eperisone profile

Eperisone is a centrally acting muscle relaxant with a complex mechanism of action. It is thought to act by inhibiting the release of excitatory neurotransmitters, such as glutamate and acetylcholine, from nerve terminals. Eperisone also has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Eperisone is primarily used to treat muscle spasms, stiffness, and pain associated with musculoskeletal disorders, such as spinal stenosis, cervical spondylosis, and lumbar disc herniation. Eperisone is studied for its potential to improve motor function and reduce spasticity in patients with conditions such as spinal cord injury, stroke, and cerebral palsy. Eperisone is generally well-tolerated, but common side effects may include dizziness, drowsiness, nausea, and dry mouth. It is important to note that eperisone may interact with other medications, so it is essential to consult with a healthcare professional before taking it.'

eperisone : A racemate that is an equimolar mixture of (R)- and (S)-eperisone. It is used (as the hydrochloride salt) as a muscle relaxant for the symptomatic treatment of muscle spasm and spasticity. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

1-(4-ethylphenyl)-2-methyl-3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-one : An aromatic ketone that is N-propylpiperidine in which a hydrogen at positon 2 of the propyl group is replaced by a p-ethylbenzoyl group. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	3236
CHEMBL ID	1902981
CHEBI ID	77070
SCHEMBL ID	194769
MeSH ID	M0097328
PubMed CID	123698
CHEMBL ID	2360601
CHEBI ID	31540
SCHEMBL ID	218337
MeSH ID	M0097328

Synonym
AC-12144
eperisone [inn]
eperisone
brn 1246496
4'-ethyl-2-methyl-3-piperidinopropiophenone
eperisona [inn-spanish]
c17h25no
(+-)-eperisone
1-(4-ethylphenyl)-2-methyl-3-(1-piperidinyl)-1-propanone
eperisonum [inn-latin]
1-propanone, 1-(4-ethylphenyl)-2-methyl-3-(1-piperidinyl)-
1-(4-ethylphenyl)-2-methyl-3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-one
64840-90-0
D07898
eperisone (inn)
1-(4-ethylphenyl)-2-methyl-3-piperidin-1-ylpropan-1-one
AKOS015960753
eperisona
2m2p0551d3 ,
unii-2m2p0551d3
eperisonum
chebi:77070 ,
CHEMBL1902981
FT-0630750
eperisone [jan]
eperisone [mi]
eperisone [who-dd]
SCHEMBL194769
DTXSID5040671
DB08992
(2rs)-1-(4-ethylphenyl)-2-methyl-3-(1-piperidyl)propan-1-one
HY-128891
Q426401
BRD-A04252265-001-01-8
CS-0101898
AC-15896
AKOS015843965
e-2000 ,
empp
eperisone hydrochloride
myonal
4'-ethyl-2-methyl-3-piperidinopropiophenone hydrochloride
e-646
e 0646
1-propanone, 1-(4-ethylphenyl)-2-methyl-3-(1-piperidinyl)-, hydrochloride
mional
(4'-ethyl-2-methyl-3-piperidino)propiophenone
propiophenone, 4'-ethyl-2-methyl-3-piperidino-, hydrochloride
eperisone hydrochloride (jp17)
56839-43-1
epenard (tn)
D01671
NCGC00167973-01
A831198
1-(4-ethylphenyl)-2-methyl-3-(1-piperidyl)propan-1-one hydrochloride;eperisone hcl
eperisone hcl
tox21_112599
dtxsid8047844 ,
dtxcid8027822
cas-56839-43-1
u38o8u7p6x ,
unii-u38o8u7p6x
eperisone hydrochloride [jan]
dw-1030
FT-0602324
1-(4-ethylphenyl)-2-methyl-3-(1-piperidinyl)-1-propanone hydrochloride
eperisone hydrochloride [mart.]
eperisone hydrochloride [mi]
eperisone hydrochloride [who-dd]
SCHEMBL218337
GTAXGNCCEYZRII-UHFFFAOYSA-N
e2000
NCGC00167973-02
tox21_112599_1
KS-5241
CHEMBL2360601
CHEBI:31540
1-(4-ethylphenyl)-2-methyl-3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-one hydrochloride
HY-B1901
Q27889924
mfcd00941459
BCP11969
1-(4-ethylphenyl)-2-methyl-3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-onehydrochloride
eperisone, hcl
CCG-267425
CS-0013960
1-(4-ethylphenyl)-2-methyl-3-piperidin-1-ylpropan-1-one;hydrochloride
D95097
S4877
eperisonehydrochloride

