacy of minidosed eprinomectin against Hypoderma spp. in dairy cattle. Curcio, A; Rambozzi, L; Rimella, R; Rossi, L; Sala, L, 2006)	0.33
" Results from this bioassay demonstrated efficacy with fipronil, ivermectin, permethrin, and chlorpyrifos, and dose-response relationships for each acaricide were determined."	( An in vivo rodent model for identifying and characterizing acaricides. Bauer, SM; Gutierrez, JA; Hutchens, DE; Kemper, CJ; Plummer, PR; Smith, CK; White, WH; Zhao, X, 2006)	0.33
" At the end of the grazing period, the number of dead goats due to gastrointestinal parasitism was 1 in the group supplemented with heather and dosed with anthelmintic, 4 in the group that received neither supplementation nor anthelmintic, and 0 in the other 2 groups."	( Anthelmintic and nutritional effects of heather supplementation on Cashmere goats grazing perennial ryegrass-white clover pastures. Celaya, R; Ferre, I; Ferreira, LM; Frutos, P; García, U; Mateos-Sanz, A; Ortega-Mora, LM; Osoro, K, 2007)	0.34
" Twenty-six of the horses previously dosed with pyrantel or fenbendazole, and which still excreted >/=150 eggs per gram of faeces 14 days after treatment, were dewormed with ivermectin and fenbendazole or pyrantel in order to eliminate the remaining cyathostomins."	( A field study on the effect of some anthelmintics on cyathostomins of horses in sweden. Höglund, J; Kuzmina, T; Lind, EO; Uggla, A; Waller, PJ, 2007)	0.34
" The next year, an early-season treatment program with three administrations of fenbendazole at the same dosage at 3-wk intervals was used."	( Evaluation of three strategic parasite control programs in captive wild ruminants. Dorny, P; Goossens, E; Vercammen, F; Vercruysse, J, 2006)	0.33
" Data used for abundance analyses were collected in fields where treated cattle had been dosed with either doramectin or ivermectin, while the data for the asymmetry analyses were from a subset of fields where treated cattle had been dosed with doramectin only."	( Effects of avermectin residues in cattle dung on yellow dung fly Scathophaga stercoraria (Diptera: Scathophagidae) populations in grazed pastures. Beaumont, DJ; McCracken, DI; Nager, RG; Webb, L, 2007)	0.34
"Multiple oral dosing of ketoconazole dramatically altered the pharmacokinetics of ivermectin in dogs leading to an increase in systemic exposure to the drug."	( Multiple oral dosing of ketoconazole increases dog exposure to ivermectin. Alvinerie, M; Hugnet, C; Lespine, A, 2007)	0.34
" Good dose-response data for the drugs tested was observed at the time of worm recovery from mice, with no worms recovered at the two highest concentrations of levamisole."	( Efficacy of thiabendazole, mebendazole, levamisole and ivermectin against gullet worm, Gongylonema pulchrum: in vitro and in vivo studies. Gotoh, H; Ikadai, H; Ishida, H; Kubota, H; Kudo, N; Oyamada, T, 2008)	0.35
" xylotella were obviously negatively affected after treated the 3rd larvae with sub-lethal dosage of the mixtures and emamectin."	( [Effects of applying Sophora alopecuroids extracts and emamectin on the growth, development, and fecundity of diamondback moth plutella xylostella]. Ding, J; Luo, WC; Niu, HT; Xiao, T; Yan, L; Yu, TC, 2007)	0.34
"7 microg/ml) against Haemonchus contortus larvae, but were ineffective in reducing worm counts in vivo against Heligmosomoides polygyrus in mice at 50 mg/kg dosed intramuscularly."	( Anthelmintic macrolactams from Nonomuraea turkmeniaca MA7381. Ayers, S; Brown, CM; Genilloud, O; Grund, A; Powell, JS; Salazar, O; Singh, SB; Thompson, D; Zink, DL, 2008)	0.35
"The therapeutic efficacies of ivermectin (subcutaneous injection) and eprinomectin (topical treatment) given at two different dosage levels to goats naturally infested with Amblyomma parvum were assessed."	( Failure of ivermectin and eprinomectin to control Amblyomma parvum in goats: characterization of acaricidal activity and drug pharmacokinetic disposition. Farias, C; Guglielmone, AA; Imperiale, F; Lanusse, C; Lifschitz, A; Mangold, AJ; Nava, S, 2008)	0.35
" Animals were treated on Day 0 and on Day 8 at the recommended dosage of 200 microg ivermectin/kg bodyweight."	( Comparative evaluation of two ivermectin injectable formulations against psoroptic mange in feedlot cattle. Alvinerie, M; Bonfanti, M; Forbes, A; Genchi, C; Genchi, M; Innocenti, M; Sgoifo Rossi, CA; Vandoni, S, 2008)	0.35
" An identical dosage is recommended for the treatment of rickettsia."	( Care, husbandry and diseases of the African giant rat (Cricetomys gambianus). Cooper, RG, 2008)	0.35
" Avermectins are used as antiparasitic agents in domestic animals; although considered relatively safe, one must consider animal species, breed, weight, and age in dosage determinations."	( ESI+ MS/MS confirmation of canine ivermectin toxicity. Harrison, L; Johnson, MB; Lang, DG; Lehner, AF; Petzinger, E; Seanor, JW; Stewart, J; Tobin, T, 2009)	0.35
") administration at a dosage of 200 microg/kg was investigated in goats."	( The effect of sesame and sunflower oils on the plasma disposition of ivermectin in goats. Boyacioglu, M; Gokbulut, C; Karademir, U; McKellar, QA, 2008)	0.35
", 2) compare plasma IVM levels following administration with regular versus restricted feed rations, 3) measure IVM excretion in feces, and 4) use these findings to generate dosing recommendations for this species."	( The pharmacokinetics of orally administered ivermectin in African elephants (Loxodonta africana): implications for parasite elimination. Ballent, M; Galvanek, L; Gandolf, AR; Lanusse, C; Lifschitz, A; Stadler, C; Watson, B, 2009)	0.35
" Daily oral treatment with eprinomectin at a dosage of 200 microg/kg for 28 consecutive days produced a maximum concentration in the serum of 41."	( Efficacy of eprinomectin and doramectin against Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) on cattle. Lohmeyer, KH; Miller, JA; Oehler, DD; Pound, JM, 2009)	0.35
" cockerelli mortality and a dosage response to three dosages within labeled field rates."	( Knockdown mortality, repellency, and residual effects of insecticides for control of adult Bactericera cockerelli (Hemiptera: Psyllidae). Gharalari, AH; Gilley, J; Lawson, DS; Munyaneza, JE; Nansen, C; Vaughn, K, 2009)	0.35
"The in vivo effect of dosing levamisole as a pulse release within an ivermectin (IVM) controlled-release device (CRD) was simulated by periodic dosing of levamisole to Haemonchus contortus-infected sheep already treated with an IVM CRD."	( Overcoming macrocyclic lactone resistance in Haemonchus contortus with pulse dosing of levamisole. LeJambre, LF; Tyrrell, KL, 2010)	0.36
" For all three in vitro tests standard operating procedures (SOPs) were established and successfully used for the detection of responses of non-parasitic and parasitic stages to different anthelmintic substances and the description of dose-response curves."	( Adaptation and evaluation of three different in vitro tests for the detection of resistance to anthelmintics in gastro intestinal nematodes of cattle. Demeler, J; Küttler, U; von Samson-Himmelstjerna, G, 2010)	0.36
" Twenty-one horses (>4 months to 15 years of age) with patent, naturally acquired pinworm infections were blocked by source of origin and allocated randomly to one of three treatment groups: horses (n=7) assigned to Group 1 were treated orally with pyrantel pamoate paste at a dosage of 13."	( Efficacy of pyrantel pamoate and ivermectin paste formulations against naturally acquired Oxyuris equi infections in horses. Marchiondo, AA; Nichols, EC; Prado, JC; Reinemeyer, CR, 2010)	0.36
" All subgroups received a subcutaneous injection at a dosage of 400 microg/kg body weight every 80 h on three occasions."	( Comparison of efficacy of ivermectin and doramectin against mange mite (Sarcoptes scabiei) in naturally infested rabbits in Turkey. Güneli, E; Inceboz, T; Kaya, D; Kolatan, E; Yilmaz, O, )	0.13
" In the present study, a formulation of ivermectin (IVM) tablets based on compressed zein microspheres was improved as a new dosage form."	( Tablets based on compressed zein microspheres for sustained oral administration: design, pharmacokinetics, and clinical study. Gong, SJ; Liu, GY; Liu, XM; Sun, QS; Sun, SX; Wang, JY, 2011)	0.37
" In all tests dose-response curves with R(2) values >0."	( Standardization of the larval migration inhibition test for the detection of resistance to ivermectin in gastro intestinal nematodes of ruminants. Coles, G; Demeler, J; El-Abdellati, A; Höglund, J; Jackson, F; Kenyon, F; Küttler, U; Rydzik, A; Stafford, K; Varady, M; Vercruysse, J; von Samson-Himmelstjerna, G, 2010)	0.36
" Obtaining subcutaneous ivermectin and dosing it appropriately is a challenge."	( Non-oral treatment with ivermectin for disseminated strongyloidiasis. Barie, PS; Downs, JA; Fleckenstein, L; Fusco, DN; Murray, HW; Pahuja, M; Ramos, L; Satlin, MJ, 2010)	0.36
"These findings suggest that increasing the dosage and frequency of albendazole-ivermectin treatment enhances suppression of microfilariae but that this effect may not be attributable to improved adulticidal activity."	( Use of high-dose, twice-yearly albendazole and ivermectin to suppress Wuchereria bancrofti microfilarial levels. Coulibaly, ME; Coulibaly, SY; Coulibaly, YI; Dembele, B; Diallo, AA; Diaman Keita, A; Dolo, H; Doumbia, SS; Fay, MP; Klion, AD; Konate, S; Nutman, TB; Sanogo, D; Soumaoro, L; Traore, SF, 2010)	0.36
" Due to a lack of dose-response patterns no effect concentrations could be determined for the endpoints enchytraeid and collembolan numbers as well as total earthworm biomass."	( Fate and effects of ivermectin on soil invertebrates in terrestrial model ecosystems. Boxall, A; Coors, A; Förster, B; Jensen, J; Liebig, M; Moser, T; Pope, L; Römbke, J, 2011)	0.37
" dosed with milbemycin oxime (MBO) or ivermectin (IVM)."	( Ivermectin and milbemycin oxime in experimental adult heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection of dogs. Cruthers, LR; Slone, RL; Snyder, DE; Wiseman, S, )	0.13
" Caution is warranted due to modest specificity on behavior reinforced by alcohol, some reduction in general activity levels, and the lack of dose-response effects."	( Pharmacologically targeting the P2rx4 gene on maintenance and reinstatement of alcohol self-administration in rats. Kosten, TA, 2011)	0.37
" However, the efficacy and the most effective dosing regimen are to be determined."	( Efficacy and safety of single and double doses of ivermectin versus 7-day high dose albendazole for chronic strongyloidiasis. Anekthananon, T; Bhumimuang, K; Karuphong, E; Nilganuwong, S; Premasathian, N; Silpasakorn, S; Suputtamongkol, Y; Wanachiwanawin, D; Waywa, D, 2011)	0.37
"The objective of this experiment was not only to provide a simple residue analytical method to evaluate the safe application rate of Emamectin Benzoate for paddy crops but also to give a suitable recommended dosage in paddy crops."	( Dissipation and residues of emamectin benzoate study in paddy under field conditions. Chen, W; Han, L; Li, M, 2011)	0.37
" Ivermectin pharmacokinetic studies performed in several minor ruminant species are reviewed in this paper with the aim of facilitating the adoption of rational basis for the establishment of appropriate dosage schedules."	( Extra-label use of ivermectin in some minor ruminant species: pharmacokinetic aspects. Belmar-Liberato, R; Escribano, M; González-Canga, A, 2012)	0.38
"9 L of Vertimec® 18 EC/ha (RD); twice as much this dosage (2RD); and distilled water (Control), respectively, and to 2RD: control dilutions (12."	( Sensitivity of Eisenia andrei (Annelida, Oligochaeta) to a commercial formulation of abamectin in avoidance tests with artificial substrate and natural soil under tropical conditions. Espíndola, EL; Nunes, ME, 2012)	0.38
"Analysis of doramectin concentration in blood serum of pastured cattle injected repeatedly (12 treatments) at two different dosage rates and 28-day intervals throughout the year was used to predict the probability that cattle fever ticks could successfully feed to repletion during the interval between any two consecutive treatments."	( Analysis of doramectin in the serum of repeatedly treated pastured cattle used to predict the probability of cattle fever ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) feeding to repletion. Davey, RB; Freeman, JM; Klavons, JA; Lohmeyer, KH; Olafson, PU; Pound, JM, 2012)	0.38
" Results suggested that topical administration at a dosage of 20 mg/kg every 7 days is efficacious for treatment of flea infestation in rabbits."	( Pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and adverse effects of selamectin following topical administration in flea-infested rabbits. Carpenter, JW; Dryden, MW; Kukanich, B, 2012)	0.38
"Serum ivermectin concentrations were higher than expected, given the dosage of ivermectin administered."	( Concurrent ivermectin and Solanum spp. toxicosis in a herd of horses. Chaffin, MK; Coleman, MC; Mays, T; Norman, TE; Norton, PL; Stoughton, WB, )	0.13
"Horses might exhibit signs of ivermectin toxicity after appropriate dosing of the drug if they concurrently consume toxic plants of the Solanum family."	( Concurrent ivermectin and Solanum spp. toxicosis in a herd of horses. Chaffin, MK; Coleman, MC; Mays, T; Norman, TE; Norton, PL; Stoughton, WB, )	0.13
" After dosing the parents, the ivermectin concentration of the breast meat and liver of squabs was found to be greater than the maximum residual limits established for livestock, indicating that ivermectin was transferred from the parents to the squabs."	( Ivermectin residues in squab. Bennett, DC; Cheng, KM, 2012)	0.38
" bengalensis faeces up to 10 days post-treatment at all three dosage levels."	( Feed-through insecticides for the control of the sand fly Phlebotomus argentipes. Garlapati, R; Ingenloff, K; Poché, D; Poché, RM; Remmers, JL; Singh, MI, 2013)	0.39
" This study proposes an adaptation of the traditional, dose-response format bioassay to a fixed-dose method."	( A fixed-dose approach to conducting emamectin benzoate tolerance assessments on field-collected sea lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis. Elmoslemany, A; Hammell, KL; Revie, CW; Westcott, JD; Whyte, SK, 2013)	0.39
" Moreover, VPL completely restored susceptibility to ivermectin in a resistant isolate resulting in virtually identical dose-response curves of susceptible and resistant isolates in the presence of VPL."	( Potential contribution of P-glycoproteins to macrocyclic lactone resistance in the cattle parasitic nematode Cooperia oncophora. AlGusbi, S; De Graef, J; Demeler, J; Geldhof, P; Kerboeuf, D; Krücken, J; Pomroy, WE; Ramünke, S; von Samson-Himmelstjerna, G, 2013)	0.39
" From day 42 sheep were orally dosed for 3 consecutive days with the same treatments in the same groups (Phase 2)."	( In vivo effect of selected medicinal plants against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep. Ahmed, M; Laing, MD; Nsahlai, IV, 2014)	0.4
"2 for cypermethrin; RR for permethrin resistance was so high a dose-response curve was not possible)."	( Acaricide and ivermectin resistance in a field population of Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) collected from red deer (Cervus elaphus) in the Mexican tropics. Miller, RJ; Ojeda-Chi, MM; Pérez de León, AA; Rodríguez-Vivas, RI; Rosado-Aguilar, JA; Trinidad-Martínez, IC, 2014)	0.4
" Goats of the first three groups were treated with pour-on ivermectin at dosage of 2, 5, and 200 μg/kg body weight, respectively, whereas animals of the fourth to sixth groups were treated with pour-on eprinomectin at 25, 50, and 500 μg/kg body weight, respectively."	( Field efficacy of minidosed pour-on ivermectin and eprinomectin against goat warble fly infestation by Przhevalskiana silenus. Ahamed, I; Godara, R; Katoch, M; Katoch, R; Sood, S; Yadav, A, 2014)	0.4
" The risk of spinosad causing P-gp related drug-drug interactions in the dog could be predicted by the IC50 value, the oral dosage and plasma concentrations."	( Spinosad is a potent inhibitor of canine P-glycoprotein. Schrickx, JA, 2014)	0.4
" The doramectin dosage of the deceased kitten was 380 μg/kg."	( [Doramectin intoxication in 3 kittens]. Burgener, IA; Nentwig, A; Oevermann, A, 2014)	0.4
" The maximum concentrations were reached 24h after dosing in the majority of the animals (six of eight cats)."	( Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of eprinomectin in cats when administered in a novel topical combination of fipronil, (S)-methoprene, eprinomectin and praziquantel. Kellermann, M; Knaus, M; Kvaternick, V; Rehbein, S; Rosentel, J, 2014)	0.4
" There was no significant change in the laboratory blood count, hepatic metabolites, and nitrogen-bounding compound excreta dosage values that could compromise the use of this drug, demonstrating that ivermectin has a low toxicity level."	( Sustained clearance of Mansonella ozzardi infection after treatment with ivermectin in the Brazilian Amazon. Aranha Camargo, JS; Aranha Camargo, LM; Barreto Crispim, Pd; Basano, Sde A; Fontes, G; Mattos Ferreira, Rde G; Medeiros, JF; Parente Araújo, MP; Pires Parente, MS; Souza Vera, LJ, 2014)	0.4
" The drug delivery system should: (i) ensure a full 12-month protection upon single dose administration; (ii) be safe with particular attention regarding IVM dosage and its release, in order to prevent over dosage side effects."	( Preliminary investigation on the design of biodegradable microparticles for ivermectin delivery: set up of formulation parameters. Colzani, B; Conti, B; Dorati, R; Genta, I; Tripodo, G, 2015)	0.42
" This blinded, randomized three-phase clinical trial compared its efficacy employing different dosing regimens with that of ivermectin."	( Canine generalized demodicosis treated with varying doses of a 2.5% moxidectin+10% imidacloprid spot-on and oral ivermectin: parasiticidal effects and long-term treatment outcomes. Ball, G; Fields, PJ; Halliwell, RE; Louw, J; Louw, ML; Paterson, TE; Pinckney, R, 2014)	0.4
" The results from both experiments demonstrate that both ivermectin and abamectin, administered orally for a continuous period of seven days, at a daily dosage of 100 µg/kg, were highly effective (>95%) against Hyostrongylus rubidus, Strongyloides ransomi, Ascaris suum and Metastrongylus salmi."	( Anthelmintic efficacy of ivermectin and abamectin, administered orally for seven consecutive days (100 µg/kg/day), against nematodes in naturally infected pigs. Bichuette, MA; Buzulini, C; Cruz, BC; da Costa, AJ; Dos Santos, TR; Fávero, FC; Felippelli, G; Gomes, LV; Lopes, WD; Maciel, WG; Prando, L; Teixeira, WF, 2014)	0.4
" Combining intraperitoneal and oral dosage of ivermectin further improved protection, resulting in survival rates of up to 80% of animals and a significant delay of strychnine effects in up to 100% of tested animals."	( In vivo protection against strychnine toxicity in mice by the glycine receptor agonist ivermectin. Breitinger, HG; Maher, A; Radwan, R, 2014)	0.4
"We conducted a randomised controlled open label trial in northern Malawi comparing three modified treatment groups to standard dosage of ivermectin and albendazole in adults with confirmed circulating LF antigen and microfilaria."	( Randomised controlled clinical trial of increased dose and frequency of albendazole and ivermectin on Wuchereria bancrofti microfilarial clearance in northern Malawi. Banda, LG; French, N; Horton, J; Koole, O; Ngwira, BM; Phiri, AJ; Piston, WN; Taegtmeyer, M; Tafatatha, TT; Wilson, TP, 2015)	0.42
" The present work explores the use of a promising alternative dosage form of IVM, fast-dissolving oral films (Cure Pharmaceutical®), to test the efficacy and safety of oral IVM in conjunction with alcohol exposure."	( Oral delivery of ivermectin using a fast dissolving oral film: Implications for repurposing ivermectin as a pharmacotherapy for alcohol use disorder. Alkana, RL; Davies, DL; Huynh, N; Rodgers, KE; Yardley, MM, 2015)	0.42
" Dose-response effects of ivermectin (1."	( Involvement of Purinergic P2X4 Receptors in Alcohol Intake of High-Alcohol-Drinking (HAD) Rats. Bell, RL; Franklin, KM; Hauser, SR; Lasek, AW; McBride, WJ, 2015)	0.42
" However, more data are needed to guide dosing schedules and monitoring for toxicity."	( Subcutaneous ivermectin use in the treatment of severe Strongyloides stercoralis infection: two case reports and a discussion of the literature. Barrett, J; Broderick, C; Newsholme, W; Soulsby, H; Wade, P, 2016)	0.43
" Levamisole-treated hookworms showed a decline in heat flow and oscillation amplitude in a dose-response manner."	( A novel isothermal microcalorimetry tool to assess drug effects on Ancylostoma ceylanicum and Necator americanus. Braissant, O; Flores, D; Keiser, J; Panic, G, 2016)	0.43
"Persistence of infection appears to be linked to: (1) insufficient treatment of close contacts; (2) absence of a second treatment between days 7 and 14; (3) insufficient efficacy of the available treatments, doubtless due to multiple factors (intrinsic resistance of Sarcoptes, failure to repeat treatment, poor explanation of methods for dosing and application, and oral intake of treatments)."	( [Therapeutic failure in scabies: An observational study]. Baumstarck, K; Bentaleb, N; De Sainte Marie, B; Gaudy-Marqueste, C; Grob, JJ; Hesse, S; Loundou, A; Mallet, S; Monestier, S; Richard, MA, 2016)	0.43
" The risk of emamectin benzoate at the recommended dosage was negligible to humans depending on risk quotient (RQ) value, that was lower than 1 significantly."	( Dissipation, transfer and safety evaluation of emamectin benzoate in tea. Chen, Z; Jiang, Y; Lou, Z; Luo, F; Zhang, X; Zhou, L, 2016)	0.43
" quinquefasciatus at the same dosage and time was 89."	( Effect of ivermectin on the larvae of Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus. Derua, YA; Malongo, BB; Simonsen, PE, 2016)	0.43
" The resistant isolate showed the presence of two distinct subpopulations, separated by a plateau in the dose-response curve."	( Larval development assays reveal the presence of sub-populations showing high- and low-level resistance in a monepantel (Zolvix®)-resistant isolate of Haemonchus contortus. Chambers, M; Hunt, PW; Kotze, AC; Lamb, J; Raza, A, 2016)	0.43
" The proposed method was successfully applied to a pharmaceutical dosage form containing the investigated drugs."	( Validated Stability-Indicating RP-HPLC Method for Simultaneous Determination of Clorsulon and Ivermectin Employing Plackett-Burman Experimental Design for Robustness Testing. Ismail, NS; Saad, AS; Soliman, M; Zaazaa, HE, )	0.13
" Given the preclinical data suggesting IVM is effective in reducing alcohol consumption in mice, additional studies testing larger samples and alternate dosing regimens are warranted to further characterize the potential efficacy of IVM as an AUD treatment."	( A Pilot Study of the Safety and Initial Efficacy of Ivermectin for the Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder. Davies, DL; Louie, SG; Lunny, KF; Miotto, K; Ray, LA; Roche, DJ; Yardley, MM, 2016)	0.43
" We have developed an oral, ultra-long-acting capsule that dissolves in the stomach and deploys a star-shaped dosage form that releases drug while assuming a geometry that prevents passage through the pylorus yet allows passage of food, enabling prolonged gastric residence."	( Oral, ultra-long-lasting drug delivery: Application toward malaria elimination goals. Barman, R; Bellinger, AM; Bensel, T; Booth, L; Cleveland, C; Daily, J; Eckhoff, PA; Grant, TM; Hurowitz, HM; Jafari, M; Kogan, L; Langer, R; Lee, YL; Mazdiyasni, H; Minahan, D; Mo, S; Nikolic, B; Slater, HC; Tai, T; Traverso, G; Wenger, EA; Wood, L; Zhang, S, 2016)	0.43
" However, there is no definitive consensus on the optimal dosing regimen."	( Treatment of Human Scabies with Oral Ivermectin. Eczematous Eruptions as a New Non-Reported Adverse Event. Dauden, E; Feal, C; Sanz-Navarro, J, 2017)	0.46
"After 27 years of dosing with ivermectin, the people in the community of Galadimawa were re-examined for the prevalence and causes of blindness."	( Impact assessment study after 27 years of community-directed treatment with ivermectin in Galadimawa, Kaduna State, Nigeria. Babalola, OE; Bassi, A, )	0.13
"The number of village dosage were obtained from the community based distributors."	( Field-Based Evidence of Single and Few Doses of Annual Ivermectin Treatment Efficacy in Eliminating Skin Microfilaria Load after a Decade of Intervention. Osue, HO, 2017)	0.46
" Although the lack of a dose-response effect in the synergistic bioassay warrants further exploration, our study may have broad implications for the control of parasitic and vector-borne diseases."	( Cytochrome P450/ABC transporter inhibition simultaneously enhances ivermectin pharmacokinetics in the mammal host and pharmacodynamics in Anopheles gambiae. Abizanda, G; Aldaz, A; Alustiza, M; Bilbao, JI; Castejon, S; Chaccour, CJ; Del Pozo, JL; Hammann, F; Irigoyen Barrio, Á; Maia, M; Martí Soler, H; Moncada, R; Tarimo, BB, 2017)	0.46
" Risk factor analysis provided support to advocate for FEC-based treatment regimens combined with individual anthelmintic dosage and the enforcement of tighter biosecurity around horse introduction."	( Risk factor analysis of equine strongyle resistance to anthelmintics. Blanchard, A; Bois, I; Cortet, J; Couroucé, A; Dubès, C; Guégnard, F; Guillot, J; Guyot-Sionest, Q; Jacquiet, P; Landrin, V; Larrieu, C; Leblond, A; Majorel, G; Sallé, G; Wittreck, S; Woringer, E, 2017)	0.46
" Using the Worminator, we compared the dose-response characteristics of several avermectin/milbemycin (AM) compounds using L3 from both AM-susceptible and AM-resistant Cooperia spp."	( Motility in the L3 stage is a poor phenotype for detecting and measuring resistance to avermectin/milbemycin drugs in gastrointestinal nematodes of livestock. George, MM; Howell, SB; Kaplan, RM; Lopez-Soberal, L; Storey, BE, 2018)	0.48
" These findings contribute to further understand the pharmacokinetic characteristics of ivermectin, highlighting its safety across different dosing regimens."	( Safety and pharmacokinetic profile of fixed-dose ivermectin with an innovative 18mg tablet in healthy adult volunteers. Antonijoan, RM; Ballester, MR; Colli, E; Gich, I; Gold, S; Krolewiecki, AJ; Muñoz, J; Rodríguez, M, 2018)	0.48
" Dosing optimization demonstrating a twice-daily dose for 3- or 5-day regimens would provide a time above the LC50 of more than 7 days for adult and pediatric subjects."	( The Repurposing of Ivermectin for Malaria: A Prospective Pharmacokinetics-Based Virtual Clinical Trials Assessment of Dosing Regimen Options. Badhan, R; Olafuyi, O; Zakaria, Z, 2018)	0.48
" We provide published data supporting the use of a higher dosage regimen of ivermectin in malaria and difficult-to-treat head lice, and announce an ongoing randomized clinical trial in severe scabies."	( High-dose ivermectin in malaria and other parasitic diseases: a new step in the development of a neglected drug. Bernigaud, C; Chosidow, O; Do-Pham, G, 2018)	0.48
"Nous soulignons l’absence de données probantes de haut niveau sur les études de dosage concernant l’utilisation de l’ivermectine par voie orale dans les maladies parasitaires sensibles."	( High-dose ivermectin in malaria and other parasitic diseases: a new step in the development of a neglected drug. Bernigaud, C; Chosidow, O; Do-Pham, G, 2018)	0.48
"Controlled drug-delivery systems have potential as substitutes for traditional medication systems due to the advantages in safety, efficacy, and patient compliance that these long-acting dosage forms provide."	( Self-implanted tiny needles as alternative to traditional parenteral administrations for controlled transdermal drug delivery. Ashfaq, M; Chen, BZ; Guo, XD; Wang, BB; Yang, Y, 2019)	0.51
" Systemic exposures of FBZ/FBZ metabolites achieved following dosing were measured by pharmacokinetic (PK) bioanalysis."	( Short-course, oral flubendazole does not mediate significant efficacy against Onchocerca adult male worms or Brugia microfilariae in murine infection models. Akumtoh, DN; Aljayyoussi, G; Baeten, B; Chounna, PWN; Chunda, VC; Engelen, M; Fombad, FF; Gandjui, NVT; Lachaud, S; Metuge, HM; Ndzeshang, BL; Njouendou, AJ; Pionnier, N; Quirynen, L; Sjoberg, HT; Steven, A; Taylor, MJ; Tayong, DB; Tekle, F; Turner, JD; Wanji, S; Ward, SA, 2019)	0.51
" We reveal that this isolate is resistant to fenbendazole at the clinical dosage of 50 mg/kg for 3 days."	( Isolation and characterization of a naturally occurring multidrug-resistant strain of the canine hookworm, Ancylostoma caninum. Granger, O; Grill, E; Han, S; Hawdon, JM; Iqbal, Z; Kitchen, S; Leasure, C; O'Halloran, DM; Ratnappan, R, 2019)	0.51
" Ivermectin shows a lower exposure profile in children compared with adults, highlighting the need to establish dosing recommendations for different age groups."	( Pharmacokinetics of ascending doses of ivermectin in Trichuris trichiura-infected children aged 2-12 years. Coulibaly, JT; Keiser, J; Schindler, C; Schulz, JD; Wimmersberger, D, 2019)	0.51
" Application of the highly effective nanoformulation will significantly enhance pesticide efficacy, and reduce the dosage and environmental pollution of the pesticide."	( Improving abamectin bioavailability via nanosuspension constructed by wet milling technique. Cui, B; Cui, H; Gao, F; Liu, G; Lv, Y; Shen, Y; Sun, C; Wang, C; Wang, Y; Zeng, Z; Zhao, X, 2019)	0.51
" Second, model-based simulations are performed to identify a dosing strategy that achieves equivalent exposure coverage in children and adults."	( Ivermectin Dosing Strategy to Achieve Equivalent Exposure Coverage in Children and Adults. Brussee, JM; Coulibaly, JT; Keiser, J; Pfister, M; Schulz, JD, 2019)	0.51
"Solid self-emulsifying drug delivery system was an effective oral solid dosage form to improve the oral bioavailability of ivermectin."	( Formulation Studies of Solid Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System of Ivermectin. Ashara, KC; Lakkad, HA; Patel, VP, 2018)	0.48
"The World Health Organization (WHO) currently recommends height or age-based dosing as alternatives to weight-based dosing for mass drug administration lymphatic filariasis (LF) elimination programs."	( Dosing pole recommendations for lymphatic filariasis elimination: A height-weight quantile regression modeling approach. Dubray, C; Fischer, PU; Goss, CW; Hardy, M; Jambulingam, P; King, CL; Laman, M; Lemoine, JF; O'Brian, K; Robinson, LJ; Samuela, J; Schechtman, KB; Subramanian, S; Supali, T; Weil, GJ, 2019)	0.51
" Weight-based dosing for diethylcarbamazine (DEC; 6 mg/kg) and ivermectin (IVM; 200 ug/kg) with tablet numbers derived from a table of weight intervals was treated as the "gold standard" for this study."	( Dosing pole recommendations for lymphatic filariasis elimination: A height-weight quantile regression modeling approach. Dubray, C; Fischer, PU; Goss, CW; Hardy, M; Jambulingam, P; King, CL; Laman, M; Lemoine, JF; O'Brian, K; Robinson, LJ; Samuela, J; Schechtman, KB; Subramanian, S; Supali, T; Weil, GJ, 2019)	0.51
"Using a novel modeling approach, we developed a simple dosing pole that would markedly reduce underdosing for DEC and IVM in MDA programs compared to current WHO recommended height or age-based dosing."	( Dosing pole recommendations for lymphatic filariasis elimination: A height-weight quantile regression modeling approach. Dubray, C; Fischer, PU; Goss, CW; Hardy, M; Jambulingam, P; King, CL; Laman, M; Lemoine, JF; O'Brian, K; Robinson, LJ; Samuela, J; Schechtman, KB; Subramanian, S; Supali, T; Weil, GJ, 2019)	0.51
" Furthermore, the majority of PK trials are performed under fasted-state dosing conditions, and the effect of food is therefore not well known."	( The effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of oral ivermectin. Duthaler, U; Hammann, F; Karlsson, MO; Krähenbühl, S; Leisegang, R, 2020)	0.56
"We performed a population-based PK analysis of data pooled from two previous trials of a single dose of 12 mg ivermectin, one with dosing after a high-fat breakfast (n=12) and one with fasted-state dosing (n=3)."	( The effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of oral ivermectin. Duthaler, U; Hammann, F; Karlsson, MO; Krähenbühl, S; Leisegang, R, 2020)	0.56
"The solid dispersion technique, which is widely used in the medical field, was applied to prepare a pesticide dosage form of emamectin benzoate (EM)."	( Application of Solid Dispersion Technique to Improve Solubility and Sustain Release of Emamectin Benzoate. Huang, BB; Liu, DX; Liu, K; Wu, G, 2019)	0.51
" Considering the scarcity of anthelmintic resources, such a dosage regimen might threat the sustainability of this crucial drug in goat milk production and needs to be urgently discussed and reassessed."	( Review of the Eprinomectin effective doses required for dairy goats: Where do we go from here? Chartier, C; Devos, J; Rostang, A, 2020)	0.56
" This study evaluated the safety of EB-dosing in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus at the recommended dose and dosage of 50 μg/kg biomass/day for 7 consecutive days (1X) and compared with control and 10 times the recommended dose (10X)."	( Safety of emamectin benzoate administered in feed to Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.). Abraham, TJ; Bardhan, A; Julinta, RB; Kumar, KA; Patil, PK; Roy, A; Sar, TK; Singha, J, 2020)	0.56
" Mesocosms filled with Brazilian natural soil (lattosolo) were dosed with water (control), Kraft (10."	( Impact of temperature on the toxicity of Kraft 36 EC® (a.s. abamectin) and Score 250 EC® (a.s. difenoconazole) to soil organisms under realistic environmental exposure scenarios. Athayde, DB; Daam, MA; Duarte-Neto, PJ; Espíndola, ELG; Guerra, GDS; Pitombeira de Figueirêdo, L; van Gestel, CAM, 2020)	0.56
" Here we evaluate a novel combinatorial strategy involving IVM and tariquidar (TQ), a third-generation efflux inhibitor of Pgp, to reduce the dosing necessary for improving alcohol (ethanol) consumption behavior."	( A novel pharmacotherapy approach using P-glycoprotein (PGP/ABCB1) efflux inhibitor combined with ivermectin to reduce alcohol drinking and preference in mice. Asatryan, L; Davies, DL; Khoja, S; Pacifici, E; Silva, J, 2020)	0.56
" The new spot-on formulation of selamectin and sarolaner was administered topically once a month for 3 consecutive months at a minimum dosage of 6 mg/kg selamectin (dose range 6-12 mg/kg) plus 1 mg/kg sarolaner (dose range 1-2 mg/kg)."	( Safety and efficacy of a new spot-on formulation of selamectin plus sarolaner in the treatment and control of naturally occurring flea infestations in cats presented as veterinary patients in Australia. Bruellke, N; Graham, K; Hodge, A; Packianathan, R; Pittorino, M, 2020)	0.56
" volvulus infection in his village of residence, confirmed that the incidence of new nodules was reduced in 3-monthly treatment arms compared to annually treatment arms, and that the dosage of ivermectin does not seem to influence this effect."	( Individuals living in an onchocerciasis focus and treated three-monthly with ivermectin develop fewer new onchocercal nodules than individuals treated annually. Boussinesq, M; Campillo, JT; Chesnais, CB; Gardon, J; Kamgno, J; Pion, SDS, 2020)	0.56
" Hospital ivermectin dosing guidelines were provided, but treatment decisions were at the treating physician's discretion."	( Use of Ivermectin Is Associated With Lower Mortality in Hospitalized Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019: The Ivermectin in COVID Nineteen Study. Fatteh, N; Rajter, JC; Rajter, JJ; Sacks, J; Sherman, MS; Vogel, F, 2021)	0.62
" Using modelling, we have identified a dosing strategy for ivermectin in children aged 2 to 4 years and weighing less than 15 kg that can be prospectively evaluated for safety and efficacy."	( Population pharmacokinetics of ivermectin for the treatment of scabies in Indigenous Australian children. Cranswick, N; Duffull, S; Francis, J; Gwee, A; McWhinney, B; Steer, AC; Tong, SYC; Ungerer, J; Zhu, X, 2020)	0.56
" The animals were allocated to two experimental groups of ten animals each: treated group - dosed with doramectin 200 μg/kg live weight (LW), and control group - dosed with saline solution 1 mL/50 kg LW."	( First report of Dermatobia hominis resistant to doramectin in cattle. Borges, DGL; Borges, FA; Conde, MH; da Silva, MC; Freitas, MG, 2021)	0.62
"Using dose-response assays, we evaluated the effects of ivermectin delivered by membrane feeding on daily mortality (up to 14 days post-blood feed) and fecundity of an Indian strain of Aedes aegypti."	( High concentrations of membrane-fed ivermectin are required for substantial lethal and sublethal impacts on Aedes aegypti. Hadlett, M; Nagi, SC; Paine, MJI; Sarkar, M; Weetman, D, 2021)	0.62
"Our results suggest that levels of ivermectin present in human blood at current dosing regimes in mass drug administration campaigns, or even those in a recent higher-dose anti-malaria trial, are unlikely to have a substantial impact on Ae."	( High concentrations of membrane-fed ivermectin are required for substantial lethal and sublethal impacts on Aedes aegypti. Hadlett, M; Nagi, SC; Paine, MJI; Sarkar, M; Weetman, D, 2021)	0.62
" However, clinical efficacy of ivermectin was not observed at this dosage regimen."	( Ivermectin Accelerates Circulating Nonstructural Protein 1 (NS1) Clearance in Adult Dengue Patients: A Combined Phase 2/3 Randomized Double-blinded Placebo Controlled Trial. Angkasekwinai, N; Avirutnan, P; Hunnangkul, S; Komoltri, C; Mairiang, D; Malasit, P; Niwattayakul, K; Prommool, T; Puttikhunt, C; Saleh-Arong, FA; Songjaeng, A; Suputtamongkol, Y; Tangthawornchaikul, N; Thammapalo, S; Yamasmith, E, 2021)	0.62
" The mosquitoes could be dosed with a high precision (%CV: ≤13."	( The pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interactions of ivermectin in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Chaccour, C; Duthaler, U; Hammann, F; Hofer, L; Krähenbühl, S; Maia, M; Müller, P; Weber, M, 2021)	0.62
" In order to also ensure a body weight-adapted dosage for children, an ivermectin-containing syrup was developed as an extemporaneous preparation."	( [Development of an ivermectin-containing syrup as an extemporaneous preparation for treatment of scabies in children]. Bosse, K; Neubert, RHH; Stadie, L; Wohlrab, J, 2021)	0.62
"The developed formulation meets the requirements of the Apothekenbetriebsordnung (Pharmacy Work Rules; Section 7 ApBetrO) and enables an exact, body weight-adapted dosage of oral ivermectin in young children."	( [Development of an ivermectin-containing syrup as an extemporaneous preparation for treatment of scabies in children]. Bosse, K; Neubert, RHH; Stadie, L; Wohlrab, J, 2021)	0.62
" Further studies with larger sample sizes, different drug dosages, dosing intervals and durations, especially in different stages of the disease, may be useful in understanding the potential clinical benefits ivermectin."	( Effects of Ivermectin in Patients With COVID-19: A Multicenter, Double-blind, Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial. Davoudi, A; Eslami, G; Hosseinzadeh, F; Markowitz, JS; Movahedi, FS; Navaeifar, MR; Rezai, MS; Shahbaznejad, L, 2021)	0.62
" Further well-designed studies should be conducted in order to explore the efficacy and safety of invermectin at low and high doses, following different dosing schedules, in both, the short and long-term treatment."	( Potential use of ivermectin for the treatment and prophylaxis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Apiñaniz, A; Cobos-Campos, R; Cordero, J; García, S; Orruño, E; Parraza, N, 2021)	0.62
" Following the initial sample collection, the sows were treated with either fenbendazole (FBZ, n = 5 farms) or ivermectin (IVM, n = 4 farms) at the recommended dosing and sampled again 14 days post treatment."	( First report on reduced efficacy of ivermectin on Oesophagostomum spp. on Swedish pig farms. Grandi, G; Halvarsson, P; Höglund, J; Pettersson, E; Sjölund, M; Wallgren, P, 2021)	0.62
" For IVM-2 and IVM-1, oral ivermectin was dosed at 200 μg/kg and when contraindicated substituted with permethrin."	( Community control strategies for scabies: A cluster randomised noninferiority trial. Engelman, D; Grobler, AC; Hardy, M; Kaldor, JM; Kama, M; King, CL; Robinson, LJ; Romani, L; Samuela, J; Schuster, T; Steer, AC; Tuicakau, M; Weil, GJ; Whitfeld, MJ, 2021)	0.62
" This formula provides a stable, efficient oral solution for those who suffer from swallowing difficulties or patients in the intensive care unit who cannot receive the medication in a solid dosage form."	( Formulation, Physical Stability, and the Clinical Effectiveness of Extemporaneous Ivermectin Oral Solution. Ahmad, A; Hamad, E; Kittana, N; Qaddumi, A; Ratrout, A; Zaaror, YA; Zaid, AN, )	0.13
" Dose-response mortality regressions, lethal concentrations (LC), and slope were calculated by probit analysis."	( Current status of resistance to ivermectin in Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu stricto infesting dogs in three provinces in Argentina. Álvarez, JD; Dadé, MM; Daniele, MR; Errecalde, JO; Reynaldi, FJ; Rodríguez-Vivas, RI, 2021)	0.62
" Some studies dosed Ivermectin daily while some dosed it weekly."	( Chemoprophylaxis against COVID-19 among health-care workers using Ivermectin in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Adeleke, AA; Azeez, TA; Balogun, OT; Lakoh, S; Olanipekun, BJ; Olusola, FI, )	0.13
" Recent studies showed that a single dosage of triple therapy (Ivermectin, Diethylcarbamazepine, and Albendazole) is more effective than dual therapy (Ivermectin plus Albendazole or Diethylcarbamazepine plus Albendazole) for clearing microfilaria from the blood."	( Efficacy and safety of triple therapy versus dual therapy for lymphatic filariasis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Abd-Elsalam, S; Abdelazeem, B; Abuelazm, MT; Ashraf, M; Badr, H; Gamal, M, 2022)	0.72
"Taken together, our results point to a reduction in WNV transmission due to the impact of IVM on Culex mosquito populations and support the ongoing investigation of oral administration of IVM to wild birds for local control of WNV transmission, although further work is needed to optimize dosing and understand effects on entomological endpoints."	( Effects of ivermectin treatment of backyard chickens on mosquito dynamics and West Nile virus transmission. Ahn, M; Barker, CM; Cramer, K; Foy, BD; Holcomb, KM; Lonstrup, ET; Mete, A; Nguyen, C; Tell, LA, 2022)	0.72
" Pharmacokinetic samples were collected prior to dosing and at intervals up to 12 months post-dose from 33 and 34 individuals treated with 2 and 4 mg moxidectin, respectively and up to 18 months post-dose from 31 individuals treated with 8 mg moxidectin."	( Pharmacokinetics of oral moxidectin in individuals with Onchocerca volvulus infection. Attah, SK; Awadzi, K; Fleckenstein, L; Kuesel, AC; Lazdins-Helds, J; Opoku, N; Rayner, C; Ryg-Cornejo, V; Sullivan, M; Tan, B, 2022)	0.72
" We argue the need to define the prevalence threshold to implement preventive chemotherapy for S stercoralis, the target populations and optimal dosing schedules, and discuss the added benefits of a fixed-dose coformulation of ivermectin and albendazole."	( Ivermectin and albendazole coadministration: opportunities for strongyloidiasis control. Cambra-Pellejà, M; Doyle, SR; Enbiale, W; Escola, V; Gandasegui, J; Hatherell, HA; Kepha, S; Krolewiecki, AJ; Muñoz, J; Onwuchekwa, C; Pullan, RL; van Lieshout, L, 2022)	0.72
" However, experimentally characterizing these costs of parasitism is challenging in the wild because common antiparasite drug formulations require repeated dosing that is difficult to implement in free-living populations, and because the extended-release formulations that are commercially available for livestock and pets are not suitable for smaller animals."	( Experimental removal of nematode parasites increases growth, sprint speed, and mating success in brown anole lizards. Bhave, RS; Carlson, TA; Cox, RM; Robinson, CD; Wittman, TN, 2022)	0.72
" In the case of hyperinfection, repeated doses are recommended up to 2 weeks after clearance of larvae from biological fluids, with close monitoring and further dosing based on review."	( Current pharmacotherapeutic strategies for Strongyloidiasis and the complications in its treatment. Barda, B; Buonfrate, D; Einsiedel, L; Page, W; Rodari, P; Watts, MR, 2022)	0.72
" Although the technologies proposed indicate a promising future in the development of innovative dosage forms containing IVM, its safety and therapeutic targets must be further evaluated."	( Ivermectin: recent approaches in the design of novel veterinary and human medicines. Beck, RCR; de Andrade, DF; Velho, MC, 2022)	0.72
" The established correlation equations can be useful in therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) and dosing regimen optimization."	( The investigation of the complex population-drug-drug interaction between ritonavir-boosted lopinavir and chloroquine or ivermectin using physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling. Alsmadi, MM, 2023)	0.91
"Ivermectin-related exposure calls increased during study period 2, probably as a result of ivermectin being used as preventive and definitive therapy for COVID‑19 in the absence of robust evidence on efficacy, dosing recommendations or appropriate formulations."	( Ivermectin exposures reported to the Poisons Information Helpline in South Africa during the COVID-19 pandemic. Balme, K; Decloedt, EH; Du Plessis, CE; Marks, CJ; Pillay-Fuentes Lorente, V; Reuter, H; Stephen, C; Van Rensburg, R; Voigt, G, 2022)	0.72
", a hyperimmune anti-COVID-19 intravenous immunoglobulin), methylprednisolone, interferon-beta/standard-of-care (SOC), interferon-beta-1b, convalescent plasma, remdesivir, lopinavir/ritonavir, immunoglobulin gamma, high dosage sarilumab (HS), auxora, and imatinib were effective when compared with placebo or SOC group."	( Comparative efficacy and safety of pharmacological interventions for severe COVID-19 patients: An updated network meta-analysis of 48 randomized controlled trials. Chen, J; Cheng, Q; Fang, Z; Jia, Q; Zhao, G, 2022)	0.72
" This paper will review these discoveries and discuss how they impact drug selection and dosing in dogs and cats with genetically mediated P-glycoprotein deficiency or P-glycoprotein dysfunction resulting from drug-drug interactions."	( Canine and feline P-glycoprotein deficiency: What we know and where we need to go. Freeman, E; Mealey, KL; Owens, JG, 2023)	0.91
" Previous descriptions of ivermectin toxicity have evaluated heterogeneous groups with a variety of ivermectin sources and dosage patterns."	( Characteristics of ivermectin toxicity in patients taking veterinary and human formulations for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Clemons, J; Correia, MS; Hendrickson, RG; Hoang, R; Temple, C, 2022)	0.72
"We conducted dose-response studies of ivermectin and fluralaner against several bed bug strains using a membrane feeding system."	( Systemic veterinary drugs for control of the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius, in poultry farms. Crespo, R; González-Morales, MA; Haija, A; Petritz, OA; Santangelo, RG; Schal, C; Thomson, AE, 2022)	0.72
" The PBPK model can be used for further work on lactation, pediatric dosing (considering CYP3A4 and Pg-p ontogenies), and pregnancy, especially if nonstandard doses will be used."	( PBPK modeling of ivermectin-Considerations for the purpose of developing alternative routes to optimize its safety profile. Rowland Yeo, K; Wesche, D, 2023)	0.91
"2 mg/kg; Eqvalan®, Merial) administered orally according to recommended dosage by the manufacturer."	( Anthelmintic resistance of horse strongyle nematodes to ivermectin in São Paulo state, Brazil. de Almeida Cipriano, I; de Favare, GM; de Soutello, RVG; do Amarante, AFT; do Carmo, TA; Guelpa, GJ; Mena, MO, 2023)	0.91
" The Monte Carlo simulation based on the final model was performed to simulate drug exposure among different dosing groups (200 μg/kg, 18 mg, and 36 mg)."	( Population pharmacokinetic model of ivermectin in mass drug administration against lymphatic filariasis. Alshehri, A; Bala, V; Bjerum, CM; Chhonker, YS; Edi, C; John, LN; King, CL; Koudou, BG; Marks, M; Mitjà, O; Murry, DJ, 2023)	0.91
"3 months for any rebound that might occur in counts, and adulticidal efficacy was assessed following administration of low dosage with short- and long-treatment regimens of doxycycline and ivermectin to heartworm-microfilaremic dogs."	( Long-term evaluation of viability of microfilariae and intravenously transplanted adult Dirofilaria immitis in microfilaremic dogs treated with low-dose, short- and long-treatment regimens of doxycycline and ivermectin. Carson, B; DiCosty, U; Dzimianski, MT; Fricks, C; Mansour, A; McCall, JW; McCall, S, 2023)	0.91
" Furthermore, the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) assay for IVER and CLO in injectable dosage form depends on analysis of each drug separately in the presence of the other drug, but it cannot determine both drugs simultaneously."	( Green and Smart Quantitative Quality Control for Veterinary Mixture of Ivermectin and Clorsulon: Ecological Evaluation of Spectral Analyses via Analytical Eco-Scale, Green Analytical Procedure Index, and Analytical GREEnness Metric Approaches. El-Sayed, NW; Kamal, MF; Morshedy, S; Youssef, RM, 2023)	0.91

Class	Description
thyroxine	An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.
