loa profile

lithocholic acid acetate: structure in first source [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	7203539
CHEMBL ID	272041
SCHEMBL ID	678540
MeSH ID	M0012659

Synonym
acetyllithocholic acid
LOA ,
lithocholic acid 3-acetate
CHEMBL272041 ,
(4r)-4-[(3r,5r,8r,9s,10s,13r,14s,17r)-3-acetyloxy-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydro-1h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl]pentanoic acid
bdbm50375582
lithocholic acid acetate
(3beta,5beta,9beta)-3-(acetyloxy)cholan-24-oic acid
SCHEMBL678540
3alpha-acetoxy-5beta-cholanic acid
3-(acetyloxy)cholan-24-oic acid #
3alpha-acetoxy-5beta-cholan-24-oic acid
Q27462645
(r)-4-((3r,5r,8r,9s,10s,13r,14s,17r)-3-acetoxy-10,13-dimethylhexadecahydro-1h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl)pentanoic acid

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Loa-Loa is a parasitic infection endemic in the tropical rain forests of Western, Central, and Eastern Africa. "	( [Ocular involvement in systemic Loa-Loa filariasis. Case report and review of the literature]. Jaksche, A; Loeffler, KU; Martin, S; Wessels, L, 2004)	2.05
"Loa loa is a subcutaneous filarial parasite of man and is transmitted to humans by chrysops flies."	( Loa loa in the anterior chamber of the eye: a case report. Barua, N; Barua, P; Das, S; Hazarika, NK, 2005)	2.49
"Loa loa is a filarial parasite which is mainly confined to West and Central Africa. "	( Loa loa microfilariae aspirated during oocyte retrieval. Camus, M; Devroey, P; Laureys, M; Van Steirteghem, AC; Verheyen, G; Wisanto, A, 1993)	3.17
"Loa loa is a filarial parasite that is endemic in West and Central Africa. "	( Loa loa infection as a cause of migratory angioedema: report of three cases from the Texas Medical Center. Kielhofner, MA; Rakita, RM; White, AC, 1993)	3.17
"Loa Loa is a chronic parasitemic disease which is endemic in the tropical rain forests of Western Africa. "	( [Surgical worm extraction in loa loa ophthalmia]. Gabel, VP; Heep, M; Sachs, HG, 1998)	2.03

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"L. loa has been associated with fatal encephalopathic reactions in high Loa-infected individuals receiving ivermectin during mass drug administration programs for the control of onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis."	( Development of a highly sensitive loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method for the detection of Loa loa. Abán, JL; Akue, JP; Fernández-Soto, P; Muro, A; Mvoulouga, PO; Sánchez, MC; Santiago, BV, 2014)	1.13

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"loa L3 and treated with 10 mg/kg FLBZ once daily for 5 consecutive days."	( Effect of flubendazole on developing stages of Loa loa in vitro and in vivo: a new approach for screening filaricidal agents. Chunda, VC; Enyong, P; Fombad, FF; Gandjui, NVT; Hoerauf, A; Mackenzie, CD; Metuge, HM; Ndongmo, PC; Njiokou, F; Njouendou, AJ; Ritter, M; Wanji, S, 2019)	1.49
"The treatment of Loa hyper-microfilaraemic individuals with ivermectin produces a clinical spectrum that parallels that seen in Loa hyper-microfilaraemic humans treated with ivermectin. "	( Ivermectin treatment of Loa loa hyper-microfilaraemic baboons (Papio anubis): Assessment of microfilarial load reduction, haematological and biochemical parameters and histopathological changes following treatment. Agnew, D; Datchoua-Poutcheu, FR; Enyong, P; Esuka, EN; Eversole, RR; Eyong, EJ; Hopkins, A; Kengne-Ouafo, AJ; Mackenzie, CD; Ngwa, CJ; Tendongfor, N; Wanji, S, 2017)	1.1

