luzindole profile

Luzindole is a potent and selective antagonist of the 5-HT2A receptor. It has been shown to have antipsychotic, anxiolytic, and antidepressant effects in animal models. Luzindole is synthesized from the indole nucleus, and its mechanism of action is believed to involve blockade of the 5-HT2A receptor, which is involved in the regulation of serotonin signaling in the brain. Luzindole has been studied as a potential treatment for schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, and depression. Its effects on other serotonin receptors, particularly the 5-HT1A receptor, are also being investigated. However, luzindole has been associated with side effects such as sedation and dizziness. Further research is needed to assess its efficacy and safety in humans.'

luzindole: melatonin receptor antagonist; structure given in first source [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

luzindole : A member of the class of indoles that is tryptamine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by an acetyl group while the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a benzyl group. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	122162
CHEMBL ID	286615
CHEBI ID	131788
CHEBI ID	93173
SCHEMBL ID	4869000
MeSH ID	M0160076

Synonym
HMS3266N04
BRD-K67013324-001-01-5
n-[2-[2-(phenylmethyl)-1h-indol-3-yl]ethyl]acetamide
gtpl1363
luzindole
PDSP1_001788
tocris-0877
NCGC00024838-01
luzindole, >=90%
NCGC00024838-02
PDSP2_001771
CHEMBL286615
L000360
n-acetyl-2-benzyltryptamine
2-benzyl-n-acetyltryptamine
n 0774
117946-91-5
n-0774 ,
CHEBI:131788
n-[2-(2-benzyl-1h-indol-3-yl)ethyl]acetamide
acetamide, n-(2-(2-(phenylmethyl)-1h-indol-3-yl)ethyl)-
cas_117946-91-5
bdbm85065
nsc_122162
b31y10a9ur ,
unii-b31y10a9ur
FT-0628053
AM20020263
SCHEMBL4869000
n-[2-(2-benzyl-1h-indol-3-yl)-ethyl]-acetamide
AKOS024458674
mfcd00672498
DTXSID40151969
J-003685
sr-01000597433
SR-01000597433-1
CHEBI:93173
EX-A5266
n-acetyl-2-benzyl-tryptamine
n-(2-(2-benzyl-1h-indol-3-yl)ethyl)acetamide ,
HMS3675B10
HY-101254
CS-0021042
L0316
HMS3411B10
Q6706607
n-(2-(2-(phenylmethyl)-1h-indol-3-yl)ethyl)ethanamide
D91266
AS-56134
n-0774n-0774
acetamide,n-[2-[2-(phenylmethyl)-1h-indol-3-yl]ethyl]-
A937782
AC-36745

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Luzindole is an MT1/MT2 MLT receptor antagonist."	( Acute blockade of endogenous melatonin by Luzindole, with or without peripheral LPS injection, induces jejunal inflammation and morphological alterations in Swiss mice. Bruin, PFC; Bruin, VMS; Duarte, ASG; Matos, RS; Oriá, RB; Pinto, DV; Santos, FA; Viana, AFSC, 2021)	1.61
"Luzindole is an unselective antagonist of the melatonin receptors and melatonin's other binding sites, although some exceptions have been observed in chick retinal neurodevelopment, where this unselective antagonist does not block melatonin's inhibitory effect on the adenylate cyclase enzyme, probably due to the presence of some other melatonin receptor(s) or binding site(s). "	( An unexpected effect of 5-MCA-NAT in chick retinal development. Sampaio, Lde F, 2009)	1.8

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Luzindole did not increase basal [35S]-GTPgammaS binding but competitively inhibited melatonin-stimulated [35S]-GTPgammaS binding, thus exhibiting antagonist action."	( Ligand efficacy and potency at recombinant human MT2 melatonin receptors: evidence for agonist activity of some mt1-antagonists. Angeloni, D; Fraschini, F; Lucini, V; Nonno, R; Pannacci, M; Stankov, BM, 1999)	1.02
"Luzindole shows lower affinity for the inhibition of 2-[125I]-iodomelatonin binding than melatonin, which may explain why luzindole is not an effective melatonin receptor antagonist when administered in vivo."	( Effects of melatonin agonists and antagonists on reproduction and body weight in the Siberian hamster. Dubocovich, ML; Duncan, MJ; Fang, JM, 1990)	1

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Luzindole pretreatment decreased the total cellular level of MT1 receptor in the MT1(high) cells at both time points but increased the cell surface expression of MT1 receptor at 72 hr."	( Inverse agonist exposure enhances ligand binding and G protein activation of the human MT1 melatonin receptor, but leads to receptor down-regulation. Kokkola, T; Laitinen, JT; Vaittinen, M, 2007)	1.06
"Luzindole-treated mice did not develop EAE after immunization with spinal cord homogenate, whereas control mice developed EAE."	( Luzindole, a melatonin receptor antagonist, suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Constantinescu, CS; Hilliard, B; Rostami, A; Ventura, E, 1997)	2.46
"Luzindole-treated eyes had ERG b-wave thresholds of 2.7 +/- 0.5 (mean +/- SEM) log candela (cd)/m2 lower than the fellow eyes injected with vehicle (P < 0.001), and the maximum b-wave amplitude was 1.0 +/- 0.2 log microV greater in luzindole-treated eyes (P < 0.001). "	( The melatonin antagonist luzindole protects retinal photoreceptors from light damage in the rat. Bush, RA; Iuvone, PM; Sieving, PA; Sugawara, T, 1998)	2.05
"Treatment with luzindole also suppressed the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 in LPS/d-GalN-exposed mice."	( Luzindole attenuates LPS/d-galactosamine-induced acute hepatitis in mice. Huang, J; Li, L; Luo, Y; Shen, Y; Tang, L; Yang, Y; Zhang, L, 2020)	2.34
"Mice treated with Luzindole, LPS, and Luzindole+LPS showed villus height shortening."	( Acute blockade of endogenous melatonin by Luzindole, with or without peripheral LPS injection, induces jejunal inflammation and morphological alterations in Swiss mice. Bruin, PFC; Bruin, VMS; Duarte, ASG; Matos, RS; Oriá, RB; Pinto, DV; Santos, FA; Viana, AFSC, 2021)	1.21
"Pretreatment with luzindole alone and prior to the addition of melatonin reversed the stimulatory effect of this indoloamine on Bcl-2/Bax and caspase-9 proteins expression in PANC-1 cells."	( Melatonin induces pro-apoptotic signaling pathway in human pancreatic carcinoma cells (PANC-1). Jaworek, J; Leja-Szpak, A; Pierzchalski, P; Reiter, RJ, 2010)	0.68
"Pretreatment with luzindole, an antagonist of melatonin MT(2) receptor failed to affect melatonin- or L-tryptophan-induced amylase secretion."	( Melatonin and its precursor, L-tryptophan: influence on pancreatic amylase secretion in vivo and in vitro. Jaworek, J; Konturek, SJ; Leja-Szpak, A; Nawrot, K; Pawlik, WW; Thor, P, 2004)	0.65
"Pretreatment with luzindole, which is a selective melatonin receptor antagonist, prior to the addition of melatonin also blocked the inhibitory effect of melatonin on Ishikawa cells."	( Differential growth inhibitory effect of melatonin on two endometrial cancer cell lines. Ishizuka, B; Kanishi, Y; Kobayashi, Y; Noda, S; Saito, K, 2000)	0.63

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" The present experiments were performed in order to study the effects of acute treatment with low doses of melatonin on rat male and female sex behavior in a dose-response paradigm."	( Acute low doses of melatonin stimulate rat sex behavior: the role of serotonin neurotransmission. Benelli, A; Bertolini, A; Busà, L; Drago, F, 1999)	0.3
" Dose-response curves were constructed and the values of ED50 for treatment alone and combined were statistically compared."	( Synergistic effect of the L-tryptophan and kynurenic acid with dipyrone or paracetamol in mice. Carvalho, AM; de França Fonteles, MM; de Sousa, FC; Dias, ML; Freire, LV; Rios, ER; Rocha, NF, 2013)	0.39