D-tyrosine derivative	A non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of D-tyrosine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of D-tyrosine by a heteroatom.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Chain A, Putative fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase	Giardia intestinalis	Potency	19.9054	0.1409	11.1940	39.8107	AID2451
Chain A, HADH2 protein	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	14.2191	0.0251	20.2376	39.8107	AID886; AID893
Chain B, HADH2 protein	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	14.2191	0.0251	20.2376	39.8107	AID886; AID893
cytochrome P450 2C9 precursor	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	6.3096	0.0063	6.9043	39.8107	AID883
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform a	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.0056	0.0100	39.5371	1,122.0200	AID1479
lamin isoform A-delta10	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.0891	0.8913	12.0676	28.1838	AID1487
Histamine H2 receptor	Cavia porcellus (domestic guinea pig)	Potency	6.3096	0.0063	8.2350	39.8107	AID883
Chain A, MAJOR APURINIC/APYRIMIDINIC ENDONUCLEASE	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	15.8489	0.0032	45.4673	12,589.2998	AID1705
Chain A, Ferritin light chain	Equus caballus (horse)	Potency	3.9811	5.6234	17.2929	31.6228	AID2323
Chain A, Cruzipain	Trypanosoma cruzi	Potency	3.9811	0.0020	14.6779	39.8107	AID1476
endonuclease IV	Escherichia coli	Potency	10.0000	0.7079	12.4324	31.6228	AID1708
thioredoxin reductase	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	28.1838	0.1000	20.8793	79.4328	AID588453
Microtubule-associated protein tau	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	39.8107	0.1800	13.5574	39.8107	AID1460
nonstructural protein 1	Influenza A virus (A/WSN/1933(H1N1))	Potency	7.0795	0.2818	9.7212	35.4813	AID2326
estrogen-related nuclear receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	13.0149	0.0015	30.6073	15,848.9004	AID1224819; AID1224820; AID1224821; AID1224823
glucocerebrosidase	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	25.1189	0.0126	8.1569	44.6684	AID2101
Bloom syndrome protein isoform 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	10.0000	0.5406	17.6392	96.1227	AID2364; AID2528
peripheral myelin protein 22 isoform 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	10.6910	23.9341	23.9341	23.9341	AID1967
potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 isoform d	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	3.1623	0.0178	9.6374	44.6684	AID588834
DNA polymerase beta	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	15.8489	0.0224	21.0102	89.1251	AID485314
mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	28.1838	0.0398	16.7842	39.8107	AID1454
DNA polymerase iota isoform a (long)	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	11.2202	0.0501	27.0736	89.1251	AID588590
geminin	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	2.7366	0.0046	11.3741	33.4983	AID463097; AID504364
M-phase phosphoprotein 8	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	22.3872	0.1778	24.7352	79.4328	AID488949
lamin isoform A-delta10	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	7.1264	0.8913	12.0676	28.1838	AID1459; AID1487
neuropeptide S receptor isoform A	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	10.0000	0.0158	12.3113	615.5000	AID1461
Spike glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus	Potency	39.8107	0.0096	10.5250	35.4813	AID1479145
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Transthyretin	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	7.1700	0.1600	4.2921	10.0000	AID303082
Thyroid hormone receptor beta	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0350	0.0002	0.0083	0.0350	AID146670
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1C1	Mus musculus (house mouse)	Ki	0.2700	0.2700	1.1100	2.1500	AID681369
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
signal transduction	Transthyretin	Homo sapiens (human)
purine nucleobase metabolic process	Transthyretin	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
hormone activity	Transthyretin	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Transthyretin	Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding	Transthyretin	Homo sapiens (human)
thyroid hormone binding	Transthyretin	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
extracellular region	Transthyretin	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular space	Transthyretin	Homo sapiens (human)
azurophil granule lumen	Transthyretin	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosome	Transthyretin	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular space	Transthyretin	Homo sapiens (human)
virion membrane	Spike glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID1346773	Human Thyroid hormone receptor-alpha (1A. Thyroid hormone receptors)	1980	The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, Dec, Volume: 51, Issue:6	Effects of dextrothyroxine on the pituitary-thyroid axis in hypercholesterolemic children and goitrous adults.
AID1346752	Human Thyroid hormone receptor-beta (1A. Thyroid hormone receptors)	1980	The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, Dec, Volume: 51, Issue:6	Effects of dextrothyroxine on the pituitary-thyroid axis in hypercholesterolemic children and goitrous adults.
AID651635	Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1079944	Benign tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.BEN' in source]
AID1079936	Choleostatic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is < 2 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHOLE' in source]
AID1079947	Comments (NB not yet translated). [column 'COMMENTAIRES' in source]
AID303087	Inhibition of transthyretin fibril formation assessed as turbidity at 21.6 uM at pH 4.4 after 3 hrs	2007	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 50, Issue:23	Design of mechanism-based inhibitors of transthyretin amyloidosis: studies with biphenyl ethers and new structural templates.
AID1079937	Severe hepatitis, defined as possibly life-threatening liver failure or through clinical observations. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'MASS' in source]
AID681250	TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of 3,3',5-triiodothyronine uptake (3,3',5-triiodothyronine:10nM, D-thyroxine: 10 uM) in Xenopus laevis oocytes	2003	The Journal of biological chemistry, Oct-10, Volume: 278, Issue:41	Identification of monocarboxylate transporter 8 as a specific thyroid hormone transporter.
AID303088	Stabilization of urea-induced transthyretin dissociation at 21.6 uM at pH 7.2 after 1 hr relative to control	2007	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 50, Issue:23	Design of mechanism-based inhibitors of transthyretin amyloidosis: studies with biphenyl ethers and new structural templates.
AID1079931	Moderate liver toxicity, defined via clinical-chemistry results: ALT or AST serum activity 6 times the normal upper limit (N) or alkaline phosphatase serum activity of 1.7 N. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'BIOL' in source]
AID1079941	Liver damage due to vascular disease: peliosis hepatitis, hepatic veno-occlusive disease, Budd-Chiari syndrome. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'VASC' in source]
AID1079933	Acute liver toxicity defined via clinical observations and clear clinical-chemistry results: serum ALT or AST activity > 6 N or serum alkaline phosphatases activity > 1.7 N. This category includes cytolytic, choleostatic and mixed liver toxicity. Value is
AID1079949	Proposed mechanism(s) of liver damage. [column 'MEC' in source]
AID160006	In vitro inhibition of bound [125I]L-T3 rat plasma membrane 3,5,3'' L-triiodothyronine receptor	1995	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-17, Volume: 38, Issue:4	Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of oxamic acid and acetic acid derivatives related to L-thyronine.
AID681241	TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of thyroxine uptake (thyroxine:10nM, D-thyroxine: 10 uM) in Xenopus laevis oocytes	2003	The Journal of biological chemistry, Oct-10, Volume: 278, Issue:41	Identification of monocarboxylate transporter 8 as a specific thyroid hormone transporter.
AID1079940	Granulomatous liver disease, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'GRAN' in source]
AID303083	Binding affinity to transthyretin at pH 4.4	2007	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 50, Issue:23	Design of mechanism-based inhibitors of transthyretin amyloidosis: studies with biphenyl ethers and new structural templates.
AID303080	Inhibition of transthyretin amyloidosis assessed as fibril formation at 7.2 uM at pH 4.4 relative to control	2007	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 50, Issue:23	Design of mechanism-based inhibitors of transthyretin amyloidosis: studies with biphenyl ethers and new structural templates.
AID303082	Inhibition of transthyretin fibril formation at pH 4.4	2007	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 50, Issue:23	Design of mechanism-based inhibitors of transthyretin amyloidosis: studies with biphenyl ethers and new structural templates.
AID1079934	Highest frequency of acute liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% AIGUE' in source]
AID1079943	Malignant tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.MAL' in source]
AID146670	In vitro inhibition of the bound [125I]L-T3 rat liver nuclear L-triiodothyronine receptor	1995	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-17, Volume: 38, Issue:4	Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of oxamic acid and acetic acid derivatives related to L-thyronine.
AID303081	Inhibition of transthyretin amyloidosis assessed as fibril formation at 21.6 uM at pH 4.4 relative to control	2007	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 50, Issue:23	Design of mechanism-based inhibitors of transthyretin amyloidosis: studies with biphenyl ethers and new structural templates.
AID1079946	Presence of at least one case with successful reintroduction. [column 'REINT' in source]
AID1079942	Steatosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'STEAT' in source]
AID1079935	Cytolytic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is > 5 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CYTOL' in source]
AID1079938	Chronic liver disease either proven histopathologically, or through a chonic elevation of serum amino-transferase activity after 6 months. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHRON' in source]
AID681369	TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of L-T4 uptake in Oatp14-expressing HEK293 cells	2004	Endocrinology, Sep, Volume: 145, Issue:9	Involvement of multispecific organic anion transporter, Oatp14 (Slc21a14), in the transport of thyroxine across the blood-brain barrier.
AID1079948	Times to onset, minimal and maximal, observed in the indexed observations. [column 'DELAI' in source]
AID1079939	Cirrhosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CIRRH' in source]
AID1079932	Highest frequency of moderate liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% BIOL' in source]
AID1079945	Animal toxicity known. [column 'TOXIC' in source]
AID1745854	NCATS anti-infectives library activity on HEK293 viability as a counter-qHTS vs the C. elegans viability qHTS	2023	Disease models & mechanisms, 03-01, Volume: 16, Issue:3	In vivo quantitative high-throughput screening for drug discovery and comparative toxicology.
AID1745855	NCATS anti-infectives library activity on the primary C. elegans qHTS viability assay	2023	Disease models & mechanisms, 03-01, Volume: 16, Issue:3	In vivo quantitative high-throughput screening for drug discovery and comparative toxicology.
AID1159607	Screen for inhibitors of RMI FANCM (MM2) intereaction	2016	Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 21, Issue:6	A High-Throughput Screening Strategy to Identify Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors That Block the Fanconi Anemia DNA Repair Pathway.
AID1794808	Fluorescence-based screening to identify small molecule inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum apicoplast DNA polymerase (Pf-apPOL).	2014	Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 19, Issue:6	A High-Throughput Assay to Identify Inhibitors of the Apicoplast DNA Polymerase from Plasmodium falciparum.
AID1794808	Fluorescence-based screening to identify small molecule inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum apicoplast DNA polymerase (Pf-apPOL).
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	811 (11.06)	18.7374
1990's	1317 (17.96)	18.2507
2000's	1668 (22.74)	29.6817
2010's	2306 (31.44)	24.3611
2020's	1232 (16.80)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	28 (10.14%)	5.53%
Trials	855 (11.38%)	5.53%
Reviews	28 (10.14%)	6.00%
Reviews	587 (7.82%)	6.00%
Case Studies	13 (4.71%)	4.05%
Case Studies	771 (10.26%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Observational	18 (0.24%)	0.25%
Other	207 (75.00%)	84.16%
Other	5,280 (70.30%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
choline [no description available]	1.94	1	0	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	1.98	1	0	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
creatine [no description available]	1.94	1	0	glycine derivative; guanidines; zwitterion	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	8.33	7	0	diatomic iodine	nutrient
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	1.94	1	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
niacin Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.	8.44	14	2	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; vitamin B3	antidote; antilipemic drug; EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
palmitic acid Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.	1.93	1	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
pyridoxine 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).	2.34	2	0	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.	5.22	2	2	uric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	1.95	1	0	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
phenytoin [no description available]	1.96	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
theophylline [no description available]	1.96	1	0	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	7.03	7	3	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
chloral hydrate [no description available]	3.04	1	0	aldehyde hydrate; ethanediol; organochlorine compound	general anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; sedative; xenobiotic
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.	1.96	1	0	organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
clofibrate angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate	14.52	58	9	aromatic ether; ethyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; geroprotector; PPARalpha agonist
clofibric acid Clofibric Acid: An antilipemic agent that is the biologically active metabolite of CLOFIBRATE.. clofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is isobutyric acid substituted at position 2 by a p-chlorophenoxy group. It is a metabolite of the drug clofibrate.	2.65	3	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; herbicide; marine xenobiotic metabolite; PPARalpha agonist
amphetamine Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.	1.94	1	0	primary amine
dipyridamole Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.	4.26	4	1	piperidines; pyrimidopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tetrol	adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
disulfiram [no description available]	1.94	1	0	organic disulfide; organosulfur acaricide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; fungicide; NF-kappaB inhibitor
ethacrynic acid Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.	3.45	2	0	aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; loop diuretic
fenofibrate Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE	1.95	1	0	aromatic ether; chlorobenzophenone; isopropyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
flunitrazepam Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.	1.98	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; C-nitro compound; monofluorobenzenes	anxiolytic drug; GABAA receptor agonist; sedative
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	1.95	1	0	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
gemfibrozil [no description available]	5.01	5	0	aromatic ether	antilipemic drug
glutethimide Glutethimide: A hypnotic and sedative. Its use has been largely superseded by other drugs.	3.04	1	0	piperidines
hydralazine Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.	3.74	2	1	azaarene; hydrazines; ortho-fused heteroarene; phthalazines	antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	1.95	1	0	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.	1.95	1	0	guanidines	environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
methadone Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.	3.34	1	1	benzenes; diarylmethane; ketone; tertiary amino compound
oxidopamine Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).	1.96	1	0	benzenetriol; catecholamine; primary amino compound	drug metabolite; human metabolite; neurotoxin
oxyphenbutazone Oxyphenbutazone: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Oxyphenbutazone eyedrops have been used abroad in the management of postoperative ocular inflammation, superficial eye injuries, and episcleritis. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2000) It had been used by mouth in rheumatic disorders such as ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis but such use is no longer considered justified owing to the risk of severe hematological adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p27). oxyphenbutazone : A metabolite of phenylbutazone obtained by hydroxylation at position 4 of one of the phenyl rings. Commonly used (as its hydrate) to treat pain, swelling and stiffness associated with arthritis and gout, it was withdrawn from the market 1984 following association with blood dyscrasis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome.	3.04	1	0	phenols; pyrazolidines	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; drug metabolite; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite
aminosalicylic acid Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.	3.05	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; phenols	antitubercular agent
fenclonine Fenclonine: A selective and irreversible inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin (5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE). Fenclonine acts pharmacologically to deplete endogenous levels of serotonin.	1.98	1	0	phenylalanine derivative
phenylbutazone Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.	3.45	2	0	pyrazolidines	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
potassium iodide Potassium Iodide: An inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (From Dorland, 27th ed). potassium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a K(+) counterion. It is a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals.	1.93	1	0	potassium salt	expectorant; radical scavenger
probenecid Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.	2.02	1	0	benzoic acids; sulfonamide	uricosuric drug
probucol Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.	5.41	8	0	dithioketal; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory drug; anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antioxidant; cardiovascular drug
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	7.35	2	0	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
pyridinolcarbamate Pyridinolcarbamate: A drug that has been given by mouth in the treatment of atherosclerosis and other vascular disorders, hyperlipidemias, and thrombo-embolic disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1408)	1.95	1	0	pyridines
sulfinpyrazone Sulfinpyrazone: A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties.	5.36	4	1	pyrazolidines; sulfoxide	uricosuric drug
sulfobromophthalein Sulfobromophthalein: A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination.	2.01	1	0	2-benzofurans; organobromine compound; organosulfonic acid; phenols	dye
tolbutamide Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.	3.04	1	0	N-sulfonylurea	human metabolite; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; potassium channel blocker
triclosan [no description available]	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; fungicide; persistent organic pollutant; xenobiotic
pirinixic acid pirinixic acid: structure	2.65	3	0	aryl sulfide; organochlorine compound; pyrimidines
reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.	1.96	1	0	alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
sorbitol D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).	1.94	1	0	glucitol	cathartic; Escherichia coli metabolite; food humectant; human metabolite; laxative; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
3,3',5-triiodothyroacetic acid tiratricol : A monocarboxylic acid that is (4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenyl)acetic acid in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a 4-hydroxy-3-iodophenoxy group. It is a thyroid hormone analogue that has been used in the treatment of thyroid hormone resistance syndrome.	4.34	6	0
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	7.2	95	1	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
penicillamine Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.	3.74	2	1	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; penicillamine	antirheumatic drug; chelator; copper chelator; drug allergen
norethandrolone Norethandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties and moderate progestational activity.	3.33	1	1	corticosteroid hormone
prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.	1.96	1	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
oxandrolone Oxandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties.	3.05	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid; oxa-steroid	anabolic agent; androgen
androsterone [no description available]	2.63	3	0	17-oxo steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid; C19-steroid	androgen; anticonvulsant; human blood serum metabolite; human metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; pheromone
penicillin g Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.	1.96	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; epitope
triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.	6.37	32	0	2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
biguanides Biguanides: Derivatives of biguanide (the structure formula HN(C(NH)NH2)2) that are primarily used as oral HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS for the treatment of DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2 and PREDIABETES.. biguanides : A class of oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. They have a structure based on the 2-carbamimidoylguanidine skeleton.	1.95	1	0	guanidines
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.	3.04	1	0	C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.	1.96	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
levodopa Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease	1.96	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; dopa; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	allelochemical; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; prodrug
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	2.41	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
zoxazolamine Zoxazolamine: A uricosuric and muscle relaxant. Zoxazolamine acts centrally as a muscle relaxant, but the mechanism of its action is not understood.	1.94	1	0	benzoxazole
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	2.37	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	2.01	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chloroform Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.	3.34	1	1	chloromethanes; one-carbon compound	carcinogenic agent; central nervous system drug; inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
norethindrone Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen.	3.04	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary alcohol	progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
mannitol [no description available]	1.95	1	0	mannitol	allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	2.01	1	0	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
triparanol Triparanol: Antilipemic agent with high ophthalmic toxicity. According to Merck Index, 11th ed, the compound was withdrawn from the market in 1962 because of its association with the formation of irreversible cataracts.	7.85	4	0	stilbenoid	anticoronaviral agent
dehydrocholic acid Dehydrocholic Acid: A semisynthetic bile acid made from cholic acid. It is used as a cholagogue, hydrocholeretic, diuretic, and as a diagnostic aid.. 3,7,12-trioxo-5beta-cholanic acid : An oxo-5beta-cholanic acid in which three oxo substituents are located at positions 3, 7 and 12 on the cholanic acid skeleton.	1.94	1	0	12-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-5beta-steroid; 7-oxo steroid; oxo-5beta-cholanic acid	gastrointestinal drug
taurocholic acid Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.	2.02	1	0	amino sulfonic acid; bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
nicotinyl alcohol Nicotinyl Alcohol: Alcohol analog of NICOTINIC ACID which is a direct-acting peripheral vasodilator that causes flushing and may decrease blood pressure. It is used in vasospasm and threatened GANGRENE.. 3-pyridinemethanol : A member of the class of pyridines that is pyridine which is substituted by a hydroxymethyl group at position 3 .	3.34	1	1	aromatic primary alcohol; pyridines	antilipemic drug; vasodilator agent
phenformin Phenformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). phenformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of lactic acidosis.	3.45	2	0	biguanides	antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent
framycetin Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.	8.52	20	1	aminoglycoside	allergen; antibacterial drug; Escherichia coli metabolite
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	1.96	1	0	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
ephedrine Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.	1.94	1	0	phenethylamine alkaloid; phenylethanolamines	bacterial metabolite; environmental contaminant; nasal decongestant; plant metabolite; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
diiodotyrosine Diiodotyrosine: A product from the iodination of MONOIODOTYROSINE. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones, diiodotyrosine residues are coupled with other monoiodotyrosine or diiodotyrosine residues to form T4 or T3 thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE).. diiodotyrosine : A dihalogenated L-tyrosine which has two iodo-substituents on the benzyl moiety.. 3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine : A diiodotyrosine that is L-tyrosine carrying iodo-substituents at positions C-3 and C-5 of the benzyl group. It is an intermediate in the thyroid hormone synthesis.	1.94	1	0	diiodotyrosine; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
aminophylline Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.	1.95	1	0	mixture	bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug
betamethasone Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)	1.94	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-asthmatic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent
tripalmitin tripalmitin: structure. tripalmitin : A triglyceride obtained by formal acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol by palmitic (hexadecanoic) acid.	6.93	1	0	triglyceride
3,3',5'-triiodothyronine [no description available]	2.01	1	0	iodothyronine	human metabolite
iodine [no description available]	2.85	4	0	halide anion; monoatomic iodine	human metabolite
bromocriptine Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.	1.98	1	0	indole alkaloid	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; hormone antagonist
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	2.63	3	0	benzenes; phenyl acetates
halofenate Halofenate: An antihyperlipoproteinemic agent and uricosuric agent.	3.45	2	0
bezafibrate [no description available]	1.95	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
lovastatin Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).	3.06	1	0	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	anticholesteremic drug; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; prodrug
colestipol Colestipol: Highly crosslinked and insoluble basic anion exchange resin used as anticholesteremic. It may also may reduce triglyceride levels.. colestipol : A high molecular weight copolymer of diethylenetriamine and epichlorohydrin (hydrochloride), with approximately 1 out of 5 amine nitrogens protonated. Due to the highly cross-linked and insoluble nature of the material, no structural formula has been assigned and no specific molecular weight information is available. A basic anion exchange resin, it is used as its hydrochloride for binding bile acids in the intestine, inhibiting their reabsorption.	7.3	14	1
mevastatin mevastatin: antifungal metabolite from Penicillium brevicopactum; potent inhibitory activity to sterol synthesis; structure. mevastatin : A carboxylic ester that is pravastatin that is lacking the allylic hydroxy group. A hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) isolated from Penicillium citrinum and from Penicillium brevicompactum, its clinical use as a lipid-regulating drug ceased following reports of toxicity in animals.	3.06	1	0	2-pyranones; carboxylic ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	antifungal agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; Penicillium metabolite
tetraiodothyroacetic acid tetraiodothyroacetic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,3',5,5'-tetraiodothyroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is thyroacetic acid carrying four iodo substituents at positions 3, 3', 5 and 5'.	2.38	2	0	2-halophenol; aromatic ether; iodophenol; monocarboxylic acid	apoptosis inducer; human metabolite; thyroid hormone
etofibrate etofibrate: analog of clofibrate with nicotinic acid substituted on the 2-carbon of the ethyl ester group; structure; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0	monocarboxylic acid
n-bromoacetyl-3,3',5-triiodothyronine N-bromoacetyl-3,3',5-triiodothyronine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer	2.01	1	0
3,5-diiodothyronine 3,5-diiodothyronine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure	1.99	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
thyroxine sulfate thyroxine sulfate: RN given for (L)-isomer. thyroxine sulfate : An iodothyronine having iodo substituents in the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions and a sulfate group attached to the phenol function.	2.01	1	0
erythritol [no description available]	1.94	1	0	butane-1,2,3,4-tetrol	antioxidant; human metabolite; plant metabolite
elastin [no description available]	1.96	1	0	oligopeptide
quinidine Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.	3.04	1	0	cinchona alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; muscarinic antagonist; P450 inhibitor; potassium channel blocker; sodium channel blocker
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	3.34	1	1	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
gamma-sitosterol clionasterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is poriferast-5-ene carrying a beta-hydroxy substituent at position 3.	1.96	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; phytosterols	marine metabolite; plant metabolite
triiodothyronine, reverse [no description available]	2.42	2	0	3,3',5'-triiodothyronine; amino acid zwitterion
propylthiouracil Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.	2.03	1	0	pyrimidinethione	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antimetabolite; antioxidant; antithyroid drug; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; hormone antagonist
methylthiouracil Methylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent that inhibits the synthesis of thyroid hormone. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism.	1.94	1	0	pyrimidone
estrone sulfate estrone sulfate: sulfoconjugated estrone; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.02	1	0	17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
quinine [no description available]	3.04	1	0	cinchona alkaloid	antimalarial; muscle relaxant; non-narcotic analgesic
thyroxamine [no description available]	1.96	1	0
cytellin cytellin: a phytosterol preparation of mainly B-sitosterol, that was marketed by Eli Lilly to lower cholesterol 1957 to 1982	5.77	12	0
bilirubin [no description available]	4.25	1	1	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
genistein [no description available]	1.99	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
oxymetholone Oxymetholone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. It is used mainly in the treatment of anemias. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002), this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). oxymetholone : A 3-oxo-5alpha- steroid that is 4,5alpha-dihydrotestosterone which is substituted by a hydroxymethylidene group at position 2 and by a methyl group at the 17alpha position. A synthetic androgen, it was mainly used for the treatment of anaemias until being replaced by treatments with fewer side effects.	1.94	1	0
estradiol-17 beta-glucuronide 17beta-estradiol 17-glucosiduronic acid : A steroid glucosiduronic acid that consists of 17beta-estradiol having a beta-glucuronyl residue attached at position 17 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.02	1	0	3-hydroxy steroid; steroid glucosiduronic acid
aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.	4.83	2	1	boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom
thyronines Thyronines: A group of metabolites derived from THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE via the peripheral enzymatic removal of iodines from the thyroxine nucleus. Thyronine is the thyroxine nucleus devoid of its four iodine atoms.. thyronine : A tyrosine derivative where the phenolic hydrogen of tyrosine is substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl.	2.34	2	0	thyronine
phosphocreatine Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.	1.97	1	0	phosphagen; phosphoamino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
6-[(2-fluorophenyl)methyl]-5-methyl-N-(3-methylbutyl)-7-oxo-1H-pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-3-carboxamide [no description available]	2.03	1	0	pyrazolopyrimidine
cgs 23425 CGS 23425: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
glucagon Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.	3.45	2	0	peptide hormone
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	1.94	1	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
triiodothyronine, reverse Triiodothyronine, Reverse: A metabolite of THYROXINE, formed by the peripheral enzymatic monodeiodination of T4 at the 5 position of the inner ring of the iodothyronine nucleus.. 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine zwitterion : Zwitterionic form of 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine.	2.69	3	0	3,3',5'-triiodothyronine; amino acid zwitterion
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	1.95	1	0	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	3.04	1	0	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
dicumarol Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.	1.93	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; vitamin K antagonist
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	8.96	4	0	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	1.97	1	0
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	3.04	1	0	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
cholestyramine resin Cholestyramine Resin: A strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium Cl(-) anion.	10.37	47	2
dinitrochlorobenzene Dinitrochlorobenzene: A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds.. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : A C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene carrying a nitro substituent at each of the 2- and 4-positions.	2.03	1	0	C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes	allergen; epitope; sensitiser
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	6.52	61	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
aminolevulinic acid Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.	2.6	1	0	4-oxo monocarboxylic acid; amino acid zwitterion; delta-amino acid	antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
5-aminovaleric acid 5-aminovaleric acid: from red fox anal secretion; RN given refers to parent cpd. 5-aminopentanoic acid : A delta-amino acid comprising pentanoic acid with an amino substituent at C-5; a methylene homologue of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) that is a weak GABA agonist.	1.96	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; delta-amino acid; omega-amino fatty acid	human metabolite
ethylene glycol Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.. ethanediol : Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.. ethylene glycol : A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.	2.05	1	0	ethanediol; glycol	metabolite; mouse metabolite; solvent; toxin
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	2.73	3	0	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	3.85	2	1	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
beta-alanine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid	agonist; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; inhibitor; neurotransmitter
benzoic acid Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.	1.99	1	0	benzoic acids	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
benzyl alcohol Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.. hydroxytoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. benzyl alcohol : An aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.. aromatic alcohol : Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.. aromatic primary alcohol : Any primary alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.	3.88	3	0	benzyl alcohols	antioxidant; fragrance; metabolite; solvent
betaine glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.	2.17	1	0	amino-acid betaine; glycine derivative	fundamental metabolite
bromide Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)	1.96	1	0	halide anion; monoatomic bromine
carbamates [no description available]	4.63	8	0	amino-acid anion
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	2.15	1	0	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	5	40	0	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
coumarin 2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative	2.6	1	0	coumarins	fluorescent dye; human metabolite; plant metabolite
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	5.66	6	1	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
phloroglucinol Phloroglucinol: A trinitrobenzene derivative with antispasmodic properties that is used primarily as a laboratory reagent.. phloroglucinol : A benzenetriol with hydroxy groups at position 1, 3 and 5.	2.21	1	0	benzenetriol; phenolic donor	algal metabolite
gallic acid gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.	2.41	1	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; astringent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; geroprotector; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
cytosine [no description available]	3.59	2	0	aminopyrimidine; pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.95	4	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	4.14	3	1	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	2.46	2	0	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycine [no description available]	4.96	11	0	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	2.4	2	0	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
histamine [no description available]	1.99	1	0	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	2.05	1	0	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	2.02	1	0	diatomic iodine	nutrient
thioctic acid Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.	2.69	2	0	dithiolanes; heterocyclic fatty acid; thia fatty acid	fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	3.46	7	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
melatonin [no description available]	3.41	1	0	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	2.13	1	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
niacin Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.	2.04	1	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; vitamin B3	antidote; antilipemic drug; EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	2.38	2	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	2.41	2	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
4-nitrophenol 4-nitrophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. mononitrophenol : A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.. 4-nitrophenol : A member of the class of 4-nitrophenols that is phenol in which the hydrogen that is para to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group.	2.45	2	0	4-nitrophenols	human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
triphosphoric acid triphosphoric acid: used as water softener, peptizing agent, emulsifier & dispersing agent; ingredient of cleansers; meat preservative; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.21	1	0	acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride; phosphorus oxoacid
palmitic acid Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.	2.21	1	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
phosphorylcholine Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.	2.04	1	0	phosphocholines	allergen; epitope; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
picolinic acid picolinic acid: iron-chelating agent that inhibits DNA synthesis; may interfere with iron-dependent production of stable free organic radical which is essential for ribonucleotide reductase formation of deoxyribonucleotides; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7206. picolinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position 2. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan.	2.6	1	0	pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; MALDI matrix material
propylene glycol Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.	1.96	1	0	glycol; propane-1,2-diols	allergen; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
1-propanol 1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.	1.98	1	0	propan-1-ols; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	metabolite; protic solvent
propionic acid propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.	1.96	1	0	saturated fatty acid; short-chain fatty acid	antifungal drug
pyridoxal phosphate Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.	2.95	4	0	methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6 phosphate	coenzyme; cofactor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiosulfates Thiosulfates: Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.. thiosulfate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from thiosulfuric acid.	2.41	2	0	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion	human metabolite
spermine [no description available]	2	1	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
taurine [no description available]	2.68	3	0	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiamine thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.	2.44	2	0	primary alcohol; vitamin B1	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uracil 2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder	2.25	1	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	2.48	2	0	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ibotenic acid Ibotenic Acid: A neurotoxic isoxazole (similar to KAINIC ACID and MUSCIMOL) found in AMANITA mushrooms. It causes motor depression, ataxia, and changes in mood, perceptions and feelings, and is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist.	2.69	3	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	neurotoxin
pk 11195 PK-11195 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2-chlorophenyl)isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of sec-butylmethylamine	2	1	0	aromatic amide; isoquinolines; monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes	antineoplastic agent
1-methylimidazole 1-methyl-1H-imidazole : A 1H-imidazole having a methyl substituent at the N-1 position.	2.4	2	0	imidazoles
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with irritant effects on the eye and the gastrointestinal system.. 2,4-D : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2 and 4 are substituted by chlorines.	3.41	1	0	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; dichlorobenzene	agrochemical; defoliant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin
3-aminobenzamide [no description available]	2.6	1	0	benzamides; substituted aniline	EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
tramiprosate tramiprosate: GABA receptor agonist and a glycosaminoglycan mimetic; has nootropic acitivity; structure; a sulfonate analog of GABA. 3-aminopropanesulfonic acid : An amino sulfonic acid that is the 3-amino derivative of propanesulfonic acid.	2.37	2	0	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	algal metabolite; anti-inflammatory agent; anticonvulsant; GABA agonist; nootropic agent
pleconaril WIN 63843: structure given in first source	2.6	1	0
4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonylfluoride [no description available]	2.6	1	0
4-aminopyridine [no description available]	2.13	1	0	aminopyridine; aromatic amine	avicide; orphan drug; potassium channel blocker
homovanillic acid Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.	1.97	1	0	guaiacols; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phenytoin [no description available]	2.6	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.	1.97	1	0	indole-3-acetic acids	drug metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	2.46	2	0	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
acetazolamide Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)	2.93	3	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles	anticonvulsant; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
albendazole [no description available]	22.89	495	106	aryl sulfide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	anthelminthic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
alprenolol Alprenolol: One of the ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent.. alprenolol : A secondary alcohol that is propan-2-ol substituted by a 2-allylphenoxy group at position 1 and an isopropylamino group at position 3. It is a beta-adrenergic antagonist used as a antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmia and a sympatholytic agent.	2.6	1	0	secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
amantadine amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source	2.6	1	0	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	analgesic; antiparkinson drug; antiviral drug; dopaminergic agent; NMDA receptor antagonist; non-narcotic analgesic
2-aminothiazole 2-aminothiazole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1,3-thiazol-2-amine : A primary amino compound that is 1,3-thiazole substituted by an amino group at position 2.	2.6	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; primary amino compound
amiodarone Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.	2.74	3	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone; organoiodine compound; tertiary amino compound	cardiovascular drug
amitriptyline Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.	2.31	1	0	carbotricyclic compound; tertiary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist; xenobiotic
amodiaquine Amodiaquine: A 4-aminoquinoline compound with anti-inflammatory properties.. amodiaquine : A quinoline having a chloro group at the 7-position and an aryl amino group at the 4-position.	2.99	4	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; phenols; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 2.1.1.8 (histamine N-methyltransferase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
antipyrine Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.	4.34	2	2	pyrazolone	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	2.77	3	0	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
atrazine [no description available]	2.52	2	0	chloro-1,3,5-triazine; diamino-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
azelaic acid nonanedioic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is heptane substituted at positions 1 and 7 by carboxy groups.	9.21	13	1	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; plant metabolite
azinphosmethyl Azinphosmethyl: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor. It has been used as an acaricide and as an insecticide.. azinphos-methyl : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,3-benzotriazine substituted by an oxo group at position 4 and a [(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanyl]methyl group at position 3.	2.17	1	0	benzotriazines; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
azobenzene azobenzene: photosensor molecule known to undergo reversible isomerization from trans to cis on illumination with photons of appropriate wavelength; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. (E)-azobenzene : The (E)-isomer of azobenzene.. (Z)-azobenzene : The (Z)-isomer of azobenzene.. azobenzene : A molecule whose structure comprises two phenyl rings linked by a N=N double bond; the parent compound of the azobenzene class of compounds.	2.72	2	0	azobenzenes
baclofen [no description available]	3.16	4	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant
benzamide benzamide : An aromatic amide that consists of benzene bearing a single carboxamido substituent. The parent of the class of benzamides.	2.6	1	0	benzamides
benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.	2.05	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	carcinogenic agent; mouse metabolite
benzyl benzoate benzyl benzoate: structure; acarosan, a moist powder composed of wetted cellulose and benzyl benzoate, is used on carpets as an acaricide. benzyl benzoate : A benzoate ester obtained by the formal condensation of benzoic acid with benzyl alcohol. It has been isolated from the plant species of the genus Polyalthia.	11.31	28	7	benzoate ester; benzyl ester	acaricide; plant metabolite; scabicide
berberine [no description available]	3.04	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; berberine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite; potassium channel blocker
bicalutamide bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism.	2.05	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; monofluorobenzenes; nitrile; sulfone; tertiary alcohol
brotizolam brotizolam: structure	1.97	1	0	organic molecular entity
caffeine [no description available]	2.7	3	0	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	4.56	24	0	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
camostat camostat : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-guanidinobenzoic acid with the hydroxy group of 2-(dimethylamino)-2-oxoethyl (4-hydroxyphenyl)acetate. It is a potent inhibitor of the human transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and its mesylate salt is currently under investigation for its effectiveness in COVID-19 patients.	2.6	1	0	benzoate ester; carboxylic ester; diester; guanidines; tertiary carboxamide	anti-inflammatory agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifibrinolytic drug; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; serine protease inhibitor
camphor, (+-)-isomer [no description available]	2.6	1	0	bornane monoterpenoid; cyclic monoterpene ketone	plant metabolite
candesartan candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.	2.6	1	0	benzimidazolecarboxylic acid; biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
carvedilol [no description available]	2.31	1	0	carbazoles; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone: A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.. CCCP : A member of the class of monochlorobenzenes that is benzene substituted by 2-(1,3-dinitrilopropan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl and chloro groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is a mitochondrial depolarizing agent that induces reactive oxygen species mediated cell death.	2.39	2	0	hydrazone; monochlorobenzenes; nitrile	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; ionophore
cetirizine Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.	3.84	2	1	ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; piperazines	anti-allergic agent; environmental contaminant; H1-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
cetylpyridinium Cetylpyridinium: Cationic bactericidal surfactant used as a topical antiseptic for skin, wounds, mucous membranes, instruments, etc.; and also as a component in mouthwash and lozenges.	2.6	1	0	pyridinium ion
chlorambucil Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.	3.07	1	0	aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	11.77	25	1	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
chloroxylenol chloroxylenol: topical antiseptic; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 3,5-xylenol which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine. It is bactericidal against most Gram-positive bacteria but less effective against Staphylococci and Gram-negative bacteria, and often inactive against Pseudomonas species. It is ineffective against bacterial spores.	2.6	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; molluscicide
chlorpheniramine Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.	2.17	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidepressant; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.	2.71	3	0	organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. chlorpyrifos : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.	5.6	21	0	chloropyridine; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
ciclopirox [no description available]	2.15	1	0	cyclic hydroxamic acid; hydroxypyridone antifungal drug; pyridone	antibacterial agent; antiseborrheic
ciprofibrate [no description available]	2.6	1	0	cyclopropanes; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	antilipemic drug
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	2.8	3	0	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
clenbuterol Clenbuterol: A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma.. clenbuterol : A substituted aniline that is 2,6-dichloroaniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.	1.99	1	0	amino alcohol; dichlorobenzene; ethanolamines; primary arylamine; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; sympathomimetic agent
clofazimine Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.	3.53	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; phenazines	dye; leprostatic drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clomipramine Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.	2.6	1	0	dibenzoazepine	anticoronaviral agent; antidepressant; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist; serotonergic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor
clonazepam Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.	1.96	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; monochlorobenzenes	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator
clotrimazole [no description available]	2.25	1	0	conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes	antiinfective agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
coumaphos Coumaphos: A organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an anthelmintic, insecticide, and as a nematocide.	3.63	9	0	organic thiophosphate; organochlorine compound; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; antinematodal drug; avicide; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
cyclothiazide cyclothiazide: inhibits the desensitization of AMPA-type receptors; structure. cyclothiazide : 3,4-Dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted at positions 3, 5 and 6 by a 2-norbornen-5-yl group, chlorine, and a sulfonamide group, respectively. A thiazide diuretic, it has been used in the management of hypertension and oedema.	3.23	1	0	benzothiadiazine	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
cypermethrin cypermethrin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and the alcoholic hydroxy group of hydroxy(3-phenoxyphenyl)acetonitrile.. zeta-cypermethrin : A diastereoisomeric mixture comprising the isomeric pair (1R)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaR)-cypermethrin together with the isomeric pair (1S)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaS)-cypermethrin where the ratio between the isomeric pairs lies in the range 45:55 to 55:45.	4.93	33	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organochlorine compound	agrochemical; molluscicide; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
danthron danthron: structure. chrysazin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene-9,10-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 8.	2.6	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
dapsone [no description available]	3.23	1	0	substituted aniline; sulfone	anti-inflammatory drug; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; leprostatic drug
deferiprone Deferiprone: A pyridone derivative and iron chelator that is used in the treatment of IRON OVERLOAD in patients with THALASSEMIA.. deferiprone : A member of the class of 4-pyridones that is pyridin-4(1H)-one substituted at positions 1 and 2 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a hydroxy group. A lipid-soluble iron-chelator used for treatment of thalassaemia.	2.6	1	0	4-pyridones	iron chelator; protective agent
amphetamine Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.	2.49	2	0	primary amine
eflornithine Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.	2.5	2	0	alpha-amino acid; fluoroamino acid	trypanocidal drug
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	3.67	10	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
diazinon Diazinon: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an organothiophosphorus insecticide.. diazinon : A member of the class of pyrimidines that is pyrimidine carrying an isopropyl group at position 2, a methyl group at position 6 and a (diethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.	4.61	8	0	organic thiophosphate; pyrimidines	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; nematicide; xenobiotic
ddt 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source	2.05	1	0	benzenoid aromatic compound; chlorophenylethane; monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine insecticide	bridged diphenyl acaricide; carcinogenic agent; endocrine disruptor; persistent organic pollutant
dichlorvos Dichlorvos: An organophosphorus insecticide that inhibits ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE.. dichlorvos : An alkenyl phosphate that is the 2,2-dichloroethenyl ester of dimethyl phosphate.	3.51	8	0	alkenyl phosphate; dialkyl phosphate; organochlorine acaricide; organophosphate insecticide	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
diethylcarbamazine Diethylcarbamazine: An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa.	20.89	228	89	N-carbamoylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine
dimethoate Dimethoate: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic and contact insecticide.. dimethoate : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N-methylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group attached to the carbonyl moiety is replaced by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanediyl group.	3.15	5	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
diphenhydramine Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.	2.43	2	0	ether; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; antitussive; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; oneirogen; sedative
dipyridamole Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.	2.6	1	0	piperidines; pyrimidopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tetrol	adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
disulfiram [no description available]	2.52	2	0	organic disulfide; organosulfur acaricide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; fungicide; NF-kappaB inhibitor
valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.	2.6	1	0	branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid	anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent
domperidone Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.	2.08	1	0	benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist
doxazosin Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.. doxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure.	2.6	1	0	aromatic amine; benzodioxine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; vasodilator agent
ebselen ebselen : A benzoselenazole that is 1,2-benzoselenazol-3-one carrying an additional phenyl substituent at position 2. Acts as a mimic of glutathione peroxidase.	2.6	1	0	benzoselenazole	anti-inflammatory drug; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.25 (inositol-phosphate phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.1 (cytosine deaminase) inhibitor; EC 5.1.3.2 (UDP-glucose 4-epimerase) inhibitor; enzyme mimic; ferroptosis inhibitor; genotoxin; hepatoprotective agent; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger
endosulfan Endosulfan: A polychlorinated compound used for controlling a variety of insects. It is practically water-insoluble, but readily adheres to clay particles and persists in soil and water for several years. Its mode of action involves repetitive nerve-discharges positively correlated to increase in temperature. This compound is extremely toxic to most fish. (From Comp Biochem Physiol (C) 1993 Jul;105(3):347-61). endosulfan : A cyclic sulfite ester that is 1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepine 3-oxide substituted by chloro groups at positions 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 10.	2.71	3	0	cyclic sulfite ester; cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; persistent organic pollutant
enflurane Enflurane: An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.. enflurane : An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl and difluoromethyl groups.	1.97	1	0	ether; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	anaesthetic
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	2.72	3	0
etazolate Etazolate: A potent phosphodiesterase inhibitor proposed as an antipsychotic agent.. etazolate : A pyrazolopyridine that is 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 5 by ethyl, 2-isopropylidenehydrazino, and ethoxycarbonyl groups, respectively. A phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor with antidepressant and anxiolytic properties.	2.65	3	0	ethyl ester; hydrazone; pyrazolopyridine	alpha-secretase activator; antidepressant; antipsychotic agent; anxiolytic drug; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
ether Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.	2.1	1	0	ether; volatile organic compound	inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
etidronate Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.	2.6	1	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid)	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; chelator
2-hexyloxybenzamide 2-hexyloxybenzamide: structure	2.6	1	0	aromatic ether; benzamides	antifungal agent
brl 42810 [no description available]	2.6	1	0	2-aminopurines; acetate ester	antiviral drug; prodrug
famotidine Famotidine: A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion.	2.6	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; guanidines; sulfonamide	anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
fenbendazole Fenbendazole: Antinematodal benzimidazole used in veterinary medicine.. fenbendazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted at positons 2 and 5 by (methoxycarbonyl)amino and phenylsulfanediyl groups, respectively. A broad-spectrum anthelmintic, it is used, particularly in veterinary medicine, for the treatment of nematodal infections.	12.41	132	23	aryl sulfide; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester	antinematodal drug
fenthion Fenthion: Potent cholinesterase inhibitor used as an insecticide and acaricide.. fenthion : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen atom of the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-methyl-4-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl group. It exhibits acaricidal and insecticidal activities.	5.22	4	3	organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
fenvalerate fenvalerate: synthetic pyrethroid; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. fenvalerate : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbutyric acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.	3.28	6	0	aromatic ether; carboxylic ester; monochlorobenzenes	pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
fexofenadine fexofenadine: a second generation antihistamine; metabolite of the antihistaminic drug terfenadine; structure in first source; RN refers to HCl. fexofenadine : A piperidine-based anti-histamine compound.	2.46	2	0	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist
fipronil fipronil: has low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source. fipronil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fipronil.. 5-amino-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl]-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole that is substituted at positions 1, 3, 4, and 5 by 2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, cyano, (trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl, and amino groups, respectively.	11.15	76	15	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; dichlorobenzene; nitrile; primary amino compound; pyrazoles; sulfoxide
fluconazole Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.	4.19	2	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	environmental contaminant; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
flucytosine Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.	3.18	1	0	aminopyrimidine; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine antifungal drug; pyrimidone	prodrug
flufenamic acid Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16). flufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.	2.04	1	0	aromatic amino acid; organofluorine compound	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluphenazine [no description available]	2.6	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	anticoronaviral agent; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