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"The main risk factor of post-ivermectin serious adverse events (SAEs) is the presence of a high Loa loa microfilaremia."	( Loa loa microfilarial periodicity in ivermectin-treated patients: comparison between those developing and those free of serious adverse events. Boussinesq, M; Kamgno, J; Mackenzie, CD; Pion, SD; Thylefors, B, 2009)	2.01
"Ivermectin (IVM) is exceptionally safe in humans, and is used for mass treatment of onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis."	( Analysis of the mdr-1 gene in patients co-infected with Onchocerca volvulus and Loa loa who experienced a post-ivermectin serious adverse event. Bourguinat, C; Boussinesq, M; Geary, TG; Kamgno, J; Mackenzie, CD; Prichard, RK, 2010)	0.59
"Although ivermectin treatment can induce serious adverse events (SAEs) in individuals harboring high Loa loa microfilaremia (mf), not all patients with high mf levels develop such reactions, suggesting that cofactors may be involved."	( Absence of an association between Plasmodium falciparum infection and post-ivermectin Loa-related non-neurologic serious adverse events. Akame, J; Boussinesq, M; Fokom-Domgue, J; Gounoue, R; Kamgno, J; Nguipdop-Djomo, P; Pion, SD; Thylefors, B; Twum-Danso, NA, 2014)	0.84
"The wide distribution of Loa loa infection (loiasis) throughout the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is a major obstacle to the plans to eliminate onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis (LF) because the standard drug regime is dependent on ivermectin, which cannot be used in co-endemic areas due to the risk of severe adverse events (SAEs)."	( Innovative tools for assessing risks for severe adverse events in areas of overlapping Loa loa and other filarial distributions: the application of micro-stratification mapping. Bockarie, MJ; Cano, J; Kelly-Hope, LA; Molyneux, DH; Stanton, MC, 2014)	0.93
" Few adverse events were reported and were mostly mild, with few moderate and no serious events."	( Efficacy and safety of tribendimidine against Opisthorchis viverrini: two randomised, parallel-group, single-blind, dose-ranging, phase 2 trials. Akkhavong, K; Duthaler, U; Hattendorf, J; Keiser, J; Odermatt, P; Sayasone, S; Senggnam, K; Vonghachack, Y; Xayavong, S, 2016)	0.43
" Its control is currently hampered by the lack of a macrofilaricidal drug and by severe adverse events observed when the lone recommended microfilaricide, ivermectin is administered to individuals co-infected with Loa loa."	( Filaricidal activities on Onchocerca ochengi and Loa loa, toxicity and phytochemical screening of extracts of Tragia benthami and Piper umbellatum. Azantsa, BK; Babiaka, SB; Cho-Ngwa, F; Manfo, FP; Mbah, JA; Monya, E; Samje, M, 2016)	0.87
" Active extracts were generally more toxic to the worms than to cells and showed no acute toxicity to Balb/c mice."	( Filaricidal activities on Onchocerca ochengi and Loa loa, toxicity and phytochemical screening of extracts of Tragia benthami and Piper umbellatum. Azantsa, BK; Babiaka, SB; Cho-Ngwa, F; Manfo, FP; Mbah, JA; Monya, E; Samje, M, 2016)	0.69
"Individuals with high microfilarial densities (MFDs) of Loa loa are at risk of developing serious adverse events (SAEs) after ivermectin treatment."	( Safety and Efficacy of Levamisole in Loiasis: A Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double-blind Clinical Trial. Bikita, P; Boussinesq, M; Campillo, JT; Chesnais, C; Hemilembolo, M; Louya, F; Missamou, F; Pion, SDS, 2022)	0.97
" Safety outcomes were occurrence of SAE and adverse event frequency during the first week."	( Safety and Efficacy of Levamisole in Loiasis: A Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double-blind Clinical Trial. Bikita, P; Boussinesq, M; Campillo, JT; Chesnais, C; Hemilembolo, M; Louya, F; Missamou, F; Pion, SDS, 2022)	0.72
"5mg/kg levamisole caused more mild adverse events (10/85 vs."	( Safety and Efficacy of Levamisole in Loiasis: A Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double-blind Clinical Trial. Bikita, P; Boussinesq, M; Campillo, JT; Chesnais, C; Hemilembolo, M; Louya, F; Missamou, F; Pion, SDS, 2022)	0.72
" New loiasis diagnostics (LoaScope; Loa antibody rapid test) and risk prediction tools may enable safe mass treatment decisions in co-endemic areas."	( An Integrated District Mapping Strategy for Loiasis to Enable Safe Mass Treatment for Onchocerciasis in Gabon. Atsame, J; Biamonte, M; Diggle, PJ; Ella, SN; Gass, K; Hundley, L; Johnson, O; Ogoussan, K, 2021)	0.92
" We develop a joint geostatistical modelling framework for the analysis of Ab and Loascope data to delineate whether an area is safe for MDA."	( Geostatistical modelling enables efficient safety assessment for mass drug administration with ivermectin in Loa loa endemic areas through a combined antibody and LoaScope testing strategy for elimination of onchocerciasis. Amoah, B; Atsame, J; Biamonte, M; Diggle, PJ; Ella, SN; Fronterrè, C; Gass, K; Giorgi, E; Hundley, L; Johnson, O; Ogoussan, K, 2022)	1.16
" In areas where loiasis is co-endemic, this approach is complicated by the risk of serious adverse events following treatment with ivermectin in individuals with a high Loa loa microfilarial density (MFD)."	( Evaluating post-treatment Loa loa microfilarial densities to classify serious adverse events caused by ivermectin: a retrospective analysis. Boullé, C; Boussinesq, M; Chesnais, CB; Chippaux, JP; Garcia, A; Gardon, J; Kamgno, J; Pion, SD; Ranque, S, 2023)	1.4
"The MFD threshold of 1000 mf per mL within 1 month of treatment, which is commonly used to attribute the occurrence of a serious adverse event to ivermectin, should be revised."	( Evaluating post-treatment Loa loa microfilarial densities to classify serious adverse events caused by ivermectin: a retrospective analysis. Boullé, C; Boussinesq, M; Chesnais, CB; Chippaux, JP; Garcia, A; Gardon, J; Kamgno, J; Pion, SD; Ranque, S, 2023)	1.21

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" The passage across the placenta of immunogens constitutive of a crude microfilarial Loa loa extract has been investigated by dosing specific IgG, IgM and IgE antibodies in 92 maternal and corresponding cord blood samples, IgG levels were shown to be identical in about half of the mother-cord paired samples while in the other half the cord serum had a lower titre."	( Lack of evidence for transplacental transfer of microfilarial antigens in filariasis due to Loa loa and Mansonella perstans. Akué, JP; Van Hoegaerden, M, 1986)	0.72
" Results showed no difference in the effect of the dosage level on Loa microfilaraemia."	( [Analysis of the prevention of post-ivermectin Loa loa encephalopathy by administration of initial low dose]. Boussinesq, M; Gardon, J; Kamgno, J, 2000)	0.8
" The primary objective was to estimate the dose-response relation in terms of cure rate and egg reduction rate."	( Efficacy and safety of tribendimidine against Opisthorchis viverrini: two randomised, parallel-group, single-blind, dose-ranging, phase 2 trials. Akkhavong, K; Duthaler, U; Hattendorf, J; Keiser, J; Odermatt, P; Sayasone, S; Senggnam, K; Vonghachack, Y; Xayavong, S, 2016)	0.43