Role	Description
melatonin receptor antagonist	An antagonist that binds to and deactivates melatonin receptors.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
acetamides	Compounds with the general formula RNHC(=O)CH3.
indoles	Any compound containing an indole skeleton.
acetamides	Compounds with the general formula RNHC(=O)CH3.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Chain A, TYROSYL-DNA PHOSPHODIESTERASE	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.0056	0.0040	23.8416	100.0000	AID485290
USP1 protein, partial	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	56.2341	0.0316	37.5844	354.8130	AID504865
TDP1 protein	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	31.6768	0.0008	11.3822	44.6684	AID686978; AID686979
thyroid stimulating hormone receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	39.8107	0.0013	18.0743	39.8107	AID926
regulator of G-protein signaling 4	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	26.6795	0.5318	15.4358	37.6858	AID504845
cytochrome P450 2C19 precursor	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	25.1189	0.0025	5.8400	31.6228	AID899
cytochrome P450 2C9 precursor	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	15.8489	0.0063	6.9043	39.8107	AID883
15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase [NAD(+)] isoform 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	14.1254	0.0018	15.6638	39.8107	AID894
cytochrome P450 3A4 isoform 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	7.9433	0.0316	10.2792	39.8107	AID884; AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	7.9433	1.0000	12.2248	31.6228	AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	7.9433	1.0000	12.2248	31.6228	AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	7.9433	1.0000	12.2248	31.6228	AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	7.9433	1.0000	12.2248	31.6228	AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	7.9433	1.0000	12.2248	31.6228	AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	7.9433	1.0000	12.2248	31.6228	AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	7.9433	1.0000	12.2248	31.6228	AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	7.9433	1.0000	12.2248	31.6228	AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	7.9433	1.0000	12.2248	31.6228	AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	7.9433	1.0000	12.2248	31.6228	AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	7.9433	1.0000	12.2248	31.6228	AID885
Histamine H2 receptor	Cavia porcellus (domestic guinea pig)	Potency	15.8489	0.0063	8.2350	39.8107	AID883
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	7.9433	1.0000	12.2248	31.6228	AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	7.9433	1.0000	12.2248	31.6228	AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	7.9433	1.0000	12.2248	31.6228	AID885
GABA theta subunit	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	7.9433	1.0000	12.2248	31.6228	AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	7.9433	1.0000	12.2248	31.6228	AID885
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Melatonin receptor type 1A	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.5184	0.0000	0.2735	9.1000	AID107883; AID1138127; AID295009
Melatonin receptor type 1C	Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog)	IC50 (µMol)	2.4547	2.4547	2.4547	2.4547	AID295008
Melatonin receptor type 1B	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0339	0.0000	0.1628	9.1000	AID108047; AID1138128; AID295010
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger	Melatonin receptor type 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Melatonin receptor type 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
mating behavior	Melatonin receptor type 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
circadian rhythm	Melatonin receptor type 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Melatonin receptor type 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger	Melatonin receptor type 1B	Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission	Melatonin receptor type 1B	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cGMP-mediated signaling	Melatonin receptor type 1B	Homo sapiens (human)
glucose homeostasis	Melatonin receptor type 1B	Homo sapiens (human)
camera-type eye development	Melatonin receptor type 1B	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of neuron apoptotic process	Melatonin receptor type 1B	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of vasoconstriction	Melatonin receptor type 1B	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep	Melatonin receptor type 1B	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of insulin secretion	Melatonin receptor type 1B	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of insulin secretion	Melatonin receptor type 1B	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration	Melatonin receptor type 1B	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transmission of nerve impulse	Melatonin receptor type 1B	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transmission of nerve impulse	Melatonin receptor type 1B	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of neuronal action potential	Melatonin receptor type 1B	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Melatonin receptor type 1B	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
protein binding	Melatonin receptor type 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
melatonin receptor activity	Melatonin receptor type 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
hormone binding	Melatonin receptor type 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
organic cyclic compound binding	Melatonin receptor type 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor activity	Melatonin receptor type 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Melatonin receptor type 1B	Homo sapiens (human)
melatonin receptor activity	Melatonin receptor type 1B	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor activity	Melatonin receptor type 1B	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membrane	Melatonin receptor type 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
receptor complex	Melatonin receptor type 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Melatonin receptor type 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Melatonin receptor type 1B	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse	Melatonin receptor type 1B	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Melatonin receptor type 1B	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (62)