flumazenil Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.	2.7	3	0	ethyl ester; imidazobenzodiazepine; organofluorine compound	antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning; GABA antagonist
flunitrazepam Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.	3.35	7	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; C-nitro compound; monofluorobenzenes	anxiolytic drug; GABAA receptor agonist; sedative
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	2.87	3	0	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
fomepizole Fomepizole: A pyrazole and competitive inhibitor of ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE that is used for the treatment of poisoning by ETHYLENE GLYCOL or METHANOL.. fomepizole : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4.	2.05	1	0	pyrazoles	antidote; EC 1.1.1.1 (alcohol dehydrogenase) inhibitor; protective agent
foscarnet Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.. phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.	3.18	1	0	carboxylic acid; one-carbon compound; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; geroprotector; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	2.11	1	0	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
gabexate Gabexate: A serine proteinase inhibitor used therapeutically in the treatment of pancreatitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and as a regional anticoagulant for hemodialysis. The drug inhibits the hydrolytic effects of thrombin, plasmin, and kallikrein, but not of chymotrypsin and aprotinin.	2.6	1	0	benzoate ester
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	4.31	5	0
glutaral Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.	2.72	2	0	dialdehyde	cross-linking reagent; disinfectant; fixative
glyphosate glyphosate: active cpd in herbicidal formulation Roundup; inhibits EC 2.5.1.19, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase; structure. glyphosate : A phosphonic acid resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the methyl group of methylphosphonic acid with the amino group of glycine. It is one of the most commonly used herbicides worldwide, and the only one to target the enzyme 5-enolpyruvyl-3-shikimate phosphate synthase (EPSPS).	3.73	2	0	glycine derivative; phosphonic acid	agrochemical; EC 2.5.1.19 (3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor; herbicide
guaifenesin Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.	2.02	1	0	methoxybenzenes
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.	2.03	1	0	isoquinolines; N-sulfonylpiperazine	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
fasudil fasudil: intracellular calcium antagonist; structure in first source. fasudil : An isoquinoline substituted by a (1,4-diazepan-1-yl)sulfonyl group at position 5. It is a Rho-kinase inhibitor and its hydrochloride hydrate form is approved for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm and cerebral ischemia.	2.6	1	0	isoquinolines; N-sulfonyldiazepane	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; nootropic agent; vasodilator agent
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.	2.6	1	0	aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
halothane [no description available]	1.97	1	0	haloalkane; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
miltefosine miltefosine: hexadecyl phosphocholine derivative of cisplatin; did not substantially activate HIV long terminal repeat; less toxic than cisplatin. miltefosine : A phospholipid that is the hexadecyl monoester of phosphocholine.	2.52	2	0	phosphocholines; phospholipid	anti-inflammatory agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; apoptosis inducer; immunomodulator; protein kinase inhibitor
hexylresorcinol [no description available]	2.6	1	0	resorcinols
beta-thujaplicin beta-thujaplicin: structure. beta-thujaplicin : A monoterpenoid that is cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and an isopropyl group at position 4. Isolated from Thuja plicata and Chamaecyparis obtusa, it exhibits antimicrobial activities.	2.6	1	0	cyclic ketone; enol; monoterpenoid	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antiplasmodial drug; plant metabolite
ethidium Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.	2.54	2	0	phenanthridines	fluorochrome; intercalator
hycanthone Hycanthone: Potentially toxic, but effective antischistosomal agent, it is a metabolite of LUCANTHONE.. hycanthone : A thioxanthen-9-one compound having a hydroxymethyl substituent at the 1-position and a 2-[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino substituent at the 4-position. It was formerly used (particularly as the monomethanesulfonic acid salt) as a schistosomicide for individual or mass treatement of infection with Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni, but due to its toxicity and concern about possible carcinogenicity, it has been replaced by other drugs such as praziquantel.	2.6	1	0	thioxanthenes	mutagen; schistosomicide drug
hydrochlorothiazide Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	2.6	1	0	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
hydroxychloroquine Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.	14.65	47	4	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea [no description available]	2.6	1	0	one-carbon compound; ureas	antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent
hydroxyzine Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively.	2.46	2	0	hydroxyether; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine	anticoronaviral agent; antipruritic drug; anxiolytic drug; dermatologic drug; H1-receptor antagonist
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	2.6	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.	4.18	3	1	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic
ifenprodil ifenprodil: NMDA receptor antagonist	3.23	1	0	piperidines
imipramine Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.	1.97	1	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	2.6	1	0	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
avapro Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.	2.6	1	0	azaspiro compound; biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
isocarboxazid Isocarboxazid: An MAO inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in the treatment of panic disorder and the phobic disorders. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311)	2	1	0	benzenes
isoguvacine isoguvacine: A GABA agonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.96	1	0	tetrahydropyridine
2-propanol 2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.	2.13	1	0	secondary alcohol; secondary fatty alcohol	protic solvent
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	2.01	1	0	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
itraconazole [no description available]	2.6	1	0	piperazines
ketamine Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.	2.25	1	0	cyclohexanones; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	analgesic; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
ketoconazole 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.	5.9	7	1	dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.	2.41	1	0	benzophenones; oxo monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
kojic acid [no description available]	2.6	1	0	4-pyranones; enol; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; EC 1.10.3.1 (catechol oxidase) inhibitor; EC 1.10.3.2 (laccase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.24 (quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.3 (D-amino-acid oxidase) inhibitor; NF-kappaB inhibitor; skin lightening agent
pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid: a glutamate uptake inhibitor	2.04	1	0
lapachol lapachol : A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone substituted by hydroxy and 3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl groups at positions 2 and 3, respectively. It is a natural compound that exhibits antibacterial and anticancer properties, first isolated in 1882 from the bark of Tabebuia avellanedae.	2.6	1	0
tetramisole 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole : An imidazothiazole that is imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole in which the double bonds at the 2-3 and 5-6 positions have been reduced to single bonds and in which one of the hydrogens at position 6 is replaced by a phenyl group.. tetramisole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levamisole and dexamisole.	4.5	5	1	imidazothiazole	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
loperamide Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.	3.18	5	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; piperidines; tertiary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antidiarrhoeal drug; mu-opioid receptor agonist
loratadine Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.	2.6	1	0	benzocycloheptapyridine; ethyl ester; N-acylpiperidine; organochlorine compound; tertiary carboxamide	anti-allergic agent; cholinergic antagonist; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist
lorazepam Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.	2.11	1	0	benzodiazepine
losartan Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position	2.6	1	0	biphenylyltetrazole; imidazoles	angiotensin receptor antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
4-(dimethylamino)-n-(7-(hydroxyamino)-7-oxoheptyl)benzamide 4-(dimethylamino)-N-(7-(hydroxyamino)-7-oxoheptyl)benzamide: structure in first source. 4-(dimethylamino)-N-[7-(hydroxyamino)-7-oxoheptyl]benzamide : A benzamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-(dimethylamino)benzoic acid with the amino group of 7-amino-N-hydroxyheptanamide. It is a potent inhibitor of histone deacetylases and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in several human cancer cell lines.	2.6	1	0	benzamides; hydroxamic acid; secondary carboxamide; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
mafenide Mafenide: A sulfonamide that inhibits the enzyme CARBONIC ANHYDRASE and is used as a topical anti-bacterial agent, especially in burn therapy.	2.6	1	0	aromatic amine
malathion Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.	9.82	24	2	diester; ethyl ester; organic thiophosphate
mebendazole Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.	13.27	58	7	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester	antinematodal drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
mecamylamine Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.	2.39	2	0	primary aliphatic amine
meclizine Meclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in the treatment of motion sickness, vertigo, and nausea during pregnancy and radiation sickness.	2.41	1	0	diarylmethane
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.	8.79	8	2	guanidines	environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
methadone Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.	2.03	1	0	benzenes; diarylmethane; ketone; tertiary amino compound
methamidophos methamidophos: structure. methamidophos : An organic thiophosphate resulting from the N-deacylation of the proinsecticide acephate.	2.47	2	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide; phosphoramide	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide
methazolamide Methazolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used as a diuretic and in the treatment of glaucoma.	2.6	1	0	sulfonamide; thiadiazoles
methocarbamol Methocarbamol: A centrally acting muscle relaxant whose mode of action has not been established. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1206). methocarbamol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-methocarbamol. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as an adjunct in the short-term symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm. The (R)-enantiomer is more active than the (S)-enantiomer.. 2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl carbamate : A carbamate ester that is glycerol in which one of the primary alcohol groups has been converted to its 2-methoxyphenyl ether while the other has been converted to the corresponding carbamate ester.	2.6	1	0	aromatic ether; carbamate ester; secondary alcohol
methomyl Methomyl: A carbamate insecticide with anticholinesterase activity.. methomyl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of methylcarbamic acid with the hydroxy group of 1-(methylsulfanyl)acetaldoxime.	3.14	5	0	aliphatic sulfide; carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; nematicide; xenobiotic
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	11.99	32	7	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
midazolam Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.	2.93	4	0	imidazobenzodiazepine; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; anxiolytic drug; apoptosis inducer; central nervous system depressant; GABAA receptor agonist; general anaesthetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
mitoxantrone Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.	2.6	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	analgesic; antineoplastic agent
entinostat [no description available]	2.6	1	0	benzamides; carbamate ester; primary amino compound; pyridines; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
muscimol Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.. muscimol : A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita.	3.76	11	0	alkaloid; isoxazoles; primary amino compound	fungal metabolite; GABA agonist; oneirogen; psychotropic drug
ethylmaleimide Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.	2.6	1	0	maleimides	anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
nabumetone Nabumetone: A butanone non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitor that is used in the management of pain associated with OSTEOARTHRITIS and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.. nabumetone : A methyl ketone that is 2-butanone in which one of the methyl hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl group. A prodrug that is converted to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, following oral administration. It is shown to have a slightly lower risk of gastrointestinal side effects than most other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.	2.6	1	0	methoxynaphthalene; methyl ketone	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
nafamostat nafamostat: inhibitor of trypsin, plasmin, pancreatic kallikrein, plasma kallikrein & thrombin; strongly inhibits esterolytic activities of C1r & C1 esterase complement-mediated hemolysis; antineoplastic	2.6	1	0	benzoic acids; guanidines
neostigmine Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.	2.02	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
nevirapine Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.	2.6	1	0	cyclopropanes; dipyridodiazepine	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
niclosamide Niclosamide: An antihelmintic that is active against most tapeworms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p48). niclosamide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorosalicylic acid with the amino group of 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline. It is an oral anthelmintic drug approved for use against tapeworm infections.	5.11	5	0	benzamides; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; salicylanilides; secondary carboxamide	anthelminthic drug; anticoronaviral agent; antiparasitic agent; apoptosis inducer; molluscicide; piscicide; STAT3 inhibitor
nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.	1.99	1	0	nitroglycerol	explosive; muscle relaxant; nitric oxide donor; prodrug; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid: structure given in first source; chloride channel antagonist	2.45	2	0	nitrobenzoic acid
octopamine Octopamine: An alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetic amine, biosynthesized from tyramine in the CNS and platelets and also in invertebrate nervous systems. It is used to treat hypotension and as a cardiotonic. The natural D(-) form is more potent than the L(+) form in producing cardiovascular adrenergic responses. It is also a neurotransmitter in some invertebrates.. octopamine : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is phenol which is substituted at the para- position by a 2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl group. A biogenic phenylethanolamine which has been found to act as a neurotransmitter, neurohormone or neuromodulator in invertebrates.	3.07	1	0	phenylethanolamines; tyramines	neurotransmitter
omeprazole Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.	2.46	2	0	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide
osalmide osalmide: structure	2.6	1	0	organic molecular entity
oxamniquine Oxamniquine: An anthelmintic with schistosomicidal activity against Schistosoma mansoni, but not against other Schistosoma spp. Oxamniquine causes worms to shift from the mesenteric veins to the liver where the male worms are retained; the female worms return to the mesentery, but can no longer release eggs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p121). oxamniquine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-oxamniquine. An anthelmintic, it is administered orally for the treatment of schistomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni (but not by other Schistosoma species); intramuscular administration is no longer used as it causes severe pain at the injection site.. {2-[(isopropylamino)methyl]-7-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl}methanol : A member of the class of quinolines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 2, 6, and 7 by (isopropylamino)methyl, hydroxymethyl, and nitro groups, respectively.	3.07	1	0	aromatic primary alcohol; C-nitro compound; quinolines; secondary amino compound
oxethazaine [no description available]	2.6	1	0	amino acid amide
oxibendazole oxibendazole: structure	6.75	17	4	benzimidazoles; carbamate ester
oxidopamine Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).	2.58	2	0	benzenetriol; catecholamine; primary amino compound	drug metabolite; human metabolite; neurotoxin
oxymetazoline Oxymetazoline: A direct acting sympathomimetic used as a vasoconstrictor to relieve nasal congestion. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1251). oxymetazoline : A member of the class of phenols that is 2,4-dimethylphenol which is substituted at positions 3 and 6 by 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl and tert-butyl groups, respectively. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with marked alpha-adrenergic activity, it is a vasoconstrictor that is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to relieve nasal congestion.	4.39	3	0	carboxamidine; imidazolines; phenols	alpha-adrenergic agonist; nasal decongestant; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
4-nitrophenylacetic acid 4-nitrophenylacetic acid: don't confuse with 4-Nitrophenyl acetate, which is the ester of phenol and acetic acid. (4-nitrophenyl)acetic acid : A member of the class of phenylacetic acids that is phenylacetic acid in which the phenyl grup is substituted at the para- position by a nitro group.	2	1	0	C-nitro compound; phenylacetic acids
palmidrol palmidrol: a cannabinoid receptor-inactive eCB-related molecule used as prophylactic in helping to prevent respiratory viral infection. palmitoyl ethanolamide : An N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine that is the ethanolamide of palmitic (hexadecanoic) acid.	2.6	1	0	endocannabinoid; N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine; N-(saturated fatty acyl)ethanolamine	anti-inflammatory drug; anticonvulsant; antihypertensive agent; neuroprotective agent
papaverine Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.	2.6	1	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; dimethoxybenzene; isoquinolines	antispasmodic drug; vasodilator agent
pentobarbital Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	3.07	5	0	barbiturates	GABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline [no description available]	2.6	1	0	oxopurine
perhexiline Perhexiline: 2-(2,2-Dicyclohexylethyl)piperidine. Coronary vasodilator used especially for angina of effort. It may cause neuropathy and hepatitis.	2.6	1	0	piperidines	cardiovascular drug
phenazopyridine Phenazopyridine: A local anesthetic that has been used in urinary tract disorders. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.. phenazopyridine : A diaminopyridine that is 2,6-diaminopyridine substituted at position 3 by a phenylazo group. A local anesthetic that has topical analgesic effect on mucosa lining of the urinary tract. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.	2.6	1	0	diaminopyridine; monoazo compound	anticoronaviral agent; carcinogenic agent; local anaesthetic; non-narcotic analgesic
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	2.69	3	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
phenothrin phenothrin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	4.03	3	0	cyclopropanecarboxylate ester	pyrethroid ester insecticide
4-phenylbutyric acid 4-phenylbutyric acid: RN refers to the parent cpd. 4-phenylbutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid the structure of which is that of butyric acid substituted with a phenyl group at C-4. It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that displays anticancer activity. It inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. It also inhibits protein isoprenylation, depletes plasma glutamine, increases production of foetal haemoglobin through transcriptional activation of the gamma-globin gene and affects hPPARgamma activation.	2.6	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; prodrug
phenylbutazone Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.	2.01	1	0	pyrazolidines	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride Phenylmethylsulfonyl Fluoride: An enzyme inhibitor that inactivates IRC-50 arvin, subtilisin, and the fatty acid synthetase complex.. phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride : An acyl fluoride with phenylmethanesulfonyl as the acyl group.	2.6	1	0	acyl fluoride	serine proteinase inhibitor
phorate Phorate: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.. phosphatidylcholine O-34:2 : A glycerophosphocholine that is an alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 34 carbons and 2 double bonds.	2.21	1	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
pimobendan pimobendan: produces arterial & venous dilatation in dogs; structure given in first source	2.6	1	0	benzimidazoles; pyridazinone	cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
piperazine [no description available]	5.54	13	0	azacycloalkane; piperazines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	anthelminthic drug
pj-34 PJ34 : A member of the class of phenanthridines that is 5,6-dihydrophenanthridine substituted at positions 2 and 6 by (N,N-dimethylglycyl)amino and oxo groups, respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases PARP1 and PARP2 (IC50 of 110 nM and 86 nM, respectively) and exhibits anti-cancer, cardioprotective and neuroprotective properties.	2.6	1	0	phenanthridines; secondary carboxamide; tertiary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antiatherosclerotic agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	3.99	1	1	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid: a novel antagonist that selectively blocks P2 purinoceptor receptors; a useful tool to study co-transmission in tissues when ATP and coexisting neurotransmitters act in concert. 5'-phosphopyridoxal-6-azobenzene-2,4-disulfonic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is pyridoxal 5'-phosphate carrying an additional 2,4-disulfophenylazo substituent at position 6.	2.95	4	0	arenesulfonic acid; azobenzenes; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; organic phosphate; pyridinecarbaldehyde	purinergic receptor P2X antagonist
praziquantel azinox: Russian drug	14.58	94	20	isoquinolines
primaquine Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.	2.73	3	0	aminoquinoline; aromatic ether; N-substituted diamine	antimalarial
proadifen Proadifen: An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity.	1.99	1	0	diarylmethane
probenecid Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.	2.6	1	0	benzoic acids; sulfonamide	uricosuric drug
probucol Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.	2.6	1	0	dithioketal; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory drug; anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antioxidant; cardiovascular drug
promazine Promazine: A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE but with less antipsychotic activity. It is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic.. promazine : A phenothiazine deriative in which the phenothiazine tricycle has a 3-(dimethylaminopropyl) group at the N-10 position.	2.6	1	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug; serotonergic antagonist
promethazine Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.	2.6	1	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; sedative
propofol Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.	2.06	1	0	phenols	anticonvulsant; antiemetic; intravenous anaesthetic; radical scavenger; sedative
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	2.6	1	0	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
resmethrin resmethrin: synthetic pyrethroid insecticide used against a variety of insects; online & Index Medicus search PYRETHRUMS (75-76), PYRETHRINS (77-82); Scourge is tradename	1.97	1	0	cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; furans	agrochemical; pyrethroid ester insecticide
rimantadine Rimantadine: An RNA synthesis inhibitor that is used as an antiviral agent in the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza.	2.6	1	0	alkylamine
rolipram [no description available]	2.6	1	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	antidepressant; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
butyl phosphorotrithioate butyl phosphorotrithioate: a herbicide	2.1	1	0	organic thiophosphate	defoliant
scriptaid scriptide: provokes translocation of GLUT4 to increase glucose uptake; structure in first source	2.6	1	0	isoquinolines
sebacic acid sebacic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is the 1,8-dicarboxy derivative of octane.	2.6	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	human metabolite; plant metabolite
secobarbital Secobarbital: A barbiturate that is used as a sedative. Secobarbital is reported to have no anti-anxiety activity.. secobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by prop-2-en-1-yl and pentan-2-yl groups.	1.97	1	0	barbiturates	anaesthesia adjuvant; GABA modulator; sedative
sulfadiazine Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.	2.13	1	0	pyrimidines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antiprotozoal drug; coccidiostat; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sodium fluoride [no description available]	2.01	1	0	fluoride salt	mutagen
fenofibrate [no description available]	2.6	1	0	benzochromenone; delta-lactone; naphtho-alpha-pyrone	platelet aggregation inhibitor; Sir2 inhibitor
imatinib [no description available]	2.6	1	0	aromatic amine; benzamides; N-methylpiperazine; pyridines; pyrimidines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
sulfacetamide Sulfacetamide: An anti-bacterial agent that is used topically to treat skin infections and orally for urinary tract infections.. sulfacetamide : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide acylated on the sulfonamide nitrogen.	2.07	1	0	N-sulfonylcarboxamide; substituted aniline	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfamethazine Sulfamethazine: A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.. sulfamethazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	2.13	1	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ligand; xenobiotic
sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.	2.41	1	0	isoxazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; epitope; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
suprofen Suprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and has been proposed as an anti-arthritic.. suprofen : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by a 4-(1-carboxyethyl)benzoyl group.	2.6	1	0	aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; thiophenes	antirheumatic drug; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
suramin Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.	7.51	13	1	naphthalenesulfonic acid; phenylureas; secondary carboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antinematodal drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; GABA antagonist; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; purinergic receptor P2 antagonist; ryanodine receptor agonist; trypanocidal drug
temefos Temefos: An organothiophosphate insecticide.. temephos : An organic sulfide that is diphenyl sulfide in which the hydrogen at the para position of each of the phenyl groups has been replaced by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group.	3.65	8	0	organic sulfide; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; ectoparasiticide
terfenadine Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.	2.46	2	0	diarylmethane
thalidomide Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.	3.87	3	0	phthalimides; piperidones
thiabendazole Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate	11.63	79	4	1,3-thiazoles; benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles	antifungal agrochemical; antinematodal drug
ticlopidine Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.	2.6	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; hematologic agent; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
ici 136,753 [no description available]	1.96	1	0	pyrazolopyridine
triamterene Triamterene: A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.. triamterene : Pteridine substituted at positions 2, 4 and 7 with amino groups and at position 6 with a phenyl group. A sodium channel blocker, it is used as a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension and oedema.	2.6	1	0	pteridines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
trifluoperazine [no description available]	2.47	2	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; calmodulin antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
triflupromazine Triflupromazine: A phenothiazine used as an antipsychotic agent and as an antiemetic.. triflupromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a trifluoromethyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the N-10 position.	2.6	1	0	organofluorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic
trigonelline trigonelline: in hydra among other organisms; RN given refers to hydroxide inner salt; structure. N-methylnicotinic acid : A pyridinium ion consisting of nicotinic acid having a methyl substituent on the pyridine nitrogen.. N-methylnicotinate : An iminium betaine that is the conjugate base of N-methylnicotinic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.	2.6	1	0	alkaloid; iminium betaine	food component; human urinary metabolite; plant metabolite
trimethobenzamide trimethobenzamide: major descriptor (64-84); on-line search BENZAMIDES (64-84); Index Medicus search TRIMETHOBENZAMIDE (64-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. trimethobenzamide : The amide obtained by formal condensation of 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid with 4-[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethoxy]benzylamine. It is used to prevent nausea and vomitting in humans.	2.6	1	0	benzamides; tertiary amino compound	antiemetic
trimethoprim Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.	2.47	2	0	aminopyrimidine; methoxybenzenes	antibacterial drug; diuretic; drug allergen; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
tyrphostin a9 [no description available]	2.6	1	0	alkylbenzene	geroprotector
delavirdine Delavirdine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1.. delavirdine : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 5-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid and 4-amino group of 1-[3-(isopropylamino)pyridin-2-yl]piperazine, delavirdine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1. Viral resistance emerges rapidly when delavirdine is used alone, so it is therefore used (as the methanesulfonic acid salt) with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.	2.6	1	0	aminopyridine; indolecarboxamide; N-acylpiperazine; sulfonamide	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
vesnarinone [no description available]	2.6	1	0	organic molecular entity
xylazine Xylazine: An adrenergic alpha-2 agonist used as a sedative, analgesic and centrally acting muscle relaxant in VETERINARY MEDICINE.. xylazine : A methyl benzene that is 1,3-dimethylbenzene which is substituted by a 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-thiazin-2-ylnitrilo group at position 2. It is an alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonist and frequently used in veterinary medicine as an emetic and sedative with analgesic and muscle relaxant properties.	2.43	2	0	1,3-thiazine; methylbenzene; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; analgesic; emetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
zinc chloride zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.	2.03	1	0	inorganic chloride; zinc molecular entity	astringent; disinfectant; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; Lewis acid
mitomycin Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.	3.1	1	0	mitomycin	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
corticosterone [no description available]	2.02	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	6.18	17	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
piperonyl butoxide [no description available]	5.54	12	0	benzodioxoles	pesticide synergist
benzimidazole 1H-benzimidazole : The 1H-tautomer of benzimidazole.	9.39	44	3	benzimidazole; polycyclic heteroarene
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	2	1	0	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
aldosterone [no description available]	2.03	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 18-oxo steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid aldehyde	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
trichlorfon Trichlorfon: An organochlorophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide for the control of flies and roaches. It is also used in anthelmintic compositions for animals. (From Merck, 11th ed). trichlorfon : A phosphonic ester that is dimethyl phosphonate in which the hydrogen atom attched to the phosphorous is substituted by a 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl group.	8.22	19	3	organic phosphonate; organochlorine compound; phosphonic ester	agrochemical; anthelminthic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.	3.66	9	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
estrone Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.	2.06	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; phenolic steroid; phenols	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
methylprednisolone acetate Methylprednisolone Acetate: Methylprednisolone derivative that is used as an anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of ALLERGY and ALLERGIC RHINITIS; ASTHMA; and BURSITIS; and for the treatment of ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. methylprednisolone acetate : An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy function of 6alpha-methylprednisolone compound with acetic acid.	2.06	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; acetate ester; glucocorticoid; steroid ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug
penicillin g Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.	1.97	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; epitope
idoxuridine [no description available]	2.6	1	0	organoiodine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
pilocarpine Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.	3.31	1	0	pilocarpine	antiglaucoma drug
pentylenetetrazole Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.	2.7	3	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.	2.11	1	0	2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	2.41	1	0	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	10.05	19	0	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.	2.6	1	0	C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	2.41	1	0	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	2.61	2	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
physostigmine Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.	3.99	4	0	carbamate ester; indole alkaloid	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; miotic
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	2.98	4	0	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	2.01	1	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
kanamycin a Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.	2.31	1	0	kanamycins	bacterial metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.	2.07	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.44	2	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	1.96	1	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
levodopa Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease	2.13	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; dopa; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	allelochemical; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; prodrug
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	1.98	1	0	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
phenylethyl alcohol Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.	2.69	2	0	benzenes; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; fragrance; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
monomethylhydrazine Monomethylhydrazine: Hydrazine substituted by one methyl group.	1.97	1	0
adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.	10	17	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
methicillin Methicillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.. methicillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl group.	2.17	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
niridazole Niridazole: An antischistosomal agent that has become obsolete.	4.33	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; C-nitro compound
cloxacillin Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.. cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6.	2.15	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug
zoxazolamine Zoxazolamine: A uricosuric and muscle relaxant. Zoxazolamine acts centrally as a muscle relaxant, but the mechanism of its action is not understood.	2.6	1	0	benzoxazole
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	2.58	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methacholine chloride Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)	1.99	1	0	quaternary ammonium salt
aniline [no description available]	1.99	1	0	anilines; primary arylamine
carbaryl Carbaryl: A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries.. carbaryl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 1-naphthol with methylcarbamic acid.	2	1	0	carbamate ester; naphthalenes	acaricide; agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant growth retardant
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	2.4	2	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.	4.68	3	0	alkaloid; colchicine	anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen
cytidine [no description available]	2.76	2	0	cytidines	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytidine triphosphate Cytidine Triphosphate: Cytidine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.03	1	0	cytidine 5'-phosphate; pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	2.6	1	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
ficusin Ficusin: A naturally occurring furocoumarin, found in PSORALEA. After photoactivation with UV radiation, it binds DNA via single and double-stranded cross-linking.. psoralen : The simplest member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromene having a keto group at position 7. It has been found in plants like Psoralea corylifolia and Ficus salicifolia.	2.6	1	0	psoralens	plant metabolite
egtazic acid Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.	1.99	1	0	diether; tertiary amino compound; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
tubercidin Tubercidin: An antibiotic purine ribonucleoside that readily substitutes for adenosine in the biological system, but its incorporation into DNA and RNA has an inhibitory effect on the metabolism of these nucleic acids.. tubercidin : An N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine that is adenosine in which the in the 5-membered ring that is not attached to the ribose moiety is replaced by a carbon. Tubercidin is produced in the culture broth of Streptomyces tubericidus.	2.6	1	0	antibiotic antifungal agent; N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine; ribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.	2.17	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
mannitol [no description available]	2.04	1	0	mannitol	allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent
cytarabine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; pyrimidine nucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; immunosuppressive agent
trifluridine Trifluridine: An antiviral derivative of THYMIDINE used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis due to HERPES SIMPLEX virus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p557). trifluridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-trifluoromethyluracil as the nucleobase. An antiviral drug used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis.	2.6	1	0	nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor
n-pentanol n-pentanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. pentan-1-ol : A short-chain primary fatty alcohol that is pentane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It has been isolated from Melicope ptelefolia.	2.17	1	0	pentanol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; plant metabolite
valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.	2.98	4	0	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.	2.41	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; threonine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	2.46	2	0	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucine Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.	1.98	1	0	aspartate family amino acid; isoleucine; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
acetonitrile acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.	2.93	4	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
tert-butylhydroperoxide tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.	1.98	1	0	alkyl hydroperoxide	antibacterial agent; oxidising agent
pivalic acid pivalic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. pivalic acid : A branched, short-chain fatty acid composed of propanoic acid having two methyl substituents at the 2-position.	2.06	1	0	branched-chain saturated fatty acid; methyl-branched fatty acid; short-chain fatty acid
trifluoroacetic acid Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.	2.03	1	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; reagent
chloropicrin chloropicrin: major descriptor (66-85); on-line search HYDROCARBONS, CHLORINATED (66-85); Index Medicus search CHLOROPICRIN (66-85). chloropicrin : A C-nitro compound that is nitromethane in which all three hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. It is a severe irritant, and can cause immediate, severe inflammation of the eyes, nose and throat, and significant injuries to the upper and lower respiratory tract. Formerly stockpiled as a chemical warfare agent, it has been widely used in the US as a soil fumigant, particularly for strawberry crops. It is not approved for use within the European Union.	2.17	1	0	C-nitro compound; one-carbon compound; organochlorine compound	antifungal agrochemical; fumigant insecticide; nematicide
phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.	2.4	2	0	benzenes; piperidines	anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug
3-mercaptopropionic acid 3-Mercaptopropionic Acid: An inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase. It decreases the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID concentration in the brain, thereby causing convulsions.. 3-mercaptopropanoic acid : A mercaptopropanoic acid that is propanoic acid carrying a sulfanyl group at position 3.	1.96	1	0	mercaptopropanoic acid	algal metabolite
linalool linalool: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. linalool : A monoterpenoid that is octa-1,6-diene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 7 and a hydroxy group at position 3. It has been isolated from plants like Ocimum canum.	2.4	2	0	monoterpenoid; tertiary alcohol	antimicrobial agent; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
rhodamine b rhodamine B: RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7973; TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE was see RHODAMINES 1975-93; use RHODAMINES to search TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE 1975-93. rhodamine B : An organic chloride salt having N-[9-(2-carboxyphenyl)-6-(diethylamino)-3H-xanthen-3-ylidene]-N-ethylethanaminium as the counterion. An amphoteric dye commonly used as a fluorochrome.	2.5	2	0	organic chloride salt; xanthene dye	fluorescent probe; fluorochrome; histological dye
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	5.76	10	0	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
rotenone Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.	1.97	1	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; phytogenic insecticide; piscicide; toxin
9,10-anthraquinone 9,10-anthraquinone : An anthraquinone that is anthracene in which positions 9 and 10 have been oxidised to carbonyls.	2.6	1	0	anthraquinone
salicylanilide salicylanilide: RN given refers to parent cpd. salicylanilide : An amide of salicylic acid and of aniline; it is therefore both a salicylamide and an anilide.	2.6	1	0	benzanilide fungicide; salicylamides; salicylanilides
gramine gramine : An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3.	2.44	2	0	aminoalkylindole; indole alkaloid; tertiary amino compound	antibacterial agent; antiviral agent; plant metabolite; serotonergic antagonist
penicillanic acid Penicillanic Acid: A building block of penicillin, devoid of significant antibacterial activity. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). penicillanic acid : A penam that consists of 3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane bearing a carboxy group at position 2 and having (2S,5R)-configuration.	2.49	2	0	penicillanic acids
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source	2.48	2	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones
aminacrine Aminacrine: A highly fluorescent anti-infective dye used clinically as a topical antiseptic and experimentally as a mutagen, due to its interaction with DNA. It is also used as an intracellular pH indicator.. 9-aminoacridine : An aminoacridine that is acridine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by an amino group. A fluorescent dyd and topical antiseptic agent, it is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) in eye drops for the treatment of superficial eye infections.	2.6	1	0	aminoacridines; primary amino compound	acid-base indicator; antiinfective agent; antiseptic drug; fluorescent dye; MALDI matrix material; mutagen
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.	5.82	6	0	mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene
xanthenes Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.	2.07	1	0	xanthene
phenothiazine 10H-phenothiazine : The 10H-tautomer of phenothiazine.	1.96	1	0	phenothiazine	ferroptosis inhibitor; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
benzoyl peroxide Benzoyl Peroxide: A peroxide derivative that has been used topically for BURNS and as a dermatologic agent in the treatment of ACNE and POISON IVY DERMATITIS. It is used also as a bleach in the food industry.	3.83	2	1	carbonyl compound
monosulfiram monosulfiram: monosulfide derivative of disulfide DISULFIRAM; structure	2.03	1	0	organosulfur compound
benzothiazole benzothiazole: structure. benzothiazole : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is a fusion product between benzene and thiazole. The parent of the class of benzothiazoles.	3.08	1	0	benzothiazoles	environmental contaminant; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
4-butyrolactone 4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	3.08	4	0	butan-4-olide	metabolite; neurotoxin
dichlofenthion [no description available]	1.97	1	0	organic thiophosphate
ethylene dimethacrylate ethylene glycol dimethacrylate : The enoate ester that is the 1,2-bis(methacryloyl) derivative of ethylene glycol.	2.13	1	0	enoate ester	allergen; cross-linking reagent; polymerisation monomer
trehalose alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.	2.1	1	0	trehalose	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methyl gallate methyl gallate: has both immunosuppressive and phytogenic antineoplastic activities; isolated from Acer saccharinum. methyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with methanol. It exhibits anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties.	2.6	1	0	gallate ester	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate: used as a hardening agent incorporated in polyurethanes. diphenylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanate : A diisocyanate consisting of diphenylmethane with two isocyanate groups at the 4- and 4'-positions.	2.21	1	0	diisocyanate	allergen; hapten
boric acid [no description available]	2.41	2	0	boric acids	astringent
monobenzone monobenzone: structure. monobenzone : The monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone. It is used as a topical drug for medical depigmentation.	2.6	1	0	benzyl ether	allergen; dermatologic drug; melanin synthesis inhibitor
ethyl butyrate ethyl butyrate : A butyrate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of ethanol with the carboxy group of butyric acid.	2.25	1	0	butyrate ester	plant metabolite
butane butane : A straight chain alkane composed of 4 carbon atoms.	2.15	1	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	food propellant; refrigerant
2-methylpentane Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.	2.15	1	0	alkane
3-hydroxybutanal [no description available]	2.1	1	0
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	7.15	5	3	pyrrole; secondary amine
thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.	3.52	2	0	mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
isopropyl myristate isopropyl myristate: used for microemulsions; structure	2.25	1	0	fatty acid ester
n-hexane hexane : An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms.	2.15	1	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
carbitol carbitol: used as lubricating oil & in braking fluid, structure. diethylene glycol monoethyl ether : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a 2-ethoxyethoxy group at position 2.	1.98	1	0	diether; glycol ether; hydroxypolyether; primary alcohol	protic solvent
2-methylbutanoic acid 2-methylbutanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 2-methylbutyric acid : A methylbutyric acid comprising a butyric acid core carrying a 2-methyl substituent. Produced from amino acid leucine during nutrient starvation in bacteria.	2.72	3	0	methylbutyric acid	bacterial metabolite; human metabolite
framycetin Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.	1.99	1	0	aminoglycoside	allergen; antibacterial drug; Escherichia coli metabolite
n-methylpyrrolidine N-methylpyrrolidine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.02	1	0
triethylamine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	tertiary amine
uridine diphosphate glucose Uridine Diphosphate Glucose: A key intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a precursor of glycogen, can be metabolized into UDPgalactose and UDPglucuronic acid which can then be incorporated into polysaccharides as galactose and glucuronic acid. Also serves as a precursor of sucrose lipopolysaccharides, and glycosphingolipids.. UDP-alpha-D-glucose : The alpha-anomer of UDP-alpha-D-glucose. It is used in nucleotide sugars metabolism.	1.98	1	0	UDP-D-glucose	fundamental metabolite
2-naphthol 2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.	2.03	1	0	naphthol	antinematodal drug; genotoxin; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
2-methylbutanol 2-methylbutanol: fragrance; structure in first source. 2-methylbutan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is isopentane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.	2.17	1	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol	Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
shikimic acid Shikimic Acid: A tri-hydroxy cyclohexene carboxylic acid important in biosynthesis of so many compounds that the shikimate pathway is named after it.. shikimic acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 4 and 5 (the 3R,4S,5R stereoisomer). It is an intermediate metabolite in plants and microorganisms.	2	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; cyclohexenecarboxylic acid; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
benzathine benzathine: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locants for phenylmethyl groups; structure	2.07	1	0	diamine
3-o-methylglucose 3-O-Methylglucose: A non-metabolizable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase. 3-O-Methylglucose is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems. (J Neurochem 1993;60(4):1498-504). 3-O-methyl-D-glucose : A D-aldohexose that is D-glucose in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group at position 3 has been substituted by a methyl group. It is a non-metabolisable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase and is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems.	1.98	1	0	D-aldohexose derivative
ditiocarb Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.	2.6	1	0	dithiocarbamic acids	chelator; copper chelator
quinestrol Quinestrol: The 3-cyclopentyl ether of ETHINYL ESTRADIOL. After gastrointestinal absorption, it is stored in ADIPOSE TISSUE, slowly released, and metabolized principally to the parent compound. It has been used in ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1011)	2.6	1	0	17-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	xenoestrogen
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	2.66	2	0	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	2.25	1	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines
acridines Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.	2.31	1	0	acridines; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	genotoxin
benzofuran benzofuran: RN & structure given in first source. 1-benzofuran : A benzofuran consisting of fused benzene and furan rings. It is the parent compound of the class of 1-benzofurans.	2.73	3	0	1-benzofurans; benzofuran
benzoxazoles 1,3-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.	2.07	1	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
cyclopentane Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.	2.44	2	0	cycloalkane; cyclopentanes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	7.82	18	3	isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	2.82	3	0	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	12.34	33	2	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
pyridazine pyridazine: structure given in first source	2.06	1	0	diazine; pyridazines
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	10.77	12	1	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
hydrazine diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.	3.23	5	0	azane; hydrazines	EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
disophenol disophenol: structure	3.37	1	1	4-nitrophenols
paraoxon [no description available]	2.1	1	0	aryl dialkyl phosphate; organophosphate insecticide	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite
azacitidine Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.	2.6	1	0	N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent
haloxon haloxon: structure	1.96	1	0
nicarbazin Nicarbazin: An equimolar complex of 4,4'-Dinitrocarbanilide and 2-Hydroxy-4,6-dimethylpyrimidine. A coccidiostat for poultry.	2.02	1	0	organic molecular entity
betamethasone Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)	2	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-asthmatic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent
trifluoroacetic anhydride [no description available]	2.4	2	0
limestone Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.	2.03	1	0	calcium salt; carbonate salt; inorganic calcium salt; one-carbon compound	antacid; fertilizer; food colouring; food firming agent
fusarium Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.	2.17	1	0
lucanthone Lucanthone: One of the SCHISTOSOMICIDES, it has been replaced largely by HYCANTHONE and more recently PRAZIQUANTEL. (From Martindale The Extrapharmacopoeia, 30th ed., p46). lucanthone : A thioxanthen-9-one compound having a methyl substituent at the 1-position and a 2-[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino substituent at the 4-position. Formerly used for the treatment of schistosomiasis. It is a prodrug, being metabolised to hycanthone.	2.6	1	0	thioxanthenes	adjuvant; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; mutagen; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; schistosomicide drug
cepharanthine cepharanthine: isoquinoline alkaloid from tubers of STEPHANIA; stimulates recovery of immunologic function in lymphatic system after administration of antineoplastic agents or x-irradiation. cepharanthine : A bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid from tubers of Stephania; stimulates recovery of immunologic function in lymphatic system after administration of antineoplastic agents or x-irradiation.	2.6	1	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines
aloe emodin aloe emodin: structure distinct from emodin; this does not mean emodin from aloe. Aloe emodin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is chrysazin carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It has been isolated from plant species of the genus Aloe.	2.6	1	0	aromatic primary alcohol; dihydroxyanthraquinone	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
chrysophanic acid chrysophanic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #2260. chrysophanol : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is chrysazin with a methyl substituent at C-3. It has been isolated from Aloe vera and exhibits antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity.	2.6	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	anti-inflammatory agent; antiviral agent; plant metabolite
emetine Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.	2.76	2	0	isoquinoline alkaloid; pyridoisoquinoline	antiamoebic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; antiviral agent; autophagy inhibitor; emetic; expectorant; plant metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
osthol osthol: from Cnidium monnieri and Angelica pubescens (both Apiaceae); structure given in first source	2.6	1	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; coumarins	metabolite
bicuculline Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.	4.11	16	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines	agrochemical; central nervous system stimulant; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; GABAA receptor antagonist; neurotoxin
flavanone flavanone: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure in first source. flavanone : The simplest member of the class of flavanones that consists of flavan bearing an oxo substituent at position 4.	2.6	1	0	flavanones
kainic acid Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.	2.03	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid	antinematodal drug; excitatory amino acid agonist
butenolide butenolide: inhibits experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in rats. butenolide : A gamma-lactone that consists of a 2-furanone skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	2.55	2	0	butenolide
phloretic acid phloretic acid: structure. N-hydroxysuccinimide ester : An ester of N-hydroxysuccinimide.. phloretic acid : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of propionic acid having a 4-hydroxyphenyl group at the 3-position.	2.6	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	plant metabolite
alpha-aminopyridine alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.	2.13	1	0
thiazolidines Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.	2.21	1	0	thiazolidine
oleanolic acid [no description available]	2.6	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
dithiazanine Dithiazanine: 3-Ethyl-2-(5-(3-ethyl-2-benzothiazolinylidene)-1,3- pentadienyl)benzothiazolium. A benzothiazole that was formerly used as an antinematodal agent and is currently used as a fluorescent dye.. dithiazanine : A cationic C3-cyanine dye with 3-ethylbenzothiazol-2-yl groups at both ends.	2.02	1	0	benzothiazoles; benzothiazolium ion	anthelminthic drug; fluorochrome
hesperidin Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.41	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; flavanone glycoside; monomethoxyflavanone; rutinoside	mutagen
luminol Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.	1.97	1	0
angelicin angelicin: used as tranquillizer; sedative; or anticonvulsant; structure	2.6	1	0	furanocoumarin
gluconic acid gluconic acid: zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted. ketogluconic acid : A gluconic acid that contains a ketonic carbonyl group.. D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid having D-configuration.	1.99	1	0	gluconic acid	chelator; Penicillium metabolite
copper gluconate Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.	2.38	2	0	organic molecular entity
azomycin azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure	2.55	2	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles	antitubercular agent
arsenamide Arsenamide: Proposed chemotherapeutic agent against filaria and trichomonas.	2.67	3	0
dazomet dazomet: fumigant for poultry litter & eggs to control salmonella; structure. dazomet : A dithiocarbamic ester that is 1,3,5-thiadiazinane with a thione moiety at position 2 and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogens are replaced by methyl groups. A fungicide, herbicide and nematicide, it is used prior to sowing or planting for the control of soil fungi, nematodes, bacteria and germinating weeds, and as fumigant for poultry litter and eggs to control Salmonella. It is a non-ozone-depleting alternative to methyl bromide.	2.51	2	0	dithiocarbamic ester; thiadiazinane	antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical; herbicide; nematicide
diperodon diperodon: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.6	1	0	carbamate ester
dicyclohexylcarbodiimide 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide : A carbodiimide compound having a cyclohexyl substituent on both nitrogen atoms.	2.13	1	0	carbodiimide	ATP synthase inhibitor; cross-linking reagent; peptide coupling reagent
aminoacetonitrile Aminoacetonitrile: Cyanomethylamine.	5.74	10	2
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	3.85	10	0	dialdehyde	biomarker
lucanthone hydrochloride Schistosomicides: Agents that act systemically to kill adult schistosomes.	3.06	1	0
resazurin resazurin: used as indicator in detection of hyposulfite (sulfoxylate); in food research (reductase test); structure	2.07	1	0	phenoxazine
neutral red Neutral Red: A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.. neutral red : A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of neutral red with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Neutral red acts as a pH indicator, changing from red to yellow between pH 6.8 and 8.0.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	acid-base indicator; dye; two-colour indicator
malachite green malachite green: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. malachite green : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of malachite green cation. Used as a green-coloured dye, as a counter-stain in histology, and for its anti-fungal properties in aquaculture.	2.03	1	0	organic chloride salt	antibacterial agent; antifungal drug; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; fluorochrome; histological dye; teratogenic agent
3-hydroxyflavone 3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.	2.31	1	0	flavonols; monohydroxyflavone
allethrins Allethrins: Synthetic analogs of the naturally occurring insecticides cinerin, jasmolin, and pyrethrin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	3.3	6	0	cyclopropanecarboxylate ester	pyrethroid ester insecticide
diphenylamine Diphenylamine: In humans it may be irritating to mucous membranes. Methemoglobinemia has been produced experimentally. In veterinary use, it is one of active ingredients in topical agents for prevention and treatment of screwworm infestation. An indicator in tests for nitrate poisoning.. diphenylamine : An aromatic amine containing two phenyl substituents. It has been used as a fungicide for the treatment of superficial scald in apples and pears, but is no longer approved for this purpose within the European Union.	3.47	2	0	aromatic amine; bridged diphenyl fungicide; secondary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical; antioxidant; carotogenesis inhibitor; EC 1.3.99.29 [phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming)] inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
2-tridecanone tridecan-2-one : A methyl ketone that is tridecane in which the methylene hydrogens at position 2 are replaced by an oxo group.	2.15	1	0	methyl ketone	flavouring agent; plant metabolite
megestrol acetate [no description available]	2.6	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; steroid ester	antineoplastic agent; appetite enhancer; contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
alpha-naphthoflavone alpha-naphthoflavone: inhibits P4501A1 and P4501A2; stimulates some activities of P4503A4. alpha-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the h side of flavone. A synthetic compound, it is an inhibitor of aromatase (EC 1.14.14.14).	2.31	1	0	extended flavonoid; naphtho-gamma-pyrone; organic heterotricyclic compound	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonist; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	2.6	1	0	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
c.i. 42510 Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.	2.03	1	0
erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	7.44	12	2	cyclic ketone; erythromycin
phosmet Phosmet: An organothiophosphorus insecticide that has been used to control pig mange.	1.97	1	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide; phthalimides	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
hydroxychloroquine sulfate [no description available]	2.6	1	0