Research Excerpts

Overview

Eperisone hydrochloride is a centrally acting muscle relaxant prescribed for muscle stiffness. It acts by depressing the activities of α and γ efferent neurons in the spinal cord and supraspinal structures. It is an analgesic and antispastic drug used for spastic diseases.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Eperisone is a commonly prescribed oral muscle relaxant, but few studies have been conducted of eperisone-induced hypersensitivity reactions."	( Clinical characteristics of eperisone-induced immediate-type hypersensitivity. An, J; Cho, YS; Kang, Y; Kim, TB; Kwon, HS; Lee, JH; Moon, HB; Shin, B; Song, WJ; Won, HK; Yoon, SY, 2020)	2.29
"Eperisone hydrochloride is a centrally acting muscle relaxant prescribed for muscle stiffness that acts by depressing the activities of α and γ efferent neurons in the spinal cord and supraspinal structures. "	( Serum concentration of eperisone hydrochloride correlates with QT interval. Amino, M; Inokuchi, S; Miura, N; Morita, S; Saito, T; Yamagiwa, T, 2014)	2.16
"Eperisone hydrochloride is an analgesic and antispastic drug used for spastic diseases such as spastic paralysis in cerebrovascular diseases, cervical spondylosis, and periarthritis."	( Eperisone hydrochloride-induced maculopapular rash. Balaraddiyavar, N; Bhushan, A; Huggi, G; Kotinatot, BC, )	2.3
"Eperisone hydrochloride is a centrally acting muscle relaxant that performs by blocking calcium channels."	( Pharmacokinetic Interactions Between Pelubiprofen and Eperisone Hydrochloride: A Randomized, Open-label, Crossover Study of Healthy Korean Men. Chung, EK; Kim, HS; Kim, JI; Lee, KT; Noh, GJ; Ryu, JH, 2017)	1.42
"Eperisone is a centrally acting muscle relaxant widely used for the therapeutic treatment of spastic patients to relieve muscle stiffness and back pain. "	( Characterization of human cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the biotransformation of eperisone. Jin, C; Kim, DH; Kim, NS; Lee, J; Sohn, DR; Yoo, HH, 2009)	2.02
"Eperisone is a central muscle relaxant used in several conditions, but its therapeutic potential in spastic palsy needs to be verified."	( Efficacy and tolerability of eperisone in patients with spastic palsy: a cross-over, placebo-controlled dose-ranging trial. Bresolin, N; Pecori, A; Zucca, C, )	1.14
"Eperisone hydrochloride is a centrally acting muscle relaxant, and triazolam is a short-acting benzodiazepine. "	( A case of torsades de pointes induced by severe QT prolongation after an overdose of eperisone and triazolam in a patient receiving nifedipine. Amino, M; Inokuchi, S; Morita, S; Saito, T; Yamagiwa, T; Yamamoto, R, 2010)	2.03
"As eperisone is a racemic compound with one chiral centre, the carbonyl reduced metabolite of eperisone (M5) may have four possible diastereoisomeric structures."	( Enantioselective carbonyl reduction of eperisone in human liver microsomes. Kim, DH; Kim, MJ; Kim, NS; Shin, D; Shin, JG; Yoo, HH, 2011)	1.15
"Eperisone hydrochloride is a centrally acting muscle relaxant inhibiting the pain reflex pathway, having a vasodilator effect."	( Evaluation of eperisone hydrochloride in the treatment of acute musculoskeletal spasm associated with low back pain: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Chandanwale, AS; Chopra, A; Gaikwad, S; Goregaonkar, A; Langade, DG; Maroli, S; Medhi, B; Mehta, SC; Naikwadi, A; Pawar, DR; Shah, V, )	1.93

Effects

Eperisone hydrochloride has been recently proposed as a muscle relaxant for the treatment of muscle contracture and chronic low back pain. It is devoid of clinically relevant sedative effects on the central nervous system (CNS)

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Eperisone has a sympatho-suppressive action in resting skeletal muscles, but has no effect on MSA in actively contracting muscles, e.g."	( Effect of a centrally-acting muscle relaxant, eperisone hydrochloride, on muscle sympathetic nerve activity in humans. Ishida, G; Iwase, S; Mano, T; Saito, M, )	1.11
"Eperisone hydrochloride has been recently proposed as a muscle relaxant for the treatment of muscle contracture and chronic low back pain (LBP) as it is devoid of clinically relevant sedative effects on the central nervous system (CNS). "	( Open experience with a new myorelaxant agent for low back pain. Guerra, L; Sartini, S, 2008)	1.79
"Eperisone has a sympatho-suppressive action in resting skeletal muscles, but has no effect on MSA in actively contracting muscles, e.g."	( Effect of a centrally-acting muscle relaxant, eperisone hydrochloride, on muscle sympathetic nerve activity in humans. Ishida, G; Iwase, S; Mano, T; Saito, M, )	1.11

Treatment

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Treatment with eperisone attenuated the contractions induced by norepinephrine and serotonin in the arteries and those by clonidine and phenylephrine in the veins."	( Mechanisms of action of eperisone on isolated dog saphenous arteries and veins. Bian, K; Inoue, S; Okamura, T; Okunishi, H; Toda, N, 1989)	0.92