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID1508630	Primary qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay	2021	Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4	A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID1347154	Primary screen GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors	2020	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49	Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1592417	Antimalarial activity against trophozoite stage of Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 infected in human erythrocytes assessed as parasite survival level at 10 uM measured immediately at 0 hrs by Giemsa staining-based microscopic analysis (Rvb = 3.55 +/- 5.02%)	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 168	Indole based antimalarial compounds targeting the melatonin pathway: Their design, synthesis and biological evaluation.
AID303955	Agonist activity at melatonin receptor in Xenopus laevis melanophores assessed as effect on pigment granule distribution at 100 uM	2007	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-13, Volume: 50, Issue:25	Design, synthesis, and melatoninergic activity of new azido- and isothiocyanato-substituted indoles.
AID219777	Inhibitory concentration against melatonin-induced pigment aggregation by 50% in Xenopus laevis dermal melanophore cell line	1998	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-12, Volume: 41, Issue:4	Mapping the melatonin receptor. 5. Melatonin agonists and antagonists derived from tetrahydrocyclopent[b]indoles, tetrahydrocarbazoles and hexahydrocyclohept[b]indoles.
AID108056	Relative Binding Affinity (pRA1) to cloned human Melatonin receptor type 1B, stably expressed in NIH3T3 rat fibroblast cells, determined using 2-[125I]iodomelatonin	2003	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-10, Volume: 46, Issue:8	Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship studies on selected MT1 and MT2 melatonin receptor ligands: requirements for subtype selectivity and intrinsic activity modulation.
AID295009	Displacement of 2[125I]iodomelatonin from recombinant human MT1 receptor expressed in NIH 3T3 cells	2007	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 42, Issue:7	Design, synthesis and melatoninergic activity of new unsubstituted and beta,beta'-difunctionalised 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-6-alkanamides.
AID219905	Agonistic activity against melatonin of Xenopus melanophores	2000	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-23, Volume: 43, Issue:6	Mapping the melatonin receptor. 6. Melatonin agonists and antagonists derived from 6H-isoindolo[2,1-a]indoles, 5,6-dihydroindolo[2,1-a]isoquinolines, and 6,7-dihydro-5H-benzo[c]azepino[2,1-a]indoles.
AID1592419	Antimalarial activity against ring stage of Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 infected in human erythrocytes assessed as parasite survival level at 10 uM incubated for 48 hrs by Giemsa staining-based microscopic analysis (Rvb = 51.3 +/- 1.83%)	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 168	Indole based antimalarial compounds targeting the melatonin pathway: Their design, synthesis and biological evaluation.
AID1592418	Antimalarial activity against schizont stage of Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 infected in human erythrocytes assessed as parasite survival level at 10 uM measured immediately at 0 hrs by Giemsa staining-based microscopic analysis (Rvb = 0%)	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 168	Indole based antimalarial compounds targeting the melatonin pathway: Their design, synthesis and biological evaluation.
AID1592420	Antimalarial activity against trophozoite stage of Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 infected in human erythrocytes assessed as parasite survival level at 10 uM incubated for 48 hrs by Giemsa staining-based microscopic analysis (Rvb = 43.65 +/- 5.16%)	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 168	Indole based antimalarial compounds targeting the melatonin pathway: Their design, synthesis and biological evaluation.
AID1140652	Neurogenic activity in Wistar rat Primary neural stem cells assessed as cell maturation by measuring TuJ1 at 10 uM after 48 hrs by DAPI staining-based immunohistochemistry	2014	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-08, Volume: 57, Issue:9	New melatonin-N,N-dibenzyl(N-methyl)amine hybrids: potent neurogenic agents with antioxidant, cholinergic, and neuroprotective properties as innovative drugs for Alzheimer's disease.
AID1592428	Antimalarial activity against mixed stage of Plasmodium falciparum infected in human erythrocytes assessed as protection against melatonin-induced parasite synchronization by measuring parasitemia at 5 uM incubated for 48 hrs by Giemsa staining-based micr	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 168	Indole based antimalarial compounds targeting the melatonin pathway: Their design, synthesis and biological evaluation.
AID1140653	Neurogenic activity in Wistar rat Primary neural stem cells assessed as cell maturation by measuring MAP-2 at 10 uM after 48 hrs by DAPI staining-based immunohistochemistry	2014	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-08, Volume: 57, Issue:9	New melatonin-N,N-dibenzyl(N-methyl)amine hybrids: potent neurogenic agents with antioxidant, cholinergic, and neuroprotective properties as innovative drugs for Alzheimer's disease.
AID1592434	Antimalarial activity against schizont stage of Plasmodium falciparum infected in human erythrocytes assessed as protection against melatonin-induced parasite synchronization by measuring parasitemia 5 uM measured immediately by Giemsa staining-based micr	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 168	Indole based antimalarial compounds targeting the melatonin pathway: Their design, synthesis and biological evaluation.
AID1138127	Displacement of [125I]2-iodomelatonin from human recombinant MT1 receptor expressed in African green monkey COS7 cells	2014	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-24, Volume: 57, Issue:8	MT1 and MT2 melatonin receptors: ligands, models, oligomers, and therapeutic potential.
AID108047	Binding affinity towards recombinant human melatonin receptor type 1B expressed in NIH 3T3 cells using 2-[121I]iodomelatonin radioligand binding assay	2000	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-23, Volume: 43, Issue:6	Mapping the melatonin receptor. 6. Melatonin agonists and antagonists derived from 6H-isoindolo[2,1-a]indoles, 5,6-dihydroindolo[2,1-a]isoquinolines, and 6,7-dihydro-5H-benzo[c]azepino[2,1-a]indoles.
AID108023	Relative Binding Affinity (pRA1) to cloned human Melatonin receptor type 1A, stably expressed in NIH3T3 rat fibroblast cells, determined using 2-[125I]iodomelatonin	2003	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-10, Volume: 46, Issue:8	Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship studies on selected MT1 and MT2 melatonin receptor ligands: requirements for subtype selectivity and intrinsic activity modulation.
AID1592421	Antimalarial activity against schizont stage of Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 infected in human erythrocytes assessed as parasite survival level at 10 uM incubated for 48 hrs by Giemsa staining-based microscopic analysis (Rvb = 5 +/- 7.07%)	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 168	Indole based antimalarial compounds targeting the melatonin pathway: Their design, synthesis and biological evaluation.
AID1592425	Antimalarial activity against mixed stage of Plasmodium falciparum infected in human erythrocytes assessed as protection against melatonin-induced parasite synchronization by measuring parasitemia at 1 uM measured immediately at 0 hrs by Giemsa staining-b	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 168	Indole based antimalarial compounds targeting the melatonin pathway: Their design, synthesis and biological evaluation.
AID303957	Antagonist activity at melatonin receptor in Xenopus laevis melanophores assessed as reduction of melatonin-induced pigment aggregation	2007	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-13, Volume: 50, Issue:25	Design, synthesis, and melatoninergic activity of new azido- and isothiocyanato-substituted indoles.
AID219904	Effective concentration determined for its agonist activity against melatonin of Xenopus melanophores; NA= no activity	2000	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-23, Volume: 43, Issue:6	Mapping the melatonin receptor. 6. Melatonin agonists and antagonists derived from 6H-isoindolo[2,1-a]indoles, 5,6-dihydroindolo[2,1-a]isoquinolines, and 6,7-dihydro-5H-benzo[c]azepino[2,1-a]indoles.
AID1592435	Antimalarial activity against ring stage of Plasmodium falciparum infected in human erythrocytes assessed as protection against melatonin-induced parasite synchronization by measuring parasitemia 1 uM incubated for 48 hrs by Giemsa staining-based microsco	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 168	Indole based antimalarial compounds targeting the melatonin pathway: Their design, synthesis and biological evaluation.
AID1592423	Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability at 5 uM incubated for 48 hrs by MTT assay	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 168	Indole based antimalarial compounds targeting the melatonin pathway: Their design, synthesis and biological evaluation.
AID1592429	Antimalarial activity against ring stage of Plasmodium falciparum infected in human erythrocytes assessed as protection against melatonin-induced parasite synchronization by measuring parasitemia 1 uM measured immediately by Giemsa staining-based microsco	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 168	Indole based antimalarial compounds targeting the melatonin pathway: Their design, synthesis and biological evaluation.
AID295008	Antagonist activity in Xenopus laevis melanophores assessed as melatoninergic activity after 60 mins	2007	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 42, Issue:7	Design, synthesis and melatoninergic activity of new unsubstituted and beta,beta'-difunctionalised 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-6-alkanamides.
AID1592426	Antimalarial activity against mixed stage of Plasmodium falciparum infected in human erythrocytes assessed as protection against melatonin-induced parasite synchronization by measuring parasitemia at 5 uM measured immediately at 0 hrs by Giemsa staining-b	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 168	Indole based antimalarial compounds targeting the melatonin pathway: Their design, synthesis and biological evaluation.
AID1138140	Selectivity ratio of Ki for human recombinant MT1 receptor to Ki for human recombinant MT2 receptor	2014	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-24, Volume: 57, Issue:8	MT1 and MT2 melatonin receptors: ligands, models, oligomers, and therapeutic potential.
AID1592438	Antimalarial activity against ring stage of Plasmodium falciparum infected in human erythrocytes assessed as protection against melatonin-induced parasite synchronization by measuring parasitemia 5 uM incubated for 48 hrs by Giemsa staining-based microsco	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 168	Indole based antimalarial compounds targeting the melatonin pathway: Their design, synthesis and biological evaluation.
AID1592431	Antimalarial activity against schizont stage of Plasmodium falciparum infected in human erythrocytes assessed as protection against melatonin-induced parasite synchronization by measuring parasitemia 1 uM measured immediately by Giemsa staining-based micr	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 168	Indole based antimalarial compounds targeting the melatonin pathway: Their design, synthesis and biological evaluation.
AID1592436	Antimalarial activity against troph stage of Plasmodium falciparum infected in human erythrocytes assessed as protection against melatonin-induced parasite synchronization by measuring parasitemia 1 uM incubated for 48 hrs by Giemsa staining-based microsc	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 168	Indole based antimalarial compounds targeting the melatonin pathway: Their design, synthesis and biological evaluation.
AID1592427	Antimalarial activity against mixed stage of Plasmodium falciparum infected in human erythrocytes assessed as protection against melatonin-induced parasite synchronization by measuring parasitemia at 1 uM incubated for 48 hrs by Giemsa staining-based micr	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 168	Indole based antimalarial compounds targeting the melatonin pathway: Their design, synthesis and biological evaluation.