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	30.5000	0.0000	0.4374	6.4300	AID1277414; AID1277417
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50 (µMol)	75.7450	0.0000	0.1423	2.1400	AID1277413; AID1277415
G-protein coupled bile acid receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50 (µMol)	102.0000	0.0237	2.5259	8.9000	AID324923
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cell morphogenesis	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
skeletal system development	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
calcium ion transport	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular calcium ion homeostasis	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
lactation	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferation	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of gene expression	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of keratinocyte proliferation	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of vitamin D 24-hydroxylase activity	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of bone mineralization	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
phosphate ion transmembrane transport	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid signaling pathway	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA transcription by RNA polymerase II	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of keratinocyte differentiation	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
decidualization	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
intestinal absorption	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
apoptotic process involved in mammary gland involution	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of apoptotic process involved in mammary gland involution	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
mammary gland branching involved in pregnancy	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
vitamin D receptor signaling pathway	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of vitamin D receptor signaling pathway	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
response to bile acid	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
multicellular organism development	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cell differentiation	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface bile acid receptor signaling pathway	G-protein coupled bile acid receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade	G-protein coupled bile acid receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to bile acid	G-protein coupled bile acid receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cholangiocyte proliferation	G-protein coupled bile acid receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of bicellular tight junction assembly	G-protein coupled bile acid receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	G-protein coupled bile acid receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
DNA-binding transcription factor activity	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
vitamin D response element binding	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA binding	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear receptor activity	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid nuclear receptor activity	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear retinoid X receptor binding	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
calcitriol binding	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
lithocholic acid binding	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	G-protein coupled bile acid receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid receptor activity	G-protein coupled bile acid receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled bile acid receptor activity	G-protein coupled bile acid receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
nucleus	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II transcription regulator complex	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
receptor complex	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	G-protein coupled bile acid receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	G-protein coupled bile acid receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
receptor complex	G-protein coupled bile acid receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	G-protein coupled bile acid receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID1277417	Antagonist activity against VP16 tagged-VDR-LBD (unknown origin) expressed in HEK293T cells assessed as inhibition of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-induced SRC1 coactivator peptide recruitment after 16 hrs by luciferase reporter gene based two hybrid assay	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 109	Synthesis and evaluation of vitamin D receptor-mediated activities of cholesterol and vitamin D metabolites.
AID1233567	Antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei Lister 427 bloodstream forms assessed as inhibition of parasite growth at 100 ug/ml by microtiter plate based assay	2015	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-15, Volume: 100	Structure-activity relationship of hybrids of Cinchona alkaloids and bile acids with in vitro antiplasmodial and antitrypanosomal activities.
AID324923	Agonist activity at human TGR5 expressed in CHO cells by luciferase assay	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-27, Volume: 51, Issue:6	Novel potent and selective bile acid derivatives as TGR5 agonists: biological screening, structure-activity relationships, and molecular modeling studies.
AID1233553	Antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei Lister 427 bloodstream forms by microtiter plate based assay	2015	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-15, Volume: 100	Structure-activity relationship of hybrids of Cinchona alkaloids and bile acids with in vitro antiplasmodial and antitrypanosomal activities.
AID324932	Agonist activity at human FXR expressed in COS1 cells at 50 uM by luciferase assay relative to 6-enantiomeric chenodeoxy cholic acid	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-27, Volume: 51, Issue:6	Novel potent and selective bile acid derivatives as TGR5 agonists: biological screening, structure-activity relationships, and molecular modeling studies.
AID1277415	Agonist activity at VP16 tagged-VDR-LBD (unknown origin) expressed in HEK293T cells assessed as SRC1 coactivator peptide recruitment after 16 hrs by luciferase reporter gene based two hybrid assay	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 109	Synthesis and evaluation of vitamin D receptor-mediated activities of cholesterol and vitamin D metabolites.
AID1277420	Cytotoxicity against HEK293T cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 18 hrs by CellTiter-Glo luminescence assay	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 109	Synthesis and evaluation of vitamin D receptor-mediated activities of cholesterol and vitamin D metabolites.
AID1233559	Antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 assessed as reduction in parasite viability by parasite lactate dehydrogenase assay	2015	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-15, Volume: 100	Structure-activity relationship of hybrids of Cinchona alkaloids and bile acids with in vitro antiplasmodial and antitrypanosomal activities.
AID1277416	Agonist activity at VP16 tagged-VDR-LBD (unknown origin) expressed in HEK293T cells assessed as SRC1 coactivator peptide recruitment after 16 hrs by luciferase reporter gene based two hybrid assay relative to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 109	Synthesis and evaluation of vitamin D receptor-mediated activities of cholesterol and vitamin D metabolites.
AID1552618	Transactivation of VDR in human Macrophage-like cell assessed as cell differentiation at 10'-5 M measured after 4 days by NBT dye-based assay	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 27, Issue:16	Development of novel lithocholic acid derivatives as vitamin D receptor agonists.
AID1233568	Antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei Lister 427 bloodstream forms assessed as inhibition of parasite growth at 20 ug/ml by microtiter plate based assay	2015	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-15, Volume: 100	Structure-activity relationship of hybrids of Cinchona alkaloids and bile acids with in vitro antiplasmodial and antitrypanosomal activities.
AID1744112	Agonist activity at VDR in human HL-60 cells assessed as induction of cell differentiation of promyelocytes to monocytes at 1 uM after 4 days by NBT reduction assay	2021	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 01-14, Volume: 64, Issue:1	Lithocholic Acid Derivatives as Potent Vitamin D Receptor Agonists.
AID1233565	Cytotoxicity against human WI38 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth at 100 ug/ml by MTT assay	2015	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-15, Volume: 100	Structure-activity relationship of hybrids of Cinchona alkaloids and bile acids with in vitro antiplasmodial and antitrypanosomal activities.
AID1277421	Agonist activity at VDR-LBD in human DU145 cells assessed as CYP24A1 expression at 7.5 uM after 18 hrs by qRT-PCR method relative to 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 109	Synthesis and evaluation of vitamin D receptor-mediated activities of cholesterol and vitamin D metabolites.