Toxicity

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" No severe adverse events were observed."	( Efficacy and safety of treating chronic nonspecific low back pain with radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy (rESWT), rESWT combined with celecoxib and eperisone (C + E) or C + E alone: a prospective, randomized trial. Feng, Z; Guo, X; Li, L; Li, Y; Peng, Z; Schmitz, C; Yan, Z; Yang, Y; Zhang, Y, 2021)	0.82

Pharmacokinetics

No clinically significant changes were noted in the pharmacokinetic interactions of pelubiprofen and eperisone hydrochloride between monotherapy and combination therapy. The geometric mean ratios (90% CIs) of the Cmax and AUC0-∞ values for eper isone were 1.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The main pharmacokinetics parameters T1/2, Tmax and Cmax were (2."	( [Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of eperisone hydrochloride tablet in healthy subjects]. Ding, L; Gao, JM; Li, J; Shen, JP; Wei, X; Zhang, SQ; Zhang, YD, 2004)	0.59
" Although eperisone hydrochloride and aceclofenac are frequently coadministered, no published studies have reported on the pharmacokinetic interactions between these 2 drugs."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between eperisone hydrochloride and aceclofenac: a randomized, open-label, crossover study of healthy Korean men. Bae, KS; Choi, HY; Kim, MJ; Kim, SE; Kim, YH; Lim, HS; Noh, YH; Park, KM, 2013)	1.07
"The aim of this study was to investigate any pharmacokinetic interactions between eperisone hydrochloride and aceclofenac in healthy Korean men."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between eperisone hydrochloride and aceclofenac: a randomized, open-label, crossover study of healthy Korean men. Bae, KS; Choi, HY; Kim, MJ; Kim, SE; Kim, YH; Lim, HS; Noh, YH; Park, KM, 2013)	0.89
" Pharmacokinetic analyses were conducted using noncompartmental methods."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between eperisone hydrochloride and aceclofenac: a randomized, open-label, crossover study of healthy Korean men. Bae, KS; Choi, HY; Kim, MJ; Kim, SE; Kim, YH; Lim, HS; Noh, YH; Park, KM, 2013)	0.66
"No clinically significant pharmacokinetic differences exist between 150 mg eperisone hydrochloride and 200 mg aceclofenac when administrated as a monotherapy or in combination."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between eperisone hydrochloride and aceclofenac: a randomized, open-label, crossover study of healthy Korean men. Bae, KS; Choi, HY; Kim, MJ; Kim, SE; Kim, YH; Lim, HS; Noh, YH; Park, KM, 2013)	0.89
" No published data are yet available, however, regarding the pharmacokinetic interactions between these 2 drugs when administered concurrently."	( Pharmacokinetic Interactions Between Pelubiprofen and Eperisone Hydrochloride: A Randomized, Open-label, Crossover Study of Healthy Korean Men. Chung, EK; Kim, HS; Kim, JI; Lee, KT; Noh, GJ; Ryu, JH, 2017)	0.7
" Pharmacokinetic analyses were conducted by using noncompartmental methods."	( Pharmacokinetic Interactions Between Pelubiprofen and Eperisone Hydrochloride: A Randomized, Open-label, Crossover Study of Healthy Korean Men. Chung, EK; Kim, HS; Kim, JI; Lee, KT; Noh, GJ; Ryu, JH, 2017)	0.7
"No clinically significant changes were noted in the pharmacokinetic interactions of pelubiprofen, the major active metabolite of pelubiprofen (trans-alcohol pelubiprofen), and eperisone hydrochloride between monotherapy and combination therapy with 45-mg sustained-release pelubiprofen and 75-mg sustained-release eperisone hydrochloride."	( Pharmacokinetic Interactions Between Pelubiprofen and Eperisone Hydrochloride: A Randomized, Open-label, Crossover Study of Healthy Korean Men. Chung, EK; Kim, HS; Kim, JI; Lee, KT; Noh, GJ; Ryu, JH, 2017)	0.9

Bioavailability

Oral eperisone has a very low bioavailability and short muscle relaxant activity, because of the profound intestinal first-pass metabolism. Clinical myotonolytic activity would only be expected at high doses.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Similarly, clinical myotonolytic activity of eperisone would only be expected at high doses unless its functional bioavailability were to be much better in man than in either the mouse or rabbit."	( Comparison of the myotonolytic activity of tizanidine, eperisone and afloqualone in mouse and rabbit. Coward, DM; White, TG, )	0.64
" However, oral eperisone has a very low bioavailability and short muscle relaxant activity, because of the profound intestinal first-pass metabolism."	( Transdermal eperisone elicits more potent and longer-lasting muscle relaxation than oral eperisone. Han, OY; Jang, CG; Kim, JJ; Lee, SH; Lee, SJ; Lee, SY; Lee, WS; Lim, SC; Park, HY; Shin, YH; Yang, SI, 2004)	1.06
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."	( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)	0.51