AID1592414	Antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 ring stage synchronized forms infected in human erythrocytes assessed as inhibition of parasite proliferation at 5 uM incubated for 48 hrs by Giemsa-staining method	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 168	Indole based antimalarial compounds targeting the melatonin pathway: Their design, synthesis and biological evaluation.
AID107876	Relative Intrinsic activity evaluated on [35S]GTP-gamma-S, binding in NIH3T3 cells stably transfected with human Melatonin receptor type 1A	2003	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-10, Volume: 46, Issue:8	Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship studies on selected MT1 and MT2 melatonin receptor ligands: requirements for subtype selectivity and intrinsic activity modulation.
AID107398	Binding affinity towards melatonin receptor, determined in chicken brain membranes using [2-125I]melatonin	1998	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-12, Volume: 41, Issue:4	Mapping the melatonin receptor. 5. Melatonin agonists and antagonists derived from tetrahydrocyclopent[b]indoles, tetrahydrocarbazoles and hexahydrocyclohept[b]indoles.
AID107883	Binding affinity towards recombinant human melatonin receptor type 1A expressed in NIH 3T3 cells using 2-[121I]iodomelatonin radioligand binding assay	2000	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-23, Volume: 43, Issue:6	Mapping the melatonin receptor. 6. Melatonin agonists and antagonists derived from 6H-isoindolo[2,1-a]indoles, 5,6-dihydroindolo[2,1-a]isoquinolines, and 6,7-dihydro-5H-benzo[c]azepino[2,1-a]indoles.
AID219776	Effective concentration required to produce 50% of the maximal pigment aggregation in Xenopus laevis dermal melanophore cell line; No agonist effect detected at 100 uM	1998	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-12, Volume: 41, Issue:4	Mapping the melatonin receptor. 5. Melatonin agonists and antagonists derived from tetrahydrocyclopent[b]indoles, tetrahydrocarbazoles and hexahydrocyclohept[b]indoles.
AID1592439	Antimalarial activity against troph stage of Plasmodium falciparum infected in human erythrocytes assessed as protection against melatonin-induced parasite synchronization by measuring parasitemia 5 uM incubated for 48 hrs by Giemsa staining-based microsc	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 168	Indole based antimalarial compounds targeting the melatonin pathway: Their design, synthesis and biological evaluation.
AID1592437	Antimalarial activity against schizont stage of Plasmodium falciparum infected in human erythrocytes assessed as protection against melatonin-induced parasite synchronization by measuring parasitemia 1 uM incubated for 48 hrs by Giemsa staining-based micr	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 168	Indole based antimalarial compounds targeting the melatonin pathway: Their design, synthesis and biological evaluation.
AID1571711	Antagonist activity at Melatonin receptor type 1C in Xenopus laevis melanophores assessed as inhibition of melatonin-induced pigment aggregation response pre-incubated 60 mins before melatonin addition by microtiter plate reader based absorbance detection	2019	MedChemComm, Mar-01, Volume: 10, Issue:3	Fluorine substituted methoxyphenylalkyl amides as potent melatonin receptor agonists.
AID1592432	Antimalarial activity against ring stage of Plasmodium falciparum infected in human erythrocytes assessed as protection against melatonin-induced parasite synchronization by measuring parasitemia 5 uM measured immediately by Giemsa staining-based microsco	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 168	Indole based antimalarial compounds targeting the melatonin pathway: Their design, synthesis and biological evaluation.
AID1229580	Induction of primary neuronal stem cell differentiation derived from subgranular zone of dentate gyrus of Wistar rat hippocampus assessed as upregulation of TuJ1 expression at 10 uM incubated for 7 days followed by 48 hrs incubation in presence of serum a	2015	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-25, Volume: 58, Issue:12	Novel N-Acetyl Bioisosteres of Melatonin: Melatonergic Receptor Pharmacology, Physicochemical Studies, and Phenotypic Assessment of Their Neurogenic Potential.
AID1592415	Antimalarial activity against synchronized ring stage of Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 infected in human erythrocytes assessed as inhibition of parasite growth at 10 uM incubated for 0 to 48 hrs by Giemsa staining-based microscopic analysis	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 168	Indole based antimalarial compounds targeting the melatonin pathway: Their design, synthesis and biological evaluation.
AID1138128	Displacement of [125I]2-iodomelatonin from human recombinant MT2 receptor expressed in African green monkey COS7 cells	2014	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-24, Volume: 57, Issue:8	MT1 and MT2 melatonin receptors: ligands, models, oligomers, and therapeutic potential.
AID1592433	Antimalarial activity against troph stage of Plasmodium falciparum infected in human erythrocytes assessed as protection against melatonin-induced parasite synchronization by measuring parasitemia 5 uM measured immediately by Giemsa staining-based microsc	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 168	Indole based antimalarial compounds targeting the melatonin pathway: Their design, synthesis and biological evaluation.
AID1592430	Antimalarial activity against troph stage of Plasmodium falciparum infected in human erythrocytes assessed as protection against melatonin-induced parasite synchronization by measuring parasitemia 1 uM measured immediately by Giemsa staining-based microsc	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 168	Indole based antimalarial compounds targeting the melatonin pathway: Their design, synthesis and biological evaluation.
AID295010	Displacement of 2[125I]iodomelatonin from recombinant human MT2 receptor expressed in NIH 3T3 cells	2007	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 42, Issue:7	Design, synthesis and melatoninergic activity of new unsubstituted and beta,beta'-difunctionalised 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-6-alkanamides.
AID108040	Relative Intrinsic activity evaluated on [35S]GTP-gamma-S, binding in NIH3T3 cells stably transfected with human Melatonin receptor type 1B	2003	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-10, Volume: 46, Issue:8	Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship studies on selected MT1 and MT2 melatonin receptor ligands: requirements for subtype selectivity and intrinsic activity modulation.
AID1592440	Antimalarial activity against schizont stage of Plasmodium falciparum infected in human erythrocytes assessed as protection against melatonin-induced parasite synchronization by measuring parasitemia 5 uM incubated for 48 hrs by Giemsa staining-based micr	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 168	Indole based antimalarial compounds targeting the melatonin pathway: Their design, synthesis and biological evaluation.
AID295007	Agonist activity in Xenopus laevis melanophores assessed as melatoninergic activity at 100 uM	2007	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 42, Issue:7	Design, synthesis and melatoninergic activity of new unsubstituted and beta,beta'-difunctionalised 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-6-alkanamides.
AID295011	Selectivity for human recombinant MT2 receptor over human recombinant MT1 receptor	2007	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 42, Issue:7	Design, synthesis and melatoninergic activity of new unsubstituted and beta,beta'-difunctionalised 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-6-alkanamides.
AID1592416	Antimalarial activity against ring stage of Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 infected in human erythrocytes assessed as parasite survival level at 10 uM measured immediately at 0 hrs by Giemsa staining-based microscopic analysis (Rvb = 96.4 +/- 5.09%)	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 168	Indole based antimalarial compounds targeting the melatonin pathway: Their design, synthesis and biological evaluation.
AID108053	Selectivity ratio of melatonin receptor type 1B with respect to melatonin receptor type 1A	2000	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-23, Volume: 43, Issue:6	Mapping the melatonin receptor. 6. Melatonin agonists and antagonists derived from 6H-isoindolo[2,1-a]indoles, 5,6-dihydroindolo[2,1-a]isoquinolines, and 6,7-dihydro-5H-benzo[c]azepino[2,1-a]indoles.
AID1346274	Human MT2 receptor (Melatonin receptors)	2003	Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology, Jun, Volume: 367, Issue:6	New selective ligands of human cloned melatonin MT1 and MT2 receptors.
AID1346274	Human MT2 receptor (Melatonin receptors)	1997	Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology, Mar, Volume: 355, Issue:3	Melatonin receptor antagonists that differentiate between the human Mel1a and Mel1b recombinant subtypes are used to assess the pharmacological profile of the rabbit retina ML1 presynaptic heteroreceptor.
AID1346220	Human MT1 receptor (Melatonin receptors)	1988	The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, Sep, Volume: 246, Issue:3	Luzindole (N-0774): a novel melatonin receptor antagonist.
AID1346274	Human MT2 receptor (Melatonin receptors)	2000	British journal of pharmacology, Mar, Volume: 129, Issue:5	Pharmacological characterization of human recombinant melatonin mt(1) and MT(2) receptors.
AID1346274	Human MT2 receptor (Melatonin receptors)	1988	The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, Sep, Volume: 246, Issue:3	Luzindole (N-0774): a novel melatonin receptor antagonist.
AID1346220	Human MT1 receptor (Melatonin receptors)	2000	British journal of pharmacology, Mar, Volume: 129, Issue:5	Pharmacological characterization of human recombinant melatonin mt(1) and MT(2) receptors.
AID1346274	Human MT2 receptor (Melatonin receptors)	1998	FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, Sep, Volume: 12, Issue:12	Selective MT2 melatonin receptor antagonists block melatonin-mediated phase advances of circadian rhythms.
AID1346220	Human MT1 receptor (Melatonin receptors)	1997	Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology, Mar, Volume: 355, Issue:3	Melatonin receptor antagonists that differentiate between the human Mel1a and Mel1b recombinant subtypes are used to assess the pharmacological profile of the rabbit retina ML1 presynaptic heteroreceptor.
AID1346220	Human MT1 receptor (Melatonin receptors)	2003	Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology, Jun, Volume: 367, Issue:6	New selective ligands of human cloned melatonin MT1 and MT2 receptors.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	1 (0.38)	18.7374
1990's	26 (9.92)	18.2507
2000's	102 (38.93)	29.6817
2010's	121 (46.18)	24.3611
2020's	12 (4.58)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	1 (0.38%)	5.53%
Reviews	5 (1.89%)	6.00%
Case Studies	0 (0.00%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	259 (97.74%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	2.73	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	2.02	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
adenine [no description available]	2.04	1	0	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
agmatine Agmatine: Decarboxylated arginine, isolated from several plant and animal sources, e.g., pollen, ergot, herring sperm, octopus muscle.	2.06	1	0	guanidines; primary amino compound	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
cadaverine [no description available]	2.04	1	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.02	1	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	2.02	1	0	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	2.02	1	0	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.	2.95	4	0	carbon oxoanion	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
melatonin [no description available]	12.71	229	1	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
n-acetylserotonin N-acetylserotonin : An N-acylserotonin resulting from the formal condensation of the primary amino group of serotonin with the carboxy group of acetic acid.	3.1	5	0	acetamides; N-acylserotonin; phenols	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist
4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine 4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd without isomeric designation; a serotonin agonist. 2-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-methylethylamine : An organoiodine compound that is amphetamine bearing two methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 5 as well as an iodo substituent at position 4.	2.69	3	0	amphetamines; dimethoxybenzene; organoiodine compound