levonorgestrel Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.	2.54	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	contraceptive drug; female contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
bunamidine bunamidine: veterinary anti-platyhelmintic agent used for taenia infestations; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line & Index Medicus search AMIDINES (75-85); RN given refers to parent cpd	2.39	2	0
ethambutol Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.	2.6	1	0	ethanolamines; ethylenediamine derivative	antitubercular agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
dimethoxon dimethoxon: pesticide	2.03	1	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
metformin hydrochloride metformin hydrochloride : A hydrochloride resulting from the reaction of metformin with one molar equivalent of hydrogen chloride.	2.6	1	0	hydrochloride	environmental contaminant; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
4-dimethylaminopyridine 4-dimethylaminopyridine: catalyst for acetylation of hydroxy cpds; structure	2.13	1	0	dialkylarylamine; tertiary amino compound
carmine Carmine: Coloring matter from the insect Coccus cacti L. It is used in foods, pharmaceuticals, toiletries, etc., as a dye, and also has use as a microscopic stain and biological marker.	2.25	1	0
sodium hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.08	1	0	alkali metal hydroxide
antimycin a [no description available]	2.6	1	0	benzamides; formamides; macrodiolide; phenols	antifungal agent; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; piscicide
vancomycin Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.	4.7	4	0	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	3.49	7	0	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
naftalofos naftalofos: structure	5.19	3	1	organic heterotricyclic compound	anthelminthic drug
nitroxinil Nitroxinil: Proposed anthelmintic for fasciola and liver fluke infestations.	4.09	3	1
5,5'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridyl 5,5'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridyl: structure in first source	2.6	1	0	bipyridines
dichlorobenzyl alcohol 2,4-dichlorobenzyl alcohol : A member of the class of benzyl alcohols that is benzyl alcohol in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 4 are replaced by chlorines.	2.6	1	0	benzyl alcohols; dichlorobenzene	antiseptic drug
stearylamine stearylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. octadecan-1-amine : An 18-carbon primary aliphatic amine.	2.21	1	0	primary aliphatic amine	film-forming compound
tetrachloroisophthalonitrile tetrachloroisophthalonitrile: structure. chlorothalonil : A dinitrile that is benzene-1,3-dicarbonitrile substituted by four chloro groups. A non-systemic fungicide first introduced in the 1960s, it is used to control a range of diseases in a wide variety of crops.	2.52	2	0	aromatic fungicide; dinitrile; tetrachlorobenzene	antifungal agrochemical
paraquat Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.	2.31	1	0	organic cation	geroprotector; herbicide
s,n,n'-tripropylthiocarbamate Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.. vernolate : A monounsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of vernolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	2	1	0	tertiary amine
amiloride Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.	2.03	1	0	aromatic amine; guanidines; organochlorine compound; pyrazines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
dexamethasone isonicotinate Dexamethasone Isonicotinate: An anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic glucocorticoid that can be administered orally, by inhalation, locally, and parenterally. It may cause water and salt retention.	2.01	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
oxyclozanide Oxyclozanide: Anthelmintic used in grazing animals for fasciola and cestode infestations.	2.6	1	0
phenthoate, (+-)-isomer phenthoate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. phenthoate : An organic thiophosphate that is ethyl mandelate in which the hydroxy group has been replaced by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanediyl group.	2.11	1	0	ethyl ester; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
stavudine Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase	2.6	1	0	dihydrofuran; nucleoside analogue; organic molecular entity	antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate: acrylate derivative found in ultraviolet curing inks; structure in 1st source	2.17	1	0	carbonyl compound
sabinene sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.	3.84	11	0	thujene	plant metabolite
dithiothreitol 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.	2.72	2	0	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol; butanediols; dithiol; glycol; thiol	chelator; human metabolite; reducing agent
chlorophacinone chlorophacinone: structure	2.13	1	0	beta-triketone; diarylmethane
streptomycin [no description available]	2.71	3	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; antibiotic fungicide; streptomycins	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; antimicrobial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
dideoxyadenosine Dideoxyadenosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is an inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal side effect is nephrotoxicity. In vivo, dideoxyadenosine is rapidly metabolized to DIDANOSINE (ddI) by enzymatic deamination; ddI is then converted to dideoxyinosine monophosphate and ultimately to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, the putative active metabolite.	2.6	1	0	adenosines; purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.1 (adenylate cyclase) inhibitor
floxacillin Floxacillin: Antibiotic analog of CLOXACILLIN.. flucloxacillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido] side-chain.	2.03	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
vidarabine adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.	2.6	1	0	beta-D-arabinoside; purine nucleoside	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; nucleoside antibiotic
limonene Limonene: A naturally-occurring class of MONOTERPENES which occur as a clear colorless liquid at room temperature. Limonene is the major component in the oil of oranges which has many uses, including as flavor and fragrance. It is recognized as safe in food by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).. limonene : A monoterpene that is cyclohex-1-ene substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4 respectively.	2.6	1	0	cycloalkene; p-menthadiene	human metabolite
3-deazaadenosine 3-deazaadenosine: RN given refers to parent cpd.	2.6	1	0
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	1.99	1	0	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	2.6	1	0	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	2.79	3	0	titanium group element atom
tungsten Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus.	2.06	1	0	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.	3.17	5	0	cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom
chromium Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.	1.98	1	0	chromium group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
zalcitabine Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.. zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase.	2.6	1	0	pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
magnesium sulfate Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.	2.01	1	0	magnesium salt; metal sulfate; organic magnesium salt	anaesthetic; analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; fertilizer; tocolytic agent
mercuric chloride Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.. mercury dichloride : A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.	1.98	1	0	mercury coordination entity	sensitiser
cesium chloride cesium chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. caesium chloride : The inorganic chloride salt of caesium; each caesium ion is coordinated by eight chlorine ions.	1.97	1	0	inorganic caesium salt; inorganic chloride	phase-transfer catalyst; vasoconstrictor agent
ferrous sulfate ferrous sulfate: Ferro-Gradumet is ferrous sulfate in controlled release form; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt. iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 1:1. Various hydrates occur naturally - most commonly the heptahydrate, which loses water to form the tetrahydrate at 57degreeC and the monohydrate at 65degreeC.	1.99	1	0	iron molecular entity; metal sulfate	reducing agent
galactose aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.	2.95	4	0
poloxalene Poloxalene: A copolymer of polyethylene and polypropylene ether glycol. It is a non-ionic polyol surface-active agent used medically as a fecal softener and in cattle for prevention of bloat.. pluronic : A triblock copolymer composed of a central hydrophobic chain of poly(propylene oxide) flanked by two hydrophilic chains of poly(ethylene oxide).	2.07	1	0	epoxide
1,3-dichloro-1-propene 1,3-dichloro-1-propene: soil fumigant; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. 1,3-dichloropropene : A chloropropene with two chloro substituents at positions 1 and 3 respectively..	2.06	1	0
ancitabine Ancitabine: Congener of CYTARABINE that is metabolized to cytarabine and thereby maintains a more constant antineoplastic action.. ancitabine : An organic heterotricyclic compound resulting from the formal condensation of the oxo group of cytidine to the 2' position with loss of water to give the corresponding cyclic ether. A prodrug, it is metabolised to the antineoplastic agent cytarabine, so is used to maintain a more constant antineoplastic action.	2.6	1	0	diol; organic heterotricyclic compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
chloropyramine chloropyramine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.6	1	0	aminopyridine
carbendazim carbendazim: carcinogen when combined with sodium nitrite; principle metabolite of thiophanate methyl & benomyl; structure. carbendazim : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 2-aminobenzimidazole in which the primary amino group is substituted by a methoxycarbonyl group. A fungicide, carbendazim controls Ascomycetes, Fungi Imperfecti, and Basidiomycetes on a wide variety of crops, including bananas, cereals, cotton, fruits, grapes, mushrooms, ornamentals, peanuts, sugarbeet, soybeans, tobacco, and vegetables.	2.05	1	0	benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	antifungal agrochemical; antinematodal drug; metabolite; microtubule-destabilising agent
ammonium chloride Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.	2.39	2	0	ammonium salt; inorganic chloride	ferroptosis inhibitor
melarsonic acid melarsonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.37	2	0
titanium dioxide titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.	2.49	2	0	titanium oxides	food colouring
levamisole Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.	15.36	195	19	6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole	antinematodal drug; antirheumatic drug; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; immunological adjuvant; immunomodulator
carbamothioic acid, s,s'-(2-(dimethylamino)-1,3-propanediyl) ester carbamothioic acid, S,S'-(2-(dimethylamino)-1,3-propanediyl) ester: RN given refers to parent cpd; Padan refers to mono-HCl	2.11	1	0	nereistoxin analogue insecticide
thiamphenicol [no description available]	2.96	4	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfone	antimicrobial agent; immunosuppressive agent
n'-nitrosonornicotine N'-nitrosonornicotine: structure; a potent carcinogen in laboratory animals	2.6	1	0	pyridines; pyrrolidines
danazol Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.	2.13	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	anti-estrogen; estrogen antagonist; geroprotector
clonixin Clonixin: Anti-inflammatory analgesic.. clonixin : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid substituted at position 2 by a (2-methyl-3-chlorophenyl)amino group. Used (as its lysine salt) for treatment of renal colic, muscular pain and moderately severe migraine attacks.	2.4	2	0	aminopyridine; organochlorine compound; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; lipoxygenase inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
geosmin geosmin: earthy smelling cpd from sediment in Lake Biwa; structure. (-)-geosmin : The (-)-stereoisomer of geosmin, having 4S,4aS,8aR configuration.	2.03	1	0	geosmin
iodine [no description available]	2.41	2	0	halide anion; monoatomic iodine	human metabolite
daunorubicin Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.	2.76	3	0	aminoglycoside antibiotic; anthracycline; p-quinones; tetracenequinones	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
fenitrothion Fenitrothion: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.. fenitrothion : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl O-phenyl phosphorothioate substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and a nitro group at position 4.	2.05	1	0	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	2.93	4	0	benzenes; phenyl acetates
4-heptanone 4-heptanone: marker in diabetes mellitus urine. 4-heptanone : A dialkyl ketone that is heptane in which the two methylene protons at position 4 have been replaced by an oxo group.	2.17	1	0	dialkyl ketone	biomarker; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; rat metabolite
isopentyl alcohol isopentyl alcohol: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. isoamylol : An primary alcohol that is butan-1-ol in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a methyl group.	2.17	1	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	antifungal agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; xenobiotic metabolite
pregnanolone Pregnanolone: A pregnane found in the urine of pregnant women and sows. It has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one : The 3alpha-stereoisomer of 3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one.	2.41	2	0	3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid	human metabolite; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative
rafoxanide Rafoxanide: Veterinary anthelmintic for grazing animals; used to treat fluke, hookworm and other infestations.	5.32	13	1
benzonidazole benzonidazole: used in treatment of Chagas' disease. benznidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the aromatic amino group of benzylamine. Used for treatment of Chagas disease.	2.15	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antiprotozoal drug
butachlor butachlor : An aromatic amide that is 2-choro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide in which the amide nitrogen has been replaced by a butoxymethyl group.	2.52	2	0	aromatic amide; organochlorine compound; tertiary carboxamide	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
triazophos triazophos: structure	2.74	3	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; nematicide
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	5.15	44	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
cefazolin Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	1.97	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; tetrazoles; thiadiazoles	antibacterial drug
cambendazole Cambendazole: A nematocide effective against a variety of gastrointestinal parasites in cattle, sheep, and horses.	5.85	7	1
amoscanate amoscanate: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd. amoscanate : An isothiocyanate that is phenyl isothiocyanate in which the hydrogen at the para- position has been replaced by a 4-nitroanilinyl group.	3.47	2	0	C-nitro compound; isothiocyanate; secondary amino compound	schistosomicide drug
amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.	2.72	3	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
timolol (S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.	1.96	1	0	timolol	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist
tramadol Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.. tramadol : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol. A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, used (as the hydrochloride salt) to treat moderately severe pain. The (R,R)-enantiomer exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. Originally developed by Gruenenthal GmbH and launched in 1977, it was subsequently isolated from the root bark of the South African tree Nauclea latifolia.. (R,R)-tramadol : A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have R-configuration; the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer.	3.64	1	1	2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antitussive; capsaicin receptor antagonist; delta-opioid receptor agonist; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; muscarinic antagonist; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; opioid analgesic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
enterobactin [no description available]	3.14	1	0	catechols; crown compound; macrotriolide; polyphenol	bacterial metabolite; siderophore
zidovudine Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.	2.6	1	0	azide; pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
flubendazole flubendazole: the p-fluoro analog of mebendazole. flubendazole : A member of the class of mebendazole in which the benzoyl group is replaced by a p-fluorobenzoyl group. A broad-spectrum anthelmintic, it is used, particularly in veterinary medicine, for the treatment of nematodal infections.	6.41	12	1	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester; organofluorine compound	antinematodal drug; teratogenic agent
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	3.13	5	0	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
amitraz amitraz: ixodicide (tick control); structure. amitraz : A tertiary amino compound that is 1,3,5-triazapenta-1,4-diene substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and 2,4-dimethylphenyl groups at positions 1 and 5.	9.08	21	2	formamidines; tertiary amino compound	acaricide; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
cartazolate cartazolate: structure	1.96	1	0
diflubenzuron Diflubenzuron: An insect growth regulator which interferes with the formation of the insect cuticle. It is effective in the control of mosquitoes and flies.. diflubenzuron : A benzoylurea insecticide that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is replaced bgy a 2,6-difluorobenzoyl group.	4.89	7	1	benzoylurea insecticide; monochlorobenzenes	insect sterilant
ribavirin Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename	7.45	7	1	1-ribosyltriazole; aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
pyridoxal phosphate [no description available]	2.6	1	0	pyridinecarbaldehyde
bupirimate bupirimate : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 2-ethylaminopyrimidine carrying methyl, butyl and dimethylaminosulfooxy substituents at posiitons 4, 5 and 6 respectively.	1.98	1	0	aminopyrimidine; pyrimidine fungicide; secondary amino compound; sulfamate ester	androgen antagonist; antifungal agrochemical
flunixin meglumine flunixin meglumine : An organoammonium salt obtained by combining flunixin with one molar equivalent of 1-deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A relatively potent non-narcotic, nonsteroidal analgesic with anti-inflammatory, anti-endotoxic and anti-pyretic properties; used in veterinary medicine for treatment of horses, cattle and pigs.	2.4	2	0	organoammonium salt	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
amidantel amidantel: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.21	1	0
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.	2.48	2	0	alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
permethrin hemoglobin Atlanta-Coventry: Leu replaced by Pro at beta75 and Leu deleted at beta141	17.1	178	11	cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; cyclopropanes	agrochemical; ectoparasiticide; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide; scabicide
decamethrin decamethrin: pyrethroid insecticide; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	5.94	23	1	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organobromine compound	agrochemical; antifeedant; calcium channel agonist; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; pyrethroid ester insecticide
oxfendazole [no description available]	8.2	44	7	benzimidazoles; carbamate ester; sulfoxide	antinematodal drug
dibutylaminosulfenylcarbofuran dibutylaminosulfenylcarbofuran: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified thio moieties	2.08	1	0	1-benzofurans; carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; nematicide
nitazoxanide nitazoxanide: a 5-nitrothiazolyl derivative used for a broad range of intestinal parasitic infections including CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and GIARDIA; it is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide prodrug	11.22	19	1	benzamides; carboxylic ester
closantel closantel: structure. N-{5-chloro-4-[(4-chlorophenyl)(cyano)methyl]-2-methylphenyl}-2-hydroxy-3,5-diiodobenzamide : An aromatic amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3,5-diiodosalicylic acid with the amino group of aniline substituted at positions 2, 4, and 5 by methyl, (4-chlorophenyl)(cyano)methyl, and methyl groups respectively.. closantel : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-clostanel. An anthelmintic, it is used (as the dihydrate of the sodium salt) in veterinary medicine for the treatment of fluke and nematode infections.	8.31	38	9	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; nitrile; organoiodine compound; phenols
clorsulon clorsulon: potent fasciolicide; structure	6.39	15	3	benzenes; sulfonamide
propiconazole Orbit: Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.	2.84	3	0	conazole fungicide; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; triazole fungicide; triazoles	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
piperacillin Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.	2.49	2	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
paroxetine Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.	2.41	1	0	aromatic ether; benzodioxoles; organofluorine compound; piperidines	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; hepatotoxic agent; P450 inhibitor; serotonin uptake inhibitor
captopril Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.	2.6	1	0	alkanethiol; L-proline derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
oltipraz oltipraz : A 1,2-dithiole that is 3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione substituted at positions 4 and 5 by methyl and pyrazin-2-yl groups respectively.	3.53	2	0	1,2-dithiole; pyrazines	angiogenesis modulating agent; antimutagen; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; neurotoxin; protective agent; schistosomicide drug
fenpropathrin, (+-)-isomer fenpropathrin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. fenpropathrin : A cyclopropanecarboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation between 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.	3.5	7	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester	agrochemical; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
cyromazine cyromazine: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.43	7	0	triamino-1,3,5-triazine	mouse metabolite; triazine insecticide
triclabendazole [no description available]	6.39	11	4	aromatic ether
fiacitabine fiacitabine: anti-herpes virus agent which also inhibits growth of certain human tumor cell lines in vitro.	2.6	1	0
buprofezin buprofezin: tradename - Applaud; used for the control of homopterous insect pests; structure given in first source. (E)-buprofezin : A 2-(tert-butylimino)-5-phenyl-3-(propan-2-yl)-1,3,5-thiadiazinan-4-one in which the C=N double bond has E configuration.. buprofezin : A 2-(tert-butylimino)-5-phenyl-3-(propan-2-yl)-1,3,5-thiadiazinan-4-one in which the C=N double bond has Z configuration.	2.01	1	0	thiadiazinane; ureas
lovastatin Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).	3.58	2	0	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	anticholesteremic drug; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; prodrug
fluroxypyr methylheptyl ester fluroxypyr methylheptyl ester: XRM-5084 is made up of 34.9% fluroxypyr methylheptyl ester and 65.1% proprietary emulsifier; used for the control of broadleaf vegetation	2.31	1	0
mifepristone Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.	4.47	3	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	abortifacient; contraceptive drug; hormone antagonist; synthetic oral contraceptive
itraconazole Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.	7.69	7	1	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; N-arylpiperazine; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
ranolazine Ranolazine: An acetanilide and piperazine derivative that functions as a SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and prevents the release of enzymes during MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA. It is used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS.. N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. ranolazine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-ranolazine. Used for treatment of chronic angina.	2.6	1	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; monomethoxybenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; secondary alcohol
brequinar brequinar : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline substituted by 2'-fluoro[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl, methyl, carboxy and fluoro groups at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6, respectively. It is an inhibitor of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, an enzyme that is required for de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. The compound exhibits antineoplastic and antiviral properties.	2.6	1	0	biphenyls; monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; EC 1.3.5.2 [dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor
imiquimod Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.	2.6	1	0	imidazoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; interferon inducer
adefovir adefovir: inhibitor of African swine fever virus. adefovir(1-) : A organophosphonate oxoanion obtained by removal of a proton from the phosphonate group of adefovir, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).. adefovir : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)ethoxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(t-butoxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (dipivoxil ester) prodrug is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.	2.6	1	0	6-aminopurines; ether; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; drug metabolite; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; nephrotoxic agent
cidofovir anhydrous Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.	3.68	2	0	phosphonic acids; pyrimidone	anti-HIV agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; photosensitizing agent
marbofloxacin [no description available]	2.11	1	0	quinolines
topotecan Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.. topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks.	2.04	1	0	pyranoindolizinoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
celgosivir celgosivir: inhibits glycoprotein processing & the growth of HIVs	2.6	1	0
gemcitabine gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.	2.6	1	0	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
aripiprazole Aripiprazole: A piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent. It is a partial agonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT1A and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS, where it also functions as a post-synaptic antagonist, and an antagonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT2A. It is used for the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER, and as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of depression.. aripiprazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders.	2.15	1	0	aromatic ether; delta-lactam; dichlorobenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone	drug metabolite; H1-receptor antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic agonist
atorvastatin [no description available]	2.31	1	0	aromatic amide; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrroles; statin (synthetic)	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
lamivudine [no description available]	2.6	1	0	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; oxacycle; primary alcohol	allergen; anti-HBV agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; prodrug
valsartan Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.	2.6	1	0	biphenylyltetrazole; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
zanamivir Zanamivir: A guanido-neuraminic acid that is used to inhibit NEURAMINIDASE.	2.6	1	0	guanidines	antiviral agent; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor
adefovir dipivoxil bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine: structure given in first source. adefovir pivoxil : An organic phosphonate that is the dipivoxil ester of adefovir. A prodrug for adefovir, an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, adefovir pivoxil is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.	2.6	1	0	6-aminopurines; carbonate ester; ether; organic phosphonate	antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; nephrotoxic agent; prodrug
emtricitabine Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.	2.6	1	0	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidone	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	2.37	2	0	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
octyl gallate [no description available]	2.6	1	0	gallate ester	food antioxidant; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
vanadates Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.	2.01	1	0	trivalent inorganic anion; vanadium oxoanion	EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
trazodone hydrochloride Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.	2.49	2	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
efavirenz efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.	2.51	2	0	acetylenic compound; benzoxazine; cyclopropanes; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nelfinavir Nelfinavir: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children.. nelfinavir : An aryl sulfide that is used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of HIV and also exhibits some anticancer properties.	2.47	2	0	aryl sulfide; benzamides; organic heterobicyclic compound; phenols; secondary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; HIV protease inhibitor
betulinic acid [no description available]	2.6	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-HIV agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; plant metabolite
arctigenin arctigenin: precursor to catechols; in many plants	3.01	2	0	lignan
baicalin [no description available]	2.6	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative	antiatherosclerotic agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite; prodrug
plerixafor plerixafor: a bicyclam derivate, highly potent & selective inhibitor of HIV-1 & HIV-2. plerixafor : An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma.	2.6	1	0	azacycloalkane; azamacrocycle; benzenes; crown amine; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anti-HIV agent; antineoplastic agent; C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 antagonist; immunological adjuvant
amprenavir [no description available]	2.47	2	0	carbamate ester; sulfonamide; tetrahydrofuryl ester	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
oseltamivir Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.	4.88	4	0	acetamides; amino acid ester; cyclohexenecarboxylate ester; primary amino compound	antiviral drug; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; prodrug; xenobiotic
allicin [no description available]	2.6	1	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; sulfoxide	antibacterial agent
5-methylcytosine 5-Methylcytosine: A methylated nucleotide base found in eukaryotic DNA. In ANIMALS, the DNA METHYLATION of CYTOSINE to form 5-methylcytosine is found primarily in the palindromic sequence CpG. In PLANTS, the methylated sequence is CpNpGp, where N can be any base.. 5-methylcytosine : A pyrimidine that is a derivative of cytosine, having a methyl group at the 5-position.	2.1	1	0	methylcytosine; pyrimidines	human metabolite
epigallocatechin gallate epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.	2.66	2	0	flavans; gallate ester; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
fluorexon fluorexon: structure	2.42	2	0	xanthene dye	fluorochrome
3-hydroxynorvaline 3-hydroxynorvaline: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. 3-hydroxynorvaline : A non-proteinogenic amino-acid derivative that is norvaline (2-aminopentanoic acid) in which a hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a hydroxy group.	1.98	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative
1,2,3,4,6-pentakis-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose pentagalloylglucose: pentahydroxy gallic acid ester of glucose; a phytogenic antineoplastic agent and antibacterial agent. 1,2,3,4,6-pentakis-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose : A galloyl-beta-D-glucose compound having five galloyl groups in the 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- and 6-positions.	2.6	1	0	gallate ester; galloyl beta-D-glucose	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite; radiation protective agent; radical scavenger
cephalotaxine [no description available]	2.6	1	0	benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent; benzazepine alkaloid; cyclic acetal; enol ether; organic heteropentacyclic compound; secondary alcohol; tertiary amino compound
desipramine hydrochloride desipramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of desipramine.	2.6	1	0	hydrochloride	drug allergen
mefloquine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.6	1	0	hydrochloride
sinefungin [no description available]	2.37	2	0	adenosines; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent
cephalosporin c cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.	2.71	3	0	cephalosporin	fungal metabolite
fluazuron fluazuron: a benzoyl phenylurea compound; ACATAK (tradename) is a pour-on tick development inhibitor containing fluazuron as its active ingredient. fluazuron : An N-acylurea that is urea in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a 3,6-difluorobenzoyl group, while a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen has been replaced by a 4-chloro-3-{[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]oxy}phenyl group. It is used to control ticks in cattle.	5.32	6	2	aromatic ether; chloropyridine; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylurea; organochlorine acaricide; organofluorine acaricide; phenylureas	acaricide; mite growth regulator
aloxistatin aloxistatin: a membrane-permeable cysteine protease inhibitor. aloxistatin : An L-leucine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2S,3S)-3-(ethoxycarbonyl)oxirane-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of N-(3-methylbutyl)-L-leucinamide.	2.6	1	0	epoxide; ethyl ester; L-leucine derivative; monocarboxylic acid amide	anticoronaviral agent; cathepsin B inhibitor
propazole propazole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.6	1	0	benzimidazoles
prulifloxacin prulifloxacin: structure given in first source	2.6	1	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolone antibiotic
melarsomine melarsomine: structure given in first source	5.04	9	1
telmisartan Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.	2.6	1	0	benzimidazoles; biphenyls; carboxybiphenyl	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
bergenin bergenin: RN refers to (2R-(2alpha,3beta,4alpha,4aalpha,10bbeta))-isomer; structure	2.6	1	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid	metabolite
trenbolone acetate Trenbolone Acetate: An anabolic steroid used mainly as an anabolic agent in veterinary practice.	3.39	1	1	steroid ester
methyridine methyridine: veterinary anthelmintic & nematocide; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line & Index Medicus search PYRIDINES (75-85)	2	1	0	pyridines
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	4.44	19	0	1,2,3-triazole
toltrazuril toltrazuril: structure in first source	3	4	0	aromatic ether
fluorodeoxyglucose f18 Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)	2.13	1	0	2-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose; 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
zoledronic acid Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.	2.6	1	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); imidazoles	bone density conservation agent
climazolam climazolam: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
artemisinin (+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.	4.26	16	0	organic peroxide; sesquiterpene lactone	antimalarial; plant metabolite
brinzolamide brinzolamide: an antiglaucoma agent	2.6	1	0	sulfonamide; thienothiazine	antiglaucoma drug; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
artemether Artemether: An artemisinin derivative that is used in the treatment of MALARIA.. artemether : An artemisinin derivative that is artemisinin in which the lactone has been converted to the corresponding lactol methyl ether. It is used in combination with lumefantrine as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.	2.05	1	0	artemisinin derivative; cyclic acetal; organic peroxide; semisynthetic derivative; sesquiterpenoid	antimalarial
5-nitrouracil 5-nitrouracil: prevents thymidine degradation. 5-nitrouracil : A C-nitro compound consisting of uracil having a nitro group at the 5-position.	2.25	1	0	C-nitro compound
5-hydroxymethylcytosine 5-(hydroxymethyl)cytosine : A nucleobase analogue that is cytosine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by a hydroxymethyl group.	2.1	1	0	aminopyrimidine; aromatic primary alcohol; nucleobase analogue; pyrimidone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dipropylacetamide dipropylacetamide: structure. valpromide : A fatty amide derived from valproic acid.	2.6	1	0	fatty amide	geroprotector; metabolite; teratogenic agent
oxprenolol hydrochloride [no description available]	2.6	1	0
enrofloxacin Enrofloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial and antimycoplasma agent that is used in veterinary practice.. enrofloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 4, a fluoro group at position 6, a cyclopropyl group at position 1 and a 4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 7. It is a veterinary antibacterial agent used for the treatment of pets.	2.46	2	0	cyclopropanes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent
ethofenprox ethofenprox: synthetic pyrethroid for insecticidal efficacy against mosquito larvae & on non-target organisms. etofenprox : An aromatic ether that is the 3-phenoxybenzyl ether of 2-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-2-methylpropan-1-ol.	2.11	1	0	aromatic ether	pyrethroid ether insecticide
danofloxacin [no description available]	4.74	3	2	quinolines
netobimin netobimin: structure given in first source	3.09	5	0
azamethiphos [no description available]	2.81	3	0	organic thiophosphate; organochlorine acaricide; organochlorine insecticide; organothiophosphate insecticide	agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
opipramol hydrochloride [no description available]	2.6	1	0
moroxydine [no description available]	2.6	1	0	biguanides
fluphenacur fluphenacur: RN given refers to parent cpd	5.21	3	1	aromatic ether; benzoylurea insecticide; dichlorobenzene; N-acylurea; organofluorine compound
olaquindox olaquindox: used in prevention of swine dysentary; growth promoting additive in pig feed; structure	2.4	2	0	quinoxaline derivative
epsiprantel epsiprantel: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	3.08	1	0
thioxolone tioxolone : A 1,3-benzoxathiole having a hydroxy substituent at the 6-position.	2.6	1	0	benzoxathiole	antiseborrheic
honokiol [no description available]	2.6	1	0	biphenyls
nobiletin nobiletin : A methoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 5, 6, 7, 8, 3' and 4' respectively.	2.6	1	0	methoxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
lycorine lycorine: from bulbs of LYCORIS & other plants; RN given refers to (1 alpha,2 beta)-isomer; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5444. lycorine : An indolizidine alkaloid that is 3,12-didehydrogalanthan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions and 2 and a methylenedioxy group across positions 9 and 10. Isolated from Crinum asiaticum, it has been shown to exhibit antimalarial activity.	2.6	1	0	indolizidine alkaloid	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; plant metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
leupeptin [no description available]	2.6	1	0	aldehyde; tripeptide	bacterial metabolite; calpain inhibitor; cathepsin B inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.4 (trypsin) inhibitor; serine protease inhibitor
tetrandrine tetrandrine: a bisbenzylisoquinoline that exhibits antifibrogenic activity	2.6	1	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines
calpeptin [no description available]	2.6	1	0	amino acid amide
fangchinoline [no description available]	2.6	1	0	aromatic ether; bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; macrocycle	anti-HIV-1 agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
maslinic acid (2Alpha,3beta)-2,3-dihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid: from Luehea divaricata and Agrimonia eupatoria	2.6	1	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
prochloraz Mirage: a feldspathic porcelain that can be etched & bonded to the tooth. prochloraz : A member of the class of ureas that is 1H-imidazole-1-carboxamide substituted by a propyl and a 2-(2,4,6-trichlorophenoxy)ethyl group at the amino nitrogen atom. A fungicide active against a wide range of diseases affecting field crops, fruit, turf and vegetables.	2.25	1	0	amide fungicide; aromatic ether; conazole fungicide; imidazole fungicide; imidazoles; trichlorobenzene; ureas	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
atovaquone Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.	2.6	1	0	hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
benzophenone-3,3',4,4'-tetracarboxylic acid benzophenone-3,3',4,4'-tetracarboxylic acid: photoradicals of above cpd are active in reduction of methemoglobin	2.21	1	0
albendazole sulfoxide albendazole sulfoxide: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	9.34	15	7	sulfoxide
clarithromycin Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.	2.25	1	0	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; protein synthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic
tebuconazole Lynx: A genus in the family FELIDAE comprising felines with long legs, ear tufts, and a short tail.. 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)pentan-3-ol : A tertiary alcohol that is pentan-3-ol substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl, methyl, methyl, and a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl at positions 1, 4, 4 and 3 respectively.. tebuconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tebuconazole. A fungicide effective against various smut and bunt diseases in cereals and other field crops.	2.25	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; tertiary alcohol; triazoles
4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-phenyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)butanenitrile fenbuconazole: fenbuconazole is a formulant in the fungicide Enable; structure in first source. fenbuconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fenbuconazole. A fungicide used to control a range of diseases including powdery mildew, black rot and scab.. 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-phenyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)butanenitrile : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1-chloro-4-(3-phenylpropyl)benzene substituted at position 3 of the propyl moiety by cyano and 1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl groups.	2.21	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; nitrile; triazoles
difenoconazole difenoconazole : A member of the class of dioxolanes that is 1,3-dioxolane substituted at position 2 by 2-chloro-4-(4-chlorophenoxy)phenyl and 1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl groups. A broad spectrum fungicide with novel broad-range activity used as a spray or seed treatment. It is moderately toxic to humans, mammals, birds and most aquatic organisms.	3.71	8	0	aromatic ether; conazole fungicide; cyclic ketal; dioxolane; triazole fungicide; triazoles	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
4-chloro-n-((4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl)methyl)-3-ethyl-1-methyl-1h-pyrazole-5-carboxamide [no description available]	2.46	2	0	pyrazole acaricide; pyrazole insecticide	mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
coenzyme a [no description available]	2.44	2	0	adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate	coenzyme; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
loganin [no description available]	2.6	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; cyclopentapyran; enoate ester; iridoid monoterpenoid; methyl ester; monosaccharide derivative; secondary alcohol	anti-inflammatory agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.23.46 (memapsin 2) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	2.45	2	0	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
nsc-172755 butocin: S-substituted analog of mercaptopurine which functions as a cytostatic agent; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line search 6-MERCAPTOPURINE/AA (75-84); Index Medicus search MERCAPTOPURINE/analogs (75-84)	4.33	4	1
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	2.43	2	0	iditol	fungal metabolite
moexipril [no description available]	2.6	1	0	peptide
aucubin [no description available]	2.6	1	0	organic molecular entity	metabolite
catalpol [no description available]	2.6	1	0	organic molecular entity	metabolite
alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate: do not confuse with beta,gamma-methylene ATP; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.95	4	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
penconazole penconazole: structure given in first source. penconazole : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-penconazole. A fungicide used to control powdery mildew, scab and other pathogenic Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)pentyl]1,2,4-triazole : A member of the classof triazoles that is 1,2,4-triazole substituted at position 1 by a 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)pentyl group.	2.53	2	0	dichlorobenzene; triazoles
chlorfluazuron chlorfluazuron: chitin synthesis inhibitor	2.76	3	0	benzoylurea insecticide; dichlorobenzene; organochlorine insecticide; organofluorine insecticide
teflubenzuron teflubenzuron: effective against development of house fly larvae (Musca domestica). teflubenzuron : A N-acylurea that is N-carbamoyl-2,6-difluorobenzamide substituted by a 3,5-dichloro-2,4-difluorophenyl group at the terminal nitrogen atom.	5.17	10	1	dichlorobenzene; difluorobenzene; N-acylurea	environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
hexafluoron hexafluoron: insect growth regulator against mosquito larva; the active agent in Sonet, a Russian product, is hexaflumuron. hexaflumuron : An N-acylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a 2,6-difluorobenzoyl group, while a hycrogen attached to the other nitorgen is replaced by a 3,5-dichloro-4-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)phenyl group.	2.52	2	0	aromatic ether; benzoylurea insecticide; dichlorobenzene; N-acylurea; organochlorine insecticide; organofluorine insecticide
pyriproxyfen pyriproxyfen: an insect growth regulator; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. pyriproxyfen : An aromatic ether that consists of propylene glycol having a 2-pyridyl group at the O-1 position and a 4-phenoxyphenyl group at the O-3 position.	2.79	3	0	aromatic ether; pyridines	juvenile hormone mimic
pyridaben [no description available]	2.88	3	0	organochlorine acaricide; organochlorine insecticide; pyridazinone	mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
tebufenozide tebufenozide: structure given in first source. tebufenozide : A carbohydrazide that is hydrazine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by tert-butyl, 3,5-dimethylbenzoyl and 4-ethylbenzoyl groups respectively. It is an insecticide used widely against caterpillars.	2.8	3	0	carbohydrazide	ecdysone agonist; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
chlorfenapyr chlorfenapyr: an experimental pour-on formulation, a new generation pyrethroid available to producers. chlorfenapyr : A member of the class of pyrroles that is 4-bromo-1H-pyrrole-3-carbonitrile which is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by ethoxymethyl, p-chlorophenyl and trifluoromethyl groups, respectively. A proinsecticide used for termite control and crop protection against several insects and mite pests.	3.52	7	0	hemiaminal ether; monochlorobenzenes; nitrile; organochlorine acaricide; organochlorine insecticide; organofluorine acaricide; organofluorine insecticide; pyrroles	proacaricide; proinsecticide
isometamidium chloride isometamidium chloride: Samorin & Veridium are tradenames	1.97	1	0	organic molecular entity
lekoptin (S)-verapamil : A 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile that has S configuration.	2.6	1	0	2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile
lopinavir [no description available]	11.55	18	1	amphetamines; dicarboxylic acid diamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
novaluron novaluron: insecticide	2.74	3	0	aromatic ether; benzoylurea insecticide; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound
glucuronic acid Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.	2.79	3	0	D-glucuronic acid	algal metabolite
diosgenin [no description available]	2.21	1	0	3beta-sterol; hexacyclic triterpenoid; sapogenin; spiroketal	antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; metabolite
foxes Foxes: Any of several carnivores in the family CANIDAE, that possess erect ears and long bushy tails and are smaller than WOLVES. They are classified in several genera and found on all continents except Antarctica.	3.23	6	0
n-methyladenosine N-methyladenosine: is a inhibitor of cell differentiation. N(6)-methyladenosine : A methyladenosine compound with one methyl group attached to N(6) of the adenine nucleobase.	2.6	1	0	methyladenosine
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	3.81	2	1	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid: structure in first source	1.99	1	0	polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
tert-butylbicyclophosphorothionate tert-butylbicyclophosphorothionate: binds to GABA & ion recognition sites; structure given in first source	2.88	4	0	organic thiophosphate
alphaxalone alphaxalone: RN given refers to (3alpha,5alpha)-isomer; structure	2.21	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
bicuculline methiodide [no description available]	1.97	1	0
cyfluthrin cyfluthrin: effective against mosquitoes. cyfluthrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and (4-fluoro-3-phenoxyphenyl)(hydroxy)acetonitrile.	2.79	3	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; pyrethroid ester insecticide
1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1h-imidazole 1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1H-imidazole: inhibits platelet aggregation & Ca2+ entry into platelets. SKF-96365 free base : An ether that is 2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been substituted by a 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propyl group.	2.05	1	0	ether; imidazoles; monomethoxybenzene	TRP channel blocker
methoxyfenozide methoxyfenozide: structure in first source. methoxyfenozide : A carbohydrazide that is hydrazine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by 3-methoxy-2-methylbenzoyl, 3,5-dimethylbenzoyl, and tert-butyl groups respectively.	2.58	2	0	carbohydrazide; monomethoxybenzene	environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
artesunic acid [no description available]	4.08	3	0
cyanates Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).	2.21	1	0
beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester: isolated from brain tissue & urine; extremely potent displacer of diazepam from brain benzodiazepam receptors; structure in first source	2.36	2	0	beta-carbolines
thiamethoxam Thiamethoxam: A nitro-oxazine and thiazole derivative that is used as a broad spectrum neonicotinoid insecticide.. thiamethoxam : An oxadiazane that is tetrahydro-N-nitro-4H-1,3,5-oxadiazin-4-imine bearing (2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl and methyl substituents at positions 3 and 5 respectively.	3.35	6	0	1,3-thiazoles; 2-nitroguanidine derivative; organochlorine compound; oxadiazane	antifeedant; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; xenobiotic
sivelestat sivelestat: inhibitor of neutrophil elastase; structure given in first source	2.6	1	0	N-acylglycine; pivalate ester
indoxacarb indoxacarb: oxadiazine insecticide; structure in first source. insecticide : Strictly, a substance intended to kill members of the class Insecta. In common usage, any substance used for preventing, destroying, repelling or controlling insects.	4.35	18	0	methyl ester; organochlorine insecticide	voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
pyronaridine [no description available]	2.82	2	0	aminoquinoline
geniposide [no description available]	2.6	1	0	terpene glycoside
procyanidin Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.	4.2	3	1	proanthocyanidin
sr 95531 [no description available]	2.43	2	0	methoxybenzenes
cl 218872 CL 218872: shows specific action on benzodiazepine receptors; structure	1.96	1	0	pyridazines; ring assembly
daidzin daidzin: a potent, selective, and reversible inhibitor of human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase. daidzein 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is daidzein attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. It is used in the treatment of alcohol dependency (antidipsotropic).	2.6	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside; hydroxyisoflavone; monosaccharide derivative	plant metabolite
rh 3421 RH 3421: structure given in first source with one nitrogen missing a hydrogen atom	1.98	1	0
florfenicol florfenicol: structure given in first source. florfenicol : A carboxamide that is the N-dichloroacetyl derivative of (1R,2S)-2-amino-3-fluoro-1-[4-(methanesulfonyl)phenyl]propan-1-ol. A synthetic veterinary antibiotic that is used for treatment of bovine respiratory disease and foot rot; also used in aquaculture.	2.77	3	0	organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; secondary alcohol; secondary carboxamide; sulfone	antimicrobial agent
tert-butylbicyclo-2-benzoate tert-butylbicyclo-2-benzoate: structure given in first source; RN given refers to tritium-labeled cpd	1.98	1	0
3'-o-(4-benzoyl)benzoyladenosine 5'-triphosphate 3'-O-(4-benzoyl)benzoyladenosine 5'-triphosphate: purinergic receptors agonist; structure given in first source	2.46	2	0	purine ribonucleoside triphosphate
1-(4-ethynylphenyl)-4-propyl-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo(2.2.2)octane 1-(4-ethynylphenyl)-4-propyl-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo(2.2.2)octane: GABA(A) receptor ligand for autoradiography	2.4	2	0
thiacloprid thiacloprid: structure in first source. (Z)-thiacloprid : The (Z)-stereoisomer of thiacloprid.. thiacloprid : A nitrile that is cyanamide in which the hydrogens are replaced by a 1,3-thiazolidin-2-ylidene group which in turn is substituted by a (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl group at the ring nitrogen.	2.11	1	0	monochloropyridine; nitrile; thiazolidines	environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; xenobiotic
sophocarpine [no description available]	2.6	1	0
marimastat marimastat: a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor active in patients with advanced carcinoma of the pancreas, prostate, or ovary. marimastat : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the foraml condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[(1S)-1-hydroxy-2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the alpha-amino group of N,3-dimethyl-L-valinamide.	2.6	1	0	hydroxamic acid; secondary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
elacridar Elacridar: inhibitor of MDR1 PROTEIN; structure given in first source	2.82	2	0
n-iodosuccinimide [no description available]	2.02	1	0	dicarboximide; pyrrolidinone
piperaquine piperaquine : An aminoquinoline that is 1,3-di(piperazin-1-yl)propane in which the nitrogen at position 4 of each of the piperazine moieties is replaced by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group.	6.96	7	2	aminoquinoline; N-arylpiperazine; organochlorine compound	antimalarial
celastrol [no description available]	2.6	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; metabolite
imatinib mesylate imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.	4.62	3	0	methanesulfonate salt	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
tazobactam Tazobactam: A penicillanic acid and sulfone derivative and potent BETA-LACTAMASE inhibitor that enhances the activity of other anti-bacterial agents against beta-lactamase producing bacteria.. tazobactam : A member of the class of penicillanic acids that is sulbactam in which one of the exocyclic methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1,2,3-triazol-1-yl group; used (in the form of its sodium salt) in combination with ceftolozane sulfate for treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections and complicated urinary tract infections.	2.49	2	0	penicillanic acids; triazoles	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
n-(n-(3-carboxyoxirane-2-carbonyl)leucyl)isoamylamine N-(N-(3-carboxyoxirane-2-carbonyl)leucyl)isoamylamine: inhibits calcium-activated neutral protease; see also record for E-64; RN given refers to (2-S-(2alpha,3beta)(R*)-isomer)	2.6	1	0	leucine derivative
vadimezan vadimezan : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 5,6-dimethyl-9-oxoxanthen-4-yl group.	2.6	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; xanthones	antineoplastic agent
e 64 E 64: cysteine protease inhibitor of microbial origin, which inhibits cathepsin B (EC 3.4.22.1) and cathepsin L (EC 3.4.22.-)	2.6	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoamide; epoxy monocarboxylic acid; guanidines; L-leucine derivative; zwitterion	antimalarial; antiparasitic agent; protease inhibitor
glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate: do not confuse with phosphatidylinositols which have fatty acids esterified at the C-1 and C-2 hydroxyl groups of glycerol	2.15	1	0
methotrexate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
s,s'-(2-(dimethylamino)-1,3-propanediyl)thiosulfuric acid ester S,S'-(2-(dimethylamino)-1,3-propanediyl)thiosulfuric acid ester: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source. thiosultap : A nereistoxin analogue insecticide that is 2-(dimethylamino)propane-1,3-dithiol with both sulfhydryls bearing sulfate groups.	2.1	1	0	nereistoxin analogue insecticide
triclabendazole sulfoxide [no description available]	2.44	2	0
sulbactam [no description available]	2.17	1	0	penicillanic acids
umifenovir umifenovir: an antiviral agent	6.11	4	0	indolyl carboxylic acid
safinamide safinamide: short-acting inhibitor of MOA-B; FCE 26743 is (S)-isomer, FCE 28073 is (R)-isomer; structure in first source	2.6	1	0	amino acid amide
reveromycin a reveromycin A: from an actinomycete strain; structure given in first source; inhibits the mitogenic activity of the epidermal growth factor	3.27	1	0
ilomastat CS 610: matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; structure in first source. ilomastat : An N-acyl-amino acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the amino group of N-methyl-L-tryptophanamide. A cell permeable broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor	2.6	1	0	hydroxamic acid; L-tryptophan derivative; N-acyl-amino acid	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.24.24 (gelatinase A) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
omega-n-methylarginine omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.	1.99	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; arginine derivative; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
3,3-bis(trifluoromethyl)bicyclo(2.2.1)heptane-2,2-dicarbonitrile 3,3-bis(trifluoromethyl)bicyclo(2.2.1)heptane-2,2-dicarbonitrile: a bicyclic dinitrile compound	2	1	0
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	2.72	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
betamethasone-17,21-dipropionate betamethasone-17,21-dipropionate: may also contain chlorocresol (UD 25:22R)	2	1	0
atazanavir atazanavir : A heavily substituted carbohydrazide that is an antiretroviral drug of the protease inhibitor (PI) class used to treat infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).	2.6	1	0	carbohydrazide	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
vx 497 N-3-(3-(3-methoxy-4-oxazol-5-ylphenyl)ureido)benzylcarbamic acid tetrahydrofuran-3-yl ester: structure in first source	2.6	1	0
bcx 1812 [no description available]	2.6	1	0	3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; acetamides; cyclopentanols; guanidines	antiviral drug; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor
naproxen Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.	2.6	1	0	methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
paraherquamide paraherquamide: structure very similar to marcfortine A; RN given refers to the (1'alpha,5'abeta,7'beta,8'abeta,9'abeta)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 6/90	3.79	3	0
atazanavir sulfate Atazanavir Sulfate: An azapeptide and HIV-PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.	2.31	1	0	organic sulfate salt
olmesartan olmesartan: an active metabolite of CS 866	2.6	1	0	biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent
telbivudine [no description available]	2.6	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
celastrol methyl ester celastrol methyl ester: isolated from Tripterygium wilfordii; potent inhibitory activity on both Kir2.1 and ERG1 potassium channels, leading to LONG QT SYNDROME	2.6	1	0	carboxylic ester
pf 1022a PF 1022A: structure given in first source; isolated from Mycelia Sterilia	5.2	3	1	cyclooctadepsipeptide
resiquimod S 28463: structure given in first source	2.9	2	0	imidazoquinoline
centperazine centperazine: bridged deriv of diethylcarbamazine; potential antifilarial cpd	1.97	1	0
ampelopsin ampelopsin: hepatoprotective agent; isolated from Hovenia dulcis; RN given for (2R-trans)-isomer; structure in first source. (+)-dihydromyricetin : An optically active form of dihydromyricetin having (2R,3R)-configuration.	2.31	1	0	dihydromyricetin; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; metabolite
cochlioquinone a cochlioquinone A: from Helminthosporium sativum; competitive inhibitor of ivermectin binding; RN from Chem Abstract Index Guide 1990; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0	oxanes
tanshinone ii a tashinone IIA: a cardiovascular agent with antineoplastic activity; isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza; structure in first source	2.6	1	0	abietane diterpenoid
anacardic acid anacardic acid: isolated from Anacardium occidentale; monophenol monooxygenase inhibitor. anacardic acid : A hydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by a pentadecyl group at position 6. It is a major component of cashew nut shell liquid and exhibits an extensive range of bioactivities.	2.6	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybenzoic acid	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
biotin vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.	2.44	2	0	biotins; vitamin B7	coenzyme; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; prosthetic group; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	2.67	3	0
lignin Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.	3.4	5	0
migalastat migalastat: a potent inhibitor of glycolipid biosynthesis	2.6	1	0	piperidines
erlotinib [no description available]	2.6	1	0	aromatic ether; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; terminal acetylenic compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist; protein kinase inhibitor
organophosphonates hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.	3.18	1	0	divalent inorganic anion; phosphite ion
spirodiclofen spirodiclofen: an acaricide	2.25	1	0	dichlorobenzene; gamma-lactone; organochlorine acaricide; oxaspiro compound
limonin [no description available]	2.6	1	0	epoxide; furans; hexacyclic triterpenoid; lactone; limonoid; organic heterohexacyclic compound	inhibitor; metabolite; volatile oil component
spinosyn d spinosyn D: a macrolide, structure in first source. spinosyn D : A spinosyn in which the sugar amino and hydroxy groups are globally methylated with an additional methyl substituent attached to the tetracyclic skeleton. One of the two active ingredients of spinosad.	2.21	1	0	spinosyn insecticide; spinosyn	pediculicide
scutellarin scutellarin: see scutellarein for aglycone. scutellarin : The glycosyloxyflavone which is the 7-O-glucuronide of scutellarein.	2.6	1	0	glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; proteasome inhibitor
deflazacort deflazacort: structure	2.05	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
valienamine valienamine: intermediate formed by microbial degradation of validamycins; structure given in first source	3.35	1	0
etravirine [no description available]	2.6	1	0	aminopyrimidine; aromatic ether; dinitrile; organobromine compound	antiviral agent; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
chelidonine chelidonine: benzophenanthridine derived from scoulerine from Chelidonium majus; RN given refers to parent cpd (chelidonine, (5bR-(5balpha,6beta,12alpha))-isomer)	2.6	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; alkaloid fundamental parent; benzophenanthridine alkaloid
troleandomycin Troleandomycin: A macrolide antibiotic that is similar to ERYTHROMYCIN.. troleandomycin : A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic obtained by acetylation of the three free hydroxy groups of oleandomycin. Troleandomycin is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.	2	1	0	acetate ester; epoxide; macrolide antibiotic; monosaccharide derivative; polyketide; semisynthetic derivative	EC 1.14.13.97 (taurochenodeoxycholate 6alpha-hydroxylase) inhibitor; xenobiotic
anabasine Anabasine: A piperidine botanical insecticide.. (S)-anabasine : The (S)-enantiomer of anabasine.. anabasine : A pyridine alkaloid that is pyridine substituted by a piperidin-2-yl group at position 3.	2.05	1	0	anabasine
4-n-butylresorcinol 4-n-butylresorcinol: structure in first source	2.6	1	0	resorcinols