Dosage Studied

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" No significant change of the SLR was observed when dosage was less than 150 mg."	( [Effects of muscle relaxant E-0646 on human stretch reflex and responses]. Iwase, S; Mano, T; Yamazaki, Y, 1991)	0.28
" To improve the efficacy and compliance of eperisone, we designed a new dosage form, a transdermal patch, and evaluated the efficacy of the eperisone patch with the muscle relaxant activity of rats."	( Transdermal eperisone elicits more potent and longer-lasting muscle relaxation than oral eperisone. Han, OY; Jang, CG; Kim, JJ; Lee, SH; Lee, SJ; Lee, SY; Lee, WS; Lim, SC; Park, HY; Shin, YH; Yang, SI, 2004)	0.97
"Understanding drug degradation in the pharmaceutical dosage forms is critical as it has significant impacts on drug efficacy, safety profile and storage conditions."	( The use of HPLC/MS, GC/MS, NMR, UV and IR to identify a degradation product of eperisone hydrochloride in the tablets. Chen, Y; Ding, L; Wang, X; Yang, Z, 2008)	0.57

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Class	Description
piperidines
aromatic ketone	A ketone in which the carbonyl group is attached to an aromatic ring.
aromatic ketone	A ketone in which the carbonyl group is attached to an aromatic ring.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
geminin	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	37.5857	0.0046	11.3741	33.4983	AID624297
acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	19.0018	0.0025	41.7960	15,848.9004	AID1347395; AID1347397; AID1347398
TDP1 protein	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	29.8554	0.0008	11.3822	44.6684	AID686978; AID686979
AR protein	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	33.4915	0.0002	21.2231	8,912.5098	AID1259243
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 3	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	29.8493	0.0010	22.6508	76.6163	AID1224838; AID1224893
cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A polypeptide 4	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	28.1838	0.0123	7.9835	43.2770	AID1346984
retinoid X nuclear receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	21.3138	0.0008	17.5051	59.3239	AID1159527
pregnane X nuclear receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	29.8493	0.0054	28.0263	1,258.9301	AID1346982
cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.8709	0.0010	8.3798	61.1304	AID1645840
vitamin D (1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3) receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.0006	0.0237	23.2282	63.5986	AID743223
cytochrome P450, family 19, subfamily A, polypeptide 1, isoform CRA_a	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	33.4915	0.0017	23.8393	78.1014	AID743083
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform 2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	30.0474	0.0003	23.4451	159.6830	AID743065; AID743067
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	24.4107	0.0006	27.2152	1,122.0200	AID743202; AID743219
Spike glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus	Potency	10.0000	0.0096	10.5250	35.4813	AID1479145
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	2.3380	0.0000	1.2326	7.7930	AID625152
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.8310	0.0000	0.6902	10.0000	AID625152
Cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	4.9034	0.0000	2.0151	10.0000	AID625249
Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	3.0340	0.0000	1.2380	8.1590	AID625202
Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	1.3850	0.0002	0.7257	10.0000	AID625202
Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0041	0.0003	0.7028	5.3660	AID625223
Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0017	0.0000	0.4901	10.0000	AID625223
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)
nervous system development	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of heart contraction	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)
response to virus	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathway	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)
presynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmission	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of smooth muscle contraction	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic process	Cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)
steroid metabolic process	Cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)
cholesterol metabolic process	Cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)
estrogen metabolic process	Cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)
coumarin metabolic process	Cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)
alkaloid metabolic process	Cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)
alkaloid catabolic process	Cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)
monoterpenoid metabolic process	Cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)
isoquinoline alkaloid metabolic process	Cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic catabolic process	Cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)
retinol metabolic process	Cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)
long-chain fatty acid biosynthetic process	Cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of binding	Cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)
oxidative demethylation	Cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cellular organofluorine metabolic process	Cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)
arachidonic acid metabolic process	Cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)
MAPK cascade	Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
angiogenesis	Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle contraction	Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cell-cell signaling	Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
female pregnancy	Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of norepinephrine secretion	Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
platelet activation	Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
activation of protein kinase B activity	Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of epinephrine secretion	Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
receptor transactivation	Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAPK cascade	Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neuron differentiation	Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of blood pressure	Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of uterine smooth muscle contraction	Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
adrenergic receptor signaling pathway	Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathway	Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
lipid transport	Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
nervous system development	Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled opioid receptor signaling pathway	Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of neuron apoptotic process	Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein homotrimerization	Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor activity	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)
arrestin family protein binding	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)
monooxygenase activity	Cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)
iron ion binding	Cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)
oxidoreductase activity	Cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)
oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen	Cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)
heme binding	Cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)
anandamide 8,9 epoxidase activity	Cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)
anandamide 11,12 epoxidase activity	Cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)
anandamide 14,15 epoxidase activity	Cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)
alpha2-adrenergic receptor activity	Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
epinephrine binding	Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled opioid receptor activity	Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
plasma membrane	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)
clathrin-coated endocytic vesicle membrane	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)
asymmetric synapse	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)
symmetric synapse	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membrane	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell body	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)
axon terminus	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membrane	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)
glutamatergic synapse	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)
cholinergic synapse	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrion	Cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum	Cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membrane	Cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	Cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface	Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear envelope	Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear inner membrane	Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear outer membrane	Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum	Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membrane	Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
lipid droplet	Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic density	Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
growth cone	Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmic vesicle	Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
anchoring junction	Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic density membrane	Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum	Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
virion membrane	Spike glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID504749	qHTS profiling for inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum proliferation	2011	Science (New York, N.Y.), Aug-05, Volume: 333, Issue:6043	Chemical genomic profiling for antimalarial therapies, response signatures, and molecular targets.
AID1296008	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening	2020	SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1347425	Rhodamine-PBP qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)	2019	The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46	Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID1347093	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-MC cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347096	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for U-2 OS cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347100	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for LAN-5 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347101	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-12 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347105	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for MG 63 (6-TG R) cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID651635	Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347094	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-37 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347407	qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Pharmaceutical Collection	2020	ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7	High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1347098	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-SH cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347095	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB-EBc1 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347104	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for RD cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347091	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SJ-GBM2 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347083	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347082	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347107	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh30 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347099	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB1643 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1508630	Primary qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay	2021	Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4	A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID1347108	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh41 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347103	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for OHS-50 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347154	Primary screen GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors	2020	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49	Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347092	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for A673 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347102	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh18 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347090	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for DAOY cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347424	RapidFire Mass Spectrometry qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)	2019	The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46	Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID1745845	Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347097	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Saos-2 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347086	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347089	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for TC32 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347106	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for control Hh wild type fibroblast cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1346986	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1346987	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	14 (15.56)	18.7374
1990's	19 (21.11)	18.2507
2000's	17 (18.89)	29.6817
2010's	25 (27.78)	24.3611
2020's	15 (16.67)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	19 (20.88%)	5.53%
Trials	0 (0.00%)	5.53%
Reviews	2 (2.20%)	6.00%
Reviews	0 (0.00%)	6.00%
Case Studies	13 (14.29%)	4.05%
Case Studies	0 (0.00%)	4.05%
Observational	1 (1.10%)	0.25%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	56 (61.54%)	84.16%
Other	9 (100.00%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (7)