ibotenic acid Ibotenic Acid: A neurotoxic isoxazole (similar to KAINIC ACID and MUSCIMOL) found in AMANITA mushrooms. It causes motor depression, ataxia, and changes in mood, perceptions and feelings, and is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist.	2.43	2	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	neurotoxin
pk 11195 PK-11195 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2-chlorophenyl)isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of sec-butylmethylamine	2	1	0	aromatic amide; isoquinolines; monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes	antineoplastic agent
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	2.01	1	0	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
1h-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one 1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one: structure given in first source; inhibits guanylyl cyclase. 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one : A member of the class of oxadiazoloquinoxalines that is 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline substituted at position 1 by an oxo group.	2.04	1	0	oxadiazoloquinoxaline	EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor
methylbufotenin 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine : A tryptamine alkaloid that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine substituted by a methoxy group at position 5.	2.11	1	0	aromatic ether; tertiary amino compound; tryptamine alkaloid	hallucinogen; plant metabolite
5-methoxytryptamine 5-Methoxytryptamine: Serotonin derivative proposed as potentiator for hypnotics and sedatives.. 5-methoxytryptamine : A member of the class of tryptamines that is the methyl ether derivative of serotonin.	1.98	1	0	aromatic ether; primary amino compound; tryptamines	5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor agonist; 5-hydroxytryptamine 2B receptor agonist; 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptor agonist; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; radiation protective agent; serotonergic agonist
6-chloromelatonin [no description available]	3.51	8	0	acetamides
6-hydroxymelatonin 6-hydroxymelatonin : A member of the class of tryptamines that is melatonin with a hydroxy group substituent at position 6.	2.91	4	0	acetamides; tryptamines	metabolite; mouse metabolite
tacrine Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	2.1	1	0	acridines; aromatic amine	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
aa 861 2,3,5-trimethyl-6-(12-hydroxy-5,10-dodecadiynyl)-1,4-benzoquinone: structure given in first source. docebenone : A member of the class of benzoquinones that is p-benzoquinone in which the hydrogens are substituted by three methyl groups and a 12-hydroxydodeca-5,10-diyn-1-yl group.	2.05	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; acetylenic compound; primary alcohol	EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	2.08	1	0	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
bicalutamide bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism.	2.08	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; monofluorobenzenes; nitrile; sulfone; tertiary alcohol
bisindolylmaleimide i bisindolylmaleimide I: a bis(indolyl)maleimide	2.07	1	0
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	2.15	1	0	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
chelerythrine chelerythrine : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae.	2.07	1	0	benzophenanthridine alkaloid; organic cation	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
clomipramine Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.	2.03	1	0	dibenzoazepine	anticoronaviral agent; antidepressant; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist; serotonergic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor
clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	1.97	1	0	clonidine; imidazoline
desipramine Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.	1.97	1	0	dibenzoazepine; secondary amino compound	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; cholinergic antagonist; drug allergen; EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	2.07	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
dibucaine Dibucaine: A local anesthetic of the amide type now generally used for surface anesthesia. It is one of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics and its parenteral use is restricted to spinal anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1006). cinchocaine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is the 2-(diethylamino)ethyl amide of 2-butoxyquinoline-4-carboxylic acid. One of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics, its parenteral use was restricted to spinal anesthesia. It is now generally only used (usually as the hydrochloride) in creams and ointments and in suppositories for temporary relief of pain and itching associated with skin and anorectal conditions.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	topical anaesthetic
racemetirosine alpha-Methyltyrosine: An inhibitor of the enzyme TYROSINE 3-MONOOXYGENASE, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)	1.97	1	0
domperidone Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.	2.01	1	0	benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist
fipronil fipronil: has low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source. fipronil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fipronil.. 5-amino-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl]-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole that is substituted at positions 1, 3, 4, and 5 by 2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, cyano, (trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl, and amino groups, respectively.	7.6	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; dichlorobenzene; nitrile; primary amino compound; pyrazoles; sulfoxide
flumazenil Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.	2	1	0	ethyl ester; imidazobenzodiazepine; organofluorine compound	antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning; GABA antagonist
guanethidine Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.	2.11	1	0	azocanes; guanidines	adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; sympatholytic agent
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.	2.01	1	0	isoquinolines; N-sulfonylpiperazine	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
hexamethonium Hexamethonium: A nicotinic cholinergic antagonist often referred to as the prototypical ganglionic blocker. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. It has been used for a variety of therapeutic purposes including hypertension but, like the other ganglionic blockers, it has been replaced by more specific drugs for most purposes, although it is widely used a research tool.	2.44	2	0	quaternary ammonium salt
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.	2.93	4	0	3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	2.04	1	0	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
ketanserin Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.	2.7	3	0	aromatic ketone; organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; cardiovascular drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist
kynurenic acid Kynurenic Acid: A broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist used as a research tool.. kynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-4.	2.08	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	G-protein-coupled receptor agonist; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
letrozole [no description available]	2.1	1	0	nitrile; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
lorglumide lorglumide: RN given refers to (+-)-isomer. lorglumide : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-lorglumide.. N(2)-(3,4-dichlorobenzoyl)-N,N-dipentyl-alpha-glutamine : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of N-(3,4-dichlorobenzoyl)glutamic acid with the amino group of dipentylamine.	2.45	2	0	benzamides; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; dichlorobenzene; glutamic acid derivative
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source	2.55	2	0	chromones; morpholines; organochlorine compound	autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
mecamylamine Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.	2.77	3	0	primary aliphatic amine
metoclopramide Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.	2.04	1	0	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; gastrointestinal drug; xenobiotic
monodansylcadaverine monodansylcadaverine: inhibits cross linkage of fibrin. monodansylcadaverine : A sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of 5-(dimethylamino)naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid with one of the amino groups of cadaverine.	2.04	1	0	aminonaphthalene; primary amino compound; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound	EC 2.3.2.13 (protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; protective agent
muscimol Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.. muscimol : A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita.	2.02	1	0	alkaloid; isoxazoles; primary amino compound	fungal metabolite; GABA agonist; oneirogen; psychotropic drug
nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.	2.42	2	0	C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester	calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent
ns 1619 NS 1619: structure given in first source. NS 1619 : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced are replaced by 2-hydroxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and trifluoromethyl groups, respectively. It is an opener/activator of the large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (Bkca).	2.4	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; benzimidazoles; phenols	potassium channel opener
fenclonine Fenclonine: A selective and irreversible inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin (5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE). Fenclonine acts pharmacologically to deplete endogenous levels of serotonin.	2.04	1	0	phenylalanine derivative
pentobarbital Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	2.04	1	0	barbiturates	GABAA receptor agonist
prazosin Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.	5.11	16	0	aromatic ether; furans; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperazines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
probenecid Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.	2.01	1	0	benzoic acids; sulfonamide	uricosuric drug
proglumide Proglumide: A drug that exerts an inhibitory effect on gastric secretion and reduces gastrointestinal motility. It is used clinically in the drug therapy of gastrointestinal ulcers.. proglumide : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-proglumide. A non-selective CCK antagonist that was used primarily for treatment of stomach ulcers, but has been replaced by newer drugs.. N(2)-benzoyl-N,N-dipropyl-alpha-glutamine : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of N-benzoylglutamic acid with dippropylamine.	2.45	2	0	benzamides; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; glutamine derivative; racemate	anti-ulcer drug; cholecystokinin antagonist; cholinergic antagonist; delta-opioid receptor agonist; drug metabolite; gastrointestinal drug; opioid analgesic; xenobiotic metabolite
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	2.47	2	0	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
ritanserin Ritanserin: A selective and potent serotonin-2 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of a variety of syndromes related to anxiety and depression. The drug also improves the subjective quality of sleep and decreases portal pressure.. ritanserin : A thiazolopyrimidine that is 5H-[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one which is substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 6 by a 2-{4-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methylidene]piperidin-1-yl}ethyl group. A potent and long-acting seratonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) antagonist of the subtype 5-HT2 (Ki = 0.39 nM), it is used in the treatment of a variety of disorders including anxiety, depression and schizophrenia. It has little sedative action.	2	1	0	organofluorine compound; piperidines; thiazolopyrimidine	antidepressant; antipsychotic agent; anxiolytic drug; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist
saccharin Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.	2.07	1	0	1,2-benzisothiazole; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