AID1552623	Transactivation of human VDR expressed in COS-7 cells transfected with mouse osteopontin VDR incubated for 24 hrs by luciferase based reporter gene assay	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 27, Issue:16	Development of novel lithocholic acid derivatives as vitamin D receptor agonists.
AID1277413	Agonist activity at VDR-LBD (unknown origin) expressed in Escherichia coli assessed as SRC2-3 coactivator peptide recruitment after 30 mins by fluorescence polarization assay	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 109	Synthesis and evaluation of vitamin D receptor-mediated activities of cholesterol and vitamin D metabolites.
AID1277414	Antagonist activity against VDR-LBD (unknown origin) expressed in Escherichia coli assessed as inhibition of VDR agonist LG190178-induced SRC2-3 coactivator peptide recruitment after 30 mins by fluorescence polarization assay	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 109	Synthesis and evaluation of vitamin D receptor-mediated activities of cholesterol and vitamin D metabolites.
AID1233552	Cytotoxicity against human WI38 cells by MTT assay	2015	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-15, Volume: 100	Structure-activity relationship of hybrids of Cinchona alkaloids and bile acids with in vitro antiplasmodial and antitrypanosomal activities.
AID1233569	Antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 assessed as inhibition of parasite viability at 100 ug/ml by parasite lactate dehydrogenase assay	2015	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-15, Volume: 100	Structure-activity relationship of hybrids of Cinchona alkaloids and bile acids with in vitro antiplasmodial and antitrypanosomal activities.
AID1233570	Antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 assessed as inhibition of parasite viability at 20 ug/ml by parasite lactate dehydrogenase assay	2015	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-15, Volume: 100	Structure-activity relationship of hybrids of Cinchona alkaloids and bile acids with in vitro antiplasmodial and antitrypanosomal activities.
AID1233566	Cytotoxicity against human WI38 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth at 20 ug/ml by MTT assay	2015	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-15, Volume: 100	Structure-activity relationship of hybrids of Cinchona alkaloids and bile acids with in vitro antiplasmodial and antitrypanosomal activities.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	206 (40.31)	18.7374
1990's	68 (13.31)	18.2507
2000's	61 (11.94)	29.6817
2010's	114 (22.31)	24.3611
2020's	62 (12.13)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	11 (1.95%)	5.53%
Reviews	25 (4.42%)	6.00%
Case Studies	113 (20.00%)	4.05%
Observational	2 (0.35%)	0.25%
Other	414 (73.27%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	1.99	1	0	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	2.41	1	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
phenol [no description available]	2.41	1	0	phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	1.98	1	0	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
albendazole [no description available]	7.58	12	4	aryl sulfide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	anthelminthic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
amodiaquine Amodiaquine: A 4-aminoquinoline compound with anti-inflammatory properties.. amodiaquine : A quinoline having a chloro group at the 7-position and an aryl amino group at the 4-position.	8.44	1	1	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; phenols; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 2.1.1.8 (histamine N-methyltransferase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
cetyltrimethylammonium ion Cetrimonium: Cetyltrimethylammonium compound whose salts and derivatives are used primarily as topical antiseptics.. cetyltrimethylammonium ion : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are one hexadecyl and three methyl groups.	2.41	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	8.44	1	1	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	1.98	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
ddt 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source	2.63	3	0	benzenoid aromatic compound; chlorophenylethane; monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine insecticide	bridged diphenyl acaricide; carcinogenic agent; endocrine disruptor; persistent organic pollutant
diethylcarbamazine Diethylcarbamazine: An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa.	9.74	56	2	N-carbamoylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine
diphenhydramine Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.	1.96	1	0	ether; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; antitussive; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; oneirogen; sedative
mebendazole Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.	4.33	4	1	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester	antinematodal drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	1.97	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
suramin Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.	2.65	3	0	naphthalenesulfonic acid; phenylureas; secondary carboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antinematodal drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; GABA antagonist; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; purinergic receptor P2 antagonist; ryanodine receptor agonist; trypanocidal drug
reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.	1.94	1	0	alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.	1.96	1	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
androsterone [no description available]	2.04	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid; C19-steroid	androgen; anticonvulsant; human blood serum metabolite; human metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; pheromone
etiocholanolone Etiocholanolone: The 5-beta-reduced isomer of ANDROSTERONE. Etiocholanolone is a major metabolite of TESTOSTERONE and ANDROSTENEDIONE in many mammalian species including humans. It is excreted in the URINE.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-androstan-17-one : An androstanoid that is 5beta-androstane substituted by an alpha-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a metabolite of testosterone in mammals.	2.04	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dehydroepiandrosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.	2.04	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	2.41	1	0	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
chloroform Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.	2.41	1	0	chloromethanes; one-carbon compound	carcinogenic agent; central nervous system drug; inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.	1.97	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
taurocholic acid Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.	2.04	1	0	amino sulfonic acid; bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	1.98	1	0	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
deanol Deanol: An antidepressive agent that has also been used in the treatment of movement disorders. The mechanism of action is not well understood.. N,N-dimethylethanolamine : A tertiary amine that is ethanolamine having two N-methyl substituents.	2.06	1	0	ethanolamines; tertiary amine	curing agent; radical scavenger
lithocholic acid Lithocholic Acid: A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.. lithocholic acid : A monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid with a alpha-hydroxy substituent at position 3. It is a bile acid obtained from chenodeoxycholic acid by bacterial action.. lithocholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of lithocholic acid.	3.47	7	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
chenodeoxycholic acid Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	2.78	3	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
glycocholic acid Glycocholic Acid: The glycine conjugate of CHOLIC ACID. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed.. glycocholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate having cholic acid as the bile acid component.. glycocholate : A cholanic acid conjugate anion that is the conjugate base of glycocholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	2.04	1	0	bile acid glycine conjugate	human metabolite
oleanolic acid [no description available]	2.17	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
dihydrotestosterone Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.	2.04	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one; 3-oxo-5alpha-steroid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	2.1	1	0	dialdehyde	biomarker
glycochenodeoxycholic acid Glycochenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver from chenodeoxycholate and glycine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.. glycochenodeoxycholate : A N-acylglycinate that is the conjugate base of glycochenodeoxycholic acid.. glycochenodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate having 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oyl as the bile acid component.	2.04	1	0	bile acid glycine conjugate	human metabolite
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate: The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE.. dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is the 3-sulfooxy derivative of dehydroepiandrosterone.	2.04	1	0	17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol : The 5alpha-stereoisomer of androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol.	2.04	1	0	androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol	Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite
camptothecin NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.11	1	0	delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; quinoline alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; genotoxin; plant metabolite
trolamine salicylate Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	2.37	2	0
levamisole Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.	4.72	1	1	6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole	antinematodal drug; antirheumatic drug; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; immunological adjuvant; immunomodulator
ursodeoxycholic acid Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	2.48	2	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
cinchonine [no description available]	2.11	1	0	(8xi)-cinchonan-9-ol; cinchona alkaloid	metabolite
cholanic acid [no description available]	2.04	1	0	5beta-cholanic acids; cholanic acid
5-alpha-dihydroprogesterone 5-alpha-Dihydroprogesterone: A biologically active 5-alpha-reduced metabolite of plasma PROGESTERONE. It is the immediate precursor of 5-alpha-pregnan-3-alpha-ol-20-one (ALLOPREGNANOLONE), a neuroactive steroid that binds with GABA(A) RECEPTOR.. 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione : A C21-steroid hormone that is 5alpha-pregnane substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 20. It is a metabolite of progestrone.	2.04	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-5alpha-steroid; C21-steroid hormone	human metabolite; progestogen
methyl lithocholate methyl lithocholate: RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta)-isomer	2.48	2	0
cinchonidine cinchonidine: has antimalarial activity; diastereoisomer of cinchonine with distinct physiochemical properties; RN given refers to parent cpd(8alpha,9R)-isomer. cinchonidine : 8-epi-Cinchonan in which a hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by hydroxy (R configuration). A diasteroisomer of cinchonine, it occurs in the bark of most varieties of Cinchona shrubs, and is frequently used for directing chirality in asymmetric synthesis.	2.11	1	0	(8xi)-cinchonan-9-ol; cinchona alkaloid	metabolite
artesunic acid [no description available]	3.44	1	1
glycolithocholic acid glycolithocholic acid: RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta)-isomer. glycolithocholic acid : The glycine conjugate of lithocholic acid.	2.48	2	0	bile acid glycine conjugate; N-acylglycine
taurohyodeoxycholic acid taurohyodeoxycholic acid: a biliary acid used for the prevention and therapy of gallstones and related symptoms	2.04	1	0	bile acid taurine conjugate
imatinib mesylate imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.	3.06	1	0	methanesulfonate salt	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	1.94	1	0
24-norursodeoxycholic acid 24-norursodeoxycholic acid: structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
cholic acid Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.	2.78	3	0	12alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid; bile acid; C24-steroid; trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
deoxycholic acid Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.	2.78	3	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human blood serum metabolite
epietiocholanolone epietiocholanolone : A 3beta-hydroxy steroid that is 5beta-androstane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3beta and an oxo group at position 17. It is a metabolite of testosterone.	2.04	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid	androgen; animal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; rat metabolite
taurochenodeoxycholic acid Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of chenodeoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as detergent to solubilize fats in the small intestine and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurochenodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurochenodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. taurochenodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of chenodeoxycholic acid.	2.04	1	0	bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
taurolithocholic acid Taurolithocholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver from lithocholic acid conjugation with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It solubilizes fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurolithocholic acid : The bile acid taurine conjugate of lithocholic acid.	2.48	2	0	bile acid taurine conjugate; monocarboxylic acid amide	human metabolite
quinidine Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.	2.11	1	0	cinchona alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; muscarinic antagonist; P450 inhibitor; potassium channel blocker; sodium channel blocker
epiandrosterone epiandrosterone : A 3beta-hydroxy steroid that is (5alpha)-androstane substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17.	2.04	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite
sulfolithocholic acid sulfolithocholic acid: RN refers to (3alpha,5beta)-isomer. lithocholic acid sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is lithocholic acid in which the hydroxy hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a sulfo group.	2.48	2	0	steroid sulfate
isomethyleugenol Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	1.94	1	0	isomethyleugenol
nsc 4347 NSC 4347: structure in first source	2.13	1	0
dieldrin Dieldrin: An organochlorine insecticide whose use has been cancelled or suspended in the United States. It has been used to control locusts, tropical disease vectors, in termite control by direct soil injection, and non-food seed and plant treatment. (From HSDB). dieldrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the epoxidation of the double bond of aldrin. It is the active metabolite of the proinsecticde aldrin.	3.03	5	0	epoxide; organochlorine compound; organochlorine insecticide	carcinogenic agent; xenobiotic
sodium taurodeoxycholate Taurodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic, also industrially as a fat emulsifier.. taurodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of deoxycholic acid.. taurodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurodeoxycholic acid.	2.04	1	0	bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
quinine [no description available]	8.87	2	1	cinchona alkaloid	antimalarial; muscle relaxant; non-narcotic analgesic
glycodeoxycholic acid Glycodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with glycine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. glycodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate of deoxycholic acid.	2.04	1	0	bile acid glycine conjugate	human metabolite
bilirubin [no description available]	3.37	1	1	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
calcitriol dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes	2.59	2	0	D3 vitamins; hydroxycalciol; triol	antineoplastic agent; antipsoriatic; bone density conservation agent; calcium channel agonist; calcium channel modulator; hormone; human metabolite; immunomodulator; metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
hyodeoxycholic acid hyodeoxycholic acid: differs from deoxycholic acid in that the 6 alpha-OH is in the 12 position in the former; RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta,6alpha)-isomer. hyodeoxycholic acid : A member of the class of 5beta-cholanic acids that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by alpha-hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 6.	2.78	3	0	5beta-cholanic acids; 6alpha,20xi-murideoxycholic acid; bile acid; C24-steroid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
3-ketolithocholic acid 3-ketolithocholic acid: structure in first source	2.04	1	0	oxo-5beta-cholanic acid
arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	1.94	1	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen	micronutrient
cotylenin a cotylenin A: induces differentiation in murine and human myeloid leukemia cells; structure in first source	2.04	1	0
cefotaxime Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.	1.97	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
beta-escin [no description available]	2.44	2	0
calcitroic acid calcitroic acid: structure. calcitroic acid : A hydroxycalciol that is calcidiol in which the pro-S hydrogen of calcidiol is replaced by a hydroxy group and the C-23/C-27 unit is replaced by a carboxy group.	2.13	1	0	hydroxycalciol
ursodoxicoltaurine tauroursodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of tauroursodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. tauroursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate derived from ursoodeoxycholic acid.	2.04	1	0	bile acid taurine conjugate	anti-inflammatory agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bone density conservation agent; cardioprotective agent; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent
dextrothyroxine [no description available]	12.47	67	5
glycoursodeoxycholic acid glycoursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate derived from ursoodeoxycholic acid.. glycoursodeoxycholate : A N-acylglycinate that is the conjugate base of glycoursodeoxycholic acid. obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	2.04	1	0	bile acid glycine conjugate; N-acylglycine	human blood serum metabolite; neuroprotective agent
acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	6.95	1	0