Trial Overview

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Evaluation of Efficacy and Tolerability of a Fixed Dose Combination of Eperisone Hydrochloride and Diclofenac Sodium in the Treatment of Acute Musculoskeletal Spasm Associated With Low Back Pain: An Observer Blind, Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Stud [NCT01300312]	Phase 3	239 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-02-28	Completed
A Clinical Study in Healthy Male Volunteers to Compare the Bioequivalence of Fixed Dose Combination of Eperisone Hydrochloride 50mg Plus Diclofenac Sodium 50mg as Capsule With Eperisone Hydrochloride 50mg and Diclofenac Sodium 50mg Tablets Under Fasting C [NCT01306318]		24 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-02-28	Completed
A Single-Center, Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel, Pilot Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Fixed Dose Combination of DW340 in Patients With Acute Low Back Pain [NCT03424707]	Phase 2	45 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-03-04	Completed
Partial Replicated Crossover Clinical Study to Compare Pharmacokinetic Characteristics of Eperisone and Aceclofenac With NVP-1203 Treatment to Those of Co-administration of Eperisone Hydrochloride Slow Release and Aceclofenac in Volunteers [NCT02289274]	Phase 1	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-11-30	Withdrawn(stopped due to internal decision)
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blinded, Parallel, Active-controlled, Phase Lll Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of DW-1030 and Eperisone HCl in Acute Back Pain Patients [NCT02040415]	Phase 3	242 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-03-31	Completed
Evaluation of Eperisone HCl in the Treatment of Acute Musculoskeletal Spasm Associated With Low Back Pain [NCT00327730]	Phase 3	240 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-04-30	Completed
A Prospective, Randomized, Controlled, Single Centre Trial to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Radial Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy in Patients With Chronic Non-specific Low Back Pain [NCT03337607]		150 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-11-13	Recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	1.97	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	1.97	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
1-butanol 1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.	1.99	1	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
carnitine [no description available]	4.11	1	0	amino-acid betaine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
choline [no description available]	2.38	2	0	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	1.97	1	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	3.37	1	1	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	2.31	1	0	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
taurine [no description available]	4.11	1	0	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiamine thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.	1.97	1	0	primary alcohol; vitamin B1	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	2.11	1	0	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
afloqualone [no description available]	2.92	4	0	organic molecular entity
amitriptyline Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.	3.46	1	1	carbotricyclic compound; tertiary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist; xenobiotic
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	1.97	1	0	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
azathioprine Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.	3.37	1	1	aryl sulfide; C-nitro compound; imidazoles; thiopurine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
baclofen [no description available]	9.35	4	1	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant
celecoxib [no description available]	7.03	4	4	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide; toluenes	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
chlorpheniramine Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.	2.01	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidepressant; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	6.16	5	2	clonidine; imidazoline
cyclobenzaprine cyclobenzaprine: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lisseril is synonymous for HCl; structure. cyclobenzaprine : 5-Methylidene-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene in which one of the hydrogens of the methylidene group is substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.	3.46	1	1	carbotricyclic compound	antidepressant; muscle relaxant; tranquilizing drug
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	7.37	2	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.	3.47	1	1	amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
diphenidol diphenidol: shows anti-arrhythmic activity; RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. diphenidol : A tertiary alcohol that is butan-1-ol substituted by two phenyl groups at position 1 and a piperidin-1-yl group at position 4.	1.97	1	0	benzenes; piperidines; tertiary alcohol	antiemetic
valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.	1.97	1	0	branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid	anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.	2.39	2	0	aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	1.97	1	0	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	1.97	1	0	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.	7.05	1	0	C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester	calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent
orphenadrine Orphenadrine: A muscarinic antagonist used to treat drug-induced parkinsonism and to relieve pain from muscle spasm.. orphenadrine : A tertiary amino compound which is the phenyl-o-tolylmethyl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol.	3.46	1	1	ether; tertiary amino compound	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant; NMDA receptor antagonist; parasympatholytic
pentoxifylline [no description available]	3.37	1	1	oxopurine
pindolol Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.	2.01	1	0	indoles; secondary amine	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; serotonergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
proadifen Proadifen: An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity.	2.06	1	0	diarylmethane
sulfasalazine Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.	3.37	1	1
tizanidine tizanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tizanidine : 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole substituted at C-4 by a Delta(1)-imidazolin-2-ylamino group and at C-4 by a chloro group. It is an agonist at alpha2-adrenergic receptor sites.	6.16	5	2	benzothiadiazole; imidazoles	alpha-adrenergic agonist; muscle relaxant