prizes acetamiprid: structure in first source. (E)-acetamiprid : The (E)-stereoisomer of acetamiprid.. acetamiprid : A carboxamidine that is acetamidine in which the amino hydrogens are substituted by a (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl and a methyl group while the hydrogen attached to the imino nitrogen is replaced by a cyano group.	3.23	5	0	carboxamidine; monochloropyridine; nitrile	environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; xenobiotic
darunavir Darunavir: An HIV PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of AIDS and HIV INFECTIONS. Due to the emergence of ANTIVIRAL DRUG RESISTANCE when used alone, it is administered in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.. darunavir : An N,N-disubstituted benzenesulfonamide bearing an unsubstituted amino group at the 4-position, used for the treatment of HIV infection. A second-generation HIV protease inhibitor, darunavir was designed to form robust interactions with the protease enzyme from many strains of HIV, including those from treatment-experienced patients with multiple resistance mutations to other protease inhibitors.	2.6	1	0	carbamate ester; furofuran; sulfonamide	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
dapivirine Dapivirine: effectively prevented human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in cocultures of monocyte-derived dendritic cells and T cells, representing primary targets in sexual transmission	2.6	1	0
sorafenib [no description available]	2.41	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas; pyridinecarboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
deoxycholic acid Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.	2.46	2	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human blood serum metabolite
cortisone [no description available]	3.13	1	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
nsc 74859 NSC 74859: inhibits Stat3 binding activity; structure in first source. S3I-201 : An amidobenzoic acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of [(4-methylbenzene-1-sulfonyl)oxy]acetic acid with the amino group of 4-amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid.	2.6	1	0	amidobenzoic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; tosylate ester	STAT3 inhibitor
benzofurans Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.	3.12	5	0
withaferin a withaferin A: an antiestrogen and phytogenic antineoplastic agent isolated from leaves of Withania somnifera Dun.; structure. withaferin A : A withanolide that is 5,6:22,26-diepoxyergosta-2,24-diene-1,26-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 27 (the 4beta,5beta,6beta,22R stereoisomer). Isolated from Physalis longifolia, it exhibits cytotoxic activity.	3.41	1	0	27-hydroxy steroid; 4-hydroxy steroid; delta-lactone; enone; epoxy steroid; ergostanoid; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol; withanolide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer
berbamine [no description available]	2.6	1	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines
homoharringtonine Homoharringtonine: Semisynthetic derivative of harringtonine that acts as a protein synthesis inhibitor and induces APOPTOSIS in tumor cells. It is used in the treatment of MYELOID LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC.. omacetaxine mepesuccinate : A cephalotaxine-derived alkaloid ester obtained from Cephalotaxus harringtonia; used for the treatment of chronic or accelerated phase chronic myeloid leukaemia.	2.25	1	0	alkaloid ester; enol ether; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; protein synthesis inhibitor
u-104 SLC-0111: a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
pnu 120596 1-(5-chloro-2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)urea: an alpha7nAChR agonist; structure in first source	2.05	1	0	ureas
withanolides Withanolides: Ergostane derivatives of 28 carbons with oxygens at C1, C22, and C26 positions and the side chain cyclized. They are found in WITHANIA plant genus and have cytotoxic and other effects.	2.13	1	0
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.	5.14	8	0
7-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-(2-oxopropyl)-8-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-oxanyl]-1-benzopyran-4-one [no description available]	2.6	1	0	glycoside
bortezomib [no description available]	3.01	2	0	amino acid amide; L-phenylalanine derivative; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; protease inhibitor; proteasome inhibitor
calcein am calcein AM: a non-fluorescent compound cleaved to a fluorescent compound by non-specific intracellular esterases. calcein am : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is calcein in which all four carboxy group hydrogens have been substituted by (acetyloxy)methoxy groups and the hyrodgens of the two hydroxy groups have been substituted by acetyl groups. It is a a non-fluorescent probe cleaved to a fluorescent probe by non-specific intracellular esterases.	2.06	1	0	2-benzofurans; acetate ester; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; xanthene dye	fluorochrome
ritonavir Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.	12	25	1	1,3-thiazoles; carbamate ester; carboxamide; L-valine derivative; ureas	antiviral drug; environmental contaminant; HIV protease inhibitor; xenobiotic
tizoxanide tizoxanide: major metabolite of nitazoxanide; structure in first source	2.6	1	0	salicylamides
povidone-iodine Povidone-Iodine: An iodinated polyvinyl polymer used as topical antiseptic in surgery and for skin and mucous membrane infections, also as aerosol. The iodine may be radiolabeled for research purposes.	2.31	1	0
carboplatin [no description available]	2.6	1	0
leptomycin b [no description available]	4.59	5	0
fibrin Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.	2.6	1	0	peptide
canavanine L-canavanine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-homoserine substituted at oxygen with a guanidino (carbamimidamido) group. Although structurally related to L-arginine, it is non-proteinogenic.	1.99	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.	1.97	1	0	myo-inositol trisphosphate	mouse metabolite
tartaric acid tartaric acid: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-tartaric acid : The D-enantiomer of tartaric acid.	2.01	1	0	tartaric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite
inositol 3-phosphate inositol 3-phosphate: RN given refers to (myo)-isomer	2.1	1	0
adenosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate): RN given refers to cpd with unspecified locant for thio group; see also records for 1-thio & 2-thio-isomers. adenosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is ATP in which one of the oxygens attached to 3-phosphate group is replaced by sulfur.	2.03	1	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
arbutin hydroquinone O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A monosaccharide derivative that is hydroquinone attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.6	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
strychnine Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.	3.61	9	0	monoterpenoid indole alkaloid; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	avicide; cholinergic antagonist; glycine receptor antagonist; neurotransmitter agent; rodenticide
quinidine Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.	2.6	1	0	cinchona alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; muscarinic antagonist; P450 inhibitor; potassium channel blocker; sodium channel blocker
conessine conessine : A steroid alkaloid that is con-5-enine substituted by a N,N-dimethylamino group at position 3. It has been isolated from the plant species of the family Apocynaceae.	2.6	1	0	steroid alkaloid; tertiary amino compound	antibacterial agent; antimalarial; H3-receptor antagonist; plant metabolite
meropenem Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.	2.31	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; carbapenemcarboxylic acid; organic sulfide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug; drug allergen
griseofulvin Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.	2.03	1	0	1-benzofurans; antibiotic antifungal drug; benzofuran antifungal drug; organochlorine compound; oxaspiro compound	antibacterial agent; Penicillium metabolite
actinorhodin actinorhodin: structure. actinorhodin : A member of the class of benzoisochromanequinone that is produced by Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) and exhibits antibiotic activity.	2.74	3	0
monensin Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.	4.37	3	0	cyclic hemiketal; monocarboxylic acid; polyether antibiotic; spiroketal	antifungal agent; coccidiostat; ionophore
cefoxitin Cefoxitin: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.. cefoxitin : A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic which, in addition to the methoxy group at the 7alpha position, has 2-thienylacetamido and carbamoyloxymethyl side-groups. It is resistant to beta-lactamase.	2.76	3	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; cephamycin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
saquinavir Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.	2.73	3	0	L-asparagine derivative; quinolines	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
pancuronium Pancuronium: A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than CURARE but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.. pancuronium : A steroid ester in which a 5alpha-androstane skeleton is C-3alpha- and C-17beta-disubstituted with acetoxy groups and 2beta- and 16beta-disubstituted with 1-methylpiperidinium-1-yl groups. It is a non-depolarizing curare-mimetic muscle relaxant.	2.06	1	0	acetate ester; steroid ester	cholinergic antagonist; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
abacavir abacavir: a carbocyclic nucleoside with potent selective anti-HIV activity. abacavir : A 2,6-diaminopurine that is (1S)-cyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in which the pro-R hydrogen at the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl group. A nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with antiretroviral activity against HIV, it is used (particularly as the sulfate) with other antiretrovirals in combination therapy of HIV infection.	2.6	1	0	2,6-diaminopurines	antiviral drug; drug allergen; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
linezolid [no description available]	2.6	1	0	acetamides; morpholines; organofluorine compound; oxazolidinone	antibacterial drug; protein synthesis inhibitor
cephaelin cephaelin: do not confuse with cephalin of brain; after emetine this is the most important alkaloid of ipecac; protein synthesis inhibitor. cephaeline : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having a hydroxy group at the 6'-position and methoxy substituents at the 7'-, 10- and 11-positions.	2.6	1	0	pyridoisoquinoline
(-)-usnic acid (-)-usnic acid : The (-)-enantiomer of usnic acid.	2.6	1	0	usnic acid	EC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor
acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal: a proteasome inhibitor. acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal : A tripeptide composed of N-acetylleucyl, leucyl and norleucinal residues joined in sequence.	2.6	1	0	aldehyde; tripeptide	cysteine protease inhibitor
sultamicillin sultamicillin: contains ampicillin & sulbactam	2.17	1	0	penicillanic acid ester
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	2.48	2	0	cyclodextrin
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	1.97	1	0	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	2.07	1	0	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
alpha-cyclodextrin alpha-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of six alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.	2.17	1	0	cyclodextrin
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	2.6	1	0	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
retinol Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).	5.03	9	1	retinol; vitamin A	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.	2.52	2	0	octadec-9-enoic acid	antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent
tacrolimus Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.	3.16	5	0	macrolide lactam	bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	2.03	1	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
thapsigargin Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.	2.71	3	0	butyrate ester; organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	calcium channel blocker; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
mycophenolic acid Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.	2.07	1	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; xenobiotic
clindamycin Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.	2.21	1	0
lycopene [no description available]	2.6	1	0	acyclic carotene	antioxidant; plant metabolite
zithromax Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.	12.69	35	9	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
roflumilast [no description available]	2.6	1	0	aromatic ether; benzamides; chloropyridine; cyclopropanes; organofluorine compound	anti-asthmatic drug; phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
L-cycloserine L-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has S configuration. An antibiotic isolated from Erwinia uredovora.	2.6	1	0	4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one	anti-HIV agent; anticonvulsant; EC 2.3.1.50 (serine C-palmitoyltransferase) inhibitor
h 89 N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source. N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is the sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of isoquinoline-5-sulfonic acid with the primary amino group of N(1)-[3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]ethane-1,2-diamine. It is a protein kinase A inhibitor.. (E)-N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	2.6	1	0	N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide
diclazuril [no description available]	2.42	2	0	nitrile
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)	2.17	1	0	actinomycin	mutagen
bevirimat bevirimat: an HIV inhibitor; disrupts late step in processing HIV Major Core Protein p24, preventing the capsid precursor p25 from being converted to mature capsid p24. bevirimat : A pentacyclic triterpenoid obtained by the formal condensation of 2,2-dimethylsuccinic acid with the 3-hydroxy group of betulinic acid. It is isolated from the Chinese herb Syzygium claviflorum. The first in the class of HIV-1 maturation inhibitors to be studied in humans, bevirimat was identified as a potent HIV drug candidate and several clinical trials were conducted, but development into a new drug was plagued by numerous resistance-related problems.	2.6	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	HIV-1 maturation inhibitor; metabolite
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde: proteasome inhibitor. N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal : A tripeptide that is L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been reduced to the corresponding aldehyde and the N-terminal amino group is protected as its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative.	2.6	1	0	amino aldehyde; carbamate ester; tripeptide	proteasome inhibitor
tenofovir tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.	2.6	1	0	nucleoside analogue; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; drug metabolite; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
posaconazole [no description available]	2.6	1	0	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxolanes; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	trypanocidal drug
l 743,872 [no description available]	3.18	1	0
gw 257406x maribavir: has antiviral activity against human cytomegalovirus	2.6	1	0
shikonin shikonin: a naphthazarin; has antineoplastic and angiogenesis inhibiting activities	2.6	1	0	hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
4,4-difluoro-N-[(1S)-3-[3-(3-methyl-5-propan-2-yl-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl]-1-phenylpropyl]-1-cyclohexanecarboxamide [no description available]	2.6	1	0	tropane alkaloid
cmx 001 [no description available]	2.6	1	0
amd 8664 [no description available]	2.6	1	0
efinaconazole efinaconazole: an antifungal agent; structure in first source. efinaconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is butan-2-ol which is substituted at positions 1, 2, and 3 by 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl, 2,4-difluorophenyl, and 4-methylenepiperidin-1-yl groups, respectively (the 2R,3R stereoisomer). It is an antifungal drug used for the topical treatment of onychomycosis (a nail infection caused mainly by dermatophytes).	2.1	1	0	conazole antifungal drug; olefinic compound; organofluorine compound; piperidines; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound; triazole antifungal drug	EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor
bay 41-4109 BAY 41-4109: structure in first source	2.6	1	0
bay 57-1293 pritelivir: herpes simplex virus 1 helicase-primase inhibitor	2.6	1	0
favipiravir favipiravir : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine substituted by aminocarbonyl, hydroxy and fluoro groups at positions 2, 3 and 6, respectively. It is an anti-viral agent that inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of several RNA viruses and is approved for the treatment of influenza in Japan.	10.7	11	1	hydroxypyrazine; organofluorine compound; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor
2'-c-methylcytidine 2'-C-methylcytidine: structure in first source	2.6	1	0
isoxanthohumol isoxanthohumol: structure in first source	2.6	1	0	flavanones
bromochloroacetic acid Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.	2.72	2	0	2-bromocarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound
4-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)-n-hydroxybutanamide 4-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)-N-hydroxybutanamide: a c-FLIP inhibitor; structure in first source	2.6	1	0	aromatic ether
mecarbinate [no description available]	2.6	1	0
artemisin [no description available]	2.11	1	0
glycosides [no description available]	2.43	2	0
isomethyleugenol Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	3.24	6	0	isomethyleugenol
squalene Addavax: an oil-water nanoemulsion and adjuvant containing squalene, Tween 80, and sorbitane trioleate	2.41	1	0	triterpene	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	3.79	3	0	stilbene
cannabidiol Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.. cannabidiol : An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.	3.41	1	0	olefinic compound; phytocannabinoid; resorcinols	antimicrobial agent; plant metabolite
malonyl coenzyme a Malonyl Coenzyme A: A coenzyme A derivative which plays a key role in the fatty acid synthesis in the cytoplasmic and microsomal systems.. omega-carboxyacyl-CoA : An acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with one of the carboxy groups of any alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid.	2.13	1	0	malonyl-CoAs	EC 2.3.1.21 (carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
arginine vasopressin Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.	2.03	1	0	vasopressin	cardiovascular drug; hematologic agent; mitogen
acetyl-aspartyl-glutamyl-valyl-aspartal acetyl-aspartyl-glutamyl-valyl-aspartal: a capase inhibitor. Ac-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-H : A tetrapeptide consisting of two L-aspartic acid residues, an L-glutamyl residue and an L-valine residue with an acetyl group at the N-terminal and with the C-terminal carboxy group reduced to an aldehyde. It is an inhibitor of caspase-3/7.	2.6	1	0	tetrapeptide	protease inhibitor
alphaxalone RU 5135: powerful antagonist of GABA stimulation of diazepam binding; structure in first source	1.96	1	0	11-oxo steroid
tiamulin tiamulin: 81723 HFU and tiamutin are for fumarate salt; prevents senescence in ascomycete; pleuromutilin derivative; RN given refers to ((3aS-(3aalpha,4beta,5alpha,6alpha,8beta,9alpha,9abeta,10S*))-isomer. tiamulin : A carbotricyclic compound that is pleuromutilin in which the hydroxyacetate group is replaced by a 2-{[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]sulfanyl}acetate group. An antibacterial drug, tiamulin is used in veterinary medicine (generally as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of swine dysentery caused by Serpulina hyodysenteriae.	2.41	2	0	carbotricyclic compound; carboxylic ester; cyclic ketone; organic sulfide; secondary alcohol; semisynthetic derivative; tertiary amino compound; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antibacterial drug
sorangicin a sorangicin A: RNA polymerase inhibitor; isolated from Sorangium cellulosum; structure given in first source; RN not in Chemline 5/87; RN from Chemical Abstracts Index Guide	3.14	1	0
octotropine methylbromide octotropine methylbromide: minor descriptor (65-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search TROPANES (69-86); RN given refers to endo-isomer. anisotropine methylbromide : A quaternary ammonium salt resulting from the reaction of the amino group of anisotropine with methyl bromide.	2.6	1	0
nsc 4347 NSC 4347: structure in first source	2.25	1	0
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	4.78	5	0
mercaptopurine Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.	2.6	1	0	aryl thiol; purines; thiocarbonyl compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
jrf 12 N2,N4-dibenzylquinazoline-2,4-diamine: a selective, potent, reversible, and ATP-competitive p97 inhibitor	2.6	1	0
phenylthiourea Phenylthiourea: Phenylthiourea is a THIOUREA derivative containing a phenyl ring. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans can find it either bitter-tasting or tasteless.. N-phenylthiourea : A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a phenyl group. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans find it either very bitter-tasting or tasteless. This unusual property resulted in N-phenylthiourea being used in paternity testing prior to the advent of DNA testing.	2.13	1	0	thioureas	EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor
crotamiton [no description available]	8.58	14	2
3,4'-dihydroxyflavone 3,4'-dihydroxyflavone: an antioxidant; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
pyrantel Pyrantel: A depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking agent, that causes persistent nicotinic activation resulting in spastic paralysis of susceptible nematodes. It is a drug of second-choice after benzimidazoles for treatment of ascariasis, hookworm, and pinworm infections, being effective after a single dose. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p920). pyrantel : A carboxamidine that is 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine that is substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and at position 2 by an (E)-2-(2-thienyl)vinyl group. It is used, particularly as the embonate [4,4'-methylenebis(3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate)] salt, as an anthelmintic that is effective against intestinal nematodes including threadworms, roundworms and hookworms, and is included in the WHO 'Model List of Essential Medicines'.	9.22	47	6	1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidines; carboxamidine; thiophenes	antinematodal drug
3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)propenoic acid 3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)propenoic acid: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd. 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid : A methoxycinnamic acid that is trans-cinnamic acid substituted by methoxy groups at positions 3' and 4' respectively.	2.6	1	0	methoxycinnamic acid
isoferulic acid isoferulic acid: isomer of ferulic acid; structure. isoferulic acid : A ferulic acid consisting of trans-cinnamic acid bearing methoxy and hydroxy substituents at positions 4 and 3 respectively on the phenyl ring.	2.6	1	0	ferulic acids	antioxidant; biomarker; metabolite
cyclouridine cyclouridine: structure given in third source	2.6	1	0
dieldrin Dieldrin: An organochlorine insecticide whose use has been cancelled or suspended in the United States. It has been used to control locusts, tropical disease vectors, in termite control by direct soil injection, and non-food seed and plant treatment. (From HSDB). dieldrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the epoxidation of the double bond of aldrin. It is the active metabolite of the proinsecticde aldrin.	1.98	1	0	epoxide; organochlorine compound; organochlorine insecticide	carcinogenic agent; xenobiotic
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	2.9	2	0	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
n-methylcytisine N-methylcytisine: alkaloid from Sophora flavescens with anthelmintic activity; RN given refers to parent cpd(1R)-isomer; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
methimazole Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.	2.05	1	0	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones	antithyroid drug
cinnarizine Cinnarizine: A piperazine derivative having histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity with vasodilating and antiemetic properties but it induces PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS.	1.97	1	0	diarylmethane; N-alkylpiperazine; olefinic compound	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
sulindac Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.	1.96	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	analgesic; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; tocolytic agent
zucapsaicin [no description available]	2.6	1	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols
terbinafine [no description available]	2.15	1	0	acetylenic compound; allylamine antifungal drug; enyne; naphthalenes; tertiary amine	EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor; P450 inhibitor; sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
nbd 556 [no description available]	2.6	1	0
thioguanine anhydrous Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.	2.6	1	0	2-aminopurines	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
digoxin Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.	2.94	4	0	cardenolide glycoside; steroid saponin	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; epitope
4,5,6,7-tetrachloroindan-1,3-dione 4,5,6,7-tetrachloroindan-1,3-dione: inhibits ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1	2.6	1	0
nadp [no description available]	2	1	0
srpin340 SRPIN340: Serine-Arginine-Rich Protein Kinase Inhibitor	2.6	1	0
pr-619 [no description available]	2.6	1	0
p5091 P5091: inhibits ubiquitin-specific protease 7; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
importazole importazole: an importin-8 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.72	2	0	quinazolines
zeranol Zeranol: A non-steroidal estrogen analog.	3.39	1	1	macrolide
fusidic acid Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.	2.08	1	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; steroid acid; steroid antibiotic; sterol ester	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
nabam mancozeb: complex of zinc & maneb, containing 20% manganese & 2.5% zinc. mancozeb : A mixture composed from maneb and zineb, which is used as a broad-spectrum contact fungicide.. ethylenebis(dithiocarbamic acid) : A dithiocarbamic acid resulting from the formal addition of a molecule of carbon disulfide to each amino group of ethylenediamine.	2.42	2	0	dithiocarbamic acids
thiopental Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	2.06	1	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative; xenobiotic
trovirdine trovirdine: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor	2.6	1	0
estrone sulfate estrone sulfate: sulfoconjugated estrone; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.06	1	0	17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
fti 277 [no description available]	2.6	1	0
u 0126 U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.6	1	0	aryl sulfide; dinitrile; enamine; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; osteogenesis regulator; vasoconstrictor agent
vicriviroc vicriviroc: structure in first source	2.6	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
telaprevir [no description available]	2.58	2	0	cyclopentapyrrole; cyclopropanes; oligopeptide; pyrazines	antiviral drug; hepatitis C protease inhibitor; peptidomimetic
zineb Zineb: An agricultural fungicide of the dithiocarbamate class. It has relatively low toxicity and there is little evidence of human injury from exposure.. zineb : A polymeric complex of zinc with the ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand. Formerly used as an agricultural fungicide for the control of downy mildews and rusts, its use is no longer permitted in the US or the EU.	2.42	2	0	dithiocarbamate salt; macromolecule; zinc coordination entity	antifungal agrochemical
maneb Maneb: Manganese derivative of ethylenebisdithiocarbamate. It is used in agriculture as a fungicide and has been shown to cause irritation to the eyes, nose, skin, and throat.. maneb : A polymeric complex of manganese with the ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand. An agrochemical fungicide, it is used to control a variety of diseases including blight, leaf spot, rust, downy mildew and scab.	2.42	2	0
thiophanate Thiophanate: Nematocide used in livestock; also has fungicidal properties.. thiophanate : A member of the class of thioureas that is the diethyl ester of (1,2-phenylenedicarbamothioyl)biscarbamic acid. A fungicide effective against a broad spectrum of diseases in fruit, vegetables, turf and other crops including eyespot, scab, powdery mildew and grey mould.	4.28	4	1	benzimidazole precursor fungicide; carbamate ester; carbamate fungicide; thioureas	antifungal drug
orlistat Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.	2.6	1	0	beta-lactone; carboxylic ester; formamides; L-leucine derivative	anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
nitenpyram nitenpyram: a nitromethylene neonicotinoid insecticide; structure in first source. (E)-nitenpyram : A nitenpyram in which the double bond has E configuration.. nitenpyram : A C-nitro compound consisting of 2-nitroethene-1,1-diamine where one of the nitrogens bears ethyl and (6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl while the other nitrogen carries a methyl group.	4.38	2	2	chloropyridyl insecticide; nitenpyram
diafenthiuron diafenthiuron: a pro-pesticide; inhibits mitochondrial ATPase in vitro and in vivo by its carbodiimide product. diafenthiuron : An aromatic ether that is 1,3-diisopropyl-5-phenoxybenzene in which the hydrogen atom at position 2 is substituted by a (tert-butylcarbamothioyl)nitrilo group. An agricultural proinsecticide which is used to control mites, aphids and whitefly in cotton.	2.13	1	0	aromatic ether; thiourea acaricide; thiourea insecticide	oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor; proinsecticide
cgp 20376 [no description available]	5.71	6	1
7-benzyloxyquinoline 7-benzyloxyquinoline: fluorescent substrate for cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases; structure given in first source	2.31	1	0
ly335979 [no description available]	2.04	1	0	carbopolycyclic compound
dasatinib N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide: a dasatinib prodrug; structure in first source. dasatinib (anhydrous) : An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN).	2.6	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; aminopyrimidine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
salinomycin salinomycin: from Streptomyces albus; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.61	2	0	polyketide; spiroketal	animal growth promotant; potassium ionophore
tribendimidine tribendimidine: structure given in first source	4.34	5	0
ru 42173 RU 42173: structure given in first source	2.13	1	0	benzazepine
yya-021 YYA-021: an HIV entry inhibitor; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	2.06	1	0
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	2.02	1	0	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
mtt formazan MTT formazan: a blue MEM-insoluble mitochondrial byproduct; used to determine viability of cells with active mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzymes	2.46	2	0
2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine: structure. 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine : A C-nitro compound that is phenylhydrazine substituted at the 2- and 4-positions by nitro groups.	2.15	1	0	C-nitro compound; phenylhydrazines	reagent
sb 415286 3-(3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenylamino)-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: a glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.6	1	0	C-nitro compound; maleimides; monochlorobenzenes; phenols; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
sitagliptin sitagliptin : A triazolopyrazine that exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	2.6	1	0	triazolopyrazine; trifluorobenzene	EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; hypoglycemic agent; serine proteinase inhibitor; xenobiotic
rhodamine 123 Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.	3.28	6	0	organic cation; xanthene dye	fluorochrome
geranylgeranic acid geranylgeranic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. (2E,6E,10E)-geranylgeranic acid : A diterpenoid obtained by formal oxidation of the CH2OH group of (E,E,E)-geranylgeraniol to the corresponding carboxylic acid.	2.1	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; diterpenoid; methyl-branched fatty acid; trienoic fatty acid
tak-220 TAK-220: structure in first source	2.6	1	0
jtk-303 [no description available]	2.6	1	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone	HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
nbd 557 [no description available]	2.6	1	0
quercetin [no description available]	4.16	3	1	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
bilirubin [no description available]	3.83	2	1	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	2.92	4	0	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	1.98	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
linoleic acid Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.	2.01	1	0	octadecadienoic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; plant metabolite
calcitriol dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes	2.41	1	0	D3 vitamins; hydroxycalciol; triol	antineoplastic agent; antipsoriatic; bone density conservation agent; calcium channel agonist; calcium channel modulator; hormone; human metabolite; immunomodulator; metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
vitamin k semiquinone radical vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.	1.97	1	0
11-cis-retinal Rhodopsin: A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.. 11-cis-retinal : A retinal having 2E,4Z,6E,8E-double bond geometry.	2.07	1	0	retinal	chromophore; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
5'-o-caffeoylquinic acid trans-5-O-caffeoyl-D-quinic acid : A cinnamate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of trans-caffeic acid with the 5-hydroxy group of quinic acid.	2.6	1	0	cinnamate ester; cyclitol carboxylic acid	plant metabolite
luteolin-7-glucoside luteolin-7-glucoside: has both antiasthmatic and antineoplastic activities; has 3C protease inhibitory activity; isolated from Ligustrum lucidum. luteolin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is luteolin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.6	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	antioxidant; plant metabolite
rosin rosin: Resin from plant. Do not confuse with the specific compound: 3-phenyl-2-propenyl-(E)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, also know as rosin.	2.31	1	0
cyclosporine [no description available]	2.6	1	0
harmine Harmine: Alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM HARMALA; ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. It is identical to banisterine, or telepathine, from Banisteria caapi and is one of the active ingredients of hallucinogenic drinks made in the western Amazon region from related plants. It has no therapeutic use, but (as banisterine) was hailed as a cure for postencephalitic PARKINSON DISEASE in the 1920's.. harmine : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7.	2.6	1	0	harmala alkaloid	anti-HIV agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; metabolite
genistein [no description available]	2.05	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.	3.85	3	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic	antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite
pulmicort Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.	3.61	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic acetal; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; bronchodilator agent; drug allergen
pyrantel pamoate Pyrantel Pamoate: Broad spectrum antinematodal anthelmintic used also in veterinary medicine.	8.86	55	11	organic molecular entity
pyrvinium pyrvinium: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonyms vanquin & vankin refer to pamoate[2:1]; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7810. pyrvinium : A quinolinium ion that is 1-methylquinolinium substituted by dimethylamino group at position 6 and a (E)-2-(2,5-dimethyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrrol-3-yl)ethenyl at position 2. It is a anthelminthic drug active against pinworms. The salts of pyrvinium can also be used as anticancer agents.	3.39	1	1	quinolinium ion	anthelminthic drug; antineoplastic agent
eprosartan eprosartan: angiotensin II receptor antagonist. eprosartan : A member of the class of imidazoles and thiophenes that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used for the treatment of high blood pressure.	2.6	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; imidazoles; thiophenes	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
montelukast montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist	2.31	1	0	aliphatic sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; quinolines	anti-arrhythmia drug; anti-asthmatic drug; leukotriene antagonist
mycophenolate mofetil mycophenolate mofetil : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between the carboxylic acid group of mycophenolic acid and the hydroxy group of 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethanol. In the liver, it is metabolised to mycophenolic acid, an immunosuppressant for which it is a prodrug. It is widely used to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants as well as for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.	2.6	1	0	carboxylic ester; ether; gamma-lactone; phenols; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
entacapone entacapone: structure given in first source. entacapone : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N,N-diethylprop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a cyano group and the hydrogen at the 3E position is substituted by a 3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl group.	2.6	1	0	2-nitrophenols; catechols; monocarboxylic acid amide; nitrile	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; central nervous system drug; EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
oxantel pamoate [no description available]	4.24	3	1	naphthoic acid
oxantel oxantel: oxyphenyl analog of pyrantel; RN given refers to (E)-isomer; synonym CP-14,445-16 refers to oxantel pamoate	2	1	0	styrenes
azadirachtin azadirachtin A : A member of the family of azadirachtins that is isolated from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica).. azadirachtin : A family of terpenoids isolated from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica).	3.43	7	0	acetate ester; azadirachtin; cyclic hemiketal; enoate ester; epoxide; methyl ester; organic heterotetracyclic compound; secondary alcohol; tertiary alcohol	hepatoprotective agent
amentoflavone [no description available]	2.6	1	0	biflavonoid; hydroxyflavone; ring assembly	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiviral agent; cathepsin B inhibitor; P450 inhibitor; plant metabolite
baicalein [no description available]	2.6	1	0	trihydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hormone antagonist; plant metabolite; prostaglandin antagonist; radical scavenger
genkwanin genkwanin: structure. genkwanin : A monomethoxyflavone that is apigenin in which the hydroxy group at position 7 is methylated.	2.6	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone	metabolite
hyperoside quercetin 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside : A quercetin O-glycoside that is quercetin with a beta-D-galactosyl residue attached at position 3. Isolated from Artemisia capillaris, it exhibits hepatoprotective activity.	2.6	1	0	beta-D-galactoside; monosaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glycoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
mangostin mangostin: xanthone from rind of Garcinia mangostana Linn. fruit. alpha-mangostin : A member of the class of xanthones that is 9H-xanthene substituted by hydroxy group at positions 1, 3 and 6, a methoxy group at position 7, an oxo group at position 9 and prenyl groups at positions 2 and 8. Isolated from the stems of Cratoxylum cochinchinense, it exhibits antioxidant, antimicrobial and antitumour activities.	2.6	1	0	aromatic ether; phenols; xanthones	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
3-methylquercetin isorhamnetin : A monomethoxyflavone that is quercetin in which the hydroxy group at position 3' is replaced by a methoxy group.	2.6	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; monomethoxyflavone; tetrahydroxyflavone	anticoagulant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; metabolite
kaempferide kaempferide: structure in first source. kaempferide : A monomethoxyflavone that is the 4'-O-methyl derivative of kaempferol.	2.6	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; monomethoxyflavone; trihydroxyflavone	antihypertensive agent; metabolite
orientin orientin: structure given in first source; RN given refers to the (D-glucopyranosyl)-isomer. orientin : A C-glycosyl compound that is luteolin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 8.	2.6	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; C-glycosyl compound; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
scutellarein scutellarein: aglycone of scutellarin from Scutellaria baicalensis; carthamidin is 2S isomer of scutellarein; do not confuse with isoscutellarein and/or isocarthamidin which are respective regioisomers, or with the scutelarin protein. scutellarein : Flavone substituted with hydroxy groups at C-4', -5, -6 and -7.	2.6	1	0	tetrahydroxyflavone	metabolite
daidzein [no description available]	2.25	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
trans-2,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene trans-2,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene: hydroxystilbene oxyresveratrol	2.6	1	0	stilbenoid
polydatin trans-piceid : A stilbenoid that is trans-resveratrol substituted at position 3 by a beta-D-glucosyl residue.	2.6	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative; polyphenol; stilbenoid	anti-arrhythmia drug; antioxidant; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite; nephroprotective agent; potassium channel modulator
chicoric acid chicoric acid: inhibits HIV-1 integrase	2.6	1	0	organooxygen compound	geroprotector; HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
caffeic acid phenethyl ester phenethyl caffeate : An alkyl caffeate ester in which 2-phenylethyl is the alkyl component.	2.17	1	0	alkyl caffeate ester	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antiviral agent; immunomodulator; metabolite; neuroprotective agent
acteoside acteoside: a protein kinase C inhibitor with hepatoprotective, anti-asthmatic, and analgesic activities; a phenylethanoid glycoside related to isoacteoside; from leaves of Lippia multiflora (Verbenaceae). acteoside : A glycoside that is the alpha-L-rhamnosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-glucoside of hydroxytyrosol in which the hydroxy group at position 4 of the glucopyranosyl moiety has undergone esterification by formal condensation with trans-caffeic acid.	2.6	1	0	catechols; cinnamate ester; disaccharide derivative; glycoside; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antileishmanial agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
cyhalothrin cyhalothrin: acaricidal & insecticidal synthetic pyrethroid; structure given in first source. cyhalothrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between 3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-en-1-yl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.	3.89	11	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
hydramethylnon hydramethylnon: used as fire ant insecticide in southern USA; poorly absorbed by mammals & more than 95% is excreted unchanged in the feces. hydramethylnon : A member of the class of hydrazones that is used as an insecticide for control of ants and cockroaches.	2.92	4	0	hydramethylnon
sdz psc 833 valspodar: nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporin analog which is a potent multidrug resistance modifier; 7-10 fold more potent than cyclosporin A; a potent P glycoprotein inhibitor; MW 1215	3.11	5	0	homodetic cyclic peptide
methymycin methymycin: structure. methymycin : A twelve-membered macrolide antibiotic that is biosynthesised by Streptomyces venezuelae.	3.14	1	0	enone; macrolide antibiotic; monosaccharide derivative	bacterial metabolite
picromycin picromycin: structure. pikromycin : A macrolide antibiotic that is biosynthesised by Streptomyces venezuelae.	3.1	1	0	enone; macrolide antibiotic; monosaccharide derivative	bacterial metabolite
l 683590 immunomycin: from Streptomyces hygroscopicus; structure given in first source	2.41	2	0	ether; lactol; macrolide; secondary alcohol	antifungal agent; bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
sf 837 midecamycin: minor descriptor (75-80); on-line search LEUCOMYCINS (75-80); Index Medicus search ANTIBIOTICS (75-80); macrolide antibiotic	2	1	0	organic molecular entity
4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid 4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic Acid: A non-penetrating amino reagent (commonly called SITS) which acts as an inhibitor of anion transport in erythrocytes and other cells.	1.96	1	0	stilbenoid
4,4'-dinitro-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid 4,4'-dinitro-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.05	1	0	4,4'-dinitrostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid
isotretinoin Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.	5.48	5	0	retinoic acid	antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; teratogenic agent
codeine [no description available]	3.08	1	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antitussive; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; opioid analgesic; opioid receptor agonist; prodrug; xenobiotic
phenylephrine hydrochloride Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.	4.35	4	1	hydrochloride
dorzolamide dorzolamide: topically effective ocular hypotensive carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; RN refers to mono-HCl (4S-trans)-isomer. dorzolamide : 5,6-Dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-b]thiopyran-2-sulfonamide 7,7-dioxide in which hydrogens at the 4 and 6 positions are substituted by ethylamino and methyl groups, respectively (4S, trans-configuration). A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it is used as the hydrochloride in ophthalmic solutions to lower increased intraocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.	2.6	1	0	sulfonamide; thiophenes	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	2.4	2	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
topiramate Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.	2.6	1	0	cyclic ketal; ketohexose derivative; sulfamate ester	anticonvulsant; sodium channel blocker
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	2.6	1	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
2-methylthio-atp 2-methylthio-ATP: purinergic receptors agonist; relaxes mammalian gut preparations; structure given in first source	2.44	2	0
clobetasol Clobetasol: A derivative of PREDNISOLONE with high glucocorticoid activity and low mineralocorticoid activity. Absorbed through the skin faster than FLUOCINONIDE, it is used topically in treatment of PSORIASIS but may cause marked adrenocortical suppression.. clobetasol : A 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid that is 16beta-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione bearing hydroxy groups at the 11beta and 17alpha positions, fluorine at position 9, and a chlorine substituent at position 21. It is used as its 17alpha-propionate ester to treat various skin disorders, including exzema and psoriasis.	3.86	3	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; chlorinated steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; SMO receptor agonist
desonide Desonide: A nonfluorinated corticosteroid anti-inflammatory agent used topically for DERMATOSES.. desonide : Triamcinolone acetonide with hydrogen instead of the fluorine substituent at position 9. A corticosteroid anti-inflammatory, it is used topically as a cream, ointment or lotion for the treatment of various skin disorders.	2.21	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; corticosteroid; cyclic ketal; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug
benzyloxycarbonyl-phe-ala-fluormethylketone cathepsin B inhibitor : A cysteine protease inhibitor which inhibits cathepsin B (EC 3.4.22.1).	2.6	1	0
lysophosphatidylcholines lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.	2.41	1	0	1-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
n-(n-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)alanyl)phenylglycine tert-butyl ester DAPT : A dipeptide consisting of alanylphenylglycine derivatised as a 3,5-difluorophenylacetamide at the amino terminal and a tert-butyl ester at the carboxy terminal. A gamma-secretase inhibitor.	2.6	1	0	carboxylic ester; difluorobenzene; dipeptide; tert-butyl ester	EC 3.4.23.46 (memapsin 2) inhibitor
ciguatoxins Ciguatoxins: Polycyclic ethers produced by Gambierdiscus (DINOFLAGELLATES) from gambiertoxins, which are ingested by fish which in turn may be ingested by humans who are susceptible to the CIGUATERA POISONING.. ciguatoxin CTX1B : A ciguatoxin comprising a sequence of twelve trans-fused six-, seven-, eight- and nine-membered rings and a spiro-fused five-membered ring. A commonly encountered fish toxin.. ciguatoxin : Ciguatoxins are cyclic polyether toxins, derived from marine dinoflagellates, which are responsible for the symptoms of ciguatera poisoning. Ingestion of tropical and subtropical fin fish contaminated by ciguatoxins results in an illness characterised by neurological, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal disorders.	2.05	1	0	ciguatoxin	metabolite
calyculin a calyculin A: RN given refers to (5S-(5alpha(2R(1S,3S,4S,5R,6R,7E,9E,11E,13Z),3R),7beta(E(S)),*beta,9alpha))-isomer	2.05	1	0
kn 62 KN 62: inhibitor of Ca/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II	2.03	1	0	piperazines
casticin casticin: from fruit of Vitex rotundifolia; structure in second source. casticin : A tetramethoxyflavone that consists of quercetagetin in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3, 6, 7 and 4' have been replaced by methoxy groups. It has been isolated from Eremophila mitchellii.	2.6	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; tetramethoxyflavone	apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2-phenylchromen-4-one 5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2-phenylchromen-4-one: isolated from the Chinese herb Scutellariae radix. oroxylin A : A dihydroxy- and monomethoxy-flavone in which the hydroxy groups are positioned at C-5 and C-7 and the methoxy group is at C-6.	2.6	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
(E)-2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-beta-D-glucoside 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside: Tyrosinase inhibitor from Polygonum multiflorum; structure in first source. (E)-2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-beta-D-glucoside : A stilbenoid that is trans-stilbene which has been substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2, 3, 5, and 4', and in which the hydroxy group at positon 2 has then been converted to the corresponding the beta-D-glucoside.	2.6	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; resorcinols; stilbenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor
fluvoxamine Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.	6.23	4	2	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; 5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor
tyrphostin ag 555 [no description available]	2.6	1	0
sulindac sulfide sulindac sulfide: sulfated analog of indomethacin & inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis in vitro; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source. sulindac sulfide : An aryl sulfide that is a metabolite of sulindac. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, which also has anticancer activity.	1.96	1	0	aryl sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
morantel Morantel: Antinematodal agent used mainly for livestock.	8.8	28	2
diamide Diamide: A sulfhydryl reagent which oxidizes sulfhydryl groups to the disulfide form. It is a radiation-sensitizing agent of anoxic bacterial and mammalian cells.	2.31	1	0	1,1'-azobis(N,N-dimethylformamide)
pd 151746 [no description available]	2.6	1	0
cesium Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.	2.4	2	0	alkali metal atom
aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.	2	1	0	boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom
arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	6.37	12	1	metalloid atom; pnictogen	micronutrient
lasalocid Lasalocid: Cationic ionophore antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces lasaliensis that, among other effects, dissociates the calcium fluxes in muscle fibers. It is used as a coccidiostat, especially in poultry.. lasalocid : A polyether antibiotic used for prevention and treatment of coccidiosis in poultry.	2.13	1	0	beta-hydroxy ketone; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; oxanes; oxolanes; polyether antibiotic; secondary alcohol; tertiary alcohol	bacterial metabolite; coccidiostat; ionophore
lisinopril Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	2.6	1	0	dipeptide	EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
verteporfin (2R,2(1)S)-8-ethenyl-2(1),2(2)-bis(methoxycarbonyl)-17-(3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl)-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13-propanoic acid : The 2(1),2(2),17-trimethyl ester of (2R,2(1)S)-2(1),2(2)-dicarboxy-8-ethenyl-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13,17-dipropanoic acid.	2.6	1	0
batimastat batimastat: structure given in first source; a synthetic matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor. batimastat : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2S,3R)-5-methyl-3-{[(2S)-1-(methylamino)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]carbamoyl}-2-[(thiophen-2-ylsulfanyl)methyl]hexanoic acid with the amino group of hydroxylamine. It a broad-spectrum matrix metalloprotease inhibitor.	2.6	1	0	hydroxamic acid; L-phenylalanine derivative; organic sulfide; secondary carboxamide; thiophenes; triamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
indinavir sulfate Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.	2.47	2	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; piperazinecarboxamide	HIV protease inhibitor
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	9.3	10	2	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
ethyl oleate [no description available]	1.98	1	0	long-chain fatty acid ethyl ester	acaricide; plant metabolite
methoprene Methoprene: Juvenile hormone analog and insect growth regulator used to control insects by disrupting metamorphosis. Has been effective in controlling mosquito larvae.	7.23	20	5	isopropyl 11-methoxy-3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,4-dienoate; isopropyl ester	juvenile hormone mimic
dicrotophos dicrotophos: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2	1	0	dialkyl phosphate; organophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
okaramine b okaramine B: structure in first source	2.85	3	0
1-methyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid 1-methyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid: metabolite from cows fed with corn silage; structure in first source	1.98	1	0
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	2.46	2	0	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
oleandrose [no description available]	2.46	2	0	dideoxyhexose derivative
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	2.08	1	0	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
heroin Heroin: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed). heroin : A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses.	2.6	1	0	morphinane alkaloid	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; prodrug
amocarzine amocarzine : A thiourea resulting from the formal condensation of the secondary amino group of 1-methylpiperazine and the primary amino group of N-(4-nitrophenyl)benzene-1,4-diamine with carbonothioic O,O-acid.	6.92	7	2	C-nitro compound; N-methylpiperazine; secondary amino compound; thioureas	antinematodal drug
solanesol solanesol : A nonaprenol that is hexatriaconta-2,6,10,14,18,22,26,30,34-nonaen-1-ol substituted by 9 methyl groups at positions 3, 7, 11, 15, 19, 23, 27, 31 and 35 (the all-trans0stereoisomer).	2.6	1	0	nonaprenol; primary alcohol	plant metabolite
pepstatin pepstatin: inhibits the aspartic protease endothiapepsin	2.6	1	0	pentapeptide; secondary carboxamide	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.4.23.* (aspartic endopeptidase) inhibitor
l 685458 L 685458: a gamma-secretase inhibitor; structure in first source. L-685,458 : A peptide and carboxamide that is L-leucyl-L-phenylalaninamide, L-Leu-L-Phe-NH2, which has been acylated on the N-terminus by a Phe-Phe hydroxyethylene dipeptide isotere, 2R-benzyl-5S-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-4R-hydroxy-6-phenylhexanoic acid. Compounds based on the structure of L-685,458 are potent inhibitors of gamma-secretase, which mediates the final catalytic step that generates the amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta), which assembles into the neurotoxic aggregates in the brains of sufferers of Alzheimer's disease.	2.6	1	0	carbamate ester; monocarboxylic acid amide; peptide; secondary alcohol	EC 3.4.23.46 (memapsin 2) inhibitor; peptidomimetic
bms 806 BMS 806: prevents entry of HIV into cells by binding HIV envelope protein gp120; no further info available 4/2002	2.6	1	0
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone [no description available]	2.6	1	0
tulobuterol hydrochloride [no description available]	2.6	1	0	organic molecular entity
bafilomycin a [no description available]	3.69	2	0
salubrinal salubrinal: prevents dephosphorylation of eIF2alpha; structure in first source. salubrinal : A member of the class of quinolines that is a mixed aminal resulting from the formal condensation oftrichloroacetaldehyde with the amide nitrogen of trans-cinnamamide and the primary amino group of 1-quinolin-8-ylthiourea. It is a selective inhibitor of cellular complexes that dephosphorylate eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit alpha (eIF2alpha).	2.6	1	0	aminal; organochlorine compound; quinolines; secondary carboxamide; thioureas
cefotaxime Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.	2.25	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
gw-5074 [no description available]	2.41	1	0
flumethrin flumethrin: synthetic pyrethrin insecticide	5.27	6	2
4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid 4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid: An inhibitor of anion conductance including band 3-mediated anion transport.	1.96	1	0
thiodicarb [no description available]	2	1	0
22,23-dihydroavermectin b(1)a 22,23-dihydroavermectin B(1)a: C48H74O14; major component of IVERMECTIN; MW 875.093; structure given in first source. 22,23-dihydroavermectin B1a : A macrocyclic lactone that is avermectin B1a in which the double bond present in the spirocyclic ring system has been reduced to a single bond. It is the major component of ivermectin.	7.71	10	3	macrocyclic lactone; spiroketal
tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.	2.66	3	0	azatetracycloalkane; oxatetracycloalkane; quinazoline alkaloid	animal metabolite; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
selenium Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.	6.07	8	1	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
oxalates Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.	2	1	0
3-aminopropylphosphinic acid 3-aminopropylphosphinic acid: structure given in first source; selective GABA receptor agonist	1.98	1	0
pyrantel tartrate Pyrantel Tartrate: Broad spectrum anthelmintic for livestock.	4.06	3	1
ascofuranone ascofuranone: structure. ascofuranone : A dihydroxybenzaldehyde that is 2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde which is substituted by a (2E,6E)-7-[(2S)-5,5-dimethyl-4-oxotetrahydrofuran-2-yl]-3-methylocta-2,6-dien-1-yl group at position 3, chlorine at position 5, and a methyl group at position 6. A meroterpenoid produced by the soil fungus, Acremonium sclerotigenum. It is a promising drug candidate against the tropical disease, African trypanosomiasis.	3.25	1	0	dihydroxybenzaldehyde; meroterpenoid; monochlorobenzenes; olefinic compound; resorcinols; sesquiterpenoid; tetrahydrofuranone	angiogenesis inhibitor; antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; fungal metabolite
avermectin b(1)a avermectin B(1)a: RN given refers to avermectin B(1)a; see also avermectins & demethylavermectins	8.47	65	1	avermectin
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer	2.1	1	0
germacrone germacrone: isolated from Curcuma wenyujin	2.6	1	0	germacrane sesquiterpenoid; olefinic compound	androgen antagonist; anti-inflammatory agent; antifeedant; antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antitussive; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; hepatoprotective agent; insecticide; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
(2e,4e,6e,10e)-3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2,4,6,10,14-hexadecapentaenoic acid (2E,4E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2,4,6,10,14-hexadecapentaenoic acid: an acyclic retinoid that suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
manumycin manumycin: an NSAID; RN given for (1S-(1alpha,3(2E,4E,6S*),5alpha,5(1E,3E,5E),6alpha))-isomer; a farnesyl protein transferase inhibitor; from Streptomyces parvulus; MF C31-H38-N2-O7; structure given in first source. manumycin A : A polyketide with formula C31H38N2O7 initially isolated from Streptomyces parvulus as a result of a random screening program for farnesyl transferase (FTase) inhibitors. It is a natural product that exhibits anticancer and antibiotic properties.	3.11	1	0	enamide; epoxide; organic heterobicyclic compound; polyketide; secondary carboxamide; tertiary alcohol	antiatherosclerotic agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor; marine metabolite
vicenistatin vicenistatin: a macrocyclic lactam from Streptomyces sp. HC34; structure given in first source	3.14	1	0	azamacrocycle; lactam
phthoxazolin phthoxazolin: structure given in first source; isolated from Streptomyces	2.15	1	0
lithospermic acid [no description available]	2.6	1	0
bifenthrin bifenthrin: a type I pyrethroid. bifenthrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of cis-3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and [(2-methyl-1,1'-biphenyl)-3-yl]methanol.. kappa-bifenthrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (1R,3R)-3-[(1Z)-2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl]-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of [(2-methyl-1,1'-biphenyl)-3-yl]methanol.	3.72	9	0	carboxylic ester; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; cyclopropanes; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
laq824 LAQ824: Histone deacetylase inhibitor	2.6	1	0
ekb 569 EKB 569: an EGF receptor kinase inhibitor	2.6	1	0	aminoquinoline; monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; nitrile	protein kinase inhibitor
cgp-56697 Artemether, Lumefantrine Drug Combination: Drug combination of artemether and lumefantrine that is used to treat PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM MALARIA.	3.5	1	1
rilpivirine [no description available]	2.6	1	0	aminopyrimidine; nitrile	EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
oxepins Oxepins: Compounds based on a 7-membered heterocyclic ring including an oxygen. They can be considered a medium ring ether. A natural source is the MONTANOA plant genus. Some dibenzo-dioxepins, called depsidones, are found in GARCINIA plants.	6.09	10	3
(1Ar,7aS,10aS,10bS)-1a,5-dimethyl-8-methylidene-2,3,6,7,7a,8,10a,10b-octahydrooxireno[9,10]cyclodeca[1,2-b]furan-9(1aH)-one [no description available]	2.6	1	0	germacranolide
4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid [no description available]	2.6	1	0	quinic acid
indigo carmine 3,5-di-O-(E)-caffeoylquinic acid: from roots of Lychnophora ericoides; structure in first source. 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid : A carboxylic ester that is the diester obtained by the condensation of the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5 of (-)-quinic acid with the carboxy group of trans-caffeic acid. Isolated from Brazilian propolis and Suaeda glauca, it exhibits hepatoprotective and cytotoxic activities.	2.6	1	0
verlukast verlukast: LTD4 receptor antagonist	2.17	1	0
sq-23377 Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.	1.99	1	0	cyclic ether; enol; polyunsaturated fatty acid; very long-chain fatty acid	calcium ionophore; metabolite
fumagillin [no description available]	2.48	2	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; carboxylic ester; dicarboxylic acid monoester; meroterpenoid; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic; spiro-epoxide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiprotozoal drug; fungal metabolite; methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor
artesunate artesunic acid: RN given for (3R-(3alpha,5abeta,6beta,8abeta,9alpha,10alpha,12beta,(2aR*))-isomer; succinic ester of artemether	2.6	1	0	artemisinin derivative; cyclic acetal; dicarboxylic acid monoester; hemisuccinate; semisynthetic derivative; sesquiterpenoid	antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; ferroptosis inducer
ciclesonide ciclesonide: nasal spray approved for seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis	2.31	1	0	organic molecular entity
(3S,6S,9S,12R)-3-[(2S)-Butan-2-yl]-6-[(1-methoxyindol-3-yl)methyl]-9-(6-oxooctyl)-1,4,7,10-tetrazabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadecane-2,5,8,11-tetrone [no description available]	2.6	1	0	oligopeptide