thimerosal Thimerosal: An ethylmercury-sulfidobenzoate that has been used as a preservative in VACCINES; ANTIVENINS; and OINTMENTS. It was formerly used as a topical antiseptic. It degrades to ethylmercury and thiosalicylate.. thimerosal : An alkylmercury compound (approximately 49% mercury by weight) used as an antiseptic and antifungal agent.	1.99	1	0	alkylmercury compound	antifungal drug; antiseptic drug; disinfectant; drug allergen
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	1.92	1	0
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	1.93	1	0
aldrin Aldrin: A highly poisonous substance that was formerly used as an insecticide. The manufacture and use has been discontinued in the U.S. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). aldrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the Diels-Alder reaction of hexachlorocyclopentadiene with norbornadiene. A proinsecticide (by epoxidation of the non-chlorinated double bond to give dieldrin), it was widely used as an insecticide before being banned in the 1970s as a persistent organic pollutant.	2.63	3	0
eye [no description available]	4.33	6	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	2.13	1	0
Leukemia, Acute Monocytic [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which 80% or more of the leukemic cells are of monocytic lineage including monoblasts, promonocytes, and MONOCYTES.	2.02	1	0
Loa loa Filariasis [description not available]	16.67	321	9
Loiasis A parasitic infection caused by the nematode Loa loa. The vector in the transmission of this infection is the horsefly (Tabanus) or the deerfly or mango fly (Chrysops). The larvae may be seen just beneath the skin or passing through the conjunctiva. Eye lesions are not uncommon. The disease is generally mild and painless.	16.67	321	9
Onchocerciasis Infection with nematodes of the genus ONCHOCERCA. Characteristics include the presence of firm subcutaneous nodules filled with adult worms, PRURITUS, and ocular lesions.	9.07	70	0
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	2.41	1	0
Eosinophilia, Tropical [description not available]	7.02	18	1
Eosinophilia Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.	7.02	18	1
Co-infection [description not available]	8.95	11	0
Infections, Plasmodium [description not available]	3.25	6	0
Acanthocheilonema perstans Infection [description not available]	4.66	27	0
Malaria A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.	8.25	6	0
Mansonelliasis Infection with nematodes of the genus MANSONELLA. Symptoms include pruritus, headache, and articular swelling.	4.66	27	0
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria [description not available]	4.64	5	1
Malaria, Falciparum Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.	4.64	5	1
Neglected Diseases Diseases that are underfunded and have low name recognition but are major burdens in less developed countries. The World Health Organization has designated six tropical infectious diseases as being neglected in industrialized countries that are endemic in many developing countries (HELMINTHIASIS; LEPROSY; LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS; ONCHOCERCIASIS; SCHISTOSOMIASIS; and TRACHOMA).	4.26	3	0
Eye Infections, Parasitic Mild to severe infections of the eye and its adjacent structures (adnexa) by adult or larval protozoan or metazoan parasites.	6.1	28	0
Habronemiasis [description not available]	4.12	10	0
Elaeophoriasis [description not available]	9.79	156	0
Filariasis Infections with nematodes of the superfamily FILARIOIDEA. The presence of living worms in the body is mainly asymptomatic but the death of adult worms leads to granulomatous inflammation and permanent fibrosis. Organisms of the genus Elaeophora infect wild elk and domestic sheep causing ischemic necrosis of the brain, blindness, and dermatosis of the face.	9.79	156	0
Canine Diseases [description not available]	4.02	9	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	2.6	1	0
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	2.6	1	0
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	2.6	1	0
Nephrotic Syndrome A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.	2.46	2	0
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	2.68	3	0
Parasitemia The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)	6.72	21	3
Communicable Diseases, Imported Infectious diseases originating in one geographically delineated ecosystem that are carried (by travel or immigration) to another geographically delineated ecosystem by an infected individual, animal, or disease vector.	2.25	1	0
Bancroftian Elephantiasis [description not available]	6.16	18	0
Elephantiasis, Filarial Parasitic infestation of the human lymphatic system by WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI or BRUGIA MALAYI. It is also called lymphatic filariasis.	6.16	18	0
Diathesis [description not available]	3.33	2	0
Retinal Diseases Diseases involving the RETINA.	2.21	1	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	4.87	13	0
Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction [description not available]	3.33	2	0
Transfusion Reaction Complications of BLOOD TRANSFUSION. Included adverse reactions are common allergic and febrile reactions; hemolytic (delayed and acute) reactions; and other non-hemolytic adverse reactions such as infections and adverse immune reactions related to immunocompatibility.	3.33	2	0
Itching [description not available]	3.09	5	0
Pruritus An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.	3.09	5	0
Orphan Diseases Rare diseases that have not been well studied.	2.15	1	0
Pink Eye [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Conjunctivitis INFLAMMATION of the CONJUNCTIVA.	2.66	3	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	4.34	19	0
Gammapathy, Monoclonal [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Paraproteinemias A group of related diseases characterized by an unbalanced or disproportionate proliferation of immunoglobulin-producing cells, usually from a single clone. These cells frequently secrete a structurally homogeneous immunoglobulin (M-component) and/or an abnormal immunoglobulin.	2.17	1	0
Genetic Predisposition [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Mange, Sarcoptic [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Scabies A contagious cutaneous inflammation caused by the bite of the mite SARCOPTES SCABIEI. It is characterized by pruritic papular eruptions and burrows and affects primarily the axillae, elbows, wrists, and genitalia, although it can spread to cover the entire body.	2.17	1	0
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	2.17	1	0
Onchocerciasis, Ocular Filarial infection of the eyes transmitted from person to person by bites of Onchocerca volvulus-infected black flies. The microfilariae of Onchocerca are thus deposited beneath the skin. They migrate through various tissues including the eye. Those persons infected have impaired vision and up to 20% are blind. The incidence of eye lesions has been reported to be as high as 30% in Central America and parts of Africa.	3.72	3	0
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	2.5	2	0
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	2.5	2	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	4.06	5	0
Recrudescence [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Conjunctival Diseases Diseases involving the CONJUNCTIVA.	3.88	12	0
Anasarca [description not available]	3.59	9	0
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	3.59	9	0
Benign Monoclonal Gammopathies [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Blepharitis Inflammation of the eyelids.	2.17	1	0
Chronic Illness [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Lymphocytopenia [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	2.21	1	0
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	2.21	1	0
Lymphopenia Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.	2.21	1	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, T Cell [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Leukemia, Prolymphocytic, T-Cell A lymphoid leukemia characterized by a profound LYMPHOCYTOSIS with or without LYMPHADENOPATHY, hepatosplenomegaly, frequently rapid progression, and short survival. It was formerly called T-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia.	2.21	1	0
Insect Bites [description not available]	2.88	4	0
Insect Bites and Stings Bites and stings inflicted by insects.	2.88	4	0
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	4.55	3	0
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	4.55	3	0
Bites [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Calcification, Pathologic [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Calcinosis Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.	1.93	1	0
Brain Disorders [description not available]	3.08	5	0
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	3.08	5	0
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	4.25	2	0
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	4.25	2	0
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Primate Diseases Diseases of animals within the order PRIMATES. This term includes diseases of Haplorhini and Strepsirhini.	2.1	1	0
Latent Tuberculosis The dormant form of TUBERCULOSIS where the person shows no obvious symptoms and no sign of the causative agent (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) in the SPUTUM despite being positive for tuberculosis infection skin test.	3.03	1	0
Complications, Parasitic Pregnancy [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Emergencies Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.	2.11	1	0