tolperisone Tolperisone: A centrally acting muscle relaxant that has been used for the symptomatic treatment of spasticity and muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1211)	3.7	10	0	aromatic ketone
triazolam Triazolam: A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries.	7.05	1	0	triazolobenzodiazepine	sedative
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	1.99	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.	1.97	1	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; tetraphenes	carcinogenic agent
lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.	2.31	1	0	lactose
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	1.97	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
egtazic acid Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.	1.96	1	0	diether; tertiary amino compound; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	2.01	1	0	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
acetonitrile acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.	2.08	1	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	3.37	1	1	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
benzoin [no description available]	2.01	1	0	benzoins; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone	EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor
quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	2.92	4	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	1.99	1	0	isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	2.06	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	3.37	1	1	cyclic ketone; erythromycin
tetramethoxysilane [no description available]	2.01	1	0
glycerol 1-stearate glycerol 1-stearate: isolated from the young fronds of the bracken fern Pteridium aquilinum; structure in first source. rac-1-monostearoylglycerol : A rac-1-monoacylglycerol composed of equal amounts of 3-stearoyl-sn-glycerol and 1-stearoyl-sn-glycerol.. 1-monostearoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride that has stearoyl as the acyl group.	2.31	1	0	1-acylglycerol 18:0; rac-1-monoacylglycerol	algal metabolite; Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	1.97	1	0	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
danazol Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.	3.37	1	1	17beta-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	anti-estrogen; estrogen antagonist; geroprotector
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	1.97	1	0	benzenes; phenyl acetates
tramadol Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.. tramadol : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol. A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, used (as the hydrochloride salt) to treat moderately severe pain. The (R,R)-enantiomer exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. Originally developed by Gruenenthal GmbH and launched in 1977, it was subsequently isolated from the root bark of the South African tree Nauclea latifolia.. (R,R)-tramadol : A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have R-configuration; the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer.	3.46	1	1	2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antitussive; capsaicin receptor antagonist; delta-opioid receptor agonist; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; muscarinic antagonist; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; opioid analgesic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
inaperisone inaperisone: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	1.97	1	0	aromatic ketone
aceclofenac [no description available]	9.53	2	2	amino acid; carboxylic ester; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	1.97	1	0	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
mizoribine [no description available]	3.37	1	1	imidazoles	anticoronaviral agent
1,1'-((1,1'-biphenyl)-4,4'-diylbis(2-hydroxy-2,1-ethanediyl))bis(1,4-dimethylpiperidinium) 1,1'-((1,1'-biphenyl)-4,4'-diylbis(2-hydroxy-2,1-ethanediyl))bis(1,4-dimethylpiperidinium): RN refers to diiodide; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	1.97	1	0
quinidine Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.	4.11	1	0	cinchona alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; muscarinic antagonist; P450 inhibitor; potassium channel blocker; sodium channel blocker
rocuronium Rocuronium: An androstanol non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent. It has a mono-quaternary structure and is a weaker nicotinic antagonist than PANCURONIUM.. rocuronium : A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-hydroxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-morpholino- and 16beta-N-allyllyrrolidinium substituents.	2.41	1	0	3alpha-hydroxy steroid; acetate ester; androstane; morpholines; quaternary ammonium ion; tertiary amino compound	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent
fosfomycin Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.	3.37	1	1	epoxide; phosphonic acids	antimicrobial agent; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
pelubiprofen pelubiprofen: RN & structure given in first source; RN not in Chemline 3/84	8.53	1	1
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	1.98	1	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
preclamol preclamol: centrally acting dopamine receptor agonist with selectivity for autoreceptors	1.98	1	0
glyceryl behenate 1-behenoylglycerol : A fatty acid ester resulting from the formal condensation of the hydroxy group at position-1 of glycerol with the carboxy group of docosanoic acid.	2.31	1	0	1-monoglyceride; fatty acid ester	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available]	1.97	1	0
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	7.57	2	0	glycoside
ethyl cellulose [no description available]	2.31	1	0	glycoside
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	2.89	4	0
methylcellulose Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.	2.31	1	0
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	3.37	1	1	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	1.97	1	0	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
piroxicam [no description available]	2.25	1	0	benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
lornoxicam lornoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain, primarily resulting from inflammatory diseases of the joints, osteoarthritis, surgery, sciatica and other inflammations.	7.25	1	0	heteroaryl hydroxy compound; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound; pyridines; thienothiazine	antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug

Condition	Indicated	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Pain, Chronic [description not available]	0	9.08	6	5
Low Back Ache [description not available]	0	9.71	9	7
Low Back Pain Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.	1	11.71	9	7
Chronic Pain Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.	0	9.08	6	5
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	0	3.55	6	0
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	0	8.55	6	0
Muscle Spasm [description not available]	0	3.91	2	1
Spasm An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.	0	3.91	2	1
Acute Pain Intensely discomforting, distressful, or agonizing sensation associated with trauma or disease, with well-defined location, character, and timing.	0	3.99	1	1
ARG1 Deficiency [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Cerebral Palsy, Athetoid [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Cerebral Palsy A heterogeneous group of nonprogressive motor disorders caused by chronic brain injuries that originate in the prenatal period, perinatal period, or first few years of life. The four major subtypes are spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed cerebral palsy, with spastic forms being the most common. The motor disorder may range from difficulties with fine motor control to severe spasticity (see MUSCLE SPASTICITY) in all limbs. Spastic diplegia (Little disease) is the most common subtype, and is characterized by spasticity that is more prominent in the legs than in the arms. Pathologically, this condition may be associated with LEUKOMALACIA, PERIVENTRICULAR. (From Dev Med Child Neurol 1998 Aug;40(8):520-7)	0	2.25	1	0
Hyperargininemia A rare autosomal recessive disorder of the urea cycle. It is caused by a deficiency of the hepatic enzyme ARGINASE. Arginine is elevated in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid, and periodic HYPERAMMONEMIA may occur. Disease onset is usually in infancy or early childhood. Clinical manifestations include seizures, microcephaly, progressive mental impairment, hypotonia, ataxia, spastic diplegia, and quadriparesis. (From Hum Genet 1993 Mar;91(1):1-5; Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p51)	0	2.25	1	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	0	2.31	1	0
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Respiratory Insufficiency Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.31	1	0
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	0	2.31	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	0	3.56	1	1
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	0	3.56	1	1
Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged [description not available]	0	2.52	2	0
Torsade de Pointes [description not available]	0	7.52	2	0
Long QT Syndrome A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.	0	2.52	2	0
Drug Overdose Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.	0	3	4	0
Allergy, Drug [description not available]	0	2.59	2	0
Atopic Hypersensitivity [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.	0	2.59	2	0
Blood Loss, Postoperative [description not available]	0	3.47	1	1
Deep Vein Thrombosis [description not available]	0	3.47	1	1
Emesis, Postoperative [description not available]	0	3.47	1	1
Osteoarthritis of Knee [description not available]	0	3.47	1	1
Acute Post-operative Pain [description not available]	0	3.47	1	1
Pain, Postoperative Pain during the period after surgery.	0	3.47	1	1
Venous Thrombosis The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.	0	3.47	1	1
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting Emesis and queasiness occurring after anesthesia.	0	3.47	1	1
Osteoarthritis, Knee Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)	0	3.47	1	1
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	0	4.25	2	0
Cramp [description not available]	0	10.94	3	1
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	0	4.25	2	0
Muscle Cramp A sustained and usually painful contraction of muscle fibers. This may occur as an isolated phenomenon or as a manifestation of an underlying disease process (e.g., UREMIA; HYPOTHYROIDISM; MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; etc.). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1398)	0	10.94	3	1
Scoliosis An appreciable lateral deviation in the normally straight vertical line of the spine. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	3.5	1	1
Ache [description not available]	0	4.38	2	2
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	0	4.38	2	2
Spinal Stenosis Narrowing of the spinal canal.	0	3.5	1	1
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	0	4.3	4	1
Clasp-Knife Spasticity [description not available]	0	4.38	2	2
Abnormal Deep Tendon Reflex [description not available]	0	3.43	1	1
Muscle Spasticity A form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper MOTOR NEURON DISEASE. Resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a free interval) followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. Tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. Spasticity is usually accompanied by HYPERREFLEXIA and variable degrees of MUSCLE WEAKNESS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p54)	0	4.38	2	2
Reflex, Abnormal An abnormal response to a stimulus applied to the sensory components of the nervous system. This may take the form of increased, decreased, or absent reflexes.	0	3.43	1	1
Coma A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.	0	2.45	2	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	0	2.06	1	0
Poisoning Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.	0	7.06	1	0
Pulsatile Tinnitus [description not available]	0	3.46	1	1
Tinnitus A nonspecific symptom of hearing disorder characterized by the sensation of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises in the ear. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of COCHLEAR DISEASES; VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; and other conditions.	0	3.46	1	1