tetraethylammonium Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)	2.4	2	0	quaternary ammonium ion
corticosterone [no description available]	2.49	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.	2	1	0	alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
phentolamine Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.	2.11	1	0	imidazoles; phenols; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
thymidine [no description available]	2.44	2	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
aldosterone [no description available]	2.13	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 18-oxo steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid aldehyde	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
penicillamine Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.	2	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; penicillamine	antirheumatic drug; chelator; copper chelator; drug allergen
pilocarpine Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.	2.02	1	0	pilocarpine	antiglaucoma drug
pentylenetetrazole Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.	7.81	3	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	2.02	1	0	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.	2	1	0	L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	2.05	1	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
apomorphine Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.	1.97	1	0	aporphine alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic drug; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; emetic; serotonergic drug
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	2.41	2	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
methacholine chloride Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)	2.04	1	0	quaternary ammonium salt
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	2.96	4	0	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.	2.04	1	0	mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene
heptanol Heptanol: A colorless liquid with a fragrant odor. It is used as an intermediate, solvent and in cosmetics.. heptanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of seven carbon atoms.. heptan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is heptane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1. It has been isolated from Capillipedium parviflorum.	2.11	1	0	heptanol; primary alcohol	flavouring agent; fragrance; gap junctional intercellular communication inhibitor; plant metabolite
framycetin Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.	2.05	1	0	aminoglycoside	allergen; antibacterial drug; Escherichia coli metabolite
yohimbine Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.	2.49	2	0	methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
thiazoles [no description available]	2.07	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
galantamine Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.	2.05	1	0	benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent; benzazepine alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	antidote to curare poisoning; cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
methysergide Methysergide: An ergot derivative that is a congener of LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE. It antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids. Methysergide is used prophylactically in migraine and other vascular headaches and to antagonize serotonin in the carcinoid syndrome.. methysergide : A synthetic ergot alkaloid, structurally related to the oxytocic agent methylergonovine and to the potent hallucinogen LSD and used prophylactically to reduce the frequency and intensity of severe vascular headaches.	1.97	1	0	ergoline alkaloid
kynuramine Kynuramine: An aromatic ketone containing the aniline structure (ANILINE COMPOUNDS).. kynuramine : A member of the class of kynurenamines that is aniline substituted at position 2 by a 3-aminopropanoyl group.	2.11	1	0	kynurenamines; primary amino compound	metabolite
benzenaminium, 4,4'-(3-oxo-1,5-pentanediyl)bis(n,n-dimethyl-n-2-propenyl-), dibromide Benzenaminium, 4,4'-(3-oxo-1,5-pentanediyl)bis(N,N-dimethyl-N-2-propenyl-), Dibromide: Proposed cholinesterase inhibitor.	2.1	1	0
bicuculline Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.	2.45	2	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines	agrochemical; central nervous system stimulant; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; GABAA receptor antagonist; neurotoxin
methamphetamine Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.	2.53	2	0	amphetamines; secondary amine	central nervous system stimulant; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; psychotropic drug; xenobiotic
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	3.05	4	0	dialdehyde	biomarker
methylnitrosourea Methylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups.	2.07	1	0	N-nitrosoureas	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; mutagen; teratogenic agent
methoxytryptophol [no description available]	2.44	2	0	indoles
cyanoketone Cyanoketone: 2 alpha-Cyano-17 beta-hydroxy-4,4',17 alpha-trimethylandrost-5-ene-3-one. An androstenolone-nitrile compound with steroidogenesis-blocking activity.	2.08	1	0
diadenosine tetraphosphate P(1),P(4)-bis(5'-adenosyl) tetraphosphate : A diadenosyl tetraphosphate compound having the two 5'-adenosyl residues attached at the P(1)- and P(4)-positions.	2.03	1	0	diadenosyl tetraphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
galactosamine 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.	7.25	1	0	D-galactosamine; primary amino compound	toxin
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	2.75	3	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
adenosine diphosphate ribose Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose: An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.	2	1	0	ADP-sugar	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.	3.27	6	0	alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
colforsin Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.	4.16	16	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triol	adenylate cyclase agonist; anti-HIV agent; antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protein kinase A agonist
idazoxan Idazoxan: A benzodioxane-linked imidazole that has alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity.. idazoxan : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 has been replaced by a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group.	2.07	1	0	benzodioxine; imidazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist
mifepristone Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.	2.08	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	abortifacient; contraceptive drug; hormone antagonist; synthetic oral contraceptive
fura-2 Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.	2.02	1	0
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	2.07	1	0	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	2.1	1	0	1,2,3-triazole
n-acetyltryptamine N-acetyltryptamine: antagonizes the melatonin-induced inhibition of dopamine release from retina; RN given refers to parent cpd. N-acetyltryptamine : A tryptamine compound having an acetyl substituent attached to the side-chain amino function.	2.92	4	0	acetamides; indoles
s20098 [no description available]	3.75	10	0	acetamides
17-alpha-hydroxypregnenolone 17-alpha-Hydroxypregnenolone: A 21-carbon steroid that is converted from PREGNENOLONE by STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE. It is an intermediate in the delta-5 pathway of biosynthesis of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and the adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.. 17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone : A hydroxypregnenolone carrying an alpha-hydroxy group at position 17.	2.04	1	0	17alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; hydroxypregnenolone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
u 73122 1-(6-((3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: structure given in first source. U-73122 : An aza-steroid that is 3-O-methyl-17beta-estradiol in which the 17beta-hydroxy group is replaced by a 6-(maleimid-1-yl)hexylamino group. An inibitor of phospholipase C.	2.42	2	0	aromatic ether; aza-steroid; maleimides	EC 3.1.4.11 (phosphoinositide phospholipase C) inhibitor
sr 95531 [no description available]	2.05	1	0	methoxybenzenes
beta-lumicolchicine Lumicolchicines: Three, alpha, beta, and gamma isomers of ultraviolet degradation products of colchicine that lack many of the physiological actions of the parent; used as experimental control for colchicine actions.	2.04	1	0
thromboxanes thromboxane : A class of oxygenated oxane derivatives, originally derived from prostaglandin precursors in platelets, that stimulate aggregation of platelets and constriction of blood vessels.	2.6	1	0
2-iodomelatonin [no description available]	5.45	20	0	acetamides
rmi 12330a RMI 12330A: adenyl cyclase inhibitor in rat liver; RN given refers to (cis)-isomer; NM refers to HCl, (cis)-isomer; structure	2.1	1	0
2-bromomelatonin 2-bromomelatonin: structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
s 20928 [no description available]	2.01	1	0
5-methoxyluzindole [no description available]	2.69	3	0
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	2.13	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	2.44	2	0
ml 23 ML 23: melatonin antagonist	1.98	1	0
ramelteon ramelteon: melatonin MT1/MT2 receptor agonist	3.31	6	0	indanes
demecolcine Demecolcine: An alkaloid isolated from Colchicum autumnale L. and used as an antineoplastic.. (-)-demecolcine : A secondary amino compound that is (S)-colchicine in which the N-acetyl group is replaced by an N-methyl group. Isolable from the autumn crocus, Colchicum autumnale, it is less toxic than colchicine and is used as an antineoplastic.	2.04	1	0	alkaloid; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.	2.74	3	0	myo-inositol trisphosphate	mouse metabolite
puromycin [no description available]	2.04	1	0	puromycins	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor; nucleoside antibiotic; protein synthesis inhibitor
devazepide Devazepide: A derivative of benzodiazepine that acts on the cholecystokinin A (CCKA) receptor to antagonize CCK-8's (SINCALIDE) physiological and behavioral effects, such as pancreatic stimulation and inhibition of feeding.. devazepide : An indolecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-2-carboxylic acid with the exocyclic amino group of (3S)-3-amino-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one. A cholecystokinin antagonist used for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.	2.44	2	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; indolecarboxamide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; cholecystokinin antagonist; gastrointestinal drug
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	2.06	1	0	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.	2.03	1	0	octadec-9-enoic acid	antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	2.6	1	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
thapsigargin Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.	2	1	0	butyrate ester; organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	calcium channel blocker; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
h 89 N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source. N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is the sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of isoquinoline-5-sulfonic acid with the primary amino group of N(1)-[3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]ethane-1,2-diamine. It is a protein kinase A inhibitor.. (E)-N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	2.44	2	0	N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide
dipyrone Dipyrone: A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.. metamizole sodium : An organic sodium salt of antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfonatomethyl)amino group, commonly used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic.	2.08	1	0	organic sodium salt	anti-inflammatory agent; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug; prodrug
arginine vasopressin Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.	2	1	0	vasopressin	cardiovascular drug; hematologic agent; mitogen
bemesetron [no description available]	2.11	1	0
capsaicin ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.	2.42	2	0	capsaicinoid	non-narcotic analgesic; TRPV1 agonist; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
tamoxifen [no description available]	2.13	1	0	stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