Avian Diseases [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Opisthorchis felineus Infection [description not available]	3.51	1	1
Opisthorchiasis Infection with flukes of the genus Opisthorchis.	3.51	1	1
Bilharziasis [description not available]	3.21	6	0
Schistosomiasis Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.	3.21	6	0
Reproductive Sterility [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Infertility A reduced or absent capacity to reproduce.	2.04	1	0
Angioneurotic Edema [description not available]	5.32	7	0
Angioedema Swelling involving the deep DERMIS, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissues, representing localized EDEMA. Angioedema often occurs in the face, lips, tongue, and larynx.	5.32	7	0
Dracunculiasis Infection with nematodes of the genus Dracunculus. One or more worms may be seen at a time, with the legs and feet being the most commonly infected areas. Symptoms include pruritus, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or asthmatic attacks.	5.16	8	0
Lung Diseases, Parasitic Infections of the lungs with parasites, most commonly by parasitic worms (HELMINTHS).	2.37	2	0
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Eosinophilia, Pulmonary [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Pulmonary Eosinophilia A condition characterized by infiltration of the lung with EOSINOPHILS due to inflammation or other disease processes. Major eosinophilic lung diseases are the eosinophilic pneumonias caused by infections, allergens, or toxic agents.	2.67	3	0
Respiratory Distress Syndrome A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.	2.06	1	0
Dipetalonema Infections Infections with nematodes of the genus DIPETALONEMA.	2.68	3	0
Eye Disorders [description not available]	5.21	20	0
Eye Diseases Diseases affecting the eye.	5.21	20	0
Cervix Diseases [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Brain Inflammation [description not available]	3.05	5	0
Encephalitis Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.	3.05	5	0
Infection [description not available]	8.72	11	0
Infections Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.	8.72	11	0
Adrenal Gland Hypofunction [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Adrenal Insufficiency Conditions in which the production of adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS falls below the requirement of the body. Adrenal insufficiency can be caused by defects in the ADRENAL GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, or the HYPOTHALAMUS.	6.93	1	0
Abscess, Amebic [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Amebiasis, Intestinal [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Amebiasis Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur.	2.34	2	0
Shingles [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Herpes Zoster An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of CHICKENPOX. It involves the SENSORY GANGLIA and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	1.93	1	0
Central Nervous System Disease [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Central Nervous System Diseases Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.	2.34	2	0
Abdominal Migraine [description not available]	2.85	4	0
Migraine Disorders A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	2.85	4	0
Infections, Nematomorpha [description not available]	3.78	4	0
Helminthiasis Infestation with parasitic worms of the helminth class.	3.78	4	0
Diseases, Occupational [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Disease A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.	1.93	1	0
Hepatitis, Infectious [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Abscess, Hepatic [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Abscess, Amebic, Hepatic [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Hepatitis INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.	1.94	1	0
Hepatitis A INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.	1.94	1	0
Liver Abscess Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the liver as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.	1.94	1	0
Amaurosis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Hansen Disease [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Deficiency, Vitamin A [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Deficiency, Vitamin B [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Egyptian Ophthalmia [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Blindness The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.	1.94	1	0
Leprosy A chronic granulomatous infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid.	1.94	1	0
Vitamin A Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN A in the diet, characterized by NIGHT BLINDNESS and other ocular manifestations such as dryness of the conjunctiva and later of the cornea (XEROPHTHALMIA). Vitamin A deficiency is a very common problem worldwide, particularly in developing countries as a consequence of famine or shortages of vitamin A-rich foods. In the United States it is found among the urban poor, the elderly, alcoholics, and patients with malabsorption. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1179)	1.94	1	0
Vitamin B Deficiency A condition due to deficiency in any member of the VITAMIN B COMPLEX. These B vitamins are water-soluble and must be obtained from the diet because they are easily lost in the urine. Unlike the lipid-soluble vitamins, they cannot be stored in the body fat.	1.94	1	0
Eyelid Diseases Diseases involving the EYELIDS.	2.89	4	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	2.39	2	0
Parasitic Skin Diseases [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	2.03	1	0
Monkey Diseases Diseases of Old World and New World monkeys. This term includes diseases of baboons but not of chimpanzees or gorillas (= APE DISEASES).	4.25	2	0
Brain Swelling [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Infective Endocarditis [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Bright Disease A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.	2.64	3	0
Periphlebitis Periphlebitis is inflammation of the outer coat of a vein or of tissues surrounding the vein.	1.94	1	0
Brain Edema Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)	1.94	1	0
Endocarditis Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (ENDOCARDIUM), the continuous membrane lining the four chambers and HEART VALVES. It is often caused by microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and rickettsiae. Left untreated, endocarditis can damage heart valves and become life-threatening.	2.34	2	0
Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	2.64	3	0
Phlebitis Inflammation of a vein, often a vein in the leg. Phlebitis associated with a blood clot is called (THROMBOPHLEBITIS).	1.94	1	0
Polyarthritis [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Arthritis Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	7.37	2	0
Adenitis [description not available]	6.96	1	0
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Sclerosis A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.	1.96	1	0
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	1.96	1	0
Dupre Syndrome [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Angiitis [description not available]	3.3	2	0
Vasculitis Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	3.3	2	0
Foreign Bodies Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the body.	1.98	1	0
Joint Pain [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Pyrexia [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Bilateral Headache [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Hematuria Presence of blood in the urine.	2.39	2	0
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	1.98	1	0
Headache The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.	1.98	1	0
Arthralgia Pain in the joint.	1.98	1	0
Eosinophilic Granuloma The most benign and common form of Langerhans-cell histiocytosis which involves localized nodular lesions predominantly of the bones but also of the gastric mucosa, small intestine, lungs, or skin, with infiltration by EOSINOPHILS.	1.99	1	0
Germinoblastoma [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.	1.99	1	0
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE.	1.99	1	0
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	1.99	1	0
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Parasite Infections [description not available]	3.57	3	0
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.	1.99	1	0
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	2.36	2	0
Dermatoses [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	2.4	2	0
Eye Hemorrhage Intraocular hemorrhage from the vessels of various tissues of the eye.	2	1	0
Hemorrhage, Retinal [description not available]	2	1	0
Delirium of Mixed Origin [description not available]	2	1	0
Delirium A disorder characterized by CONFUSION; inattentiveness; disorientation; ILLUSIONS; HALLUCINATIONS; agitation; and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity. It may result from toxic/metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp411-2)	2	1	0
Brain Emboli [description not available]	2	1	0
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	2	1	0
Cramp [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Dysesthesia [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Endocarditis, Loeffler [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Muscle Cramp A sustained and usually painful contraction of muscle fibers. This may occur as an isolated phenomenon or as a manifestation of an underlying disease process (e.g., UREMIA; HYPOTHYROIDISM; MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; etc.). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1398)	2.01	1	0