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	0	2.07	1	0
Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.	0	8.08	5	0
Back Ache [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available]	0	2.71	3	0
Exanthem [description not available]	0	7.02	1	0
Back Pain Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions.	1	4.02	1	0
Exanthema Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.	0	7.02	1	0
Apoplexy [description not available]	0	3.41	1	1
Palsy [description not available]	0	3.41	1	1
Paralysis A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)	0	3.41	1	1
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	0	8.41	1	1
Absence Seizure [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	0	2.03	1	0
Angioneurotic Edema [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Catarrh Inflammation of a mucous membrane with increased flow of mucous in humans or animals. Catarrh is used mostly in a historical context.	0	2.03	1	0
Angioedema Swelling involving the deep DERMIS, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissues, representing localized EDEMA. Angioedema often occurs in the face, lips, tongue, and larynx.	0	7.03	1	0
Common Cold A catarrhal disorder of the upper respiratory tract, which may be viral or a mixed infection. It generally involves a runny nose, nasal congestion, and sneezing.	0	2.03	1	0
Erythema Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.	0	7.42	2	0
Bladder Disorder, Neurogenic [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic Dysfunction of the URINARY BLADDER due to disease of the central or peripheral nervous system pathways involved in the control of URINATION. This is often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, but may also be caused by BRAIN DISEASES or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES.	0	1.96	1	0
Decerebrate Posturing [description not available]	0	2.89	4	0
Catatonic Rigidity [description not available]	0	2.9	4	0
Muscle Rigidity Continuous involuntary sustained muscle contraction which is often a manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES. When an affected muscle is passively stretched, the degree of resistance remains constant regardless of the rate at which the muscle is stretched. This feature helps to distinguish rigidity from MUSCLE SPASTICITY. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p73)	0	2.9	4	0
Familial Spastic Paraparesis, Htlv-1-Associated [description not available]	0	3.78	2	1
Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic A subacute paralytic myeloneuropathy occurring endemically in tropical areas such as the Caribbean, Colombia, India, and Africa, as well as in the southwestern region of Japan; associated with infection by HUMAN T-CELL LEUKEMIA VIRUS I. Clinical manifestations include a slowly progressive spastic weakness of the legs, increased reflexes, Babinski signs, incontinence, and loss of vibratory and position sensation. On pathologic examination inflammatory, demyelination, and necrotic lesions may be found in the spinal cord. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1239)	0	3.78	2	1
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	0	2.45	2	0
Dystonia An attitude or posture due to the co-contraction of agonists and antagonist muscles in one region of the body. It most often affects the large axial muscles of the trunk and limb girdles. Conditions which feature persistent or recurrent episodes of dystonia as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as DYSTONIC DISORDERS. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p77)	0	1.99	1	0
Dementia Praecox [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Schizophrenia A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.	0	1.99	1	0
Osteophytosis, Spinal [description not available]	0	3.38	1	1
Chronic Hepatitis [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Hepatitis, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER with ongoing hepatocellular injury for 6 months or more, characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES and inflammatory cell (LEUKOCYTES) infiltration. Chronic hepatitis can be caused by viruses, medications, autoimmune diseases, and other unknown factors.	0	1.98	1	0
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	0	1.97	1	0
Asthenopia Term generally used to describe complaints related to refractive error, ocular muscle imbalance, including pain or aching around the eyes, burning and itchiness of the eyelids, ocular fatigue, and headaches.	0	1.97	1	0
Congenital Zika Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Zika Virus Infection A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.	0	2.25	1	0

eperisone

Description

Cross-References

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Overview

Effects

Treatment

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

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Dosage Studied

Drug Classes (2)

Protein Targets (18)

Potency Measurements

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Biological Processes (49)

Molecular Functions (15)

Ceullar Components (30)

Bioassays (34)

Research

Studies (90)

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Research Demand Index: 93.76

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Trial Overview

eperisone

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (90)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Treatment

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Drug Classes (2)

Protein Targets (18)

Potency Measurements

Inhibition Measurements

Biological Processes (49)

Molecular Functions (15)

Ceullar Components (30)

Bioassays (34)

Research

Studies (90)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 93.76

Study Types

Clinical Trials (7)

Trial Overview

Related Drugs (77)

Related Conditions (92)