vildagliptin [no description available]	2.6	1	0	amino acid amide
bay 44-4400 Bay 44-4400: a semisynthetic derivative of anthelminitic cyclodepsipeptide; PF1022A. emodepside : A cyclooctadepsipeptide consisting of D-lactoyl, N-methyl-L-leucyl, 3-[4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]-D-lactoyl, N-methyl-L-leucyl, D-lactoyl, N-methyl-L-leucyl, 3-[4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]-D-lactoyl, and N-methyl-L-leucyl residues joined in sequence to give a 24-membered macrocycle. An anthelmintic, it is used with praziquantel for the treatment and control of hookworm, roundworm and tapeworm infections in cats.	4.17	3	1	cyclooctadepsipeptide; semisynthetic derivative	antinematodal drug
belinostat [no description available]	2.6	1	0	hydroxamic acid; olefinic compound; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
hdac-42 HDAC-42: structure in first source	2.6	1	0	amidobenzoic acid
loa lithocholic acid acetate: structure in first source	12.47	67	5
4-toluoyl chloride phenylhydrazone 4-toluoyl chloride phenylhydrazone: RN given refers to parent	2.37	2	0
labdane labdane: from Croton joufra; structure in first source	2.13	1	0	diterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent
chlorhexidine Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.	2.48	2	0	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent
formazans Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.	2.46	2	0
aldicarb Aldicarb: Carbamate derivative used as an insecticide, acaricide, and nematocide.. aldicarb : The oxime carbamate resulting from the addition of 2-methyl-2-(methylsulfanyl)propanaldoxime to methyl isocyanate. A member of the class of oxime carbamate insecticides, aldicarb is a mixture of E and Z isomers; it is not known which isomer is more active.	3.04	4	0
phoxim phoxim: structure	4.64	8	0
gs-7340 tenofovir alafenamide: component of Biktarvy. tenofovir alafenamide : An L-alanine derivative that is isopropyl L-alaninate in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by an (S)-({[(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)(phenoxy)phosphoryl group. A prodrug for tenofovir, it is used (as the fumarate salt) in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.	2.6	1	0	6-aminopurines; ether; isopropyl ester; L-alanine derivative; phosphoramidate ester	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; prodrug
pymetrozine pymetrozine: an anti-feedant against aphids, whiteflies, and leaf hoppers. pymetrozine : A member of the class of 1,2,4-triazines that is 4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazin-3(2H)-one substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a (pyridin-3-ylmethylidene)amino group at position 4.	2.74	3	0	1,2,4-triazines; pyridines	antifeedant; environmental contaminant; TRPV channel modulator; xenobiotic
fenpyroximate fenpyroximate: structure in first source	5.63	9	2	pyrazole acaricide; tert-butyl ester	mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
furapyrimidone [no description available]	1.97	1	0
iniparib [no description available]	2.6	1	0	carbonyl compound; organohalogen compound
n-(2-amino-5-fluorobenzyl)-4-(n-(pyridine-3-acrylyl)aminomethyl)benzamide [no description available]	2.6	1	0
pri-2205 [no description available]	2.6	1	0
pradofloxacin pradofloxacin: veterinary fluoroquinolone; structure in first source	2.21	1	0
mk 0752 [no description available]	2.6	1	0
givinostat [no description available]	2.6	1	0	carbamate ester
amoxicillin-potassium clavulanate combination Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination: A fixed-ratio combination of amoxicillin trihydrate and potassium clavulanate.	2.63	2	0
pd 144418 [no description available]	2.6	1	0
bicyclol bicyclol: an antihepatitis drug, on the metabolism and hepatotoxicity of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in rats.	2.6	1	0
metaflumizone metaflumizone: an insecticide	2.04	1	0	semicarbazone; stilbenoid
midostaurin midostaurin : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is the N-benzoyl derivative of staurosporine.	2.6	1	0	benzamides; gamma-lactam; indolocarbazole; organic heterooctacyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
ly 450139 [no description available]	2.6	1	0	peptide
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	3.25	5	0	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
rivaroxaban Rivaroxaban: A morpholine and thiophene derivative that functions as a FACTOR XA INHIBITOR and is used in the treatment and prevention of DEEP-VEIN THROMBOSIS and PULMONARY EMBOLISM. It is also used for the prevention of STROKE and systemic embolization in patients with non-valvular ATRIAL FIBRILLATION, and for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in patients after an ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. rivaroxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 4-{4-[(5S)-5-(aminomethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]phenyl}morpholin-3-one. An anticoagulant used for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with knee or hip replacement surgery.	2.6	1	0	aromatic amide; lactam; monocarboxylic acid amide; morpholines; organochlorine compound; oxazolidinone; thiophenes	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
sb 3ct compound SB 3CT compound: a matrix metalloproteinase-2 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.6	1	0	aromatic ether
gw 4064 [no description available]	2.21	1	0	stilbenoid
ginsenoside rb1 [no description available]	2.6	1	0	ginsenoside; glycoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; anti-obesity agent; apoptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
spiromesifen spiromesifen: insecticide; structure in first source. spiromesifen : A butenolide that is but-2-en-4-olide bearing a 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl group at position 3, a 3,3-dimethylbutyryloxy group at position 4 and a spiro-fused cyclopentyl ring at position 5.	2.11	1	0	butenolide	insecticide
sorbitan monooleate [no description available]	2.17	1	0	fatty acid ester
tofacitinib tofacitinib : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted at position 4 by an N-methyl,N-(1-cyanoacetyl-4-methylpiperidin-3-yl)amino moiety. Used as its citrate salt to treat moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis.	2.1	1	0	N-acylpiperidine; nitrile; pyrrolopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound	antirheumatic drug; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
rucaparib AG14447: Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.6	1	0	azepinoindole; caprolactams; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
6h-thieno[3,2-f][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]diazepine-6-acetamide, 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-n-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,3,9-trimethyl-, (6s)- [no description available]	2.6	1	0	organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound
cetilistat cetilistat: lipase inhibitor in randomized, placebo-controlled study of weight reduction in obese patients (3/2007)	2.6	1	0	benzoxazine
ym 201636 6-amino-N-(3-(4-(4-morpholinyl)pyrido(3',2'-4,5)furo(3,2-d)pyrimidin-2-yl)phenyl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide: an antiviral agent; structure in first source	2.6	1	0	aromatic amide
medigoxin spirotetramat: for the control of a broad spectrum of sucking insects; structure in first source. spirotetramat : An azaspiro compound that is methoxycyclohexane which is fused at position 4 to the 5-position of a 1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one that is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by 2,5-dimethylphenyl and (ethoxycarbonyl)oxy groups, respectively (the cis isomer). It is a proinsecticide (via hydrolysis of the ethyl carbonate group to give the corresponding 4-hydroxypyrrol-2-one, "spirotetramat-enol") and is used for the control of a wide range of sucking insects on fruit and potato crops.	3.25	5	0
aluminum oxide Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.	2	1	0
fidaxomicin Fidaxomicin: A narrow-spectrum macrolide antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of diarrhea associated with CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE INFECTION.. fidaxomicin : An 18-membered macrolide that is a fermentation product obtained from the Actinomycete Dactylosporangium aurantiacum. A narrow spectrum antibiotic used for treatment of Clostridium difficile-related infections.	2.66	2	0
bicuculline methochloride bicuculline methochloride: guaternary analog of bicuculline; specific GABA antagonist in spinal cord; structure	1.96	1	0
linagliptin Linagliptin: A purine and quinazoline derivative that functions as an INCRETIN and DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBTOR. It is used as a HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT in the treatment of TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS.. linagliptin : A xanthine that is 7H-xanthine bearing (4-methylquinazolin-2-yl)methyl, methyl, but-2-yn-1-yl and 3-aminopiperidin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 7 and 8 respectively (the R-enantiomer). Used for treatment of type II diabetes.	2.6	1	0	aminopiperidine; quinazolines	EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
azd 6244 AZD 6244: a MEK inhibitor	3.92	2	0	benzimidazoles; bromobenzenes; hydroxamic acid ester; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
odanacatib odanacatib: a selective inhibitor of cathepsin K for the treatment of post-menopausal osteoporosis; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
apilimod [no description available]	2.6	1	0
apixaban [no description available]	2.6	1	0	aromatic ether; lactam; piperidones; pyrazolopyridine	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
calcium sulfide calcium sulfide: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for lime sulfur (calcium polysulfide)	2.41	2	0	organic molecular entity
artenimol artenimol: derivative of antimalarial drug artemisinin (quinghaosu)	7.46	8	3
betrixaban betrixaban: a highly potent, selective, and orally efficacious factor Xa inhibitor; structure in first source. betrixaban : A secondary carboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-(N,N-dimethylcarbamimidoyl)benzoic acid with the amino group of 2-amino-N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-5-methoxybenzamide. A synthetic anticoagulant compound that targets activated factor Xa in the coagulation cascade.	2.6	1	0	benzamides; guanidines; monochloropyridine; monomethoxybenzene; secondary carboxamide	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
edoxaban edoxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is used (as its tosylate monohydrate) for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.	2.6	1	0	chloropyridine; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound; thiazolopyridine	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor
saracatinib [no description available]	2.6	1	0	aromatic ether; benzodioxoles; diether; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; oxanes; quinazolines; secondary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; radiosensitizing agent
alpha-synuclein alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.	2.15	1	0
n-(3-amino-1-(cyclobutylmethyl)-2,3-dioxopropyl)-3-(2-((((1,1-dimethylethyl)amino)carbonyl)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutyl)-6,6-dimethyl-3-azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexan-2-carboxamide boceprevir : A synthetic tripeptide consisting of N-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)-3-methyl-L-valyl, a cyclopropyl-fused prolyl and 3-amino-4-cyclobutyl-2-oxobutanamide residues joined in sequence. Used for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection.	2.6	1	0	tripeptide; ureas	antiviral drug; hepatitis C protease inhibitor; peptidomimetic
ly 411575 [no description available]	2.6	1	0	dibenzoazepine; difluorobenzene; lactam; secondary alcohol	EC 3.4.23.46 (memapsin 2) inhibitor
galidesivir [no description available]	2.6	1	0
PB28 PB28 : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin that is substituted by 3-(4-cyclohexylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl and methoxy groups at positions 1 and 5, respectively. It is a sigma 2 (sigma2) receptor agonist (Ki = 0.68 nM) and exhibits antineoplastic and anti SARS-CoV-2 activities.	2.6	1	0	aromatic ether; piperazines; tetralins	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; sigma-2 receptor agonist
nodulisporic acid a nodulisporic acid A: a novel indole diterpene insecticide; structure in first source	2.94	4	0
5-formylcytosine 5-formylcytosine: structure in first source. 5-formylcytosine : A nucleobase analogue that is cytosine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by a formyl group.	2.1	1	0	aminopyrimidine; heteroarenecarbaldehyde; nucleobase analogue; pyrimidone	metabolite
acebutolol alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-mannose : An alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha configuration.	2.05	1	0	alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose
degrasyn degrasyn: a JAK2 kinase inhibitor that induces rapid degradation of c-Myc protein in MM-1 multiple myeloma and other tumor cell lines; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
epoxomicin [no description available]	2.6	1	0	morpholines; tripeptide	proteasome inhibitor
brimonidine tartrate Brimonidine Tartrate: A quinoxaline derivative and ADRENERGIC ALHPA-2 RECEPTOR AGONIST that is used to manage INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE associated with OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.	9.09	13	1
bms 477118 [no description available]	2.6	1	0	adamantanes; azabicycloalkane; monocarboxylic acid amide; nitrile; tertiary alcohol	EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
pha 680632 PHA 680632: Aurora kinase inhibitor with potent antitumoral activity; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
tmc 353121 [no description available]	2.6	1	0
amd 070 mavorixafor: a derivative of AMD3100; a CXCR4 blocker	2.6	1	0	aminoquinoline
chlorantranilipole chlorantranilipole: anthranilic diamide insecticide.that disrupts mating in codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). chlorantraniliprole : A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of 3-bromo-1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of 2-amino-5-chloro-N,3-dimethylbenzamide. The first of the anthranilic diamide insecticides, it is a ryanodine receptor activator and is used to protect a wide variety of crops, including corn, cotton, grapes, rice and potatoes.	4.22	15	0	monochlorobenzenes; organobromine compound; pyrazole insecticide; pyrazoles; pyridines; secondary carboxamide	ryanodine receptor agonist
danoprevir [no description available]	2.6	1	0
bms-626529 [no description available]	2.6	1	0
bms-663068 fostemsavir: an HIV-1 attachment inhibitor; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
bistramide c bistramide C: isolated from marine ascidian Lissoclinum bistratum; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
amenamevir ASP2151: a herpesvirus helicase-primase inhibitor, in a guinea pig model of genital herpes; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
vx 765 belnacasan: a NSAID	2.6	1	0	dipeptide
Dihydrotanshinone I dihydrotanshinone I: extracted from Radix Salviae	2.6	1	0	abietane diterpenoid	anticoronaviral agent
alogliptin alogliptin: structure in first source. alogliptin : A piperidine that is 3-methyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidine carrying additional 2-cyanobenzyl and 3-aminopiperidin-1-yl groups at positions 1 and 2 respectively (the R-enantiomer). Used in the form of its benzoate salt for treatment of type 2 diabetes.	2.6	1	0	nitrile; piperidines; primary amino compound; pyrimidines	EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
fr 180204 FR 180204: structure in first source	2.6	1	0	pyrazoles; ring assembly
cyflumetofen cyflumetofen: acaricide; structure in first source. cyflumetofen : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-cyflumetofen. A proacaricide (via ester hydrolysis and subsequent decarboxylation), it is used to control phytophagous mites at all development stages in a variety of fruit crops. It acts as an inhibitor of complex II of mitochondrial electron transport chain.. 2-methoxyethyl 2-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-2-cyano-3-oxo-3-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propanoate : A nitrile that is acetonitrile in which the methyl hydrogens have been replaced by o-trifluoromethylbenzoyl, p-tert-butylphenyl, and (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl groups.	2.17	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; 2-methoxyethyl ester; beta-ketoester; nitrile
tavaborole tavaborole: has antifungal activity; structure in first source. tavaborole : A member of the class of benzoxaboroles that is 1,3-dihydro-1-hydroxy-2,1-benzoxaborole substituted at position 5 by a fluoro group. A topical antifungal agent used for the treatment of onychomycosis (fungal infection of the toenails and fingernails).	2.1	1	0	benzoxaborole; organofluorine compound	antifungal agent; EC 6.1.1.4 (leucine--tRNA ligase) inhibitor; protein synthesis inhibitor
fluensulfone fluensulfone: a nematicide; structure in first source. fluensulfone : A member of the class of 1,3-thiazoles carrying 3,4,4-trifluorobut-3-ene-1-sulfonyl and chloro substituents at positions 2 and 5 respectively. A nematicide that is effective against a number of plant parasitic nematodes in a range of agricultural and horticultural crops.	2.55	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; olefinic compound; organochlorine pesticide; organofluorine pesticide; sulfone	agrochemical; nematicide
quisinostat [no description available]	2.6	1	0	indoles
emamectin benzoate emamectin benzoate: 4'-deoxy-4'-epi-methylamino derivative of avermectin B1; structure given in first source. emamectin : A mixture of emamectin B1a (major component) and emamectin B1b (minor component).	10.42	208	4	emamectins
carfilzomib [no description available]	2.6	1	0	epoxide; morpholines; tetrapeptide	antineoplastic agent; proteasome inhibitor
hcv 796 HCV 796: inhibits HCV RdRp; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
apremilast [no description available]	2.1	1	0	aromatic ether; N-acetylarylamine; phthalimides; sulfone	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
cyantraniliprole cyantraniliprole: an insecticide; structure in first source. cyantraniliprole : A carboxamide that is chlorantraniliprole in which the chlorine atom attached to the phenyl ring has been replaced by a cyano group. A ryanodine receptor agonist, it is used as insecticide for the control of whitefly, thrips, aphids, fruitflies, and fruit worms in crops such as onions, potatoes and tomatoes. It is highly toxic to honeybees.	2.86	3	0	nitrile; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound; pyrazole insecticide; pyridines; secondary carboxamide	ryanodine receptor agonist
resminostat resminostat: a histone deacetylase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
veratridine Veratridine: A benzoate-cevane found in VERATRUM and Schoenocaulon. It activates SODIUM CHANNELS to stay open longer than normal.	1.98	1	0
crizotinib Crizotinib: A piperidine and aminopyridine derivative that acts as an inhibitor of RECEPTOR PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASES, including ANAPLASTIC LYMPHOMA KINASE (ALK) and HEPATOCYTE GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR (HGFR; c-Met). It is used in the treatment of NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. crizotinib : A 3-[1-(2,6-dichloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethoxy]-5-[1-(piperidin-4-yl)pyrazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-amine that has R configuration at the chiral centre. The active enantiomer, it acts as a kinase inhibitor and is used for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)	2.13	1	0	3-[1-(2,6-dichloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethoxy]-5-[1-(piperidin-4-yl)pyrazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-amine	antineoplastic agent; biomarker; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
zk 756326 2-(2-(4-(3-phenoxybenzyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethoxy)ethanol: a CC chemokine receptor CCR8 agonist; structure in first source	2.6	1	0	aromatic ether
balapiravir balapiravir: a prodrug of R1479; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
trametinib [no description available]	2.6	1	0	acetamides; aromatic amine; cyclopropanes; organofluorine compound; organoiodine compound; pyridopyrimidine; ring assembly	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
deoxyarbutin 4-((tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)phenol: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
abexinostat abexinostat: structure in first source	2.6	1	0	benzofurans
losartan potassium Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.	2.05	1	0
silvestrol silvestrol: isolated from the fruit and twig of Aglaia silvestris. silvestrol : An organic heterotricyclic compound that consists of a 2,3,3a,8b-tetrahydro-H-benzo[b]cyclopenta[d]furan framework substituted by hydroxy groups at positions C-1 and C-8b, a methoxycarbonyl group at C-2, a phenyl group at C-3, a 4-methoxyphenyl group at C-3a, a methoxy group at C-8 and a 1,4-dioxan-2-yloxy group at position C-6 which in turn is substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and a 1,2-dihydroxyethyl group at position 6. Isolated from Aglaia silvestris, it exhibits antineoplastic activity.	2.6	1	0	dioxanes; ether; methyl ester; organic heterotricyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
narlaprevir narlaprevir: an antiviral agent that inhibits hepatitis C virus NS3 protease. narlaprevir : An azabicyclohexane that is (1R,5S)-6,6-dimethyl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane substituted by [(3S)-1-(cyclopropylamino)-1,2-dioxoheptan-3-yl]aminoacyl and N-({1-[(tert-butylsulfonyl)methyl]cyclohexyl}carbamoyl)-3-methyl-L-valyl groups at positions 2S and 3, respectively. It is a hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3/4A serine protease inhibitor (Ki = 6 nM) that is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C.	2.6	1	0	azabicyclohexane; cyclopropanes; pyrrolidinecarboxamide; secondary carboxamide; sulfone; tertiary carboxamide; ureas	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; hepatitis C protease inhibitor
teneligliptin [no description available]	2.6	1	0	amino acid amide
avermectin b2a avermectin B2a: RN given refers to avermectin B2a	4.16	5	0	oligosaccharide
doramectin [no description available]	14.78	283	74	macrolide
calcimycin Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.	2	1	0	benzoxazole
veliparib [no description available]	2.6	1	0	benzimidazoles	EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available]	1.98	1	0
pf 03491390 [no description available]	2.6	1	0
alloin [no description available]	2.6	1	0	anthracenes; C-glycosyl compound; cyclic ketone; phenols	laxative; metabolite
rifamycins [no description available]	3.11	1	0
cismethrin cismethrin: RN given refers to (1R-cis)-isomer	2	1	0
acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	3.44	7	0
eosine i bluish Eosine I Bluish: A red fluorescein dye used as a histologic stain. It may be cytotoxic, mutagenic, and inhibit certain mitochondrial functions.	2	1	0	organic sodium salt	fluorescent dye; histological dye
mefloquine Mefloquine: A phospholipid-interacting antimalarial drug (ANTIMALARIALS). It is very effective against PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM with very few side effects.. mefloquine : A racemate composed of (+)-(11R,2'S)- and (-)-(11S,2'R)-enantiomers of mefloquine. An antimalarial agent which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.	2.21	1	0
ants Ants: Insects of the family Formicidae, very common and widespread, probably the most successful of all the insect groups. All ants are social insects, and most colonies contain three castes, queens, males, and workers. Their habits are often very elaborate and a great many studies have been made of ant behavior. Ants produce a number of secretions that function in offense, defense, and communication. (From Borror, et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p676)	2.66	3	0
sdz 280 446 SDZ 280 446: a potent P-glycoprotein inhibitor; structure given in first source; empirical formula C61H99N9O14, MW 1182.6	1.98	1	0
aflatoxin m1 Aflatoxin M1: A 4-hydroxylated metabolite of AFLATOXIN B1, one of the MYCOTOXINS from ASPERGILLUS tainted food. It is associated with LIVER damage and cancer resulting from its P450 activation to the epoxide which alkylates DNA. Toxicity depends on the balance of liver enzymes that activate it (CYTOCHROME P-450) and others that detoxify it (GLUTATHIONE S TRANSFERASE) (Pharmac Ther 50.443 1991). Primates & rat are sensitive while mouse and hamster are tolerant (Canc Res 29.236 1969).. aflatoxin M1 : A member of the class of aflatoxins that is aflatoxin B1 in which the hydrogen at position 9a is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.13	1	0	aflatoxin; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; tertiary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mammalian metabolite
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	2.49	2	0	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mdv 3100 [no description available]	2.6	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; benzamides; imidazolidinone; monofluorobenzenes; nitrile; thiocarbonyl compound	androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	2.55	2	0
bms-650032 asunaprevir: an NS3 protease inhibitor against hepatitis C virus	2.6	1	0	oligopeptide
rg 7128 2'-fluoro-2'-methyl-3',5'-diisobutyryldeoxycytidine: inhibits HCV polymerase; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
gastrins Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.	4.07	3	1
tannins Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.	5.37	3	1
oritavancin oritavancin : A semisynthetic glycopeptide used (as its bisphosphate salt) for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections caused or suspected to be caused by susceptible isolates of designated Gram-positive microorganisms including MRSA.	2.6	1	0	disaccharide derivative; glycopeptide; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent
sodium borate borax: see also sodium borate. borax : A hydrate that is the decahydrate form of disodium tetraborate.	2.08	1	0
ceftiofur ceftiofur: structure in first source	2.71	3	0
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	2.98	4	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
chlorophyll a Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.	2.03	1	0	chlorophyll; methyl ester	cofactor
vendex Torque: The rotational force about an axis that is equal to the product of a force times the distance from the axis where the force is applied.	2.01	1	0	organotin acaricide
pevonedistat pevonedistat: a potent and selective inhibitor of NAE (NEDD8-activating enzyme). pevonedistat : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine which is substituted by a (1S)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ylnitrilo group at position 4 and by a (1S,3S,4S)-3-hydroxy-4-[(sulfamoyloxy)methyl]cyclopentyl group at position 7. It is a potent and selective NEDD8-activating enzyme inhibitor with an IC50 of 4.7 nM, and currently under clinical investigation for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndromes.	2.6	1	0	cyclopentanols; indanes; pyrrolopyrimidine; secondary amino compound; sulfamidate	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer
sulfoxaflor sulfoxaflor: insecticide targeting sap-feeding pests; structure in first source. sulfoxaflor : A mixture of the four diastereoisomers arising from the two tetrahedral stereocentres of [methyl(oxido){1-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]ethyl}-lambda(6)-sulfanylidene]cyanamide (the sulfur atom and the carbon attached to position 3 of the pyridine ring). [Both E- and Z-isomers involving the S=N double bond and the cyano group exist, but they interconvert rapidly at r.t.]. A nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist in insects, sulfoxaflor is used as an insecticide, particularly for the control of aphids.. [methyl(oxido){1-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]ethyl}-lambda(6)-sulfanylidene]cyanamide : A member of the class of pyridines that is 5-ethyl-2-trifluoromethylpyridine in which the ethyl group is substituted at position 1 by an N-cyano-S-methylsulfonimidoyl group. The insecticide sulfoxalor is a mixture of the four possible stereoisomers arising from the two tetrahedral stereocentres.	2.17	1	0	nitrile; organofluorine compound; pyridines; sulfoximide
uk 453,061 UK 453,061: a reverse transcriptase inhibitor/anti-HIV agent; structure in first source	2.6	1	0	aromatic ether
N-(2-aminophenyl)-2-pyrazinecarboxamide [no description available]	2.6	1	0	aromatic amide
chitosan [no description available]	3.52	7	0
tegobuvir tegobuvir: a non-structural protein 5B polymerase inhibitor	2.6	1	0
pf-429242 PF-429242: a subtilisin kexin isozyme-1/site-1 protease inhibitor	2.6	1	0
cyanotriphenylborate cyanotriphenylborate: glycine receptor antagonist and chloride channel antagonist; structure given in first source; RN refers to sodium salt	1.99	1	0	organic sodium salt; tetraorganoborate salt
olaparib [no description available]	2.6	1	0	cyclopropanes; monofluorobenzenes; N-acylpiperazine; phthalazines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
hygromycin b [no description available]	1.96	1	0
picrotoxinin picrotoxinin: toxic component of PICROTOXIN; structure; noncompetitive antagonist of ionotropic GABA-A receptors. picrotoxinin : A picrotoxane sesquiterpenoid that is 3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-indene-3,7-dicarboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 3a, 6, and 7a by methyl, isopropenyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively; in which the double bond at position 2-3 has been epoxidised; and in which the carboxy groups at positions 3 and 7 have undergone gamma-lactone formation by O-alkylation to positions 4 and 5, respectively. A component of picrotoxin.	3.36	7	0
cx 4945 [no description available]	2.6	1	0
pci 34051 PCI 34051: an HDAC8 inhibitor	2.6	1	0	indolecarboxamide
s-adenosylmethionine (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.	2.71	3	0	organic cation; sulfonium compound	coenzyme; cofactor; human metabolite; micronutrient; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lomibuvir lomibuvir: an antiviral agent with polymerase NS5 inhibitory activity	2.6	1	0	thiophenecarboxylic acid
delanzomib [no description available]	2.6	1	0	C-terminal boronic acid peptide; phenylpyridine; secondary alcohol; threonine derivative	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; proteasome inhibitor
picrotoxin Picrotoxin: A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.. picrotoxin : A mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of picrotoxinin and picrotin found in the climbing plant Anamirta cocculus.	5.85	31	0
2',3'-o-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)adenosine 5'-triphosphate 2',3'-O-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)adenosine 5'-triphosphate: analog of ATP; do not confuse with TNP-ATP record	2.17	1	0	C-nitro compound; spiroketal	antagonist
combivent respimat Albuterol, Ipratropium Drug Combination: A combined pharmaceutical preparation of Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate that is used to treat the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.	2.13	1	0
pitavastatin(1-) pitavastatin(1-) : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of pitavastatin, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.	2.6	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion
GRL-0617 GRL-0617 : A benzamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-amino-2-methylbenzoic acid with the amino group of (1R)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethan-1-amine. It is a potent noncovalent inhibitor (IC50 = 600 nM) of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus papain-like protease (SARS-CoV PLpro).	2.6	1	0	benzamides; naphthalenes; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	anticoronaviral agent; protease inhibitor
N-[4-[3-[[[7-(hydroxyamino)-7-oxoheptyl]amino]-oxomethyl]-5-isoxazolyl]phenyl]carbamic acid tert-butyl ester CAY10603: a HDAC6 inhibitor	2.6	1	0	carbamate ester
niraparib niraparib: structure in first source. niraparib : A 2-[4-(piperidin-3-yl)phenyl]-2H-indazole-7-carboxamide that has S-configuration. It is a potent inhibitor of PARP1 and PARP2 (IC50 of 3.8 and 2.1 nM, respectively) and approved as a first-line maintenance treatment for women with advanced ovarian cancer after responding to platinum-based chemotherapy.	2.6	1	0	2-[4-(piperidin-3-yl)phenyl]-2H-indazole-7-carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; radiosensitizing agent
jzl 184 JZL 184: inhibits monoacylglycerol lipase; structure in first source	2.6	1	0	benzodioxoles
gsk 650394 [no description available]	2.6	1	0	phenylpyridine
oprozomib ONX 0912: antineoplastic; an orally active proteasome inhibitor; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
az 960 [no description available]	2.6	1	0
golgicide a golgicide A: inhibits the cis-golgi ArfGEF GBF1; structure in first source. golgicide A : A diastereoisomeric mixture comprising racemic cis- and racemic trans-goglioside A in a 10:1 ratio. It is a potent and rapidly reversible GBF1 (Golgi-specific brefeldin A-resistance guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1) inhibitor. The (3aS,4R,9bR) isomer is the most active (see Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2012, 22, 5177-5181).	2.6	1	0	diastereoisomeric mixture	cis-Golgi ArfGEF GBF inhibitor
cobicistat [no description available]	2.82	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; carbamate ester; monocarboxylic acid amide; morpholines; ureas	P450 inhibitor
derquantel derquantel: an antihelmintic	6.09	10	3	azaspiro compound
afoxolaner afoxolaner: an oral, chewable insecticide-acaricide to control fleas and ticks in dogs	4.07	2	1
bms-790052 daclatasvir: an HCV NS5A inhibitor. daclatasvir : A member of the class of biphenyls that is a potent inhibitor of nonstructural protein 5A and is used (as its hydrochloride salt) for treatment of hepatitis C.	2.82	2	0	biphenyls; carbamate ester; carboxamide; imidazoles; valine derivative	antiviral drug; nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor
ixazomib ixazomib: a proteasome inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; MLN2238 is the biologically active form of MLN9708; structure in first source. ixazomib : A glycine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-(2,5-dichlorobenzoyl)glycine with the amino group of [(1R)-1-amino-3-methylbutyl]boronic acid. The active metabolite of ixazomib citrate, it is used in combination therapy for treatment of multiple myeloma.	2.6	1	0	benzamides; boronic acids; dichlorobenzene; glycine derivative	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; drug metabolite; orphan drug; proteasome inhibitor
ucph 101 2-amino-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-7-(naphthalen-1-yl)-5-oxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-chromene-3-carbonitrile: structure in first source	2.6	1	0
plx4032 [no description available]	3.41	1	0	aromatic ketone; difluorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; pyrrolopyridine; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; B-Raf inhibitor
spirolide d spirolide D: structure in first source	2.05	1	0	azepine
5-(3-methylsulfonylphenyl)-4-[(1-methyl-5-tetrazolyl)thio]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine [no description available]	2.6	1	0	aryl sulfide; thienopyrimidine
baricitinib [no description available]	5.28	4	0	azetidines; nitrile; pyrazoles; pyrrolopyrimidine; sulfonamide	anti-inflammatory agent; antirheumatic drug; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
KOM70144 KOM70144 : A benzamide that is GRL-0617 in which one of the hydrogen's of the primary amino group is replaced by an acetyl group. It an inhibitor of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease (PLpro) with an IC50 of 2.6 muM and 5.0 muM, respectively. It also inhibits SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infection of Vero E6 cells in vitro (EC50 values are 13.1 and 21 muM, respectively).	2.6	1	0	acetamides; benzamides; naphthalenes; secondary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; protease inhibitor
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	3.61	2	0
e-52862 [no description available]	2.6	1	0
ly2811376 [no description available]	2.6	1	0
nodulisporic acid b nodulisporic acid B: a 1'-deoxy-nodulisporic acid from Nodulisporium sp.; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	1.99	1	0
monepantel monepantel: Anthelmintic; effective gainst fourth stage gastro-intestinal nematode larvae infecting sheep. monepantel : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of p-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfanyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanenitrile in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding 5-cyano-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl ether. A broad-spectrum nematicide, it is used to control gastrointestinal roundworms in sheep and goats.	5.74	10	2	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; aryl sulfide; nitrile; secondary carboxamide	anthelminthic drug; nematicide
anagliptin anagliptin: anagliptin hydrochloride salt is the active compound	2.6	1	0	amino acid amide
gardiquimod [no description available]	2.6	1	0
grazoprevir grazoprevir: has antiviral activity; component of Zepatier. grazoprevir : An azamacrocyclic compound that is a hepatitis C protease inhibitor used in combination with elbasvir (under the brand name Zepatier) for treatment of chronic HCV genotypes 1 or 4 infection in adults.	2.6	1	0	aromatic ether; azamacrocycle; carbamate ester; cyclopropanes; lactam; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; quinoxaline derivative	antiviral drug; hepatitis C protease inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent
abt-450 paritaprevir: inhibits HCV NS3 protease. paritaprevir : An azamacrocycle which is used which is in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and ritonavir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.	2.6	1	0
letermovir letermovir: has antiviral activity; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
spirolide b spirolide B: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
tilmicosin tilmicosin: semi-synthetic antibiotic. tilmicosin : A macrolide antibiotic with formula C46H80N2O13. It is used for the treatment of respiratory disease in cattle at high risk of developing bovine respiratory disease associated with Mannheimia haemolytica.	2.71	3	0
tylosin [no description available]	4.68	6	1
sofosbuvir Sofosbuvir: A uridine monophosphate analog inhibitor of HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) polymerase NS5B that is used as an ANTIVIRAL AGENT in the treatment of CHRONIC HEPATITIS C.. sofosbuvir : A nucleotide conjugate that is used in combination with ledipasvir (under the trade name Harvoni) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection.	2.76	2	0	isopropyl ester; L-alanyl ester; nucleotide conjugate; organofluorine compound; phosphoramidate ester	antiviral drug; hepatitis C protease inhibitor; prodrug
5-(4-amino-1-propan-2-yl-3-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidinyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-2-amine sapanisertib: an mTOR inhibitor	2.6	1	0	benzoxazole
endrin Endrin: An organochlorine compound that was formerly used as an insecticide. Its manufacture and use has been discontinued in the United States. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). endrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the epoxidation of the double bond of isodrin. It is the endo, endo stereoisomer of dieldrin. It is an insecticide mainly used on field crops such as cotton and grains and has also been used as a rodenticide to control mice and voles. The product is banned in many countries since it is a persistent organic pollutant.	1.98	1	0
blz 945 [no description available]	2.6	1	0
azd3839 AZD3839: a BACE1 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
pf 3084014 nirogacestat: an antineoplastic agent. nirogacestat : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1H-imidazole substituted by a 1-[(2,2-dimethylpropyl)amino]-2-methylpropan-2-yl group at position 1 and a {N-[(2S)-6,8-difluoro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl]-L-norvalyl}amino group at position 4. It is a gamma-secretase inhibitor whose hydrobromide salt is indicated for adult patients with progressing desmoid tumours who require systemic treatment.	2.6	1	0
unc 0638 UNC 0638: inhibits lysine methyltransferases G9a and GLP; structure in first source	2.6	1	0	quinazolines
kalata b1 kalata B1: a 29-residue cyclotide which has a cystine knot structure and beta-sheet; causes uterine contraction; the principal active component from Oldenlandia affinis; amino acid sequence given in first source	2.05	1	0
gs-9620 [no description available]	2.6	1	0
n-((5-(methanesulfonyl)pyridin-2-yl)methyl)-6-methyl-5-(1-methyl-1h-pyrazol-5-yl)-2-oxo-1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carboxamide N-((5-(methanesulfonyl)pyridin-2-yl)methyl)-6-methyl-5-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-2-oxo-1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carboxamide: structure in first source	2.6	1	0
bms 708163 BMS 708163: structure in first source	2.6	1	0	oxadiazole; ring assembly
jq1 compound [no description available]	2.6	1	0	carboxylic ester; organochlorine compound; tert-butyl ester; thienotriazolodiazepine	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bromodomain-containing protein 4 inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; ferroptosis inducer
1-(5-((2,4-difluorophenyl)thio)-4-nitrothiophen-2-yl)ethanone 1-(5-((2,4-difluorophenyl)thio)-4-nitrothiophen-2-yl)ethanone: a USP7 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
methylmalonyl-coenzyme a [no description available]	3.1	1	0
gsk525762a molibresib: mimicks acetylated histones; structure in first source	2.6	1	0	benzodiazepine
ML240 ML240 : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline which is substituted at positions 2, 5 and 8 by 2-amino-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl, benzylnitrilo and methoxy groups, respectively. It is a ATP-competetive inhibitor of AAA ATPase p97, also known as valosin-containing protein (VCP).	2.6	1	0	aromatic amine; aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; primary amino compound; quinazolines; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent
birinapant birinapant: a Smac mimetic with antineoplastic activity	2.6	1	0	dipeptide
ly2886721 [no description available]	2.6	1	0
nms-p118 NMS-P118: a PARP-1 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
tubastatin a [no description available]	2.6	1	0	hydroxamic acid; pyridoindole; tertiary amino compound	EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
pracinostat pracinostat : A hydroxamic acid that is N-hydroxyacrylamide which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-butyl-1-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]-1H-benzimidazol-5-yl group (the E isomer). An orally available pan-histone deacetylase inhibitor with demonstrated activity in the treatment of advanced solid tumours.	2.6	1	0	benzimidazole; hydroxamic acid; olefinic compound; tertiary amino compound	antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
spautin-1 [no description available]	2.6	1	0
ldn 57444 LDN 57444: inhibitor of ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
gsk1210151a GSK1210151A: inhibitor of the BET family of proteins; structure in first source	2.6	1	0	imidazoquinoline
i-bet726 [no description available]	2.6	1	0
oligomycin a [no description available]	2.07	1	0	antibiotic antifungal agent; diketone; oligomycin; pentol	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.6.3.14 (H(+)-transporting two-sector ATPase) inhibitor; nematicide
spinetoram spinetoram: a second-generation spinosyn; insecticide	3.41	6	0	organic molecular entity
acy-1215 ricolinostat: an HDAC6 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.6	1	0	pyrimidinecarboxylic acid
miglyol 840 miglyol 840: a propylene glycol diester of saturated vegetable fatty acids (C8-C10 chain lengths)	1.98	1	0
cudc-907 [no description available]	2.6	1	0
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	4.42	5	0	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	7.05	5	1
chlortetracycline Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.	2.93	4	0
oxytetracycline, anhydrous Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.	3.55	8	0
minocycline Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.	3.68	2	0
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	3.11	1	0	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
mobic Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.	4.49	3	1	1,3-thiazoles; benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tipranavir tipranavir: inhibits HIV-1 protease. tipranavir : A pyridine-2-sulfonamide substituted at C-5 by a trifluoromethyl group and at the sulfonamide nitrogen by a dihydropyrone-containing m-tolyl substituent. It is an HIV-1 protease inhibitor.	2.6	1	0	sulfonamide	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
tasquinimod tasquinimod: a lead second generation quinoline-3-carboxamide anti-angiogenic agent for the treatment of prostate cancer; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
gsk1265744 [no description available]	2.6	1	0	difluorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary carboxamide	HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
abt-267 ombitasvir: inhibits HCV NS5A protein, component of Viekirax. ombitasvir : A dipeptide derivative which is used which is in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, paritaprevir and ritonavir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.	2.6	1	0	aromatic amide; carbamate ester; dipeptide; pyrrolidines	antiviral drug; hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor
abt-333 dasabuvir: an antiviral agent. dasabuvir : A member of the class of pyrimidone, which is (as the monohydrate of its sodium salt) in combination with ombitasvir, paritaprevir and ritonavir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.	2.6	1	0	aromatic ether; naphthalenes; pyrimidone; sulfonamide	antiviral drug; nonnucleoside hepatitis C virus polymerase inhibitor
rgfp966 [no description available]	2.6	1	0
rg2833 RG2833: a histone deacetylase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
budesonide, formoterol fumarate drug combination Budesonide, Formoterol Fumarate Drug Combination: A pharmaceutical preparation of budesonide and formoterol fumarate that is used as an ANTI-ASTHMATIC AGENT and for the treatment of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.	3.15	1	0
epidermal growth factor Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.	2.15	1	0
kaolinite Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.	2.31	1	0	aluminosilicate mineral; mixture	antidiarrhoeal drug; excipient
clay Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.	2.82	3	0
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	2.49	2	0
pi-1840 PI-1840: has both antineoplastic and proteasome inhibitory activities; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
acy-738 [no description available]	2.6	1	0
pelabresib CPI-0610: a bromodomain and extra-terminal protein inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	2.6	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; organic heterotricyclic compound; primary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; bromodomain-containing protein 4 inhibitor
gs-5806 presatovir: a respiratory syncytial virus entry inhibitor	2.6	1	0
doravirine [no description available]	2.6	1	0
pyrethrins [no description available]	13.8	145	5
gn6958 GN6958: inhibits SUMO-sentrin specific protease 1 (SENP1); structure in first source	2.6	1	0
vx-787 pimodivir: non‐nucleotide inhibitor of the polymerase basic protein 2 (PB2) subunit of the influenza A that is active against H1N1, H7N9 and H5N1, as well as influenza A strains with reduced susceptibility to NAIs	2.6	1	0
ledipasvir ledipasvir : A benzimidazole derivative that is used in combination with sofosbuvir (under the trade name Harvoni) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection.	2.6	1	0	azaspiro compound; benzimidazole; bridged compound; carbamate ester; carboxamide; fluorenes; imidazoles; L-valine derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; organofluorine compound	antiviral drug; hepatitis C protease inhibitor
gs-5816 velpatasvir: an NS5A inhibitor used for treating hepatitis C infections. velpatasvir : A complex organic heteropentacyclic compound that is a hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor used in combination with sofosbuvir (under the brand name Epclusa) for treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis C of all six major genotypes.	2.6	1	0	carbamate ester; ether; imidazoles; L-valine derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; organic heteropentacyclic compound; ring assembly	antiviral drug; hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor
g007-lk G007-LK: potent and specific small-molecule tankyrase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
4-((1-butyl-3-phenylureido)methyl)-n-hydroxybenzamide 4-((1-butyl-3-phenylureido)methyl)-N-hydroxybenzamide: inhibits HDAC6; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
selinexor selinexor: inhibits karyopherin XPO1	2.6	1	0
verdinexor verdinexor: a selective inhibitor of nuclear export	2.6	1	0
agar Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.	2.8	3	0
cb-839 [no description available]	2.6	1	0
mk-8742 elbasvir: inhibits NS5A protein of hepatitis C virus. elbasvir : A complex organic heterotetracyclic compound that is a hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor used in combination with grazoprevir (under the brand name Zepatier) for treatment of chronic HCV genotypes 1 or 4 infection in adults.	2.6	1	0	carbamate ester; imidazoles; L-valine derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; organic heterotetracyclic compound; ring assembly	antiviral drug; hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent
atglistatin atglistatin: inhibits adipose triglyceride lipase; structure in first source. atglistatin : A biphenyl that is 1,1'-biphenyl substituted by (dimethylcarbamoyl)amino and dimethylamino groups at positions 3 and 4', respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of adipose triglyceride lipase activity (IC50 = 700nM).	2.6	1	0
xen445 [no description available]	2.6	1	0
santacruzamate a santacruzamate A: HDAC2 inhibitor from the Panamanian marine cyanobacterium cf. Symploca sp.; structure in first source	2.6	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
ldc4297 LDC4297: a CDK7 inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source. LDC4297 : A pyrazolotriazine that is pyrazolo[1,5-a][1,3,5]triazine substituted by a piperidin-3-yloxy group, [2-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzyl]nitrilo group and an isopropyl group at positions 2, 4 and 8 respectively. It is a potent and selective CDK7 inhibitor and exhibits antiviral activity.	2.6	1	0	aromatic ether; piperidines; pyrazoles; pyrazolotriazine; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
oligomycins Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).	3.75	10	0
nitrophenols Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.	4.31	4	1
bassianolide bassianolide: cyclodepsipeptide from mycelia of Beauveria bassiana; inhibits isotonic contractions induced by acetylcholine. bassianolide : A cyclodepsipeptide consisting of a cyclic tetramer of the depsipeptide D-Hiv-N-methyl-L-leucine (where D-Hiv = D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid). Found in the fungal species Beauveria bassiana and Verticillium lecanii, it has insecticidal properties and is used as a commercial biopesticide to control of insects of agricultural, veterinary and medical significance. For elucidation of the structure, see Suzuki et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1977 v25, 2167-2170.	2.76	3	0	cyclodepsipeptide; cyclooctadepsipeptide	antineoplastic agent; fungal metabolite; insecticide
enasidenib [no description available]	2.6	1	0	1,3,5-triazines; aminopyridine; aromatic amine; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.42 (isocitrate dehydrogenase) inhibitor
chloroeremomycin chloroeremomycin: structure given in first source. chloroeremomycin : A complex glycopeptide antibiotic that is isolated from Amycolatopsis orientalis.. chloroeremomycin(2+) : An organic cation obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group and protonation of the three amino functions of chloroeremomycin; major species at pH 7.3.	3.14	1	0	organic cation
daptomycin [no description available]	2.69	2	0
norgestrel Norgestrel: A synthetic progestational agent with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE. This racemic or (+-)-form has about half the potency of the levo form (LEVONORGESTREL). Norgestrel is used as a contraceptive, ovulation inhibitor, and for the control of menstrual disorders and endometriosis.	2.6	1	0
s 8932 [no description available]	10.06	18	0	aromatic amine; C-nucleoside; carboxylic ester; nitrile; phosphoramidate ester; pyrrolotriazine	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; prodrug
moxidectin moxidectin: family of macrolide antibiotics with insecticidal & acaricidal activity	19.39	334	70
selamectin selamectin: a broad-spectrum endectocide; structure in first source	14.1	148	59
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	6.64	15	0
lactoferrin Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.	1.98	1	0
nemadectin nemadectin: structure given in first source; isolated from Streptomyces cyaneogriseus sp. noncyanogenus; used against Psoroptes ovis as an insecticide	2.69	3	0
orabase Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers	2.94	3	0
chondroitin sulfates Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.	2.21	1	0
exudates Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)	2.68	3	0
angiogenin angiogenin: human tumor protein which stimulates growth of blood vessels; contains 123 amino acids; member of the pancreatic ribonuclease superfamily; MW 14,400	2.6	1	0
narasin narasin: related to salinomycin & A28086B; structure; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0
entecavir entecavir (anhydrous) : Guanine substituted at the 9 position by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl group. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, it is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Entecavir is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.	2.6	1	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
acyclovir Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.	3.68	2	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antimetabolite; antiviral drug
nu 1025 NU 1064: structure in first source	2.6	1	0	phenols; quinazolines	EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
deoxyguanosine [no description available]	2.59	2	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pheophytin a pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S,11S),4beta,21beta))-isomer	2.03	1	0
rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)	6	7	1	cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor
didanosine Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS.	2.6	1	0	purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor; geroprotector; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
ganciclovir [no description available]	4.37	5	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antiinfective agent; antiviral drug
valacyclovir Valacyclovir: A prodrug of acyclovir that is used in the treatment of HERPES ZOSTER and HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION of the skin and mucous membranes, including GENITAL HERPES.	2.6	1	0	L-valyl ester	antiviral drug
penciclovir penciclovir : A member of the class of 2-aminopurines that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)but-1-yl group. An antiviral drug, it is administered topically for treatment of herpes labialis. A prodrug, famciclovir, is used for oral administration.	2.6	1	0	2-aminopurines; propane-1,3-diols	antiviral drug
rifapentine rifapentine: cyclopentyl derivative of rifampicin	2.25	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-iminopiperazine; rifamycins	antitubercular agent; leprostatic drug
4-hydroxyquinazoline 4-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinazoline: structure in first source	2.6	1	0	quinazolines
tegaserod tegaserod: a nonbenzamide 5-hydroxytryptamine(4) agonist; used in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome; marketing suspended 2007 in US due to higher incidence of MI, stroke, and unstable angina; structure given in first source	2.6	1	0	carboxamidine; guanidines; hydrazines; indoles	gastrointestinal drug; serotonergic agonist
norclozapine norclozapine: structure given in first source. N-desmethylclozapine : A dibenzodoazepine substituted with chloro and piperazino groups which is a major metabolite of clozapine; a potent and selective 5-HT2C serotonin receptor antagonist.	2.6	1	0	dibenzodiazepine; organochlorine compound; piperazines	delta-opioid receptor agonist; metabolite; serotonergic antagonist
pemetrexed pemetrexed disodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of N-{4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl}-L-glutamic acid. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).	2.6	1	0	N-acyl-L-glutamic acid; pyrrolopyrimidine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.2.2 (phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase) inhibitor
sildenafil citrate Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.	2.57	2	0	citrate salt	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
valganciclovir Valganciclovir: A ganciclovir prodrug and antiviral agent that is used to treat CYTOMEGALOVIRUS RETINITIS in patients with AIDS, and for the prevention of CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS in organ transplant recipients who have received an organ from a CMV-positive donor.. valganciclovir : The L-valinyl ester of ganciclovir, into which it is rapidly converted by intestinal and hepatic esterases. It is a synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine.	3.59	2	0	L-valyl ester; purines	antiviral drug; prodrug
aprepitant Aprepitant: A morpholine neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist that is used in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by DRUG THERAPY, and for the prevention of POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING.. aprepitant : A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors.	2.6	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; cyclic acetal; morpholines; triazoles	antidepressant; antiemetic; neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist; peripheral nervous system drug; substance P receptor antagonist
azilsartan azilsartan: an angiotensin type 1 receptor blocker; receptor blocker. azilsartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted at position 2 by a methoxy group and at position 1 by a 2'-[(5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)biphenyl-4-yl]methyl group. Used (as the prodrug, azilsartan medoxomil) for treatment of hypertension.	2.6	1	0	1,2,4-oxadiazole; aromatic ether; benzimidazolecarboxylic acid	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent
hesperadin [no description available]	2.6	1	0
trypan blue Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).	2.38	2	0
methylnitronitrosoguanidine Methylnitronitrosoguanidine: A nitrosoguanidine derivative with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine : An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position	2.43	2	0	nitroso compound	alkylating agent
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.	2.15	1	0	guanosines	biomarker
6-bromoindirubin-3'-acetoxime 6-bromoindirubin-3'-acetoxime: a synthetic derivative of a compound from the Mediterranean mollusk Hexaplex trunculus, protects cells from varicella infection	2.6	1	0
inosine pranobex Inosine Pranobex: An alkylamino-alcohol complex of inosine used in the treatment of a variety of viral infections. Unlike other antiviral agents, it acts by modifying or stimulating cell-mediated immune processes rather than acting on the virus directly.	3.1	1	0
febantel febantel: structure	6.07	9	1	aryl sulfide
carbadox Carbadox: An antibacterial agent that has been used in veterinary practice for treating swine dysentery and enteritis and for promoting growth. However, its use has been prohibited in the UK following reports of carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p125)	1.97	1	0	quinoxaline derivative
imidacloprid imidacloprid: systemic & contact insecticide exhibiting low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source; it is one of the neonicotinoid insecticides, which acts as an antagonist by binding to postsynaptic nicotinic receptors in the insect central nervous system. imidacloprid : An imidazolidine that is N-nitroimidazolidin-2-imine bearing a (6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl substituent at position 1.	11.03	67	15	imidacloprid; imidazolidines; monochloropyridine	environmental contaminant; genotoxin; neonicotinoid insectide; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
n'-(3,4-dihydroxybenzylidene)-3-hydroxy-2-naphthahydrazide [no description available]	2.6	1	0	catechols; hydrazide; hydrazone; naphthols	EC 3.6.5.5 (dynamin GTPase) inhibitor
XL413 XL413 : A benzofuropyrimidine that is 3,4-dihydro[1]benzofuro[3,2-d]pyrimidine substituted by (2S)-pyrrolidin-2-yl, oxo and chloro groups at positions 2, 4, and 8, respectively. It is a potent ATP competitive inhibitor of Cdc7 kinase (IC50 = 3.4 nM) and exhibits anticancer properties.	2.6	1	0	benzofuropyrimidine; organochlorine compound; pyrrolidines	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor
me0328 ME0328: inhibits ARTD3; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
clothianidin clothianidin: structure in first source. clothianidin : An N-nitro compound consisting of 2-nitroguanidine having a (2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl group at position 1 and a methyl group at position 3.	2.15	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; 2-nitroguanidine derivative; clothianidin; organochlorine compound	environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
nvp-tnks656 [no description available]	2.6	1	0
avermectin avermectin: produced by actinomycete, Streptomyces avermitilis; structure; see also records for specific avermectins. avermectin : Any of the macrolides obtained as fermentation products from the bacterium Streptomyces avermitilis and consisting of a 16-membered macrocyclic backbone that is fused both benzofuran and spiroketal functions and contains a disaccharide substituent. They have significant anthelmintic and insecticidal properties.	15.28	548	6
eye [no description available]	13.35	24	14
molnupiravir molnupiravir: prodrug that’s metabolized into N4-hydroxycytidine (NHC), a ribonucleoside analog. molnupiravir : A nucleoside analogue that is N(4)-hydroxycytidine in which the 5'-hydroxy group is replaced by a (2-methylpropanoyl)oxy group. It is the prodrug of the active antiviral ribonucleoside analog N(4)-hydroxycytidine (EIDD-1931), has activity against a number of RNA viruses including SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, and seasonal and pandemic influenza viruses. It is currently in phase III trials for the treatment of patients with COVID-19.	4.17	3	0	isopropyl ester; ketoxime; nucleoside analogue	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; prodrug
enterocin enterocin: antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces candidus var. enterostaticus WS-8096 & Streptomyces viridochromogenes M-127; molecular formula: C22-H20-010; structure	3.11	1	0
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	2.07	1	0
nirmatrelvir nirmatrelvir: component of COVID-19 drug Paxlovid. Paxlovid : A mixture containing nirmatrelvir and ritonavir. It is co-administered in tablet form for the treatment and post-exposure prophylaxis of COVID-19.. nirmatrelvir : An azabicyclohexane that is (1R,5S)-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane substituted by {(1S)-1-cyano-2-[(3S)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl]ethyl}aminoacyl, 3-methyl-N-(trifluoroacetyl)-L-valinamide, methyl and methyl groups at positions 2S, 3, 6 and 6, respectively. It is the first orally administered inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 main protease developed by Pfizer and used in combination with ritonavir for the treatment of COVID-19.	4	2	0	azabicyclohexane; nitrile; organofluorine compound; pyrrolidin-2-ones; pyrrolidinecarboxamide; secondary carboxamide; tertiary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor
antimony sodium gluconate Antimony Sodium Gluconate: Antimony complex where the metal may exist in either the pentavalent or trivalent states. The pentavalent gluconate is used in leishmaniasis. The trivalent gluconate is most frequently used in schistosomiasis.	1.97	1	0
yo-pro 1 YO-PRO 1: a generally membrane impermeable fluorescent dye	2.07	1	0
leptin Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.	3.81	2	1
pyrimidinones Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.	2.92	4	0
filipin Filipin: A complex of polyene antibiotics obtained from Streptomyces filipinensis. Filipin III alters membrane function by interfering with membrane sterols, inhibits mitochondrial respiration, and is proposed as an antifungal agent. Filipins I, II, and IV are less important.	2.06	1	0

Condition	Indicated	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Goiter Enlargement of the THYROID GLAND that may increase from about 20 grams to hundreds of grams in human adults. Goiter is observed in individuals with normal thyroid function (euthyroidism), thyroid deficiency (HYPOTHYROIDISM), or hormone overproduction (HYPERTHYROIDISM). Goiter may be congenital or acquired, sporadic or endemic (GOITER, ENDEMIC).	0	2.87	4	0
Apolipoprotein B-100, Familial Defective [description not available]	0	6.12	7	1
Autoimmune Thyroiditis [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II A group of familial disorders characterized by elevated circulating cholesterol contained in either LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS alone or also in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins).	0	6.12	7	1
Amyloidosis A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.	0	2.03	1	0
Dyslipidemia [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Dyslipidemias Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.	0	2.31	1	0
Adolescent Obesity [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	1	6.59	6	1
Thyroid Diseases Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.	0	2.88	4	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	0	14.93	113	23