thiopental Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	2	1	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative; xenobiotic
thiobutabarbital thiobutabarbital: RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0
deltorphin deltorphin: isolated from skin of Phyllomedusa sauvagei; has affinity to opioid receptor; note deltorphin I and deltorphin II are available, they have Ala in position 2	2.03	1	0	peptide
cystine [no description available]	2.01	1	0
cyclo(l-leucyl-l-tryptophyl) cyclo(L-leucyl-L-tryptophyl): structure in first source	2.06	1	0
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	2.41	1	0
n-pentanoyl-2-benzyltryptamine [no description available]	3.14	5	0	indoles
4-phenyl-2-propionamidotetraline 4-phenyl-2-propionamidotetraline: melatonin receptor antagonist; structure in first source	7.59	42	1	tetralins
2-phenylmelatonin [no description available]	2.71	3	0	phenylindole
iik7 IIK7: structure in first source	3.31	6	0
5-methoxycarbonylamino-n-acetyltryptamine 5-methoxycarbonylamino-N-acetyltryptamine: an mt1/MT2 receptor agonist	3.42	7	0	acetamides
rhodamine 123 Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.	2.15	1	0	organic cation; xanthene dye	fluorochrome
myelin basic protein Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.	1.99	1	0
ex 527 6-chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxamide: structure in first source. 6-chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxamide : A member of the class of carbazoles that is 2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole which is substituted at position 1 by an aminocarbohyl group and at position 6 by a chlorine.	2.1	1	0	carbazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound
8-methoxy-2-propionamidotetralin 8-methoxy-2-propionamidotetralin: enhances sperm hyperactivation via the MT1 receptor	2.04	1	0	tetralins
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	2.95	4	0	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
thromboxane b2 Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.	2.6	1	0	thromboxanes B	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
naloxone Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.	2.1	1	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	2.04	1	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
n-acetyl-4-aminomethyl-6-methoxy-9-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole N-acetyl-4-aminomethyl-6-methoxy-9-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole: a melatonin receptor agonist; (-)-isomer is more active than the (+)-isomer; structure in first source	1.99	1	0
endomorphin 1 endomorphin 1: isolated from bovine brain	2.03	1	0	oligopeptide
k 185 [no description available]	3.44	7	0
ag-490 [no description available]	2.11	1	0	catechols; enamide; monocarboxylic acid amide; nitrile; secondary carboxamide	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; STAT3 inhibitor
methylazoxymethanol acetate Methylazoxymethanol Acetate: The aglycone of CYCASIN. It acts as a potent carcinogen and neurotoxin and inhibits hepatic DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis.	2.17	1	0	azoxy compound
geldanamycin [no description available]	2.15	1	0
ecdysterone Ecdysterone: A steroid hormone that regulates the processes of MOLTING or ecdysis in insects. Ecdysterone is the 20-hydroxylated ECDYSONE.. 20-hydroxyecdysone : An ecdysteroid that is ecdysone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 20.	2	1	0	14alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-hydroxy steroid; 22-hydroxy steroid; 25-hydroxy steroid; 2beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-sterol; ecdysteroid; phytoecdysteroid	animal metabolite; plant metabolite
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid 2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid: chromogen in glucose oxidase-peroxidase method for determining serum glucose; used in free radical scavenging assays; structure in first source	2.04	1	0
tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.	2.05	1	0	azatetracycloalkane; oxatetracycloalkane; quinazoline alkaloid	animal metabolite; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
methylazoxymethanol methylazoxymethanol: a neuroteratogen; reacts with guanine residues of DNA & RNA forming 7-methylguanine adduct products; carcinogenicity probably related to biological decomposition into methyldiazonium ion, the ultimate methylating agent; structure in first source	2.17	1	0	azoxy compound
bafilomycin a1 bafilomycin A1: from Streptomyces griseus; structure given in first source. bafilomycin A1 : The most used of the bafilomycins, a family of toxic macrolide antibiotics derived from Streptomyces griseus.	2.52	2	0	cyclic hemiketal; macrolide antibiotic; oxanes	apoptosis inducer; autophagy inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.14 (H(+)-transporting two-sector ATPase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; fungicide; potassium ionophore; toxin
n-butanoyl-5-methoxytryptamine N-butanoyl-5-methoxytryptamine: mimics melatonin's antigonadal activity and inhibits 2-iodomelatonin binding	2.01	1	0
s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is one of the NITRIC OXIDE DONORS.	2	1	0	nitroso compound; nitrosothio compound	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
s 22153 [no description available]	2.01	1	0
sincalide Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.	2.05	1	0	oligopeptide
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	2.05	1	0	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
ucm 454 [no description available]	2.45	2	0
oxadiazoles Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.	2.04	1	0
ucn 1028 c calphostin C: structure given in first source; isolated from Cladosporium cladosporioides	2.01	1	0
pituitrin Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).	2.44	2	0
n-monoacetylcystine N-monoacetylcystine: antidote for paracetamol poisoning	2.01	1	0
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	2.04	1	0
cholecystokinin Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.	2.44	2	0
ceruletide Ceruletide: A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.. ceruletide : A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.	2.01	1	0	oligopeptide	diagnostic agent; gastrointestinal drug
atrial natriuretic factor Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.	2.13	1	0	polypeptide
gastrins Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.	2.01	1	0
glucagon Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.	2.07	1	0	peptide hormone
beta-endorphin beta-Endorphin: A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.. beta-endorphin : A polypeptide consisting of 31 amino acid residues in the sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu. It is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter found in the neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous system and results from processing of the precursor protein proopiomelanocortin (POMC).	2.01	1	0
9-(tetrahydro-2-furyl)-adenine [no description available]	2.04	1	0
bucladesine Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.	2.08	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
apelin-13 peptide apelin-13 peptide: amino acid sequence in first source. apelin-13 : A 13 amino acid oligopeptide which is the ligand for the apelin receptor (also known as the APJ receptor). It exhibits hypotensive and neuroprotective effects, and may be a potential prognostic biomarker for acute ischemic stroke and multiple sclerosis.	2.06	1	0	oligopeptide	antihypertensive agent; autophagy inhibitor; biomarker; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent
flinderole a flinderole A: antimalarial bis-indole alkaloid from Flindersia species; structure in first source	2.21	1	0
flinderole c flinderole C: antimalarial bis-indole alkaloid from Flindersia species; structure in first source	2.21	1	0
flinderole b flinderole B: antimalarial bis-indole alkaloid from Flindersia species; structure in first source	2.21	1	0
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	2.45	2	0	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
epidermal growth factor Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.	2.31	1	0
charybdotoxin [no description available]	2.4	2	0
okadaic acid Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.	2.01	1	0	ketal
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	2.06	1	0
gamma2-msh gamma2-MSH: The 11-residue peptide that is without amidation.	2	1	0
angiotensin i Angiotensin I: A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.. angiotensin I : A ten amino acid peptide formed by renin cleavage of angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I has no direct biological function except that high levels can stimulate catecholamine production. It is metabolized to its biologically active byproduct angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) through cleavage of the two terminal amino acids.. angiotensin I dizwitterion : A peptide zwitterion that is the dizwitterionic form of angiotensin I having both carboxy groups deprotonated and the aspartyl amino group and arginine side-chain protonated. It is the major species at pH 7.3.	2.13	1	0	angiotensin; peptide zwitterion	human metabolite; neurotransmitter agent
ferric ammonium citrate ferric ammonium citrate: RN given refers to unspecified NH4-Fe(+3) salt. ferric ammonium citrate : A mixture of indefinite composition that contains ferric and ammonium cations and citrate(3-) anions, ferric ammonium citrate may be obtained as red crystals or a brownish yellow powder or as green crystals or powder. It is added to foods as an acidity regulator and anticaking agent. It is also used as a positive oral contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging, and was formerly administered orally as a source of iron for the treatment of iron-deficiency anaemia.	2.15	1	0
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	2.03	1	0
cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.	2.44	2	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine triphosphate Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.4	2	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.	3.27	6	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
8-bromocyclic gmp 8-bromo-3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic GMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the guanine ring. A membrane permeable cGMP analogue that activates protein kinase G (PKG). It is 4.3-fold more potent than cGMP in activating PKG1alpha and promotes relaxation of tracheal and vascular smooth muscle tissue in vitro.	2.04	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; organobromine compound	muscle relaxant; protein kinase G agonist
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	2.74	3	0
leptin Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.	2.02	1	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies
Depression, Endogenous [description not available]	2.1	1
Chronic Insomnia [description not available]	2.1	1
Depressive Disorder An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.	2.1	1
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.	2.1	1
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	2.54	2
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	2.54	2
Infections, Plasmodium [description not available]	3.66	3
Malaria A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.	3.66	3
Congenital Zika Syndrome [description not available]	2.25	1
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	5.25	18
Zika Virus Infection A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.	2.25	1
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	2.41	1
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	2.82	3
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	2.82	3
Depression, Involutional Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.	2.6	1
Depressive Disorder, Major Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)	2.6	1
Arrhythmia [description not available]	2.6	1
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	2.6	1
Convulsions, Febrile [description not available]	2.21	1
Pyrexia [description not available]	2.46	2
Seizures, Febrile Seizures that occur during a febrile episode. It is a common condition, affecting 2-5% of children aged 3 months to five years. An autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance has been identified in some families. The majority are simple febrile seizures (generally defined as generalized onset, single seizures with a duration of less than 30 minutes). Complex febrile seizures are characterized by focal onset, duration greater than 30 minutes, and/or more than one seizure in a 24 hour period. The likelihood of developing epilepsy (i.e., a nonfebrile seizure disorder) following simple febrile seizures is low. Complex febrile seizures are associated with a moderately increased incidence of epilepsy. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p784)	2.21	1