Hypereosinophilic Syndrome A heterogeneous group of disorders with the common feature of prolonged eosinophilia of unknown cause and associated organ system dysfunction, including the heart, central nervous system, kidneys, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and skin. There is a massive increase in the number of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, mimicking leukemia, and extensive eosinophilic infiltration of the various organs.	2.01	1	0
Eye Foreign Bodies Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the eye.	2.01	1	0
Leishmania Infection [description not available]	2.87	1	0
African Sleeping Sickness [description not available]	3.28	2	0
American Trypanosomiasis [description not available]	2.87	1	0
Leishmaniasis A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus LEISHMANIA. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World) (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS), diffuse cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS), mucocutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS), and visceral (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL).	2.87	1	0
Trypanosomiasis, African A disease endemic among people and animals in Central Africa. It is caused by various species of trypanosomes, particularly T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense. Its second host is the TSETSE FLY. Involvement of the central nervous system produces African sleeping sickness. Nagana is a rapidly fatal trypanosomiasis of horses and other animals.	3.28	2	0
Chagas Disease Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.	2.87	1	0
Sterility, Female [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Sterility, Male [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Leukorrhea A clear or white discharge from the VAGINA, consisting mainly of MUCUS.	1.95	1	0
Infertility, Female Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.	1.95	1	0
Infertility, Male The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.	1.95	1	0
Cystic Echinococcosis [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Arthritides, Bacterial [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Pleural Effusion Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.	1.98	1	0
Amyotrophy, Thenar, Of Carpal Origin [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Entrapment of the MEDIAN NERVE in the carpal tunnel, which is formed by the flexor retinaculum and the CARPAL BONES. This syndrome may be associated with repetitive occupational trauma (CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS); wrist injuries; AMYLOID NEUROPATHIES; rheumatoid arthritis (see ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID); ACROMEGALY; PREGNANCY; and other conditions. Symptoms include burning pain and paresthesias involving the ventral surface of the hand and fingers which may radiate proximally. Impairment of sensation in the distribution of the median nerve and thenar muscle atrophy may occur. (Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1995, Ch51, p45)	1.97	1	0
Arthritis, Post-Infectious [description not available]	2.89	1	0
Arthritis, Reactive An aseptic, inflammatory arthritis developing secondary to a primary extra-articular infection, most typically of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or UROGENITAL SYSTEM. The initiating trigger pathogens are usually SHIGELLA; SALMONELLA; YERSINIA; CAMPYLOBACTER; or CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS. Reactive arthritis is strongly associated with HLA-B27 ANTIGEN.	2.89	1	0
Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Hypogonadism Condition resulting from deficient gonadal functions, such as GAMETOGENESIS and the production of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES. It is characterized by delay in GROWTH, germ cell maturation, and development of secondary sex characteristics. Hypogonadism can be due to a deficiency of GONADOTROPINS (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) or due to primary gonadal failure (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism).	6.97	1	0
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	6.96	1	0
Scrotal Hydrocele [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Infections, Nematode [description not available]	5.59	8	0
Dirofilariasis Infection with nematodes of the genus DIROFILARIA, usually in animals, especially dogs, but occasionally in man.	4.34	3	0
Ascariasis Infection by nematodes of the genus ASCARIS. Ingestion of infective eggs causes diarrhea and pneumonitis. Its distribution is more prevalent in areas of poor sanitation and where human feces are used for fertilizer.	4.56	4	0
Bunostomiasis [description not available]	4.56	4	0
Anguilluliasis [description not available]	4.34	3	0
Human Trichinellosis [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Aspiculariasis [description not available]	4.34	3	0
Trichostrongyloidiasis Infection by roundworms of the superfamily TRICHOSTRONGYLOIDEA, including the genera TRICHOSTRONGYLUS; OSTERTAGIA; Cooperia, HAEMONCHUS; Nematodirus, Hyostrongylus, and DICTYOCAULUS.	3.73	2	0
Hookworm Infections Infection of humans or animals with hookworms other than those caused by the genus Ancylostoma or Necator, for which the specific terms ANCYLOSTOMIASIS and NECATORIASIS are available.	4.56	4	0
Strongyloidiasis Infection with nematodes of the genus STRONGYLOIDES. The presence of larvae may produce pneumonitis and the presence of adult worms in the intestine could lead to moderate to severe diarrhea.	4.34	3	0
Trichinellosis An infection with TRICHINELLA. It is caused by eating raw or undercooked meat that is infected with larvae of nematode worms TRICHINELLA genus. All members of the TRICHINELLA genus can infect human in addition to TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS, the traditional etiological agent. It is distributed throughout much of the world and is re-emerging in some parts as a public health hazard and a food safety problem.	2.86	1	0
Oesophagostomiasis Infection of the intestinal tract with worms of the genus OESOPHAGOSTOMUM. This condition occurs mainly in animals other than man.	2.86	1	0
Ancylostomiasis Infection of humans or animals with hookworms of the genus ANCYLOSTOMA. Characteristics include anemia, dyspepsia, eosinophilia, and abdominal swelling.	3.27	2	0
Malabsorption Syndromes General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients.	2.86	1	0
Trichocephaliasis [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Angiostrongylus Infections [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Trichuriasis Infection with nematodes of the genus TRICHURIS, formerly called Trichocephalus.	2.86	1	0
Bertielliasis [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Cane-Cutter Fever [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Histomoniasis [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Leptospirosis Infections with bacteria of the genus LEPTOSPIRA.	1.95	1	0
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Bouillaud Disease [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Endomyocardial Fibrosis A condition characterized by the thickening of the ventricular ENDOCARDIUM and subendocardium (MYOCARDIUM), seen mostly in children and young adults in the TROPICAL CLIMATE. The fibrous tissue extends from the apex toward and often involves the HEART VALVES causing restrictive blood flow into the respective ventricles (CARDIOMYOPATHY, RESTRICTIVE).	6.94	1	0
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	6.94	1	0
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	1.94	1	0
Rheumatic Heart Disease Cardiac manifestation of systemic rheumatological conditions, such as RHEUMATIC FEVER. Rheumatic heart disease can involve any part the heart, most often the HEART VALVES and the ENDOCARDIUM.	1.94	1	0
Granulomas [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Granuloma A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.	1.95	1	0
Cyst, Pulmonary Hydatid [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Fasciola Infection [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Fascioliasis Liver disease caused by infections with parasitic flukes of the genus FASCIOLA, such as FASCIOLA HEPATICA.	1.95	1	0
Interstitial Nephritis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Nephritis, Interstitial Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.	1.94	1	0
Cerebromeningitis [description not available]	1.94	1	0

loa

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (14)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Treatment

Toxicity

Dosage Studied

Protein Targets (2)

Inhibition Measurements

Activation Measurements

Biological Processes (34)

Molecular Functions (14)

Ceullar Components (8)

Bioassays (21)

Research

Studies (511)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 106.09

Study Types

loa

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (14)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Treatment

Toxicity

Dosage Studied

Protein Targets (2)

Inhibition Measurements

Activation Measurements

Biological Processes (34)

Molecular Functions (14)

Ceullar Components (8)

Bioassays (21)

Research

Studies (511)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 106.09

Study Types

Related Drugs (82)

Related Conditions (254)