Diabetes, Gestational Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.	0	2.13	1	0
Apoplexy [description not available]	0	3.04	1	0
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	0	3.04	1	0
Injuries Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.	0	3.34	7	0
Wounds and Injuries Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.	0	3.34	7	0
Hyperthyroid [description not available]	0	3.82	12	0
Central Hypothyroidism [description not available]	0	6.55	19	1
Hyperthyroidism Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.	0	3.82	12	0
Hypothyroidism A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.	0	11.55	19	1
Exophthalmos Abnormal protrusion of both eyes; may be caused by endocrine gland malfunction, malignancy, injury, or paralysis of the extrinsic muscles of the eye.	0	1.93	1	0
Thyrotoxicosis A hypermetabolic syndrome caused by excess THYROID HORMONES which may come from endogenous or exogenous sources. The endogenous source of hormone may be thyroid HYPERPLASIA; THYROID NEOPLASMS; or hormone-producing extrathyroidal tissue. Thyrotoxicosis is characterized by NERVOUSNESS; TACHYCARDIA; FATIGUE; WEIGHT LOSS; heat intolerance; and excessive SWEATING.	0	4.27	4	1
Elevated Cholesterol [description not available]	0	10.82	57	6
Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.	0	10.82	57	6
Angor Pectoris [description not available]	0	4.58	6	1
Angina Pectoris The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.	0	4.58	6	1
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	0	12.8	37	11
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	0	12.8	37	11
Atherogenesis [description not available]	0	3.03	5	0
Hyperlipemia [description not available]	0	12.06	55	5
Arteriosclerosis Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.	0	6.82	30	0
Hyperlipidemias Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.	0	12.06	55	5
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	0	3.03	5	0
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary [description not available]	0	2.34	2	0
Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Coronary Artery Disease Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.	0	2.34	2	0
Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	0	1.93	1	0
Xanthoma [description not available]	0	5.16	4	1
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	0	4.72	7	0
Biliary Fistula Abnormal passage in any organ of the biliary tract or between biliary organs and other organs.	0	1.93	1	0
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	0	10.89	18	9
Broad Beta Disease [description not available]	0	3.56	3	0
Apolipoprotein C-II Deficiency [description not available]	0	3.27	2	0
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type III An autosomal recessively inherited disorder characterized by the accumulation of intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL or broad-beta-lipoprotein). IDL has a CHOLESTEROL to TRIGLYCERIDES ratio greater than that of VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. This disorder is due to mutation of APOLIPOPROTEINS E, a receptor-binding component of VLDL and CHYLOMICRONS, resulting in their reduced clearance and high plasma levels of both cholesterol and triglycerides.	0	3.56	3	0
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type I An inherited condition due to a deficiency of either LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE or APOLIPOPROTEIN C-II (a lipase-activating protein). The lack of lipase activities results in inability to remove CHYLOMICRONS and TRIGLYCERIDES from the blood which has a creamy top layer after standing.	0	3.27	2	0
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	0	10.89	18	9
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	0	11.89	102	23
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	0	2.86	4	0
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	0	2.86	4	0
Metabolic Acidosis [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	0	2.93	4	0
Fasting Hypoglycemia HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.	0	2.65	3	0
Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.	0	1.94	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	0	2.93	4	0
Hypoglycemia A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.	0	2.65	3	0
Myxedema A condition characterized by a dry, waxy type of swelling (EDEMA) with abnormal deposits of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and other tissues. It is caused by a deficiency of THYROID HORMONES. The skin becomes puffy around the eyes and on the cheeks. The face is dull and expressionless with thickened nose and lips.	0	3.54	3	0
Dermatosclerosis [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Sclerosis, Systemic [description not available]	0	4.03	3	1
Scleroderma, Localized A term used to describe a variety of localized asymmetrical SKIN thickening that is similar to those of SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMA but without the disease features in the multiple internal organs and BLOOD VESSELS. Lesions may be characterized as patches or plaques (morphea), bands (linear), or nodules.	0	1.94	1	0
Scleroderma, Systemic A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.	0	4.03	3	1
Gastroduodenal Ulcer [description not available]	0	2.34	2	0
Peptic Ulcer Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	0	2.34	2	0
Lipidoses Conditions characterized by abnormal lipid deposition due to disturbance in lipid metabolism, such as hereditary diseases involving lysosomal enzymes required for lipid breakdown. They are classified either by the enzyme defect or by the type of lipid involved.	0	1.94	1	0
Biliary Calculi [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Gallstone Disease [description not available]	0	3.27	2	0
Liver Steatosis [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Cholecystolithiasis Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the GALLBLADDER.	0	1.94	1	0
Cholelithiasis Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).	0	3.27	2	0
Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.	0	2.38	2	0
Gallstones Solid crystalline precipitates in the BILIARY TRACT, usually formed in the GALLBLADDER, resulting in the condition of CHOLELITHIASIS. Gallstones, derived from the BILE, consist mainly of calcium, cholesterol, or bilirubin.	0	1.94	1	0
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	0	1.94	1	0
Generalized Resistance to Thyroid Hormone [description not available]	0	3.61	3	0
Cretinism [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Congenital Hypothyroidism A condition in infancy or early childhood due to an in-utero deficiency of THYROID HORMONES that can be caused by genetic or environmental factors, such as thyroid dysgenesis or HYPOTHYROIDISM in infants of mothers treated with THIOURACIL during pregnancy. Endemic cretinism is the result of iodine deficiency. Clinical symptoms include severe MENTAL RETARDATION, impaired skeletal development, short stature, and MYXEDEMA.	0	2.03	1	0
HbS Disease [description not available]	0	2.39	2	0
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	0	3.42	7	0
Anemia, Sickle Cell A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.	0	2.39	2	0
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	0	6.92	10	3
Hyperlipoproteinemia [description not available]	0	2.88	4	0
Hyperlipoproteinemias Conditions with abnormally elevated levels of LIPOPROTEINS in the blood. They may be inherited, acquired, primary, or secondary. Hyperlipoproteinemias are classified according to the pattern of lipoproteins on electrophoresis or ultracentrifugation.	0	2.88	4	0
Nevoxanthoendothelioma [description not available]	0	2.87	1	0
Glycogenosis [description not available]	0	7.36	2	0
Enlarged Liver [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Amylo-1,6-Glucosidase Deficiency [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Glycogen Storage Disease A group of inherited metabolic disorders involving the enzymes responsible for the synthesis and degradation of glycogen. In some patients, prominent liver involvement is presented. In others, more generalized storage of glycogen occurs, sometimes with prominent cardiac involvement.	0	2.36	2	0
Arrhythmia [description not available]	0	2.65	3	0
Avitaminosis A condition due to a deficiency of one or more essential vitamins. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	1.95	1	0
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	0	11.55	94	24
Chronic Insomnia [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	0	2.65	3	0
Biliary Tract Diseases Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.	0	1.95	1	0
Gout Metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of URIC ACID calculi.	0	3.27	2	0
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.	0	1.95	1	0
Cerebral Arteriosclerosis [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Intracranial Arteriosclerosis Vascular diseases characterized by thickening and hardening of the walls of ARTERIES inside the SKULL. There are three subtypes: (1) atherosclerosis with fatty deposits in the ARTERIAL INTIMA; (2) Monckeberg's sclerosis with calcium deposits in the media and (3) arteriolosclerosis involving the small caliber arteries. Clinical signs include HEADACHE; CONFUSION; transient blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX); speech impairment; and HEMIPARESIS.	0	2.36	2	0
Cancer of Pituitary [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Pituitary Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.	0	1.98	1	0
Abortion, Recurrent [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Abortion, Habitual Three or more consecutive spontaneous abortions.	0	2	1	0
Recrudescence [description not available]	0	12.2	49	14
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.	0	4.69	10	0
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	0	7.92	10	2
Blood Clot [description not available]	0	3.32	2	0
Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.	0	3.32	2	0
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	0	7.44	10	2
Pain, Intractable Persistent pain that is refractory to some or all forms of treatment.	0	3.34	1	1
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	0	7.44	10	2
Hospital-Acquired Condition [description not available]	0	3.64	3	0
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available]	0	5.36	5	1
Thrombocytopathy [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Blood Platelet Disorders Disorders caused by abnormalities in platelet count or function.	0	1.95	1	0
Familial Combined Hyperlipidemia [description not available]	0	2.88	1	0
Carbohydrate Inducible Hyperlipemia [description not available]	0	3.29	2	0
Hyperchylomicronemia Late Onset [description not available]	0	2.88	1	0
Hyperlipidemia, Familial Combined A type of familial lipid metabolism disorder characterized by a variable pattern of elevated plasma CHOLESTEROL and/or TRIGLYCERIDES. Multiple genes on different chromosomes may be involved, such as the major late transcription factor (UPSTREAM STIMULATORY FACTORS) on CHROMOSOME 1.	0	2.88	1	0
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type IV A hypertriglyceridemia disorder, often with autosomal dominant inheritance. It is characterized by the persistent elevations of plasma TRIGLYCERIDES, endogenously synthesized and contained predominantly in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins). In contrast, the plasma CHOLESTEROL and PHOSPHOLIPIDS usually remain within normal limits.	0	3.29	2	0
Bile Duct Obstruction [description not available]	0	3.58	3	0
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	0	3.85	4	0
Cholestasis Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).	0	3.58	3	0
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	0	4.92	8	1
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	0	3.85	4	0
Autoimmune Disease [description not available]	0	4.65	2	1
Thyroiditis Inflammatory diseases of the THYROID GLAND. Thyroiditis can be classified into acute (THYROIDITIS, SUPPURATIVE), subacute (granulomatous and lymphocytic), chronic fibrous (Riedel's), chronic lymphocytic (HASHIMOTO DISEASE), transient (POSTPARTUM THYROIDITIS), and other AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS subtypes.	0	3.33	1	1
Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.	0	4.65	2	1
Deficiency, Factor II [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Eye Disorders [description not available]	0	15.24	52	38
Basedow Disease [description not available]	0	3.55	3	0
Eye Diseases Diseases affecting the eye.	0	15.24	52	38
Graves Disease A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic GOITER. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the THYROID GLAND and hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY) and the skin (Graves dermopathy).	0	3.55	3	0
Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin.	0	2.86	1	0
Hyperinsulinism A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.	0	2.86	1	0
Embolism, Pulmonary [description not available]	0	5.4	5	1
Phlegmasia Alba Dolens Inflammation that is characterized by swollen, pale, and painful limb. It is usually caused by DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS in a FEMORAL VEIN, following PARTURITION or an illness. This condition is also called milk leg or white leg.	0	4.24	1	1
Pulmonary Embolism Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.	0	5.4	5	1
Thrombophlebitis Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS).	0	4.24	1	1
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	0	3.63	3	0
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	0	3.63	3	0
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	0	3.63	3	0
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	0	3.63	3	0
Nephrotic Syndrome A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.	0	3.6	3	0
Blood Protein Disorders Hematologic diseases caused by structural or functional defects of BLOOD PROTEINS.	0	1.95	1	0
Arteriosclerosis Obliterans Common occlusive arterial disease which is caused by ATHEROSCLEROSIS. It is characterized by lesions in the innermost layer (ARTERIAL INTIMA) of arteries including the AORTA and its branches to the extremities. Risk factors include smoking, HYPERLIPIDEMIA, and HYPERTENSION.	0	1.95	1	0
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	0	4.66	6	1
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	0	4.66	6	1
Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Error [description not available]	0	2.86	1	0
Inborn Errors of Metabolism [description not available]	0	2.86	1	0
Metabolism, Inborn Errors Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.	0	2.86	1	0
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	0	4.02	3	1
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Cardiomyopathies, Primary [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	0	4.02	3	1
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	0	1.95	1	0
Cardiomyopathies A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).	0	1.95	1	0
Diabetic Retinopathy Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.	0	3.32	1	1
Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	0	4.04	3	1
Idiopathic Tropical Malabsorption Syndrome [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria [description not available]	0	7.96	13	6
Malaria, Falciparum Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.	0	7.96	13	6
Anemia, Fanconi [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Fanconi Anemia Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)	0	2.13	1	0
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	0	24.79	755	54
Neglected Diseases Diseases that are underfunded and have low name recognition but are major burdens in less developed countries. The World Health Organization has designated six tropical infectious diseases as being neglected in industrialized countries that are endemic in many developing countries (HELMINTHIASIS; LEPROSY; LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS; ONCHOCERCIASIS; SCHISTOSOMIASIS; and TRACHOMA).	0	15.66	76	8
Mange, Sarcoptic [description not available]	0	21.18	511	56
Scabies A contagious cutaneous inflammation caused by the bite of the mite SARCOPTES SCABIEI. It is characterized by pruritic papular eruptions and burrows and affects primarily the axillae, elbows, wrists, and genitalia, although it can spread to cover the entire body.	0	21.18	511	56
Aura [description not available]	0	11.17	39	2
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	0	11.17	39	2
Onchocerciasis Infection with nematodes of the genus ONCHOCERCA. Characteristics include the presence of firm subcutaneous nodules filled with adult worms, PRURITUS, and ocular lesions.	0	25.47	1,010	213
Equine Diseases [description not available]	0	13.95	195	27
Anguilluliasis [description not available]	0	18.49	358	24
Strongyloidiasis Infection with nematodes of the genus STRONGYLOIDES. The presence of larvae may produce pneumonitis and the presence of adult worms in the intestine could lead to moderate to severe diarrhea.	0	18.49	358	24
Poisoning Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.	0	6.12	21	0
Gnathostoma Infection [description not available]	0	3.92	11	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	0	10.04	60	3
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	0	8.05	25	2
Cat Diseases Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.	0	14.04	144	36
Habronemiasis [description not available]	0	9.27	39	9
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	0	8.05	25	2
Bancroftian Elephantiasis [description not available]	0	23.66	406	134
Elephantiasis, Filarial Parasitic infestation of the human lymphatic system by WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI or BRUGIA MALAYI. It is also called lymphatic filariasis.	0	23.66	406	134
Ovine Diseases [description not available]	0	15.29	355	62
Osteolysis Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.	0	2.31	1	0
Maggot Infestations [description not available]	0	12.45	100	19
Tachyarrhythmia [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Caprine Diseases [description not available]	0	10.87	93	12
Tachycardia Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.	0	2.31	1	0
Itching [description not available]	0	16.04	89	25
Pruritus An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.	0	16.04	89	25
Diathesis [description not available]	0	6.86	13	2
Fungal Diseases [description not available]	0	4.17	3	1
Mycoses Diseases caused by FUNGI.	0	4.17	3	1
Loa loa Filariasis [description not available]	0	14.22	103	9
Loiasis A parasitic infection caused by the nematode Loa loa. The vector in the transmission of this infection is the horsefly (Tabanus) or the deerfly or mango fly (Chrysops). The larvae may be seen just beneath the skin or passing through the conjunctiva. Eye lesions are not uncommon. The disease is generally mild and painless.	0	14.22	103	9
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	0	17.68	561	138
Tick Infestations Infestations with soft-bodied (Argasidae) or hard-bodied (Ixodidae) ticks.	0	10.89	96	19
Bewilderment [description not available]	0	2.54	2	0
Absence Seizure [description not available]	0	7.99	28	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	0	7.99	28	0
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	0	4.47	8	0
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	0	2.76	2	0
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	0	2.76	2	0
Cytokine Release Syndrome A severe immune reaction characterized by excessive release of CYTOKINES. Symptoms include DYSPNEA; FEVER; HEADACHE; HYPOTENSION; NAUSEA; RASH; TACHYCARDIA; HYPOXIA; HYPERFERRITINEMIA, and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE. It is associated with viral infections, SEPSIS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES and a variety of factors used in IMMUNOTHERAPY.	0	4.45	3	0
Dermatoses [description not available]	0	8.41	23	2
Dirofilariasis Infection with nematodes of the genus DIROFILARIA, usually in animals, especially dogs, but occasionally in man.	0	12.1	107	17
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	0	8.41	23	2
Impetigo Contagiosa [description not available]	0	9.35	12	6
Impetigo A common superficial bacterial infection caused by STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS or group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Characteristics include pustular lesions that rupture and discharge a thin, amber-colored fluid that dries and forms a crust. This condition is commonly located on the face, especially about the mouth and nose.	0	9.35	12	6
Infections, Plasmodium [description not available]	0	16.82	108	18
Malaria A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.	0	16.82	108	18
Infections, Nematode [description not available]	0	17.13	423	99
Infections, Nematomorpha [description not available]	0	15.22	89	16
Bunostomiasis [description not available]	0	12.17	36	8
Trichocephaliasis [description not available]	0	11.54	39	17
Helminthiasis Infestation with parasitic worms of the helminth class.	0	15.22	89	16
Hookworm Infections Infection of humans or animals with hookworms other than those caused by the genus Ancylostoma or Necator, for which the specific terms ANCYLOSTOMIASIS and NECATORIASIS are available.	0	12.17	36	8
Trichuriasis Infection with nematodes of the genus TRICHURIS, formerly called Trichocephalus.	0	11.54	39	17
Cryptosporidium Infection [description not available]	0	3.84	4	0
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	0	2.55	2	0
Rodent Diseases Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).	0	9.98	70	4
Cryptosporidiosis Intestinal infection with organisms of the genus CRYPTOSPORIDIUM. It occurs in both animals and humans. Symptoms include severe DIARRHEA.	0	3.84	4	0
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates usually from cells on the surface of the middle and lower third of the ESOPHAGUS. Tumor cells exhibit typical squamous morphology and form large polypoid lesions. Mutations in RNF6, LZTS1, TGFBR2, DEC1, and WWOX1 genes are associated with this cancer.	0	2.69	2	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	0	14.76	93	1
Cancer of Esophagus [description not available]	0	2.69	2	0
Esophageal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.	0	2.69	2	0
Canine Diseases [description not available]	0	15.65	255	52
Pediculosis [description not available]	0	16	117	24
Lice Infestations Parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin by members of the order Phthiraptera, especially on humans by Pediculus humanus of the family Pediculidae. The hair of the head, eyelashes, and pubis is a frequent site of infestation. (From Dorland, 28th ed; Stedman, 26th ed)	0	16	117	24
Acne Rosacea [description not available]	0	15.22	80	10
Acariasis [description not available]	0	17.49	285	46
Rosacea A cutaneous disorder primarily of convexities of the central part of the FACE, such as FOREHEAD; CHEEK; NOSE; and CHIN. It is characterized by FLUSHING; ERYTHEMA; EDEMA; RHINOPHYMA; papules; and ocular symptoms. It may occur at any age but typically after age 30. There are various subtypes of rosacea: erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular (National Rosacea Society's Expert Committee on the Classification and Staging of Rosacea, J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46:584-7).	0	15.22	80	10
Hand-Schu00FCller-Christian Disease [description not available]	0	3.42	2	0
Cafe-au-Lait Spots with Pulmonic Stenosis [description not available]	0	3.23	1	0
Netherton Disease [description not available]	0	3.23	1	0
Histiocytosis, Langerhans-Cell A group of disorders resulting from the abnormal proliferation of and tissue infiltration by LANGERHANS CELLS which can be detected by their characteristic Birbeck granules (X bodies), or by monoclonal antibody staining for their surface CD1 ANTIGENS. Langerhans-cell granulomatosis can involve a single organ, or can be a systemic disorder.	0	3.42	2	0
Neurofibromatosis 1 An autosomal dominant inherited disorder (with a high frequency of spontaneous mutations) that features developmental changes in the nervous system, muscles, bones, and skin, most notably in tissue derived from the embryonic NEURAL CREST. Multiple hyperpigmented skin lesions and subcutaneous tumors are the hallmark of this disease. Peripheral and central nervous system neoplasms occur frequently, especially OPTIC NERVE GLIOMA and NEUROFIBROSARCOMA. NF1 is caused by mutations which inactivate the NF1 gene (GENES, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1) on chromosome 17q. The incidence of learning disabilities is also elevated in this condition. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1014-18) There is overlap of clinical features with NOONAN SYNDROME in a syndrome called neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome. Both the PTPN11 and NF1 gene products are involved in the SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION pathway of Ras (RAS PROTEINS).	0	3.23	1	0
Netherton Syndrome Rare autosomal recessive disease with variable expressions. Clinical features of the disease include variable ICHTHYOSIFORM ERYTHRODERMA, CONGENITAL; bamboo hair (trichorrhexis invaginata); and ATOPIC DERMATITIS. The disease is caused by mutations in the SPINK5 gene.	0	3.23	1	0
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	0	3.33	5	0
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	0	3.33	5	0
Haemonchiasis Infection with nematodes of the genus HAEMONCHUS, characterized by digestive abnormalities and anemia similar to that from hookworm infestation.	0	11.53	147	24
Creeping Eruption [description not available]	0	9.96	53	2
Gastric Outlet Obstruction The hindering of output from the STOMACH into the SMALL INTESTINE. This obstruction may be of mechanical or functional origin such as EDEMA from PEPTIC ULCER; NEOPLASMS; FOREIGN BODIES; or AGING.	0	2.41	1	0
Melena The black, tarry, foul-smelling FECES that contain degraded blood.	0	2.41	1	0
Microbial Superinvasion [description not available]	0	9.73	29	0
IgG4 Related Systemic Disease [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Immunoglobulin G4-Related Disease A spectrum of systemic autoimmune diseases in which IMMUNOGLOBULIN G4 plays a pathophysiologic role. It can affect multiple organs in highly variable presentations, characterized by inflammatory lesions composed of IgG4-positive PLASMA CELLS, further infiltrated by T helper cells (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER) when linked to progressive FIBROSIS and eventual organ damage.	0	2.41	1	0
Eosinophilia, Tropical [description not available]	0	9.05	64	1
Eosinophilia Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.	0	9.05	64	1
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	0	16.73	69	61
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	0	16.73	69	61
Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available]	0	3.64	9	0
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	0	2.81	3	0
Metastase [description not available]	0	2.69	2	0
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	0	4.31	6	0
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	0	2.81	3	0
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	0	2.69	2	0
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	0	4.31	6	0
Anoxemia [description not available]	0	6.16	5	1
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	0	6.16	5	1
Co-infection [description not available]	0	10.29	24	5
Nail Diseases Diseases of the nail plate and tissues surrounding it. The concept is limited to primates.	0	4.71	6	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	0	9.67	13	5
Cardiac Toxicity [description not available]	0	3.65	5	0
Cardiotoxicity Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.	0	3.65	5	0
Disbacteriosis [description not available]	0	4.7	7	0
Babesia Infection [description not available]	0	3.12	5	0
Infections, Klebsiella [description not available]	0	4.39	4	1
Klebsiella Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.	0	4.39	4	1
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	0	8.35	26	1
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	0	8.35	26	1
Encephalitis, Japanese B [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Encephalitis, Japanese A mosquito-borne encephalitis caused by the Japanese B encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, JAPANESE) occurring throughout Eastern Asia and Australia. The majority of infections occur in children and are subclinical or have features limited to transient fever and gastrointestinal symptoms. Inflammation of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges may occur and lead to transient or permanent neurologic deficits (including a POLIOMYELITIS-like presentation); SEIZURES; COMA; and death. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p751; Lancet 1998 Apr 11;351(9109):1094-7)	0	2.41	1	0
Encephalitis, West Nile Fever [description not available]	0	2.9	2	0
West Nile Fever A mosquito-borne viral illness caused by the WEST NILE VIRUS, a FLAVIVIRUS and endemic to regions of Africa, Asia, and Europe. Common clinical features include HEADACHE; FEVER; maculopapular rash; gastrointestinal symptoms; and lymphadenopathy. MENINGITIS; ENCEPHALITIS; and MYELITIS may also occur. The disease may occasionally be fatal or leave survivors with residual neurologic deficits. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, p13; Lancet 1998 Sep 5;352(9130):767-71)	0	2.9	2	0
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	0	3.8	10	0
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	0	3.8	10	0
Cicatrization The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.	0	2.41	1	0
Drug-Induced Stevens Johnson Syndrome [description not available]	0	3.82	3	0
Cicatrix The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.	0	2.41	1	0
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive KERATINOCYTE apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement. It is often provoked by the use of drugs (e.g., antibiotics and anticonvulsants) or associated with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA. It is considered a continuum of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.	0	3.82	3	0
Intestinal Volvulus A twisting in the intestine (INTESTINES) that can cause INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION.	0	6.36	9	1
Fasciolopsiasis [description not available]	0	6.96	9	2
Cancer of Cervix [description not available]	0	2.89	3	0
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.	0	2.89	3	0
Pancytopenia Deficiency of all three cell elements of the blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.	0	2.41	1	0
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	0	2.66	2	0
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	0	2.66	2	0
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	0	3.55	8	0
Yellow Fever An acute infectious disease primarily of the tropics, caused by a virus and transmitted to man by mosquitoes of the genera Aedes and Haemagogus. The severe form is characterized by fever, HEMOLYTIC JAUNDICE, and renal damage.	0	2.41	1	0
Drug Overdose Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.	0	4.32	7	0
Trypanosomiasis Infection with protozoa of the genus TRYPANOSOMA.	0	4.33	4	0
Infections, Coronavirus [description not available]	0	20.79	512	4
Pneumonia, Viral Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.	0	20.92	510	5
Coronavirus Infections Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).	0	20.79	512	4
Erythema Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.	0	10.21	17	4
Insect Bites [description not available]	0	5.14	16	0
Insect Bites and Stings Bites and stings inflicted by insects.	0	5.14	16	0
Dysautonomia [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
American Trypanosomiasis [description not available]	0	4.42	16	0
Chagas Disease Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.	0	4.42	16	0
Mastitis, Bovine INFLAMMATION of the UDDER in cows.	0	2.41	1	0
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	0	2.66	2	0
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	0	2.66	2	0
Flavivirus Infections Infections with viruses of the genus FLAVIVIRUS, family FLAVIVIRIDAE.	0	6.64	10	0
Avian Diseases [description not available]	0	5.92	23	1
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	0	3.07	3	0
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	0	3.07	3	0
Overweight A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.	0	4.72	1	1
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy [description not available]	0	6.63	11	2
Absence Status [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Status Epilepticus A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)	0	2.6	1	0
Circulatory Collapse [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Shock A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.	0	2.41	1	0
Lung Injury, Acute [description not available]	0	2.54	2	0
Acute Lung Injury A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).	0	2.54	2	0
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.	0	2.41	1	0
Spider Veins [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Telangiectasis Permanent dilation of preexisting blood vessels (CAPILLARIES; ARTERIOLES; VENULES) creating small focal red lesions, most commonly in the skin or mucous membranes. It is characterized by the prominence of skin blood vessels, such as vascular spiders.	0	2.41	1	0
Rotavirus Infections Infection with any of the rotaviruses. Specific infections include human infantile diarrhea, neonatal calf diarrhea, and epidemic diarrhea of infant mice.	0	2.41	1	0
Flea Infestations Parasitic attack by members of the order SIPHONAPTERA.	0	7	15	5
Equine Strongyle Infections [description not available]	0	11.18	99	16
Ache [description not available]	0	4.34	7	0
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	0	4.34	7	0
Chronic Hepatitis B [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Hepatitis B Virus Infection [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Hepatitis B INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	0	2.41	1	0
Hepatitis B, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	0	2.41	1	0
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	0	5.07	9	0
Eczema, Atopic [description not available]	0	3.36	6	0
Exanthem [description not available]	0	12.42	26	9
Dermatitis, Atopic A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.	0	3.36	6	0
Exanthema Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.	0	12.42	26	9
Parasite Infections [description not available]	0	14.53	85	2
Bilharziasis [description not available]	0	8.15	20	1
Schistosomiasis Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.	0	8.15	20	1
Ectoparasitic Infestations Infestations by PARASITES which live on, or burrow into, the surface of their host's EPIDERMIS. Most ectoparasites are ARTHROPODS.	0	14.55	115	36
Haemorrhagic Septicaemia, Viral [description not available]	0	3.52	4	0
Fish Diseases Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).	0	9.1	56	5
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	0	3.1	4	0
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	0	3.1	4	0
Debility [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Alcohol Abuse [description not available]	0	5.23	7	0
Alcoholism A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)	0	5.23	7	0
Leishmania Infection [description not available]	0	3.84	4	0
Black Fever [description not available]	0	2.79	3	0
Leishmaniasis A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus LEISHMANIA. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World) (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS), diffuse cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS), mucocutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS), and visceral (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL).	0	3.84	4	0
Leishmaniasis, Visceral A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.	0	2.79	3	0
Child Mental Disorders [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Neurodevelopmental Disorders These are a group of conditions with onset in the developmental period. The disorders typically manifest early in development, often before the child enters grade school, and are characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning. (From DSM-5).	0	2.6	1	0
Congenital Zika Syndrome [description not available]	0	5.01	4	0
Zika Virus Infection A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.	0	5.01	4	0
Onchocerciasis, Ocular Filarial infection of the eyes transmitted from person to person by bites of Onchocerca volvulus-infected black flies. The microfilariae of Onchocerca are thus deposited beneath the skin. They migrate through various tissues including the eye. Those persons infected have impaired vision and up to 20% are blind. The incidence of eye lesions has been reported to be as high as 30% in Central America and parts of Africa.	0	19.03	180	24
Poultry Diseases Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.	0	4.7	11	0
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	0	5.37	8	0
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	0	5.37	8	0
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	0	3.2	5	0
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	0	3.2	5	0
Kahler Disease [description not available]	0	2.78	3	0
Multiple Myeloma A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	0	2.78	3	0
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung [description not available]	0	3.52	1	0
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	0	3.68	2	0
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.	0	3.52	1	0
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	0	3.68	2	0
chronic COVID syndrome [description not available]	0	4.91	4	1
Allergic Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	0	2.69	2	0
MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)	0	2.6	1	0
Amaurosis [description not available]	0	10.4	34	0
Blindness The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.	0	10.4	34	0
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	0	3.37	6	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	0	3.37	6	0
Heroin Abuse [description not available]	0	2.51	2	0
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Heroin Dependence Strong dependence or addiction, both physiological and emotional, upon HEROIN.	0	2.51	2	0
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.	0	2.6	1	0
Central Nervous System Cysticercosis [description not available]	0	3.6	2	0
Neurocysticercosis Infection of the brain, spinal cord, or perimeningeal structures with the larval forms of the genus TAENIA (primarily T. solium in humans). Lesions formed by the organism are referred to as cysticerci. The infection may be subacute or chronic, and the severity of symptoms depends on the severity of the host immune response and the location and number of lesions. SEIZURES represent the most common clinical manifestation although focal neurologic deficits may occur. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch27, pp46-50)	0	3.6	2	0
Thromboembolism, Venous [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Duodenal Obstruction Hindrance of the passage of luminal contents in the DUODENUM. Duodenal obstruction can be partial or complete, and caused by intrinsic or extrinsic factors. Simple obstruction is associated with diminished or stopped flow of luminal contents. Strangulating obstruction is associated with impaired blood flow to the duodenum in addition to obstructed flow of luminal contents.	0	2.52	2	0
Venous Thromboembolism Obstruction of a vein or VEINS (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.	0	2.6	1	0
Nodding Syndrome Unexplained neurologic condition characterized by episodes of atonic seizures, convulsions or staring spells with further cognitive decline.	0	3.5	6	0
Infectious Diseases [description not available]	0	6.11	7	0
Communicable Diseases An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.	0	6.11	7	0
Cirrhosis [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Alveolitis, Fibrosing [description not available]	0	2.75	3	0
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	0	2.6	1	0
Pulmonary Fibrosis A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.	0	2.75	3	0
Asymptomatic Colonization [description not available]	0	5.47	4	1
Swine Diseases Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.	0	11.21	70	17
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Cerebral Infarction The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).	0	2.6	1	0
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	0	2.6	1	0
Ischemic Attack, Transient Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)	0	2.6	1	0
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	0	2.6	1	0
Break-Bone Fever [description not available]	0	7.16	6	1
Dengue An acute febrile disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with DENGUE VIRUS. It is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. SEVERE DENGUE is a more virulent form of dengue.	0	7.16	6	1
Egyptian Ophthalmia [description not available]	0	8.41	9	5
Blue Tongue [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Corridor Disease [description not available]	0	2.61	2	0
Infections, Staphylococcal Skin [description not available]	0	2.57	2	0
Staphylococcal Skin Infections Infections to the skin caused by bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	0	2.57	2	0
Schistosoma mansoni Infection [description not available]	0	2.99	4	0
Schistosomiasis mansoni Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni. It is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, South America, and the Caribbean and affects mainly the bowel, spleen, and liver.	0	2.99	4	0
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	0	3.12	1	0
Bright Disease A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.	0	3.91	4	0
Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	0	3.91	4	0
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	0	3.12	1	0
Dermatitis, Eczematous [description not available]	0	4.89	7	0
Eczema A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).	0	4.89	7	0
Elaeophoriasis [description not available]	0	15.54	100	24
Parasitic Skin Diseases [description not available]	0	15.56	86	19
Filariasis Infections with nematodes of the superfamily FILARIOIDEA. The presence of living worms in the body is mainly asymptomatic but the death of adult worms leads to granulomatous inflammation and permanent fibrosis. Organisms of the genus Elaeophora infect wild elk and domestic sheep causing ischemic necrosis of the brain, blindness, and dermatosis of the face.	0	15.54	100	24
Dictyocauliasis [description not available]	0	8.14	58	5
Cystic Echinococcosis [description not available]	0	5.01	9	0
Health Care Associated Infection [description not available]	0	4.67	10	0
Farsightedness [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Nephritis Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.	0	2.21	1	0
Interstitial Nephritis [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Cross Infection Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.	0	4.67	10	0
Hyperopia A refractive error in which rays of light entering the eye parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus behind the retina, as a result of the eyeball being too short from front to back. It is also called farsightedness because the near point is more distant than it is in emmetropia with an equal amplitude of accommodation. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.21	1	0
Nephritis, Interstitial Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.	0	2.21	1	0
Uveitis Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	3.63	3	0
Infections, Rhabditida [description not available]	0	3.56	8	0
External Ear Inflammation [description not available]	0	4.5	5	1
Otitis Externa Inflammation of the OUTER EAR including the external EAR CANAL, cartilages of the auricle (EAR CARTILAGE), and the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE.	0	4.5	5	1
Urinary Tract Infections Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.	0	3.74	3	0
Human T-lymphotropic Virus 1 Infection [description not available]	0	7.68	19	2
HTLV-I Infections Diseases caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1.	0	7.68	19	2
Kidney Failure A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.	0	2.49	2	0
Bleeding [description not available]	0	3.03	4	0
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available]	0	4.9	8	1
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	0	3.03	4	0
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.	0	4.9	8	1
Renal Insufficiency Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.	0	2.49	2	0
Allergic Cutaneous Angiitis [description not available]	0	2.61	2	0
Facial Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the FACE.	0	5.51	14	0
Complications, Parasitic Pregnancy [description not available]	0	7.36	16	3
Ancylostomiasis Infection of humans or animals with hookworms of the genus ANCYLOSTOMA. Characteristics include anemia, dyspepsia, eosinophilia, and abdominal swelling.	0	6.86	25	3
Hansen Disease [description not available]	0	2.48	2	0
Ozena [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Leprosy A chronic granulomatous infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid.	0	2.48	2	0
Rhinitis, Atrophic A chronic inflammation in which the NASAL MUCOSA gradually changes from a functional to a non-functional lining without mucociliary clearance. It is often accompanied by degradation of the bony TURBINATES, and the foul-smelling mucus which forms a greenish crust (ozena).	0	2.25	1	0
Weight Reduction [description not available]	0	3.31	6	0
Colicky Pain [description not available]	0	3.71	9	0
Anorexia The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.	0	2.21	1	0
Intestinal Obstruction Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.	0	3.02	4	0
Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.	0	3.31	6	0
Abdominal Pain Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.	0	3.71	9	0
Chronic Illness [description not available]	0	7.98	26	1
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	0	7.98	26	1
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	0	7.32	24	1
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available]	0	4.99	2	0
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	0	3.03	4	0
Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic Infections of the INTESTINES with PARASITES, commonly involving PARASITIC WORMS. Infections with roundworms (NEMATODE INFECTIONS) and tapeworms (CESTODE INFECTIONS) are also known as HELMINTHIASIS.	0	16.36	197	47
Congenital Familial Lymphedema [description not available]	0	5.45	5	1
Lymphedema Edema due to obstruction of lymph vessels or disorders of the lymph nodes.	0	5.45	5	1
Communicable Diseases, Imported Infectious diseases originating in one geographically delineated ecosystem that are carried (by travel or immigration) to another geographically delineated ecosystem by an infected individual, animal, or disease vector.	0	4.01	4	0
Ostertagiasis A disease of herbivorous mammals, particularly cattle and sheep, caused by stomach worms of the genus OSTERTAGIA.	0	11.01	97	22
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	0	3.5	2	0
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer [description not available]	0	3.8	3	0
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	0	7.09	6	1
Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial A malignant neoplasm that originates in cells on the surface EPITHELIUM of the ovary and is the most common form of ovarian cancer. There are five histologic subtypes: papillary serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell, and transitional cell. Mutations in BRCA1, OPCML, PRKN, PIK3CA, AKT1, CTNNB1, RRAS2, and CDH1 genes are associated with this cancer.	0	3.8	3	0
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	0	7.09	6	1
Ascaridida Infections Infections with nematodes of the order ASCARIDIDA.	0	7.65	32	5
Bacterial Meningitides [description not available]	0	3.31	6	0
Meningitis, Bacterial Bacterial infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space, frequently involving the cerebral cortex, cranial nerves, cerebral blood vessels, spinal cord, and nerve roots.	0	3.31	6	0
AIDS Seroconversion [description not available]	0	4.46	8	0
Community Acquired Infection [description not available]	0	3.64	1	1
Lung Adenocarcinoma [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	0	2.66	2	0
Adenocarcinoma of Lung A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.	0	2.25	1	0
Meibomian Gland Dysfunction A chronic dysfunction of MEIBOMIAN GLANDS characterized by altered tear film stability and function due to a decrease or alteration in lipid quality/content in meibum. It is often associated with evaporative-type DRY EYE SYNDROME.	0	2.31	1	0
Pink Eye [description not available]	0	2.61	2	0
Blepharitis Inflammation of the eyelids.	0	8.25	12	1
Conjunctivitis INFLAMMATION of the CONJUNCTIVA.	0	2.61	2	0
Ascariasis Infection by nematodes of the genus ASCARIS. Ingestion of infective eggs causes diarrhea and pneumonitis. Its distribution is more prevalent in areas of poor sanitation and where human feces are used for fertilizer.	0	11.72	34	9
Diffuse Lymphocytic Lymphoma, Poorly-Differentiated [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell A form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma having a usually diffuse pattern with both small and medium lymphocytes and small cleaved cells. It accounts for about 5% of adult non-Hodgkin lymphomas in the United States and Europe. The majority of mantle-cell lymphomas are associated with a t(11;14) translocation resulting in overexpression of the CYCLIN D1 gene (GENES, BCL-1).	0	2.31	1	0
Acute Generalised Exanthematous Pustulosis [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Transmissible Venereal Tumors [description not available]	0	3.64	1	1
Breast Cancer [description not available]	0	3.23	5	0
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	0	3.23	5	0
Trichostrongyloidiasis Infection by roundworms of the superfamily TRICHOSTRONGYLOIDEA, including the genera TRICHOSTRONGYLUS; OSTERTAGIA; Cooperia, HAEMONCHUS; Nematodirus, Hyostrongylus, and DICTYOCAULUS.	0	11.19	94	17
Sycosis [description not available]	0	4.26	6	0
Folliculitis Inflammation of follicles, primarily hair follicles.	0	4.26	6	0
Enterobiasis Infection with nematodes of the genus ENTEROBIUS; E. vermicularis, the pinworm of man, causes a crawling sensation and pruritus. This condition results in scratching the area, occasionally causing scarification.	0	5.61	9	2
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia [description not available]	0	2.87	3	0
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.	0	2.87	3	0
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease [description not available]	0	2.53	2	0
Libman-Sacks Disease [description not available]	0	5.35	9	0
Cytomegalovirus Infections Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.	0	2.53	2	0
Cytomegalovirus A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.	0	2.25	1	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.	0	5.35	9	0
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	0	3.17	5	0
Respiratory Distress Syndrome A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.	0	3.17	5	0
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	0	2.25	1	0
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	0	4.98	8	0
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	0	4.98	8	0
Chloasma [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Melanosis Disorders of increased melanin pigmentation that develop without preceding inflammatory disease.	0	2.25	1	0
Ascites Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.	0	3.04	4	0
Infection Reactivation [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	0	2.31	1	0
Travel Sickness [description not available]	0	4.02	4	0
Gait Disorders, Animal [description not available]	0	3.64	1	1
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.	0	2.61	2	0
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	0	2.84	3	0
Latent Infection Delayed infection of the host by a dormant or inactive pathogen.	0	2.31	1	0
Respiratory Syndrome, Acute, Severe [description not available]	0	3.17	1	0
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome A viral disorder characterized by high FEVER, dry COUGH, shortness of breath (DYSPNEA) or breathing difficulties, and atypical PNEUMONIA. A virus in the genus CORONAVIRUS is the suspected agent.	0	3.17	1	0
Respiration Disorders Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.	0	2.25	1	0
Local Neoplasm Recurrence [description not available]	0	4.08	1	0
Parasitic Diseases, Animal Animal diseases caused by PARASITES.	0	12.09	72	9
Eye Infections, Parasitic Mild to severe infections of the eye and its adjacent structures (adnexa) by adult or larval protozoan or metazoan parasites.	0	9.68	23	3
Keratoconjunctivitis Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva.	0	3.17	1	0
Monkey Diseases Diseases of Old World and New World monkeys. This term includes diseases of baboons but not of chimpanzees or gorillas (= APE DISEASES).	0	6.83	18	4
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	0	4.86	7	0
Bacteremia The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.	0	3.94	4	0
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	0	4.86	7	0
E coli Infections [description not available]	0	2.76	3	0
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	0	2.76	3	0
Viral Zoonoses Viral infections that may be transmitted between non-human animals and HUMANS.	0	3.23	1	0
Mouth Ulcer [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Gingivitis Inflammation of gum tissue (GINGIVA) without loss of connective tissue.	0	2.31	1	0
Oral Ulcer A loss of mucous substance of the mouth showing local excavation of the surface, resulting from the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue. It is the result of a variety of causes, e.g., denture irritation, aphthous stomatitis (STOMATITIS, APHTHOUS); NOMA; necrotizing gingivitis (GINGIVITIS, NECROTIZING ULCERATIVE); TOOTHBRUSHING; and various irritants. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p842)	0	2.31	1	0
Acinetobacter Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus ACINETOBACTER.	0	2.25	1	0
Leprosy, Cutaneous [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	0	6.19	11	1
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	0	6.19	11	1
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure [description not available]	0	3.18	5	0
Respiratory Insufficiency Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	3.18	5	0
Enteritis Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.	0	3.64	3	0
Adult-Onset Still Disease [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Still's Disease, Adult-Onset Systemic-onset rheumatoid arthritis in adults. It differs from classical rheumatoid arthritis in that it is more often marked by acute febrile onset, and generalized lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly are more prominent.	0	2.25	1	0
Arbovirus Infections Infections caused by arthropod-borne viruses, general or unspecified.	0	2.31	1	0
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.	0	2.31	1	0
Viral Diseases [description not available]	0	3.23	1	0
Virus Diseases A general term for diseases caused by viruses.	0	3.23	1	0
Deep Vein Thrombosis [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Venous Thrombosis The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.	0	2.31	1	0
Viremia The presence of viruses in the blood.	0	4.12	3	1
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	0	11.13	83	29
Granulomas [description not available]	0	5.84	8	1
Granuloma A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.	0	5.84	8	1
Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex A multifactorial disease of CATTLE resulting from complex interactions between environmental factors, host factors, and pathogens. The environmental factors act as stressors adversely affecting the IMMUNE SYSTEM and other host defenses and enhancing transmission of infecting agents.	0	2.31	1	0
Antibody Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.	0	2.31	1	0
Asymptomatic Conditions [description not available]	0	4.62	1	1
Behavior Disorders [description not available]	0	2.75	3	0
ENT Diseases [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Chrysomya bezziana Infection [description not available]	0	6.45	16	3
Mental Disorders Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.	0	2.75	3	0
Pyrexia [description not available]	0	9.54	20	8
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	0	6.59	11	1
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	0	9.54	20	8
Hemoptysis Expectoration or spitting of blood originating from any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT, usually from hemorrhage in the lung parenchyma (PULMONARY ALVEOLI) and the BRONCHIAL ARTERIES.	0	2.52	2	0
Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System Disorders caused by cellular or humoral immune responses primarily directed towards nervous system autoantigens. The immune response may be directed towards specific tissue components (e.g., myelin) and may be limited to the central nervous system (e.g., MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS) or the peripheral nervous system (e.g., GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME).	0	2.25	1	0
Human Trichinellosis [description not available]	0	3.61	9	0
Zoonoses Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to HUMANS or may be transmitted from humans to non-human animals.	0	5.38	9	0
Trichinellosis An infection with TRICHINELLA. It is caused by eating raw or undercooked meat that is infected with larvae of nematode worms TRICHINELLA genus. All members of the TRICHINELLA genus can infect human in addition to TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS, the traditional etiological agent. It is distributed throughout much of the world and is re-emerging in some parts as a public health hazard and a food safety problem.	0	3.61	9	0
Cicatrix, Hypertrophic An elevated scar, resembling a KELOID, but which does not spread into surrounding tissues. It is formed by enlargement and overgrowth of cicatricial tissue and regresses spontaneously.	0	2.31	1	0
Enterically-Transmitted Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Hepatitis E Acute INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans; caused by HEPATITIS E VIRUS, a non-enveloped single-stranded RNA virus. Similar to HEPATITIS A, its incubation period is 15-60 days and is enterically transmitted, usually by fecal-oral transmission.	0	2.31	1	0
Cough A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.	0	8.38	9	5
Respiratory Tract Diseases Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.	0	7.82	5	4
Petechiae Pinhead size (3 mm) skin discolorization due to hemorrhage.	0	3.33	6	0
Purpura Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. When the size of the discolorization is	0	3.33	6	0
Tungiasis An infestation with the flea TUNGA PENETRANS causing inflammation, pruritus, and pain, in both humans and other mammals. There is a high incidence of secondary infections such as BACTEREMIA and TETANUS.	0	4.11	2	0
Angiitis [description not available]	0	2.92	4	0
Vasculitis Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	0	2.92	4	0
Scalp Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the SCALP.	0	12.43	37	10
B16 Melanoma [description not available]	0	2.46	2	0
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	0	3.91	4	0
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	0	3.91	4	0
Toxocariasis Infection by round worms of the genus TOXOCARA, usually found in wild and domesticated cats and dogs and foxes, except for the larvae, which may produce visceral and ocular larva migrans in man.	0	9.04	25	7
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	0	6.4	9	1
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis [description not available]	0	4.22	6	0
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.	0	6.4	9	1
Psoriasis A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.	0	4.22	6	0
Dermatitis Exfoliativa [description not available]	0	2.48	2	0
Dermatitis, Exfoliative The widespread involvement of the skin by a scaly, erythematous dermatitis occurring either as a secondary or reactive process to an underlying cutaneous disorder (e.g., atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, etc.), or as a primary or idiopathic disease. It is often associated with the loss of hair and nails, hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles, and pruritus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.48	2	0
Foot Diseases Anatomical and functional disorders affecting the foot.	0	3.32	6	0
Dermatitis Seborrheica [description not available]	0	2.71	3	0
Dermatitis, Seborrheic A chronic inflammatory disease of the skin with unknown etiology. It is characterized by moderate ERYTHEMA, dry, moist, or greasy (SEBACEOUS GLAND) scaling and yellow crusted patches on various areas, especially the scalp, that exfoliate as dandruff. Seborrheic dermatitis is common in children and adolescents with HIV INFECTIONS.	0	2.71	3	0
Bullous Dermatoses [description not available]	0	2.71	3	0
Hives [description not available]	0	3.14	5	0
Urticaria A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.	0	3.14	5	0
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	0	2.77	3	0
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	0	2.77	3	0
Acanthocheilonema perstans Infection [description not available]	0	9.98	25	7
Mansonelliasis Infection with nematodes of the genus MANSONELLA. Symptoms include pruritus, headache, and articular swelling.	0	9.98	25	7
Histiocytosis General term for the abnormal appearance of histiocytes in the blood. Based on the pathological features of the cells involved rather than on clinical findings, the histiocytic diseases are subdivided into three groups: HISTIOCYTOSIS, LANGERHANS CELL; HISTIOCYTOSIS, NON-LANGERHANS-CELL; and HISTIOCYTIC DISORDERS, MALIGNANT.	0	2.15	1	0
Ductal Carcinoma [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Carcinoma, Ductal Malignant neoplasms involving the ductal systems of any of a number of organs, such as the MAMMARY GLANDS, the PANCREAS, the PROSTATE, or the LACRIMAL GLAND.	0	2.15	1	0
Cancer of Mouth [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Mouth Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.	0	2.44	2	0
Acneiform Eruptions Visible efflorescent lesions of the skin caused by acne or resembling acne. (Dorland, 28th ed, p18, 575)	0	2.15	1	0
Orphan Diseases Rare diseases that have not been well studied.	0	2.97	4	0
Sexually Transmitted Diseases Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact.	0	3.42	2	0
Immune Reconstitution Disease [description not available]	0	3.06	1	0
Ear Diseases Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.	0	6.59	14	4
Folie a Deux [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Delusional Parasitosis A delusional disorder of belief in infestation by insects or other parasites. This FORMICATION is typically accompanied by dermatological manifestation such as PRURITUS that may lead to self-mutilation in order to remove the perceived parasites. It can be either primary or secondary to a somatic or psychiatric condition.	0	2.57	2	0
Epithelial Neoplasms [description not available]	0	2.45	2	0
Anasarca [description not available]	0	3.71	10	0
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	0	3.71	10	0
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney [description not available]	0	2.83	3	0
Cancer of Kidney [description not available]	0	2.8	3	0
Carcinoma, Renal Cell A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.	0	2.83	3	0
Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.	0	2.8	3	0
Sterility, Male [description not available]	0	2.76	3	0
Infertility, Male The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.	0	2.76	3	0
Capillaria hepatica Infection [description not available]	0	5.15	17	0
Besnoitiasis [description not available]	0	3.42	7	0
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei [description not available]	0	2.8	3	0
Brain Disorders [description not available]	0	3.43	7	0
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	0	3.43	7	0
Gastroenteritis INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.	0	7.3	20	6
Drug Refractory Epilepsy [description not available]	0	2.86	3	0
Eyelid Diseases Diseases involving the EYELIDS.	0	3.31	6	0
Fistula Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body.	0	2.15	1	0
Hypogammaglobulinemia [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Agammaglobulinemia An immunologic deficiency state characterized by an extremely low level of generally all classes of gamma-globulin in the blood.	0	2.44	2	0
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	0	2.95	4	0
Hypoalbuminemia A condition in which albumin level in blood (SERUM ALBUMIN) is below the normal range. Hypoalbuminemia may be due to decreased hepatic albumin synthesis, increased albumin catabolism, altered albumin distribution, or albumin loss through the urine (ALBUMINURIA).	0	2.58	2	0
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	0	2.72	3	0
Cancer of Jejunum [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	0	2.72	3	0
Bacterial Skin Diseases [description not available]	0	5.93	6	0
Skin Diseases, Bacterial Skin diseases caused by bacteria.	0	5.93	6	0
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Snoring Rough, noisy breathing during sleep, due to vibration of the uvula and soft palate.	0	2.15	1	0
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)	0	2.15	1	0
Genetic Predisposition [description not available]	0	3.29	6	0
Stunted Growth [description not available]	0	3.38	2	0
Growth Disorders Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.	0	3.38	2	0
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia [description not available]	0	2.48	2	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.	0	2.48	2	0
Infections, Respiratory [description not available]	0	4.67	6	0
Respiratory Tract Infections Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.	0	4.67	6	0
Anisakiasis Infection with roundworms of the genus ANISAKIS. Human infection results from the consumption of fish harboring roundworm larvae. The worms may cause acute NAUSEA; VOMITING; or penetrate into the wall of the DIGESTIVE TRACT where they give rise to EOSINOPHILIC GRANULOMA in the STOMACH; INTESTINES; or the OMENTUM.	0	2.46	2	0
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	0	2.15	1	0
Pityriasis A name originally applied to a group of skin diseases characterized by the formation of fine, branny scales, but now used only with a modifier. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.15	1	0
Depression, Endogenous [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Depressive Disorder An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.	0	2.17	1	0
Delirium of Mixed Origin [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Delirium A disorder characterized by CONFUSION; inattentiveness; disorientation; ILLUSIONS; HALLUCINATIONS; agitation; and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity. It may result from toxic/metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp411-2)	0	2.15	1	0
Athlete's Foot [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Nail Fungus [description not available]	0	3.4	2	0
Foot Dermatoses Skin diseases of the foot, general or unspecified.	0	4.09	5	0
Agricultural Worker Disease [description not available]	0	2.72	3	0
Tinea Pedis Dermatological pruritic lesion in the feet, caused by Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, or Epidermophyton floccosum.	0	2.15	1	0