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	2.46	2
Absence Seizure [description not available]	3	4
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	3	4
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	2.21	1
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	4.72	6
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	2.21	1
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	9.72	6
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	2.25	1
Hepatitis INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.	7.25	1
FMR1-Related Primary Ovarian Insufficiency [description not available]	2.21	1
Primary Ovarian Insufficiency Cessation of ovarian function after MENARCHE but before the age of 40, without or with OVARIAN FOLLICLE depletion. It is characterized by the presence of OLIGOMENORRHEA or AMENORRHEA, elevated GONADOTROPINS, and low ESTRADIOL levels. It is a state of female HYPERGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM. Etiologies include genetic defects, autoimmune processes, chemotherapy, radiation, and infections. The most commonly known genetic cause is the expansion of a CGG repeat to 55 to 199 copies in the 5' untranslated region in the X-linked FMR1 gene.	2.21	1
Cocaine Abuse [description not available]	2.25	1
Cocaine-Related Disorders Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.	2.25	1
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	2.21	1
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	2.21	1
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	2.21	1
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	2.21	1
Scoliosis An appreciable lateral deviation in the normally straight vertical line of the spine. (Dorland, 27th ed)	7.79	3
Iron Overload An excessive accumulation of iron in the body due to a greater than normal absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract or from parenteral injection. This may arise from idiopathic hemochromatosis, excessive iron intake, chronic alcoholism, certain types of refractory anemia, or transfusional hemosiderosis. (From Churchill's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 1989)	2.15	1
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	2.48	2
Aura [description not available]	2.46	2
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	2.79	3
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	2.46	2
Degenerative Disc Disease [description not available]	2.15	1
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Degenerative changes in the INTERVERTEBRAL DISC due to aging or structural damage, especially to the vertebral end-plates.	2.15	1
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	3.74	3
Cerebral Cortical Dysplasia [description not available]	2.17	1
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	2.17	1
Chronic Lung Injury [description not available]	3.12	1
Alveolitis, Fibrosing [description not available]	3.12	1
Pulmonary Fibrosis A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.	3.12	1
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	2.21	1
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	2.21	1
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	2.21	1
Cicatrization The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.	2.08	1
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	3.16	5
Cicatrix The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.	2.08	1
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	3.16	5
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	2.51	2
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	7.51	2
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	2.1	1
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	2.1	1
Peripheral Nerve Injury [description not available]	2.5	2
Peripheral Nerve Injuries Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.	2.5	2
Aggression Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.	2.1	1
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria [description not available]	3.4	2
Malaria, Falciparum Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.	3.4	2
Allodynia [description not available]	3.39	2
Nerve Pain [description not available]	2.1	1
Long Sleeper Syndrome [description not available]	2.1	1
Neuralgia Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.	2.1	1
Sleep Wake Disorders Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.	2.1	1
Burns, Chemical Burns caused by contact with or exposure to CAUSTICS or strong ACIDS.	2.11	1
Eye Burns Injury to any part of the eye by extreme heat, chemical agents, or ultraviolet radiation.	2.11	1
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	2.74	3
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	2.98	4
Alcoholic Fatty Liver [description not available]	2.13	1
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	2.97	4
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	2.97	4
Glaucoma An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)	2.49	2
Intraocular Pressure The pressure of the fluids in the eye.	2.74	3
Encephalitis, Venezuelan Equine [description not available]	2.05	1
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	2.04	1
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	2.04	1
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	2.04	1
Morphine Abuse [description not available]	2.04	1
Morphine Dependence Strong dependence, both physiological and emotional, upon morphine.	2.04	1
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	2.04	1
Hemorrhagic Shock [description not available]	2.04	1
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	2.04	1
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	2.04	1
Esophagitis, Reflux [description not available]	2.96	1
Bleeding [description not available]	2.96	1
Esophagitis, Peptic INFLAMMATION of the ESOPHAGUS that is caused by the reflux of GASTRIC JUICE with contents of the STOMACH and DUODENUM.	2.96	1
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	2.96	1
Anaplastic Astrocytoma [description not available]	2.05	1
Astrocytoma Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)	2.05	1
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	2.05	1
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	2.05	1
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	3.36	2
Parotiditis [description not available]	2.05	1
Breast Cancer [description not available]	2.43	2
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	2.05	1
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	2.43	2
Glaucoma, Suspect [description not available]	2.06	1
Ocular Hypertension A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma.	2.06	1
Asialia [description not available]	2.06	1
Xerostomia Decreased salivary flow.	2.06	1
Carotid Artery Narrowing [description not available]	2.98	1
Carotid Stenosis Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)	2.98	1
Affective Disorders [description not available]	2.07	1
Mood Disorders Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.	2.07	1
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	2.07	1
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	2.07	1
Adenoma, beta-Cell [description not available]	2.73	3
Insulinoma A benign tumor of the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS. Insulinoma secretes excess INSULIN resulting in HYPOGLYCEMIA.	2.73	3
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	2.46	2
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	2.46	2
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	2.44	2
Animal Mammary Carcinoma [description not available]	2.07	1
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms [description not available]	2.07	1
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	2.01	1
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	2.01	1
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	2.01	1
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	2.01	1
Injuries Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.	2.01	1
Wounds and Injuries Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.	2.01	1
Cancer of Endometrium [description not available]	2.41	2
Endometrial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.	2.41	2
Acidosis, Respiratory Respiratory retention of carbon dioxide. It may be chronic or acute.	2.02	1
Hypercapnia A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.	2.02	1
Ache [description not available]	2.02	1
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	2.02	1
Gastric Ulcer [description not available]	2.42	2
Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	2.42	2
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	2.02	1
Anoxemia [description not available]	2.02	1
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	2.02	1
Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood [description not available]	2.02	1
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321).	2.02	1
Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available]	2.03	1
Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	2.03	1
Hypothermia, Accidental [description not available]	2.03	1
Hypothermia Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.	2.03	1
Brain Disorders [description not available]	2.04	1
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	2.04	1
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	2.91	4
Allergic Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	1.99	1
Experimental Radiation Injuries [description not available]	1.99	1
Retinal Degeneration A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)	1.99	1
Bone Cancer [description not available]	2	1
Osteogenic Sarcoma [description not available]	2	1
Bone Neoplasms Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.	2	1
Osteosarcoma A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2	1
Anorexia The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.	2	1
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	2.41	2
Hormone-Dependent Neoplasms [description not available]	2	1
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	2.41	2
Impotence [description not available]	2	1
Erectile Dysfunction The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.	2	1
Dyskinesia, Medication-Induced [description not available]	2	1
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)	2	1
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	2	1
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	2	1
Cerebral Palsy, Athetoid [description not available]	2.01	1
Cystic Periventricular Leukomalacia [description not available]	2.01	1
Cerebral Palsy A heterogeneous group of nonprogressive motor disorders caused by chronic brain injuries that originate in the prenatal period, perinatal period, or first few years of life. The four major subtypes are spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed cerebral palsy, with spastic forms being the most common. The motor disorder may range from difficulties with fine motor control to severe spasticity (see MUSCLE SPASTICITY) in all limbs. Spastic diplegia (Little disease) is the most common subtype, and is characterized by spasticity that is more prominent in the legs than in the arms. Pathologically, this condition may be associated with LEUKOMALACIA, PERIVENTRICULAR. (From Dev Med Child Neurol 1998 Aug;40(8):520-7)	2.01	1
Leukomalacia, Periventricular Degeneration of white matter adjacent to the CEREBRAL VENTRICLES following cerebral hypoxia or BRAIN ISCHEMIA in neonates. The condition primarily affects white matter in the perfusion zone between superficial and deep branches of the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY. Clinical manifestations include VISION DISORDERS; CEREBRAL PALSY; PARAPLEGIA; SEIZURES; and cognitive disorders. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1021; Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1997, Ch4, pp30-1)	2.01	1
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	1.97	1

luzindole

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Research Demand Index: 30.56

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luzindole

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (53)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Actions

Treatment

Dosage Studied

Roles (1)

Drug Classes (2)

Protein Targets (29)

Potency Measurements

Inhibition Measurements

Biological Processes (18)

Molecular Functions (5)

Ceullar Components (3)

Bioassays (62)

Research

Studies (262)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 30.56

Study Types

Related Drugs (200)

Related Conditions (170)