Onychomycosis A fungal infection of the nail, usually caused by DERMATOPHYTES; YEASTS; or nondermatophyte MOLDS.	0	3.4	2	0
Angiostrongylus Infections [description not available]	0	9.88	73	9
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.	0	2.17	1	0
Hand Injuries General or unspecified injuries to the hand.	0	2.17	1	0
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	0	3.03	4	0
Mouth Diseases Diseases involving the MOUTH.	0	5.24	11	0
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	0	3.03	4	0
Chronic Idiopathic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction [description not available]	0	4.09	5	0
Critical Illness A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.	0	2.17	1	0
Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction A type of ILEUS, a functional not mechanical obstruction of the INTESTINES. This syndrome is caused by a large number of disorders involving the smooth muscles (MUSCLE, SMOOTH) or the NERVOUS SYSTEM.	0	4.09	5	0
Carcinoma, Basal Cell, Pigmented [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Eyelid Neoplasms Tumors of cancer of the EYELIDS.	0	2.17	1	0
Carcinoma, Basal Cell A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471)	0	2.17	1	0
B. burgdorferi Infection [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Lyme Disease An infectious disease caused by a spirochete, BORRELIA BURGDORFERI, which is transmitted chiefly by Ixodes dammini (see IXODES) and pacificus ticks in the United States and Ixodes ricinis (see IXODES) in Europe. It is a disease with early and late cutaneous manifestations plus involvement of the nervous system, heart, eye, and joints in variable combinations. The disease was formerly known as Lyme arthritis and first discovered at Old Lyme, Connecticut.	0	2.17	1	0
Lymphoma of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	0	2.76	3	0
Infections, Helicobacter [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Multiple Primary Neoplasms [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	0	2.76	3	0
Helicobacter Infections Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.	0	2.17	1	0
Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone Extranodal lymphoma of lymphoid tissue associated with mucosa that is in contact with exogenous antigens. Many of the sites of these lymphomas, such as the stomach, salivary gland, and thyroid, are normally devoid of lymphoid tissue. They acquire mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) type as a result of an immunologically mediated disorder.	0	2.17	1	0
Infection, Toxoplasma gondii [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Toxoplasmosis The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man.	0	2.17	1	0
Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged [description not available]	0	4.51	1	1
Long QT Syndrome A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.	0	4.51	1	1
Helminthiasis, Animal Infestation of animals with parasitic worms of the helminth class. The infestation may be experimental or veterinary.	0	11.45	74	11
Refeeding Syndrome A condition of metabolic imbalance that is caused by complications of initially feeding a severely malnourished patient too aggressively. Usually occurring within the first 5 days of refeeding, this syndrome is characterized by WATER-ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS; and DIARRHEA.	0	2.17	1	0
Abdomen, Acute A clinical syndrome with acute abdominal pain that is severe, localized, and rapid in onset. Acute abdomen may be caused by a variety of disorders, injuries, or diseases.	0	2.17	1	0
Kwashiorkor A syndrome produced by severe protein deficiency, characterized by retarded growth, changes in skin and hair pigment, edema, and pathologic changes in the liver, including fatty infiltration, necrosis, and fibrosis. The word is a local name in Gold Coast, Africa, meaning displaced child. Although first reported from Africa, kwashiorkor is now known throughout the world, but mainly in the tropics and subtropics. It is considered to be related to marasmus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.17	1	0
Pneumoperitoneum A condition with trapped gas or air in the PERITONEAL CAVITY, usually secondary to perforation of the internal organs such as the LUNG and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, or to recent surgery. Pneumoperitoneum may be purposely introduced to aid radiological examination.	0	2.17	1	0
Intestinal Perforation Opening or penetration through the wall of the INTESTINES.	0	2.17	1	0
Jejunal Diseases Pathological development in the JEJUNUM region of the SMALL INTESTINE.	0	2.17	1	0
Hypodermyiasis Infestation with larvae of the genus Hypoderma, the warble fly.	0	8.61	30	6
Trichostrongylosis Infestation with nematode worms of the genus TRICHOSTRONGYLUS. Man and animals become infected by swallowing larvae, usually with contaminated food or drink, although the larvae may penetrate human skin.	0	8.77	51	11
Oesophagostomiasis Infection of the intestinal tract with worms of the genus OESOPHAGOSTOMUM. This condition occurs mainly in animals other than man.	0	6.09	11	3
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted [description not available]	0	2.52	2	0
Hepatitis C INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.	0	2.52	2	0
Essential Polyarteritis [description not available]	0	3.39	2	0
Central Nervous System Helminthiasis Infections of the BRAIN; SPINAL CORD; or MENINGES caused by HELMINTHS (parasitic worms).	0	3.92	4	0
Endotoxin Shock [description not available]	0	3.29	6	0
Group A Strep Infection [description not available]	0	3.43	2	0
Shock, Septic Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.	0	3.29	6	0
Streptococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.	0	3.43	2	0
Diseases, Occupational [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Infectious Skin Diseases [description not available]	0	3.37	2	0
Skin Diseases, Infectious Skin diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites, or viruses.	0	3.37	2	0
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	0	2.55	2	0
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	0	2.55	2	0
Circoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the CIRCOVIRIDAE.	0	2.21	1	0
Bladder Diseases [description not available]	0	2.75	3	0
Rupture Forcible or traumatic tear or break of an organ or other soft part of the body.	0	2.21	1	0
Urinary Retention Inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER with voiding (URINATION).	0	2.21	1	0
Bertielliasis [description not available]	0	8	19	3
Keratoderma Blennorrhagicum [description not available]	0	3.13	5	0
Keratosis Any horny growth such as a wart or callus.	0	3.13	5	0
Parasitemia The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	15.43	78	65
Lymphocytopenia [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Lymphopenia Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.	0	2.21	1	0
Pemphigoid [description not available]	0	3.91	4	0
Pemphigoid, Bullous A chronic and relatively benign subepidermal blistering disease usually of the elderly and without histopathologic acantholysis.	0	3.91	4	0
Alagille Syndrome 1 [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Alagille Syndrome A multisystem disorder that is characterized by aplasia of intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC), and malformations in the cardiovascular system, the eyes, the vertebral column, and the facies. Major clinical features include JAUNDICE, and congenital heart disease with peripheral PULMONARY STENOSIS. Alagille syndrome may result from heterogeneous gene mutations, including mutations in JAG1 on CHROMOSOME 20 (Type 1) and NOTCH2 on CHROMOSOME 1 (Type 2).	0	2.21	1	0
Endocarditis, Loeffler [description not available]	0	3.13	5	0
Bone Diseases Diseases of BONES.	0	2.21	1	0
Hypereosinophilic Syndrome A heterogeneous group of disorders with the common feature of prolonged eosinophilia of unknown cause and associated organ system dysfunction, including the heart, central nervous system, kidneys, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and skin. There is a massive increase in the number of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, mimicking leukemia, and extensive eosinophilic infiltration of the various organs.	0	3.13	5	0
Infective Endocarditis [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Mitral Incompetence [description not available]	0	2.48	2	0
Tricuspid Incompetence [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Endocarditis Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (ENDOCARDIUM), the continuous membrane lining the four chambers and HEART VALVES. It is often caused by microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and rickettsiae. Left untreated, endocarditis can damage heart valves and become life-threatening.	0	2.21	1	0
Mitral Valve Insufficiency Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.	0	2.48	2	0
Pleural Effusion Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.	0	3.66	3	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous, Subacute [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous A form of lupus erythematosus in which the skin may be the only organ involved or in which skin involvement precedes the spread into other body systems. It has been classified into three forms - acute (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC with skin lesions), subacute, and chronic (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, DISCOID).	0	2.21	1	0
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	0	3.67	3	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	0	3.67	3	0
Pachymeningitis [description not available]	0	2.73	3	0
Meningitis Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)	0	2.73	3	0
Eosinophilic Granuloma The most benign and common form of Langerhans-cell histiocytosis which involves localized nodular lesions predominantly of the bones but also of the gastric mucosa, small intestine, lungs, or skin, with infiltration by EOSINOPHILS.	0	2.41	2	0
47,XX,+21 [description not available]	0	4.73	6	0
Acrodermatitis Inflammation involving the skin of the extremities, especially the hands and feet. Several forms are known, some idiopathic and some hereditary. The infantile form is called Gianotti-Crosti syndrome.	0	2.21	1	0
Down Syndrome A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)	0	4.73	6	0
Animal Mammary Carcinoma [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
BLV Infections [description not available]	0	2.46	2	0
Malabsorption Syndromes General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients.	0	2.48	2	0
Cerebromeningitis [description not available]	0	2.72	3	0
Koch's Disease [description not available]	0	3.15	5	0
Tuberculosis Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.	0	3.15	5	0
Epulides [description not available]	0	2.45	2	0
Gingival Diseases Diseases involving the GINGIVA.	0	2.45	2	0
Angioneurotic Edema [description not available]	0	2.74	3	0
Angioedema Swelling involving the deep DERMIS, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissues, representing localized EDEMA. Angioedema often occurs in the face, lips, tongue, and larynx.	0	2.74	3	0
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	0	2.08	1	0
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	0	2.08	1	0
Hematochezia The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.	0	2.96	4	0
DDD MPGNII [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.	0	2.96	4	0
Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative Chronic glomerulonephritis characterized histologically by proliferation of MESANGIAL CELLS, increase in the MESANGIAL EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX, and a thickening of the glomerular capillary walls. This may appear as a primary disorder or secondary to other diseases including infections and autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Various subtypes are classified by their abnormal ultrastructures and immune deposits. Hypocomplementemia is a characteristic feature of all types of MPGN.	0	2.08	1	0
Pyoderma Any purulent skin disease (Dorland, 27th ed).	0	3.35	2	0
Impotence [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Gingivostomatitis, Herpetic [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Great Pox [description not available]	0	2.46	2	0
Erectile Dysfunction The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.	0	2.11	1	0
Stomatitis, Herpetic Stomatitis caused by Herpesvirus hominis. It usually occurs as acute herpetic stomatitis (or gingivostomatitis), an oral manifestation of primary herpes simplex seen primarily in children and adolescents.	0	2.11	1	0
Syphilis A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete TREPONEMA PALLIDUM.	0	2.46	2	0
Allergy, Drug [description not available]	0	3.26	6	0
Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.	0	3.26	6	0
Coma A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.	0	3.26	6	0
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.	0	5.27	12	0
Graft-Versus-Host Disease [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Graft vs Host Disease The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.	0	2.08	1	0
Anaplastic Astrocytoma [description not available]	0	4.95	4	0
Astrocytoma Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)	0	4.95	4	0
Urinary Tract Diseases [description not available]	0	3	1	0
Latent Tuberculosis The dormant form of TUBERCULOSIS where the person shows no obvious symptoms and no sign of the causative agent (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) in the SPUTUM despite being positive for tuberculosis infection skin test.	0	2.08	1	0
Conjugate Nystagmus [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Intraocular Pressure The pressure of the fluids in the eye.	0	2.1	1	0
Angioma A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of blood or lymphatic vessels that forms a tumor-like mass. Vessels in the angioma may or may not be dilated.	0	2.1	1	0
Hemangioma A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of BLOOD VESSELS that forms a tumor-like mass. The common types involve CAPILLARIES and VEINS. It can occur anywhere in the body but is most frequently noticed in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE. (from Stedman, 27th ed, 2000)	0	2.1	1	0
Cancer of Head [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Head and Neck Neoplasms Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)	0	2.1	1	0
Alcohol Problem [description not available]	0	4.19	3	1
Alcohol-Related Disorders Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of alcohol.	0	4.19	3	1
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	0	3.38	7	0
B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Lymphoma, B-Cell A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.	0	2.1	1	0
Hyperesthesia Increased sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation due to a diminished threshold or an increased response to stimuli.	0	2.1	1	0
Aggression Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.	0	2.1	1	0
ADDH [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Allergy, Food [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)	0	2.1	1	0
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	0	2.48	2	0
Food Hypersensitivity Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.	0	2.1	1	0
Genital Diseases, Male Pathological processes involving the male reproductive tract (GENITALIA, MALE).	0	2.1	1	0
Toxascariasis Infections with nematodes of the genus TOXASCARIS.	0	3.82	2	1
Neoplasm Metastasis, Unknown Primary [description not available]	0	3.01	1	0
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Myasthenia Gravis A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.	0	2.1	1	0
Eye Abnormalities Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the eye; may also be hereditary.	0	2.1	1	0
Intestinal Diseases Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.	0	2.71	3	0
Actinomycetoma [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Mycetoma A chronic progressive subcutaneous infection caused by species of fungi (eumycetoma), or actinomycetes (actinomycetoma). It is characterized by tumefaction, abscesses, and tumor-like granules representing microcolonies of pathogens, such as MADURELLA fungi and bacteria ACTINOMYCETES, with different grain colors.	0	2.1	1	0
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	0	2.11	1	0
Giardia duodenalis Infection [description not available]	0	3.63	3	0
Aspiculariasis [description not available]	0	7.74	24	3
Hymenolepiasis Infection with tapeworms of the genus Hymenolepis.	0	3.37	2	0
Giardiasis An infection of the SMALL INTESTINE caused by the flagellated protozoan GIARDIA. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact.	0	3.63	3	0
Cronobacter Infections [description not available]	0	2.46	2	0
Enterobacteriaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.	0	2.46	2	0
Infections, Mycobacterium [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Mycobacterium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus MYCOBACTERIUM.	0	2.11	1	0
Angiomatosis, Bacillary A reactive vascular proliferation that is characterized by the multiple tumor-like lesions in skin, bone, brain, and other organs. Bacillary angiomatosis is caused by infection with gram-negative Bartonella bacilli (such as BARTONELLA HENSELAE), and is often seen in AIDS patients and other IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOSTS.	0	2.11	1	0
Central Nervous System Disease [description not available]	0	4.71	11	0
Central Nervous System Diseases Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.	0	4.71	11	0
Monieziasis Infection of ruminants with tapeworms of the genus Moniezia.	0	2.11	1	0
Buruli Ulcer Disease [description not available]	0	2.52	2	0
Buruli Ulcer A lesion in the skin and subcutaneous tissues due to infections by MYCOBACTERIUM ULCERANS. It was first reported in Uganda, Africa.	0	2.52	2	0
Erosive Duodenitis [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Duodenitis Inflammation of the DUODENUM section of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL). Erosive duodenitis may cause bleeding in the UPPER GI TRACT and PEPTIC ULCER.	0	2.11	1	0
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	0	3.12	5	0
Conus Medullaris Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Arnold-Chiari Deformity [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Colonic Inertia Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.	0	2.11	1	0
Gastric Diseases [description not available]	0	2.67	3	0
Duodenal Diseases Pathological conditions in the DUODENUM region of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL).	0	3.87	4	0
Constipation Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.	0	2.11	1	0
Retinal Diseases Diseases involving the RETINA.	0	2.11	1	0
Dermatitis Any inflammation of the skin.	0	8.36	20	3
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.	0	2.11	1	0
Emesis [description not available]	0	3.16	5	0
Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.	0	3.16	5	0
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Inappropriate Secretion [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion A disease of the PITUITARY GLAND characterized by the excess amount of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE secreted. This leads to hypersecretion of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) by the ADRENAL GLANDS resulting in CUSHING SYNDROME.	0	2.11	1	0
Animal Diseases Diseases that occur in VERTEBRATE animals.	0	3.82	4	0
Amyotonia Congenita [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Neuromuscular Diseases A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.	0	2.11	1	0
Dermatophytoses [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Hand Dermatosis [description not available]	0	3.44	2	0
Hand Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the HANDS.	0	3.44	2	0
Tinea Fungal infection of keratinized tissues such as hair, skin and nails. The main causative fungi include MICROSPORUM; TRICHOPHYTON; and EPIDERMOPHYTON.	0	2.44	2	0
Hypermelanosis [description not available]	0	2.73	3	0
Hyperpigmentation Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased epidermal or dermal melanin pigmentation, hypermelanosis. Hyperpigmentation can be localized or generalized. The condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance.	0	2.73	3	0
Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available]	0	2.72	3	0
Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).	0	2.72	3	0
Lung Diseases, Parasitic Infections of the lungs with parasites, most commonly by parasitic worms (HELMINTHS).	0	8.8	34	4
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.	0	2.11	1	0
Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever [description not available]	0	3.04	1	0
Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola A highly fatal, acute hemorrhagic fever caused by EBOLAVIRUS.	0	3.04	1	0
Psychoses, Drug [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Laryngeal Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LARYNX which coordinates many functions such as voice production, breathing, swallowing, and coughing.	0	2.13	1	0
Chickungunya Fever [description not available]	0	3.04	1	0
Day Blindness [description not available]	0	6.06	6	1
Germinoblastoma [description not available]	0	3.62	3	0
Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.	0	3.62	3	0
Dehydration The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.	0	2.13	1	0
Curling Ulcer Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.	0	2.13	1	0
Duodenal Ulcer A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.	0	2.13	1	0
Breast Diseases Pathological processes of the BREAST.	0	2.13	1	0
Hematuria Presence of blood in the urine.	0	4.65	6	1
Multiple Pulmonary Nodules A number of small lung lesions characterized by small round masses of 2- to 3-mm in diameter. They are usually detected by chest CT scans (COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY). Such nodules can be associated with metastases of malignancies inside or outside the lung, benign granulomas, or other lesions.	0	2.13	1	0
Abscess Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.	0	2.48	2	0
Adipocere [description not available]	0	2.54	2	0
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	0	4.3	4	1
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	0	4.3	4	1
Acne [description not available]	0	3.04	1	0
Acne Vulgaris A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.	0	3.04	1	0
Fasciitis, Necrotizing A fulminating bacterial infection of the deep layers of the skin and FASCIA. It can be caused by many different organisms, with STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES being the most common.	0	2.13	1	0
Breathlessness [description not available]	0	4.02	5	0
Dyspnea Difficult or labored breathing.	0	4.02	5	0
Jaundice, Cholestatic [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Jaundice, Obstructive Jaundice, the condition with yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes, that is due to impaired BILE flow in the BILIARY TRACT, such as INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS, or EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS.	0	2.13	1	0
Bacterial Pneumonia [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Antibiotic-Associated Colitis [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Cold Sore [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
MODS [description not available]	0	2.45	2	0
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative [description not available]	0	3.4	2	0
Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization.	0	2.13	1	0
Herpes Labialis Herpes simplex, caused by type 1 virus, primarily spread by oral secretions and usually occurring as a concomitant of fever. It may also develop in the absence of fever or prior illness. It commonly involves the facial region, especially the lips and the nares. (Dorland, 27th ed.)	0	2.13	1	0
Multiple Organ Failure A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.	0	2.45	2	0
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.	0	3.4	2	0
Pneumonia, Bacterial Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.	0	2.13	1	0
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	0	4.35	4	1
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	0	4.35	4	1
Opportunistic Infections An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.	0	5.7	10	0
Caliciviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by CALICIVIRIDAE. They include HEPATITIS E; VESICULAR EXANTHEMA OF SWINE; acute respiratory infections in felines, rabbit hemorrhagic disease, and some cases of gastroenteritis in humans.	0	2.15	1	0
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	0	2.48	2	0
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	0	2.48	2	0
Communicable Diseases, Emerging Infectious diseases that are novel in their outbreak ranges (geographic and host) or transmission mode.	0	2.77	3	0
Gastritis Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.	0	2.13	1	0
Psoriasis Arthropathica [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Arthritis, Psoriatic A type of inflammatory arthritis associated with PSORIASIS, often involving the axial joints and the peripheral terminal interphalangeal joints. It is characterized by the presence of HLA-B27-associated SPONDYLARTHROPATHY, and the absence of rheumatoid factor.	0	2.15	1	0
Antidiuretic Hormone, Inappropriate Secretion [description not available]	0	3.66	3	0
Inappropriate ADH Syndrome A condition of HYPONATREMIA and renal salt loss attributed to overexpansion of BODY FLUIDS resulting from sustained release of ANTIDIURETIC HORMONES which stimulates renal resorption of water. It is characterized by normal KIDNEY function, high urine OSMOLALITY, low serum osmolality, and neurological dysfunction. Etiologies include ADH-producing neoplasms, injuries or diseases involving the HYPOTHALAMUS, the PITUITARY GLAND, and the LUNG. This syndrome can also be drug-induced.	0	3.66	3	0
Complications, Hematologic Pregnancy [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Abdominal Migraine [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Migraine Disorders A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	0	2.15	1	0
Pulmonary Hypertension [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Endarteritis Inflammation of the inner endothelial lining (TUNICA INTIMA) of an artery.	0	2.15	1	0
Hypertension, Pulmonary Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.	0	2.15	1	0
Fasciola Infection [description not available]	0	7.89	17	5
Fascioliasis Liver disease caused by infections with parasitic flukes of the genus FASCIOLA, such as FASCIOLA HEPATICA.	0	7.89	17	5
Pellagra A disease due to deficiency of NIACIN, a B-complex vitamin, or its precursor TRYPTOPHAN. It is characterized by scaly DERMATITIS which is often associated with DIARRHEA and DEMENTIA (the three D's).	0	2.04	1	0
Deficiency, Vitamin B [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Vitamin B Deficiency A condition due to deficiency in any member of the VITAMIN B COMPLEX. These B vitamins are water-soluble and must be obtained from the diet because they are easily lost in the urine. Unlike the lipid-soluble vitamins, they cannot be stored in the body fat.	0	2.04	1	0
Aging, Premature Changes in the organism associated with senescence, occurring at an accelerated rate.	0	2.04	1	0
Bilateral Headache [description not available]	0	2.92	4	0
Headache The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.	0	2.92	4	0
Allodynia [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available]	0	2.46	2	0
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.	0	2.46	2	0
Thromboembolism Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.	0	2.04	1	0
Corneal Diseases Diseases of the cornea.	0	2.4	2	0
Birth Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	0	5.2	6	2
Preterm Birth [description not available]	0	3.43	1	1
Stillbirth The event that a FETUS is born dead or stillborn.	0	3.43	1	1
Abnormalities, Congenital [description not available]	0	3.79	2	1
Abortion, Tubal [description not available]	0	3.82	2	1
Abortion, Spontaneous Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.	0	3.82	2	1
Premature Birth CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).	0	3.43	1	1
Primary Peritonitis [description not available]	0	3.43	1	1
Setariasis Infection with nematodes of the genus Setaria. This condition is usually seen in cattle and equines and is of little pathogenic significance, although migration of the worm to the eye may lead to blindness.	0	4.29	4	1
Peritonitis INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.	0	3.43	1	1
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute, M4 [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Acute A pediatric acute myeloid leukemia involving both myeloid and monocytoid precursors. At least 20% of non-erythroid cells are of monocytic origin.	0	2.05	1	0
Mandibular Diseases Diseases involving the MANDIBLE.	0	2.04	1	0
Osteomyelitis INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.	0	2.04	1	0
Deficiency, Vitamin A [description not available]	0	2.45	2	0
Vitamin A Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN A in the diet, characterized by NIGHT BLINDNESS and other ocular manifestations such as dryness of the conjunctiva and later of the cornea (XEROPHTHALMIA). Vitamin A deficiency is a very common problem worldwide, particularly in developing countries as a consequence of famine or shortages of vitamin A-rich foods. In the United States it is found among the urban poor, the elderly, alcoholics, and patients with malabsorption. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1179)	0	2.45	2	0
Penile Diseases Pathological processes involving the PENIS or its component tissues.	0	2.44	2	0
Cholangiitis, Sclerosing [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Isospora Infection [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Cholangitis, Sclerosing Chronic inflammatory disease of the BILIARY TRACT. It is characterized by fibrosis and hardening of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary ductal systems leading to bile duct strictures, CHOLESTASIS, and eventual BILIARY CIRRHOSIS.	0	2.05	1	0
Scrotal Hydrocele [description not available]	0	5.8	4	2
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, T Cell [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.	0	2.05	1	0
Leukemia, T-Cell A malignant disease of the T-LYMPHOCYTES in the bone marrow, thymus, and/or blood.	0	2.05	1	0
Myoclonic Jerk [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Polyneuropathy, Acquired [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Polyneuropathies Diseases of multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously. Polyneuropathies usually are characterized by symmetrical, bilateral distal motor and sensory impairment with a graded increase in severity distally. The pathological processes affecting peripheral nerves include degeneration of the axon, myelin or both. The various forms of polyneuropathy are categorized by the type of nerve affected (e.g., sensory, motor, or autonomic), by the distribution of nerve injury (e.g., distal vs. proximal), by nerve component primarily affected (e.g., demyelinating vs. axonal), by etiology, or by pattern of inheritance.	0	2.05	1	0
Trombiculiasis Infestation with mites of the genus Trombicula, whose larvae carry the rickettsial agent of scrub typhus.	0	2.46	2	0
Lacerations Torn, ragged, mangled wounds.	0	2.05	1	0
Cryptogenic Infantile Spasms [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Spasms, Infantile An epileptic syndrome characterized by the triad of infantile spasms, hypsarrhythmia, and arrest of psychomotor development at seizure onset. The majority present between 3-12 months of age, with spasms consisting of combinations of brief flexor or extensor movements of the head, trunk, and limbs. The condition is divided into two forms: cryptogenic (idiopathic) and symptomatic (secondary to a known disease process such as intrauterine infections; nervous system abnormalities; BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC, INBORN; prematurity; perinatal asphyxia; TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS; etc.). (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp744-8)	0	2.05	1	0
Infections, Rickettsiaceae [description not available]	0	4.76	2	1
Infant, Newborn, Diseases Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.	0	2.96	1	0
Rheumatism [description not available]	0	2.96	1	0
Rheumatic Diseases Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.	0	2.96	1	0
Encephalopathy, Mercury [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Ileus A condition caused by the lack of intestinal PERISTALSIS or INTESTINAL MOTILITY without any mechanical obstruction. This interference of the flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS often leads to INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION. Ileus may be classified into postoperative, inflammatory, metabolic, neurogenic, and drug-induced.	0	2.45	2	0
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	0	2.41	2	0
Urethral Diseases Pathological processes involving the URETHRA.	0	2.05	1	0
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	0	6.14	6	2
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	0	6.14	6	2
Glomerulonephritis, Minimal Change [description not available]	0	2.45	2	0
Nephrosis, Lipoid A kidney disease with no or minimal histological glomerular changes on light microscopy and with no immune deposits. It is characterized by lipid accumulation in the epithelial cells of KIDNEY TUBULES and in the URINE. Patients usually show NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA with accompanying EDEMA.	0	2.45	2	0
Corynebacterium diphtheriae Infection [description not available]	0	1.92	1	0
Diphtheria A localized infection of mucous membranes or skin caused by toxigenic strains of CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE. It is characterized by the presence of a pseudomembrane at the site of infection. DIPHTHERIA TOXIN, produced by C. diphtheriae, can cause myocarditis, polyneuritis, and other systemic toxic effects.	0	1.92	1	0
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	0	2.44	2	0
Vulvar Diseases Pathological processes of the VULVA.	0	2.05	1	0
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	0	2.05	1	0
Adenitis [description not available]	0	3.63	3	0
Lymphangitis A lymphatic disease characterized by INFLAMMATION of LYMPHATIC VESSELS.	0	5.71	4	1
Cyst, Lymphatic [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Infections, Reoviridae [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Urethritis Inflammation involving the URETHRA. Similar to CYSTITIS, clinical symptoms range from vague discomfort to painful urination (DYSURIA), urethral discharge, or both.	0	2.05	1	0
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	0	2.06	1	0
Aberrant Tissue [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Allergic Conjunctivitis [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Nasal Catarrh [description not available]	0	2.67	3	0
Bronchospasm, Exercise-Induced [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Asthma, Exercise-Induced Asthma attacks following a period of exercise. Usually the induced attack is short-lived and regresses spontaneously. The magnitude of postexertional airway obstruction is strongly influenced by the environment in which exercise is performed (i.e. inhalation of cold air during physical exertion markedly augments the severity of the airway obstruction; conversely, warm humid air blunts or abolishes it).	0	2.05	1	0
Conjunctivitis, Allergic Conjunctivitis due to hypersensitivity to various allergens.	0	2.05	1	0
Rhinitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.	0	2.67	3	0
Eosinophilia, Pulmonary [description not available]	0	4.01	5	0
Pulmonary Eosinophilia A condition characterized by infiltration of the lung with EOSINOPHILS due to inflammation or other disease processes. Major eosinophilic lung diseases are the eosinophilic pneumonias caused by infections, allergens, or toxic agents.	0	4.01	5	0
Drooling [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Sialorrhea Increased salivary flow.	0	2.05	1	0
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	0	2.41	2	0
Bronchial Hyperreactivity Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.	0	2.06	1	0
Uterine Prolapse Downward displacement of the UTERUS. It is classified in various degrees: in the first degree the UTERINE CERVIX is within the vaginal orifice; in the second degree the cervix is outside the orifice; in the third degree the entire uterus is outside the orifice.	0	2.06	1	0
Facial Injuries General or unspecified injuries to the soft tissue or bony portions of the face.	0	2.06	1	0
Allergic Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	0	3.82	2	1
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.	0	3.82	2	1
Muscular Dystrophy, Animal MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY that occurs in VERTEBRATE animals.	0	2.07	1	0
Dysphagia [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Deglutition Disorders Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.	0	2.06	1	0
Esophageal Diseases Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS.	0	4.67	3	2
Nerve Pain [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Neuralgia Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.	0	2.07	1	0
Dyskinesia Syndromes [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Movement Disorders Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.	0	2.07	1	0
Alopecia Cicatrisata [description not available]	0	3.51	8	0
Alopecia Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.	0	3.51	8	0
Colitis, Granulomatous [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Crohn Disease A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.	0	2.07	1	0
Abortion, Veterinary Premature expulsion of the FETUS in animals.	0	2.07	1	0
Hypogalactia A condition of less than normal MILK secretion.	0	2.07	1	0
Aneuploid [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Nasal Diseases [description not available]	0	4.49	5	1
Disease Resistance The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.	0	2.07	1	0
Leishmaniasis, American [description not available]	0	2.43	2	0
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.	0	2.43	2	0
Alcohol-Induced Disorders Disorders stemming from the misuse and abuse of alcohol.	0	3	1	0
Night Blindness Failure or imperfection of vision at night or in dim light, with good vision only on bright days. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	3.46	1	1
Lethargy A general state of sluggishness, listless, or uninterested, with being tired, and having difficulty concentrating and doing simple tasks. It may be related to DEPRESSION or DRUG ADDICTION.	0	2.07	1	0
Ataxia Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.	0	3.37	7	0
Action Tremor [description not available]	0	2.69	3	0
Tremor Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.	0	2.69	3	0
Malnourishment [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Lip Diseases Diseases involving the LIP.	0	2.73	3	0
Malnutrition An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.	0	2.07	1	0
Central Nervous System Parasitic Infections Infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges caused by parasites.	0	2.07	1	0
Ptosis, Eyelid [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Blepharoptosis Drooping of the upper lid due to deficient development or paralysis of the levator palpebrae muscle.	0	2.07	1	0
Mydriasis Dilation of pupils to greater than 6 mm combined with failure of the pupils to constrict when stimulated with light. This condition may occur due to injury of the pupillary fibers in the oculomotor nerve, in acute angle-closure glaucoma, and in ADIE SYNDROME.	0	7.63	5	4
Infections, Tick-Borne [description not available]	0	3.47	1	1
African Sleeping Sickness [description not available]	0	2.7	3	0
Trypanosomiasis, African A disease endemic among people and animals in Central Africa. It is caused by various species of trypanosomes, particularly T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense. Its second host is the TSETSE FLY. Involvement of the central nervous system produces African sleeping sickness. Nagana is a rapidly fatal trypanosomiasis of horses and other animals.	0	2.7	3	0
Tuberculosis, Drug-Resistant [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis resistant to chemotherapy with two or more ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS, including at least ISONIAZID and RIFAMPICIN. The problem of resistance is particularly troublesome in tuberculous OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS associated with HIV INFECTIONS. It requires the use of second line drugs which are more toxic than the first line regimens. TB with isolates that have developed further resistance to at least three of the six classes of second line drugs is defined as EXTENSIVELY DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS.	0	2.08	1	0
Anti-Phospholipid Antibody Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Antiphospholipid Syndrome The presence of antibodies directed against phospholipids (ANTIBODIES, ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID). The condition is associated with a variety of diseases, notably systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases, thrombopenia, and arterial or venous thromboses. In pregnancy it can cause abortion. Of the phospholipids, the cardiolipins show markedly elevated levels of anticardiolipin antibodies (ANTIBODIES, ANTICARDIOLIPIN). Present also are high levels of lupus anticoagulant (LUPUS COAGULATION INHIBITOR).	0	2.07	1	0
Bites [description not available]	0	3.4	7	0
Food Poisoning [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Thrombopenia [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Thrombocytopenia A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.	0	2.08	1	0
Escherichia coli Meningitis [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	0	2.01	1	0
Acute Kidney Tubular Necrosis [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute Acute kidney failure resulting from destruction of EPITHELIAL CELLS of the KIDNEY TUBULES. It is commonly attributed to exposure to toxic agents or renal ISCHEMIA following severe TRAUMA.	0	2.01	1	0
Cutaneous Mastocytosis [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Pemphigus Foliaceus [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Pemphigus Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by ACANTHOLYSIS and blister formation within the EPIDERMIS.	0	2.01	1	0
Ulcer A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.	0	2.01	1	0
Cancer of Nose [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
ATLL [description not available]	0	3.86	4	0
Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell Aggressive T-Cell malignancy with adult onset, caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1. It is endemic in Japan, the Caribbean basin, Southeastern United States, Hawaii, and parts of Central and South America and sub-Saharan Africa.	0	3.86	4	0
Orbital Diseases Diseases of the bony orbit and contents except the eyeball.	0	2.94	4	0
Aortic Arteritis, Giant Cell [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Giant Cell Arteritis A systemic autoimmune disorder that typically affects medium and large ARTERIES, usually leading to occlusive granulomatous vasculitis with transmural infiltrate containing multinucleated GIANT CELLS. The TEMPORAL ARTERY is commonly involved. This disorder appears primarily in people over the age of 50. Symptoms include FEVER; FATIGUE; HEADACHE; visual impairment; pain in the jaw and tongue; and aggravation of pain by cold temperatures. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed)	0	2.01	1	0
Gastric Ulcer [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	0	2.41	2	0
Blood Pressure, Low [description not available]	0	2.71	3	0
Hypotension Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.	0	2.71	3	0
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.	0	2.01	1	0
Dracunculiasis Infection with nematodes of the genus Dracunculus. One or more worms may be seen at a time, with the legs and feet being the most commonly infected areas. Symptoms include pruritus, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or asthmatic attacks.	0	2.39	2	0
Grippe [description not available]	0	2.34	2	0
Influenza, Human An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.	0	2.34	2	0
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.	0	2.68	3	0
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Tick Paralysis Paralysis caused by a neurotropic toxin secreted by the salivary glands of ticks.	0	2.01	1	0
Chronic Bronchitis [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Bronchitis, Chronic A subcategory of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. The disease is characterized by hypersecretion of mucus accompanied by a chronic (more than 3 months in 2 consecutive years) productive cough. Infectious agents are a major cause of chronic bronchitis.	0	2.01	1	0
Death, Sudden The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.	0	2.02	1	0
Glomerulonephritis, Lupus [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Carditis [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Lupus Nephritis Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).	0	2.01	1	0
Myocarditis Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.	0	2.01	1	0
Hemorrhage, Retinal [description not available]	0	6.44	11	0
Abdominal Cramps [description not available]	0	4	5	0
Enterocolitis Inflammation of the MUCOSA of both the SMALL INTESTINE and the LARGE INTESTINE. Etiology includes ISCHEMIA, infections, allergic, and immune responses.	0	2.02	1	0
Leukemia P388 An experimental lymphocytic leukemia originally induced in DBA/2 mice by painting with methylcholanthrene.	0	2.92	4	0
Cockayne-Touraine Disease [description not available]	0	3.33	2	0
Epidermolysis Bullosa Dystrophica Form of epidermolysis bullosa characterized by atrophy of blistered areas, severe scarring, and nail changes. It is most often present at birth or in early infancy and occurs in both autosomal dominant and recessive forms. All forms of dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa result from mutations in COLLAGEN TYPE VII, a major component fibrils of BASEMENT MEMBRANE and EPIDERMIS.	0	3.33	2	0
Moniliasis, Oral [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
P carinii Pneumonia [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Candidiasis, Oral Infection of the mucous membranes of the mouth by a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.02	1	0
Pneumonia, Pneumocystis A pulmonary disease in humans occurring in immunodeficient or malnourished patients or infants, characterized by DYSPNEA, tachypnea, and HYPOXEMIA. Pneumocystis pneumonia is a frequently seen opportunistic infection in AIDS. It is caused by the fungus PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII. The disease is also found in other MAMMALS where it is caused by related species of Pneumocystis.	0	2.02	1	0
Cerebral Palsy, Athetoid [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Cerebral Palsy A heterogeneous group of nonprogressive motor disorders caused by chronic brain injuries that originate in the prenatal period, perinatal period, or first few years of life. The four major subtypes are spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed cerebral palsy, with spastic forms being the most common. The motor disorder may range from difficulties with fine motor control to severe spasticity (see MUSCLE SPASTICITY) in all limbs. Spastic diplegia (Little disease) is the most common subtype, and is characterized by spasticity that is more prominent in the legs than in the arms. Pathologically, this condition may be associated with LEUKOMALACIA, PERIVENTRICULAR. (From Dev Med Child Neurol 1998 Aug;40(8):520-7)	0	2.02	1	0
Liver Diseases, Parasitic Liver diseases caused by infections with PARASITES, such as tapeworms (CESTODA) and flukes (TREMATODA).	0	2.7	3	0
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.	0	2.7	3	0
Dipetalonema Infections Infections with nematodes of the genus DIPETALONEMA.	0	3.23	6	0
Drop Attack [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Syncope A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9)	0	2.02	1	0
Skin Ulcer An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.	0	2.02	1	0
Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.	0	4.09	3	1
Anterior Cervical Pain [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Neck Pain Discomfort or more intense forms of pain that are localized to the cervical region. This term generally refers to pain in the posterior or lateral regions of the neck.	0	2.02	1	0
Lymphangiectasis A transient dilatation of the lymphatic vessels.	0	2.02	1	0
Male Genitourinary Diseases [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Female Genitourinary Diseases [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Acantholytic Dyskeratotic Epidermal Nevi [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Positive [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.	0	2.03	1	0
Brill-Symmers Disease [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Lymphoma, Follicular Malignant lymphoma in which the lymphomatous cells are clustered into identifiable nodules within the LYMPH NODES. The nodules resemble to some extent the GERMINAL CENTER of lymph node follicles and most likely represent neoplastic proliferation of lymph node-derived follicular center B-LYMPHOCYTES.	0	2.03	1	0
Salmonella Infections, Animal Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.	0	2.03	1	0
Arthritis, Post-Infectious [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Arthritis, Reactive An aseptic, inflammatory arthritis developing secondary to a primary extra-articular infection, most typically of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or UROGENITAL SYSTEM. The initiating trigger pathogens are usually SHIGELLA; SALMONELLA; YERSINIA; CAMPYLOBACTER; or CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS. Reactive arthritis is strongly associated with HLA-B27 ANTIGEN.	0	2.03	1	0
Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.	0	2.42	2	0
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Anoxia, Brain [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)	0	2.03	1	0
Oophoritis Inflammation of the OVARY, generally caused by an ascending infection of organisms from the endocervix.	0	2.03	1	0
Entomophthoramycosis [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Bigfoot Disease [description not available]	0	4.08	3	1
Zygomycosis Infection in humans and animals caused by fungi in the class Zygomycetes. It includes MUCORMYCOSIS and entomophthoramycosis. The latter is a tropical infection of subcutaneous tissue or paranasal sinuses caused by fungi in the order Entomophthorales. Phycomycosis, closely related to zygomycosis, describes infection with members of Phycomycetes, an obsolete classification.	0	2.03	1	0
Necatoriasis Infection of humans or animals with hookworms of the genus NECATOR. The resulting anemia from this condition is less severe than that from ANCYLOSTOMIASIS.	0	4	5	0
Papilloma, Squamous Cell [description not available]	0	3.42	1	1
Papilloma A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	3.42	1	1
Cognition Disorders Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.	0	2.03	1	0
Brain Inflammation [description not available]	0	2.91	4	0
Encephalitis Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.	0	2.91	4	0
Hyponatremia Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.03	1	0
Favus [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Claustrophobia [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Phobic Disorders Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable.	0	2.03	1	0
Postpartum Amenorrhea [description not available]	0	2.69	3	0
Orthopedic Disorders [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Amenorrhea Absence of menstruation.	0	2.69	3	0
Musculoskeletal Diseases Diseases of the muscles and their associated ligaments and other connective tissue and of the bones and cartilage viewed collectively.	0	2.03	1	0
Phlegmon [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Cellulitis An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions.	0	2.03	1	0
Osteogenic Sarcoma [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Osteosarcoma A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.03	1	0
Paralysis, Legs [description not available]	0	3.34	2	0
Paraplegia Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.	0	3.34	2	0
Aqueductal Stenosis [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Constriction, Pathological [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Dilatation, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.	0	2.04	1	0
Constriction, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.	0	2.04	1	0
Brachial Paresis [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Arterial Inflammation [description not available]	0	4.04	3	1
Palsy [description not available]	0	3.76	2	1
Paralysis A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)	0	3.76	2	1
Embryopathies [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Bronchitis Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.	0	5.16	11	1
Heartwater Disease A tick-borne septicemic disease of domestic and wild ruminants caused by EHRLICHIA RUMINANTIUM.	0	1.98	1	0
Anterior Optic Neuritis [description not available]	0	3.78	2	1
Optic Neuritis Inflammation of the optic nerve. Commonly associated conditions include autoimmune disorders such as MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, infections, and granulomatous diseases. Clinical features include retro-orbital pain that is aggravated by eye movement, loss of color vision, and contrast sensitivity that may progress to severe visual loss, an afferent pupillary defect (Marcus-Gunn pupil), and in some instances optic disc hyperemia and swelling. Inflammation may occur in the portion of the nerve within the globe (neuropapillitis or anterior optic neuritis) or the portion behind the globe (retrobulbar neuritis or posterior optic neuritis).	0	3.78	2	1
Clasp-Knife Spasticity [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Muscle Spasticity A form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper MOTOR NEURON DISEASE. Resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a free interval) followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. Tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. Spasticity is usually accompanied by HYPERREFLEXIA and variable degrees of MUSCLE WEAKNESS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p54)	0	1.98	1	0
Schistosoma haematobia Infection [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Schistosomiasis haematobia A human disease caused by the infection of parasitic worms SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM. It is endemic in AFRICA and parts of the MIDDLE EAST. Tissue damages most often occur in the URINARY TRACT, specifically the URINARY BLADDER.	0	1.98	1	0
Cranial Nerve II Diseases [description not available]	0	3.77	2	1
Optic Nerve Diseases Conditions which produce injury or dysfunction of the second cranial or optic nerve, which is generally considered a component of the central nervous system. Damage to optic nerve fibers may occur at or near their origin in the retina, at the optic disk, or in the nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, or lateral geniculate nuclei. Clinical manifestations may include decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, impaired color vision, and an afferent pupillary defect.	0	3.77	2	1
Infection, Puerperal [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Otitis Media, Purulent [description not available]	0	3.37	1	1
Otitis Media, Suppurative Inflammation of the middle ear with purulent discharge.	0	3.37	1	1
Cataract, Membranous [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Cataract Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.38	2	0
Glaucoma An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)	0	1.98	1	0
Entamoeba histolytica Infection [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Joint Pain [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Arthralgia Pain in the joint.	0	1.98	1	0
Astrocytosis [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Chorioretinitis Inflammation of the choroid in which the sensory retina becomes edematous and opaque. The inflammatory cells and exudate may burst through the sensory retina to cloud the vitreous body.	0	3.37	1	1
Hypothermia, Accidental [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Hypothermia Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.	0	1.99	1	0
Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.	0	2.67	3	0
Femoral Hernia [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Indigestion [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Dyspepsia Impaired digestion, especially after eating.	0	1.99	1	0
Bare Lymphocyte Syndrome [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Group of rare congenital disorders characterized by impairment of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity, leukopenia, and low or absent antibody levels. It is inherited as an X-linked or autosomal recessive defect. Mutations occurring in many different genes cause human Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID).	0	1.99	1	0
Dizzyness [description not available]	0	3.38	1	1
Dizziness An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.	0	3.38	1	1
Ear Infection [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Hypertrophy General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).	0	1.99	1	0
Pleuropericarditis Inflammation of both the PERICARDIUM and the PLEURA.	0	3.32	2	0
Cardiac Tamponade Compression of the heart by accumulated fluid (PERICARDIAL EFFUSION) or blood (HEMOPERICARDIUM) in the PERICARDIUM surrounding the heart. The affected cardiac functions and CARDIAC OUTPUT can range from minimal to total hemodynamic collapse.	0	2.91	1	0
Larva Migrans, Visceral A condition produced in man by the prolonged migration of animal nematode larvae in extraintestinal tissues other than skin; characterized by persistent hypereosinophilia, hepatomegaly, and frequently pneumonitis, commonly caused by Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati.	0	2.91	1	0
Pericarditis Inflammation of the PERICARDIUM from various origins, such as infection, neoplasm, autoimmune process, injuries, or drug-induced. Pericarditis usually leads to PERICARDIAL EFFUSION, or CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS.	0	3.32	2	0
Histomoniasis [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Neuroretinitis [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Retinitis Inflammation of the RETINA. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (CHORIORETINITIS) and of the OPTIC DISK (neuroretinitis).	0	1.99	1	0
Trypanosomiasis, Bovine Infection in cattle caused by various species of trypanosomes.	0	1.99	1	0
Dermatomyositis, Adult Type [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Dermatomyositis A subacute or chronic inflammatory disease of muscle and skin, marked by proximal muscle weakness and a characteristic skin rash. The illness occurs with approximately equal frequency in children and adults. The skin lesions usually take the form of a purplish rash (or less often an exfoliative dermatitis) involving the nose, cheeks, forehead, upper trunk, and arms. The disease is associated with a complement mediated intramuscular microangiopathy, leading to loss of capillaries, muscle ischemia, muscle-fiber necrosis, and perifascicular atrophy. The childhood form of this disease tends to evolve into a systemic vasculitis. Dermatomyositis may occur in association with malignant neoplasms. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1405-6)	0	1.99	1	0
Tracheitis INFLAMMATION of the TRACHEA that is usually associated with RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS.	0	1.99	1	0
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis A herpesvirus infection of CATTLE characterized by INFLAMMATION and NECROSIS of the mucous membranes of the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.	0	1.99	1	0
Agranulocytosis A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).	0	3.38	1	1
Cold Panniculitis [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Clonorchiasis Infection of the biliary passages with CLONORCHIS SINENSIS, also called Opisthorchis sinensis. It may lead to inflammation of the biliary tract, proliferation of biliary epithelium, progressive portal fibrosis, and sometimes bile duct carcinoma. Extension to the liver may lead to fatty changes and cirrhosis. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.91	1	0
Coenuri Infection [description not available]	0	2.91	1	0
Cysticercosis Infection with CYSTICERCUS, the larval form of the various tapeworms of the genus Taenia (usually T. solium in man). In humans they penetrate the intestinal wall and invade subcutaneous tissue, brain, eye, muscle, heart, liver, lung, and peritoneum. Brain involvement results in NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS.	0	2.91	1	0
Albuminuria The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	0	2	1	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Leukemia, Lymphoid Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.	0	2	1	0
Keratitis Inflammation of the cornea.	0	5.37	5	3
Leg Dermatoses A nonspecific term used to denote any cutaneous lesion or group of lesions, or eruptions of any type on the leg. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2	1	0
T-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Lymphoma, T-Cell A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors representing malignant transformations of T-lymphocytes.	0	2	1	0
Hair Diseases Diseases affecting the orderly growth and persistence of hair.	0	2.38	2	0
Conjunctival Diseases Diseases involving the CONJUNCTIVA.	0	2	1	0
Eye Hemorrhage Intraocular hemorrhage from the vessels of various tissues of the eye.	0	2	1	0
Wasting Disease [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Hypolipoproteinemia [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Acantholysis Bullosa [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Epidermolysis Bullosa Group of genetically determined disorders characterized by the blistering of skin and mucosae. There are four major forms: acquired, simple, junctional, and dystrophic. Each of the latter three has several varieties.	0	2	1	0
Hypomelanosis [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Hypopigmentation A condition caused by a deficiency or a loss of melanin pigmentation in the epidermis, also known as hypomelanosis. Hypopigmentation can be localized or generalized, and may result from genetic defects, trauma, inflammation, or infections.	0	2	1	0
Bronchial Pneumonia [description not available]	0	2	1	0
C gattii Infection [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Infections, Lentivirus [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Cryptococcosis Fungal infection caused by genus CRYPTOCOCCUS.	0	2	1	0
Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Pleurisy INFLAMMATION of PLEURA, the lining of the LUNG. When PARIETAL PLEURA is involved, there is pleuritic CHEST PAIN.	0	2	1	0
Myositis Inflammation of a muscle or muscle tissue.	0	2	1	0
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	0	2	1	0
Ileal Diseases Pathological development in the ILEUM including the ILEOCECAL VALVE.	0	2	1	0
Acute Hepatic Failure [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Liver Failure, Acute A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.	0	2	1	0
Cancer of Larynx [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Laryngeal Neoplasms Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.	0	2	1	0
Brain Emboli [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Lymphatic Diseases Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.	0	2	1	0
Condition, Preneoplastic [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Precancerous Conditions Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.	0	2	1	0
Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Cyst [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Fetal Death Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.	0	2.38	2	0
Coagulation Disorders, Blood [description not available]	0	3.36	1	1
Blood Coagulation Disorders Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions.	0	3.36	1	1
Delayed Hypersensitivity [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Atrophy Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.	0	1.98	1	0
Atopic Hypersensitivity [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Acute-Phase Reaction An early local inflammatory reaction to insult or injury that consists of fever, an increase in inflammatory humoral factors, and an increased synthesis by hepatocytes of a number of proteins or glycoproteins usually found in the plasma.	0	4.27	1	1
Hypotension, Postural [description not available]	0	5.93	5	2
Hypotension, Orthostatic A significant drop in BLOOD PRESSURE after assuming a standing position. Orthostatic hypotension is a finding, and defined as a 20-mm Hg decrease in systolic pressure or a 10-mm Hg decrease in diastolic pressure 3 minutes after the person has risen from supine to standing. Symptoms generally include DIZZINESS, blurred vision, and SYNCOPE.	0	5.93	5	2
Starvation Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	1.97	1	0
Arthritides, Bacterial [description not available]	0	2.89	1	0
Optic Atrophy Atrophy of the optic disk which may be congenital or acquired. This condition indicates a deficiency in the number of nerve fibers which arise in the RETINA and converge to form the OPTIC DISK; OPTIC NERVE; OPTIC CHIASM; and optic tracts. GLAUCOMA; ISCHEMIA; inflammation, a chronic elevation of intracranial pressure, toxins, optic nerve compression, and inherited conditions (see OPTIC ATROPHIES, HEREDITARY) are relatively common causes of this condition.	0	6.26	9	0
Leukocytosis A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.	0	1.97	1	0
Ascaridiasis Infection with nematodes of the genus ASCARIDIA. This condition usually occurs in fowl, often manifesting diarrhea.	0	2.37	2	0
Hyperphagia Ingestion of a greater than optimal quantity of food.	0	1.97	1	0
Bacillus anthracis Infection [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Anthrax An acute infection caused by the spore-forming bacteria BACILLUS ANTHRACIS. It commonly affects hoofed animals such as sheep and goats. Infection in humans often involves the skin (cutaneous anthrax), the lungs (inhalation anthrax), or the gastrointestinal tract. Anthrax is not contagious and can be treated with antibiotics.	0	1.97	1	0
Miliaria A syndrome of cutaneous changes associated with sweat retention and extravasation of sweat at different levels in the skin. Miliaria rubra, or prickly heat, results from apocrine duct obstruction. The sweat then seeps into the epidermis, producing pruritic erythematous papulovesicles. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	1.97	1	0
Abscess, Amebic [description not available]	0	2.88	1	0
Amebiasis Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur.	0	2.88	1	0
Cystitis Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.	0	1.97	1	0
Leukoma [description not available]	0	9.58	9	9
Corneal Opacity Disorder occurring in the central or peripheral area of the cornea. The usual degree of transparency becomes relatively opaque.	0	9.58	9	9

dextrothyroxine

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